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Find the Blunder Exercise: The audio will lead you through a series of moves from the beginning of a game. One player will blunder and the other will not punish them for it. Can you find the blunder and the best punishment? To learn more about Don't Move Until You See It and get the free 5-day Conceptualizing Chess Series, head over to https://dontmoveuntilyousee.it/conceptualization PGN for today's exercise: 1. e4 f6 2. d4 Nc6 3. Nc3 b6 4. d5 Ne5 5. Bd2 d6 6. Bb5+ Bd7 7. Bxd7+ Nxd7 8. Nh3 g5 9. O-O h5 10. Ne2 Nc5 11. f4 g4 12. Nf2 a5 * And the answer is... 9. Qh5#
Jay and Ashley discuss fall NH3 applications and learn about the 2024 Minnesota Tar Spot epicenter from guest Steve Hubly, Pioneer Agronomist.
Many farmers and custom applicators will soon apply anhydrous ammonia (NH3) after harvest. Even with a rush against time and the weather, safety should never be compromised. Accidents involving NH3 have proven how dangerous and deadly the fertilizer can be when not handled properly.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
Find the Blunder Exercise: The audio will lead you through a series of moves from the beginning of a game. One player will blunder and the other will not punish them for it. Can you find the blunder and the best punishment? To learn more about Don't Move Until You See It and get the free 5-day Conceptualizing Chess Series, head over to https://dontmoveuntilyousee.it/conceptualization PGN for today's exercise: 1. e4 f6 2. d4 Nc6 3. Nc3 b6 4. d5 Ne5 5. Bd2 d6 6. Bb5+ Bd7 7. Bxd7+ Nxd7 8. Nh3 g5 9. O-O h5 10. Ne2 Nc5 11. f4 g4 12. Nf2 a5 * And the answer is... 9. Qh5#
Your opponent has a better position or plays a move that catches you by surprise. Rather than keep your composure while patiently analyzing, you become frustrated, despondent, and convince yourself your position and/or your opponent's apparent threat is worse than it is. As a result, you bang out an unnecessary (and weakening) defensive move. Sound familiar? You just played a "panic move." This week we take a look at this common chess ailment. Game Referenced: 1900 vs. Neal (G/90;d10) 1. d4 e6 2. c4 Nf6 3. Nf3 b6 4. g3 Bb7 5. Bg2 Be7 6. O-O O-O 7. Nc3 Ne4 8. Qc2 Nxc3 9. Qxc3 Be4 10. b3 d6 11. Bb2 f5 12. Rad1 Bf6 13. Ne5 Bxg2 14. Kxg2 Qe8 15. Qf3 c6 16. Nd3 Na6 17. Nf4 g6 18. h4 e5 19. Nh3 e4 20. Qe3 Rd8 21. Rh1 c5 22. h5 cxd4 23. Bxd4 Bxd4 24. Rxd4 Rf6 25. hxg6 Qxg6 26. Nf4 Qf7 27. Rh5 Kh8 28. Qc3 Qg7 29. Rd5 Rdf8 30. Qd4 Nc5 31. Rxd6 Rxd6 32. Qxd6 Rf6 33. Qd8+ Rf8 34. Ng6+ Qxg6 35. Qxf8+ 1-0
In this mind-blowing episode, we explore how one man's quest to create artificial fertilizer transformed the trajectory of human history. Inspired by listener Martin from Frankfurt, we dive into the story of Fritz Haber, whose discovery of the Haber-Bosch process for synthesizing ammonia not only revolutionized agriculture and saved billions from starvation but also fueled the rise of chemical weapons in World War I. From explosive bat guano to the delicate balance of ding-dongs and Twinkies, we unravel the complex web connecting fertilizer, food production, and the very bombs that shaped the 20th century. Brace yourself for a wild ride through the unintended consequences of scientific breakthroughs! — Here's Martin's email to us which includes lots more information and links to learn more about his intriguing IF! From: Martin Subject: A world without NH3 (a What The If idea) I had another idea for a potential IF, or - to give credit where credit is due - my colleague Thomas has it. He read that BASF in Germany has sold an NH3 (ammonia) plant in Ludwigshafen (their main production site) after having produced NH3 there since 1913 It was the first industrial plant that realized the -then- completely new Haber-Bosch process. So Thomas asked: what (the if) would a world without NH3 look like? Then we started discussing :-) It's sort of chemist's lore that Haber and Bosch tested many, many catalysts before they found a good one to combine N2 and H2 to NH3. Some sources put the number of tested catalyst formulations to as many as 2500 (https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/haber-bosch-process#:~:text=In%20order%20to%20find%20a,Germany%2C%20now%20part%20of%20Ludwigshafen). What if they lost interest after test #1000 (and never found the iron-based catalyst that was ultimately the one)? Probably this (hypothetical) failed attempt on large scale would deter other groups of scientists at that time to even start their own catalyst developments? Anyhow, let's assume there has never been an industrial NH3 synthesis process in our "What the If" world. It's quite obvious that agriculture would have been very different. Our World in Data has the key answer here: https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/world-population-with-and-without-fertilizer — without ammonia as fertilizer we would be able to feed max 4 bn people (instead 8). So many more famines? Or slower population growth? Certainly a different diet, less feed for animals, and more plants that can fixate N2 from the atmosphere. Our World in Data has a little fun with that: (https://ourworldindata.org/how-many-people-does-synthetic-fertilizer-feed#could-we-have-achieved-the-same-without-synthetic-nitrogen) more peas and beans (and some others — https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Nitrogen-fixing_crops — including lupines — https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupinus#Uses — which leads -of course- directly to one of my favorite Monty Python sketches "Dennis Moore"). Not nice. I wouldn't survive the season, that's for sure (no / less fruits and other vegetables) Side note: I was surprised that per capita for many decades (https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fertilizer-per-capita?tab=chart&country=OWID_WRL~OWID_EUR~CHN~IND~EGY~NLD~DEU~USA) the Western world had significantly higher values than Africa, India, Egypt. So without NH3 Europe / USA would have suffered more), probably more focus has to be put on bringing food on the table for everyone and less activities in new technologies etc. (basically staying longer at the bottom levels of Maslow's pyramid of needs) And then there is war. NH3 was an important ingredient to make TNT - some folks estimate that TNT has killed 100-150 million people in all wars combined. TNT Is Still With Us | Science | AAAS https://www.science.org/content/blog-post/tnt-still-us Despite being an older explosive, TNT remains relevant due to its stability and relative safety compared to newer, more volatile alternatives. All the best, Martin
Dr. Seonghoon Woo is CEO and co-founder at Amogy. Amogy is building technology to unlock ammonia's potential as a clean energy fuel source for transportation and beyond. About a year ago, they raised a Series B of funding led by SK Innovations, with backers including Temasek, Aramco Ventures, Mitsubishi, DCVC, Amazon Climate Pledge Fund, Mitsui OSK Lines, and others.Ammonia is a workhorse chemical in modern society. It's one of the most produced chemicals in the world today, and it's used primarily as the foundation of the nitrogen fertilizer industry, as a transport vessel for nitrogen. Chemically, ammonia is NH3, so in addition to nitrogen, it contains hydrogen. And hydrogen as we know has a strong potential as a low to zero emissions fuel source, depending on how it's produced.But hydrogen is challenging to transport. Ammonia, therefore, also has the potential to be a transport vessel for hydrogen as a power source, and ammonia supply chains are already mature today. Amogy's unique innovation lies in cracking ammonia into hydrogen at the point of power generation and then powering vehicles via hydrogen fuel cells. They are targeting ocean shipping as most major companies seek solutions to decarbonize their supply chains. In this episode, we cover: [02:21]: Dr. Woo's background and journey to founding Amogy[05:16]: Co-founder roles and decision-making at Amogy[07:16]: The company's impressive Series B funding round and key investors[09:45]: Overview of Amogy and its technology: converting ammonia to energy[11:14]: Importance of ammonia in global food production and fertilizer[15:07]: Ammonia as a hydrogen carrier and its applications beyond fertilizer[17:03]: Ammonia production processes, challenges of transportation and storage[19:47]: Amogy's innovation to use ammonia as a fuel without combustion[24:35]: Ammonia compared with other renewable fuels like methanol and batteries[29:21]: Process and efficiency of converting ammonia to hydrogen on ships[31:32]: Safety considerations for storing and transporting ammonia on ships[34:40]: Amogy's current traction and building the world's first 100% ammonia-powered vessel, a tugboat[38:57]: Where Amogy is looking for help today[42:07]: Future expansion of ammonia adoption in East Asia and globallyEpisode recorded on May 9, 2024 (Published on May 23, 2024) Get connected with MCJ: Jason Jacobs X / LinkedInCody Simms X / LinkedInMCJ Podcast / Collective / YouTube*If you liked this episode, please consider giving us a review! You can also reach us via email at content@mcjcollective.com, where we encourage you to share your feedback on episodes and suggestions for future topics or guests.
James, Anna, Andy and Alex Bell discuss Wasabi, Harriet T, an Angry Bee and NH3. Visit nosuchthingasafish.com for news about live shows, merchandise and more episodes. Join Club Fish for ad-free episodes and exclusive bonus content at apple.co/nosuchthingasafish or nosuchthingasafish.com/patreon
Do you have a question? Send us an email at info@drtimsaquatics.com Timestamps: 00:00 Start 05:31 - 1 - 40 gallon tank,I seeded with live sand and live rock that came from another tank 13:16 - 2 - Day 8 ammonia is almost gone. My nitrite is now reading 5ppm+ and my nitrates are hovering at around 80ppm. Is this a normal stage of the process and I need to be patient or should I do a water change? 14:34 - 3 -How does Waste Away work to remove the nutrients in Freshwater? 20:16 - 4 -My tank has some sludge looking stuff on the surface- dinos maybe, it scrubs right off and is kinda flaky if that makes sense, it's not attached at all. The tank is an all in one with no skimmer. Would you recommend just refresh or waste way? 23:22 - 5 -Is it possible to just convert over to saltwater by adding the saltwater bacteria? 24:41 - 6 - The Red Sea test kit for my reef tank cycling. The test kit provides ammonia results in NH3/NH4 format. However, the quick guide I'm following on your website indicates a NH3-n/NO2-N measurement? Is there some type of conversion I need to do?? 25:57 - 7 -Can I use First Defense in a QT tank that is dosed with copper? 29:36 - 8 - We have also done 3 cycles of the recipe for success of Re-Fresh and Waste-away. The algae gets a little better but then bounces right back. We have struggled with Algae for years!
Chris Waller, Founder and CIO at Plural Investing, joins the podcast to discuss his thesis on TerraVest Industries Inc. (TSX: TVK), a manufacturer of home heating products, propane, anhydrous ammonia (“NH3”) and natural gas liquids (“NGL”) transport vehicles and storage vessels, energy processing equipment and fiberglass storage tanks. For more information about Plural Invest, please visit: https://www.pluralinvesting.com/ Plural Investing write up on TerraVest $TVK.TO: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/57eff176e58c621a298bfa61/t/65c1736ea99cbe30a72634d1/1707176815309/Plural+Investing+Report+on+Terravest+%282024.01.24%29.pdf Chapters: [0:00] Introduction + Episode sponsor: Tegus [1:54] What is TerraVest and why are they so interesting to Chris [4:51] Why is TerraVest underfollowed? [6:47] Why can their acquire at a discount and $TVK.TO's business model, overview, value proposition [14:21] Propane tank industry / location moat [19:44] How TerraVest pulls off the reduction in steel costs [22:27] Why hasn't Private Equity stepped in to roll up the propane tank industry? [25:48] How does TerraVest get labor cost down? [29:35] Tanker and Boiler businesses / recent Highland Tanks acquisition [35:13] Terminal value questions [40:49] Management, insider ownership and incentives [44:50] Valuation / Organic growth / How much accretive acquisitions to drive real performance here [51:29] Cyclicality[54:27] Capital allocation [57:40] $TVK.TO bear case [1:00:46] Final thoughts Today's episode is sponsored by: Tegus This episode is brought to you by Tegus, the future of investment research. From the beginning, Tegus has been committed to creating efficiencies in the research process by making it easy to access the content that investors need to get to differentiated insights. Today, they're taking it one step further by bundling qualitative content, quantitative data, and better automation and technology together in the same platform. Instead of piecing together data from fragmented sources, just log in to Tegus to get expert research, company- and industry-specific metrics and KPIs, SEC filings, and more, all under the same license cost. You can even take your work offline with an Excel Add-in that updates almost any model with the latest financial data — keeping all your custom formatting intact. Tegus is the fastest way to learn about a public or private company and the only platform you'll need for fundamental research. To try it free today, visit Tegus.com/value
Une équipe de chercheurs a exploité les données de la sonde Cassini lors de son survol des panaches d'eau de Encelade et qui étaient archivées depuis 2017. Dans leurs analyses des composés chimiques, en plus des composés organiques qui avaient déjà été identifiés (H2O, CO2, CH4, NH3 et H2), ils identifient aujourd'hui d'autres molécules très intéressantes : HCN, C2H2, C3H6, C2H6. mais aussi un alcool (CH3OH). L'étude est publiée dans Nature Astronomy.https://www.ca-se-passe-la-haut.fr/2023/12/de-nombreuses-molecules-organiques.html Source Detection of HCN and diverse redox chemistry in the plume of EnceladusJonah Peter et al.Nature Astronomy (14 december 2023)https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-023-02160-0
Welcome to The Nonlinear Library, where we use Text-to-Speech software to convert the best writing from the Rationalist and EA communities into audio. This is: Chess as a case study in hidden capabilities in ChatGPT, published by AdamYedidia on August 21, 2023 on LessWrong. There are lots of funny videos of ChatGPT playing chess, and all of them have the same premise: ChatGPT doesn't know how to play chess, but it will cheerfully and confidently make lots of illegal moves, and humoring its blundering attempts to play a game it apparently doesn't understand is great content. What's less well-known is that ChatGPT actually can play chess when correctly prompted. It plays at around 1000 Elo, and can make consistently legal moves until about 20-30 moves in, when its performance tends to break down. That sounds not-so-impressive, until you consider that it's effectively playing blindfolded, having access to only the game's moves in algebraic notation, and not a visual of a chessboard. I myself have probably spent at least a thousand hours playing chess, and I think I could do slightly better than 1000 Elo for 30 moves when blindfolded, but not by much. ChatGPT's performance is roughly the level of blindfolded chess ability to expect from a decent club player. And 30 moves is more than enough to demonstrate beyond any reasonable doubt that ChatGPT has fully internalized the rules of chess and is not relying on memorization or other, shallower patterns. The "magic prompt" that I've been using is the following: 1. e4 and then in my later replies, providing the full current game score to ChatGPT as my message to it, e.g.: 2. Nh3 fxe4 3. Nf4 Nf6 4. b4 e5 5. b5 This "magic prompt" isn't original to me - soon after GPT-4 came out, a friend of mine told me about it, having seen it as a comment on HackerNews. (Sorry, anonymous HackerNews commenter - I'd love to credit you further, and will if you find this post and message me.) The especially interesting thing about this is the sharp contrast between how ChatGPT-3.5 performs with and without the prompt. With the prompt, ChatGPT plays consistently legally and even passably well for the first 30 or so moves; without the prompt, ChatGPT is basically totally unable to play a fully legal game of chess. Here are a few example games of ChatGPT playing or attempting to play chess under various conditions. ChatGPT-3.5, with the magic prompt Playing against me Lichess study, ChatGPT conversation link I play white, ChatGPT plays black. In this game, I intentionally play a bizarre opening, in order to quickly prove that ChatGPT isn't relying on memorized opening or ideas in its play. This game isn't meant to show that ChatGPT can play well (since I'm playing atrociously here), only that it can play legally in a novel game. In my view, this game alone is more than enough evidence to put to bed the notion that ChatGPT "doesn't know" the rules of chess or that it's just regurgitating half-remembered ideas from its training set; it very clearly has an internal representation of the board, and fully understands the rules. In order to deliver checkmate on move 19 with 19...Qe8# (which it does deliberately, outputting the pound sign which indicates checkmate), ChatGPT needed to "see" the contributions of at least six different black pieces at once (the bishop on g4, the two pawns on g7 and h6, the king on f8, the queen on e8, and either the rook on h8 or the knight on f6). Playing against Lichess Stockfish Level 1 Lichess game, ChatGPT conversation link Stockfish level 1 has an Elo of around 850. Stockfish is playing white and ChatGPT is playing black. In this game, ChatGPT quickly gains a dominating material advantage and checkmates Stockfish Level 1 on move 22. Playing against Lichess Stockfish Level 2 Lichess game, ChatGPT conversation link Stockfish level 2 has an Elo of around 950. Stockfish is playing white and ChatGPT is playing black. In this game, ChatGPT starts a dangerous kingside attack and gai...
Link to original articleWelcome to The Nonlinear Library, where we use Text-to-Speech software to convert the best writing from the Rationalist and EA communities into audio. This is: Chess as a case study in hidden capabilities in ChatGPT, published by AdamYedidia on August 21, 2023 on LessWrong. There are lots of funny videos of ChatGPT playing chess, and all of them have the same premise: ChatGPT doesn't know how to play chess, but it will cheerfully and confidently make lots of illegal moves, and humoring its blundering attempts to play a game it apparently doesn't understand is great content. What's less well-known is that ChatGPT actually can play chess when correctly prompted. It plays at around 1000 Elo, and can make consistently legal moves until about 20-30 moves in, when its performance tends to break down. That sounds not-so-impressive, until you consider that it's effectively playing blindfolded, having access to only the game's moves in algebraic notation, and not a visual of a chessboard. I myself have probably spent at least a thousand hours playing chess, and I think I could do slightly better than 1000 Elo for 30 moves when blindfolded, but not by much. ChatGPT's performance is roughly the level of blindfolded chess ability to expect from a decent club player. And 30 moves is more than enough to demonstrate beyond any reasonable doubt that ChatGPT has fully internalized the rules of chess and is not relying on memorization or other, shallower patterns. The "magic prompt" that I've been using is the following: 1. e4 and then in my later replies, providing the full current game score to ChatGPT as my message to it, e.g.: 2. Nh3 fxe4 3. Nf4 Nf6 4. b4 e5 5. b5 This "magic prompt" isn't original to me - soon after GPT-4 came out, a friend of mine told me about it, having seen it as a comment on HackerNews. (Sorry, anonymous HackerNews commenter - I'd love to credit you further, and will if you find this post and message me.) The especially interesting thing about this is the sharp contrast between how ChatGPT-3.5 performs with and without the prompt. With the prompt, ChatGPT plays consistently legally and even passably well for the first 30 or so moves; without the prompt, ChatGPT is basically totally unable to play a fully legal game of chess. Here are a few example games of ChatGPT playing or attempting to play chess under various conditions. ChatGPT-3.5, with the magic prompt Playing against me Lichess study, ChatGPT conversation link I play white, ChatGPT plays black. In this game, I intentionally play a bizarre opening, in order to quickly prove that ChatGPT isn't relying on memorized opening or ideas in its play. This game isn't meant to show that ChatGPT can play well (since I'm playing atrociously here), only that it can play legally in a novel game. In my view, this game alone is more than enough evidence to put to bed the notion that ChatGPT "doesn't know" the rules of chess or that it's just regurgitating half-remembered ideas from its training set; it very clearly has an internal representation of the board, and fully understands the rules. In order to deliver checkmate on move 19 with 19...Qe8# (which it does deliberately, outputting the pound sign which indicates checkmate), ChatGPT needed to "see" the contributions of at least six different black pieces at once (the bishop on g4, the two pawns on g7 and h6, the king on f8, the queen on e8, and either the rook on h8 or the knight on f6). Playing against Lichess Stockfish Level 1 Lichess game, ChatGPT conversation link Stockfish level 1 has an Elo of around 850. Stockfish is playing white and ChatGPT is playing black. In this game, ChatGPT quickly gains a dominating material advantage and checkmates Stockfish Level 1 on move 22. Playing against Lichess Stockfish Level 2 Lichess game, ChatGPT conversation link Stockfish level 2 has an Elo of around 950. Stockfish is playing white and ChatGPT is playing black. In this game, ChatGPT starts a dangerous kingside attack and gai...
Let's bypass the idea that DNA, the blueprint for proteins, couldn't come about by random chance. Perhaps the process worked backwards: perhaps the proteins came first. That was the concept behind the Miller-Urey experiment of 1953, in which the chemicals thought to have been present in earth's "primordial soup" (water (H2O), methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), and hydrogen (H2)) were all combined and subjected to electricity, meant to simulate lightning. Proteins are made of 20 amino acid building blocks, and this experiment successfully produced more than those 20 (there are more possible amino acids than just those used in our own core set). This experiment was heralded as proof of abiogenesis, or the production of life from non-living matter. There are a number of major problems with this, though. First, the amino acids produced in this experiment and in all subsequent experiments like it produce a racemic mixture of amino acids, meaning the orientation of the molecules is a combination of non-superimposable mirror images of one another. This refers to the positions of non-symmetrical components of the amino acids, whether they're on the right or the left side (much like our thumbs on our left and right hands appear on opposite sides, as non-superimposable mirror images of one another). However, in nature, amino acids are almost exclusively in the L-form. Its opposite, called the D-form, causes the subsequently formed protein to mis-fold. Since a protein's 3-D structure is determined by the chemistry of its building blocks, and the structure is critical to its function, this makes a protein built of a racemic mixture of amino acids non-functional and toxic to life. This problem has never been circumvented in the laboratory. But even supposing it were, supposing the early environment beginning with chemicals in the primordial soup might somehow produce only L-form amino acids, we'd still have the information problem. Without DNA instructions to tell the body which amino acids to use in which sequence, the average length of a mammalian protein is about 400 amino acids in length. The probability of each amino acid out of 20 being placed in the correct sequence at random is (1/20)^400. If you plug odds like that into an online calculator, what you get is: zero. The probability is effectively zero. And that's just the random formation of a single protein, assuming the orientation of all the amino acids was somehow magically corrected. A single irreducibly complex cell would require somewhere between 3-500 of those. (And that's not even addressing the entirely separate question in abiogenesis of "what constitutes life." A dead body has all of those functional proteins, but they no longer do anything. Why not? What is the indescribable "something" that they have lost--and thus, what would need to be bestowed upon a spontaneously produced protein to cause it to function, even supposing such a protein could be produced in the first place?)See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
ReferencesWe considered the complexity of the machinery to excrete ammonium in the context of research on dietary protein and how high protein intake may increase glomerular pressure and contribute to progressive renal disease (many refer to this as the “Brenner hypothesis”). Dietary protein intake and the progressive nature of kidney disease: the role of hemodynamically mediated glomerular injury in the pathogenesis of progressive glomerular sclerosis in aging, renal ablation, and intrinsic renal diseaseA trial that studied low protein and progression of CKD The Effects of Dietary Protein Restriction and Blood-Pressure Control on the Progression of Chronic Renal Disease(and famously provided data for the MDRD eGFR equation A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study GroupWe wondered about dietary recommendations in CKD. of note, this is best done in the DKD guidelines from KDIGO Executive summary of the 2020 KDIGO Diabetes Management in CKD Guideline: evidence-based advances in monitoring and treatment.Joel mentioned this study on red meat and risk of ESKD. Red Meat Intake and Risk of ESRDWe referenced the notion of a plant-based diet. This is an excellent review by Deborah Clegg and Kathleen Hill Gallant. Plant-Based Diets in CKD : Clinical Journal of the American Society of NephrologyHere's the review that Josh mentioned on how the kidney appears to sense pH Molecular mechanisms of acid-base sensing by the kidneyRemarkably, Dr. Dale Dubin put a prize in his ECG book Free Car Prize Hidden in Textbook Read the fine print: Student wins T-birdA review of the role of the kidney in DKA: Diabetic ketoacidosis: Role of the kidney in the acid-base homeostasis re-evaluatedJosh mentioned the effects of infusing large amounts of bicarbonate The effect of prolonged administration of large doses of sodium bicarbonate in man and this study on the respiratory response to a bicarbonate infusion: The Acute Effects In Man Of A Rapid Intravenous Infusion Of Hypertonic Sodium Bicarbonate Solution. Ii. Changes In Respiration And Output Of Carbon DioxideThis is the study of acute respiratory alkalosis in dogs: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC293311/?page=1And this is the study of medical students who went to the High Alpine Research Station on the Jungfraujoch in the Swiss Alps https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejm199105163242003Self explanatory! A group favorite! It Is Chloride Depletion Alkalosis, Not Contraction AlkalosisEffects of chloride and extracellular fluid volume on bicarbonate reabsorption along the nephron in metabolic alkalosis in the rat. Reassessment of the classical hypothesis of the pathogenesis of metabolic alkalosisA review of pendrin's role in volume homeostasis: The role of pendrin in blood pressure regulation | American Journal of Physiology-Renal PhysiologyInfusion of bicarbonate may lead to a decrease in respiratory stimulation but the shift of bicarbonate to the CSF may lag. Check out this review Neural Control of Breathing and CO2 Homeostasis and this classic paper Spinal-Fluid pH and Neurologic Symptoms in Systemic Acidosis.OutlineOutline: Chapter 11- Regulation of Acid-Base Balance- Introduction - Bicarb plus a proton in equilibrium with CO2 and water - Can be rearranged to HH - Importance of regulating pCO2 and HCO3 outside of this equation - Metabolism of carbs and fats results in the production of 15,000 mmol of CO2 per day - Metabolism of protein and other “substances” generates non-carbonic acids and bases - Mostly from sulfur containing methionine and cysteine - And cationic arginine and lysine - Hydrolysis of dietary phosphate that exists and H2PO4– - Source of base/alkali - Metabolism of an ionic amino acids - Glutamate and asparatate - Organic anions going through gluconeogenesis - Glutamate, Citrate and lactate - Net effect on a normal western diet 50-100 mEq of H+ per day - Homeostatic response to these acid-base loads has three stages: - Chemical buffering - Changes in ventilation - Changes in H+ excretion - Example of H2SO4 from oxidation of sulfur containing AA - Drop in bicarb will stimulate renal acid secretion - Nice table of normal cid-base values, arterial and venous- Great 6 bullet points of acid-base on page 328 - Kidneys must excrete 50-100 of non-carbonic acid daily - This occurs by H secretion, but mechanisms change by area of nephron - Not excreted as free H+ due to minimal urine pH being equivalent to 0.05 mmol/L - No H+ can be excreted until virtually all of th filtered bicarb is reabsorbed - Secreted H+ must bind buffers (phosphate, NH3, cr) - PH is main stimulus for H secretion, though K, aldo and volume can affect this.- Renal Hydrogen excretion - Critical to understand that loss of bicarb is like addition of hydrogen to the body - So all bicarb must be reabsorbed before dietary H load can be secreted - GFR of 125 and bicarb of 24 results in 4300 mEq of bicarb to be reabsorbed daily - Reabsorption of bicarb and secretion of H involve H secretion from tubular cells into the lumen. - Thee initial points need to be emphasized - Secreted H+ ion are generated from dissociation of H2O - Also creates OH ion - Which combine with CO2 to form HCO3 with the help of zinc containing intracellular carbonic anhydrase. - This is how the secretion of H+ which creates an OH ultimately produces HCO3 - Different mechanisms for proximal and distal acidification - NET ACID EXCRETION - Free H+ is negligible - So net H+ is TA + NH4 – HCO3 loss - Unusually equal to net H+ load, 50-100 mEq/day - Can bump up to 300 mEq/day if acid production is increased - Net acid excretion can go negative following a bicarb or citrate load - Proximal Acidification - Na-H antiporter (or exchanger) in luminal membrane - Basolateral membrane has a 3 HCO3 Na cotransporter - This is electrogenic with 3 anions going out and only one cation - The Na-H antiporter also works in the thick ascending limb of LOH - How about this, there is also a H-ATPase just like found in the intercalated cells in the proximal tubule and is responsible for about a third of H secretion - And similarly there is also. HCO3 Cl exchanger (pendrin-like) in the proximal tubule - Footnote says the Na- 3HCO3 cotransporter (which moves sodium against chemical gradient NS uses negative charge inside cell to power it) is important for sensing acid-base changes in the cell. - Distal acidification - Occurs in intercalated cells of of cortical and medullary collecting tubule - Three main characteristics - H secretion via active secretory pumps in the luminal membrane - Both H-ATPase and H-K ATPase - H- K ATPase is an exchange pump, k reabsorption - H-K exchange may be more important in hypokalemia rather than in acid-base balance - Whole paragraph on how a Na-H exchanger couldn't work because the gradient that H has to be pumped up is too big. - H-ATPase work like vasopressin with premise H-ATPase sitting on endocarditis vesicles a=which are then inserted into the membrane. Alkalosis causes them to be recycled out of the membrane. - H secretory cells do not transport Na since they have few luminal Na channels, but are assisted by the lumen negative tubule from eNaC. - Minimizes back diffusion of H+ and promotes bicarb resorption - Bicarbonate leaves the cell through HCO3-Cl exchanger which uses the low intracellular Cl concentration to power this process. - Same molecule is found on RBC where it is called band 3 protein - Figure 11-5 is interesting - Bicarbonate resorption - 90% in the first 1-22 mm of the proximal tubule (how long is the proximal tubule?) - Lots of Na-H exchangers and I handed permeability to HCO3 (permeability where?) - Last 10% happens distally mostly TAL LOH via Na-H exchange - And the last little bit int he outer medullary collecting duct. - Carbonic anhydrase and disequilibrium pH - CA plays central role in HCO3 reabsorption - After H is secreted in the proximal tubule it combines with HCO# to form carbonic acid. CA then dehydrates it to CO2 and H2O. (Step 2) - Constantly moving carbonic acid to CO2 and H2O keeps hydrogen combining with HCO3 since the product is rapidly consumed. - This can be demonstrated by the minimal fall in luminal pH - That is important so there is not a luminal gradient for H to overcome in the Na-H exchanger (this is why we need a H-ATPase later) - CA inhibitors that are limited tot he extracellular compartment can impair HCO3 reabsorption by 80%. - CA is found in S1, S2 but not S3 segment. See consequence in figure 11-6. - The disequilibrium comes from areas where there is no CA, the HH formula falls down because one of the assumptions of that formula is that H2CO3 (carbonic acid) is a transient actor, but without CA it is not and can accumulate, so the pKa is not 6.1. - Bicarbonate secretion - Type B intercalated cells - H-ATPase polarity reversed - HCO3 Cl exchanger faces the apical rather than basolateral membrane- Titratable acidity - Weak acids are filtered at the glom and act as buffers in the urine. - HPO4 has PKA of 6.8 making it ideal - Creatinine (pKa 4.97) and uric acid (pKa 5.75) also contribute - Under normal cinditions TA buffers 10-40 mEa of H per day - Does an example of HPO4(2-):H2PO4 (1-) which exists 4:1 at pH of 7.4 (glomerular filtrate) - So for 50 mEq of Phos 40 is HPO4 and 10 is H2PO4 - When pH drops to 6.8 then the ratio is 1:1 so for 50 - So the 50 mEq is 25 and 25, so this buffered an additional 15 mEq of H while the free H+ concentration increased from 40 to 160 nanomol/L so over 99.99% of secreted H was buffered - When pH drops to 4.8 ratio is 1:100 so almost all 50 mEq of phos is H2PO4 and 39.5 mEq of H are buffered. - Acid loading decreases phosphate reabsorption so more is there to act as TA. - Decreases activity of Na-phosphate cotransporter - DKA provides a novel weak acid/buffer beta-hydroxybutyrate (pKa 4.8) which buffers significant amount of acid (50 mEq/d).- Ammonium Excretion - Ability to excrete H+ as ammonium ions adds an important amount of flexibility to renal acid-base regulation - NH3 and NH4 production and excretion can be varied according to physiologic need. - Starts with NH3 production in tubular cells - NH3, since it is neutral then diffuses into the tubule where it is acidified by the low pH to NH4+ - NH4+ is ionized and cannot cross back into the tubule cells(it is trapped in the tubular fluid) - This is important for it acting as an important buffer eve though the pKa is 9.0 - At pH of 6.0 the ratio of NH3 to NH4 is 1:1000 - As the neutral NH3 is converted to NH4 more NH3 from theintracellular compartment flows into the tubular fluid replacing the lost NH3. Rinse wash repeat. - This is an over simplification and that there are threemajor steps - NH4 is produced in early proximal tubular cells - Luminal NH4 is partially reabsorbed in the TAL and theNH3 is then recycled within the renal medulla - The medullary interstitial NH3 reaches highconcentrations that allow NH3 to diffuse into the tubular lumen in the medullary collecting tubule where it is trapped as NH4 by secreted H+ - NH4 production from Glutamine which converts to NH4 and glutamate - Glutamate is converted to alpha-ketoglutarate - Alpha ketoglutarate is converted to 2 HCO3 ions - HCO3 sent to systemic circulation by Na-3 HCO3 transporter - NH4 then secreted via Na-H exchanger into the lumen - NH4 is then reabsorbed by NaK2Cl transporter in TAL - NH4 substitutes for K - Once reabsorbed the higher intracellular pH causes NH4 to convert to NH3 and the H that is removed is secreted through Na-H exchanger to scavenge the last of the filtered bicarb. - NH3 diffuses out of the tubular cells into the interstitium - NH4 reabsorption in the TAL is suppressed by hyperkalemia and stimulated by chronic metabolic acidosis - NH4 recycling promotes acid clearance - The collecting tubule has a very low NH3 concentration - This promotes diffusion of NH3 into the collecting duct - NH3 that goes there is rapidly converted to NH4 allowing more NH3 to diffuse in. - Response to changes in pH - Increased ammonium excretion with two processes - Increased proximal NH4 production - This is delayed 24 hours to 2-3 days depending on which enzyme you look at - Decreased urine pH increases diffusion of ammonia into the MCD - Occurs with in hours of an acid load - Peak ammonium excretion takes 5-6 days! (Fig 11-10) - Glutamine is picked up from tubular fluid but with acidosis get Na dependent peritublar capillary glutamine scavenging too - Glutamine metabolism is pH dependent with increase with academia and decrease with alkalemia - NH4 excretion can go from 30-40 mEq/day to > 300 with severe metabolic acidosis (38 NaBicarb tabs) - Says each NH4 produces equimolar generation of HCO3 but I thought it was two bicarb for every alpha ketoglutarate?- The importance of urine pH - Though the total amount of hydrogren cleared by urine pH is insignificant, an acidic urine pH is essential for driving the reactions of TA and NH4 forward.- Regulation of renal hydrogen excretion - Net acid excretion vary inverse with extracellular pH - Academia triggers proximal and distal acidification - Proximally this: - Increased Na-H exchange - Increased luminal H-ATPase activity - Increased Na:3HCO3 cotransporter on the basolateral membrane - Increased NH4 production from glutamine - In the collecting tubules - Increased H-ATPase - Reduction of tubular pH promotes diffusion of NH3 which gets converted to NH4…ION TRAPPING - Extracellular pH affects net acid excretion through its affect on intracellular pH - This happens directly with respiratory disorders due to movement of CO2 through the lipid bilayer - In metabolic disorders a low extracellular bicarb with cause bicarb to diffuse out of the cell passively, this lowers intracellular pH - If you manipulate both low pCO2 and low Bicarb to keep pH stable there will be no change in the intracellular pH and there is no change in renal handling of acid. It is intracellular pH dependent - Metabolic acidosis - Ramps up net acid secretion - Starts within 24 hours and peaks after 5-6 days - Increase net secretion comes from NH4 - Phosphate is generally limited by diet - in DKA titratable acid can be ramped up - Metabolic alkalosis - Alkaline extracellular pH - Increased bicarb excretion - Decrease reabsorption - HCO3 secretion (pendrin) in cortical collecting tubule - Occurs in cortical intercalated cells able to insert H-ATPase in basolateral cells (rather than luminal membrane) - Normal subjects are able to secrete 1000 mmol/day of bicarb - Maintenance of metabolic alkalosis requires a defect which forces the renal resorption of bicarb - This can be chloride/volume deficiency - Hypokalemia - Hyperaldosteronism - Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis - PCO2 via its effect on intracellular pH is an important determinant of renal acid handling - Ratios he uses: - 3.5 per 10 for respiratory acidosis - 5 per 10 for respiratory alkalosis - Interesting paragraph contrasting the response to chronic metabolic acidosis vs chronic respiratory acidosis - Less urinary ammonium in respiratory acidosis - Major differences in proximal tubule cell pH - In metabolic acidosis there is decreased bicarb load so less to be reabsorbed proximally - In respiratory acidosis the increased serum bicarb increases the amount of bicarb that must be reabsorbed proximally - The increased activity of Na-H antiporter returns tubular cell pH to normal and prevents it from creating increased urinary ammonium - Mentions that weirdly more mRNA for H-Na antiporter in metabolic acidosis than in respiratory acidosis - Net hydrogen excretion varies with effective circulating volume - Starts with bicarb infusions - Normally Tm at 26 - But if you volume deplete the patient with diuretics first this increases to 35+ - Four factors explain this increased Tm for bicarb with volume deficiency - Reduced GFR - Activation of RAAS - Ang2 stim H-Na antiporter proximally - Ang2 also stimulates Na-3HCO3 cotransporter on basolateral membrane - Aldosterone stimulates H-ATPase in distal nephron - ALdo stimulates Cl HCO3 exchanger on basolateral membrane - Aldo stimulates eNaC producing tubular lumen negative charge to allow H secretion to occur and prevents back diffusion - Hypochloremia - Increases H secretion by both Na-dependent and Na-independent methods - If Na is 140 and Cl is 115, only 115 of Na can be reabsorbed as NaCl, the remainder must be reabsorbed with HCO3 or associated with secretion of K or H to maintained electro neutrality - This is enhanced with hypochloridemia - Concurrent hypokalemia - Changes in K lead to trans cellular shifts that affect inctracellular pH - Hypokalemia causes K out, H in and in the tubular cell the cell acts if there is systemic acidosis and increases H secretion (and bicarbonate resorption) - PTH - Decreases proximal HCO3 resorption - Primary HyperCard as cause of type 2 RTA - Does acidosis stim PTH or does PTH stim net acid excretion
After doing this podcast I realised there is one huge thing people are not taking ownership of but absolutely should be – air quality. Think about it, we worry about our diet, but only eat a few times a day. We worry about exercising, but that's maybe an hour a day. But we breathe every second of every day, and what if what we are breathing is full of aggravating and inflammatory toxins?! David Millburn is the chief technology officer of Hypoair, a leading player in the air filtering space for over 15 years. Their proprietary technology is used from small homes to massive buildings. All their technology is backed by a huge amount of science, and uses cutting edge technology that creates proven and innovative results. Their tests are available upon request, and cover topics including VOCs, MERS, Molds, MRSA, O3, TBC, HCHO, RSP, NH3, H2S, and much more.Check out Hypoair's products at Made To Thrive and because you're a loyal listener, receive 10% off any of their amazing air cleaning products:https://madetothrive.co.za/special-deals/hypoair/Join us as we explore:Everything air quality – why it is so important for your health, the pollutants and toxins that are around us every day like molds, bacteria and viruses, the abundance of chemicals we think improve air quality but only make it worse, and why the air quality in your home is definitely worse than the air outside.The dynamic nature of air quality - how it changes throughout the day, how it depends on your unique geography, on your neighbors and easy tips you can try today to assess the air quality around you.The Hypoair technology, which product would be right for you and your home, Hypoair's philosophy of addressing each area of your home individually and why their devices were the first globally tested on their impact on COVID19.Why air quality extends beyond your home! What are the pollutants in your car? In the hotel rooms you travel to? And why Hypoair's mobile technology is your air quality game changer.Mentions:Website – Breezometer, https://breezometer.comSupport the showSupport the show on Patreon:As much as we love doing it, there are costs involved and any contribution will allow us to keep going and keep finding the best guests in the world to share their health expertise with you. I'd be grateful and feel so blessed by your support: https://www.patreon.com/MadeToThriveShowSend me a WhatsApp to +27 64 871 0308. Disclaimer: Please see the link for our disclaimer policy for all of our content: https://madetothrive.co.za/terms-and-conditions-and-privacy-policy/
Thursday's AOA began with Dr. Cesar Cruz, Director of Research, and Brian Basting, Economist, from Advance Trading who discussed global grain movements as Brazil's big crops come in to focus. Chairman of the House Ag Committee GT Thompson, R-PA, joined the show in Segment 2 with a discussion of the issues the Committee will be grappling with over the summer. In segment 3, Josh Linville, VP of Fertilizer for StoneX discussed the implications of a slow NH3 application season. AOA closed with Rebecca Barnett, Director of Animal Health and Food Safety at National Cattlemen's Beef Association.
ReferencesWe considered the effect of a high protein diet and potential metabolic acidosis on kidney function. This review is of interest by Donald Wesson, a champion for addressing this issue and limiting animal protein: Mechanisms of Metabolic Acidosis-Induced Kidney Injury in Chronic Kidney DiseaseHostetter explored the effect of a high protein diet in the remnant kidney model with 1 ¾ nephrectomy. Rats with reduced dietary acid load (by bicarbonate supplementation) had less tubular damage. Chronic effects of dietary protein in the rat with intact and reduced renal massWesson explored treatment of metabolic acidosis in humans with stage 3 CKD in this study. Treatment of metabolic acidosis in patients with stage 3 chronic kidney disease with fruits and vegetables or oral bicarbonate reduces urine angiotensinogen and preserves glomerular filtration rateIn addition to the effect of metabolic acidosis from a diet high in animal protein, this diet also leads to hyperfiltration. This was demonstrated in normal subjects; ingesting a protein diet had a significantly higher creatinine clearance than a comparable group of normal subjects ingesting a vegetarian diet. Renal functional reserve in humans: Effect of protein intake on glomerular filtration rate.This finding has been implicated in Brenner's theory regarding hyperfiltration: The hyperfiltration theory: a paradigm shift in nephrologyOne of multiple publications from Dr. Nimrat Goraya whom Joel mentioned in the voice over: Dietary Protein as Kidney Protection: Quality or Quantity?We wondered about the time course in buffering a high protein meal (and its subsequent acid load on ventilation) and Amy found this report:Effect of Protein Intake on Ventilatory Drive | Anesthesiology | American Society of Anesthesiologists Roger mentioned that the need for acetate to balance the acid from amino acids in parenteral nutrition was identified in pediatrics perhaps because infants may have reduced ability to generate acid. Randomised controlled trial of acetate in preterm neonates receiving parenteral nutrition - PMCHe also recommended an excellent review on the complications of parenteral nutrition by Knochel https://www.kidney-international.org/action/showPdf?pii=S0085-2538%2815%2933384-6 which explained that when the infused amino acids disproportionately include cationic amino acids, metabolism led to H+ production. This is typically mitigated by preparing a solution that is balanced by acetate. Amy mentioned this study that explored the effect of protein intake on ventilation: Effect of Protein Intake on Ventilatory Drive | Anesthesiology | American Society of AnesthesiologistsAnna and Amy reminisced about a Skeleton Key Group Case from the renal fellow network Skeleton Key Group: Electrolyte Case #7JC wondered about isolated defects in the proximal tubule and an example is found here: Mutations in SLC4A4 cause permanent isolated proximal renal tubular acidosis with ocular abnormalitiesAnna's Voiceover re: Gastric neobladder → metabolic alkalosis and yes, dysuria. The physiology of gastrocystoplasty: once a stomach, always a stomach but not as common as you might think Gastrocystoplasty: long-term complications in 22 patientsSjögren's syndrome has been associated with acquired distal RTA and in some cases, an absence of the H+ ATPase, presumably from autoantibodies to this transporter. Here's a case report: Absence of H(+)-ATPase in cortical collecting tubules of a patient with Sjogren's syndrome and distal renal tubular acidosisCan't get enough disequilibrium pH? Check this out- Spontaneous luminal disequilibrium pH in S3 proximal tubules. Role in ammonia and bicarbonate transport.Acetazolamide secretion was studied in this report Concentration-dependent tubular secretion of acetazolamide and its inhibition by salicylic acid in the isolated perfused rat kidney. | Drug Metabolism & DispositionIn this excellent review, David Goldfarb tackles the challenging case of a A Woman with Recurrent Calcium Phosphate Kidney Stones (spoiler alert, many of these patients have incomplete distal RTA and this problem is hard to treat). Molecular mechanisms of renal ammonia transport excellent review from David Winer and Lee Hamm. OutlineOutline: Chapter 11- Regulation of Acid-Base Balance- Introduction - Bicarb plus a proton in equilibrium with CO2 and water - Can be rearranged to HH - Importance of regulating pCO2 and HCO3 outside of this equation - Metabolism of carbs and fats results in the production of 15,000 mmol of CO2 per day - Metabolism of protein and other “substances” generates non-carbonic acids and bases - Mostly from sulfur containing methionine and cysteine - And cationic arginine and lysine - Hydrolysis of dietary phosphate that exists and H2PO4– - Source of base/alkali - Metabolism of an ionic amino acids - Glutamate and asparatate - Organic anions going through gluconeogenesis - Glutamate, Citrate and lactate - Net effect on a normal western diet 50-100 mEq of H+ per day - Homeostatic response to these acid-base loads has three stages: - Chemical buffering - Changes in ventilation - Changes in H+ excretion - Example of H2SO4 from oxidation of sulfur containing AA - Drop in bicarb will stimulate renal acid secretion - Nice table of normal cid-base values, arterial and venous- Great 6 bullet points of acid-base on page 328 - Kidneys must excrete 50-100 of non-carbonic acid daily - This occurs by H secretion, but mechanisms change by area of nephron - Not excreted as free H+ due to minimal urine pH being equivalent to 0.05 mmol/L - No H+ can be excreted until virtually all of th filtered bicarb is reabsorbed - Secreted H+ must bind buffers (phosphate, NH3, cr) - PH is main stimulus for H secretion, though K, aldo and volume can affect this.- Renal Hydrogen excretion - Critical to understand that loss of bicarb is like addition of hydrogen to the body - So all bicarb must be reabsorbed before dietary H load can be secreted - GFR of 125 and bicarb of 24 results in 4300 mEq of bicarb to be reabsorbed daily - Reabsorption of bicarb and secretion of H involve H secretion from tubular cells into the lumen. - Thee initial points need to be emphasized - Secreted H+ ion are generated from dissociation of H2O - Also creates OH ion - Which combine with CO2 to form HCO3 with the help of zinc containing intracellular carbonic anhydrase. - This is how the secretion of H+ which creates an OH ultimately produces HCO3 - Different mechanisms for proximal and distal acidification - NET ACID EXCRETION - Free H+ is negligible - So net H+ is TA + NH4 – HCO3 loss - Unusually equal to net H+ load, 50-100 mEq/day - Can bump up to 300 mEq/day if acid production is increased - Net acid excretion can go negative following a bicarb or citrate load - Proximal Acidification - Na-H antiporter (or exchanger) in luminal membrane - Basolateral membrane has a 3 HCO3 Na cotransporter - This is electrogenic with 3 anions going out and only one cation - The Na-H antiporter also works in the thick ascending limb of LOH - How about this, there is also a H-ATPase just like found in the intercalated cells in the proximal tubule and is responsible for about a third of H secretion - And similarly there is also. HCO3 Cl exchanger (pendrin-like) in the proximal tubule - Footnote says the Na- 3HCO3 cotransporter (which moves sodium against chemical gradient NS uses negative charge inside cell to power it) is important for sensing acid-base changes in the cell. - Distal acidification - Occurs in intercalated cells of of cortical and medullary collecting tubule - Three main characteristics - H secretion via active secretory pumps in the luminal membrane - Both H-ATPase and H-K ATPase - H- K ATPase is an exchange pump, k reabsorption - H-K exchange may be more important in hypokalemia rather than in acid-base balance - Whole paragraph on how a Na-H exchanger couldn't work because the gradient that H has to be pumped up is too big. - H-ATPase work like vasopressin with premise H-ATPase sitting on endocarditis vesicles a=which are then inserted into the membrane. Alkalosis causes them to be recycled out of the membrane. - H secretory cells do not transport Na since they have few luminal Na channels, but are assisted by the lumen negative tubule from eNaC. - Minimizes back diffusion of H+ and promotes bicarb resorption - Bicarbonate leaves the cell through HCO3-Cl exchanger which uses the low intracellular Cl concentration to power this process. - Same molecule is found on RBC where it is called band 3 protein - Figure 11-5 is interesting - Bicarbonate resorption - 90% in the first 1-22 mm of the proximal tubule (how long is the proximal tubule?) - Lots of Na-H exchangers and I handed permeability to HCO3 (permeability where?) - Last 10% happens distally mostly TAL LOH via Na-H exchange - And the last little bit int he outer medullary collecting duct. - Carbonic anhydrase and disequilibrium pH - CA plays central role in HCO3 reabsorption - After H is secreted in the proximal tubule it combines with HCO# to form carbonic acid. CA then dehydrates it to CO2 and H2O. (Step 2) - Constantly moving carbonic acid to CO2 and H2O keeps hydrogen combining with HCO3 since the product is rapidly consumed. - This can be demonstrated by the minimal fall in luminal pH - That is important so there is not a luminal gradient for H to overcome in the Na-H exchanger (this is why we need a H-ATPase later) - CA inhibitors that are limited tot he extracellular compartment can impair HCO3 reabsorption by 80%. - CA is found in S1, S2 but not S3 segment. See consequence in figure 11-6. - The disequilibrium comes from areas where there is no CA, the HH formula falls down because one of the assumptions of that formula is that H2CO3 (carbonic acid) is a transient actor, but without CA it is not and can accumulate, so the pKa is not 6.1. - Bicarbonate secretion - Type B intercalated cells - H-ATPase polarity reversed - HCO3 Cl exchanger faces the apical rather than basolateral membrane- Titratable acidity - Weak acids are filtered at the glom and act as buffers in the urine. - HPO4 has PKA of 6.8 making it ideal - Creatinine (pKa 4.97) and uric acid (pKa 5.75) also contribute - Under normal cinditions TA buffers 10-40 mEa of H per day - Does an example of HPO4(2-):H2PO4 (1-) which exists 4:1 at pH of 7.4 (glomerular filtrate) - So for 50 mEq of Phos 40 is HPO4 and 10 is H2PO4 - When pH drops to 6.8 then the ratio is 1:1 so for 50 - So the 50 mEq is 25 and 25, so this buffered an additional 15 mEq of H while the free H+ concentration increased from 40 to 160 nanomol/L so over 99.99% of secreted H was buffered - When pH drops to 4.8 ratio is 1:100 so almost all 50 mEq of phos is H2PO4 and 39.5 mEq of H are buffered. - Acid loading decreases phosphate reabsorption so more is there to act as TA. - Decreases activity of Na-phosphate cotransporter - DKA provides a novel weak acid/buffer beta-hydroxybutyrate (pKa 4.8) which buffers significant amount of acid (50 mEq/d).- Ammonium Excretion - Ability to excrete H+ as ammonium ions adds an important amount of flexibility to renal acid-base regulation - NH3 and NH4 production and excretion can be varied according to physiologic need. - Starts with NH3 production in tubular cells - NH3, since it is neutral then diffuses into the tubule where it is acidified by the low pH to NH4+ - NH4+ is ionized and cannot cross back into the tubule cells(it is trapped in the tubular fluid) - This is important for it acting as an important buffer eve though the pKa is 9.0 - At pH of 6.0 the ratio of NH3 to NH4 is 1:1000 - As the neutral NH3 is converted to NH4 more NH3 from theintracellular compartment flows into the tubular fluid replacing the lost NH3. Rinse wash repeat. - This is an over simplification and that there are threemajor steps - NH4 is produced in early proximal tubular cells - Luminal NH4 is partially reabsorbed in the TAL and theNH3 is then recycled within the renal medulla - The medullary interstitial NH3 reaches highconcentrations that allow NH3 to diffuse into the tubular lumen in the medullary collecting tubule where it is trapped as NH4 by secreted H+ - NH4 production from Glutamine which converts to NH4 and glutamate - Glutamate is converted to alpha-ketoglutarate - Alpha ketoglutarate is converted to 2 HCO3 ions - HCO3 sent to systemic circulation by Na-3 HCO3 transporter - NH4 then secreted via Na-H exchanger into the lumen - NH4 is then reabsorbed by NaK2Cl transporter in TAL - NH4 substitutes for K - Once reabsorbed the higher intracellular pH causes NH4 to convert to NH3 and the H that is removed is secreted through Na-H exchanger to scavenge the last of the filtered bicarb. - NH3 diffuses out of the tubular cells into the interstitium - NH4 reabsorption in the TAL is suppressed by hyperkalemia and stimulated by chronic metabolic acidosis - NH4 recycling promotes acid clearance - The collecting tubule has a very low NH3 concentration - This promotes diffusion of NH3 into the collecting duct - NH3 that goes there is rapidly converted to NH4 allowing more NH3 to diffuse in. - Response to changes in pH - Increased ammonium excretion with two processes - Increased proximal NH4 production - This is delayed 24 hours to 2-3 days depending on which enzyme you look at - Decreased urine pH increases diffusion of ammonia into the MCD - Occurs with in hours of an acid load - Peak ammonium excretion takes 5-6 days! (Fig 11-10) - Glutamine is picked up from tubular fluid but with acidosis get Na dependent peritublar capillary glutamine scavenging too - Glutamine metabolism is pH dependent with increase with academia and decrease with alkalemia - NH4 excretion can go from 30-40 mEq/day to > 300 with severe metabolic acidosis (38 NaBicarb tabs) - Says each NH4 produces equimolar generation of HCO3 but I thought it was two bicarb for every alpha ketoglutarate?- The importance of urine pH - Though the total amount of hydrogren cleared by urine pH is insignificant, an acidic urine pH is essential for driving the reactions of TA and NH4 forward.- Regulation of renal hydrogen excretion - Net acid excretion vary inverse with extracellular pH - Academia triggers proximal and distal acidification - Proximally this: - Increased Na-H exchange - Increased luminal H-ATPase activity - Increased Na:3HCO3 cotransporter on the basolateral membrane - Increased NH4 production from glutamine - In the collecting tubules - Increased H-ATPase - Reduction of tubular pH promotes diffusion of NH3 which gets converted to NH4…ION TRAPPING - Extracellular pH affects net acid excretion through its affect on intracellular pH - This happens directly with respiratory disorders due to movement of CO2 through the lipid bilayer - In metabolic disorders a low extracellular bicarb with cause bicarb to diffuse out of the cell passively, this lowers intracellular pH - If you manipulate both low pCO2 and low Bicarb to keep pH stable there will be no change in the intracellular pH and there is no change in renal handling of acid. It is intracellular pH dependent - Metabolic acidosis - Ramps up net acid secretion - Starts within 24 hours and peaks after 5-6 days - Increase net secretion comes from NH4 - Phosphate is generally limited by diet - in DKA titratable acid can be ramped up - Metabolic alkalosis - Alkaline extracellular pH - Increased bicarb excretion - Decrease reabsorption - HCO3 secretion (pendrin) in cortical collecting tubule - Occurs in cortical intercalated cells able to insert H-ATPase in basolateral cells (rather than luminal membrane) - Normal subjects are able to secrete 1000 mmol/day of bicarb - Maintenance of metabolic alkalosis requires a defect which forces the renal resorption of bicarb - This can be chloride/volume deficiency - Hypokalemia - Hyperaldosteronism - Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis - PCO2 via its effect on intracellular pH is an important determinant of renal acid handling - Ratios he uses: - 3.5 per 10 for respiratory acidosis - 5 per 10 for respiratory alkalosis - Interesting paragraph contrasting the response to chronic metabolic acidosis vs chronic respiratory acidosis - Less urinary ammonium in respiratory acidosis - Major differences in proximal tubule cell pH - In metabolic acidosis there is decreased bicarb load so less to be reabsorbed proximally - In respiratory acidosis the increased serum bicarb increases the amount of bicarb that must be reabsorbed proximally - The increased activity of Na-H antiporter returns tubular cell pH to normal and prevents it from creating increased urinary ammonium - Mentions that weirdly more mRNA for H-Na antiporter in metabolic acidosis than in respiratory acidosis - Net hydrogen excretion varies with effective circulating volume - Starts with bicarb infusions - Normally Tm at 26 - But if you volume deplete the patient with diuretics first this increases to 35+ - Four factors explain this increased Tm for bicarb with volume deficiency - Reduced GFR - Activation of RAAS - Ang2 stim H-Na antiporter proximally - Ang2 also stimulates Na-3HCO3 cotransporter on basolateral membrane - Aldosterone stimulates H-ATPase in distal nephron - ALdo stimulates Cl HCO3 exchanger on basolateral membrane - Aldo stimulates eNaC producing tubular lumen negative charge to allow H secretion to occur and prevents back diffusion - Hypochloremia - Increases H secretion by both Na-dependent and Na-independent methods - If Na is 140 and Cl is 115, only 115 of Na can be reabsorbed as NaCl, the remainder must be reabsorbed with HCO3 or associated with secretion of K or H to maintained electro neutrality - This is enhanced with hypochloridemia - Concurrent hypokalemia - Changes in K lead to trans cellular shifts that affect inctracellular pH - Hypokalemia causes K out, H in and in the tubular cell the cell acts if there is systemic acidosis and increases H secretion (and bicarbonate resorption) - PTH - Decreases proximal HCO3 resorption - Primary HyperCard as cause of type 2 RTA - Does acidosis stim PTH or does PTH stim net acid excretion
Nitrogen as a Tracer of Giant Planet Formation II : Comprehensive Study of Nitrogen Photochemistry and Implications for Observing NH3 and HCN in Transmission and Emission Spectra by Kazumasa Ohno et al. on Wednesday 30 November Atmospheric nitrogen may provide important constraints on giant planet formation. Following our semi-analytical work (Ohno & Fortney 2022), we further pursue the relation between observable NH3 and an atmosphere's bulk nitrogen abundance by applying the photochemical kinetics model VULCAN across planetary equilibrium temperature, mass, age, eddy diffusion coefficient, atmospheric composition, and stellar spectral type. We confirm that the quenched NH3 abundance coincides with the bulk nitrogen abundance only at sub-Jupiter mass (< 1MJ) planets and old ages (> 1 Gyr) for solar composition atmospheres, highlighting important caveats for inferring atmospheric nitrogen abundances. Our semi-analytical model reproduces the quenched NH3 abundance computed by VULCAN and thus helps to infer the bulk nitrogen abundance from a retrieved NH3 abundance. By computing transmission and emission spectra, we predict that the equilibrium temperature range of 400--1000 K is optimal for detecting NH3 because NH3 depletion by thermochemistry and photochemistry is significant at hotter planets whereas entire spectral features become weak at colder planets. For Jupiter-mass planets around Sun-like stars in this temperature range, NH3 leaves observable signatures of $sim$ 50 ppm at 1.5, 2.1, and 11 $rm {mu}m$ in transmission spectra and > 300--100 ppm at 6 $rm {mu}m$ and 11 $rm {mu}m$ in emission spectra. The photodissociation of NH3 leads HCN to replace NH3 at low pressures. However, the low HCN column densities lead to much weaker absorption features than for NH3. The NH3 features are readily accessible to JWST observations to constrain atmospheric nitrogen abundances, which may open a new avenue to understand the formation processes of giant exoplanets. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.16877v1
Nitrogen as a Tracer of Giant Planet Formation I : A Universal Deep Adiabatic Profile and Semi-analytical Predictions of Disequilibrium Ammonia Abundances in Warm Exoplanetary Atmospheres by Kazumasa Ohno et al. on Wednesday 30 November A major motivation of spectroscopic observations of giant exoplanets is to unveil planet formation processes from atmospheric compositions. Several recent studies suggested that atmospheric nitrogen, like carbon and oxygen, can provide important constrains on planetary formation environments. Since nitrogen chemistry can be far from thermochemical equilibrium in warm atmospheres, we extensively investigate under what conditions, and with what assumptions, the observable NH3 abundances can diagnose an atmosphere's bulk nitrogen abundance. In the first paper of this series, we investigate atmospheric T-P profiles across equilibrium temperature, surface gravity, intrinsic temperature, atmospheric metallicity, and C/O ratio using a 1D radiative-convective equilibrium model. Models with the same intrinsic temperature and surface gravity coincide with a shared "universal" adiabat in the deep atmosphere, across a wide equilibrium temperature range (250--1200 K), which is not seen in hotter or cooler models. We explain this behavior in terms of the classic "radiative zero solution" and then establish a semi-analytical T-P profile of the deep atmospheres of warm exoplanets. This profile is then used to predict vertically quenched NH3 abundances. At solar metallicity, our results show that the quenched NH3 abundance only coincides with the bulk nitrogen abundance (within 10%) at low intrinsic temperature, corresponding to a planet with a sub-Jupiter mass (< 1 MJ) and old age (> 1 Gyr). If a planet has a high metallicity ($ge$ 10$times$ solar) atmosphere, the quenched NH3 abundance significantly underestimates the bulk nitrogen abundance at almost all planetary masses and ages. We suggest modeling and observational strategies to improve the assessment of bulk nitrogen from NH3. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.16876v1
The mid-infrared molecular inventory towards Orion IRc2 by Sarah Nickerson et al. on Wednesday 30 November We present the first high spectral resolution mid-infrared survey in the Orion BN/KL region, covering 7.2 to 28.3 micron. With SOFIA/EXES we target the enigmatic source Orion IRc2. While this is in the most prolifically studied massive star-forming region, longer wavelengths and molecular emission lines dominated previous spectral surveys. The mid-infrared observations in this work access different components and molecular species in unprecedented detail. We unambiguously identify two new kinematic components, both chemically rich with multiple molecular absorption lines. The "blue clump" has vLSR = -7.1 pm 0.7 km/s and the "red clump" 1.4 pm 0.5 km/s. While the blue and red clumps have similar temperatures and line widths, molecular species in the blue clump have higher column densities. They are both likely linked to pure rotational H2 emission also covered by this survey. This work provides evidence for the scenario that the blue and red clumps are distinct components unrelated to the classic components in the Orion BN/KL region. Comparison to spectroscopic surveys towards other infrared targets in the region show that the blue clump is clearly extended. We analyze, compare, and present in depth findings on the physical conditions of C2H2, 13CCH2, CH4, CS, H2O, HCN, H13CN, HNC, NH3, and SO2 absorption lines and an H2 emission line associated with the blue and red clumps. We also provide limited analysis of H2O and SiO molecular emission lines towards Orion IRc2 and the atomic forbidden transitions [FeII], [SI], [SIII], and [NeII]. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.15707v1
Nitrogen as a Tracer of Giant Planet Formation II : Comprehensive Study of Nitrogen Photochemistry and Implications for Observing NH3 and HCN in Transmission and Emission Spectra by Kazumasa Ohno et al. on Wednesday 30 November Atmospheric nitrogen may provide important constraints on giant planet formation. Following our semi-analytical work (Ohno & Fortney 2022), we further pursue the relation between observable NH3 and an atmosphere's bulk nitrogen abundance by applying the photochemical kinetics model VULCAN across planetary equilibrium temperature, mass, age, eddy diffusion coefficient, atmospheric composition, and stellar spectral type. We confirm that the quenched NH3 abundance coincides with the bulk nitrogen abundance only at sub-Jupiter mass (< 1MJ) planets and old ages (> 1 Gyr) for solar composition atmospheres, highlighting important caveats for inferring atmospheric nitrogen abundances. Our semi-analytical model reproduces the quenched NH3 abundance computed by VULCAN and thus helps to infer the bulk nitrogen abundance from a retrieved NH3 abundance. By computing transmission and emission spectra, we predict that the equilibrium temperature range of 400--1000 K is optimal for detecting NH3 because NH3 depletion by thermochemistry and photochemistry is significant at hotter planets whereas entire spectral features become weak at colder planets. For Jupiter-mass planets around Sun-like stars in this temperature range, NH3 leaves observable signatures of $sim$ 50 ppm at 1.5, 2.1, and 11 $rm {mu}m$ in transmission spectra and > 300--100 ppm at 6 $rm {mu}m$ and 11 $rm {mu}m$ in emission spectra. The photodissociation of NH3 leads HCN to replace NH3 at low pressures. However, the low HCN column densities lead to much weaker absorption features than for NH3. The NH3 features are readily accessible to JWST observations to constrain atmospheric nitrogen abundances, which may open a new avenue to understand the formation processes of giant exoplanets. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.16877v1
Nitrogen as a Tracer of Giant Planet Formation I : A Universal Deep Adiabatic Profile and Semi-analytical Predictions of Disequilibrium Ammonia Abundances in Warm Exoplanetary Atmospheres by Kazumasa Ohno et al. on Wednesday 30 November A major motivation of spectroscopic observations of giant exoplanets is to unveil planet formation processes from atmospheric compositions. Several recent studies suggested that atmospheric nitrogen, like carbon and oxygen, can provide important constrains on planetary formation environments. Since nitrogen chemistry can be far from thermochemical equilibrium in warm atmospheres, we extensively investigate under what conditions, and with what assumptions, the observable NH3 abundances can diagnose an atmosphere's bulk nitrogen abundance. In the first paper of this series, we investigate atmospheric T-P profiles across equilibrium temperature, surface gravity, intrinsic temperature, atmospheric metallicity, and C/O ratio using a 1D radiative-convective equilibrium model. Models with the same intrinsic temperature and surface gravity coincide with a shared "universal" adiabat in the deep atmosphere, across a wide equilibrium temperature range (250--1200 K), which is not seen in hotter or cooler models. We explain this behavior in terms of the classic "radiative zero solution" and then establish a semi-analytical T-P profile of the deep atmospheres of warm exoplanets. This profile is then used to predict vertically quenched NH3 abundances. At solar metallicity, our results show that the quenched NH3 abundance only coincides with the bulk nitrogen abundance (within 10%) at low intrinsic temperature, corresponding to a planet with a sub-Jupiter mass (< 1 MJ) and old age (> 1 Gyr). If a planet has a high metallicity ($ge$ 10$times$ solar) atmosphere, the quenched NH3 abundance significantly underestimates the bulk nitrogen abundance at almost all planetary masses and ages. We suggest modeling and observational strategies to improve the assessment of bulk nitrogen from NH3. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.16876v1
The mid-infrared molecular inventory towards Orion IRc2 by Sarah Nickerson et al. on Tuesday 29 November We present the first high spectral resolution mid-infrared survey in the Orion BN/KL region, covering 7.2 to 28.3 micron. With SOFIA/EXES we target the enigmatic source Orion IRc2. While this is in the most prolifically studied massive star-forming region, longer wavelengths and molecular emission lines dominated previous spectral surveys. The mid-infrared observations in this work access different components and molecular species in unprecedented detail. We unambiguously identify two new kinematic components, both chemically rich with multiple molecular absorption lines. The "blue clump" has vLSR = -7.1 pm 0.7 km/s and the "red clump" 1.4 pm 0.5 km/s. While the blue and red clumps have similar temperatures and line widths, molecular species in the blue clump have higher column densities. They are both likely linked to pure rotational H2 emission also covered by this survey. This work provides evidence for the scenario that the blue and red clumps are distinct components unrelated to the classic components in the Orion BN/KL region. Comparison to spectroscopic surveys towards other infrared targets in the region show that the blue clump is clearly extended. We analyze, compare, and present in depth findings on the physical conditions of C2H2, 13CCH2, CH4, CS, H2O, HCN, H13CN, HNC, NH3, and SO2 absorption lines and an H2 emission line associated with the blue and red clumps. We also provide limited analysis of H2O and SiO molecular emission lines towards Orion IRc2 and the atomic forbidden transitions [FeII], [SI], [SIII], and [NeII]. arXiv: http://arxiv.org/abs/http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.15707v1
We say it often, 'Clean Water in Iowa Starts Here, no matter where 'here' is we all have a role to play' and Molly and Roger join Andy to discuss how that role includes waiting to apply fall anhydrous under the ACWA Code of Practice for Nitrogen Fertilization. That code requires operators to report when NH3 starts to be applied in each county they work in and the soil temperature in order to keep the nitrogen available to plants in the soil and from leaching away through tile or streams and rivers.
When you look back, what do you wish you knew about aquarium keeping before diving into the hobby? In this episode, the Water Colors team discuss some mistakes and misconceptions we wish we knew years ago. Tell us about the things you wish that you had known when you first started keeping aquariums in the Water Colors Aquarium Gallery Podcast Listeners Facebook Group. Corrections: In this episode we erroneously stated that the chemical formula for ammonia is NH4+. That is the formula for ammonium, an ionized form of ammonia. The chemical formula for ammonia is NH3. Fishes Mentioned in this Episode: - Betta persephone - Yellow Lab cichlid (Labidochromis caeruleus) - Fancy goldfish (Carassius auratus) - Neon tetra (Paracheirodon innesi) - Domesticated Betta (Betta splendens) - Percula clownfish (Amphiprion percula) - Blue Hippo tang (Paracanthurus hepatus) - Betta unimaculata "Sangatta" - White-Spotted Bamboo shark (Chiloscyllium plagiosum) - Cardinal tetra (Paracheirodon axelrodi) - Betta brownorum - Celestial Pearl danio (Celesichthys margaritatus) - Stars and Stripes puffer (Arothron hispidus)
Episode 22: The Murder of Kimberly Cates: Home Invasion in Mont VernonIn this episode, we go back to our roots for a New England case. This one, as many New Englanders recall, was one that shook our communities, and challenged our feeling of comfort and safety in our own homes, and it did so for countless others across the country who heard of this horrific crime. Allie discusses the 2009 home invasion in Mont Vernon that left 42-year-old beautiful wife, mother, and nurse Kimberly Cates dead and her 10-year old daughter Jaimie mamed. Should you feel compelled to do so, you can donate in Kim's memory to the Kimberly Cates Memorial Scholarship fund:http://www.kimcatesfund.org/Or to any of the other causes below in her name. Mont Vernon Village School, P.O. Box 359, Mont Vernon, NH 03057 Boston Childrens Hospital Trust, One Autumn Street #731, Boston, MA 02215-5301St. Jude Childrens Research Hospital, Memorial and Honor Program, 501 St. Jude Place, Memphis, TN 38105-1905.Don't forget to rate, follow, download, and tell a friend!Email us at: abouttime4tc@gmail.comFollow us on IG: about.time.for.true.crime.podSources:1. (obit, information about Kimberly's life found here)2. (town census)Home Invasion in NH3. (what responding officer saw first on scene)4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.
Misje odnajdujące życie na Wenus - dr Janusz Pętkowski Venus Life Finder Mission Concept Study opracowało serię misji skoncentrowanych na astrobiologii, których kulminacją jest powrót próbek atmosferycznych na Ziemię. Głównym celem jest ponowny pomiar gazów, w tym O2, NH3, SO2, H2O i innych, a także identyfikacja składu cząstek chmur Wenus i pomiar kwasowości kropelek chmur. dr Janusz Pętkowski - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, członek grupy badawczej prof. Sary Seager. Ukończył biotechnologię i bilogię molekularną na Uniwersytecie Warszawskim. Jego zainteresowania skupiają się wokół astrobiologii. Członek i jeden z założycieli Polskiego Towarzystwa Astrobiologicznego. Rocket Lab Venus Mission 2023 - Cel misji: - Wykrycie związków organicznych w chmurach Wenus Venus Life Finder Habitability Mission - Cele misji: - Czy chmury Wenus są zdatne do zamieszkania? (- określenie ilości pary wodnej w warstwach chmur, - określenie kwasowości kropelek chmur, -wykrywanie i identyfikacja metali w chmurach, -pomiar temperatury, ciśnienia i prędkości wiatru) - Szukanie śladów życia w chmurach Wenus (- wykrywanie zredukowanych gazów biosygnaturowych i anomalnych cząsteczek jako oznak nierównowagi chemicznej, - wykrywanie obecności materii organicznej w cząstkach warstwy chmur, - identyfikacja materiału organicznego w kropelkach chmur) - Scharakteryzowanie Aerozoli Chmur Wenus (- określenie czy cząstki chmur są ciekłe, czy stałe, - określenie poziomu jednorodności cząstek chmur) Materiał zrealizowany we współpracy z AstroBio https://astrobio.pl/ Znajdź nas: https://www.youtube.com/c/WszechnicaFWW/ https://www.facebook.com/WszechnicaFWW1/ https://anchor.fm/wszechnicaorgpl---historia https://anchor.fm/wszechnica-fww-nauka https://wszechnica.org.pl/
Today we have returning guest Benoit Rodier from Cimco Refrigeration. Benoit is an expert in CO2 refrigeration and shares a ton of valuable knowledge with us. In this episode, we're gonna dive into how to design a direct transcritical CO2 refrigeration system and explore more about indirect and direct CO2 systems. Get your pen and paper out because there is a ton of great information throughout this episode. Here are the things you'll learn: The differences between indirect, direct, and direct CO2 systems Glycol vs Brine vs CO2 Why does temperature change affect ice quality with an indirect floor NH3 vs R22 vs CO2 as a direct system Why CO2 is the more efficient for a direct system when building a global solution approach The advantages of new designs without having to build trenches for ice rink applications Shell and tube heat exchanger vs plate & frame heat exchanger Ice rink slab construction for indirect vs direct Why so many Olympic and world records were broken at the 2022 Beijing Olympics About Our Guest Benoit Rodier is the Director of Business Development at Cimco Refrigeration. Ben has been involved in industrial refrigeration for more than 25 years. Until today, Ben is driven by a passion for evolving, doing something new, and developing a new strategy and new ways of doing things in an industry of 150 years. Connect with Benoit LinkedIn: Benoit Rodier ================================================ Would you like to have enough CO2 knowledge to work confidently on Transcritical Systems? ENROLL NOW in this intensive 4-Week CO2 Refrigeration Program with Refrigeration Mentor All Access to Refrigeration Mentor Content: Learn More Upcoming Compressor Masterclass: Learn More Upcoming Supermarket Learning Program: Learn More Free System & Compressor Troubleshooting Guide Subscribe to the Refrigeration Mentors video newsletter and get your Free Compressor Guide Youtube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/c/refrigerationmentor Connect with the Refrigeration Mentor IG: @RefrigerationMentor
Ian Clifford is CEO of FuelPositive Corporation, a leading Canadian cleantech company. Ian has had a career pathway filled with various ventures, including co-founding businesses and now leading FuelPositive, but what has driven all his career decisions has been his love for environmentalism, technology, and marketing. Ian's passion is advocating for change in some of our most polluting and challenging sectors. FuelPositive is committed to providing commercially viable and sustainable, "cradle to cradle" clean energy solutions, including carbon-free ammonia (NH3), for use across a broad spectrum of industries and applications. Decentralizing the production of key growing components like green ammonia for farmers is the key to sustainability and fighting climate change. If farmers produce green ammonia on their own farms -- then they are in control and they are using a carbon-free ammonia production system. Today most use grey ammonia and it is a serious polluter because of the way it is produced with fossil fuels and because it has to be shipped thousands of miles to get to most farms. Entrepreneurs are the backbone of Canada's economy. To support Canada's businesses, subscribe to our YouTube channel and follow us on Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn and Twitter. Want to stay up-to-date on the latest #entrepreneur podcasts and news? Subscribe to our bi-weekly newsletter
Many farmers and applicators will soon apply anhydrous ammonia (NH3) prior to planting or sidedress after planting. The Minnesota Department of Agriculture is providing tips to farmers and applicators so they can safely apply anhydrous ammonia. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
Hydrogen is widely seen as a vital component in efforts to decarbonize the world's power supply. One example of this is a strategy being piloted by at least a couple of major gas turbine manufacturers, which involves storing “green hydrogen” produced through electrolysis using excess wind or solar power when renewable energy supplies exceed grid demand. Then, when the tables turn and demand exceeds renewable energy supplies, the carbon-free green hydrogen is burned in combustion turbines to provide sustainable clean energy to the grid. It's not a perfectly efficient energy conversion, but it is a method that can be used essentially as a renewable energy storage mechanism, reducing demand for fossil fuels. The movement of hydrogen is not so simple though. Today, hydrogen is transported from the point of production to the point of use via pipeline and over the road in cryogenic liquid tanker trucks or gaseous tube trailers. Because hydrogen has a relatively low volumetric energy density, its transportation, storage, and final delivery to the point of use comprise a significant cost and result in some of the energy inefficiencies associated with using it as an energy carrier. However, ammonia offers one possible solution for the hydrogen transport problem. The chemical formula for ammonia is NH3. Like hydrogen, ammonia can be combusted in gas turbines and reciprocating engines. Unlike hydrogen, however, ammonia can be more easily transported and stored in liquid form, something fertilizer companies have been doing for decades. “Hydrogen is really being looked at as a key means of transporting energy around the world and fueling the world in an environment where carbon emissions aren't acceptable,” Erik Mayer, vice president of Clean Energy Solutions with CF Industries, said as a guest on The POWER Podcast. “We convert large quantities of hydrogen into ammonia, currently for the fertilizer market but ultimately that same ammonia molecule is being looked at as an efficient way of being able to move hydrogen molecules around the world, whether they're sourced from natural gas or whether they're sourced from electrolysis.” Mayer said the advantage ammonia offers over hydrogen is that it is a liquid at moderately low temperatures and can be stored as liquid under relatively low pressure, similar to how liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is stored. Concerning how the ammonia is used, Mayer said there are two possible ways: ammonia can be burned directly or it can be “cracked,” that is, decomposed over a catalyst, back to hydrogen. Because there are no carbon atoms in ammonia, there is no CO2 released when it is burned in either case. A downside of burning ammonia is that it produces relatively high NOx emissions. Mayer said those can be somewhat managed through combustion controls, but ultimately, there are proven technologies such as selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems that can be used to keep NOx emissions within required limits. One big application that CF Industries sees as a growth opportunity for ammonia is as a marine fuel. “The marine industry uses large quantities of bunker fuel to do these transoceanic voyages, and the amount of energy required makes it impossible for them to convert to something like batteries,” Mayer said. “Some of the larger marine engine manufacturers are planning to be able to inject ammonia in replacement of carbon-based fuels, almost to 100%, and they think that technology will be fully developed in the next couple of years.”
Stock2Me's latest podcast features the return of Ian Clifford, CEO of FuelPositive Corp. (TSX.V: NHHH) (OTCQB: NHHHF), a growth stage company committed to providing commercially viable and sustainable “cradle to cradle” clean technology solutions, including green ammonia (NH3), for use across a broad spectrum of industries and applications. Throughout the interview, Clifford discussed FuelPositive's rapid development throughout 2021 and early in 2022 as it works to change the landscape surrounding ammonia production, with a focus on sustainability. “2021 was a kick-off year for us. It was incredible the amount of growth that we were able to attain during the year,” Clifford said. “If you go back to January 2021, we formally became FuelPositive. A couple of months later, we acquired our core technology, which of course is a modular and scalable green ammonia production technology. We're now right in the process of initial commercialization of demonstration systems… Our focus is very much on looking at technologies that are ready to commercialize today. We're building now as we speak upon our core technology with add-on and very accretive intellectual property that is improving dramatically upon our core systems.”
Stock2Me's latest podcast features the return of Ian Clifford, CEO of FuelPositive Corp. (TSX.V: NHHH) (OTCQB: NHHHF), a growth stage company committed to providing commercially viable and sustainable “cradle to cradle” clean technology solutions, including green ammonia (NH3), for use across a broad spectrum of industries and applications. Throughout the interview, Clifford discussed FuelPositive's rapid development throughout 2021 and early in 2022 as it works to change the landscape surrounding ammonia production, with a focus on sustainability. “2021 was a kick-off year for us. It was incredible the amount of growth that we were able to attain during the year,” Clifford said. “If you go back to January 2021, we formally became FuelPositive. A couple of months later, we acquired our core technology, which of course is a modular and scalable green ammonia production technology. We're now right in the process of initial commercialization of demonstration systems… Our focus is very much on looking at technologies that are ready to commercialize today. We're building now as we speak upon our core technology with add-on and very accretive intellectual property that is improving dramatically upon our core systems.”
Did You Pay Attention in Chemistry Class. The host for this show is Stan Osserman. The guest is Dan Gowin. Just like there are many ways of making hydrogen, there are many ways of storing hydrogen, and one of those ways also supports sustainable agriculture. It's ammonia! Ammonia is a critical component in fertilizer but it also happens to be a good way to pack a lot of hydrogen atoms into a liquid at room temperature. The chemical symbol for ammonia is NH3, one nitrogen atom and 3 hydrogen atoms. Ammonia is made using nitrogen from the air and combining it with hydrogen, but is making ammonia a good thing to do? We discuss that with Dan Gowin. The ThinkTech YouTube Playlist for this show is https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLQpkwcNJny6kMFYsNoD2bwb95UQKHHKl-
Many farmers and applicators will soon apply anhydrous ammonia after harvest. The Minnesota Department of Agriculture is providing the following tips to farmers and applicators so they can safely apply anhydrous ammonia. Always wear appropriate goggles and gloves. Never wear contact lenses. Be sure to have a clean, adequate emergency water supply of at least 5 gallons. Exercise caution when making connections and disconnections as if lines contain anhydrous ammonia. Stand upwind when connecting, disconnecting, bleeding lines, or transferring NH3. Also, close, bleed, disconnect, and secure valves and transfer lines when taking breaks or disconnecting lines, and be sure to handle hose end valves by the valve body. Position equipment away and downwind from homes, people, and livestock. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
Summary: Anhydrous ammonia (NH3) is an effective nitrogen crop fertilizer used throughout the Midwest and beyond. Anhydrous ammonia is potentially dangerous, as it seeks water from the nearest source, which may be the human body – especially the eyes, lungs, and skin because of their high moisture content. Few problems occur when anhydrous ammonia is handled properly and applied as intended. However, it is important for all individuals working with this type of fertilizer to understand the potential health risks, necessary safety precautions, and proper response in the event of exposure. Personal protective equipment (PPE) is one of the last lines of defense for workers against Anhydrous Ammonia injuries. Women in all industries, including agriculture, have trouble finding and purchasing respiratory protective equipment that fits and is safe and comfortable to wear. The National Safety Council, in a 2019 publication of Safety and Health, reported OSHA documentation indicating the lack of a full range of PPE, as well as, employers' limited knowledge of PPE designed for women – as some of the reasons for the difficulty. The focus of the training is on anhydrous ammonia safety during transport and application, including the anatomy of the nurse tank and toolbar, safety inspection processes, hitching, and unhitching safety, personal protective equipment (PPE), rural roadway safety, and first aid/emergency procedures. Hazard communication and emergency action plans will also be addressed. Intended Audience: Farm/Ranch owners and operators, health and safety professionals, safety officers or specialists, managers, supervisors, safety coordinators, health safety and environmental interns, and any person or persons who serve as safety personnel in an agricultural setting. Objectives: At the conclusion of the program, participants will be able to... Identify the anatomy of a nurse tank and toolbar Choose appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) Make use of a safety inspection process Describe safety measures to follow during anhydrous transport and application Apply rural roadway safety measures Describe hitching and unhitching safety Plan and utilize basic first aid/emergency procedures Locate hazard communication plan and emergency action plan resources This material was produced under grant number SH-99084-SH0 from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. It does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Department of Labor, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
Yes that is right, we are headed to the Cheese state to install another cover crop seeder! Tractor Central called us up because one of their customers watched our Youtube channel and saw a seeder mounted on a Deere 2660 VT 30 tool. So we loaded the trailer and we are going to have another happy customer with a Valmar. Listen in as we talk about fertilizer application trends we see happening specifically in Nh3.
Stock2Me's latest podcast features Ian Clifford, CEO of FuelPositive Corp. (TSX.V: NHHH) (OTCQB: NHHHF), a growth stage company focused on manufacturing, licensing, partnership and acquisition opportunities building upon various technological achievements. Throughout the interview, Clifford discussed FuelPositive's innovative carbon-free ammonia technology and its potential to change the energy landscape, both across Canada and around the world. “We have purchased, back in April 2021, a cutting-edge technology that is designed to produce carbon-free ammonia, or carbon-free NH3 as it's also known, in a proprietary, environmentally sound and economically viable process,” Clifford said. “This technology… allows for the production of ammonia in a scalable and modular fashion. That means that we can set up our systems to produce carbon-free ammonia where it's needed and when it's needed, which is a very, very significant departure from the way that ammonia is produced today… Ammonia today… is one of the most carbon-intense processes on the planet. Our system is entirely carbon-free.”
Stock2Me's latest podcast features Ian Clifford, CEO of FuelPositive Corp. (TSX.V: NHHH) (OTCQB: NHHHF), a growth stage company focused on manufacturing, licensing, partnership and acquisition opportunities building upon various technological achievements. Throughout the interview, Clifford discussed FuelPositive's innovative carbon-free ammonia technology and its potential to change the energy landscape, both across Canada and around the world. “We have purchased, back in April 2021, a cutting-edge technology that is designed to produce carbon-free ammonia, or carbon-free NH3 as it's also known, in a proprietary, environmentally sound and economically viable process,” Clifford said. “This technology… allows for the production of ammonia in a scalable and modular fashion. That means that we can set up our systems to produce carbon-free ammonia where it's needed and when it's needed, which is a very, very significant departure from the way that ammonia is produced today… Ammonia today… is one of the most carbon-intense processes on the planet. Our system is entirely carbon-free.”
FuelPositive Corporation (TSX.V: NHHH) (OTCQB: NHHHF) (“FuelPositive” or the “Company”) has hired engineer Dr. Ghassan Chehade, one of the co-inventors named on the provisional patent of the Company's technology that will produce carbon-free ammonia (“NH3”). Dr. Chehade worked with Dr. Ibrahim Dincer on the original development of the Company's core NH3 technology. He has joined the Company as Lead Project Engineer. To view the full press release, visit https://nnw.fm/PSd7q
FuelPositive Corporation (TSX.V: NHHH) (OTCQB: NHHHF) (“FuelPositive” or the “Company”) has hired engineer Dr. Ghassan Chehade, one of the co-inventors named on the provisional patent of the Company's technology that will produce carbon-free ammonia (“NH3”). Dr. Chehade worked with Dr. Ibrahim Dincer on the original development of the Company's core NH3 technology. He has joined the Company as Lead Project Engineer. To view the full press release, visit https://nnw.fm/PSd7q
Another episode of the Independent Thinking Show for FifthWrist Radio. This is a place dedicate to showcasing the great people doing interesting and cool things in the world of horology. Hosts Roman (@TimesRomanAU) and Alex “aka The Podfather” (@thewatchregulator) chat with Nick and Josh Hacko (@nicholashackowatch) - a fiercely independent watchmaking father and son team behind the Australian Indie Watchmaking Company “Nicholas Hacko Watches”. Join us for a truely passionate and honest conversation about independent watchmaking; the challenges of carving your own path in the horological industry; and the exciting journey Hacko Watches are undertaking manufacturing and machining watches in Australia. We also talk about the importance of integrity and suffering for your craft; passion and drive which underpins everything Nick and Josh are doing to create a truly unique ecosystem to support and further independent watchmaking. We also talk about their new watch NH3, manufactured in Sydney Australia about to be released; and why George Daniels can be blamed for unrealistic expectations customers have of independent watchmakers. Also - we introduce the concept of “artisanally distressed” dials (make sure to listen out for that). Strap yourself in (watch pun VERY MUCH intended!) It's a great conversation. Hope you enjoy! Special shout-out in this episode to Konstantin Chaykin (@k_chaykin); Josh Shapiro (@jnshapiro_watches), Collective Horology (@collectivehorology); Buchanan Clocks; Jochen Benzinger (@benzingerwatches); and Tommy Jobson (@tommy.jobson); Anton Suhanov (@anton.suhanov); Artur Akmaev (@arturakmaev_watches); Kilian Leschnik (@watchmaker.kl). Check out Nick and Josh Hacko on Instagram @nicholashackowatch; their new manufacturing venture @nhmicro and their website Stay on Time! Fifth Wrist website and Fifth Wrist Radio podcast are projects run entirely by a bunch of enthusiasts, watchmakers and collectors. We pride ourselves on being by the watch community and for the watch community. We have zero sponsorship or advertising and welcome all honest and unbiased opinions. We reject all forms of outside brand intervention and take no cash, watches or other goods from watch companies. The future direction of the website and podcasts are driven by the people who take part in this project, and we are also happy to welcome more enthusiasts into our pirate crew. To join our group chat please email us at contact@fifthwrist.com and if you have time please leave us a review wherever you listen to our podcast. Thank you for all the positive reviews & comments on our episodes. If you want to contribute a watch review for the FifthWrist.com website - please get in touch. We welcome all honest review New Theme Music for 2021: Circle Round by Spinning Clocks (via YouTube Free Music Channel) Stay On Time!
Canada produces sufficient green electricity in off-peak demand hours to produce enough carbon-free ammonia (“NH3”) to replace the use of fossil fuels for 100% of the passenger and freight aviation and rail, passenger bus, freight trucking, freight rail and freight marine shipping in the country, according to a study commissioned by FuelPositive Corporation (TSX.V: NHHH) (OTCQB: NHHHF) (“FuelPositive” or the “Company”). If all carbon-free ammonia were used, the result would be a 15.3% reduction in Canada's total greenhouse gas emissions. [Link to study summary: https://ml.globenewswire.com/Resource/Download/5ee10c6a-ba72-409f-bc0c-be756681fae9] To view the full press release, visit https://nnw.fm/Yvz2e
Canada produces sufficient green electricity in off-peak demand hours to produce enough carbon-free ammonia (“NH3”) to replace the use of fossil fuels for 100% of the passenger and freight aviation and rail, passenger bus, freight trucking, freight rail and freight marine shipping in the country, according to a study commissioned by FuelPositive Corporation (TSX.V: NHHH) (OTCQB: NHHHF) (“FuelPositive” or the “Company”). If all carbon-free ammonia were used, the result would be a 15.3% reduction in Canada's total greenhouse gas emissions. [Link to study summary: https://ml.globenewswire.com/Resource/Download/5ee10c6a-ba72-409f-bc0c-be756681fae9] To view the full press release, visit https://nnw.fm/Yvz2e
Welcome to the Instant Trivia podcast episode 188, where we ask the best trivia on the Internet. Round 1. Category: Bye Bye Birdie 1: Pigs were among the creatures that killed off this bird on Mauritius in the 1600s. the dodo. 2: The Puerto Rican plain one is endangered; the passenger one has already passed on. a pigeon. 3: This city's Bishop Museum has a princess' pa'u (skirt) made from feathers of the extinct mamo and 'o'o. Honolulu. 4: The last known Mariana mallard died in 1981 at this San Diego adventure park. Sea World. 5: Like the ostrich, which it resembled, the 10-foot moa of this country defended itself by kicking. New Zealand. Round 2. Category: Business Abbrev. 1: No money, no goods:C.O.D.. cash on delivery. 2: A first sale of stock on the open market:IPO. an initial public offering. 3: Pertaining to a fictitious name:DBA. doing business as. 4: Furnisher of financial data on Wall St.:S and P. Standard and Poor's. 5: A salary increase in response to inflation:COLA. a cost of living adjustment. Round 3. Category: Pets 1: They can be house-trained and kept indoors; outdoors, a hutch will keep them from hopping away. rabbits. 2: Like humans, guinea pigs need a dietary source of this vitamin, so try feeding them a piece of orange each day. Vitamin C. 3: The green-winged teal, a small one of these birds, is well suited for living in garden ponds. a duck. 4: Sold in most pet stores, comets and veiltails are varieties of this type of carp. goldfish. 5: The box variety of this reptile can live in your backward and can learn to come to you for its food. a tortoise. Round 4. Category: Child Care 1: Dr. Spock says though it's fun to apply this to baby after a bath, it's not usually needed. powder. 2: Produced by bacterial action, the chief cause of diaper rash is this, NH3. ammonia. 3: It's rare for this manual dominance to appear before the age of two. being right-handed (or left-handed). 4: It's the process that starts when the cup begins to replace the bottle or breast. weaning. 5: Common in babies, this ocular condition, "strabismus", can improve spontaneously, tho rarely so. lazy eye (or cross-eyes, wandering eyes). Round 5. Category: Oscar, Grammy Or Both 1: Cher. Both. 2: Frank Sinatra. both. 3: Meryl Streep. Oscar. 4: Rita Moreno. Both. 5: Julie Andrews. both. Thanks for listening! Come back tomorrow for more exciting trivia!
Các chu trình nitơ (chu kỳ sinh học hoặc quá trình nitrat hóa) là quá trình quan trọng nhất trong hồ cá. Khi chúng ta nói về nó, chúng ta đề cập đến sự hình thành của các khuẩn lạc vi khuẩn có lợi (vi khuẩn nitrat hóa) chuyển đổi amoniac (NH3) thành nitrit (N02-) thành nitrat (NO3-) . Về cơ bản, đây là cách tự nhiên để tái chế chất dinh dưỡng.. Xem chi tiết tại: https://nuoitep.com/ru/%d1%82%d1%83%d0%b8-%d1%88%d0%b8%d0%bd%d1%8c/moi-thu-ve-vinh-sinh-trong-be-ca-tep-cua-ban.html
Các chu trình nitơ (chu kỳ sinh học hoặc quá trình nitrat hóa) là quá trình quan trọng nhất trong hồ cá. Khi chúng ta nói về nó, chúng ta đề cập đến sự hình thành của các khuẩn lạc vi khuẩn có lợi (vi khuẩn nitrat hóa) chuyển đổi amoniac (NH3) thành nitrit (N02-) thành nitrat (NO3-) . Về cơ bản, đây là cách tự nhiên để tái chế chất dinh dưỡng.. Xem chi tiết tại: https://nuoitep.com/thuy-sinh/moi-thu-ve-vinh-sinh-trong-be-ca-tep-cua-ban.html
Qu'est-ce que la pollution à l'ammoniac ? Merci d'avoir posé la question ! Le 14 juin 2021, l'ONG bretonne Splann! a publié sa toute première enquête, consacrée à la pollution à l'ammoniac. Disponible en accès libre, elle souligne que la Bretagne est la « première région émettrice ». Les résultats attendus depuis plusieurs années sont inquiétants et montrent que l'ammoniac est une « pollution atmosphérique négligée » par les pouvoirs publics. L'institut national de la recherche agronomique avance que les émissions d'ammoniac, connues sous le nom de NH3 en chimie, sont à « 95% d'origine agricole, dont 80% sont issues de l'élevage ». Mais pourquoi la pollution à l'ammoniac est-elle si importante en Bretagne ? Est-ce qu'elle est dangereuse pour la santé ? Et pourquoi est-ce un sujet sensible dans la région ? Ecoutez la suite de cet épisode de "Maintenant vous savez". Un podcast écrit et réalisé par Pauline Weiss. A écouter aussi : Que sont les algues vertes ? Qu'est-ce que les néonicotinoïdes ? Qu'est-ce que la morve de mer ? Vous pouvez réagir à cet épisode sur notre page Twitter. Voir Acast.com/privacy pour les informations sur la vie privée et l'opt-out. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
FuelPositive Corporation, that trades under the ticker symbol NHHHF, is pleased to announce that it has filed for patent protection for the Company's “Modular Transportable Clean Hydrogen-Ammonia Maker” with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (U.S. provisional patent application number: 63197884). Quote, “Our carbon-free ammonia (NH3) technology will offer tremendous value by using less energy than incumbent technologies and will reduce processing costs through the reduction of operating pressure and temperatures,” said Ian Clifford, CEO of FuelPositive. “This milestone for FuelPositive further reinforces the potential for the global implementation of our technology, and we are working rapidly toward commercialization, with Phase 2 commercial demonstration systems well on their way to being realized.” End quote. For Media or Investor enquiries, please contact:Mr. Ian Clifford Chief Executive Officer investors@fuelpositive.com*This audio content was produced by Stock Wave for Investor Brand Network. For more information please visit https://www.investorbrandnetwork.com/
Anhydrous ammonia (NH3) is an effective nitrogen crop fertilizer used throughout the Midwest and beyond. Anhydrous ammonia is potentially dangerous, as it seeks water from the nearest source, which may be the human body – especially the eyes, lungs, and skin because of their high moisture content. Few problems occur when anhydrousammonia is handled properly and applied as intended. However, it is important for all individuals working with this type of fertilizer to understand the potential health risks, necessary safety precautions, and proper response in the event of an exposure. Personal protective equipment (PPE) is one of the last lines of defense for workers against Anhydrous Ammonia injuries. Women in all industries, including agriculture, have trouble finding and purchasing respiratory protective equipment that fits and is safe and comfortable wear. The National Safety Council, in a 2019 publication of Safety and Health, reported OSHA documentation indicating the lack of a full range of PPE, as well as, employers' limited knowledge of PPE designed for women – as some of the reasons for the difficulty. Focus of the training is on anhydrous ammonia safety during transport and application, including the anatomy of the nurse tank and toolbar, safety inspection processes, hitching and unhitching safety, personal protective equipment (PPE), rural roadway safety, and first aid/emergency procedures. Hazard communication and emergency action plans will also be addressed.
On se plaint parfois de la météo, mais est-ce bien raisonnable ? On a découvert plus 4000 exoplanètes, depuis 1992, année de la première découverte... Les exoplanètes sont des planètes situées hors de notre système solaire, loin loin loin. WASP-76b, par exemple. Une grosse exoplanète découverte en 1993, qui fait à peu près deux fois la taille de Jupiter. Il y fait environ 2200°C... Ce qui signifie que des matériaux solides sur Terre fondraient, ou s'évaporeraient, sur WASP-76b. Il y a du fer sur cette planète... Le jour, quand la planète fait face à son étoile, le fer se change en gaz. Il monte dans l'atmosphère... Et s'écoule vers le côté nuit. Sur Titan, la plus grosse lune de Saturne... Chose plutôt rare pour un satellite : Titan possède une atmosphère. Il y a aussi des rivières : mais pas des rivières d'eau, des rivières d'hydrocarbures.On pense que les volcans de glace projettent sporadiquement ces hydrocarbures dans l'atmosphère sous forme de gaz pour former des nuages qui se condensent et retombent sous forme de pluie.Faut-il que je vous parle des vents sur Mars ? Ça n'est pas nécessaire, vous avez vu Seul sur Mars, de Ridley Scott... Sur Jupiter : les orages sont comme nulle part ailleurs...On pense que les puissants orages qui secouent la planète géante projettent des cristaux de glace d'eau vers le haut de son atmosphère, à plus de 25 kilomètres au-dessus des nuages d'eau. Là -- où la température est de l'ordre de -88 °C et où l'eau liquide ne devrait pas exister --, ils rencontrent de l'ammoniac (NH3) gazeux qui agit un peu comme un antigel, faisant fondre la glace et permettant la formation de nuages transportant un mélange d'eau et d'ammoniac. Donc franchement, quand on a trois gouttes de pluie sur Terre, on peut s'estimer heureux.... Et même se lever joyeux le matin.Crédit image : Seven temperate terrestrial planets around the nearby ultracool dwarf star, Nature. Notre politique de confidentialité GDPR a été mise à jour le 8 août 2022. Visitez acast.com/privacy pour plus d'informations.
Mention several things from stock market to lumber, corn, biodiesel, cows and NH3
Our listener’s choice recaps three topics: (R)ICE tables, titrations and buffers. We start with the RICE table - what does it actually stand for? (0:49). RICE tables are best explained with an example. In our case: The reaction of gaseous hydrogen with gaseous chlorine to form gaseous hydrogen chloride - a reaction that has a K = 49. And we are calculating the concentrations at equilibrium (1:44)! Two important tips for RICE tables: (1) practice, practice, practice; (2) make assumptions (4:09).Our next two topics are connected: titrations and buffers. We start with the titration of a strong acid/strong base and discuss the calculation of the pH at several points along the titration curve (6:01). Our second example is the titration of a weak acid with a strong base. Again, we discuss the pH calculations along the titration curve, but then focus on buffers, which are formed when the weak acid is partially neutralized (7:29). The episode defines buffers and describes how they work (8:00). Moving along the titration curve, we discuss the calculations for buffers and the midway point of the titration (9:18), the calculations at equivalence point (10:03) and beyond the equivalence point.Question: What will be the approximate pH of an equimolar solution of NH3 and HCl?Thank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Chemistry Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2021 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:TheAPsoluteRecAP@gmail.comFollow Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTERFACEBOOKYOUTUBE
Updates from the field as we get our 1st week of field work done. We discuss our 1st round of Centuro trials & scripts, followed by NH3 watch outs. As temperatures may drop this next week, we are urging caution on using PPO chemistries that may cause injury as beans struggle to get out of the ground in colder temperatures. Eric & I finish by discussing the idea of lower soybean populations and the need of singulation.
My AP Biology ThoughtsUnit 1 Episode #46Welcome to My AP Biology Thoughts podcast, my name is Nidhi and I am your host for episode 46 called Unit 1 The Impact of Temperature and pH on enzymes. Today we will be discussing what an enzyme is and how the pH and temperature of the environment affects the enzyme and its substrate. Segment 1: Introduction to The Impact of Temperature and pH on enzymesAn enzyme is a protein or a RNA molecule that acts as a catalyst in chemical reactions, helping to reduce the activation energy needed for the reaction to occur. Often, this speeds up the rate of reaction. Enzymes are not changed or consumed by the reactions they catalyse and as a result can be reused. Enzymes are typically named after the molecules they react with, which is called the substrate, and they end with the suffix ‘-ase'. The active site is the region on the surface of the enzyme which binds to the substrate molecule. The active site and the substrate complement each other in terms of both shape and chemical properties. Enzymes are selective and each enzyme only speeds up a specific reaction. pH is a scale from 1-14 used to specify how acidic or how basic a solution is. A number lower than the neutral 7 is considered an acid while a number higher than 7 is a base. With enzymes, changes in pH can affect active sites by changing its shape or charge and making it harder for substrates to bind. Small changes in pH above or below the Optimum for the enzyme do not cause a permanent change to the enzyme, since the bonds can be reformed. However, extreme changes in pH can cause enzymes to Denature and permanently lose their function. The optimum pH, or the pH where the enzyme is most active, depends on where it normally works. For example, enzymes in the small intestine have an optimum pH of about 7.5, but stomach enzymes have an optimum pH of about 2. Low temperatures result in insufficient thermal energy for the activation of a reaction to proceed. Increasing the temperature will increase the speed and motion of both enzyme and substrate, resulting in higher enzyme activity since a higher kinetic energy will result in more frequent collisions between the enzymes and substrates. At an optimal temperature for the enzyme, the rate of activity will be at its peak. Higher temperatures will cause enzyme stability to decrease, because the thermal energy disrupts the enzyme's hydrogen bonds. This causes the enzyme's active site to lose its shape, resulting in denaturation. Segment 2: Example of The Impact of Temperature and pH on enzymesTrypsin and pepsin are both enzymes in the digestive system which break protein chains in food into smaller peptide chains or into individual amino acids. Pepsin works in the highly acidic conditions of the stomach. It has an optimum pH of about 1.5. On the other hand, trypsin works in the small intestine, parts of which have a pH of around 7.5. If at a pH of around 7, a substrate attaches itself to the enzyme via two ionic bonds, then a change in pH can definitely make it difficult for the substrate to bond to the enzyme. In an example enzyme, the groups allowing ionic bonding are caused by the transfer of a hydrogen ion from a COOH group in the side chain of one amino acid to an -NH2 group in the side chain of another. At a lower pH, the -COO- will pick up a hydrogen ion and with this an ionic bond can no longer form between the substrate and the enzyme. If those bonds were necessary to attach the substrate and activate it, then at this lower pH, the enzyme won't work. With a pH higher than 7, the NH3+ will lose a hydrogen ion and again an ionic bond can't form. The tertiary structure of the protein is also in part held together by ionic bonds. At very high or very low pH's, these bonds within the enzyme can be disrupted, and it can lose its shape and if it loses its shape, the active site can be lost completely. In the human body the optimum temperature for an enzyme is...
As part of our continuing quest to assess the options for shipping carbon free future we’re looking at the case for Ammonia this week. Joining our sustainability editor Anastassios Adamopoulos to discuss why NH3 should be at the heart of any shipowners’ strategy is Milton Bevington and Stephen Crolius of Carbon Neutral Consulting
In this episode, we sit down with David Milburn from HypoAir to talk about air quality in our home environment. We dive into the dangers of mold toxicity, how to clean up your air at home, and take a look at some cutting-edge technologies that can assist with this!**DISCOUNT CODE**Use code B&B10 at checkout for 10% off your order: https://hypoair.com/beautyandthebiohackerABOUT HYPOAIR:https://hypoair.comOur proprietary technologies are backed by 15 years of laboratory, university, and "real world" commercial studies. These tests are available upon request, and cover topics including VOCs, MERS, Molds, MRSA, O3, TBC, HCHO, RSP, NH3, H2S, and many more.ABOUT DAVID MULBURN:David Milburn currently serves as VP for the Young Trust, a tech focused VC firm, and the CTO of Hypoallergenic Air LLC. At HypoAir, Milburn has spent 10 years solving some of the world's worst air quality issues for clients ranging from aerospace manufacturing facilities to hospitals in Brooklyn during the height of COVID. Over the last decade he's assisted thousands of business owners, homeowners, and biohackers of all walks of life to solve their unique air quality challenges.ABOUT BEAUTY & THE BIOHACKER:Learn more: beautyandthebiohacker.comEmail us at info@beautyandthebiohacker.comABOUT RACHEL & KATIE:Learn more with Rachel Varga BScN, RN, CANS, Board Certified Aesthetic Nurse Specialist https://RachelVarga.caBOOK YOUR ONE ON ONE Virtual Skin and Aging Consultation with Rachel Varga here: https://RachelVarga.ca/get-startedLearn more with Katie Type A: https://katietypea.comCheck out Katie Type A's YouTube Channel: https://bit.ly/3le3MUJDISCLAIMER: Information in this podcast and interview is not to be taken as medical advice, and always consult with your Physician before making any lifestyle changes. The material shared by guests in this podcast is not the opinion of Rachel Varga or Katie Moore, and disclaims any responsibility of inaccurate credentials of guests or information used that may cause harm. Always consult with your licensed Physician before any lifestyle modifications.
In this episode we define the acronym V-S-E-P-R and take a closer look at bonding and non-bonding electron pairs around a central atom (1:10). We distinguish between electron-domain geometry and molecular geometry (1:50). The episode describes the six electron-domain geometries (2:40) as well as the molecular geometries and bonding angles that arise from “mix and matching” bonding and non-bonding electron pairs (3:45). Balloons are a great tool to visualize these molecular shapes (7:00).Question: (8:06 )What is the molecular shape of NH3? trigonal planar, trigonal pyramidal, or tetrahedralThank you for listening to The APsolute RecAP: Chemistry Edition!(AP is a registered trademark of the College Board and is not affiliated with The APsolute RecAP. Copyright 2020 - The APsolute RecAP, LLC. All rights reserved.)Website:www.theapsoluterecap.comEMAIL:TheAPsoluteRecAP@gmail.comFollow Us:INSTAGRAMTWITTERFACEBOOKYOUTUBE
Neboli katabolismus (lze i digesce) lipidů, sacharidů a proteinů. KATABOLISMUS - rozkladný děj - rozklad živin (lipidů, proteinů, sacharidů) -> acetyl CH3-CO-R (od acidum acetylicum) - navázání S-Coa - putuje na Krebsův/citrátový cyklus na matrixu mitochondrie - dekarboxylací vznik ATP - během citrátového cyklu pouze jedna GTP - další děje spjaté s citrátovým (nebo také Krebsovým) cyklem - dýchací řetězec - z 1x FADH2 -> 2x ATP, 3x NADH -> 9x ATP. Bílkoviny, tuky, cukry -> katabolické děje -> acetyl -> Krebsův cyklus -> a) GTP -> ATP V b) Dýchací řetězec: 4H + O2 -> 2 H2O + energie (přeměna na ATP) KATABOLISMUS SACHARIDŮ - trávicí soustava - amylázy - štěpení škrobu - alfa-amyláza - ptyalin - sliny - ústní dutina - škrob, glykogen = > pomocí ptyalinu disacharid maltóza ( spojení alfa 1-4 glukózy)- jícen - hltan - tenké střevo: sacharosa (sacharasa) - glukóza + fruktosa, laktosa (laktasa) - glukóza + galaktóza, slinivka břišní - alfa-amyláza - další rozklad - maltóza (maltáza) => následné vstávání do krve - nadměrná glukóza - přeměna na tuky, jinak C6 do buněk, v buňce odbourávání na pyruvát 1x C6 (glukóza) -> 2x C3 (pyruvát) -> oxidační dekarboxylace 2x pyruvát -> 2x CO2 + 2x acetyl - doprava do Krebsova cyklu KATABOLISMUS BÍLKOVIN - rozklad kvartérní struktury (heteromultimery, homomultimery), terciární (fibrilární, globulární) struktury, sekundární (alfa-helix, beta skládaný list) struktury, primární (přesná sekvence aminokyselin) struktury na aminokyseliny - Počátek štěpení - žaludek - peptidáza pepsin, tenké střevo - dvanáctník (duodenum) - peptidáza tripsin - produkován slinivkou břišní => aminokyseliny - > buňka - proteosyntéza, deaminace: a) karboxylová kyselina - odbourávání uhlíkaté kostry - oxalacetát COO-CHO-CH2-COO, fumarát - COO-CH=CH-COO, pyruvát - CH3-CO-COO -> produkty se začlení do Krebsova cyklu, pyruvát se odbourá na acetyl b) deaminace = odstranění NH3 - toxický - odbourávání v Ornithinovém (někdy také močovinovém) cyklu - vznik močoviny NH2-CO-NH2, kyselina močová nevzniká KATABOLISMUS LIPIDŮ - přijímáme složené lipidy (kromě glycerolu sfingosin, nejen estery mastných kyselin, ale i netuková složka - fosfolipidy - polární zbytek kyseliny H3PO4 - biomembrány, glykolipidy, lipoproteiny) -> jednoduché lipidy - střevo - hydrolýza pomocí lipázy CH2OCORCH3-CHOCORCH3-CH2OCORCH3 (jednoduchý tuk) ->(H2O, NaOH) CH2OH-CHOH-CH2OH (glycerol) + 3 CH3-R-COOH (mastná kyselina - sudý počet C) - A) mastné kyseliny - buňka - beta-oxidace mastných kyselin: R-CH2-CH2-CO-S-CoA -(FAD-FADH2)-> R-CH=CH-CO-S-CoA -(+H2O)-> R-CHOH-CH2-CO-S-CoA -(NAD-NADH)-> R-CO-CH2-CO-S-CoA -(+Coa)-> R-CO-S-CoA + CH3-CO-S-CoA (acetyl -> Citrátový cyklus) - cyklus se znovu opakuje, dokud se zcela karboxylová kyselina neodbourá na acetyly B) glycerol - v buňce na pyruvát -> acetyl- Citrátový cyklus KREBSŮV CYKLUS acetyl-S-CoA [C2] -( - SCoA + oxalacetát[C4])- kyselina citrónová[C6] COO-CH2-CHCOO-CHOH-COO -(NAD-NADH, - CO2)-> alfa ketogluterát[C5] COO-CH2-CH2-CO-COO -(NAD-NADH, -CO2, SCoA)-> succinyl-CoA[C4] COO-CH2-CH2-CO-S-CoA -( - CoA, GDP + P -> GTP => ADP -> ATP)-> succinát[4C] COO-CH2-CH2-COO -( FAD-FADH2)-> fumarát[C4] COO-CH=CH-COO -( + H2O)-> malát[C4] COO-CH2-CHOH-COO -(NAD-NADH)-> oxalacetát[C4] COO-CH2-CO-COO - ten se již znovu naváže na další acetyl DÝCHACÍ ŘETĚZEC - na vnitřní straně mitochondrie, 3 fáze: 1. Fáze - doprava H pomocí vázaných přenašečů - koenzymů oxidoreduktáz NADH a FADH2 2. Fáze - vlastní redoxní děj - 4H(ox. Číslo 0) + 02 (ox. Č. 0) -> energie( putuje do 3. Fáze) + 2 H2O (H ox. Č. I a O ox. Č. -II) - cytochromy - přenašeče elektronů 3. Fáze - oxidační fosforylace - ADP + P + energie -> ATP - buněčné dýchání je exoergická reakce
The Mothership è la prima fabbrica del settore a zero emissioni di CO2 con una produzione interamente amica dell’ambiente. La struttura è completamente alimentata da pannelli solari e dall' energia idroelettrica proveniente dalla centrale costruita in collaborazione con la comunità locale. Inoltre una nuova tecnologia NH3 permette un minore utilizzo di energia, grazie alle ridotte temperature dei processi produttivi ed ai sistemi idrici per il controllo termico. Un terreno di 28.000 m2 in Austria, una fabbrica di quasi 5000 mq all'interno della quale avvengono tutte le operazioni produttive: stampa fresatura, finitura e imballaggio. Come se non bastasse è a disposizione proprio di fronte alla nuova fabbrica una pista da snowboard privata di circa 1.2 km dove il produttore può effettuare le prove. I test più rigorosi sono invece effettuati nel vicino resort di Nassfeld con oltre 30 impianti di risalita e 2 snowpark.
NH3 ... superhero ... Ventre Los Calzones ... Chamuyo ... Pasion Do The Dog Ska-A-Go-Go Vol. 2 ... Juantxo Skalari ... Hooligan Desorden Público ... Rosas Azules ... 25 años canto popular Los Fastidios ... Joy Joy Joy ... Get the ball rolling Los Fastidios ... Joy Joy Joy ... Ellos Dicen Mierda Lollypop Lorry ... Mi Chico Lollipop New York Ska-Jazz Ensemble ... Break Thru ... Love and Affection --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/labrigadadelruido/message
Anhydrous ammonia isn’t well-known as an alternative source of fuel, but it’s economic and environmental attributes make it a very compelling alternative to hydrocarbons. That’s why the IwtB Podcast is extremely honored to have Norm Olson on the program to explain some important characteristics of NH3. My favorite quote from this interview really sums up how fascinating anhydrous ammonia is. “It’s kind of a miracle how well this thing works in so many different applications.” If you’re a fan of, or just interested in hydrogen, this is a great interview to listen to. Norm was the Program Manager for Biomass and Alternative Fuels at the Iowa Energy Center and the President of the NH3 Fuel Association. Norm is one of the foremost experts on anhydrous ammonia and one of the biggest champions of NH3 as an alternative energy source. The post Anhydrous Ammonia (NH3) with Norm Olson – The Stock Podcast, Ep.29 appeared first on The Stock Podcast | CEO & CFO Interviews.
We decided last minute to completely change this weeks episode. So much great new stuff had come out recently. We could have waited, but it just didn't feel right. More proof that the scene around the world is going strong. Featuring the music of Catbite, The Rocksteady Conspiracy, The Rude Dudez, Well Charged, The Middle Volga Social Club, Papa Beat Sunset, Collywobbles, NH3, and The Skallions
Didn't get your fall nitrogen on? Ken talks nitrogen options for this spring and touches on the risk of late spring NH3.
From the cattle shed to the racetrack, ammonia is having a moment. In the wrong place it's a dangerous pollutant, in the right place it's a clean fuel for your car. Ella McSweeney and Peter Hadfield report on the two faces of the gas chemists know as NH3. The increasing global demand for milk means more big dairy herds. More cows means more dung and urine. Mixed together they produce ammonia gas which contributes to urban air pollution and destroys sensitive habitats. In Ireland scientists have spotted big problems in peat bogs. The mosses which help create the carbon-grabbing peat are dying off in areas down-wind of dairy, pig and chicken farms. Farmers are being asked to change the way they store and spread their slurry, but it could be too late for some of the island's most vulnerable bogs. Meanwhile, in Australia they're exploiting some interesting properties of ammonia. Environmentally-friendly hydrogen-powered cars have been around for years but they've failed to take off because hydrogen is costly and awkward to transport. By contrast, ammonia is very simple to move around from refinery to fuel station. Splitting the N from the H is straightforward, giving drivers a source of fuel that emits only water from the exhaust pipe. So can ammonia complete its journey from environmental villain to green hero? Producer: Alasdair Cross
Lance Malenke, Gary Esselink, Nick Michael, and Mat Roy discuss anhydrous ammonia application. They talk about the things to consider when applying NH3, the latest changes in AccuFlow cooler technology, as well as some common troubleshooting tips for successful application. The episode primarily focuses on the fall season, but the same would apply for any NH3 application season. Music Credit:“Special Spotlight” Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 Licensehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Cement your knowledge on Hepatic Encephalopathy (HE)! Quiz yourself on the following 5 Pearls we’ll be covering on HE: Time Stamps What are other causes of altered mental status in cirrhotics? (1:45) What are common precipitants for an acute episode of HE? What is asterixis? (6:10) What is the diagnostic utility of a cirrhotic with asterixis? How do lactulose & rifaximin reduce symptoms of HE? (11:00) What are their indications? What is the connection between hypokalemia and HE? (14:10) What is the discriminatory power of an ammonia level in HE? (16:40) In what situation does the NH3 has stronger predictive value? For full shownotes: https://www.coreimpodcast.com/2017/12/13/5-pearls-on-hepatic-encephalopathy/
Le ribose est une sorte de sucre. Il ne vous dit peut-être rien, mais sans cette molécule, vous ne seriez pas en train de lire ces lignes. Il suffit de dire "acide ribonucléique" ou "acide désoxyribonucléique" pour que l'on comprenne aussitôt l'importance de ce sucre. Il s'agit bien évidemment de la molécule de base de l'ARN et de l'ADN, bref, de la vie telle qu'on la connait. L'origine du ribose sur Terre reste une inconnue, mais une équipe française vient de créer du ribose et de nombreux autres types de sucres en laboratoire simplement à partir de glaces interstellaires (composées de H2O (eau), CH3OH (méthanol) et NH3 (ammoniac) irradiées par de la lumière ultraviolette telle qu'elle pouvait exister dans les prémices de notre système solaire...
Time 0:48 Be a student of the job We all get into the Haz Mat...some of us more. Some of us have a prior background that we hide until we are established in our Department. When all of that is over...let er rip! Learn from others Time 1:34 Pick up a bookHazardous Materials Air Monitoring and Detection Devices by Chris Hawley Hazardous Materials Technician from IFSTA CLICK ON ABOVE LINKS FOR BOOKS Any state guideState fire academy or Office of Fire Prevention and control. These are usually nested under the DHS heading for the state. Time 2:50 Learn the laws and regulationCFR (code of federal regulation) Osha regulations Time 3:20 Don’t fall into the couchLaziness gives other an excuse to be lazy as well Time 4:35 Read articles and stay currentFirefighter close calls and Hazmatnation.com What happened last tour? What happened in that other state? What happened in that other country? Time 5:21 Surround yourself with people that are better at this than you areIn all professions there are those guys or girls. Start slowly and get them to give the goods.Some of these jems are slowly coaxed from their shells. Some of them may not be trying to help you, but if you ask them for help will be there to answer. Don’t expect them to come to you. Time 6:46 Don’t PanicNo matter the situation, remain calmBE A DUCK Panic leads to lack of thing There is no one coming after us “I DID cause the accident, I am just here to fix it.”when was the last time a plumber ran into your house in a frenzy to fix your toilet We are a highly trained, very professional unit DOING WHAT YOU CANNOT. There is no need to panic if I am not panicking. Time 8:42 Be ProfessionalLook the part Act the part. Speak the partLots of times it’s not what you say but how you say it. Right or wrong your tone says a lot Hazmat scenes bring outMedia High profile individuals Time 10:04 Don’t be afraid to ask for helpCannot stress this enough Seek help in the aspects you are weak in.This is the hardest thing to do because it involves admitting your faults and understanding weakness, then accepting it. I have learned that everyone has the ability to make you betterno matter now new a person is, everyone has a different perspective and technique Time 11:25 Know your tools (Mike's Story about drilling a saddle tank)This is a big one Weakness in your tools leads to you look looking like a fool at the scene. Number the compartments on the rig Make detailed lists of what is in which boxes, review periodically. You don’t have to know numbers, but where...is important. Your tools are what separates you from the other companies. That with specialized training makes you special. New guys enter the company is a great time to refresh yourselves on the tools Time 15:21 Keep a notebookWhen I was a probie we got these...hate themBobs “Plus or Minus” screwdriver story When I was in Haz Mat... loved them It is a short concise book of WHAT YOU THINK Only the best of the best goes in Don’t forget about the digital version of thiswill do a separate show on Bob”s obsessive data filing There will be a following podcast about how to do this digitally for all of you that would like to.WE WANT INFO BACK! Time 19:13 Have a firm understanding of the basics, and keep revisiting them.Definitions...the basics Without the definitions you cannotSpeak like a hazmatguy Act like a hazmatguy think like a hazmatguy Under no uncertain terms does the basics mean easy!the basics are the fundamentals and no matter how much you think you know them you can always ask yourself why does that happen. What causes A to go to B. understanding the basics give you the foundation to predict what is going to happen next. It also allows you to create a plan that is always three moves ahead as well as a backup in case anything does go wrong. Answer the “WHY” Time 21:30 Anticipate the worst case scenarioHelp you think like a hazmat guy. Time 22.08 Be fit for duty (salvo)It's not easy FatigueSCBA Suit General wear and tear not fit will reduce mental awareness Time 24:40 Learn from others mistakesUsually people who make mistakes, and are talked to in a non-confrontational manner will tell you about what they did wrong or what they could have done better. Use humor to help impact of your screw up. Teach others to critique themselves.NOT A PUBLIC crucifixion, its to prevent generational mistake Research what other people tell you“Trust but verify” Time 27:39 Find out how others did a responseEven on a response you were on. You may have not have been in a position to see all aspects of the incident. Ask how you did why you did what would you have done differently On incidents you were not onHave them paint the picture of the scene, and put yourself “there” Details!!! Possibly run the scene as you have done it, get out the books, check the gear and do a dry run replicating the operation, or deviation that you would have done. Time 30:00 Study stack program www.studystack.com Look for anything HMC1 to get all of Bob’s flashcard. GIVE FEED BACK FOR THIS from twiter, Facebook, Email, or Voicemail. TIME 31:25 Refrigerant leak http://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/local/grinnell/2015/10/13/emergency-responders-go-refrigerant-leak-grinnell/73877528/ Ammonia response ideas Ammonia itselfUN1005 Looks like water Low boiling point When boiled it absorb an enormous amount of heat, that’s why it’s used as a refrigerant. When boils gives white cloud, from condensing moisture in air.ENDOTHERMIC (absorbs heat vs. give off heat) Lighter than airCold weather or lots of moisture will keep it low. WHY DOES IT SINK IN VIDEOS OF VAPOR RELEASE? BECAUSE IT DENSER COLD SO IT SINKS, expands 850:1 Loves water, will seek it outLike water more than airOne volume of water will absorb 1300 volumes of NH3 When HN3 finds water in a closed container, a vacuum will happen. Time 34:10 WHY DOES IT SINK IN VIDEOS OF VAPOR RELEASE? BECAUSE IT DENSER COLD SO IT SINKS, When mixed with water become ammonium hydroxide When mixing it becomes EXOthermic, check with TIC Remember to add NH3 to water and not water to NH3, it will become spitting mad. Very strong base, protect runoff LEL/UEL 16-25% Usually transports in MC331 bobtails, working pressure of 265psiWill be dropped to a facility for utilization or dropped into “Nurse tanks” (basically mini MC331 with no wheels for on-site use. Time 39:35 ReleasesSince so cold may create ice plug and stop, until warmed Cool gas, so wants to seeks low spots, but weather will play into this Auto Refrigeration Response considerations Time 41:48 Auto Refrigeration explained Don’t allow it to find live bodies of water!!Consider use of water fog to “knock” down the vapors and make into liquid. Risk a lot to save a lot, risk little to save little Trapping liquid HN3 in valving may be dangerous. If liquid is caught between two valves and heats, it may blow up. ######The tarp method####### See below Time 46:25 Tarp and Cover Control/Containment Method This is a tarp and cover control/containment method for some ammonia release incidents. The release point is covered with a tarp (basic tarp you can buy at a local hardware supply – polyethylene/polypropylene). The tarp covers the release point and the escaping dense gas cloud will condense to liquid phase product which will then cool the container/release point. We learned that there is a direct pressure/temperature relationship with ammonia and if the temperature drops, the pressure drops. Your downwind concerns are also minimized in that the release is controlled and contained to the local release area. This is not a cure-all tactic. At this point you just have it controlled and contained. You may then start to get liquid pooling of ammonia under and near the tarp. Do not walk through liquid pools. What is occurring under the tarp while the dense gas flows around the vessel? The cold gas will lower the pressure in the vessel and the condensation of the aerosol stream will result in liquid ammonia saturating the ground rather than to go downwind to threaten life hazard… if there is no life or environmental hazard on the downwind then allowing the ammonia to escape to atmosphere might be the best solution. In the picture to the right, notice how the dense gas cloud stays low as the gas begins to vaporize to atmosphere on the downwind direction. On a dry day the dense gas cloud is not as evident although the vapor risk may still be very high on the downwind direction. You can see in the picture to the left that the tarp has minimized the exposure area. The leak point or leaking container will be cooled from the ammonia if we drop temperature the pressure in the container will also drop. Fully contained with the first tarp; secondary tarps may be helpful; now we can find the source of the release and control the flow and shut it down! A positive pressure ventilation fan is helpful in directing the dense gas away from the responders as they place the tarp and work on controlling the release… it’s also a good first step to getting fresh air to a victim that may be down in the downwind direction. In the picture to the right, notice the containment of an aerosol in a relatively low humidity circumstance: working in dense gas and aerosol requires Level A PPE. Placing the tarp from a distance, outside the dense gas cloud, can be accomplished with level A or even level B PPE. A fan used to support the responders is very valuable. Responders must be trained in this procedure before attempting it. Rail tank cars typically have a capacity of 34,500 gallons, but due to outage requirements, they will contain less than 30,000 gallons. Capping kits may or may not work on the tank cars. It depends if there is enough spacing around the valve flanges. There will always be 2 liquid valves running the length of the car. A single vapor valve will be perpendicular to the liquid valves. Tanks will also have a pressure relief valve and may have other valves such as gauging device, thermometer well and sample tube line. Cargo trailers (tractor trailer versions) could range in size from 3.500 gallon to almost 12,000 gallon. Nurse tanks range in size from 500 gallon to over 1,000 gallon. In summary don’t be valve turners since we do not want to trap liquid ammonia without being able to relieve pressure. Ensure use of proper personal protective equipment. Review where and when to use water. Be sure to contain any run off. Evaluate tarp and cover as a control/containment method for the incident. And finally, if you don’t know, then don’t go!
Ammoniak. Muss man erst mal erfinden, um dann rauszubekommen, für was man dieses NH3 überhaupt brauchen kann. Als Dünger. Oder als Kampfstoff. Oder beides? Ein chemischer Krimi - Autor: Hellmuth Nordwig
Watch how two hydrogen atoms collide and stick together to make a hydrogen molecule, H2. See how hydrogen atoms collide and chemically bond with oxygen to form water, H2O, with nitrogen to form ammonia, NH3, and with carbon to form methane, CH4. The chemical formula of these substances are explained, and the connection between the microscopic molecules that make up a substance and its macroscopic properties is shown. Also, the difference between an element and a compound is explained.
A measurement of the azimuthal asymmetry in dihadron production in deep-inelastic scattering of muons on transversely polarised proton (NH3) targets is presented. They provide independent access to the transversity distribution functions through the measurement of the Collins asymmetry in single hadron production. The data were taken in the year 2010 with the COMPASS spectrometer using a 160 GeV/c muon beam of the CERN SPS, increasing by a factor of about four the overall statistics with respect to the previously published data taken in the year 2007. The measured sizeable asymmetry is in good agreement with the published data. An approximate equality of the Collins asymmetry and the dihadron asymmetry is observed, suggesting a common physical mechanism in the underlying fragmentation. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Transcript: If life elsewhere in the universe is like life on Earth, then carbon will be essential for the creation of life. Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen together form ninety-five percent of the mass of all life forms on Earth. Carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are the most abundant products of stars, but carbon is special in its chemical properties. It has the unique ability to form multiple bonds with itself and with other elements. For example, the most abundant element in the universe, hydrogen, can only combine two ways with oxygen to form H2O and H2O2, can only combine two ways with nitrogen to form NH3 and N2H2, but it can combine thousands of ways with carbon to form chains as long as C90H84. The long carbon based chains of organic chemistry are essential to the coding of complexity in life. However, organic chemistry can only exist and operate in a narrow temperature range, so the robustness of life depends sensitively on the physical conditions. Silicon has been speculated to be another basis for life given its similar position in the periodic table However, silicon is ten times less abundant cosmically than carbon, and its chemical properties are not as good for the formation of long term, stable, complex molecules.
Oregon Update -- this week, we welcome one of our listeners Daniel (aka Machwing) to the show where we talk about the concept and advantages of using ammonia NH3 over hydrogen and solar as a viable alternative fuel to power both our cars and our cities. for more information on the subject, check out Daniels website for Model Sustainable Cities Announcements: The 8th Annual NH3 [ammonia] fuel conference is being held at the Red Lion Hotel, Jantzen Beach Portland, Oregon September 18-21 [link] Angel Acres Horse Haven Rescue, need your help with raising money to help pay for hay for horses.it is a great organization and they do a lot to help rescue horses to give them a second chance. [Link] if you have any news or information that you would like us to share as a public service or, like Daniel have a topic that you feel is interesting and would like to be a guest on the show... send us an e-mail at talk@KRBNradio.com. and as always, be sure to join us every Wednesday 10 a.m. Pacific Time
Oregon Update -- on today show, we talked about redistricting in Oregon and what it meant and why should we care, plus the implication of red light cameras and photo radar. Also, an announcement from one of our listeners about the upcoming 8th annual NH3 alternative fuel conference being held at the red lion Hotel in Portland September 18-21. For more information, click on the following link. http://www.ucs.iastate.edu/mnet/nh3/about.html Join us every Wednesday morning 10 a.m. Pacific Time and as always your phone calls and e-mails are welcome at 646-721-9887 and talk@KRBNradio.com also on Facebook and twitter
Tierärztliche Fakultät - Digitale Hochschulschriften der LMU - Teil 01/07
Investigations on the effects of Rare earth Element Citrates on growth promoting parameters in pigs and on ruminal fermentation in an artificial rumen (RUSITEC) For decades Rare Earth Elements, such as lanthanum, cerium, and praseodymium have been used in Chinese agriculture and farming for yield increase and growth promoting effects. Many Chinese studies showed partly enormous growth promoting effects whereas the most spectacular is seen in poultry and pig production. Several feeding trials with Rare Earth Elements were already carried out in our working group. So far mineral salt chlorides were used in previous studies. In the present study we tested for the first time the effects of Rare Earth Elements Citrate in grower pigs as well as in an in vitro trial in ruminants. A feeding study with 28 piglets (German Landrace x Piétrain) was carried out. They were separated in 4 dietary groups, each containing 7 animals. These animals received a regular diet, supplemented with a mixture of Rare Earth Elements Citrate in concentrations of 0, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg feed for a 6 week period. A positive effect of the Rare Earth Elements Citrate on fattening performance parameters was determined. In the trial period the daily body weight gain of the two high supplemented groups increased between 8.6 % to 22.6 % compared to the control group. The low dosage group showed no difference. An increase in the feed conversion rate from 2 % to 6 % was shown in all Rare Earth Elements supplemented groups. This indicates that within the pig feeding highly increased growth-promoting effects were determined when supplemented with Rare Earth Elements Citrate compared with the studies in which the chloride form was used. The study on possible effects of Rare Earth Elements in ruminal fermentation was carried out with the Rumen Simulation Technique (RUSITEC), an artificial rumen. The effect of Rare Earth Elements in different dosages was compared to a negative control (without supplement) and a positive control (Tetracycline). Each trial lasted for a period of 10 days. The influence on the parameters pH-value, NH3, redox potential, fatty acid pattern, and gas production was analysed. Since the ruminal fermentation was not influenced, the conclusion can be drawn, that in this respect microorganisms are not affected by Rare Earth Elements.
Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie - Digitale Hochschulschriften der LMU - Teil 01/06
Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, Arsen- bzw. Antimonverbindungen zu synthetisieren und zu charakterisieren, die Chemiker aufgrund allgemeiner Erfahrungen als instabil bzw. explosiv bezeichnen würden. Dabei wurden vier verschiedene Schwerpunkte gesetzt. (a) binäre Arsenazide und Antimonazide (b) gemischte Halogen/Azid-Verbindungen von Arsen und Antimon (c) Lewis-Säure-Base-Addukte von As(N3)5 und Sb(N3)5 (d) Lewis-Säure-Base-Addukte von AsCl5 und SbCl5 (a) binäre Arsenazide und Antimonazide Die binären Arsenazid- und Antimonazid-Verbindungen M(N3)3, M(N3)4 + , M(N3)4 – , M(N3)5 und M(N3)6 – (M = As, Sb) wurden durch Reaktion der entsprechenden Chlorid-Verbindungen mit TMS-N3 oder aktiviertem NaN3 synthetisiert. Die Verbindungen wurden als reine Substanzen bzw. als Salze isoliert. Die Isolation der reinen Pentaazide gelang aufgrund der extremen Explosivität nicht. Die Strukturen und Normalschwingungen aller binären Verbindungen wurden auf B3LYP-Niveau berechnet. Die kationischen Spezies zeigen S4-Symmetrie, die monomeren M(N3)4 – -Anionen und die neutralen M(N3)5-Spezies Cs-Symmetrie, die dimeren [M(N3)4 – ]2-Anionen S2-Symmetrie und die M(N3)6 – -Anionen S6-Symmetrie. Abbildung 46 zeigt die berechneten Strukturen und die explosiven Eigenschaften der Verbindungen. Die berechneten durchschnittlichen M-N-Bindungslängen steigen in der Reihenfolge M(N3)4 + < M(N3)5 < M(N3)3 < M(N3)4 – < M(N3)6 – . Die N-N-Bindungslängen innerhalb der Azidgruppen zeigen eine ähnliche Tendenz. Die kationischen Verbindungen zeigen die längsten N -N - und die kürzesten N -N -Bindungslängen (Konnektivität: M–N –N –N ) gefolgt von den Neutral-verbindungen und den anionischen Spezies. Dementsprechend ist die Bindungsordnung zwischen dem N und N -Stickstoffatom (vgl. Lewisformel III, Schema 1) für die kationischen Azidverbidungen am höchsten und für die anionischen am geringsten. Diese Tendenzen stimmen gut mit den experimentell bestimmten und berechneten Schwingungsdaten für die Azidgruppen überein.Die ionischen Verbindungen werden durch voluminöse Gegenionen im Kristall stabilisiert. Die relativen kurzen N -N -Bindungslängen erklären dennoch die gesteigerte Explosivität der kationischen Verbindungen gegenüber den anionischen Spezies. Eine Eliminierung von N2 ist aufgrund dieser kurzen N -N -Bindungslängen erleichtert. Die neutralen Triazide sind außerordentlich explosiv und die Pentaazide zersetzen sich aufgrund des extrem hohen Stickstoffgehalts spontan. Es gelang erstmals eine Arsenazidverbindung durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse zu charakterisieren. Die Struktur des As(N3)6 – -Anions wurde als desses PPh4 + - und Py-H + -Salz geklärt. Das Arsenatom ist von sechs Stickstoffatomen oktaedrisch umgeben. Das Anion zeigt im Kristall zentrosymmetrische S2-Symmetrie. Die experimentell bestimmten Struktur-parameter stimmen mit den auf B3LYP-Niveau berechneten gut überein. Abbildung 47 zeigt die Molekülstruktur des As(N3)– -Anions. Die 14 N-NMR-Spektren aller Verbindungen zeigen drei Resonanzen für die nichtäquivalenten Stickstoffatome der kovalent gebundenen Azide. In den 75 As- bzw. 121 Sb-NMR-Spektren konnten nur im Falle der Hexaazidoanionen Resonanzen aufgelöst werden, da diese Kerne nur in hochsymmetrischer Umgebung aufgrund ihres hohen Quadrupolmoments detektiert werden können. (b) gemischte Halogen/Azid-Verbindungen von Arsen und Antimon Gemischte Halogen- bzw. Halogen/Azid-Verbindungen von Arsen und Antimon in der Oxidationsstufe (III) konnten bisher nicht isoliert werden, da diese Verbindungen leicht in die jeweiligen Trihalogenide bzw. Pseudohalogenide dismutieren. Deratige Dismutierungen wurden in dieser Arbeit bei Reaktionen von MX3 (M =As, Sb; X = F, Br, I) mit azidübertragenden Reagentien beobachtet. Gemischte Halogen/Azid-Verbindungen von Arsen und Antimon konnten nur im Falle des Chlorids eindeutig isoliert werden. Die Dismutierungsneigung ist aufgrund der chemischen Ähnlichkeit von Chlorid und Azid am geringsten. SbCl(N3)2 wurde durch Reaktion von SbCl3 und zwei Äquivalenten NaN3 synthetisiert. SbCl2N3 konnte nur in Gegenwart von Pyridin als Lewis-Base kristallisiert werden, wobei das Lewis-Säure-Base-Addukt SbCl2N3 · 2 Pyridin entstand. Eine gemischte Chlorid/Azid-Verbindung von Arsen konnte ebenfalls in Gegenwart von Pyridin als Lewis-Base isoliert werden. Es wurde die Verbindung AsCl(N3)2 · 2 Pyridin durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse eindeutig charakterisiert. Abbildung 48 zeigt die Molekülstruktur von SbCl(N3)2. Die Molekülstrukturen der beiden anderen gemischten Chlorid/Azid-Verbindung von Arsen und Antimon sind in Kap. 3.2.4 abgebildet. Die Zentralatome sind in Übereinstimmung mit dem VSEPR-Konzept in SbCl(N3)2 Ψ -tetraedrisch, in AsCl(N3)2 · Pyridin Ψ -trigonal-bipyramidal, und in SbCl2N3 · 2 Pyridin Ψ -toktaedrisch umgeben. Die Schwingungsspektren von AsCl(N3)2 · Pyridin und SbCl2N3 · 2 Pyridin zeigen Banden bei 216 cm –1 und 139 cm –1 (As) und 166 cm –1 und 109 cm –1 (Sb). Diese Banden werden den Streck- bzw. Deformationsschwingung der M-NPy-Bindungen (M = As, Sb) zugeordnet. Die 14 N-NMR-Spektren von AsCl(N3)2 · Pyridin und SbCl2N3 · 2 Pyridin zeigen zusätzlich zu den Resonanzen die den Azid-Stickstoffatomen zugeordnet werden, breite Resonanzen bei einer chemischen Verschiebung von δ = –164 ppm (As) und –157 ppm (Sb). Diese Resonanzen werden den Stickstoffatomen der Pyridinmoleküle zugeordnet. Sie sind im Vergleich zu freiem Pyridin deutlich verschoben (–63 ppm). Es folgt, dass die Addukte ebenso in Lösung stabil sind. Auf der Grundlage der experimentell bestimmten Atomkoordinaten von AsCl(N3)2 · Pyridin und SbCl2N3 · 2 Pyridin wurden NBO-Analysen (B3LYP) berechnet, um einen Einblick in die Bindungssituation solcher schwach gebundenen Lewis-Säure-Base-Addukte zu erhalten. In AsCl(N3)2 · Pyridin werden 0.20 Elektronen vom Pyridin auf AsCl(N3)2 übertragen und in SbCl2N3 · 2 Pyridin 0.27 Elektronen von den beiden Pyridinmolekülen auf SbCl2N3. Die Wechselwirkung pro Molekül Pyridin ist damit im Vergleich zu AsCl(N3)2 · Pyridin schwächer. Dieses Ergebnis spiegelt sich in den experimentell bestimmten M-NPy-Bindungslängen wieder. (c) Lewis-Säure-Base-Addukte von As(N3)5 und Sb(N3)5 Die Isolation der binären Spezies As(N3)5 und Sb(N3)5 gelang aufgrund der spontanen Explosionen nicht. Daher wurden die Verbindungen in situ durch Reaktion von AsF5 bzw. SbF5 mit TMS-N3 dargestellt und mit Lewis-Basen stabilisiert. Die Verbindungen As(N3)5 · LB bzw. Sb(N3)5 · LB (LB = Pyridin, Chinolin, NH3, N2H4 und NH2CN) wurden auf diese Weise synthetisiert. Die Verbindungen sind bei Raumtemperatur stabil, explodieren jedoch heftig bei Reibung oder höheren Temperaturen. Die Strukturen und Normalschwingungen wurden auf B3LYP-Niveau berechnet. Die Zentralatome sind jeweils okatedrisch von sechs Stickstoffatomen umgeben. Fünf stammen dabei von Azidliganden und eines von der jeweiligen Lewis-Base. In Abbildung 49 ist die Struktur von As(N3)5 · N2H4 abgebildet. Die berechneten Strukturen der anderen Addukte sind in Kap. 3.3.5 zu finden. Die Schwingungsspektren zeigen alle Schwingungen die auf kovalent gebundene Azide schließen lassen. Zusätzlich sind im Bereich von 111 cm –1 bis 430 cm –1 Banden ersichtlich, die den Streck- bzw. Deformationsschwingungen der M-NLB-Bindungen zugeordnet werden. Die 14 N-NMR-Spektren von As(N3)5 · LB bzw. Sb(N3)5 · LB (LB = Pyridin, Chinolin, NH3, N2H4 und NH2CN) zeigen zusätzlich zu den Resonanzen die den Azid-Stickstoffatomen zugeordnet werden, Signale, die den Stickstoffatomen der jeweiligen Lewis-Basen zugeordnet werden. Diese Resonanzen sind im Vergleich zu den Resonanzen der freien N-Basen deutlich verschoben. Es folgt, dass die Addukte ebenso in Lösung stabil sind. Aufgrund der 14 N-NMR-Spektren von As(N3)5 · NCNH2 bzw. Sb(N3)5 · NCNH2 kann gefolgert werden, dass die Cyanamid-Verbindungen über die Cyanid-Einheiten an die Zentralatome koordinieren. Die 75 As- bzw. 121 Sb-NMR-Spektren belegen eine oktaedrische Koordination an den Zentral-atomen. Es konnten für alle Addukte Resonanzen in den Spektren detektiert werden. Die Bindungsdissoziationsenthalpien für die Dissoziation der Addukte gemäß Gleichung 25 wurden quantenmechanisch berechnet. M(N3)5 · LB → M(N3)5 + LB (25) (M = As,Sb; LB = Pyridin, NH3, N2H4 und NH2CN) Die Bindungsdissoziationsenthalpie ist ein Maß für die As- bzw. Sb-NLB-Bindungsstärke dieser Addukte. Die Stabilität der Addukte steigt in der Reihenfolge NH2CN < Pyridin < NH3 < N2H4 und As(N3)5 < Sb(N3)5. Die Bindungsdissoziationsenthalpien stimmen qualitativ gut mit den berechneten As- bzw. Sb-NLB-Bindungslängen überein. Die schwächsten Cyanamid-Addukte zeigen die längsten As- bzw. Sb-NLB-Bindungslängen, die stärksten Hydrazin-Addukte zeigen die kürzesten. (d) Lewis-Säure-Base-Addukte von AsCl5 und SbCl5 AsCl5 ist aufgrund der d-Blockkontraktion und der damit verbundenen geringer Abschirmung der hohen Kernladung sehr instabil. Addukte von AsCl5 wurden ebenso wenige beschrieben. SbCl5 hingegen ist stabil. In dieser Arbeit wurde das Koordinationsverhalten schwacher Lewis-Basen gegenüber MCl5 (M = As, Sb) sowohl experimentell als auch theoretisch untersucht. Die Verbindungen MCl5 · LB (M = As, Sb; LB = ClCN, BrCN, ICN, 1 /2(CN)2, NH2CN und Pyridin) wurden auf B3LYP-Niveau berechnet, die Verbindungen SbCl5 · LB (LB = ClCN, BrCN, ICN, 1 /2(CN)2, NH2CN und Pyridin) und AsCl5 · NCI konnten synthetisiert werden. Strukturen, die ein lokales Minimum (NIMAG = 0) aufweisen, wurden für alle Addukte berechnet. Die Übereinstimmung der berechneten Strukturparameter für SbCl5 · NCCl und SbCl5 · NCCN · SbCl5 mit den durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse bestimmten Bindungs-längen und -winkel ist außerordentlich gut. Abbildung 50 zeigt die Molekülstruktur des 2:1 Addukts SbCl5 · NCCN · SbCl5. Die Strukturen zeigen eine sechsfache Koordination mit nahezu idealer oktaedrischer Umgebung an den Zentralatomen. Sie sind umgeben von fünf Chloratomen und jeweils einem Stickstoffatom der entsprechenden Lewis-Basen. Die Ramanspektren zeigen bei ca. 200 cm –1 Banden für die ν SbN-Streckschwingungen und von 83 cm –1 bis 134 cm –1 Banden für die δ SbN-Deformationsschwingungen. Die ν CN-Streckschwingungen der Addukte ergeben Banden zwischen 2187 cm –1 und 2352 cm –1 und sind damit um 18 - 76 cm –1 zu höheren Wellenzahlen im Vergleich zu den freien Cyaniden verschoben. Die 14 N-NMR-Spektren zeigen deutlich verschobene Resonanzen der Stickstoffatome im Vergleich zu den freien Lewis-Basen. Auf der Grundlage der experimentell bestimmten Atomkoordinaten von SbCl5 · NCCl und SbCl5 · NCCN · SbCl5 wurden NBO-Analysen (B3LYP) berechnet, um einen Einblick in die Bindungssituation dieser schwach gebundenen Lewis-Säure-Base-Addukte zu erhalten. Die Wechselwirkung der Lewis-Base Dicyan mit SbCl5 ist geringer als die Wechselwirkung von ClCN mit SbCl5. Basierend auf quantenmechanischen Rechnungen (B3LYP) wurde die Bindungs-dissoziationsenthalpien, die der thermodynamische Stabilität der Addukte entspricht, aller Addukte bestimmt. Die Stabilität steigt in der Reihenfolge (CN)2 < ClCN < BrCN < ICN < NH2CN < Pyridin und AsCl5 < SbCl5. Ferner wurden in dieser Arbeit die Molekülstrukturen der Verbindungen [NEt4][SbCl6], [PPh4][SbCl4] · CHCl3 (Kap. 3.1.7), [NH4][SbCl6] (Kap. 3.6.3) und[NMe4]2[As4O2Cl10] (Kap. 3.5.3) durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse gelöst. Das As4O2Cl10 2– -Anion weist eine ungewöhnliche Struktur auf. Das Anion besitzt im Kristall D2h-Symmetrie, in denen vier Arsenatome und zwei Sauerstoffatome coplanar angeornet sind. Jedes Arsenatom weist eine lokale Ψ -oktaedrische Geometrie auf, in denen es von vier Chloratomen in nicht-äquivalenten äquatorialen Positionen (zwei verbrückende- und zwei terminalen Chloratome) und einem stereochemischen aktivem Elektronenpaar in trans Position zu dem axial verbrückendem Sauerstoffatom umgeben ist. Die Bindungssituation dieses Anions wurde durch NBO-Analyse geklärt. Die verbrückenden Chloratome übertragen jeweils eine Ladung von 0.374 Elektronen auf eine Cl2As-O-AsCl2-Einheit. Dabei sind hauptsächlich Wechselwirkungen der s-LP´s der verbrückenden Chloratome mit den antibindenden σ∗-Orbitalen der As-Clterm.-Bindungen erkennbar. Diese Wechselwirkungen spiegeln sich in den relativ langen As-Clterm.-Bindungen (2.219(1) Å) wieder. Ein weiters Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Synthese und strukturelle Charakterisierung von Azid-Komplexen der Metalle Palladium und Platin. Die Palladiumazid-Komplexe L2Pd(N3)2 (L = 2-Chloropyridin, 3-Chloropyridin, Chinolin) wurden erstmalig synthetisiert und eindeutig mittels IR-, Raman- und 14 N-NMR-Spektroskopie charakterisiert. Die Ergebnisse dieser spektroskopischen Untersuchungen deuten auf trans-stehende Azidliganden. Diese Ergebnisse konnten teilweise durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse bestätigt werden. Ferner wurden die von Beck et al. synthetisierten Palladiumazid-Komplexe L2Pd(N3)2 (L = PPh3, AsPh3) strukturell charaktersisiert. Ähnlich wie in L2Pd(N3)2 (L = 2-Chloropyridin, 3-Chloropyridin, Chinolin) sind die Azidgruppen trans zueinander angeordnet. Die Struktur von Pd(PPh3)2(N3)2 ist hier als Beispiel angegeben (Abbildung 51). In dem gemischt valenten Chlorid/Azid-Komplex [AsPh4]2[Pd2(N3)4Cl2] liegen die Pd(N3)2Cl – -Anionen als azidverbrückte Dimere vor, die einen planaren Pd2N2-Ring ausbilden. Desweiteren wurden in vorliegender Arbeit die binären Palladiumazid- und Platinazid- Anionen Pd(N3)4 2– , Pt(N3)4 2– und Pt(N3)6 2– strukturell charakterisiert. Auftretende Probleme bezüglich N-N-Abständen innerhalb der Azid-Einheiten konnten durch quantenmechanische Rechnungen auf HF- und B3LYP-Niveau gelöst werden. Die Tetraazid-Anionen weisen im Kristall beinahe ideale C4h-Symmetrie, und das Hexaazid-Anion annähernd ideale S6- Symmetrie auf. Für die Tetraazid-Anionen resultiert dadurch eine molekulare Struktur, die dem eines "Windrades" sehr ähnlich ist (vgl. Kap. 3.7.7). Zusammenfassend sind die in der vorliegenden Arbeit dargestellten Verbindungen und ihre Charakterisierung in Tabelle 45 aufgeführt. Sofern die Verbindungen bereits publiziert wurden sind die Originalarbeiten als Literaturstelle angegeben.