Podcasts about mohenjo

In the 1960s, a deep anxiety set in as one thing became seemingly clear: We were headed toward population catastrophe. Paul Ehrlich's “The Population Bomb” and “The Limits to Growth,” written by the Club of Rome, were just two publications warning of impending starvation due to simply too many humans on the earth.As the population ballooned year by year, it would simply be impossible to feed everyone. Demographers and environmentalists alike held their breath and braced for impact.Except that we didn't starve. On the contrary, we were better fed than ever.In his article in The New Atlantis, Charles C. Mann explains that agricultural innovation — from improved fertilization and irrigation to genetic modification — has brought global hunger to a record low.Today on Faster, Please! — The Podcast, I chat with Mann about the agricultural history they didn't teach you in school.Mann is a science journalist who has worked as a correspondent for The Atlantic, Science, and Wired magazines, and whose work has been featured in many other major publications. He is also the author of 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus and1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created, as well as The Wizard and the Prophet: Two Remarkable Scientists and Their Dueling Visions to Shape Tomorrow's World.In This Episode* Intro to the Agricultural Revolution (2:04)* Water infrastructure (13:11)* Feeding the masses (18:20)* Indigenous America (25:20)Below is a lightly edited transcript of our conversation. Intro to the Agricultural Revolution (2:04)I don't think that people realize that the fact that most people on earth, almost the average person on earth, can feed themselves is a novel phenomenon. It's something that basically wasn't true since as far back as we know.Pethokoukis: What got my attention was a couple of pieces that you've worked on for The New Atlantis magazine looking at the issue of how modern Americans take for granted the remarkable systems and infrastructure that provide us comfort, safety, and a sense of luxury that would've been utterly unimaginable even to the wealthiest people of a hundred years ago or 200 years ago.Let me start off by asking you: Does it matter that we do take that for granted and that we also kind of don't understand how our world works?Mann: I would say yes, very much. It matters because these systems undergird the prosperity that we have, the good fortune that we have to be alive now, but they're always one generation away from collapse. If they aren't maintained, upgraded and modernized, they'll fall apart. They just won't stand there. So we have to be aware of this. We have to keep our eye on the ball, otherwise we won't have these things.The second thing is that, if we don't know how our society works, as citizens, we're simply not going to make very good choices about what to do with that society. I feel like both sides in our current political divide are kind of taking their eye off the ball. It's important to have good roads, it's important to have clean water, it's important to have a functioning public health system, it's important to have an agricultural system that works. It doesn't really matter who you are. And if we don't keep these things going, life will be unnecessarily bad for a lot of people, and that's just crazy to do.Is this a more recent phenomenon? If I would've asked people 50 years ago, “Explain to me how our infrastructure functions, how we get water, how we get electricity,” would they have a better idea? Is it just because things are more complicated today that we have no idea how our food gets here or why when we turn the faucet, clean water comes out?The answer is “yes” in a sort of trivial sense, in that many more people were involved in producing food, a much greater percentage of the population was involved in producing food 50 years ago. The same thing was true for the people who were building infrastructure 50 years ago.But I also think it's generally true that people's parents saw the change and knew it. So that is very much the case and, in a sense, I think we're victims of our own success. These kinds of things have brought us so much prosperity that we can afford to do crazy things like become YouTube influencers, or podcasters, or freelance writers. You don't really have any connection with how the society goes because we're sort of surfing on this wave of luxury that our ancestors bequeathed to us.I don't know how much time you spend on social media, Charles — I'm sure I spend too much — but I certainly sense that many people today, younger people especially, don't have a sense of how someone lived 50 years ago, 100 years ago, and there was just a lot more physical suffering. And certainly, if you go back far enough, you could not take for granted that you would have tomatoes in your supermarket year round, that you would have water in the house and that water would be clean. What I found really interesting — you did a piece on food and a piece on water — in the food piece you note that, in the 1980s, that was a real turning point that the average person on earth had enough to eat all the time, and rather than becoming an issue of food production, it became an issue of distribution, of governance. I think most people would be surprised of that statistic even though it's 40 years old.I don't think that people realize that the fact that most people on earth, almost the average person on earth, can feed themselves is a novel phenomenon. It's something that basically wasn't true since as far back as we know. That's this enormous turning point, and there are many of these turning points. Obviously, the introduction of antibiotics for . . . public health, which is another one of these articles they're going to be working on . . .Just about 100 years ago today, when President Coolidge was [president], his son went to play tennis at the White House tennis courts, and because he was lazy, or it was fashionable, or something, he didn't put on socks. He got a blister on his toe, the toe got infected, and he died. 100 years ago, the president of the United States, who presumably had the best healthcare available to anybody in the world, was unable to save his beloved son when the son got a trivial blister that got infected. The change from that to now is mind boggling.You've written about the Agricultural Revolution and why the great fears 40 or 50 years ago of mass starvation didn't happen. I find that an endlessly interesting topic, both for its importance and for the fact it just seems to be so underappreciated to this day, even when it was sort of obvious to people who pay attention that something was happening, it still seemed not to penetrate the public consciousness. I wonder if you could just briefly talk to me about that revolution and how it happened.The question is, how did it go from “The Population Bomb” written in 1968, a huge bestseller, hugely influential, predicting that there is going to be hundreds of millions of people dying of mass starvation, followed by other equally impassioned, equally important warnings. There's one called “Famine, 1975!,” written a few years before, that predicted mass famines in 1975. There's “The Limits to Growth.” I went to college in the '70s and these were books that were on the curriculum, and they were regarded as contemporary classics, and they all proved to be wrong.The reason is that, although they were quite correct about the fact that the human race was reproducing at that time faster than ever before, they didn't realize two things: The first is that as societies get more affluent, and particularly as societies get more affluent and give women more opportunities, birth rates decline. So that this was obviously, if you looked at history, going to be a temporary phenomenon of whatever length it was be, but it was not going to be infinite.The second was there was this enormous effort spurred by this guy named Norman Borlaug, but with tons of other people involved, to take modern science and apply it to agriculture, and that included these sort of three waves of innovation. Now, most innovation is actually just doing older technologies better, which is a huge source of progress, and the first one was irrigation. Irrigation has been around since forever. It's almost always been done badly. It's almost always not been done systematically. People started doing it better. They still have a lot of problems with it, but it's way better, and now 40 percent, roughly, of the crops in the world that are produced are produced by irrigation.The second is the introduction of fertilizer. There's two German scientists, Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch, who essentially developed the ways of taking fertilizer and making lots and lots of it in factories. I could go into more detail if you want, but that's the essential thing. This had never been done before, and suddenly cheap industrial fertilizer became available all over the world, and Vaclav Smil . . . he's sort of an environmental scientist of every sort, in Manitoba has calculated that roughly 40 percent of the people on earth today would not be alive if it wasn't for that.And then the third was the development of much better, much higher-yielding seeds, and that was the part that Norman Borlaug had done. These packaged together of irrigation fertilizer and seeds yielded what's been called the Green Revolution, doubled, tripled, or even quadrupled grain yields across the world, particularly with wheat and rice. The result is the world we live in today. When I was growing up, when you were growing up, your parents may have said to you, as they did me, Oh, eat your vegetables, there are kids that are starving in Asia.” Right? That was what was told and that was the story that was told in books like “The Population Bomb,” and now Asia's our commercial rival. When you go to Bangkok, that was a place that was hungry and now it's gleaming skyscrapers and so forth. It's all based on this fact that people are able to feed themselves through the combination of these three factors,That story, the story of mass-starvation that the Green Revolution irrigation prevented from coming true. I think a surprising number of people still think that story is relevant today, just as some people still think the population will be exploding when it seems clear it probably will not be exploding. It will rise, but then it's going to start coming down at some point this century. I think those messages just don't get through. Just like most people don't know Norm Borlaug, the Haber-Bosch process, which school kids should know. They don't know any of this. . . Borlaug won the Nobel Prize, right?Right. He won the Nobel Peace Prize. I'll tell you a funny story —I think he won it in the same year that “The Population Bomb” came out.It was just a couple years off. But you're right, the central point is right, and the funny thing is . . . I wrote another book a while back that talked about this and about the way environmentalists think about the world, and it's called the “Wizard and the Prophet” and Borlaug was the wizard of it. I thought, when I proposed it, that it would be easy. He was such an important guy, there'd be tons of biographies about him. And to this day, there isn't a real serious scholarly biography of the guy. This is a person who has done arguably more to change human life than any other person in the 20th century, certainly up in the top dozen or so. There's not a single serious biography of him.How can that be?It's because we're tremendously disconnected. It's a symptom of what I'm talking about. We're tremendously disconnected from these systems, and it's too bad because they're interesting! They're actually quite interesting to figure out: How do you get water to eight billion people? How do you get . . . It is a huge challenge, and some of the smartest people you've ever met are working on it every day, but they're working on it over here, and the public attention is over here.Water infrastructure (13:11). . . the lack of decent, clean, fresh water is the world's worst immediate environmental problem. I think people probably have some vague idea about agriculture, the Agricultural Revolution, how farming has changed, but I think, as you just referred to, the second half, water — utter mystery to people. Comes out of a pipe. The challenges of doing that in a rich country are hard. The challenges doing a country not so rich, also hard. Tell me what you find interesting about that topic.Well, whereas the story about agriculture is basically a good story: We've gotten better at it. We have a whole bunch of technical innovations that came in the 20th century and humankind is better off than ever before. With water, too, we are better off than ever before, but the maddening thing is we could be really well off because the technology is basically extremely old.There's a city, a very ancient city called Mohenjo-daro that I write about a bit in this article that was in essentially on the Pakistan-India border, 2600 BC. And they had a fully functioning water system that, in its basics, was no different than the water system that we have, or that London has, or that Paris has. So this is an ancient, ancient technology, yet we still have two billion people on the planet that don't have access to adequate water. In fact, even though we know how to do it, the lack of decent, clean, fresh water is the world's worst immediate environmental problem. And a small thing that makes me nuts is that climate change — which is real and important — gets a lot of attention, but there are people dying of not getting good water now.On top of it, even in rich countries like us, our water system is antiquated. The great bulk of it was built in the '40s, '50s, and '60s, and, like any kind of physical system, it ages, and every couple years, various engineering bodies, water bodies, the EPA, and so forth puts out a report saying, “Hey, we really have to fix the US water system and the numbers keep mounting up.” And Democrats, Republicans, they all ignore this.Who is working on the water issue in poorer countries?There you have a very ad hoc group of people. The answer is part of it's the Food and Agricultural Organization because most water in most countries is used for irrigation to grow food. You also have the World Health Organization, these kinds of bodies. You have NGOs working on it. What you don't have in those countries like our country is the government taking responsibility for coordinating something that's obviously in the national interest.So you have these things where, very periodically — a government like China has done this, Jordan has done this, Bolivia has done this, countries all over the world have done this — and they say, “Okay, we haven't been able to provide freshwater. Let's bring in a private company.” And the private company then invests all this money in infrastructure, which is expensive. Then, because it's a private company, it has to make that money back, and so it charges people for a lot of money for this, and the people are very unhappy because suddenly they're paying a quarter of their income for water, which is what I saw in Southwest China: water riots because people are paying so much for water.In other words, one of the things that government can do is sort of spread these costs over everybody, but instead they concentrate it on the users, Almost universally, these privatization efforts have led to tremendous political unhappiness because the government has essentially shifted responsibility for coordinating and doing these things and imposed a cost on a narrow minority of the users.Are we finally getting on top of the old water infrastructure in this country? It seems like during the Biden administration they had a big infrastructure bill. Do you happen to know if we are finally getting that system upgraded?Listen, I will be the only person who probably ever interviews you who's actually had to fix a water main as a summer job. I spent [it at] my local Public Works Department where we'd have to fix water mains, and this was a number of years ago, and even a number of years ago, those pipes were really, really old. It didn't take much for them to get a main break.I'm one of those weird people who is bothered by this. All I can tell you is we have a lot of aging infrastructure. The last estimate that I've seen came before this sort of sudden jerky rise of construction costs, which, if you're at all involved in building, is basically all the people in the construction industry talk about. At that point, the estimate was that it was $1.2 trillion to fix the infrastructure that we have in the United States. I am sure it is higher now. I am delighted that the Biden people passed this infrastructure — would've been great if they passed permitting reform and a couple of other things to make it easier to spend the money, but okay. I would like to believe that the Trump people would take up the baton and go on this.Feeding the masses (18:20)I do worry that the kind of regulations, and rules, and ideas that we put into place to try and make agriculture more like this picture that we have in our head will end up inadvertently causing suffering for the people who are struggling.We're still going to have another two billion people, maybe, on this earth. Are we going to be able to feed them all?Yeah, I think that there's no question. The question is what we're going to be able to feed them? Are we going to be able to feed them all, filet mignon and truffled . . . whatever they put truffle oil on, and all that? Not so sure about that.All organic vegetables.At the moment, that seems really implausible, and there's a sort of fundamental argument going on here. There's a lot of people, again, both right and left, who are sort of freaked out by the scale that modern agriculture operates on. You fly over the middle-west and you see all those circles of center-pivot irrigation, they plowed under, in the beginning of the 20th century, 100 million acres of prairie to produce all that. And it's done with enormous amounts of capital, and it was done also partly by moving people out so that you could have this enormous stuff. The result is it creates a system that . . . doesn't match many people's vision of the friendly family farmer that they grew up with. It's a giant industrial process and people are freaked out by the scale. They don't trust these entities, the Cargills and the ADMs, and all these huge companies that they see as not having their interests at heart.It's very understandable. I live in a small town, we have a farm down there, and Jeremy runs it, and I'm very happy to see Jeremy. There's no Jeremy at Archer Daniels Midland. So the result is that there's a big revulsion against that, and people want to downsize the scale, and they point to very real environmental problems that big agriculture has, and they say that that is reason for this. The great problem is that in every single study that I am aware of, the sort of small, local farms don't produce as much food per acre or per hectare as the big, soulless industrial processes. So if you're concerned about feeding everybody, that's something you have to really weigh in your head, or heavy in your heart.That sort of notion of what a farm should look like and what good food is, that kind of almost romantic notion really, to me, plays into the sort of anti-growth or the degrowth people who seemed to be saying that farms could only be this one thing — probably they don't even remember those farms anymore — that I saw in a storybook. It's like a family farm, everything's grown local, not a very industrial process, but you're talking about a very different world. Maybe that's a world they want, but I don't know if that's a world you want if you're a poor person in this world.No, and like I said, I love going to the small farm next to us and talking to Jeremy and he says, “Oh look, we've just got these tomatoes,” it's great, but I have to pay for that privilege. And it is a privilege because Jeremy is barely making it and charging twice as much as the supermarket. There's no economies of scale for him. He still has to buy all the equipment, but he's putting it over 20 acres instead of 2000 acres. In addition, it's because it's this hyper-diverse farm — which is wonderful; they get to see the strawberries, and the tomatoes, and all the different things — it means he has to hire much more labor than it would be if he was just specializing in one thing. So his costs are inevitably much, much higher, and, therefore, I have to pay a lot more to keep him going. That's fine for me; I'm a middle-class person, I like food, this can be my hobby going there.I'd hate to have somebody tell me it's bad, but it's not a system that is geared for people who are struggling. There are just a ton of people all over the world who are struggling. They're better off than they were 100 years ago, but they're still struggling. I do worry that the kind of regulations, and rules, and ideas that we put into place to try and make agriculture more like this picture that we have in our head will end up inadvertently causing suffering for the people who are struggling.To make sure everybody can get fed in the future, do we need a lot more innovation?Innovation is always good. I would say that we do, and the kinds of innovation we need are not often what people imagine. For example, it's pretty clear that parts of the world are getting drier, and therefore irrigation is getting more difficult. The American Southwest is a primary candidate, and you go to the Safford Valley, which I did a few years ago — the Safford Valley is in southeast Arizona and it's hotter than hell there. I went there and it's 106 degrees and there's water from the Colorado River, 800 miles away, being channeled there, and they're growing Pima cotton. Pima cotton is this very good fine cotton that they use to make fancy clothes, and it's a great cash crop for farmers, but growing it involves channeling water from the Colorado 800 miles, and then they grow it by what's called flood irrigation, which is where you just fill the field with an inch of water. I was there actually to see an archeologist who's a water engineer, and I said to him, “Gee, it's hot! How much that water is evaporated?” And he said, “Oh, all of it.”So we need to think about that kind of thing if the Colorado is going to run out of water, which it is now. There's ways you can do it, you can possibly genetically modify cotton to use less water. You could drip irrigation, which is a much more efficient form of irrigation, it's readily available, but it's expensive. So you could try to help farmers do that. I think if you cut the soft costs, which is called the regulatory costs of farming, you might be able to pay for it in that way. That would be one type of innovation. Another type of thing you could do is to do a different kind of farming which is called civil pastoral systems, where you grow tree crops and then you grow cattle underneath, and that uses dramatically less water. It's being done in Sonora, just across the border and the tree crops — trees are basically wild. People don't breed them because it takes so long, but we now have the tools to breed them, and so you could make highly productive trees with cattle underneath and have a system that produces a lot of calories or a lot of good stuff. That's all the different kinds of innovation that we could do. Just some of the different kinds of innovation we could do and all would help.Indigenous America (25:20)Part of the reason I wrote these things is that I realized it's really interesting and I didn't learn anything about it in school.Great articles in The New Atlantis, big fan of “Wizard and the Prophet,” but I'm going to take one minute and ask you about your great books talking about the story of the indigenous peoples of the Americas. If I just want to travel in the United States and I'm interested in finding out more about Native Americans in the United States, where would you tell me to go?One of my favorite places just it's so amazing, is Chaco Canyon, and that's in the Four Corners area — that whole Four Corners area is quite incredible — and Chaco Canyon is a sign that native people could build amazing stuff, and native people could be crazy, in my opinion. It's in the middle of nowhere, it has no water, and for reasons that are probably spiritual and religious, they built an enormous number of essentially castles in this canyon, and they're incredible.The biggest one, Pueblo Bonito as it's called now, it's like 800 rooms. They're just enormous. And you can go there, and you can see these places, and you can just walk around, and it is incredible. You drive up a little bit to Mesa Verde and there's hundreds of these incredible cliff dwellings. What seems to have happened — I'm going to put this really informally and kind of jokingly to you, not the way that an archeologist would talk about it or I would write about it, but what looks like it happened is that the Chaco Canyon is this big canyon, and on the good side that gets the southern exposure is all these big houses. And then the minions and the hoi polloi lived on the other side, and it looks like, around 800, 900, they just got really tired of serving the kings and they had something like a democratic revolution, and they just left, most of them, and founded the Pueblos, which is these intensely democratic self-governing bodies that are kind of like what Thomas Jefferson thought the United States should be.Then it's like all the doctors, and the lawyers, and the MBAs, and the rich guys went up to Mesa Verde and they started off their own little kingdoms and they all fought with each other. So you have these crazy cliff dwellings where it's impossible to get in and there's hundreds of people living in these niches in these cliffs, and then that blew up too. So you could see history, democracy, and really great architecture all in one place.If someone asked me for my advice about changing the curriculum in school, one, people would leave school knowing who the heroes of progress and heroes of the Agricultural Revolution were. And I think they'd also know a lot more about pre-Columbian history of the Americas. I think they should know about it but I also think it's just super interesting, though of course you've brought it to life in a beautiful way.Thank you very much, and I couldn't agree with you more. Part of the reason I wrote these things is that I realized it's really interesting and I didn't learn anything about it in school.On sale everywhere The Conservative Futurist: How To Create the Sci-Fi World We Were PromisedFaster, Please! is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber. This is a public episode. 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A long time ago, there was a massive civilization in Illinois, way before Europeans ever arrived. It was called Cahokia, and at its peak, around 20,000 people lived there—making it bigger than London at the time! They built giant mounds, some as tall as a ten-story building, and had a complex society with trade, religion, and even sports. But then, something mysterious happened, and by the 1400s, the city was abandoned. Some say it was climate change, others think war or disease played a role, but no one knows for sure. Today, the mounds are still there, keeping the secrets of this lost civilization buried beneath them.

We take you to Rakhigarhi, the largest city of the Harappan civilization deep underneath a quiet village in Haryana. Despite its historical significance and being declared an “iconic site” in the 2020-21 Budget, Rakhigarhi remains a forgotten relic. Host Nidhi Sharma travels to the ruins and talks to Dr. S.K. Manjul, Archaeologist and current zila parishad member Dinesh Sheoran about fascinating discoveries from the site: from a mud-brick stadium that existed years before the Romans and Greek came up with them to evidence of ancient communal rituals. But preserving this heritage is a struggle, with no proper museum, viewing decks, or guided tours, fragile structures are reburied under tarpaulin, waiting for the day conservation efforts to catch up. Why does a site so crucial to understanding our civilization remain neglected? What’s stopping Rakhigarhi from becoming the next Dholavira or Mohenjo-daro?Credits: Mirror NowCheck out other interesting episodes from the host like: Corner Office Conversation with Arundhati Bhattacharya, Chairperson & CEO, Salesforce India, India vs TB: Where are we at?, Maha Kumbh: Business in Blessings, X or Exchanges? Should Market Disclosure Rules Taper Down?, and more!You can follow our host Nidhi Sharma on her social media: Twitter & Linkedin Catch the latest episode of ‘The Morning Brief’ on ET Play, The Economic Times Online, Spotify, Apple Podcasts, JioSaavn, Amazon Music and Google Podcasts.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Did you know there were mega cities in history that were way ahead of their time? Take Mohenjo-Daro in ancient India—it had an advanced drainage system and grid-like streets 4,500 years ago! Or the Mayan city of Tikal, with its towering pyramids and complex water management systems hidden deep in the jungle. PBS / YouTube National Geographic / YouTube CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/... Indus river: by Avani Tanya, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... Mine Action in Syria: by Mil.ru, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... Monks Mound: by Skubasteve834, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... CC BY 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/... Ilex vomitoria: by Luteus, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... Mohenjodaro: by Saqib Qayyum, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... Mohenjo-daro: by Saqib Qayyum, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... Other side of Moenjodaro: by Usman.pg, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... Kos castle: by kallerna, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... Temple of Bel: by Zeledi, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... Kos-harbour: by Chris Vlachos, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... Indus Valley: by KennyOMG, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:In... Gate of Temple of Bel, CC BY-SA 2.5 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/..., https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... CC BY 2.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/... Palmyra, Syria: by James Gordon, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi..., https://www.flickr.com/photos/7913927... Odeon, Kos Town: by Michal Osmenda, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi..., https://flic.kr/p/9BCfR4 CC SA 1.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/... Mohenjodaro Sindh: by M.Imran, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... Mohenjo-daro Priesterkönig: by Mamoon Mengal, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi..., http://www.world66.com/asia/southasia... Palmyre Vue Generale: by Eustache Diemert, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... Zanskar rivers: by Bernard Gagnon, CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/..., CC BY-SA 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/..., CC BY-SA 2.5 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/..., CC BY-SA 2.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/..., CC BY-SA 1.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/..., https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... Temple of Bel: by Bernard Gagnon, CC BY-SA 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/..., CC BY-SA 2.5 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/..., CC BY-SA 2.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/..., CC BY-SA 1.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/..., https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... City of Tadmor: by Bernard Gagnon, CC BY-SA 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/..., CC BY-SA 2.5 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/..., CC BY-SA 2.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/..., CC BY-SA 1.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/..., https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... Agora of Athens: by DerHexer, CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/..., CC BY-SA 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/..., CC BY-SA 2.5 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/..., CC BY-SA 2.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/..., CC BY-SA 1.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/..., https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... Temple of Bel: by haitham alfalah, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... Diocletian's camp: by Ulrich Waack, CC BY-SA 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/..., CC BY-SA 3.0 DE https://creativecommons.org/licenses/..., https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... Greece kos city: by Arne Müseler / www.arne-mueseler.com, CC BY-SA 3.0 DE https://creativecommons.org/licenses/..., https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... Animation is created by Bright Side. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The Daily Quiz - Geography Today's Questions: Question 1: The ancient city of Mohenjo-daro lies along which river in Pakistan? Question 2: In which country is the city of Dublin? Question 3: In Which City Is Marco Polo Airport? Question 4: What German region is renowned for its spas and cuckoo clocks? Question 5: The country of Turkmenistan is on which continent? Question 6: Which African country's national anthem is called 'Wimbo Wa Taifa' in Swahili, meaning 'anthem of the nation'? Question 7: Which mountain is the highest peak in Turkey and is considered a national symbol? Question 8: The country of Comoros is on which continent? This podcast is produced by Klassic Studios Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Tarkhanwala Dera is located on the right bank of Ghaggar in Anupgarh tehsil of Sri Ganganagar district in Rajasthan. It was strategically located along the trade route toward Harappan in the north and Mohenjo-daro in the west. Today the site remains destroyed, despite being protected by the central government. Watch Columnist & Archaeologist Disha Ahluwalia explain in #ThePrintVideo. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Read full article here: https://theprint.in/opinion/tarkhanwala-dera-excavations-revealed-unique-harappan-settlement-but-it-was-left-to-die/2032148/

Mohenjo-daro, once the big cheese of the Indus Valley Civilization, was rocking from around 2500 to 1700 BCE with a massive population of 40,000 peeps. But then, bam! Things took a mysterious turn, and the city's fate became one big question mark. People vanished, and Mohenjo-daro was left deserted, leaving archaeologists scratching their heads. But hold the phone—scientists might just be onto something with their theories about what went down next. Talk about a history cliffhanger, right? Credit: CC BY-SA 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/... Mohenjodaro: Saqib Qayyum, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... Moenjodaro: Usman.pg, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... Mohenjodaro: Saqib Qayyum, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... Dancing Girl: Joe Ravi, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... TheTokl: Hangzhou, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... Hangzhou, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... Tiandu Cheng: Aintneo, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... Moenjodaro: Junhi Han, CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO https://creativecommons.org/licenses/..., https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/... Ford Motor Company: McGhiever, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... MNXANL: Sky-City, with Anonymous artist, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... South Entrance of L'avenue des Champs-Élysées at Tianducheng, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... Tianducheng, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... Tiandu Park, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... Animation is created by Bright Side. #brightside ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Music by Epidemic Sound https://www.epidemicsound.com Check our Bright Side podcast on Spotify and leave a positive review! https://open.spotify.com/show/0hUkPxD... Subscribe to Bright Side: https://goo.gl/rQTJZz ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Our Social Media: Facebook:   / brightside   Instagram:   / brightside.official   TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@brightside.of... Stock materials (photos, footages and other): https://www.depositphotos.com https://www.shutterstock.com https://www.eastnews.ru ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- For more videos and articles visit: http://www.brightside.me Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Civiltà troppo avanzate poiché antecedenti ai romani, alieni e bombe nucleari? In questa puntata vi raccontiamo di una cittadella di circa settantamila persone, una civiltà troppo avanzata che è stata ridotta in polvere da alieni.Fonti:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CSHiyg7088Uhttps://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-daro- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Track: Raven & Kreyn - Muffin [NCS Release]Music provided by NoCopyrightSounds.Watch: https://youtu.be/rc5SMO5bvx0Free Download / Stream: http://ncs.io/MuffinYO- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

EPISODE 103 | Down in Bermuda, It's Easy to Believe – The Devil's Triangle Back in the 70s, the Bermuda Triangle was all over the place but today, not so much. Whatever happened with that? Did it go away? Was it debunked? Or did the woosphere simply get bored and move on to juicer subjects?  A bit of both. Plus, the are lots of other supposed interesting/mysterious/dangerous triangles out there. They do have sharp corners, after all.  Like what we do? Then buy us a beer or three via our page on Buy Me a Coffee. #ConspiracyClearinghouse #sharingiscaring #donations #support #buymeacoffee You can also SUBSCRIBE to this podcast. Review us here or on IMDb! SECTIONS 02:29 - New Frontier - How it all starts: Edward Van Winkle Jones gets the ball rolling in 1950, Allan W. Eckert picks it up in 1952, Vincent Gaddis expands the idea in 1962, as does John Wallace Spencer in 1969, and in 1974, Charles Berlitz and Richard Winer go all in on the Triangle; Larry Kusche thoroughly debunks it all in 1975, Hitchens' Razor and the Sagan Standard (ECREE) 11:31 - Strange Brew - Cayce's people weigh in as do plenty of other knowledge garglers, better woo comes along, Lloyds of London investigates, Gian J. Quasar tries to revive Triangle interest in the Noughties 15:17 - Your Haunted Head - The Sargasso Sea - an oceanic gyre surrounded by four currents, Donald Crowhurst gets stuck there and goes insane 19:36 - Long Way Down - Ocean farts, the Gulf Stream, the Milwaukee Deep, the agonic line and the North Poles (both true and magnetic) 24:59 - Hunting High and Low - The Dragon's Triangle near Japan, Ivan Sanderson develops his Twelve Vile Vortices theory: 27:31 - "Hamkulia Volcano", Hawaii; the Ring of Fire 29:14 - Jeddars in the Atlas Mountains, Algeria; fungoid rock art in the Tassili n'Ajjer  29:57 - Mohenjo-daro in the Indus Valley, ancient nuclear war, chicken city 34:00 - The Wharton Basin, Indian Ocean, Flight MH370 34:44 - The Loyalty Islands, New Caledonia; Sandy Island 35:52 - Easter Island, Rapa Nui,  Szukalski's Zermatism, Miroljub Petrović 37:26 - The Southern Atlantic Anomaly, the Mozambique Channel  38:22 - Fever to Tell - Ley lines, Ramsey's Theorem, the Bridgewater Triangle near Boston (home of the  Pukwudgie), the Bennington Triangle in Vermont, the Nevada Triangle, the Lake Michigan Triangle and yet another "America's Stonehenge" 41:45 - The Marysburgh Vortex in Lake Ontario, the Matlock Triangle and Falkirk Triangle in the UK, the Broad Haven Triangle in Wales, the Hoia Forest in Romania 42:47 - The Mapimí Silent Zone in Mexico's Chihuahuan desert  Music by Fanette Ronjat More Info Sea's Puzzles Still Baffle Men In Pushbutton Age by Edward Van Winkle Jones, Miami Herland, 1950 Sea Mystery at our Back Door by George X. Sand, Fate Magazine, 1952 The Mystery of the Lost Patrol by Allan W. Eckert, American Legion Magazine, April 1962, page 12 The Deadly Bermuda Triangle by Vincent Gaddis, The Argosy, February 1964 Invisible Horizons True Mysteries of the Sea by Vincent Gaddis Limbo of the Lost by John Wallace Spencer The Bermuda Triangle by Charles Berlitz The Devils' Triangle by Richard Winer The Devil's Triangle 2 by Richard Winer From the Devil's Triangle to the Devil's Jaw by Richard Winer Bermuda Triangle Mystery - Solved by Larry Kusche The Case of the Bermuda Triangle episode of NOVA What is the Bermuda Triangle? on the National Oceanic Service website Bermuda Triangle on Britannica What Is Known (and Not Known) About the Bermuda Triangle on Britannica Bermuda Triangle: Where Facts Disappear on LiveScience Into the Bermuda Triangle: Pursuing the Truth Behind the World's Greatest Mystery by Gian Quasar Mysteries of the Sargasso Sea in The Bermudian The Mystery on the Sargasso on How Stuff Works Donald Crowhurst: The fake round-the-world sailing story behind The Mercy in Yachting World They Went to Sea in a Sieve, They Did by Shannon Proudfoot on Big Reads Off the Deep End: A History of Madness at Sea by Nic Compton Bermuda Triangle mystery solved? It's a load of gas on The Age 7 Chilling Conspiracy Theories About the Bermuda Triangle in Popular Mechanics Down in the Milwaukee Deep  Magnetic Declination Varies Considerably Across The United States on USGS The Bermuda Triangle Mystery Delusion: Looking Back after Forty Years by Larry Kuche for Skeptical Inquirer Mysterious waters: from the Bermuda Triangle to the Devil's Sea on CNN Beyond the Bermuda Triangle: The Devil's Sea documentary video Unexplained Mystery: The Devil's Sea – The Dragon's Triangle on Marine Insight The Vile Vortices Of Ivan T. Sanderson on History Daily Vile Vortices Part 2 – Hamakulia on CryptoVille Algeria's ancient pyramid tombs still shrouded in mystery on France24 What Happened to Mohenjo Daro? on Wonderopolis Rediscovering the lost city of Mohenjo Daro on National Geographic Uncovering the Secrets of the Indus Valley Civilization and Its Undeciphered Script The Mythical Massacre at Mohenjo-Daro Top Things to Do in the Loyalty Islands Now You See It, Now You Don't - Finland Doesn't Exist episode The Secrets of Easter Island on Smithsonian Easter Island - the Mystery of the Moai on Mountain Kingdoms Rapa Nui on IMDb What Lies Beneath - The Hollow Earth episode including Zermatism Weird behavior of Earth's magnetic field over South Atlantic dates back 11 million years NASA Is Tracking a Huge, Growing Anomaly in Earth's Magnetic Field  10 Mozambique Channel Facts You Might Not Know Madagascar's Menagerie Floated from Africa from the University of Hong Kong It Happens Here: A look at the 'weirdness' of the Bridgewater Triangle Bennington Triangle, Vermont on Legends of America Mysteries of Flight: The Nevada Triangle Lake Michigan Triangle on Atlas Obscura What Is the Great Lakes Triangle? classroom activity Stonehenge-like Structure Found Under Lake Michigan ‘Strange things out there': Inside Lake Ontario's ‘Bermuda Triangle' The Great Lakes and the mystery of the Marysburgh Vortex Gateway to Oblivion: The Great Lakes' Bermuda Triangle by Hugh F. Cochrane The Falkirk Triangle in Scotland Why Is a Small Village in Scotland the UK's UFO Hotspot? What's inside Hoia Baciu Forest, the world's most haunted forest? Romania's Bermuda Triangle: The Creepy Hoia Forest of Transylvania What does the Mexican Bermuda Triangle look like Enter The Mapimi Zone Of Silence: Where Science Fiction Meets Reality The Zone of Silence in Northern Mexico: scientific marvel or just fiction? Zone Of Silence Mexico video Mexico: UFOs, magnetism, army: The strange zone of silence Follow us on social: Facebook Twitter Other Podcasts by Derek DeWitt DIGITAL SIGNAGE DONE RIGHT - Winner of a 2022 Gold Quill Award, 2022 Gold MarCom Award, 2021 AVA Digital Award Gold, 2021 Silver Davey Award, 2020 Communicator Award of Excellence, and on numerous top 10 podcast lists.  PRAGUE TIMES - A city is more than just a location - it's a kaleidoscope of history, places, people and trends. This podcast looks at Prague, in the center of Europe, from a number of perspectives, including what it is now, what is has been and where it's going. It's Prague THEN, Prague NOW, Prague LATER

Vor mehr als 4000 Jahren entsteht im Industal eine der ersten Zivilisationen der Geschichte. Aus dem Nebel der Geschichte erheben sich über tausend Siedlungen und mehrere große Städte mit monumentalen Mauern, genauestens geplanten Stadtvierteln und ausgeklügelten Abwassersystemen. Klar ist, dass nur eine hochkomplexe Kultur und Gesellschaft derartiges erschaffen konnte. Doch ihre Geheimnisse warten bis heute darauf, gänzlich entschlüsselt zu werden. Darunter fällt die Frage, wer über die Städte herrschte, welche Götter die Menschen anbeteten, nach Krieg und Frieden, nach der mysteriösen Indus-Schrift und schließlich nach dem Ende der Hochkultur am Indus...........WERBUNGDu willst dir die Rabatte unserer Werbepartner sichern? Hier geht's zu den Angeboten!........Das Folgenbild zeigt die Ruinen von Mohenjo-Daro mit dem Großen Bad; der buddhistische Stupa auf dem Hügel-Komplex entstand später.........NEU!! Jetzt His2Go unterstützen für tolle Vorteile, über Acast+ oder Steady.Werde His2Go Hero oder His2Go Legend: https://plus.acast.com/s/his2go-geschichte-podcast.Werde auch ohne Kreditkarte His2Go Hero oder His2Go Legend: steadyhq.com/his2go.........LITERATURKenoyer JM. The Indus Civilisation. In: Renfrew C, Bahn P (Hrsg.): The Cambridge World Prehistory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2014.Parpola, Asko: The Roots of Hinduism. The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization, New York 2016.Dyson, Tim: The First Modern People. A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day, Oxford 2018 (Vor allem Kap. 2).Coningham, Robin: The Archaeology of South Asia. From the Indus to Asoka, c. 6500 BCE- 200 CE, New York 2015.Manuel, M. .Chronology and Culture-History in the Indus Valley. In: P. Gunawardhana, G. Adikari, & R. Coningham (Hrsg.): Sirinimal Lakdusinghe Felicitation Volume (145-152), Neptune 2010..........UNTERSTÜTZUNGIhr könnt uns dabei unterstützen, weiterhin jeden 10., 20. und 30. des Monats eine Folge zu veröffentlichen!Folgt und bewertet uns bei Spotify, Google Podcasts, Apple Podcasts, Podimo, Instagram, Twitter oder über eure Lieblings-Podcastplattformen.Wir freuen uns über euer Feedback, Input und Vorschläge zum Podcast, die ihr uns über das Kontaktformular auf der Website, Instagram und unsere Feedback E-Mail: kontakt@his2go.de schicken könnt. An dieser Stelle nochmals vielen Dank an jede einzelne Rückmeldung, die uns bisher erreicht hat und uns sehr motiviert..........COPYRIGHTMusic from https://filmmusic.io: “Sneaky Snitch” by Kevin MacLeod and "Plain Loafer" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY !Neu! Jetzt hier His2Go unterstützen, Themen mitbestimmen und Quiz2Go mit Moderatorin Chiara erleben! https://plus.acast.com/s/his2go-geschichte-podcast. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

From London Temporada 28: El programa de esta semana de La Luz del Misterio, en London Radio World, en el primer tramo hemos hablado sobre los nuevos bustos encontrados en Badajoz, España de una civilización que floreció en el triángulo formado por las actuales provincias de Huelga, Sevilla y Cádiz, y también en la zona de Badajoz durante el Bronce tardío. Algunos creen ver en esta civilización perdida la mismísima Atlántida. Dos rostros han sido capaces de cambiar la concepción de la historia de la humanidad. Son los primeros rostros de la cultura tartésica, encontrados en la quinta campaña de excavaciones realizadas por un equipo del CSIC en el yacimiento Casas de Turuñuelo de Badajoz. La razón por la que echan por tierra todas las teorías anteriores y provocan un cambio de paradigma es porque, hasta el momento del descubrimiento, se creía que Tartessos era una cultura anicónica que solo representaba la divinidad a través de motivos animales o vegetales. Luego hemos hecho un recorrido por los misterios del Ganges y el Indo, parándonos en lugares como Mohenjo-Daro y Harappa, las dos ciudades más antiguas del planeta. Mohenjo-daro fue construido en el siglo 26 a.C. Fue una de las ciudades más grandes de la antigua Civilización del Valle del Indo, también conocida como la Civilización Harappa. Se desarrolló alrededor del 3000 Antes de Cristo a partir de la cultura prehistórica del Indo. Mohenjo Daro, una de las ciudades más antiguas conocidas y erigida por la misteriosa Cultura del Valle del Indo, dicen que fue destruida por una bomba nuclear. una de las capitales de la misteriosa civilización del Valle del Indo. unas frases extraídas del texto sagrado hindú Mahabharata: “Una columna de humo incandescente y llama tan brillante como miles de soles en todo su esplendor, una explosión perpendicular generando una enorme columna de humo que generaba círculos concéntricos de ondas que se extendían como parasoles gigantes”. Un viaje apasionante en La Luz del Misterio guiados por Ángel Crespo. Síguenos a través de: edenex.es ZTR Radio.online London Radio World En Ivoox Itunes Spotify YouTube Si deseas apoyarnos: https://www.ivoox.com/ajx-apoyar_i1_support_29070_1.html SI DESEAS SALUDARNOS DESDE CUALQUIER PUNTO DEL PLANTA PUEDES HACERLO A TRAVÉS DE NUESTRO WHATSAPP 00 44 7378 880037 Más información: laluzdelmisterioradio.blogspot.com laluzdelmisterio@gmail.com #angelcrespo #ganges #indo #mohenjodaro #harappa #bombanuclear #juliobarroso #laluzdelmisterio

From London Temporada 28: El programa de esta semana de La Luz del Misterio, en London Radio World, en el primer tramo hemos hablado sobre los nuevos bustos encontrados en Badajoz, España de una civilización que floreció en el triángulo formado por las actuales provincias de Huelga, Sevilla y Cádiz, y también en la zona de Badajoz durante el Bronce tardío. Algunos creen ver en esta civilización perdida la mismísima Atlántida. Dos rostros han sido capaces de cambiar la concepción de la historia de la humanidad. Son los primeros rostros de la cultura tartésica, encontrados en la quinta campaña de excavaciones realizadas por un equipo del CSIC en el yacimiento Casas de Turuñuelo de Badajoz. La razón por la que echan por tierra todas las teorías anteriores y provocan un cambio de paradigma es porque, hasta el momento del descubrimiento, se creía que Tartessos era una cultura anicónica que solo representaba la divinidad a través de motivos animales o vegetales. Luego hemos hecho un recorrido por los misterios del Ganges y el Indo, parándonos en lugares como Mohenjo-Daro y Harappa, las dos ciudades más antiguas del planeta. Mohenjo-daro fue construido en el siglo 26 a.C. Fue una de las ciudades más grandes de la antigua Civilización del Valle del Indo, también conocida como la Civilización Harappa. Se desarrolló alrededor del 3000 Antes de Cristo a partir de la cultura prehistórica del Indo. Mohenjo Daro, una de las ciudades más antiguas conocidas y erigida por la misteriosa Cultura del Valle del Indo, dicen que fue destruida por una bomba nuclear. una de las capitales de la misteriosa civilización del Valle del Indo. unas frases extraídas del texto sagrado hindú Mahabharata: “Una columna de humo incandescente y llama tan brillante como miles de soles en todo su esplendor, una explosión perpendicular generando una enorme columna de humo que generaba círculos concéntricos de ondas que se extendían como parasoles gigantes”. Un viaje apasionante en La Luz del Misterio guiados por Ángel Crespo. Síguenos a través de: edenex.es ZTR Radio.online London Radio World En Ivoox Itunes Spotify YouTube Si deseas apoyarnos: https://www.ivoox.com/ajx-apoyar_i1_support_29070_1.html SI DESEAS SALUDARNOS DESDE CUALQUIER PUNTO DEL PLANTA PUEDES HACERLO A TRAVÉS DE NUESTRO WHATSAPP 00 44 7378 880037 Más información: laluzdelmisterioradio.blogspot.com laluzdelmisterio@gmail.com #angelcrespo #ganges #indo #mohenjodaro #harappa #bombanuclear #juliobarroso #laluzdelmisterio

This episode covers the large footnote at the end of the chapter from: “The amulet was an astrally produced object... To... “...were profoundly influenced by its study”  In this ‘light' episode we take a closer look at the multitudinous subjects covered in the footnote at the end of the chapter. The matters were clearly important enough for Paramahansa Yogananda to fill a full page of footnotes, so they are definitely deserving of our attention.   0:00 Summary of episode; 3:33 Amulet references in rest of the book and wider culture; 20:35 Mantra – consecrated sound; 26:17 Threefold aspects of divinity; 35:08 The inadequacy of English and beauty of Sanskrit; 55:46 Indus Valley Civilisation; 1:03:24 Western discovery of Sanskrit and rethinking history. Book referenced in the footnote, Wilson's The Miraculous Birth of Language: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.462145/mode/2up  Jyotirlingas: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyotirlinga  Recommended Sanskrit Primer: The Sanskrit Language: An Introductory Grammar and Reader by Maurer, Walter Harding  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-daro  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harappa  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothal  Homework for next episode— Read, absorb and make notes on the beginning of chapter 3 from: “Father, if I promise to return home...” To... “...affectionate references to my parent.”  Bonus homework – reflect on the title of chapter 3, what does it mean to you now compared to when you first glanced at it?   #autobiographyofayogi  #autobiographylinebyline  Autobiography of a Yogi  awake.minute  Self-Realization Fellowship #SRF

In this episode, we are going to get inside the hive mind of Bill Gates. He will serve the role of being the face for so many of the faceless mechanisms that are pushing agriculture and our planet to the brink of destruction. Personally I can't stand him or the commercial media insistence on continuously asking for his opinions on matters which he has no authority on whatsoever. The man is not a doctor nor a farmer yet today he has been allowed to buy political control of both of these institutions that are as old as mankind itself. This madness is being brought to the forefront right now in Ukraine. So far the pattern of the bio-peace and warfare series have been to start far back in time and then up to the present. First from unit 731 through Rwanda, India and the HIV crisis of the 80s ending up in the contemporary mess of the modern Zaibatsu and Nazi conglomerates that are killing all insects. Now again we will have moved from the Victorian holocaust and The high Qing up through the GLF and in to present Ukraine. Thus today I will tell the much neglected story of the parapolitical economy of that country's farming and the structure of the modern latifundia. Known as the bread basket of Europe, this research regarding the relationship between deep state intrigues and Big Ag has at least made things a lot clearer for me and I hope that what I found out will do the same for you. We will study the break up of the collective farms after the fall of the Soviet Union and the embezzlement of Europe's most fertile soil that historically fed the first cities, older even than Mohenjo-daro. A long history of the biggest oligarchs on the continent, agent orange Assassination attempts, professional lying PR firms that have been in the game since the first Iraq war, destructive financial institutions of the EU and the US. I present here a long explanatory dive into Wikileaks documents, published reports from the Oakland institute and a series of other publications, US-Ukraine business council documents and public speeches of the involved financial presidents. In order to make sense of it all I will borrow some theories from a broad range of thinkers like Rosa Luxemburg, Gilles Deleuze, Felix Guattari, Carl Schmidt and Edward Bernays. To give historical perspective i will finish of with my customary interpretation of old roman and Greek War-Ag mythology. I hope you will enjoy it, I'm so happy to have you with me in these troubled times! Reading: Articles; WAR AND THEFT THE TAKEOVER OF UKRAINE'S AGRICULTURAL LAND Biotech Ambassadors: How the U.S. State Department Promotes the Seed Industry's Global Agenda Frederick Engels 1883 The Book of Revelation (Marx and Engels On Religion, Progress Publishers, 1957) Merchants of Spin: Monsanto's Astroturfing of Glyphosate in the EU Bill Gates's Foundation Is Leading a Green Counter-revolution in Africa Gates Ag One: The Recolonisation Of Agriculture Gates Foundation 'feeds the world' with corporate agriculture What They're Not Telling You About Monsanto's Role in Ukraine Monsanto and the Merchants of Poison Books; The Accumulation of Capital. ( Rosa Luxemburg) Propaganda (Edward L. Bernays) Anti-Oedipus Capitalism and Schizophrenia (Gilles Deleuze, Felix Guattari) Oneness vs. the 1%: Shattering Illusions, Seeding Freedom (Vandana Shiva) Music: O Virtus Sapientiae - Hildegard Von Bingen (lilja4ever soundtrack) СВ Хутор - Ты моей никогда не будешь Со мною вот что — Таврия ППК - Воскрешение -Robot-s Outro- Alphaville - Forever young (Lilja4ever techno remix)

"Pakistan Pakistan, populous multiethnic country of South Asia. Having a predominately Indo-Iranian speaking population, Pakistan has historically and culturally been associated with its neighbours Iran, Afghanistan, and India. Since Pakistan and India achieved independence in 1947, Pakistan has bee" "--START AD- #TheMummichogblogOfMalta Amazon Top and Flash Deals(Affiliate Link - You will support our translations if you purchase through the following link) - https://amzn.to/3CqsdJH Compare all the top travel sites in just one search to find the best hotel deals at HotelsCombined - awarded world's best hotel price comparison site. (Affiliate Link - You will support our translations if you purchase through the following link) - https://www.hotelscombined.com/?a_aid=20558 “So whatever you wish that others would do to you, do also to them, for this is the Law and the Prophets."""" #Jesus #Catholic. Smooth Radio Malta is Malta's number one digital radio station, playing Your Relaxing Favourites - Smooth provides a ‘clutter free' mix, appealing to a core 35-59 audience offering soft adult contemporary classics. We operate a playlist of popular tracks which is updated on a regular basis. https://smooth.com.mt/listen/ Follow on Telegram: https://t.me/themummichogblogdotcom END AD---" "n distinguished from its larger southeastern neighbour by its overwhelmingly Muslim population (as opposed to the predominance of Hindus in India). Pakistan has struggled throughout its existence to attain political stability and sustained social development. Its capital is Islamabad, in the foothills of the Himalayas in the northern part of the country, and its largest city is Karachi, in the south on the coast of the Arabian Sea. Pakistan Pakistan Mohammed Ali Jinnah Mohammed Ali Jinnah tomb of Mohammed Ali Jinnah tomb of Mohammed Ali Jinnah Pakistan was brought into being at the time of the partition of British India, in response to the demands of Islamic nationalists: as articulated by the All India Muslim League under the leadership of Mohammed Ali Jinnah, India's Muslims would receive just representation only in their own country. From independence until 1971, Pakistan (both de facto and in law) consisted of two regions—West Pakistan, in the Indus River basin in the northwestern portion of the Indian subcontinent, and East Pakistan, located more than 1,000 miles (1,600 km) to the east in the vast delta of the Ganges-Brahmaputra river system. In response to grave internal political problems that erupted in civil war in 1971, East Pakistan was proclaimed the independent country of Bangladesh. Gilgit-Baltistan: Hunza River valley Gilgit-Baltistan: Hunza River valley Pakistan encompasses a rich diversity of landscapes, starting in the northwest, from the soaring Pamirs and the Karakoram Range through a maze of mountain ranges, a complex of valleys, and inhospitable plateaus, down to the remarkably even surface of the fertile Indus River plain, which drains southward into the Arabian Sea. It contains a section of the ancient Silk Road and the Khyber Pass, the famous passageway that has brought outside influences into the otherwise isolated subcontinent. Lofty peaks such as K2 and Nanga Parbat, in the Pakistani-administered region of Kashmir, present a challenging lure to mountain climbers. Along the Indus River, the artery of the country, the ancient site of Mohenjo-daro marks one of the cradles of civilization. Yet, politically and culturally, Pakistan has struggled to define itself. Established as a parliamentary democracy that espoused secular ideas, the country has experienced repeated military coups, and religion—that is to say, adherence to the values of Sunni Islam—has increasingly become a standard by which political leaders are measured. In addition, parts of northern Pakistan—particularly the areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa formerly designated as Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA)—have become a haven for members of several

Che cosa accadde a Mohenjo Daro, antichissima e fiorente città della Valle dell'Indo, che finì per essere abbandata e dimenticata? Sulla base di alcuni ritrovamenti, circola un'ipotesi molto popolare tra i cultori dell'ufologia, secondo cui Mohenjo-Daro sarebbe stata colpita addirittura da un'esplosione nucleare. Quanto è credibile?Aderisci alla pagina PATREON e sostieni i miei progetti e il mio lavoro: http://patreon.com/massimopolidoroPartecipa e sostieni su TIPEEE il progetto del mio Tour 2022 in tutta Italia: https://it.tipeee.com/massimopolidoro Scopri il mio Corso online di Psicologia dell'insolito: https://www.massimopolidorostudio.com​Ricevi l'Avviso ai Naviganti, la mia newsletter settimanale: https://mailchi.mp/massimopolidoro/avvisoainaviganti e partecipa alle scelte della mia communitySeguimi:Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/massimopolidoro/ Gruppo FB: https://www.facebook.com/groups/MassimoPolidoroFanClub Pagina FB: https://www.facebook.com/Official.Massimo.Polidoro Twitter: https://twitter.com/massimopolidoro Sito e blog: http://www.massimopolidoro.com Iscriviti al mio canale youtube: https://goo.gl/Xkzh8A

Photo:  The Pashupati seal:  unknown Indus Valley Civilization sealmaker from Mohenjodaro archaeological site.  Mohenjo-daro is an archaeological site in the province of Sindh, Pakistan. Built around 2500 BCE, it was one of the largest settlements of the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation, with features such as standardized bricks, street grids, and covered sewerage systems. #Pakistan: Drama Islamabad.  Husain Haqqani @husainhaqqani, former Pakistani Ambassador to the United States; Hudson Institute. Bill Roggio @FDD RV https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/04/04/world/imran-khan-pakistan-news#imran-khan-throws-pakistan-into-a-political-crisis-and-his-future-hangs-in-the-balance 

Photo: The magnificent history of Mohenjo-daro has devolved into the present parlous state in Pakistan. CBS Eye on the World with John Batchelor CBS Audio Network @Batchelorshow #Ukraine: Pakistan abstains. @BillRoggio @FDD https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2022/03/03/pakistan-abstains-from-un-vote-to-condemn-russia-over-ukraine-violence/

Empezamos con las notas más interesantes en este 2022, primer episodio de IF de la 5ta temporada de SC, como siempre un gusto saludarlos un colaborador y amigo Alex Soto ingeniero estructurista y conmigo se encuentra: Belcky y Victor. Pasemos a las notas: Te invitamos a conocer la extraordinaria historia de cómo Graphisoft paso de la nada a convertirse en una empresa de Software de diseño líder en el mundo. The GRAPHISOFT Story | The B1M - YouTube Global BIM Network lanza hoja de ruta en su primera asamblea general anual Las autoridades de la provincia de Hainan ordenaron a Evergrande demoler 39 edificios pues reportaron que los permisos de construcción se obtuvieron ilegalmente. AT&T y Verizon indicaron que no retrasarán la fecha prevista para la puesta en marcha de la red, aunque podrían no desplegar torres cerca de ciertos aeropuertos durante seis meses. Autodesk Virtual Forge Accelarator a realizarse el 24 de Enero Autodesk Virtual Forge Accelerator, Mohenjo-daro - January 24-28, 2022 Registration | Eventbrite Chaos Group compra Enscape Nvidia lanza al mercado la versión de prueba gratuita de Omniverse, la cual estará a disposición de millones de creadores y artistas individuales en todo el mundo. Nueva aplicación respaldada por la industria se enfoca proactivamente en la salud mental. Casa de concreto impresa en 3D en 28 horas. Metaverso: por qué hay compañías que están gastando millones comprando terrenos virtuales. Gracias por apoyar este esfuerzo para cambiar un día a la vez la digitalización y uso de tecnologia en la industria AEC. Los invitamos a seguirnos en redes sociales TW: @SCoordinates FB: SCoordinates LNKIN: Shared Coordinates Podcast IF: @SCoordinates. --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/shared-coordinates/support

India's Urban Civilization, traceable to Mohenjodaro and Harappa, where Planned Urban Townships existed 5000 years ago. Some distinct features of this civilization are- Town Planning Both Mohen jo daro and Harappa were models of careful town planning. The principal streets all ran in straight lines either from north to south or from east to west in grid pattern and in places the main roads were 30 feet wide so that carts could pass without difficulty . Closed Drainage System The elaborate drainage system was a unique feature of the city .Almost every house had a well, drains and comfortable bathrooms ,For which pottery drain pipes and receptacles were laid down, communicating them with the street drain of gutter . Dwelling Houses The cities were fairly large and skill fully designed. The dwelling houses were many and they varied in size from a small building with two rooms to a palatial structure having a frontage of 85 ft and a depth of 97 ft .The outer walls were 4 to 5 ft thick. Great Granary at Harappa Among the larger buildings the great granary is the most remarkable and the largest building discovered at Harappa .It measures 6.15 meters by 15.5 meters. The granary was built with sufficient natural ventilation to prevent the grain from becoming mildewed. The Great Bath at Mohenjo daro The most imposing structure in the city was the great bath .It consisted of a large quadrangle in the centre with gallery's and rooms on all sides ,in some of which there were arrangements for hot water bath. The water was discharged by a large drain with a corbelled roof more than 2 metre in height. Dockyard Lothal engineers accorded high priority to the creation of a dockyard and a warehouse to serve the purposes of naval trade. The dock was built on the eastern flank of the town, and is regarded by archaeologists as an engineering feat of the highest order. It was located away from the main current of the river to avoid silting, but provided access to ships in high tide as well. It is speculated that Lothal engineers studied tidal movements, and their effects on brick-built structures, since the walls are of kiln-burnt bricks. The scientific survey of Indus Valley Civilization clearly provides an engineering feat of the highest order. #IndusValleyCivilization #ArchitectureInIndusValleyCivilization #CivilEngineeringIndusValleyCivilization #TownPlanningIndusValleyCivilization #GreatGranaryHarappa #TheGreatBathMohenjodaro #DockyardLothal #ClosedDrainageSystem #CitadelAcropolis --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/venus-jain3/message

Nandi, according to a Siddhantic tradition, was is the chief guru of the eight disciples of Nandinatha Sampradaya, namely, Sanaka, Sanatana, Sanandana, Sanatkumara, Tirumular, Vyagrapada, Patanjali, and Sivayoga Muni, who were sent in eight different directions, to spread the wisdom. The Chamites of Vietnam believe that when they die, Nandi will come and take his soul to India.The word Nandi comes from the Tamil root word Nandhu, which means to grow or appear. In the Sanskrit word nandi, the divine guardian of Shiva-Nandigan has the same meaning. The worship of Shiva and Nandi can be traced back to the Indus Valley civilization. There are many bull-seals found in Harappa and Mohenjo daro, which indicate that the practice of worshipping the god has been around for thousands of years.Read about Nandi at https://mythlok.com/nandi/

Curator and art historian Aparna Andhare gives Tom and Dominic her selection of the ten buildings that best illustrate India's past 4,500 years. Ranging from Mohenjo-daro to Narendra Modi, all the Subcontinent's history is here.A Goalhanger Films & Left Peg Media productionProduced by Joey McCarthyExec Producer Tony PastorTwitter:@TheRestHistory@holland_tom@dcsandbrookEmail: restishistorypod@gmail.com See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

The world is composed of Atoms. Its configuration makes things as different. A Table, A Pot or a Galaxy are essentially the same if one were to take into account their atomic structure. Each looks different  because its Atoms are arranged differently. Things appear the way they do is because of the wave length of the one who perceives things. We are endowed with some qualities to perceive certain things, hear some things…… For instance, our eyes can see light rays falling in between the Ultraviolet and the Infra-red of the Spectrum because the Wave length of the Ultraviolet rays are longer than what we can see and the Infra-red shorter.   All these vibrate, right from the Massive objects in the galaxies to the sub atomic particles. These particles ,when they vibrate create Motion and energy. When thee energies/ vibration are in such a frequency that can be perceived by the instruments they are known. If we can set our frequencies to this level we can perceive them.   Now as things vibrate they are also susceptible to being affected by the vibrations of the other objects.   This means any vibration in the Universe affects every one/ every thing else. This forms the Fundamental element of Unified Field Theory of Higher Physics. At a still advanced level in Quantum, this field id is a Vacuum, called the Quantum Vacuum Filed (QVF) Till this point Quantum has reached a level of agreement with Hindu philosophy. Hindu philosophy goes further and Quantum is yet to understand this. Things that vibrate affect the things that are seen and perceived and they alter the seen, perceived object. It is to say that your mental thoughts have the power of altering what you see or perceive. This too has been accepted and proved by Quantum What is to be understood by the Quantum is that these vibrations are applicable to genetics too. DNAs vibrate , they affect other DNAs, yours and others as well.   Read these from ancient Hindu Texts, excerpts are given below.   “Accepted theory about the DNA is that it was first isolated by Swiss physician Friedrich Miescher in 1869. Its double helix structure was first revealed by Watson and Crick in 1953 which is the acceptable structure till date.Dr Trivedi claims that the evidence of the discovery of DNA and the cell division process are visible in the archeological seals and stones of the Mohenjo and Daro settlements.  “The DNA was termed as Tvashta and Vivasvat in Vedas. Its pictorial representation is visible on the seals of the Indus Valley civilization,” says Dr Trivedi.According to the scholar, group of tiny seals expresses evolution of the creation from pre-cosmic condition to evolution of man symbolically in chronological order. The pictorial representation on the seals is akin to the detailed structure of DNA and the gene transfer process as depicted in the modern day science, he says.  Dr Trivedi earlier wrote to the prime minister office about his claims on DNA. “The PMO forwarded my request to the department of culture, Government of India. But nothing has happened since then,” he rues. Dr Trivedi has presented several papers on evidence of DNA in Vedic interpretations abroad. “I recently presented my paper in Athens and my findings received great appreciation there,” said Dr Trivedi. “   “The first-created: water consists of H2O, it has been expressed by three warm the Earth while holding water reservoir, and from their separation came the letter, and two of these convey the murmuring moisture is H+ & OH־ ions.  It expresses the phenomena of ionization Rig-Veda 10- 27-23.”    The DNA replication is regulated by the Triple bond of Hydrogen  H ≡ H Rig-Veda 1-163 .   The building block of the Creation is Atom and the building block of the living-beings is DNA De oxy ribose Nucleic Acid Rig-Veda 4-58. The Creation has evolved from the single https://ramanisblog.in/2014/04/22/wireless-genetics-dna-quantum-field-in-vedas/ --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/ramanispodcast/message

We're wrapping up our three-part series on the Vile Vortices with a quick summary of what the 10 lesser-known locations have in store and why we think you should avoid visiting there at all costs.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Atlantic_Anomalyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-darohttps://www.ranker.com/list/vile-vortices-facts/laura-allanhttps://www.marineinsight.com/maritime-history/unexplained-mystery-the-devils-sea-the-dragons-triangle/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_T._Sanderson#:~:text=Vile%20vortices,-Sanderson%20has%20been&text=In%201968%2C%20Sanderson%20introduced%20the,UFO%20sightings%2C%20or%20poltergeist%20activity.https://www.paranormal-encyclopedia.com/v/vile-vortices/https://curiosmos.com/mysterious-planet-heres-a-list-of-earths-12-vile-vortices/http://www.expandedperspectives.com/vile-vortices/https://podtail.com/en/podcast/expanded-perspectives/vile-vortices/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9gMJBwHiJUkhttps://paranormal.lovetoknow.com/about-paranormal/energy-vortexeshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J5YR0uqPAI8https://www.britannica.com/place/Great-Zimbabwehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=quzjmZ-7s6w&ab_channel=TED-Edhttps://allthatsinteresting.com/dragons-triangle-devils-sea

What's perfect for October Season? Ancient Civilizations. Your favorite hosts dawn our archeologists hats, grab our baby paintbrushes, and get to work exploring the fantastic ghost sites of Mohenjo-daro and Dholavira. We went back in time, and found an advanced Indus River Civilization and the Harappan Civilization thriving amongst rivers, lakes, and water systems. Hell yeah. Oh! And the magnificent UNESCO site of Mohenjo-daro literally translates to Mound of the Dead Men. Find out what shenanigans led to the ultimate discovery of these cities; discover how aqueducts and water channels forged these near-Industrial trade cities; un-learn some prejudices you may have about beliefs about non-Western civilizations being extremely advanced; and, celebrate how incredibly cool the concept of j-chilling in Mesopotamia, Abu Dhabi, Minoan Crete, Ancient Egypt, and the Indus Valley during the Same Time Period. Things have changed, but we're changing with it. Donate. Sign petitions. Support Black-owned businesses. Educate yourselves. Listen. Speak. Repatriate. Stay Safe. Don't Touch Your Face. Wash Your Hands. Donate! Donate to Black Lives Matter LA, the Action Bail Fund, Black Visions Collective. Please be sure you've signed petitions. If you like what we do, you can support BYWAP over on our Patreon! Find us online! You can follow BYWAP on Twitter and Instagram. You can also find us over on our website! We want to hear from you, to share this time with you. We're in this together, and we're better together. Please leave us a review wherever you listen to podcasts. Every little bit helps as we grow, and we cannot wait to talk to you all again. This is global. Your voice matters. Systemic change is possible. It will not happen overnight—so keep fighting! We stand with you. Our music was written and recorded by Elene Kadagidze. Our cover art was designed by Lindsey Anton-Wood.

We told you what might happen, now we're going to tell you where. In this second of a three-part series, we'll discuss the Bermuda Triangle and Easter Island and why these out-of-the-way destinations, might also be out of this world.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Atlantic_Anomalyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-darohttps://www.ranker.com/list/vile-vortices-facts/laura-allanhttps://www.marineinsight.com/maritime-history/unexplained-mystery-the-devils-sea-the-dragons-triangle/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_T._Sanderson#:~:text=Vile%20vortices,-Sanderson%20has%20been&text=In%201968%2C%20Sanderson%20introduced%20the,UFO%20sightings%2C%20or%20poltergeist%20activity.https://www.paranormal-encyclopedia.com/v/vile-vortices/https://curiosmos.com/mysterious-planet-heres-a-list-of-earths-12-vile-vortices/http://www.expandedperspectives.com/vile-vortices/https://podtail.com/en/podcast/expanded-perspectives/vile-vortices/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9gMJBwHiJUkhttps://paranormal.lovetoknow.com/about-paranormal/energy-vortexeshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J5YR0uqPAI8https://www.britannica.com/place/Great-Zimbabwehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=quzjmZ-7s6w&ab_channel=TED-Edhttps://allthatsinteresting.com/dragons-triangle-devils-sea

Ivan T. Sanderson believed there were places of power on the earth that invite industry and disaster, places where the world's great civilizations were born and places where vast collections of humans were lost forever. In these "Vile Vortices" human evolution might make great leaps, or the planet might open up to swallow you whole. Come with us as we explore where and why this might happen and listen as Patricia continuously tries to get Lee to stop whispering "anal probe" into his microphone.One of them might end up in a vortex by the time it's all over.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Atlantic_Anomalyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-darohttps://www.ranker.com/list/vile-vortices-facts/laura-allanhttps://www.marineinsight.com/maritime-history/unexplained-mystery-the-devils-sea-the-dragons-triangle/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_T._Sanderson#:~:text=Vile%20vortices,-Sanderson%20has%20been&text=In%201968%2C%20Sanderson%20introduced%20the,UFO%20sightings%2C%20or%20poltergeist%20activity.https://www.paranormal-encyclopedia.com/v/vile-vortices/https://curiosmos.com/mysterious-planet-heres-a-list-of-earths-12-vile-vortices/http://www.expandedperspectives.com/vile-vortices/https://podtail.com/en/podcast/expanded-perspectives/vile-vortices/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9gMJBwHiJUkhttps://paranormal.lovetoknow.com/about-paranormal/energy-vortexeshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J5YR0uqPAI8https://www.britannica.com/place/Great-Zimbabwehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=quzjmZ-7s6w&ab_channel=TED-Edhttps://allthatsinteresting.com/dragons-triangle-devils-s

It is believed that the first Unicorn image was recorded by the Indus Valley Civilization on the Unicorn Seal found at the archaeological site Mohenjo-daro, but it was the Greeks that popularized the creature. Greeks did not think that Unicorns were myths, they recorded them in their history books. Then they became popular during the middle ages, due to a poor translation of the bible, and from the rediscovery of Greek writings. But how did they go from a symbol of religion in the Middle Ages to our modern pop culture icon? And how did they become so ingrained in our culture? Learn more in this week's episode of Better Than Human. Note: Jennifer meant Plato not Aristotle at the beginning of the episode, and Amber was right, it was Robot Chicken. (Amber is always right ;p)Visit our website betterthanhumanpodcast.comFollow us on Twitter @betterthanhuma1on Facebook @betterthanhumanpodcaston Instagram @betterthanhumanpodcastEmail us at betterthanhumanpodcast@gmail.comWe look forward to hearing from you, and we look forward to you joining our cult of weirdness!#betterthanhuman #cultofweirdness

This week, the World-Weary women travel far back in time to explore some of humanity's most enigmatic lost cities. Cassiopeia investigates the incredible remains of Mohenjo-daro; an early city that shows advancements and sophistication ahead of its time. Violet explains the rise and fall of Ancient Merv; once the most populous city on Earth, now monumental ruins in the Karakum Desert.

"So here's the really crazy thing: when I was in that room, I kept tasting blood in my mouth. I don't think I noticed it until I was alone with her..." Blue has more news from Mohenjo-daro.  WARNING: Episode may contain mentions of violence or trauma. Listener discretion is advised.

“I can see these shadows sliding up the walls…” Blue calls from Mohenjo-daro. WARNING: Episode may contain mentions of violence or trauma. Listener discretion is advised.

2500 - 1600 BCE - The city of Mohenjo-daro has some surprisingly modern civil aspects. This episode explores the discoveries and suggest what they can tell us about the people who lived there.

We focus on mysterious ancient codices and untranslated written languages and texts from around the world, leading to all manner of discussion on a wide range of subjects.We also deliver the weekly SpaceWeatherNews update, a few interesting news articles, and some listener correspondence. Brothers of the Serpent Episode 087 Dragon AuroraFire FallsHumpback whale in AmazonCretan Hieroglyphs on Phaistos DiscWadi el-Hol scriptSitovo inscriptionOlmec writingSingapore StoneRongorongoProto-ElamiteIndus Valley script, with UnicornMohenjo-daro 

Welcome back to The Emancipation Podcast Station - the place to hear about history researched and retold through the eyes of Middle school and HS students.   Last time on the show... Beginnings - 600 BCE   The origin of humans and early human societies: Beginnings -  Gabe - Prehistory is the history before it was written. Finding bones and doing tests like potassium argon dating or other methods to find the age was one of the ways we could see find prehistory. The tools they used and how the newer ones were perfected is another. Ben- Anthropology is the study of ancient humans and their cultures. Everyone always talks about how old certain things are, but how is the information found? Radiocarbon dating is when you get a certain element called carbon 14 and and see how much of it has decayed back into nitrogen 14. So if half the carbon 14 has decayed, that means the item is 5730 years old. The radiocarbon method is a good indicator of how old something is. Audrey - Written records are a main tool in learning the history of the people before us. These are, in some ways, more detailed than other forms of records, including archaeological and biological remains. That being said, written records can’t be the only thing taken into consideration; they could be biased or could be stories passed down generation after generation, slowly being changed to fit the current worldviews. Emma - Many Paleolithic societies were communal. The members of a community, which were most often small, nomadic groups, worked together to perform various tasks. The women typically raised the children, gathered food, and cooked, whereas the men did the hunting, often in groups. However, in some communities, the work is thought to have been divided evenly between both women and men. Ella - Early paleolithic societies did not have agricultural systems like we do today. They relied on tools they made to hunt animals. These societies would use tools made out of rocks such as handaxes. They used these for both hunting and digging. The other half of their diet consisted of natural fruits and vegetables they found in their environment. Skylar - According to historians the first generations of “human” like people are called Homo Sapiens. Homo Sapiens were apart of a group called Hominids. Archaeologist and anthropologist believe that they were alive between 2.5 and 4 million years ago and lived in eastern and southern Africa. Ethan - The anatomic structure of the people of today has existed for about 200,000 years. Egyptian hieroglyphs have been around for close to 5,000 years but America couldn’t even comprehend the hieroglyphs until 1799 when America found the Rosetta Stone. Even then when America had the Rosetta Stone it took quite a while to decipher it. And even after we began to comprehend hieroglyphs, we still had to hope no one would “change the story” to make it more interesting. And people still had altering views so deciding which was true caused more investigation. Thus, the Scientific Process. Hunter- the study of human existence has been going on for multiple centries. The process has just evolved to even being able to find the year of when the creature and or early human existed and died.   600 BCE The Neolithic Revolution and the birth of agriculture: Beginnings - Emma - The word Neolithic is derived from neo, meaning new, and the Greek word lithos, which translates to stone. It is the latter part of the stone age in which tools began to have a more smooth and refined appearance. Unlike before, these tools had complex shapes and purposes, and began to resemble the instruments used in more advanced societies. Audrey - Since the birth of agriculture, Earth’s population has increased immensely. In the Paleolithic period, humans were primarily hunter-gatherers, and the population was roughly 10 million. Then 10 - 15 thousand years ago (13000 - 8000 B.C.) the Neolithic period came, and along with that, agriculture. Since plants and animals were now being domesticated, and more people could be fed, the population grew. By the time of the Roman Empire there were around 250 million people on Earth, and since then the population has grown to approximately 7 billion.  Gabe -  There was different types of agriculture there was pastoralism which was the branch of agriculture that bred animals goat, sheep, cattle, and in this branch they collected food from there goats and cattle and probably wool from the sheep and milk from the cows and probably the goats too     Ella - Most  early civilizations came together through religion, or beliefs and practices that associate with the meaning of the world. with  This was how people who were not familiar with one another created trustworthy and respectful relationships. Religion was commonly associated with politics. Religious leaders commonly worked as political leaders as well.   Ethan - Agriculture was created so that the survivability of the human race would increase. The end of the most recent glacial period was about the same time that agriculture emerged. The reasoning behind this is that the soil had thawed so food could be grown in abundance. Ben - There were a few different things being grown around the world. Stuff like barley, but also something less known called sorghum. Sorghum today is mostly used for animal food, but can also be used to create a kind of sweet syrup. Sorghum was being grown about the area sudan is at today and was probably being used as a normal grain in 9000-7000 BCE. There was also okra, black eyed peas, and yam around the west coast of africa. (Can talk about more different foods and where they’re from if needed) Skylar -City-States couldn’t have been became created without agriculture. Most people would not be alive if it wasn’t for agriculture. Since agriculture has been created the plants (veggies) and animals (meat and milk). Thanks to irrigation vegetation can now be grown almost anywhere. The availability of human consumable calories per square kilometer has increased rapidly. People started farming in Iraq, Syria, and Turkey and went on to East Asia, mexico, and many more places. Hunter- Neolithic Age is also known as the New Stone Age. However, it is closely connected to civilization, animal domestication, inventions, and agriculture. Stability in life opened new doors for man, as he ventured into domesticating animals rather than merely hunting them as per his need. He also invented pottery in this era, making it a symbol of the Neolithic era. 600 BCEAncient Mesopotamia: Beginnings -  Gabe - I'm going to start by saying Mesopotamia means country between to rivers so most the cities were born on the rivers tigris euphrates (which is what Mesopotamia is in between) the yangtze or the nile. They were born on these cities because the rivers would fertilize their crops bring water and transportation later on      Ella - The Sumerians were a group of people that started in Southern Mesopotamia around 4000 BCE. They wrote some of the first written scripts that were made of clay tablets. These ideas spread to surrounding civilizations which resulted in more languages being written. These languages are what today's alphabet was developed from. Audrey - Mesopotamia was one of the first significant civilizations, and was located in what is now Iraq. The Sumerians are believed to be the first civilization to emerge in Mesopotamia (4000 B.C.). They are well known for the first development of the wheel (3500 B.C.), and for their architectural structures, like the ziggurats which were found in the center of many Sumerian and Mesopotamian cities. Emma - Around 3000 BC the Sumerians came in contact with the Akkadians, named after the city-state of Akkad. About 700 years later, Sargon of Akkad came into power and is thought to have started the first dynastic empire. Both the Akkadian and Sumerian speakers were ruled by the Akkadian Empire until it’s fall in 2154 BC. Ben - After the akkadian empire, a new empire began, and it was called the Babylonian empire. The Babylonians used to just be a small place in Akkadia (2300 BC), but grew into an empire. The leader of the Babylonian empire was Hammurabi. The Babylonians influenced the area in that they had a sort of law system that was based on religion. They spoke Akkadian. (1800-600 BC) from 1770- 1670 and from 612-320 BC babylon was estimated to be the largest city in population size in the world. Skylar - The Pharaoh King Menes was able to unify upper and lower Egypt with the Eqyptian civilization. Hammurabi was famous for making the code of Hammurabi. He codified a series of laws. Ethan - After the Sumerian and Akkadian empires formed, the Assyrian Empire formed about 1000 years later in northern Mesopotamia. Ashur was the capital of Assyria. Assyria was originally ruled by Sargon and his bloodline during the Akkadian Empire. After the end of the Akkadian empire Assyria became the major empire then. 8. Hunter- Mesopotamia was known in antiquity as a seat of learning, and it is believed that Thales of Miletus  (c. 585 BCE, known as the first philosopher) studied there. As the Babylonians believed that water was the ‘first principle’ from which all else followed, and as Thales is famous for that very claim, it seems probable that he studied there.   600 BCEAncient Egypt: Beginnings - 600 BCE  Gabe - Egypt started next to the nile which is because it helps with many things as we  talked about earlier there was the old egypt which was when the pyramids were built and this is the time we kind of think about when we think egypt but the pharaohs you think about were very far from the building of the pyramids and cleopatra actually lived 2500 years from the makings of the pyramids and 2037 from the making of the first iphone so she lived closer to the iphone   Ella - During the old kingdom period, Egypt was a single state. The country eventually became more complex and expanded their military. The kings of the time built formations such as Great Pyramid and the Sphinx of Giza. These structures were used as tombs or monuments for the kings that built them. Emma - The Egyptian political system was based on the idea of divine kingship. They believed that the political ruler, or pharaoh, either held the favor of a god (or gods) or was in fact a living incarnation of the god themself. An example of this was Narmer who was thought to be Horus. This reinforced the authority of the current political figure in power. Audrey - The Egyptian civilization was originally divided into upper and lower Egypt. The official beginning of the civilization was somewhere around 3100-3150 B.C. when the two parts of Egypt were united under one king. Ben - As with most early civilizations, egypt was based around a river. When civilizations start around rivers it gives the people fresh water and a good source of water for agricultural purposes too. Even egypt’s seasons were based around the nile and how it affected crops and weather. The first season would be Akhet, which would now be around june-september and was based around the nile river flooding to provide water to crops. The second season was Peret, (Oct. - Feb.) where crops would be planted. The final season was called Shemu, (March - May) when everything would be harvested.                                                                                          Skylar - The Nile River starts in mid-eastern Africa and goes all the way down to the Mediterranean Sea. The Nile is one of the great rivers. It makes the soil around it rich. Like ben said for growing plants. Most of the population in Egypt is around or close by the multipurpose river. They have a season of harvest and it’s when the soil is most fertile for growing crops. The annual rain is very important because it adds another layer of extremely nutrient-rich soil that’s needed for the Shemu season. Ethan - Wars had what seemed to be a major impact on the civil structure of Egypt. The costs include drought, famine, and disruption of Egyptian civilians. This kind of split Egypt into many different city-states. This allowed any city-state with the military power to take cities, as Kush conquered Lower and Upper Egypt. But soon the Kushites were kicked out of Egypt. Hunter- nothing left to write T^T this is sad all info was sucked dry so please dont blame me   Ancient art and artifacts: Beginnings -  Gabe - One of the artifacts that was found was the standard of ur and no one knows for sure what it actually was but it has 2 sides to it and on one side you have basically peace and prosperity where it shows animals being taken to trade or sacrifice or eat were not really sure and it shows the king and some other important people drinking in enjoyment there many things like that.(didnt want to take to much info someone want to connect to mine and explain what was on the other side) Ella - There were many materials used to make the standard of ur such as lapis lazuli from Afghanistan, Red stones from India, and shells from the gulf to the South of Iraq. These things are all reminders that the cities thrived because of the success in agriculture. There was a river valley between Tigris and Euphrates where they grew large amounts of food. Ben - One of the most important historical items in Egyptian history was the Rosetta Stone, the Rosetta Stone was an ancient stone tablet discovered in 1799, it had the same thing written in three different languages. First, hieroglyphs, then egyptian, then greek. This allowed historians to translate all the hieroglyphs that were seen in temples and pyramids. Emma - On the other side of the Standard of Ur, there are three scenes depicting a war. The lowest section shows chariots coming into battle and trampling their enemies. The second row has a clearly organized army marching into battle, fighting, and taking prisoners. The top again has the king, this time being presented with prisoners of war. Audrey - The Rosetta Stone is a very popular artifact found in the British Museum. It was brought there when Napoleon’s army was in Egypt. One of the many people who came with Napoleon came across the stone being used in the foundation of a fort. Originally it would have been in or near an Egyptian temple and was the bottom part of a much taller tablet. Napoleon took the stone back with him, but when the British defeated Napoleon they took it. Two years later, in 1801 or 1802, the Rosetta Stone was taken to the British Museum and it has been there ever since. Ethan - I guess I’ll explain the Rosetta Stone. It had 2 forms of Egyptian on it. Hieroglyphic and Demotic. Hieroglyphic, as many people know, uses symbols. Demotic is kind of like the print writing of English, but Egyptian. It also had Greek on the stone so it, even after many years, was decipherable. Skylar - The Rosetta Stone was carved in 196 B.C. We were not able to read the Rosetta Stone until mid 19th century. The Rosetta stone is called the Rosetta stone because of where it was found, Rosetta. It was written in three different scripts The first was hieroglyphic which was the script used for important or religious documents. The second was demotic which was the common script of Egypt. The third was Greek which was the language of the rulers of Egypt at that time. Hunter- The Rosetta stone and the Standard of Ur are both important discoveries I can’t say anything more because like last season nothing left to say it’s all taken (and yes i went and looked at more than just the first page or google but I mean this is what I get for being busy all week i guess)   600 BCEAncient India: Beginnings -  Gabe - the harappan civilization or the indus valley civilization because it was near the indus river spread from northwest india to afghanistan and pakistan at the peak of the harappan civilization they may have had a population of 5 million people indus cities are noted for there urban planning which is where you build your cities in with the land to make your life easier basically they also made baked brick houses huge drainage systems water supply systems and basically metropolitan areas.    Ella - Around 2600 BCE, Harappan communities had become large urban areas. Overall about 1000 settlements were founded in the Indus river area. The Mohenjo-daro was one of the biggest cities in the area. It was also one of the more sophisticated cities with its advanced uses for engineering and urban planning. Ben - The Indus river civilization was one of the most advanced and one of the most mysterious ancient places. They were very good at building and their brick areas are impressive even to today’s standards because of how they survived hundreds of years of weather and damage. And jewelry from around that area has been seen in different countries, so trading was probably happening too. Emma - The people of the Indus River Valley Civilization region are known for their advancements in the technology of their time. Their accurate systems for measuring length and mass made their advanced sanitation system possible. This system was the first of its kind ever in history. Audrey - Sanskrit has many similarities to other languages like English and Latin. Words like matr, in English mother, and in Latin mater, show the resemblance. The Vedas mention a “god” named Dyaus Pitr which means “sky father”. In Greek there is Zeus Pater, and in Latin Jupiter, both of which, also meaning sky father. - Ethan - Some of the people in the Indus Valley are called Harappans. The reason that the Harappans succeeded in early technology was they had the most accurate ways to measure length and mass. They also invented bricks, one of the staples in building today. Skylar - The Harappa civilization was more than just Harappa. The largest cite they had was Mohenjo-Daro, it was n the Sihn region of Pakistan. They believe 40,000 lived in just Mohenjo-Daro. Some think that the Harappa civilization was happening around 7000 BCE, they believe they were just living in small villages, but they don’t have very much evidence. Nobody really knows how or why the Indus Valley civilization came to an end. Hunter- Important innovations of this civilization include standardized weights and measures, seal carving, and metallurgy with copper, bronze, tin, and lead. 600 BCEShang China: Beginnings -  Gabe - the earliest period in chinese history is the mythical period which supposedly was ruled by the xia empire and was overthrown by the Shang in 1766 bce but we are not sure if the Xia overthrow was true because we don’t have archaeological evidence of the Xia empire but we do have evidence of the Shang empire and they ruled from 1766 bce to 1046 bce Ella - The earliest form of Chinese writing was found as inscriptions carved into bones and shells.These animal remains were known as oracle bones. The writing on the bones was very complex, suggesting that the language had been around for a while. Scientists didn't have trouble reading it because it was very similar to modern chinese writing. Ben - The chinese craftsmen mastered the alloy bronze, which gave most of their soldiers an advantage. The Shang were excellent builders and engineers, they worked on many things including irrigation systems similar to how the indus river civilization did.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Emma - In the Shang Dynasty Civilization, the king was not a political figure. His main role was as a religious leader, the use of oracle bones making up a large part of their responsibilities. The government itself was run by chosen advisors and other officials. Audrey - Chinese writings from the Shang Dynasty can be found on oracle bones. An oracle bone is an ox’s scapula (shoulder blade) that people would write questions on; they would heat the bone over a flame until it cracked, and then they would interpret the cracks to get an answer to their question. Skylar - The Shang Dynasty was the first dynasty that we have a lot of proof of. It lasted around 500 years. They had great irrigation systems for their day, and had also developed social classes. Both banks of the Yellow River had greats amounts of loess.with is a very nutrient-rich soil that is amazing for growing almost anything. The Shang dynasty was in and near the modern day city of Anyang. It’s known for their writing, a lot like modern day Chinese. Near the end of this dynasty they had chariots and people believe they were in contact with people out in the west. - Ethan - The Shang had some, to say the least, strange practices.  The Shang made offerings to dead relatives in attempt to communicate with them. These “Oracle Bones” people will have talked about by now, are made out of turtle shells, and they were used to predict the future. Hunter- the Shang dynasty craftspeople mastered bronze, an alloy of copper and tin; bronze weapons gave the foot soldiers a tactical advantage.   600 BCEAncient Americas: Beginnings - Gabe - Some of the first people in north america were the olmec who were some of the first mexicans they lived around the gulf of mexico around were veracruz and tabasco (like the sauce i guess) is a nahuatl word from the aztec language which means rubber people because they were the first we know to discover how to convert latex off trees into rubber we call them this because we do not know exactly what they called themselves Ella - None of the Olmecs beliefs or customs were recorded, but there were some artifacts found in the area that indicated long trade routes that spread throughout many regions. Some of the artifacts such as jade and obsidian were evidence that the Olmec people traded with civilizations outside the Gulf Coast of Mexico. Ben - There were a few different early north and south american tribes and cultures such as the mayans. The Mayans were the only ones in early america who had a fully developed writing system. They used hieroglyphs and lived in southeast mexico, they kind of owned southeast mexico. Emma - From 3500 to 1700 BC the Caral civilization existed in was is now northern Peru. It was a complex society in which specialized and interconnected roles existed, though people disagree on whether or not it can be classified as a civilization due to the lack of evidence concerning political, economical, and religious systems. Audrey - The first humans to come to the Americas came 15-16,000 years ago.They are believed to have come from north-eastern Asia across the Bering Strait during the last glaciation period when the sea level was low enough for the Bering Land Bridge. Skylar - the first people that came to north and south america somewhere between 15,000 and 16,000 years ago. They believe the first people were in Florida 14,500 years ago. The Mississippian culture was a north american culture. The mississippi river is named after them. Their famous city was Cahokia and it is around modern day St. Louis. - Ethan - There was a race of people called the Chavin and their culture was centered around a big temple in Chavin de Huantar. Their government system was most likely based off of a hierarchy, while sticking to religion. The Chavin was founded in the northern Andean highlands in Peru. Their civilization was founded in between 900 and 250 BC, which was about to the time period of 1000 years after the collapse of the Caral. The Chavin were located in the Mosna River Valley, in which the Mosna and Huachesa rivers meet. Hunter- cant find nothin!!!!!!! 600 BCE Human innovation and the environment  Gabe - We were nomadic people so we started to farm and start agriculture and build small villages probably making us have more food for more population and basically we started staying in one spot and we started to have tribes and the others started doing this. Ella - One thing that separates humans from animals is our ability to learn and teach efficiently and effectively. We are able to pass down the information and skills we learned to the next generation a lot better than other species can. This is because of our specific and strong communication techniques we've developed like language and writing. Skylar - Before the Neolithic era people had to hunt for food. They would walk short or long distances to find food if there was nothing oblivious to kill for food. Most people were what are called hunter gatherers. They did not consume as much calories as pastoral people. This was called Paleolithic era and the beginning of the mesolithic era. The main thing that happened in the Neolithic era was agriculture. Agriculture was a huge deal, most would say one of the best things that happened in human history. It changed people’s lifestyle and diet. They could now raise crops and/or animals. Move most anywhere they wanted. They then had time to figure out a way to write out the things they were learning. Ben - Over all this time and seeing these things it’s interesting to realize that these people were skilled and could create art and sculptures, writing and speech. One of the most helpful human skills is collective learning, where most information can be passed on to more people in such a way to make the potential knowledge of collective humanity nearly infinite. Emma - The development of written language had a huge impact on the development of human civilizations. Learning from the past, beyond what current generations could recall, began to change societies. For example, it allowed agriculture to develop because newer generations could learn what did and didn’t work in the past. Political records also influenced and changed developing political systems. Audrey - The Aboriginal Australians, Aboriginal meaning from the beginning, would have controlled fires that would clear the forests to make the area more suitable for grassland. The grassland would provide an area for animals they could easily hunt and live off of. - Ethan - Innovation mainly began with stone tools that allowed humans to do simple tasks even easier. These tools that helped early humans hunt consisted mainly of spears and knives but very primitive. Like very poorly sharpened edges, but enough to get the job done. Farming tools would mainly consist of what today would be related to a hoe. Hunter- A type of farming used by the Aboriginal Australians was firestick farming, when they would conduct said farming they would start what are called ‘controlled burns’ they were not new to this and knew which seasons to do this in. Like in Spring or Autumn when there was a certain amount of moisture in the air to control the fires and this did more than just give the natives a better landscape but to also help prevent large scale fires and allow kangaroo to graze there for them to eat.   That’s all the time we have for today. THank for joining us out of the box that is learning

Welcome back to The Emancipation Podcast Station - the place to hear about history researched and retold through the eyes of Middle school and HS students.   Last time on the show... Beginnings - 600 BCE   The origin of humans and early human societies: Beginnings -  Gabe - Prehistory is the history before it was written. Finding bones and doing tests like potassium argon dating or other methods to find the age was one of the ways we could see find prehistory. The tools they used and how the newer ones were perfected is another. Ben- Anthropology is the study of ancient humans and their cultures. Everyone always talks about how old certain things are, but how is the information found? Radiocarbon dating is when you get a certain element called carbon 14 and and see how much of it has decayed back into nitrogen 14. So if half the carbon 14 has decayed, that means the item is 5730 years old. The radiocarbon method is a good indicator of how old something is. Audrey - Written records are a main tool in learning the history of the people before us. These are, in some ways, more detailed than other forms of records, including archaeological and biological remains. That being said, written records can’t be the only thing taken into consideration; they could be biased or could be stories passed down generation after generation, slowly being changed to fit the current worldviews. Emma - Many Paleolithic societies were communal. The members of a community, which were most often small, nomadic groups, worked together to perform various tasks. The women typically raised the children, gathered food, and cooked, whereas the men did the hunting, often in groups. However, in some communities, the work is thought to have been divided evenly between both women and men. Ella - Early paleolithic societies did not have agricultural systems like we do today. They relied on tools they made to hunt animals. These societies would use tools made out of rocks such as handaxes. They used these for both hunting and digging. The other half of their diet consisted of natural fruits and vegetables they found in their environment. Skylar - According to historians the first generations of “human” like people are called Homo Sapiens. Homo Sapiens were apart of a group called Hominids. Archaeologist and anthropologist believe that they were alive between 2.5 and 4 million years ago and lived in eastern and southern Africa. Ethan - The anatomic structure of the people of today has existed for about 200,000 years. Egyptian hieroglyphs have been around for close to 5,000 years but America couldn’t even comprehend the hieroglyphs until 1799 when America found the Rosetta Stone. Even then when America had the Rosetta Stone it took quite a while to decipher it. And even after we began to comprehend hieroglyphs, we still had to hope no one would “change the story” to make it more interesting. And people still had altering views so deciding which was true caused more investigation. Thus, the Scientific Process. Hunter- the study of human existence has been going on for multiple centries. The process has just evolved to even being able to find the year of when the creature and or early human existed and died.   600 BCE The Neolithic Revolution and the birth of agriculture: Beginnings - Emma - The word Neolithic is derived from neo, meaning new, and the Greek word lithos, which translates to stone. It is the latter part of the stone age in which tools began to have a more smooth and refined appearance. Unlike before, these tools had complex shapes and purposes, and began to resemble the instruments used in more advanced societies. Audrey - Since the birth of agriculture, Earth’s population has increased immensely. In the Paleolithic period, humans were primarily hunter-gatherers, and the population was roughly 10 million. Then 10 - 15 thousand years ago (13000 - 8000 B.C.) the Neolithic period came, and along with that, agriculture. Since plants and animals were now being domesticated, and more people could be fed, the population grew. By the time of the Roman Empire there were around 250 million people on Earth, and since then the population has grown to approximately 7 billion.  Gabe -  There was different types of agriculture there was pastoralism which was the branch of agriculture that bred animals goat, sheep, cattle, and in this branch they collected food from there goats and cattle and probably wool from the sheep and milk from the cows and probably the goats too     Ella - Most  early civilizations came together through religion, or beliefs and practices that associate with the meaning of the world. with  This was how people who were not familiar with one another created trustworthy and respectful relationships. Religion was commonly associated with politics. Religious leaders commonly worked as political leaders as well.   Ethan - Agriculture was created so that the survivability of the human race would increase. The end of the most recent glacial period was about the same time that agriculture emerged. The reasoning behind this is that the soil had thawed so food could be grown in abundance. Ben - There were a few different things being grown around the world. Stuff like barley, but also something less known called sorghum. Sorghum today is mostly used for animal food, but can also be used to create a kind of sweet syrup. Sorghum was being grown about the area sudan is at today and was probably being used as a normal grain in 9000-7000 BCE. There was also okra, black eyed peas, and yam around the west coast of africa. (Can talk about more different foods and where they’re from if needed) Skylar -City-States couldn’t have been became created without agriculture. Most people would not be alive if it wasn’t for agriculture. Since agriculture has been created the plants (veggies) and animals (meat and milk). Thanks to irrigation vegetation can now be grown almost anywhere. The availability of human consumable calories per square kilometer has increased rapidly. People started farming in Iraq, Syria, and Turkey and went on to East Asia, mexico, and many more places. Hunter- Neolithic Age is also known as the New Stone Age. However, it is closely connected to civilization, animal domestication, inventions, and agriculture. Stability in life opened new doors for man, as he ventured into domesticating animals rather than merely hunting them as per his need. He also invented pottery in this era, making it a symbol of the Neolithic era. 600 BCEAncient Mesopotamia: Beginnings -  Gabe - I'm going to start by saying Mesopotamia means country between to rivers so most the cities were born on the rivers tigris euphrates (which is what Mesopotamia is in between) the yangtze or the nile. They were born on these cities because the rivers would fertilize their crops bring water and transportation later on      Ella - The Sumerians were a group of people that started in Southern Mesopotamia around 4000 BCE. They wrote some of the first written scripts that were made of clay tablets. These ideas spread to surrounding civilizations which resulted in more languages being written. These languages are what today's alphabet was developed from. Audrey - Mesopotamia was one of the first significant civilizations, and was located in what is now Iraq. The Sumerians are believed to be the first civilization to emerge in Mesopotamia (4000 B.C.). They are well known for the first development of the wheel (3500 B.C.), and for their architectural structures, like the ziggurats which were found in the center of many Sumerian and Mesopotamian cities. Emma - Around 3000 BC the Sumerians came in contact with the Akkadians, named after the city-state of Akkad. About 700 years later, Sargon of Akkad came into power and is thought to have started the first dynastic empire. Both the Akkadian and Sumerian speakers were ruled by the Akkadian Empire until it’s fall in 2154 BC. Ben - After the akkadian empire, a new empire began, and it was called the Babylonian empire. The Babylonians used to just be a small place in Akkadia (2300 BC), but grew into an empire. The leader of the Babylonian empire was Hammurabi. The Babylonians influenced the area in that they had a sort of law system that was based on religion. They spoke Akkadian. (1800-600 BC) from 1770- 1670 and from 612-320 BC babylon was estimated to be the largest city in population size in the world. Skylar - The Pharaoh King Menes was able to unify upper and lower Egypt with the Eqyptian civilization. Hammurabi was famous for making the code of Hammurabi. He codified a series of laws. Ethan - After the Sumerian and Akkadian empires formed, the Assyrian Empire formed about 1000 years later in northern Mesopotamia. Ashur was the capital of Assyria. Assyria was originally ruled by Sargon and his bloodline during the Akkadian Empire. After the end of the Akkadian empire Assyria became the major empire then. 8. Hunter- Mesopotamia was known in antiquity as a seat of learning, and it is believed that Thales of Miletus  (c. 585 BCE, known as the first philosopher) studied there. As the Babylonians believed that water was the ‘first principle’ from which all else followed, and as Thales is famous for that very claim, it seems probable that he studied there.   600 BCEAncient Egypt: Beginnings - 600 BCE  Gabe - Egypt started next to the nile which is because it helps with many things as we  talked about earlier there was the old egypt which was when the pyramids were built and this is the time we kind of think about when we think egypt but the pharaohs you think about were very far from the building of the pyramids and cleopatra actually lived 2500 years from the makings of the pyramids and 2037 from the making of the first iphone so she lived closer to the iphone   Ella - During the old kingdom period, Egypt was a single state. The country eventually became more complex and expanded their military. The kings of the time built formations such as Great Pyramid and the Sphinx of Giza. These structures were used as tombs or monuments for the kings that built them. Emma - The Egyptian political system was based on the idea of divine kingship. They believed that the political ruler, or pharaoh, either held the favor of a god (or gods) or was in fact a living incarnation of the god themself. An example of this was Narmer who was thought to be Horus. This reinforced the authority of the current political figure in power. Audrey - The Egyptian civilization was originally divided into upper and lower Egypt. The official beginning of the civilization was somewhere around 3100-3150 B.C. when the two parts of Egypt were united under one king. Ben - As with most early civilizations, egypt was based around a river. When civilizations start around rivers it gives the people fresh water and a good source of water for agricultural purposes too. Even egypt’s seasons were based around the nile and how it affected crops and weather. The first season would be Akhet, which would now be around june-september and was based around the nile river flooding to provide water to crops. The second season was Peret, (Oct. - Feb.) where crops would be planted. The final season was called Shemu, (March - May) when everything would be harvested.                                                                                          Skylar - The Nile River starts in mid-eastern Africa and goes all the way down to the Mediterranean Sea. The Nile is one of the great rivers. It makes the soil around it rich. Like ben said for growing plants. Most of the population in Egypt is around or close by the multipurpose river. They have a season of harvest and it’s when the soil is most fertile for growing crops. The annual rain is very important because it adds another layer of extremely nutrient-rich soil that’s needed for the Shemu season. Ethan - Wars had what seemed to be a major impact on the civil structure of Egypt. The costs include drought, famine, and disruption of Egyptian civilians. This kind of split Egypt into many different city-states. This allowed any city-state with the military power to take cities, as Kush conquered Lower and Upper Egypt. But soon the Kushites were kicked out of Egypt. Hunter- nothing left to write T^T this is sad all info was sucked dry so please dont blame me   Ancient art and artifacts: Beginnings -  Gabe - One of the artifacts that was found was the standard of ur and no one knows for sure what it actually was but it has 2 sides to it and on one side you have basically peace and prosperity where it shows animals being taken to trade or sacrifice or eat were not really sure and it shows the king and some other important people drinking in enjoyment there many things like that.(didnt want to take to much info someone want to connect to mine and explain what was on the other side) Ella - There were many materials used to make the standard of ur such as lapis lazuli from Afghanistan, Red stones from India, and shells from the gulf to the South of Iraq. These things are all reminders that the cities thrived because of the success in agriculture. There was a river valley between Tigris and Euphrates where they grew large amounts of food. Ben - One of the most important historical items in Egyptian history was the Rosetta Stone, the Rosetta Stone was an ancient stone tablet discovered in 1799, it had the same thing written in three different languages. First, hieroglyphs, then egyptian, then greek. This allowed historians to translate all the hieroglyphs that were seen in temples and pyramids. Emma - On the other side of the Standard of Ur, there are three scenes depicting a war. The lowest section shows chariots coming into battle and trampling their enemies. The second row has a clearly organized army marching into battle, fighting, and taking prisoners. The top again has the king, this time being presented with prisoners of war. Audrey - The Rosetta Stone is a very popular artifact found in the British Museum. It was brought there when Napoleon’s army was in Egypt. One of the many people who came with Napoleon came across the stone being used in the foundation of a fort. Originally it would have been in or near an Egyptian temple and was the bottom part of a much taller tablet. Napoleon took the stone back with him, but when the British defeated Napoleon they took it. Two years later, in 1801 or 1802, the Rosetta Stone was taken to the British Museum and it has been there ever since. Ethan - I guess I’ll explain the Rosetta Stone. It had 2 forms of Egyptian on it. Hieroglyphic and Demotic. Hieroglyphic, as many people know, uses symbols. Demotic is kind of like the print writing of English, but Egyptian. It also had Greek on the stone so it, even after many years, was decipherable. Skylar - The Rosetta Stone was carved in 196 B.C. We were not able to read the Rosetta Stone until mid 19th century. The Rosetta stone is called the Rosetta stone because of where it was found, Rosetta. It was written in three different scripts The first was hieroglyphic which was the script used for important or religious documents. The second was demotic which was the common script of Egypt. The third was Greek which was the language of the rulers of Egypt at that time. Hunter- The Rosetta stone and the Standard of Ur are both important discoveries I can’t say anything more because like last season nothing left to say it’s all taken (and yes i went and looked at more than just the first page or google but I mean this is what I get for being busy all week i guess)   600 BCEAncient India: Beginnings -  Gabe - the harappan civilization or the indus valley civilization because it was near the indus river spread from northwest india to afghanistan and pakistan at the peak of the harappan civilization they may have had a population of 5 million people indus cities are noted for there urban planning which is where you build your cities in with the land to make your life easier basically they also made baked brick houses huge drainage systems water supply systems and basically metropolitan areas.    Ella - Around 2600 BCE, Harappan communities had become large urban areas. Overall about 1000 settlements were founded in the Indus river area. The Mohenjo-daro was one of the biggest cities in the area. It was also one of the more sophisticated cities with its advanced uses for engineering and urban planning. Ben - The Indus river civilization was one of the most advanced and one of the most mysterious ancient places. They were very good at building and their brick areas are impressive even to today’s standards because of how they survived hundreds of years of weather and damage. And jewelry from around that area has been seen in different countries, so trading was probably happening too. Emma - The people of the Indus River Valley Civilization region are known for their advancements in the technology of their time. Their accurate systems for measuring length and mass made their advanced sanitation system possible. This system was the first of its kind ever in history. Audrey - Sanskrit has many similarities to other languages like English and Latin. Words like matr, in English mother, and in Latin mater, show the resemblance. The Vedas mention a “god” named Dyaus Pitr which means “sky father”. In Greek there is Zeus Pater, and in Latin Jupiter, both of which, also meaning sky father. - Ethan - Some of the people in the Indus Valley are called Harappans. The reason that the Harappans succeeded in early technology was they had the most accurate ways to measure length and mass. They also invented bricks, one of the staples in building today. Skylar - The Harappa civilization was more than just Harappa. The largest cite they had was Mohenjo-Daro, it was n the Sihn region of Pakistan. They believe 40,000 lived in just Mohenjo-Daro. Some think that the Harappa civilization was happening around 7000 BCE, they believe they were just living in small villages, but they don’t have very much evidence. Nobody really knows how or why the Indus Valley civilization came to an end. Hunter- Important innovations of this civilization include standardized weights and measures, seal carving, and metallurgy with copper, bronze, tin, and lead. 600 BCEShang China: Beginnings -  Gabe - the earliest period in chinese history is the mythical period which supposedly was ruled by the xia empire and was overthrown by the Shang in 1766 bce but we are not sure if the Xia overthrow was true because we don’t have archaeological evidence of the Xia empire but we do have evidence of the Shang empire and they ruled from 1766 bce to 1046 bce Ella - The earliest form of Chinese writing was found as inscriptions carved into bones and shells.These animal remains were known as oracle bones. The writing on the bones was very complex, suggesting that the language had been around for a while. Scientists didn't have trouble reading it because it was very similar to modern chinese writing. Ben - The chinese craftsmen mastered the alloy bronze, which gave most of their soldiers an advantage. The Shang were excellent builders and engineers, they worked on many things including irrigation systems similar to how the indus river civilization did.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Emma - In the Shang Dynasty Civilization, the king was not a political figure. His main role was as a religious leader, the use of oracle bones making up a large part of their responsibilities. The government itself was run by chosen advisors and other officials. Audrey - Chinese writings from the Shang Dynasty can be found on oracle bones. An oracle bone is an ox’s scapula (shoulder blade) that people would write questions on; they would heat the bone over a flame until it cracked, and then they would interpret the cracks to get an answer to their question. Skylar - The Shang Dynasty was the first dynasty that we have a lot of proof of. It lasted around 500 years. They had great irrigation systems for their day, and had also developed social classes. Both banks of the Yellow River had greats amounts of loess.with is a very nutrient-rich soil that is amazing for growing almost anything. The Shang dynasty was in and near the modern day city of Anyang. It’s known for their writing, a lot like modern day Chinese. Near the end of this dynasty they had chariots and people believe they were in contact with people out in the west. - Ethan - The Shang had some, to say the least, strange practices.  The Shang made offerings to dead relatives in attempt to communicate with them. These “Oracle Bones” people will have talked about by now, are made out of turtle shells, and they were used to predict the future. Hunter- the Shang dynasty craftspeople mastered bronze, an alloy of copper and tin; bronze weapons gave the foot soldiers a tactical advantage.   600 BCEAncient Americas: Beginnings - Gabe - Some of the first people in north america were the olmec who were some of the first mexicans they lived around the gulf of mexico around were veracruz and tabasco (like the sauce i guess) is a nahuatl word from the aztec language which means rubber people because they were the first we know to discover how to convert latex off trees into rubber we call them this because we do not know exactly what they called themselves Ella - None of the Olmecs beliefs or customs were recorded, but there were some artifacts found in the area that indicated long trade routes that spread throughout many regions. Some of the artifacts such as jade and obsidian were evidence that the Olmec people traded with civilizations outside the Gulf Coast of Mexico. Ben - There were a few different early north and south american tribes and cultures such as the mayans. The Mayans were the only ones in early america who had a fully developed writing system. They used hieroglyphs and lived in southeast mexico, they kind of owned southeast mexico. Emma - From 3500 to 1700 BC the Caral civilization existed in was is now northern Peru. It was a complex society in which specialized and interconnected roles existed, though people disagree on whether or not it can be classified as a civilization due to the lack of evidence concerning political, economical, and religious systems. Audrey - The first humans to come to the Americas came 15-16,000 years ago.They are believed to have come from north-eastern Asia across the Bering Strait during the last glaciation period when the sea level was low enough for the Bering Land Bridge. Skylar - the first people that came to north and south america somewhere between 15,000 and 16,000 years ago. They believe the first people were in Florida 14,500 years ago. The Mississippian culture was a north american culture. The mississippi river is named after them. Their famous city was Cahokia and it is around modern day St. Louis. - Ethan - There was a race of people called the Chavin and their culture was centered around a big temple in Chavin de Huantar. Their government system was most likely based off of a hierarchy, while sticking to religion. The Chavin was founded in the northern Andean highlands in Peru. Their civilization was founded in between 900 and 250 BC, which was about to the time period of 1000 years after the collapse of the Caral. The Chavin were located in the Mosna River Valley, in which the Mosna and Huachesa rivers meet. Hunter- cant find nothin!!!!!!! 600 BCE Human innovation and the environment  Gabe - We were nomadic people so we started to farm and start agriculture and build small villages probably making us have more food for more population and basically we started staying in one spot and we started to have tribes and the others started doing this. Ella - One thing that separates humans from animals is our ability to learn and teach efficiently and effectively. We are able to pass down the information and skills we learned to the next generation a lot better than other species can. This is because of our specific and strong communication techniques we've developed like language and writing. Skylar - Before the Neolithic era people had to hunt for food. They would walk short or long distances to find food if there was nothing oblivious to kill for food. Most people were what are called hunter gatherers. They did not consume as much calories as pastoral people. This was called Paleolithic era and the beginning of the mesolithic era. The main thing that happened in the Neolithic era was agriculture. Agriculture was a huge deal, most would say one of the best things that happened in human history. It changed people’s lifestyle and diet. They could now raise crops and/or animals. Move most anywhere they wanted. They then had time to figure out a way to write out the things they were learning. Ben - Over all this time and seeing these things it’s interesting to realize that these people were skilled and could create art and sculptures, writing and speech. One of the most helpful human skills is collective learning, where most information can be passed on to more people in such a way to make the potential knowledge of collective humanity nearly infinite. Emma - The development of written language had a huge impact on the development of human civilizations. Learning from the past, beyond what current generations could recall, began to change societies. For example, it allowed agriculture to develop because newer generations could learn what did and didn’t work in the past. Political records also influenced and changed developing political systems. Audrey - The Aboriginal Australians, Aboriginal meaning from the beginning, would have controlled fires that would clear the forests to make the area more suitable for grassland. The grassland would provide an area for animals they could easily hunt and live off of. - Ethan - Innovation mainly began with stone tools that allowed humans to do simple tasks even easier. These tools that helped early humans hunt consisted mainly of spears and knives but very primitive. Like very poorly sharpened edges, but enough to get the job done. Farming tools would mainly consist of what today would be related to a hoe. Hunter- A type of farming used by the Aboriginal Australians was firestick farming, when they would conduct said farming they would start what are called ‘controlled burns’ they were not new to this and knew which seasons to do this in. Like in Spring or Autumn when there was a certain amount of moisture in the air to control the fires and this did more than just give the natives a better landscape but to also help prevent large scale fires and allow kangaroo to graze there for them to eat.   That’s all the time we have for today. THank for joining us out of the box that is learning

In 1945, the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki became the first and last victims of the atom bomb, the most destructive man-made force our planet has ever known.Or were they just the latest in a long line of Armageddon-level events? Is it possible that our civilization is, in reality, just one of many? Did previous cultures blossom, develop, and thrive, only to destroy themselves, tens or hundreds of thousands of years ago, with the same atomic technology?These are the controversial and thought-provoking questions at the heart of Nick Redfern’s Weapons of the Gods, which argues that many ancient civilizations cracked the secrets of the atom, only to become the victims of its awesome, terrifying power. Still others may have been destroyed by hostile aliens with their own nuclear arsenals.Where is the evidence? The answer is shockingly simple: it’s everywhere. It’s just a matter of knowing where to look for it, from the biblical cities of Sodom and Gomorrah and the ancient Pakistani culture of Mohenjo-daro, Pakistan, to the Lonar Crater in India and the revelations in the Ramayana and Mahabharata, two ancient Sanskrit texts that describe nuclear warfare thousands of years ago.Nick Redfern is the author of more than 30 books on UFOs, cryptozoology, and the world of the paranormal, including Bloodline of the Gods; Monster Files; Memoirs of a Monster Hunter; The Real Men in Black; The NASA Conspiracies; Keep Out!; The Pyramids and the Pentagon; Contactees; The World’s Weirdest Places; For Nobody’s Eyes Only; and Close Encounters of the Fatal Kind. He has appeared on more than 70 TV shows, including: Fox News; the BBC’s Out of This World; the SyFy Channel’s Proof Positive; the Space Channel’s Fields of Fear; the History Channel’s Monster Quest, America’s Book of Secrets. 

In collaboration with British Archaeological Jobs Resource Contents: 6,000 year old carved wooden post found in Wales Remains of pre-Ashokan shrines in Nepal Earliest Middle Palaeolithic stone tools in India Volunteers to map ancient hill forts 'New Stonehenge' tourist attraction proposed The world's first calendar discovered in Scottish field Painted bronze excavated from central China tombs Protein analysis sheds new light on Oetzi Mammoths may not have been hunted only for food Harappan-era site bigger and older than Mohenjo-daro? Ancient rock art maps cosmological belief Prehistoric flint mines discovered in Poland Farming in Iran 12,000 years ago Speaker: David Connolly (BAJR) Audio file mastering: Dave Horrocks (Infinite Wave)  Listen to the weekly Archaeo News [Total time 29:52]