Podcasts about Ili

U analizi stanja u srpskom pravosuđu, tužilac Goran Ilić, gost Vanje Bajović, profesorke prava, u novoj epizodi Radar Foruma, ogolio je mehanizme potčinjavanja pravde političkoj volji. Uvodna rečenica profesorke Bajović - da su svi ljudi rođeni jednaki i slobodni, kako je još 1789. zapisano u Francuskoj deklaraciji - u savremenoj Srbiji zvuči kao ironija. Zakon važi selektivno, a imuni su upravo oni koji bi trebalo da mu budu najizloženiji, odnosno nosioci moći. „To je tačno opšte uverenje u Srbiji, da se zakoni, bar kada je u pitanju javno tužilaštvo, ne primenjuju jednako prema svima. Postoje neki ljudi koji su privilegovani, protiv kojih tužilaštvo nije spremno da pokrene krivični postupak, čak i kada postoji dovoljan fundus dokaza“, napominje Ilić. Više na radar.rs

Kakav je AI kao psihoterapeut? Sve više ljudi se obraća chatGPT-u sa zahtevima da im bude psihoterapeut, pa smo morali da napravimo analizu kakav je chatGPT u toj ulozi? Kako se snašao u ovoj ulozi, slušajte/gledajte u našoj najnovijoj epizodi. Roberto i Mihailo ulaze u jednu od najzanimljivijih i najprovokativnijih psiholoških dilema današnjice - može li veštačka inteligencija zameniti terapeuta od krvi i mesa? Da li nas AI može razumeti, podržati, pomoći nam da se promenimo i rastemo? I šta se zapravo dešava kada se mašina uključi u nešto toliko ljudsko kao što je psihoterapija? Promena je neizbežna i jedina konstanta - baš kao i ljudska težnja da budemo bolji, da pronađemo ravnotežu između privatnog i poslovnog, između stabilnosti i radoznalosti. Ako ste među onima koji ne beže od izazova, koji menjaju pogled, pravac ili pristup, ali ne gube sebe - ova epizoda je za vas. Jer, promena je u našoj prirodi. Prirodno je, menjamo se. Kao voda, koja uvek pronađe svoj put - možda je baš veštačka inteligencija neobičan, ali koristan alat na tom putu. Ili ipak nije?

Pubertet. Taj trenutak kad ti dijete preko noći naraste, zaključa vrata i postane ti potpuno strano biće. U ovoj epizodi razgovaramo o najtežem razdoblju roditeljstva:

One of the last remaining prized recruits that the USC Trojans are targeting is 4-star linebacker Talanoa Ili. He just wrapped up his official visit with USC, and it went very well.Last week, I spoke on the fact that even though (at the time) Ili still had some official visits with some big programs lined up, I believed that it was ultimately going to come down to a battle between the USC Trojans and the UCLA Bruins.Let's dive into the latest intel and where he may end up.Tune in and subscribe to the USC LAFB YouTube Channel!Join our USC Trojans Message Board: https://www.lafbnetwork.com/forums/forum/usc-trojans/Listen to our USC Football Trojans Podcast: https://www.lafbnetwork.com/ncaaf/usc-trojans/usc-trojans-podcast/Go to www.LAFBNetwork.com for FREE full access to all of our podcasts and join the community!Twitter: @LAFBNetwork | @RyanDyrudLAFB | @LAFBJamz | @Coach_Rowe2 | @Tim_PrangleyLincoln Riley is the USC Trojans Football Head Coach for the 2025 College Football Season. The Trojans look to capitalize on an offseason full of momentum and improve their Big Ten play for 2025.Tune in for up-to-date USC Trojans news, opinion, and recruiting intel. Plus, film review, game previews and breakdowns, and our weekly LIVE LAFB Conquest Call-In Show every Wednesday evening!

Kakve kvalifikacije su potrebne za zanimanje „grobar pasa“? Treba li diploma, može li preko veze? Ili je ključno životno iskustvo? Amir Kamber razgovara s piscem Goranom Samardžićem o ljubavi, psima, korijenima i životu između dva grada – Sarajeva i Beograda. Za roman "Grobar pasa" Samardžić je nagrađen renomiranom književnom nagradom izdavačke kuće V.B.Z. Naš literarni selektor Davor Korić smatra da se ova knjiga veoma lako čita zato što je pisana jezgrovito, kratkim rečenicama, veoma emotivno. Von Amir Kamber.

Njemački potrošači plaćaju najskuplju električnu energiju u Europi. Zašto je to tako?Hoće li novo pravilo o lakšoj promjeni ponuđača učiniti struju u Njemačkoj jeftinijom i kakav je novi postupak prilikom promjene? Nenad Kreizer i Filip Slavković razgovaraju o tome na što treba obraćati pozornost prilikom promjene dobavljača. Usput saznajemo i gdje je električna energija u Europi najjeftinija. Danska, Češka, Belgija? Ili možda ipak u Crnoj Gori, Srbiji i Bosni i Hercegovini? Von Nenad Kreizer.

Amir Kamber i njemački Dalmatinac Mario Ljubić iz sastava Rezervna klupa razgovaraju o dijaspori, rock'n'rollu i drugim univerzalnim pojavama. Zašto je svejedno na kojem jeziku pjevaš? Ili nije? Otkud Rezervna klupa u Nürnbergu? Kakvi su planovi ove "tvrdoglave" balkanske ekipe? Reporter Zoran Stošić donosi novosti s hrvatske muzičke scene. Predstavljamo novitete, između ostalog, svježu saradnju Marka Louisa i Helem Nejse ("Nemam sluh") kao i novi single benda Sunshine ("Ti ćeš da mi kažeš")! Von Amir Kamber.

Welcome to Top of the Morning by Mint.. I'm Nelson John and here are today's top stories. 1. India on Covid Alert Again India's health agencies have reactivated surveillance mechanisms amid rising Covid-19 cases in Hong Kong and Singapore. Genome sequencing and wastewater tracking in Bengaluru are already picking up early signals. With 257 active cases—the highest in a year—authorities stress there's no need to panic yet. “Covid hasn't vanished,” warns Dr. Soumya Swaminathan, citing the emergence of Omicron sub-variants LF.7 and NB.1.8. No hospitalizations have been reported in India, but experts are watching SARI and ILI trends closely. 2. SC to Telcos: No Waiver, No Shortcut The Supreme Court dismissed pleas by Bharti Airtel, Vodafone Idea, and Tata Teleservices for relief from ₹80,000 crore in interest and penalties linked to adjusted gross revenue (AGR) dues. Calling the petitions “shocking” and “misconceived,” the court said it's up to the government to help—but it won't intervene judicially. Vodafone Idea, now nearly half-owned by the government, is under financial duress with over ₹2 trillion in dues. Without a bailout or major policy relief, analysts warn it may not survive beyond FY26. 3. India's Coffee Exports Brew Big India's coffee exports jumped from $800 million in FY15 to $1.81 billion in FY25, despite only marginal production growth. The secret? Higher global prices for robusta and strong branding. Karnataka remains the coffee hub, but cultivation is expanding into tribal districts of Odisha. With Europe's deforestation regulation kicking in, India's shade-grown coffee is gaining a green premium. Still, rising procurement costs are hitting local traders hard, even as demand from Italy, Russia, and Germany grows strong. 4. Myntra Goes Global, Starts with Singapore Myntra has launched international shipping to Singapore, targeting the 6 million-strong Indian diaspora. With over 35,000 styles across 100 brands—including Aurelia, Global Desi, and Rare Rabbit—the Flipkart-owned fashion giant is offering delivery in 4–7 days straight from India. CEO Nandita Sinha says the focus is on festive fashion and understanding consumer needs before expanding to more countries. Singapore's booming e-commerce market makes it an ideal launchpad for “Myntra Global,” a strategy aimed at building global brand affinity. 5. Trump-Putin Call Rekindles Peace Hopes In a surprise diplomatic turn, Russian President Vladimir Putin said his two-hour phone call with US President Donald Trump was “frank and useful.” The two discussed paths to peace in Ukraine, with Putin proposing a memorandum for a ceasefire and long-term treaty. Ukraine's President Volodymyr Zelensky welcomed the idea of peace but said Russia must act to be trusted. “We want to finish this war, but we don't trust them,” he said. Talks may be resuming—but skepticism remains high. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Hii leo jaridani tunaangazia Siku ya kimataifa ya uhuru wa vyombo vya habari Mei 3 tukikuletea ujumbe wa Umoja wa Mataifa kuhusu umuhimu wake. Pia tunamulika hali ya msaada wa kibinadamu nchini Sudan.Kuelekea siku ya kimataifa ya uhuru wa vyombo vya habari Mei 3, Katibu Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa António Guterres amesema waandishi wa habari wanakabiliwa na hatari kila uchao huku teknolojia mpya ya akili mnemba au AI ingawa licha ya manufaa nayo pia inaibua hatari mpya kwenye uhuru wa kujieleza.Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Mpango wa Chakula Duniani, (WFP) tayari limeanza usambazaji wa chakula katika maeneo mbalimbali ya Sudan ambako watu wanakabiliwa na jaa huku wengine wakilazimika kuhama kambi moja hadi nyingine.Makala inamulika siku ya uhuru wa vyombo vya habari duniani itakayoadhimishwa kesho Jumamosi Mei 3 ambayo mwaka huu ikijikita na athari za Akili Mnemba au AI katika uhuru wa habari za vyombo vya habari. Ili kufahamu AI inavyoleta mabadiliko katika vyombo vya habari hususan Afrika Mashariki ambako pia pengo la kidijitali ni kubwa."Na mashinani fursa ni yake Volker Turk Kamishna, Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa kuhusu Haki za Binadamu wa Umoja wa Mataifa akitoa wito wa mshikamano dunia itakapoadhimisha kesho siku ya Uhuru wa Vyombo vya Habari.Mwenyeji wako ni Leah Mushi, karibu!

April je na izmaku, a ima li lepšeg načina da ga ispratimo u istoriju od nove epizode podkasta pod zaštitom Međunarodnog PEN centra, "Dobar loš zao"! U prvom delu emisije Nenad Kulačin i Marko Vidojković pokušali su da ustanove da li se policija u Novom Sadu samo šalila, hoće li Vučić raspisati vanredne izbore ili neće, da li je lepše Nenadu sa studentima ili Marku koji ih je pozdravio tokom trčanja ka Briselu, a zahvaljujući Pijanisti, gledaćete i mali kulturni dodatak! Gost je publicista, književni kritičar, pisac i kolumnista Peščanika, Dejan Ilić! Ilić nije hteo da se preterano zadržava na onome što su mu priredili tužilaštvo i policija, tako da je više vremena ostalo za njegovu briljantnu analizu naše stvarnosti. U jednom od najboljih intervjua otkako postoji DLZ, Ilić je nadahnuto govorio o sukobima u Novom Sadu, blokadi RTS, izboru za Savet REM, a njegova analiza mogućnosti koje stoje pred građanima u vezi sa eventualnim vanrednim izborima, dugo će se pamtiti. Ovo je, naravno, samo mali deo tema o kojima su gost i momci razgovarali. U Magarećem kutku moći ćete da vidite kako izgleda kada je neko loš u glavi. Autori vas mole, da bi DLZ opstao, pretplatite se na patreon.com/ucutatinecemo ili pošaljite donaciju na PayPal dlz.istern@gmail.com.

Comment réussir dans la tech quand on quitte la France pour s'installer aux États-Unis ? Ilan Abehassera, entrepreneur et investisseur franco-américain basé à New York, revient sur son parcours dans l'univers des startups et de l'innovation.Arrivé il y a 20 ans aux États-Unis, Ilan a connu toutes les grandes phases de la tech moderne : du Web 2.0 aux débuts des réseaux sociaux, en passant par le hardware connecté jusqu'à l'avènement de l'intelligence artificielle. Il partage ses expériences de création d'entreprises dans des secteurs exigeants comme le hardware et la communication, avec des projets ambitieux tels que Ili (un téléphone familial connecté) ou encore la brosse à dents robotisée de Willow.Il revient également sur son aventure plus récente avec Async, une solution de messagerie basée sur les notes vocales, avant d'aborder son rôle actuel au sein de ContentSquare, l'un des fleurons de la French Tech aux États-Unis. À travers son regard, Ilan décrypte les grandes tendances actuelles du marché, l'impact majeur de l'IA sur les business models, et la nécessité, pour une entreprise tech, d'intégrer cette révolution de manière authentique et stratégique.Enfin, Ilan livre des conseils précieux aux jeunes entrepreneurs français : faut-il encore partir aux États-Unis ? Comment réussir son implantation ? Comment combiner le meilleur de la France et des États-Unis pour maximiser ses chances de succès ?-----------

Hii leo jaridani tunaangazia wakimbizi wa DRC waliokimbilia Burundi, na ujumbe wa Siku ya Kimataifa ya Hakibunifu. Makala inatupeleka nchini Kenya kuangazia ugonjwa wa malaria na mashinani tunasalia hapa makao makuu katika mkutano wa Jukwaa la watu wa asili.Mazingira ya maisha kwa wakimbizi kutoka Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Congo, DRC waliongia Burundi na kupelekwa katika kambi ya wakimbizi ya Musenyi si endelevu na yanatishia mustakabali wao. Msemaji wa shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Kuhudumia Wakimbizi, UNHCR Ayaki Ito, amesema hayo leo huko Geneva, Uswisi wakati akizungumza na waandishi wa Habari kuhusu hali ya wakimbizi hao wanaoendelea kumiminika nchini Burundi.Kesho Aprili 26 ni Siku ya Kimataifa ya Hakibunifu - Siku ambayo ni fursa kwa ulimwengu kukumbushwa umuhimu wa haki kwa watu wanaobuni mambo mbalimbali duniani. Ili kufahamu zaidi kuhusu Hakibunifu tumezungumza na mtaalamu wa Sheria za Sanaa na Hakimiliki, Wakili Joshua Msambila wa nchini Tanzania, kwanza anaeleza kilichomsukuma yeye kujikita katika eneo hili la sheria.”Makala hii leo ikiwa ni siku ya Malaria duniani tunaelekea Kenya kwa mwandishi wetu Thelma Mwadzaya akiangazia juhudi zinazofanyika kupitia chanjo ili kupambana na malaria ugonjwa mbao Shirika la afya la Umoja wa Mataifa WHO linasema mwaka 2023 pekee ulikatili maisha ya watu 597,000 na na asilimia 95 ya vifo hivyo vilitokea barani Afrika, na sasa linataka juhudi mara dufu zifanyike ili kuutokomeza.Na katika mashinanin fursa ni yake Kulet Adam Ole Mwarabu kiongozi wa jamii ya kimaasai kutoka Tanzania anayeshiriki katika mkutano wa Jukwaa la watu wa asili kutoka hapa Makao Makuu ya Umoja wa Mataifa na anatoa wito wa maendelo, amani  na utunzaji wa ardhi na mazingira kwa jamii ya asili na dunia nzima kwa jumla.Mwenyeji wako ni Assumpta Massoi, karibu!  

Kesho Aprili 26 ni Siku ya Kimataifa ya Hakibunifu - Siku ambayo ni fursa kwa ulimwengu kukumbushwa umuhimu wa haki kwa watu wanaobuni mambo mbalimbali duniani. Ili kufahamu zaidi kuhusu Hakibunifu tumezungumza na mtaalamu wa Sheria za Sanaa na Hakimiliki, Wakili Joshua Msambila wa nchini Tanzania, kwanza anaeleza kilichomsukuma yeye kujikita katika eneo hili la sheria.

Nema dijete koju je netko napisao da ju Maja nije probala. Ozbiljno. Margarita zna sve o vježbanju i maderoterapijama i svim mogućim kozmetičkim tretmanima. Pa opet, ne izgledamo baš kao najreprezentativniji uzorci svoje generacije.Ili možda izgledamo?Tko uopće to određuje? Čije se mišljenje 'pika'? I smatra li se pobjedom nad životom ako do kraja izgledaš preparirano i svi misle da si sestra svoje kćeri ili si pobijedio ako izgledaš kao žalosna vrba, izborana i sagnuta, ali ne poražena?I ovo sad nije kajla ni na čij račun. Ali je otvaranje duše na račun starenja. Na račun debljanja. Na račun vječnog rada na sebi, bio on u formi vježbanja ili detox sokića ili botoxa ili kirurškog noža.

Napetosti i previranja koja već neko vrijeme intenzivno pogađaju Srbiju i Bosnu i Hercegovinu, nisu neopaženo prošla ni u susjednoj Hrvatskoj. Kakvu ulogu službeni Zagreb igra u događajima u regiji? Igra li Hrvatska pozitivnu ulogu posrednika između regije i Europske unije? Ili svojim uplitanjem, recimo u situaciju u Bosni i Hercegovini igra ulogu negativca? Nenad Kreizer o utjecaju Hrvatske na događaje u regiji razgovara s politologom Dejanom Jovićem i reporterom Sinišom Bogdanićem iz Zagreba. Von Nenad Kreizer.

Hii leo jaridani tunaangazia madeni katika nchi zenye mapato ya chini na ujumbe wa washiriki wa 69 wa Kamisheni ya Hali ya Wanawake duniani CSW69 hapa makao makuu ya Umoja wa Mataifa.Mkutano wa 14 wa Kimataifa wa Usimamizi wa madeni umeanza rasmi hii leo huko Geneva Uswisi ambapo kubwa linalojadiliwa ni namna ya kuhakikisha wakati serikali zikipambana kulipa madeni hazidumazi maendeleo.Akijibu swali la kwa nini pamoja na ongezeko na idadi ya wanawake katika ngazi za uamuzi nchini Tanzania lakini bado kuna changamoto zinazoukabili usawa wa kijinsia, Dkt. Dorothy Gwajima, Waziri wa Maendeleo ya Jamii, Jinsia, Wanawake na Makundi Maalumu anayehudhuria mkutano wa 69 wa Kamisheni ya Hali ya Wanawake, CSW69 jijini New York, Marekani kupitia mahojiano maalumu na Anold Kayanda wa Idhaa hii ya Umoja wa Mataifa, anaeleza kuwa      mabadiliko chanya katika jamii hayaji kwa kutumia mabavu.Makala pia inatubakisha hapa Umoja wa Mataifa kwenye mkutano wa 69 wa Kamisheni ya Hali ya Wanawake duniani CSW69. Ili kufanikisha lengo la usawa wa kijinsia Umoja wa Mataifa unasisitiza ushiriki wa wanaume katika mchakato hasa kwa kuzingatia kuwa mfumo dume miaka nenda miaka rudi umekuwa kikwazo cha kufikia lengo hilo, Flora Nducha amebahatika kuzungumza na mmoja wa wanaume wanaoshiriki mkutano huo kusikia maoni yake.Na katika mashinani baadhi ya washiriki wa mkutano wa CSW69 wakizungumza na idhaa hii kandoni mwa mkutano huo, wametoa wito wa mshikamano na msichana na mwanamke yeyote anayepitia changamoto kote duniani hususani wale wanaorejea shuleni baada ya kusitisha masomo kutokana na ujauzito kabla ya wakati. Mshiriki wa kwanza ni Nasra Kibukila anayewakilisha Mtandao wa Elimu Tanzania, TEN/Met.Mwenyeji wako ni Leah Mushi, karibu!  

Ili kufanikisha lengo la usawa wa kijinsia Umoja wa Mataifa unasisitiza ushiriki wa wanaume katika mchakato hasa kwa kuzingatia kuwa mfumo dume miaka nenda miaka rudi umekuwa kikwazo cha kufikia lengo hilo, Flora Nducha wa idhaa hii amebahatika  kuzungumza na mmoja wa wanaume wanaoshiriki mkutano huo kusikia maoni yake.

En la 1381-a E_elsendo el la 05.03.2025 ĉe www.pola-retradio.org: • Hodiaŭ en nia felietono pri koninda Pollando ni direktiĝas al la vilaĝo Staniątki apud Krakovo, en kiu troviĝas la plej malnova en Pollando, 800-jara Benediktanina Abatejo. Antaŭ kvin jaroj ĝi estis registrita kiel plia Historimonumento de Pollando. • En la hodiaŭa kulturkroniko ni informas pri iuj rekonstruotaj historiaj objektoj en Pollando en 2025; pri la nova traduko de Roland-kanto en la pola lingvo; pri plia filmo realigota baze de sciencfikcia verko de Stanisław Lem. • En la E-komunuma segmento ni informas pri E-staĝoj kun lingvokursoj en Francio en marto kaj aprilo. Ili okazos kadre de Meditereanea E-Semajno en Les Issambres, kadre de Printempas en la Kastelo Greziljono. • Fine ni renkontiĝas en la leterkesta programero. • Muzike akompanas nin Martin Wiese per sia kanto „Anstataŭ letero”, Daimi per la kanzono „La Feliĉo”, Suno AI per kanzono „La Lumturo” (kun kantoteksto de Erika Godó (Belulino)). La programinformon akompanas interreta foto de J. Włodek prezentanta fratulinon el Staniątki ĉe ordigado de dokumentoj. • En unuopaj rubrikoj de nia paĝo eblas konsulti la paralele legeblajn kaj aŭdeblajn tekstojn el niaj elsendoj, kio estas tradicio de nia Redakcio ekde 2003. La elsendo estas aŭdebla en jutubo ĉe la adreso: https://www.youtube.com/results?q=pola+retradio&sp=CAI%253D I.a. pere de jutubo, konforme al individua bezono, eblas rapidigi aŭ malrapidigi la parolritmon de la sondokumentoj, transsalti al iu serĉata fragmento de la elsendo.

Da li ljubav zaista može da bude droga? Kako prepoznati granicu između zdrave povezanosti i zavisničkog odnosa? I da li zarad veze moramo da pravimo kompromise?U ovoj epizodi, naši psihijatri Roberto i Olivera, uz Olympus napitke, razbijaju mitove o emocionalnoj zavisnosti, pričaju o tome zašto ostajemo u toksičnim odnosima i kako prekinuti začarani krug vezanosti.Da li ste nekada osećali da ne možete bez nekoga, iako znate da vam ta osoba ne prija? Ili da se uvek vezujete za iste „pogrešne“ partnere? Ovo nije slučajnost - i upravo o tome razgovaramo.Saznajte kako psihologija objašnjava zavisnost u ljubavi, kako prepoznati obrasce iz kojih ne možemo da izađemo i, što je najvažnije - kako ih promeniti. Očekuje vas razgovor koji će vam možda otvoriti oči, ali i pružiti konkretne savete za zdravije odnose.

Welcome to YourForest Podcast, where we explore the vital connections between environmental science, sustainability, and the essential role of forests. This enlightening episode of the YourForest Podcast, hosted by Matthew Kristoff features an engaging discussion with Dr. Amy Cardinal Christianson who serves as the Senior Fire Advisor at the Indigenous Leadership Initiative, where she spearheads efforts to support Indigenous fire stewardship. The episode explores how indigenous practices and guardianship programs contribute to the conservation and sustainable management of natural resources. Dr. Christianson, a wildfire researcher focusing on Indigenous fire stewardship, delves into her new role at the Indigenous Leadership Initiative.

Leptirići u stomaku. Smješak od uha do uha. Hodanje na oblacima. Držanje za ruke. Ljubav. Valentinovo? Ne baš. Ili možda da? Ima li Valentinovo veze s ljubavlju? Što je za nas uopće ljubav? I ima li ljubavi bez strasti? A bez seksa? Koliko intime je potrebno da ljubav cvjeta? I može li intimnosti biti previše - toliko da remeti ravnotežu izmedju plahti? Maja i Margarita seciraju svoje osjećaje o bliskosti, ljubavi, partnerima i zajedništvu. Što nam pomaže u intimnom životu? Kako se mijenjao s dolaskom djece? Kako zadržati leptiriće u stomaku nakon sto godina i vjerujemo li još uvijek u - Valentinovo?  Ne zaboravite! Čekamo vaše komentare!

«Nije sreća sve što vidiš, pazi kome zavidiš!» Ili još bolje, prema onoj Isusovoj prispodobi o Kraljevstvu nebeskom koje nam približava potragom za skrivenim biserom. Ako otkrijem da je moj život to blago, koje može donijeti golemu radost, sve ću učiniti da polje na kojemu se to blago nalazi uredim i učinim ga plodnim.

Last time we continued to speak about the insane battle over Southern Xinjiang. In Yarkland, chaos erupted as inflation soared, prompting Chinese officials to retreat to fortified New City. Panic led to desperate measures, including the use of dummy figures for defense. As insurgents advanced, Colonel Chin's forces looted and fled, sparking violence against Uyghurs and Hindu moneylenders. By April, rebel forces captured Kashgar, fracturing Chinese control. Amid shifting alliances, Ma Chanzeng sought power, but internal strife among leaders like Temur culminated in further violence and betrayal, with power ultimately shifting to the Khotanlik provisional government under Muhammad Amin Bughra. Abdullah's revelation ignited conflict among Muslim troops. The Uyghurs and Kirghiz briefly united against the Chinese, ultimately capturing the New City. As tensions rose, massacres occurred, fracturing alliances and leading to a power struggle. After the execution of Uyghur leader Temur, Abdullah seized control of Yarkland, while charismatic Tawfiq Bay rallied forces against the Tungans. Eventually, the Khotan Amirs dominated the region, achieving unity amidst chaos, leaving only the besieged Tungans at bay.   #135 Kumul Rebellion part 4: The reunification of Xinjiang Welcome to the Fall and Rise of China Podcast, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about the history of Asia? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on history of asia and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel where I cover the history of China and Japan from the 19th century until the end of the Pacific War. Do you remember Ma Chongying, basically the guy that started most of this madness? Following him getting severely wounded at Liaotun in autumn of 1932, he had withdrawn the majority of his forces to his old domain in northwestern Gansu. He set up a HQ at Anxi and through his subordinates began expanding territory and increasing recruitment via conscription. The British missionaries Mildred Cable and Francesca French were living in Tunhuang at the time and wrote extensively about Ma Congying's recruitment efforts “The town was robbed of everything in the nature of food, goods and money ... next to food the most coveted possessions of the oases were the young, vigorous, hardy men ... These were the men whom Ma Chung-ying wanted for gun fodder, and orders were issued to the press-gang to fetch them in from every farm of the neighborhood, and collect them in Tunhuang City. Every day we saw them being rounded up. The ropes which they themselves had twisted from desert grass were used to tie their hands behind their backs, and to noose their necks in a running-knot. Roped together in droves of twenty to thirty, according to the success of the raid, they were brought to town by captors who rode the horses levied from these boys' own stables. Thrust behind the high palings of temple courtyards, the imprisoned youths lined the barriers, looking out for some passers-by who might belong to their own group of farmsteads and would take a report home that son or husband had been captured”. After initial training at Tunhuang, the recruits were taken to Anxi for further training. Cable and French were ordered to Anxi to aid Ma Chongying with his wounds and to  take care of other Tungans who reportedly had been injured by fire arrows during the siege of Kumul Old City. They did a good job as within a short amount of time Ma Chongying was able to ride again.  Back in Xinjiang, following the failed Uyghur led rebellion at Kumul and facing another imminent Tungant invasion in the Turfan area Jin Shujen turned increasingly to the USSR for help. In September of 1931 he bought two biplanes for the Soviets at 40,000 Mexican silver dollars each. The planes came with two Russian pilots and on October 1st, Jin signed a secret trade deal with the USSR allowing 8 Soviet trading agencies to set up shop in Urumqi, Chuguchak, Kashgar, Kulja, Aksu, Kucha, Khotan and Yarkland. Customs duties on Soviets goods were reduced and a new Xinjiang-Soviet telegraph line and radio communications were established. Jin signed these deals illegally without notifying Nanjing and in return received economic and military assistance from the Soviets. In July of 1932 he would receive another 8 aircraft. Yet despite the Soviet assistance, Jin's provincial forces with the exception of Peppengut's White Russian detachment remained ill trained and ill officered. Following the relief of Kumul Old City and Ma Chongyings retreat back to Gansu, Chang Peiyuan, the provincial commander in chief and military governor of Ili went to Urumqi. It appears that Jin did not fully trust Chang Peiyuan, possibly fearing that the victory at Kumul had stirred up dangerous ambitions in Chang. This distrust seemed to be mutual, as Chang, upon receiving orders to transfer to the provincial capital, chose to defy them and returned to Ili in an act bordering on open rebellion. In response, Jin appointed Sheng Shihtsai, Chang's Chief-of-Staff during the Kumul campaign, as the new Provincial Commander-in-Chief. This decision would have significant implications both for Jin's future and for the future of Xinjiang. Sheng Shihtsai was born in 1895 in Liaoning Manchuria. He was the son of a small landowner. In 1917 he traveled to Japan to study political economics at Waseda University and came back to China in 1919 to participate in the May 4th movement. During that time he developed radical and anti-Japanese stances. He then joined the military training school in Guangdong and later enrolled in the northeastern military academy. He entered military service under Guo Songling, haha that old cry baby, who was deputy under Zhang Zuolin. Sheng Shihtsai rose through the ranks becoming a Lt Colonel. In 1924 Guo Songling sponsored Sheng's admission to the Shikan Gakko military academy in Japan. Sheng returned briefly to help Guo Songlings failed coup against Zhang Zuolin, but was able to escape imprisonment with support from Feng Yuxiang and Chiang Kai-Shek. They got him a ticket back to Japan, and he returned to China in 1927 to participate in the northern expedition as a staff officer attached to Chiang Kai-Sheks HQ. After the northern expedition, he was made chief of war operations section of the General staff at Nanjing, but in 1929 resigned as he did not get along with his superiors. After all of this he took an interest in China's border defences. At the time a delegation from Xinjiang visited Nanjing searching for financial aid. Jin Shujen had instructed one of his delegates, Kuang Lu the deputy General secretary of Xinjiang, to find an able bodied officer to help reorganize Xinjiang's military. Kuang Lu fished around and found Sheng who looked like a very promising man. Sheng then traveled via the USSR arriving to Urumqi in the winter of 1929. His initial welcome was a luke warm one as Jin was suspicious of this highly qualified overseas educated man, obviously seeing him as a potential threat. Moreover, Jin's brother Jin Shuxin hated Sheng's appointment because the man outshined him. Despite the jealousy, Jin was basically grasping at straws and needed the help so he made Sheng the chief of staff over the Xinjiang Frontier Army and also the instructor at the provincial military college.  In the words of historian Chan Fooklam “Sheng's appointment was like Jin burying a time bomb under his bed, he had brought upon himself his own doom”. Despite receiving aid from the Soviets and British, Jin's grip over Xinjiang was slipping away. In May of 1932 Ma Chongying had dispatched Ma Shuming to take over the Tungan operation against Turfan. As we talked about, Ma Fuming, leading the provincial forces at Turfan simply defected. Also at this time Chang Peiyuan's insubordination was breaking out, easing the way for Sheng to be promoted to commander in chief. Sheng was directing an unsuccessful campaign against Uyghur insurgents at Karlik Tagh. Following news of Ma Fumings defection and the Tungan capture of Turfan, Sheng advanced west from Kumul to try and prevent the combined Muslim forces from marching upon Urumqi. After a bloody two day battle he recaptured Turfan, but this has little effect over Ma Shuming who had already moved his HQ to Kara Shahr.  During mid-winter, Ma Shuming's Tungan cavalry and Ma Fumings Turkic insurgents began an advance to Urumqi. At some point a force of provincial troops sent to Urumqi by Jin, specifically to guard the Dawan Cheng Pass were ambushed and annihilated by the Tungans. Meanwhile full scale rebellions had broken out at Kucha led by Temur and at Khotan led by the Amirs. To this Jin responded by expanding Pappenguts White Russian detachment from its original strength of 250 to 1500 men. The White Russians, most of whom came from Ili Valley, had literally no choice but to enlist. Alongside threatening any White Russians with deportation to the USSR, Jin also arrested many Russian women to compel their husbands to enlist. By early January of 1933, Ma Shumings Tungans had crossed the Dawan Cheng and were now operating at will in the Chaiwupao corridor, to the immediate south of the capital. Wu Aichen the political envoy on behalf of Nanjing reported on January 29th, that the city gates were suddenly closed and a month of food shortages and communal tensions rose. Wu Aichen would witness the brutality of the war. In his reports, the Tungans advanced towards the city during the night, seizing the Great West Bridge after a heavy fight. The Provincial commander defending the city only had 700 troops under him and if it was not for 300 White Russian troops suddenly arriving, the city most likely would have fallen then. Wu Aichen described the White Russian troops as superb fighters, albeit savagely drunk as they drove back the Tungan and Uyghurs during two days of hand to hand combat. Meanwhile Tungans had captured the radio station and a nearby height called Devil's Hill which overlooked the Urumqi suburbs. The Chinese officials feared letting in any more Muslim civilians to the Old City, thus they kept the city gates causing large numbers of refugees from the suburbs to gather outside the walls. This was particularly evident at the west gate which became the focal point of the fighting. Wu Aichen witnessed much of it and had this to say. “In times of peace this street was one of the most prosperous in the city, but now it was crowded With innocent fugitives, whose plight was terrible indeed. There was was worse to come, however, for now the advancing rebels came to this quarter and seizing the houses made loop-holes in the walls. In the flat roofs they set up machine-gun posts which could enfilade Government positions on either side of them. I could see for myself that the situation was desperate and that our troops would be pinned against the walls. General Pai, who was in command, did not hesitate. He gave the order that the street of the small religion should be set on fire. Then followed a scene so frightful that the reader's imagination must suffice. As the flames swept down the long lane of wooden structures they became an inferno of horror, for the roar of the conflagration was added to the rattle of gunfire, .and the hideous shrieks of those who were trapped. The rebels sought safety in flight, and as they crossed the open were machine-gunned from the Red Mountain; but the fugitives had nowhere to fly to and perished to the last man, woman and child. Nevertheless the city was saved, and when at last the flames died down the approach to the West Bridge was strewn with the bodies of our assailants. On the evening of the second day I had completed ten thousand words of copying. I asked how many were dead. I was told at least two thousand. Once again I returned to my task, reflecting that a human life had been taken at every fifth word”. Following the defeat, the Muslim forces had to pull back from the West Gate area, however, they still held control over the West Bridge, a mere half mile northwest. This gave them a great launchpad for night raids and many would be killed trying to scale the walls under the mouths of guns. The White Russian troops emerged as the backbone of the defenses, holding the city walls and making occasional sorties. Urumqi would have fallen if it was not for Sheng Shihtsai who came to her aid with his troops from Turfan. Upon seeing his relief forces the Muslim insurgents broke off their attack and withdrew into the surrounding countryside. With winter coming to an end, with fear of a cholera outbreak looming the Chinese went to work burying the dead. Wu Aichen was one of those who helped with the burials and wrote a horrifying description about the conditions of the city. Over 1000 bodies were buried in a single mass grave within the suburbs and the final death toll was estimated to exceed 6000. Following the relief of Urumqi, the Muslim insurgents seized all they could in the countryside such as Dawan Cheng, the districts of Fukang and parts of Santopao where an estimated 900 Han Chinese were killed. The insurgents burned the stocks of rice that usually fed the capital and on March 1st a detachment of 100 provincial troops were ambushed and annihilated at Chitaowan. The situation throughout the province deteriorated; to the south Ma Shaowu had isolated Kashgar and in the north a Kazakh rebellion broke out in the Sahara Sume region under Sharif Khan. The Kazakh uprising convinced the Soviets that Jin Sujen was going to inevitably lose Xinjiang. They acted without any notice to Nanjing by dispatching forces to help hold up Urumqi. Fate would have it, 2000 battle hardened Chinese troops had recently been driven over the Heilongjiang border into Siberia by the Japanese during the invasion of Manchuria. So Stalin signed off on sending them over the trans-siberian and Turk-sib railways to the Xinjiang frontier of Chuguchak. This force designated the Northeast National Salvation Army consisted of regular soldiers who were well trained and held good morale. They arrived to Urumqi on March 27th of 1933, substantially bolstering the provincial military, more particularly that of the new Provincial commander in chief, Sheng Shihtsai who just so happened to also be a Manchurian.  Sheng led the new forces to push back the invading Tungans of Ma Shuming who was forced over the Dawan Cheng back to his HQ at Kara Shahr. The Uyghur insurgents were demoralized and Khoja Niyas Hajji who controlled a belt around the Xinjiang-Gansu frontier began begining for assistance from Ma Chongying. Meanwhile Jin basically was undermined by Sheng and was seeing further unrest in Urumqi. The White Russians who had bore the brunt of the fighting to defend Urumqi were royally pissed off as they had not all been paid and were provided the worst horses and ammunition of all the defenders. Moreover Jin's popularity with all nationalities, even Han Chinese had fallen dramatically because his brother Jin Shuxin had reportedly exorted the granaries during the siege. Following the relief of Urumqi, Pappengut and the other White Russians approached the leaders of the northeast national salvation army with grievances against Jin Shujen and were given assurances of support to mount a coup against him. On April 12th, around 400 White Russians stormed the capital with 200 of them seizing the city gates and yamen. Jin managed to escape over the city walls and fled to the USSR via Chuguchak. From there he returned to China via the Turk-Sib and Trans-Siberian. Meanwhile his younger brother Jin Shuxin was captured and executed. Sheng Shihtsai was encamped at Uruba at the time of the coup and insisted in his future memoirs he had nothing to do with the coup and that it was all the USSR's doing. Regardless after the coup Sheng was urged to go to Urumqi where negotiations began with Liu Wenlung who was appointed Provincial Chairman while Sheng was made Tupan or “border defense commissioner”. Ie; Sheng was made the de facto ruler of Xinjiang.  After Ma Shumings failure to take Urumqi and Khoja Niyas Hajji's pleas for help, Ma Chongying determined to reenter the fray in person. Despite the setbacks, the Tungans had crossed the Dawan Cheng and nearly taken the capital, coupled with the seizure of Kashgar, Ma Chongying most likely believed there was still a great chance to take it all. He had spent 18 months rebuilding his army and better yet, because of the USSR's illegal move to save Urumqi, Nanjing officially recognizing his Tungan forces as the 36th division of the NRA. Ma Chongying moved his HQ from Anxi to Suzhou and really improved his military. A German engineer named Vasel working with him described him as a man who admired Napoleon, Bismarck and Hindenburg and who “was frequently to be seen running at the head of his troops during training, even in sub-zero temperature. Military training was pursued with a spartan rigour, pushed to the verge of utter ruthlessness. Desertion was punishable by death, and on one occasion I saw Ma personally behead five such offenders. In one of those sudden fits of exuberance that were typical of him, snatching up casually some hand grenades, which he had made himself, and hurling them, one by one, against the lofty clay-coloured walls of the city. And then he laughed heartily when he saw his men fling themselves flat on the ground as splinters of steel hurtled in all directions. He scorned to seek safety by throwing himself on the ground, and was quite delighted when he saw that I too did not seek cover”. During spring of 1933, Ma Chongying prepared to reinvade Xinjiang. A Swedish man named Bexeill was working along the Gansu-Qinghai border and noted Ma Chongying heavily taxed his territory in northwestern Gansu to the limits of the peasants endurance. He apparently even sent troops into Qinghai to illegally tax them. By May of 1933 his army departed Suhou for Yumen and Vasel gives us this description of them. “A dark mass of human beings, camels and oxen, was pouring out of the city gate towards the west amid clouds of dust. There were hundreds of heavily-laden camels, the bells on their necks clanging monotonously, their drivers easily discernible by their gaudy headgear. In the rear followed high-wheeled ox-carts, flanked on either side by infantry. Behind them again came a company of cavalry, which presently galloped past the lumbering camels and oxen along the track through the desert ... and now I had an opportunity of seeing at close range General Ma's famous cavalry riding past me and keeping its post at the head of the marching columns. This was the famous white cavalry regiment of which General Ma was especially proud. The broad iron swords of the dragoons clanked as they rode along on their magnificent white horses, while on their shoulders they carried carbines of the most varied and antiquated patterns. Next came the brown regiment, while in the rear followed the black regiment, comprising some two thousand horsemen. A short distance behind the cavalry came the infantry - regiment after regiment, headed by the Chinese (Kuomintang) standard. On they swept, platoon after platoon, followed by their officers, with their mausers at the ready. The columns strode along, keeping perfect time with their shrill, high-pitched, mournful, Asiatic marching songs. Sandwiched between some of these trained and trustworthy soldiers I saw large drafts of recruits who had been compelled to join General Ma's forces. These raw levies were constantly kept under very close observation'. On Top of Ma Chongyings new Tungan army, young Uyghurs were also conscripted into his ranks. 2500 Tungans under the command of his younger brother Ma Chongjie captured Kumul in May with little opposition. This was because the area was dominated by Ma Chongyings ally Khoja Niyas Hajji. After this Ma Chongjie issued bilingual proclamations to the people of Kumul, stating they were free of Jin Shujen's tyranny, who at the time was in the USSR. Meanwhile Sheng hurriedly prepared a force of 5000 to meet the invaders near Urumqi. Ma Chongying advanced upon Qiqiaoqing unopposed, getting even further west than his first invasion of 1931. Instead of taking the main road to Turgan, the Tungans crossed the narrow defile between Barkul Tagh and Bogdo Ula to hit the garrison town of Kitai. The first major battle broke out near Mulei, due east of Kitai on May 15th. Two days later a mixed force of 4000 Tungans and Turkic Muslims attacked Kitai led by Ma Chongjie. On May 26th Sheng sortied from Urumqi at the head of 5000 men, 1000 of whom were White Russians. Sheng planned to hold Santai, the halfway point between Urumqi and Kitai. Sheng's men attacked the invaders around Kitai, but lost the battle for the city, though Ma Chongjie was killed in battle. Sheng then retreated back to Urumqi by June 1st. Things looked dire for Sheng, he was unsure how Nanjing would react to the coup against Jin Shujen, his position was threatened to the east by Ma Chongying now headquartered at Kitai and to the west by Chang Peiyuan the military governor of Ili whom he suspected was not loyal to Urumqi and in league with the Tungans. Ma Chongying was now within striking distance of Urumqi, when he suddenly halted his attack and sent a telegram with terms. It turns out Ma Chongying had no idea Jin Shujen had been overthrown, so he was unsure how to proceed. This bought Sheng more time to raise defenses, sending the White Russians to hold Fukang as he dispatched Wu Aichen on a peace mission to Kitai. Wu Aichen's mission failed, so Sheng went to Fukang to take personal command of the army and to meet Ma Chongying around the hamlet of Zuniquan. During the battle of mid June, the provincial forces managed to gain the upper hand due to severe weather conditions for which the lightly clothed Tungans were ill prepared for. The Uyghurs forces of Khoja Niyas Hajji also took no part in the fighting despite being in the immediate area. The Tungans were defeated at Zuniquan, but not routed. Ma Chongyings men managed to retreat in well order to Qiqiaoqing and from there advanced to Turfan joined Tungan forces under Ma Shuming. Combined the Tungans marched to Dawan Cheng. At the same time a Pacification Commissioner, Huang Musung was sent by Nanjing to Urumqi. His mission was to establish peace between the provincial forces and Ma Chongying, both of whom claimed loyalty to Nanjing. Sheng was suspicious of Huang Musung and felt Nanjing might be simply backing the Tungans. Thus Sheng had Huang Musung placed under house arrest. Then Sheng accused three Xinjiang officials of plotting with Huang Musung, Chang Peiyuan and Ma Chongying to overthrow him and had them all executed via a firing squad. Thus Sheng clearly had distanced himself from Nanjing and turned 100% to the USSR for help. During early Autumn Ma Chongying was still in Turfan reorganizing the forces while Sheng was consolidating his position in Urumqi and quelling the Kazakh rebellion.  Meanwhile Khoja Niyas Hajji was growing uneasy with his alliance to Ma Chongying and began to open up secret negotiations with Sheng and soon was appointed Chief Defense commissioner for Southern Xinjiang. He then took his Uyghurs across the Dawan Cheng and occupied Toksun only to be surprise attacked and decisively defeated by Tungans under Ma Shuming. By late July Khoja Niyas Hajji took his battered survivors and fled for Kucha. At this point Huang Musung managed to secure his release from house arrest by telegramming Nanjing the recommendation that Sheng Shihtsai and Liu Wenlung be confirmed in their posts as the chief military and civil authorities over Xinjiang. Nanjing had really no options other than to comply.  On September 2nd Lo Wenkan, the foreign minister of Nanjing, came to Urumqi and officially confirmed Sheng into office and then mediated between Sheng and Ma Chongying. To compensate Ma Chongying he was offered the post of Garrison Commander of Eastern Xinjiang which he accepted, thus gaining control over Kumul, Barkul and part of Turfan. After Lo Wenkan departed in early October, suddenly Sheng announced the discovery of a new plot against him. He accused Liu Wenlung of conspiring with Ma Chongying, Chang Peiyuan and Lo Wenkan to overthrow him. Liu Wenlung was forced to resign and was replaced as the provincial chairman by Zhu Juixi. Sheng then prepared a final hammer blow against Ma Chongying. However Ma Chongying had secretly been working with Ma Shuming to deliver a lighting stroke against Urumqi which came in December of 1933. Tungan forces passed Dawan Cheng and began attacking the capital. Likewise in response to the constant accusations, Chang Peiyuan finally threw his support to the Tungans. He led his troops across the Talki Pass into Zungharia and attacked the Provincial forces stationed at Wusu. Meanwhile encouraged by the advance of the Gansu Tungans, the indigenous Tungans of Zungharia rose en masse to Ma Chongyings banner. In late december a detachment of the 36th NRA led by Ma Shuming bypassed Urumqi and attacked Chuguchak. Vasel happened to witness this and described the battle as such “The sun's rays, by this time, were shining obliquely across the street and showed us the Tungan army entering the town ... Stirrup to stirrup, the young regular soldiers in their smart uniforms looked a well-disciplined, trim and efficient force. r recognised one of their officers, Ma Shih-ming, the Commander-in-Chief's adjutant, who had frequently been my guest in Soochow. These regular soldiers rode past on beautiful horses, while huge red flags floated in the breeze above their heads, bearing the character 'Ma' in black letters on a white ground. At a short distance followed a horde that was tolerably well equipped . . . I saw needle-guns, blunderbusses and muzzle-loaders ... In their rear dense clouds of dust, which shut out the light, billowed onward, and then came the infantry. . . men with wild eyes and matted hair. . . outlaws who had nothing to lose and everything to gain from the upheaval that was going on. After the infantry followed a huge horde of camels, with their rhythmical swaying gait, laden with produce and goods of every conceivable type ... the breath came from their mouths like smoke - their necks were craned forward, and their heads kept bobbing up and down.”With the Tungans taking Zunghaira, the Khotan Amirs running amok in the south and Chang Peiyuan joining the fray, Sheng's position at Urumqi was hopeless. While Ma Chongying and Sheng Shihtsai continued their struggle in the north, in the south Muhammad Amin Bughra woo'd Khoja Niyas Hajji to become president of a new secessionist Islamic state. Thus was born the Turkic Islamic Republic of Eastern Turkestan ie TIRET. While Khoja Niyas Kajji was the quote president, this was simply symbolic, the real leadership remained with the Amirs. Amir Abdulah retained control over Yarkland, Amir Nur Ahmad Jan over Yangi Hissar and Kashgar and Bughra over Khotan. Shari a law was implemented, a national flag with a white star and crescent over a blue ground was made and the new state sought aid and recognition from Britain. But the TIRET would never receive said recognition or aid, for Britain respected Nanjing's government as the sole authority in Xinjiang. TIRET turned next to Turkey, but found no real help. Then they turned to Afghanistan who likewise could not help them. TIRET was doomed from the very beginning. Meanwhile the battles raged between Sheng and Ma Chongying. Sheng knew Nanjing would not assist him so he turned to the USSR. Sheng dispatched diplomats Chen Teli and Yaoxiong to Moscow pleading for assistance. The Soviets were sympathetic and quite concerned with events such as the rise of TIRET and the possibility of Ma Chongying capturing Urumqi as they suspected him and TIRET to have ties to the Japanese. Weary of Germany and Japan, the USSR took up a policy of curbing any influence from either, especially in her Central Asian frontiers. The Soviets sent this warning to Nanjing “'We do not mind if you Chinese develop [Eastern] Turkestan. But if you permit [Eastern] Turkestan to become a second Manchuria, we must act to protect ourselves. '” Thus in late 1933, following pleas for help from Sheng Shihtsai, the Soviets chose to intervene on behalf of Sheng, whom was known to be a loose cannon and unreliable, but atleast was anti-Japanese. The USSR appointed Apresoff as the new consul-general at Urumqi and upon his arrival Sheng conducted a purge. Officers from the Northeast National Salvation army and White Russian volunteers were arrested and shot, including Pappengut. The White Russians units were reorganized under the command of new Soviet officers. Sheng signed a secret deal with the USSR to allow them to build a railway from Sergiopol, through Chuguchak to Urumqi. Sheng also announced 6 new principles going forward (I) anti-imperialism, (2) kinship to Sovietism, (3) racial or national equality, (4) 'clean' government, (5) peace, and (6) reconstruction.  The Soviets were pleased and after receiving approval from Nanjing dispatched two brigades, numbered some 7000 men supported by tanks, artillery and aircraft against the insurgent positions at Kulja and Chuguchak. The Soviets had orders to “clear the roads and liquidate the rebellion”. They rapidly overwhelmed the forces of Chang Peiyuan who committed suicide in shame. The Tungans of Ma Shuming put up a better fight but were dislodged from the Chuguchak area. According to Vasel, the Tungans managed to beat back some attacks during 30 days of battle. In one instance the Tungans foiled a Soviet pincer attack by “crawling through the snow, camouflaged by reversed sheepskins, and storming, from a very short distance, Soviet machine-gun posts whilst wielding the characteristic curved sword of Islam”. The main battle broke out on the frost-bound banks of the Tutun River, 30 miles northwest of Urumqi. According to The Times correspondent Peter Fleming , “the Battle of the Tutun River 'raged for several days; but the Tungans' unskilled ferocity was no match for a mechanised foe, and the troops ... were badly demoralised by gas bombs dropped by the Soviet airmen”.  Both the Soviets and Tungans took heavy casualties, but ultimately the Soviets won, forcing Ma Chongying to retreat from Urumqi to the Dawan Cheng, pursued by a mixed force of Soviets, White Russians and Chinese. The Tungans attempted to make a stand at Dawan Cheng, but according to Vasel “a detachment of Soviet troops supported by armoured cars was attacked by a force of some 500 Tungans. After savage hand-to-hand fighting the Soviet forces were driven back, and their armoured cars were rolled off the mountainside by the victorious Tungans. At this juncture, by a strange twist of fate, the surviving Soviet troops were relieved by a force of White Russian 'volunteers', and Ma Chung-ying was forced to continue his retreat through Toksun to Korla”. Meanwhile in Southern Xinjiang, the Soviets tried to break the TIRET. A Soviet backed force of irregulars known as the “Tortunjis” was set up at Ulug Chat, led by Yusuf Jan. The Soviets also negotiated secretly with Khoja Niyas Hajji who despite being the president of the TIRET had taken all of his forces to Aksu. As a result Khoja Niyas Hajji received Soviet arms in return for turning against his anti-soviet colleagues. Yet despite Soviet support, Khoja Niyas Hajji's Uyghur forces were decisively defeated by 800 Tungans under Ma Chongying. Khoja Niyas Hajji had to abandon his HQ at Aksu fleeing for Kashgar with 1500 men on January 13th of 1934. The Tungans soon besieged Kashgar New City forcing Khoja Niyas Hajji and local forces under Sabit Damullah to withdrew towards Yangi-Hissar, then held by Nur Ahmad Jan. Within 24 hours the Tungan advance guard led by Ma Fuyuan entered Kashgar meeting little resistance. According to British Consulate General Thomson-Glover “'some 800 Tungans and 1,200 conscripts caused nearly 10,000 rebel troops to flee from Kashgar'” To make thing more complicated at this time Ma Shaowu assumed senior military and civil control on behalf of Nanjing and at the request of Ma Chanzeng and Ma Fuyuan. Thus the capital of TIRET was recaptured for Nanjing, but not by their approved forces under Sheng, but of those under Ma Chongying. Following the fall of Kashgar, TIRET moved its administration to Yangi-Hissar. Meanwhile Khoja Niyas Hajji fled to Irkeshtam on the Soviet border and there signed a treaty with the USSR to dissolve the TIRET and relinquished his forces to be used by the Xinjiang provincial authorities against the Tungans and Khotan Amirs. For this he was rewarded Civil Governor for life over Xinjiang with Sheng Shihtsai retaining military governorship. On February 14th, the Khotanlik forces tried but failed to recapture Kashgar. In response for two days the Tungans systematically looted Kashgar old city while they massacred nearly 2000 of its citizenry. Then Ma Chanzeng and Ma Fuyuan advanced to Yangi-Hissar where on March 28th looted its old city and killed everyone they got their hands on. In the face of the Tungan onslaught, Amir Nur Ahmad Jan fled into Yangi Hissar New City and Sabit Damullah fled for Yarkland. Nur Ahmad Jan led a fierce resistance at the New City until April 2nd when Amir Abdullah arrived from Yarkland with several thousand troops. However caught out in the open, Abdullah's men were obliterated by the Tungans and Abdullah was cut down and his severed head was sent to Kashgar to be exhibited outside the Id-gah Mosque. Yangi-Hissar New City continued to resist, “wielding only rifles and conserving their scanty ammunition and rolling back the attackers scaling the walls by means of large stones and tree trunks”. The Tungans took New City on April 12th, putting 500 of its defenders and Nur Ahmad Jan to the sword. Meanwhile the administration of TIRET received word of Khoja Niyas Hajji's deal with the Soviets and refused to dissolve. Thus Khoja Niyas Hajji went to Yarkland to try and convince Amir Muhammad Amin Bughra to dissolve the TIRET. He arrived there in Mid April, only a few days before the Tungas would. Bughra fled towards Khotan as Khoja Niyas Hajji looted Yarkland taking Sabit Damullah prisoner and advanced to Aksu. The Tungans arrived at Yarkland on the 20th and immediately pursued Khoja Niyas Hajji. Khoja Niyas Hajji managed to get to Aksu where he handed over Sabit Damullah who was promptly hung. Meanwhile Ma Chongying arrived at Kashgar with 10,000 men on April 6th where he denounced Sheng Shihtsai as a Soviet Puppet and stressed loyalty to Nanjing to its population. Other Tungan forces captured Sarikol and together marched upon Khotan. Khotan was taken on June 12th without a fight and unlike at Kashgar and Yangi-Hissar, the Tungans did not loot, but instead hunted down Muhammad Amin Bughra who had escaped with 3000 troops towards Keriya. Bughra managed to give them all the slip and fled with several ponies carrying hold to Ladakh in British India where he received permission to travel to Srinagar. Thus ended the TIRET experiment as Ma Chongying claimed he had recaptured southern Xinjiang for Nanjing. Ma Chongying then met with Thomson Glover “that he had come to Kashgar 'to try and save south Sinkiang from Russian influence', and continued to stress his loyalty to Nanjing”.  Meanwhile Ma Chongying set up a defensive line at Maral Bashi and Fayzabad with his brother in law, Ma Hushan in command. During May and June of 1934 Ma Chongying tried to gain sympathy from the British for his cause, but they refused to get involved. In a surprising turn of events, as told to us by Thomson Glover “Ma Chung-ying left Kashgar for Irkeshtam early on 7th July with three or four of his officers. . . and an escort of some 50 Tungans and one or more members of the USSR Consulate or Trade Agency. Arrived near the border to Russia the escort were met by Russian or Russian-employed troops. The Tungan escort dispersed or handed over their arms to some of Khoja Niyas' levies, and Ma Chung-ying disappeared into Russia”. Why the courageous Tungan threw in the towel is a mystery. He had not yet been deceive beaten, he could have taken his Tungan force and held out for 3 years before returning back to Gansu. Regardless the Soviets had offered him sanctuary and he just took it. His fate is a complete mystery, some say he was killed by the Soviets, some say he rotted in a dungeon, that he lived a life of luxury as a Soviet guest, and one claim is that in 1938, when Sheng Shihtsai visited Moscow, Stalin had him executed as a gift. Ma Chongyings command passed to Ma Hushan who set up a HQ at Khotan and carved out a sphere of influence extending from Karghalik to CHarkhlik. The provincial forces did nothing to stop him, and instead signed a truce, ending the wars with the Tungans. Sheng Shihtsai had won, he now held absolute power over Xinjiang, though as we will see much later on, Xinjiang was certainly not done seeing battles. I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. Thus in the end, after all of these different groups of people formed uprisings, betrayed one another and fought this large game of thrones for Xinjiang, it was Sheng Shihtsai who prevailed above all. Xinjiang was by no means stable and would continue to see chaos well into WW2 however.   

Last time we spoke about the beginning of the Kumul Rebellion. In 1931, tensions in Kumul escalated after a Muslim girl spurned Han tax collector Chang Mu, leading to his violent death at a family dinner. Enraged, Uyghurs retaliated against Chinese officials, igniting a rebellion. Chaos ensued as rebels targeted Han settlers, ultimately capturing Kumul with little resistance. Amidst the unrest, Yulbars Khan sought support from military leader Ma Chongying, who planned to mobilize his forces to help the Uyghurs. What began as a local incident spiraled into an all-out revolt against oppressive rule. In 1931, young warlord Ma Chongying sought to establish a Muslim empire in Central Asia, leading a small force of Tungan cavalry. As his army attempted to besiege Kumul Old City, they faced fierce resistance from Chinese troops. Despite several assaults, the lack of heavy artillery hampered Ma's progress. Eventually, Ma faced defeat due to a serious injury. After his recuperation, his forces joined with Uyghur insurgents, sparking a guerrilla war against oppressive provincial troops, leading to increasing unrest and rebellion.   #133 Kumul Rebellion part 2: Uprisings in southern Xinjiang Welcome to the Fall and Rise of China Podcast, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about the history of Asia? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on history of asia and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel where I cover the history of China and Japan from the 19th century until the end of the Pacific War. So in the last episode we spoke about the beginning of the Kumul Rebellion. Now the Kumul Rebellion is actually a series of other rebellions all interlaced into this larger blanket known as the Xinjiang Wars. To be blunt, Xinjiang was the wild west from the 1930s until basically the formation of the PRC. We briefly went over the various groups that inhabit northwestern China, they all had their own interests. I want to start off by looking at the situation of southern Xinjiang. Back in June of 1924, Ma Fuxing, the T'ai of Kashgar was executed. His executioner was Ma Shaowu who had just received the post of Taoyin over the oasis city of Khotan. There was of course always tension, but southern Xinjiang was relatively peaceful in the 1920s. Then Governor Yang Zengxin was assassinated in July of 1928. During the last years of his rule, southern Xinjiang often referred to as Kashgaria, remained entrenched in the British sphere of influence after the collapse of Tsarist Russia and the subsequent closure of the Imperial Russian consulate-General at Kashgar.  Going further back in time, in August of 1918, Sir Geoerge Macartney, the long standing British Consul General to Kashar had retired. His successor was Colonel P. T Etherton, a hardcore anti-communist who actively was cooperating with anti-Soviet Basmachi guerillas in the western portion of Turkestan. One of his missions was to curb Soviet influence in southern Xinjiang. Yang Zengxin understood the British policy towards Xinjiang was to push the Soviets out via enabling the survival of his independent Han led regime. Thus Yang Zengxin was very friendly to the British and allowed them to exercise considerable political influence in Tien Shan. Despite this Soviet influence spread in Ili and Zungharia. This prompted Yang Zengxin to secretly cooperate with the British in Kashgar to counter the looming red growth north of his province. Now by 1924, through a combination of military necessities and the re-emergence of Soviet Russia as Xinjiang's largest trading partner, this forced Yang Zengxin to push away the British. Following the Sino-Soviet agreement of 1924 which effectively saw the establishment of diplomatic relations between Moscow and Beijing, the Soviet government at Omsk dispatched an envoy to Xinjiang to discuss mutual consular representation. Both sides reached an agreement on October 6th, providing for an exchange of consulate-generals between Tashkent and Urumqi and for Soviet consulates in Chuguchak, Kulja, Shara Sume and Kashgar. The new Soviet presence in Kashgar was quite upsetting for the British. It also allowed the Soviets direct access to the densely populated oases of Tarim Basin, the source of nearly all Xinjiang's revenue.  Shortly after the Soviet Consulate in Kashgar officially opened on October 10, 1925, a local power struggle emerged involving Max Doumpiss, the Soviet Consul, of Latvian origin, Major Gillan, the British Consul-General at that time, and the Taoyin of Kashgar. Sino-Soviet relations in southern Xinjiang took a troubled turn in November 1925 when large quantities of silver bullion were discovered hidden in thirty-four boxes labeled as Soviet 'diplomatic bags,' intended for the Kashgar consulate. The Kashgar Taoyin, who was reportedly offended by the 'subtle spread of Soviet propaganda' in the southern oases, retaliated by expelling several suspected Russian agents. In March 1926, significant riots erupted in Kashgar, which the Chinese authorities attributed to an interpreter at the Soviet Consulate named Akbar 'Ali. The unrest was quelled by a force of 400 local Tungan troops, and Akbar 'Ali was imprisoned; the Taoyin ignored subsequent Soviet demands for his release. The rapid increase in the number of European consular staff from around fifteen in 1925 to between thirty and forty by 1927 also alarmed Chinese officials. All these developments were likely reported to Governor Yang Tseng-hsin in Urumchi, who was likely dealing with similar situations at the newly established Soviet Consulates in Kulja, Chuguchak, and Shara Sume. It appears that, with discreet British support, Yang decided to take actions to curb the expansion of Soviet influence in Kashgar. The Kashgar Taoyin then took up a strong anti-soviet stance. Alongside this Yang Zengxin's nephew, the officer in command of Chinese troops along the Kashgar northern frontier, suddenly became a frequent visitor to the British consulate General at Chini Bagh. After the death of the old Taoyin in 1927, Ma Shaowu came over from Khotan to replace him and with this came heightened anti-soviet policies in southern Xinjiang. Ma Shaowu first began by imprisoning 60 alleged local communists and tightened Chinese control over Kashgars northern frontier. The freedom of the Soviet Consul team to travel within southern Xinjiang was tightened to the extreme and all Kashgar citizens suspected of pro-soviet sympathies became targets for confiscation of their property or deportation to other oases. Yang Zengxin backed Ma Shaowu's attempts to limit Soviet influence in Tarim Basin by imposing severe tax on Muslims leaving southern Xinjiang to go on Hajj via the USSR. Similarly, new legislative was unleashed requiring merchants going into the USSR to deposit large sums of money to the Chinese authorities in Kashgar who would forfeit if the depositor failed to return to Xinjiang within 60 days.  These policies did not completely insulate southern Xinjiang from Soviet influence; however, they did ensure that at the time of Yang Zengxin's assassination in 1928, the southern region of the province—especially Ma Shao-wu's domain around Kashgar, Yarkand, and Khotan—maintained a significant degree of independence from the Soviet Union. This stood in stark contrast to areas like the Ili Valley, Chuguchak, and Shara Sume, where Soviet influence became dominant shortly after 1925, and even to the provincial capital of Urumqi, where, by the spring of 1928, the Soviet Consul-General had considerable sway. It was likely due to Ma Shaowu's anti-Soviet position and the persistent dominance of British influence in southern Xinjiang during the final years of Yang Zengxin's administration that Kashgar emerged as a hub of conservative Muslim opposition to Chinese governance in the 1930s. Yang Zengxins intentional efforts to sever southern Xinjiang from Soviet influence resulted in the Uighurs and, to a lesser extent, the Kirghiz of the Tarim Basin being less influenced by the 'progressive' nationalist propaganda from Soviet-controlled Western Turkestan compared to the Turkic-speaking Muslims of the Ili Valley and Zungharia. This is not to imply that the socialist nationalism promoted by the Jadidists after 1917 was entirely ineffective south of the Tien Shan; however, Kashgar, situated outside the Soviet zone in northwestern Sinkiang, became a natural refuge for right-wing Turkic nationalists and Islamic traditionalists who opposed Chinese authority yet were even more fiercely against the encroachment of 'atheistic communism' and its Soviet supporters in Central Asia. Many of these right-wing Turkic-speaking nationalists were former Basmachi guerrillas, primarily of Uzbek, Kazakh, and Kirghiz descent, but also included several Ottoman Turks and, according to Caroe, "old men who had fought against the Chinese at Kashgar." Among the most notable Basmachi leaders who sought refuge in Kashgar was Janib Beg, a Kirghiz who would play a significant role in the politics of southern xinjiang during the early 1930s. Following Yang Zengxin's assassination in July 1928, Soviet influence in southern Xinjiang began to grow rapidly; nevertheless, at the onset of the Kumul Rebellion in 1931, reports of forced collectivization and the suppression of nomadic lifestyles in Western Turkestan led many Turkic Muslims in southern Xinjiang to be wary of Soviet intentions. If, during the late 1920s and early 1930's, the Turkic Muslims of southern Xinjiang were divided in their approach towards the Soviets and the newly formed Turkic-Tajik SSR's in western Turkestan, they all were united in their attitude towards their Tungan brethren to the east. Unlike the Turkic Muslim rebels of Kumul, the Uyghurs and Kirghiz of southern Xinjiang were far too distant from Gansu to appeal for assistance from the Tungan warlords, such as the 5 Ma Clique. Besides the Han Chinese officials, rule over the oases of Tarim Basin had long been held by Tungans. Ma Fuxing, the Titai of Kashgar had ruthlessly exploited his Turkic Muslim subjects between 1916-1924. He himself was a Hui Muslim from Yunnan, as was Ma Shaowu. The Turkic Muslims of southern Xinjiang therefore had zero illusions of any “muslim brotherhood” with their Tungan brethren. It was Tungan troops who intervened to suppress any demonstration against Chinese rule. The Tungans of Tarim Basin were allies to the Han Chinese administration and thus enemies to the Turkic Muslim peoples. The western rim of Tarim Basin was in a unique political situation during the later half of Yang Zengxins rule as a large part of its Turkic Muslim population looked neither to the progressive Muslim leadership of western Turkestan nor the Tungan warlords of Gansu. Instead they looked at the regimes in Turkey and Afghanistans, both quite conservative. Contacts in these places were sparse ever since the Qing reconquest of Xinjiang. After the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in WW1, contact ceased to exist at all. Emotional links to what once was however lingerd, and the nationalist revolution of Ataturk sprang something of a Turkish renaissance inspiring Turkic peoples from Crimea to Kumul.  As for Afghanistan, there existed more concrete religious and political contacts with southern Xinjiang. In 1919, Amir Aman Allah, the last Muhammadzay ruler of Afghanistan had taken the throne after the death of his father. He became an impetuous ruler who brought forth his own downfall through a series of radical reforms that caused a revolution by 1928. Yet in his first years of rule he had widespread support of Muslim peoples in central asia, especially after he began the Third Afghan war against Britain, combined with a Jihad for Afghan independence. Because of this the British were forced to recognize Afghanistan's right to independent foreign policy. During this period, it is rumored Amir Aman Allah had toyed with the idea of forming an Islamic Confederacy which would have included Afghanistan, Bukhara, Khiva and Khokand. He would have also been interested in influence over Xinjiang where numerous Afghan merchants resided under British protection. Following Britains recognition of Afghanistan's right to independent foreign policy, with the 1919 treaty of Peshawar, British diplomatic protection for Afghan citizens in Xinjiang was lifted. Amir Aman Allah then established independent diplomatic links between Kabul and Urumqi, sending a delegation in 1922 led by Muhammad Sharif Khan. The Chinese officials regarded the Afghan mission as a trade delegation, but Muhammad Sharif Khan carried with him printed visiting cards styling himself as Afghanistan's Consul-General in Xinjiang. Alongside this he brought draft agreements demanding full extraterritorial rights and other privileges for Afghan subjects in Xinjiang and the right to import opium freely into the province. It is to no surprise Yang Zengxin refused to recognize the mission causing a dispute that would drag on for years. It became a long standing issue for th Turkic speaking Muslims of southern Xinjiang. There were many who looked to Afghanistan to help them against Chinese oppression. Now getting back to our timeline, with the initial outbreak of the Kumul Rebellion and the Tungan invasion, Jin Shujen had made every effort to prevent news of these events occurring mostly in the northeast from getting into the south. But of course one cannot stop the flow of information completely. Rumors and reports of the rebellious activities northeast flooded into the oases of Tarim Basin, invigorating anti-Chinese zeal, from peoples already suffering from increased taxation and inflation caused by unbacked paper currency paying for Jin's war efforts. Jin was well aware of the discontent south in his province, but he was emboldened by his victory of Ma Chongying as well as the recent delivery of 4000 rifles and 4 million rounds of ammunition from British held India. Thus he determined to maintain his current stance. It would prove to be a very fateful decision. The Kumul Rebellion was not crushed by any means. In fact the brutality following the relief of Kumul Old City caused outrage amongst the Turkic speaking peoples and sent refugees westwards towards Turfan. By May of 1932, Ma Chongying had dispatched a young Tungan Lt, Ma Shihming to take command over his Tungan forces remaining in Xinjiang. Ma Shihming quickly established his HQ in Turfan and began to cooperate with the Turkic speaking Muslim insurgents who owed their allegiance to Yulbars Khan and Khoja Niyas Haiji. It's also believed he made contact with Ma Fuming, a Tungan officer in command of the Xinjiang provincial forces at Turfan.  By mere coincidence, in May of 1932, Jin had also elected to seek revenge against Tsetsen Puntsag Gegeen, the Torgut Mongol regent inhabiting Tien Shan. That same guy he had asked for military aid from who simply took his army away. Tsetsen Puntsag Gegeen was invited to come back to Urumqi where he was to attend an investigation into the assassination plot laid against him. On May 21st, shortly after his arrival, he alongside two Torgut officers and the young Torgut Prince were all invited to an official banquet at Jin Shujens yamen. Now you might be thinking, who in their right mind would fall for that shit? Especially given the Yang Zengxin banquet story. Well according to R.P Watts, the British Vice Consul General at Kashgar who happened to be in Urumqi at the time. “While drinking the usual preliminary cup of tea the regent and the two military officers were led out into a courtyard and executed. According to Chinese custom in such matters proper observance was accorded to the high rank of regent even at the moment of execution. A red carpet was spread on the ground on which he was invited to seat himself. He was then killed by being shot through the head from behind by one of the governor's special executioners. His two companions being men of inferior rank were not given the privilege of a red carpet to sit on whilst being executed.”  The young Torgut prince was allowed to return to Kara Shahr, man that must have been an awkward desert. So Jin hoped the harsh action would terrify the young prince into submission. As you may have guessed, Jin actions were quite toxic for the Torgut Mongols. Might I add the Torgut Mongols were probably the only non Chinese group in Xinjiang that may have sided with Jin against the Turkic peoples? So to tally up things a bit here. Jin pissed off the Uyghurs and Tungans of Turfan, the Kirghiz of Tian Shan and now the Torguts.  In early 1932, Turkic Muslim opposition to forced collectivization and suppression of nomadism by Stalin in the Kazakh and Kirghiz regions of Soviet Central Asia, saw many spill over into Xinjiang. By March of 1932, large numbers of Kirghiz fled the border and were pursued by Soviet forces. A series of skirmishes and raids broke out in the border region. The Soviet Kirghiz naturally received aid from the Xinjiang Kirghiz and in June a Chinese official was killed by Kirghiz insurgents in Tien Shan. The Chinese were outraged, prompting Ma Shaowu to unleash 300 troops from Kashgar New City and 200 troops from Kashgar Old City to defend the frontier area. These units were soon joined by another 100 troops from Opal and 200 from Uch Turfan all under the leadership of Brigadier Yang, the nephew to the late Yang Zengxin. In July Yang's men began joint operations with the Soviets against the Kirghiz insurgents who were led by Id Mirab. The Chinese forces were said to quote “The Chinese forces had been suffering badly from want of opium', and reportedly behaved very badly towards Kirghiz, a number of whom were driven to take refuge in Russian territory”. To try a force the submission of the Kirghiz, Yang's forces took 70 hostages from Kirghiz families and brought them to imprisoned them the oases of Khotan, Keriya and Charchan. Thus Jin and Ma Shaowu had succeeded within a few months of Ma Chongyings withdrawal back into Gansu in both alienating the Turkic speaking and Mongol nomads of Tien Shan. The Sino-Soviet cooperation against the Kirghiz had also not gone unnoticed by other Muslim groups.  Meanwhile the Kumul Rebellion had spread westwards. By Autumn of 1932, months after the arrival of Ma Shihming to Turfan, Ma Fuming joined the rebels cause. Wu Aichen wrote it was his belief that Ma Fuming's decision was based on the continuing flow of Muslim refugees from Kumul to Turfan combined with reports of mass executions being carried out by Xing Fayu. But like I had mentioned, there is also strong evidence Ma Shihming probably negotiated an alliance with Ma Fuming. Wu Aichen wrote Ma Fumings first rebellious action was to send a telegram to Jin requesting he dispatch reinforcements while he also sent a letter to Xing Fayu over in Kumul to come quickly to Turfan. The reinforcements arrived at the oasis without suspecting a thing and were “shot down to the last man” by Ma Fumings forces as they passed the city gates. A few days later another detachment of 100 men led by Xing Fayu reached Turfan only to suffer the same fate. Xing Fayu was taken captive and “tortured to death in public with every refinement of cruelty and vileness of method”. Following Ma Fumings official defection, the Turfan Depression quickly emerged as the main center of Muslim rebellion in northeastern Xinjiang. Kumul which had been laid to ruin by Jin was abandoned to the Turkic Muslim insurgents and a handful of Tungan troops. A large portion of Tungan forces consisting of those following Ma Fuming and Ma Sushiming massed at Turfan preparing to march upon Urumqi, lying 100 miles northwest. The storm brewing in Turfan was followed up by a series of uncoordinated uprisings amongst the Turkic speaking Muslims of southern Xinjiang. The Uyghurs of Tarim Basin and Kirghiz of Tien Shan realized Jin's grip over the province was weakening and the presence of Tungan forces in Turfan effectively cut off the oases of the south from Urumqi and Jin's White Russian troops, whom otherwise may have scared them into submission. The White Russians and other provincial forces were hard pressed by Ma Fuming and Ma Shihming. Reports also spread that Ma Chongying would soon re-enter the fray in person and that Chang Peiyuan, the Military commander over at Ili had fallen out with Jin. Thus the Turkic speaking Muslims of southern Xinjiang knew the time was ripe to rebel against Chinese rule. In the winter uprising began at Pichan, just east of Turfan and at Kara Shahr about 175 miles southwest. Lack of Torgut support at Kara Shahr following the murder of Tsetsen Puntsag Gegeen basically sealed the fate of the Chinese forces within the city. The new Tungan leader, Ma Chanzeng emerged the commander of rebel forces in the region. Disregarding the increasingly intense conflict between Ma Shih-ming and the provincial forces along the Turfan-Urumqi road, Ma Chan-ts'ang moved westward, seizing Bugur in early February and progressing to Kucha. There, he formed a strategic alliance with Temiir, the local Uyghur leader, who was noted by Wu Aichen as "a capable individual who had managed the mule wagon service." After occupying Kucha without any resistance, the combined forces of Ma Chanzeng and Temiir continued their advance toward Aksu, capturing the small town of Bai along the way. Ma Shaowu was the Taoyin of Kashgar and second most powerful official in the provincial administration after Jin, thus found himself cut off from Urumqi by two separate armies of Muslim rebels each composed of Tungan and Turkic factions. One of these armies held a small but militarily competent Tungan force led by Ma Chanzeng with a large contingent of poorly armed Uyghur peasants owing their allegiance to Temur. This force advanced southwest towards Aksu, while the other army consisting of a loose coalition of competent Tungan troops under Ma Shihming and Ma Fuming with Turkic speaking Muslim peasants owing allegiance to Khoja Niyas Haiji and Yulbars Khan pressed their attack directly upon Urumqi. In February of 1933 to add further confusion in the south, the rebellion against the Chinese spread southwards across the Tarim Basin to its southern rim. Uprising against the Chinese administration broke out simultaneously amongst the gold miners of the southern oases who had long resented the provincial governments fixed rate for the purchase of gold in Xinjiang alongside brutal working conditions. The spiraling inflation from Jin's worthless currency which was used to pay for the gold only made things worse. By spring their patience had run out, the Uyghurs led by Ismail Khan Khoja seized control of Kara Kash killing a large number of Han Chinese. Meanwhile the Uyghurs at Keriya seized control over the Surghak mines and threatened to take control over the whole oasis. Prominent rebel demands included a fair price for gold and silver and prohibition of the purchase of precious metals with paper currency. More urgent demands were lowering taxes, ending government tyranny, introducing Shari a law and stationing Muslim troops in every city. Now these demands were very real, they were willing to stand down if they were met. One anonymous writer of the demand notices placed at Karakash was as follows “A friend for the sake of friendship will make known a friend's defects and save him from the consequences of his defects. You, who are supposed to rule, cannot even realize this, but try to seek out the supporter of Islam to kill him. Foolish infidels like you are not fit to rule ... How can an infidel, who cannot distinguish between a friend and a foe, be fit to rule? You infidels think that because you have rifles, guns ... and money, you can depend on them; but we depend upon God in whose hands are our lives. You infidels think that you will take our lives. If you do not send a reply to this notice we are ready. If we die we are martyrs. If we survive we are conquerors. We are living but long for death”. Ma Shaowu elected to first move against the Muslim insurgents threatening Aksu, most likely reasoning that if Ma Chanzeng and Temur were defeated the weaker rebel forces at KaraKash and Surghak would just crumble. There also was the fact Ma Shihmings men at Turfan had severed the telegraph line between Urumqi and Kashgar, and that line had been re-routed via Aksu, but if Aksu fell to the rebels, communications with the capital would only be possible via the USSR. At this point its estimated Brigadier Yang had a mixed army of 280 cavalry and 150 infantry as he set out for Aksu on February 6th. Ma Shaowu's position was not good. On February 9th, Jin Shujen's younger brother, Jin Shuqi the commander in chief at Kashgar New City suddenly died of illness. He was replaced with a Chinese officer called Liu who took command of his three detachments of cavalry, about 480 men and a single detachment of artillery, about 160 men. Ma Shaowu held control over two regiments of cavalry, 700 men and 3 detachments of infantry, around 300 men all stationed at Kashgar Old City. In mid february reports reached Kashgar that Brigadier Yang was heavily outnumbered by the rebels under Ma Chanzeng and Temur and had fallen back from Aksu to a defensive line at Maral Bashi. On the 23rd celebrations were held at Kashgar to mark Jin handing Ma Shadowu the new title of Special Commissioner for the Suppression of Bandits. During the celebration, salutes were fired at the yamen and KMT flags were flown from buildings throughout the city. Afterwards all of Liu's forces were sent to Maral Bashi to bolster Yang.  Now in a bid to suppress the uprisings at Surghak and KaraKash before a full scale uprising could develop on the southern road, 200 men led by Colonel Li were dispatched to Khotan, while another force under Colonel Chin was dispatched to Yarkland. Because of these movements of troops to Khotan and Maral Bashi, there was a serious depletion of defenders for Kashgar. Thus Ma Shaowu ordered a raising of Kirghiz levies and recalled some Chinese troops from the frontier districts west of Kashgar. Thus the Chinese garrison at Sarikol pulled out to Kashgar, leaving the region's Tajik population to their own devices. At Kashgar, troops posted on the walls of both cities had strict orders to close all gates at 7pm, with major curfew laws set into place.Despite all of this the provincial troops proved very inept at stemming the rebel advance along both the north and south roads into Kashgar. On the 25th, the rebels entered Aksu Old City, shooting up all its Chinese residents, seized their property, stormed the arsenal and looted the treasury. Later on Ma Changzeng and Temur led an estimated 4700 ill armed Uyghur irregular army to advance on Maral Bashi and Kashgar.  In the Keriya, the Chinese officials consented to convert to Islam and to surrender their possessions; however, on March 3, thirty-five Chinese individuals, including top officials, were executed, with their heads displayed in the marketplace. On February 28, the Old City of Khotan fell into the hands of rebels with little resistance, while the New City of Khotan was besieged before capitulating to the insurgents on March 16th. Following the rebel successes in Khotan, it was reported that 266 Han Chinese converted to Islam, and both the treasury and arsenal of the New City—containing "thousands of weapons and nearly a ton of gold"—were seized by the insurgents. Additionally, uprisings led by a Uighur named ‘Abd ai-Qadir took place in Chira, and in Shamba Bazaar, several Han Chinese and two Hindu moneylenders were killed. Further afield from Keriya, the town of Niya succumbed to the rebel forces from Khotan, while even farther east, at the isolated oases of Charchan and Charkhlik, reports indicate that peaceful insurrections occurred after a small Tungan contingent loyal to Ma Shih-ming entered the region via a little-used desert route connecting Kara Shahr and Lop. Meanwhile, to the west of Khotan, Uighur forces under Isma'il Khan Khoja obstructed the main route to Yarkand at the Tokhta Langar caravanserai, repelling all but two delegates sent from Kashgar by Ma Shao-wu, who aimed to negotiate with the rebel leaders in Khotan. No further news was received from the two Begs allowed to continue to Khotan, and with their diplomatic mission's failure, the entire southern route from the eastern outskirts of the Guma oasis to the distant Lop Nor fell out of Chinese control. To fortify their position against potential counterattacks from Kashgar, the rebel leaders in Khotan destroyed roadside wells in the desert east of Guma and began establishing a clearly Islamic governance in the areas they had liberated. By mid March, Ma Shaowu's control over southern Xinjiang was limited to just a wedge of territory around Kashgar, Maral Bashi and Yarkland. Moral was so low, Ma Shaowu asked the British Indian government for military assistance as it seemed apparent no help would come from Urumqi. Ma Shaowu had received 3 telegrams from Jin via the USSR lines; the first confirmed his position as Commander in Chief; the second relayed Jin's brothers death and the third directed Jin Kashgar representatives to remit a large sum of money to his personal bank account in Tientsin. That last signal must have been a banger to read. I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. The Kumul Rebellion quicked off a storm of different groups' grievances and Jin Shujen did a banger job of pissing off…pretty much every single group. In the southern portions of Xinjiang massive uprisings began and it seemed a tidal wave would hit the entire province.  

Last time we spoke about the Long March. Amidst escalating conflicts, the Red Army, led by the newly empowered Mao Zedong, faced immense pressures from the Nationalist Army. Struggling through defeats and dwindling forces, they devised a bold retreat known as the Long March. Starting in October 1934, they evaded encirclement and crossed treacherous terrain, enduring heavy losses. Despite dire circumstances, their resilience allowed them to regroup, learn from past missteps, and ultimately strengthen their strategy, securing Mao's leadership and setting the stage for future successes against the KMT. During the Long March (1934-1936), the Red Army skillfully maneuvered through treacherous terrain, evading the pursuing National Revolutionary Army. Despite harsh conditions and dwindling numbers, advances and strategic ploys allowed them to cross critical rivers and unite with reinforcements. Under Mao Zedong's leadership, they faced internal struggles but ultimately preserved their unity. By journey's end, they had transformed into a formidable force, setting the stage for future victories against their adversaries and solidifying their influence in China.   #131 The Complicated Story about Xinjiang Welcome to the Fall and Rise of China Podcast, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about the history of Asia? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on history of asia and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel where I cover the history of China and Japan from the 19th century until the end of the Pacific War. I've said probably too many times, but theres one last major series of events I'd like to cover before we jump into the beginning of the 15 year war between China and Japan. When I say Xinjiang I imagine there are two responses from you in the audience, 1) what the hell is Xinjiang or number 2) oh what about that place in northwest China. That pretty much sums it up, the history of this province, or region if you want to call it that is almost never spoken about. It was a place as we have seen multiple times in the series, where conflicts come and go like the weather. But in the 1930's things really heated up. What I want to talk about is collectively part of the Xinjiang Wars, but more specifically I want to talk about the Kumul Rebellion. There's really no way to jump right into this one so I am going to have to explain a bit about the history of Xinjiang.  Xinjiang in a political sense is part of China and has been the cornerstone of China's strength and prestige going back to the Han dynasty over 2000 years ago. In a cultural sense however, Xinjiang is more inline with the Muslim dominated middle-east. It's closer to th Turkic and Iranian speaking peoples of Central Asia. From a geographical point of view Xinjiang is very much on the periphery. It is very isolated from western asia by the massed ranks of the Hindu Kush, the Pamirs, the Tien Shan, the Indian Subcontinent of Karakoram, Kunlun, the Himalaya ranges and of course by the Gobi desert. It neither belongs to the east or west. As a province of China its the largest and most sparsely populated. It can be divided into two main regions, the Tarim Basin and Zungharia and then into two lesser but economically significant regions, the Ili Valley and Turgan Depression. The Tien Shan mountain range extends roughly eastward from the Pamir Massif, creating a formidable barrier between Zungharia and the Tarim Basin. This natural obstacle complicates direct communication between the two regions, particularly during winter. The Ili Valley, separated from Zungharia by a northern extension of the Tien Shan, is physically isolated from the rest of the province and can only be easily accessed from the west. This western area came under Russian control in the mid-nineteenth century and now forms part of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic. Now it has to be acknowledged, since the formation of the PRC in 1949, Xinjiang changed in size and ethnic composition. The CCP drove a massive Han migrant wave over. Regardless, Han's make up a minority and according to some population statistics taken during the 1940s, Xinjiang was dominated by 7 Muslim nationalities, roughly 3.5 million people out of a total population of 3.7 million. 200,000 of these were Han settlers, while 75,000-100,000 were Mongols, Russians, Tunguzic peoples (those being Sibo, Solon and Manchu), a few Tibetans, Afghans and Indians. Among the various indigenous Muslim nationalities of Xinjiang, the Uighurs stand out as the most numerous and politically important. This Turkic-speaking group primarily consists of sedentary agriculturalists who reside in the oases of the Tarim Basin, Turfan, Kumul, and the fertile lowlands of the Hi Valley. In the late 1940s, the Uyghur population in Xinjiang was estimated to be approximately 2,941,000. Following the Uyghurs, the second-largest Muslim nationality in the region is the Kazakhs, with an estimated population of around 319,000 during the late Republican Period. Kirghiz come in third, with an estimated population of about 65,000 at the same time. Both the Kazakhs and Kirghiz in Xinjiang are nomadic Turkic-speaking peoples, with the Kazakhs primarily found in the highland areas of Zungharia and the Hi Valley, while the Kirghiz inhabit the upland pastures of the Tien Shan and Pamirs. There also exist a small group of Iranian-speaking 'Mountain' Tajiks living in the upland Sarikol region in the far southwest, with an estimated population of 9,000 in the mid-1940s; a primarily urban group of Uzbeks residing in larger oasis towns and cities of the Tarim Basin, numbering approximately 8,000 in the mid-1940s; and a smaller group of Tatars settled mainly in Urumqi and the townships near the Xinjiang-Soviet border, estimated at 5,000 during the same period. Lastly, it is important to mention the Hui, a group of Chinese-speaking Muslims dispersed throughout China, particularly in Zungharia and Kumul within Xinjiang, as well as in the neighboring northwestern provinces of Gansu, Qinghai, and Ningxia. Known as 'Tungan' in Xinjiang, the Hui population was estimated at around 92,000 in the mid-1940s and held significant political and military influence during the Republican Period. Excluding the Ismaili Tajik's of Sarikol, the Muslim population of Xinjiang, whether Turkic or Chinese speaking, are Sunni following the orthodox of Hanafi Madhhab.  As for the non Muslim population, excluding the Mongols who numbered roughly 63,000 and inhabit a narrow strip of land along the northeastern frontier between Xinjiang and the Mongolian People's Republic, Tien Shan, Ili Vally and Chuguchak, most were newcomers, migrants from the mid 18th century while the region was being conquered. Again according to the same statistics from the 1940s I mentioned, Hans represented 3-4 % of the population. Although the Han population disproportionately held power with the main administrative areas, they had no sizable territorial enclaves. The Han population can basically be divided into 5 groups; descendants of exiled criminals and political offenders; Hunanese settlers who came over after Zuo Zungtang's conquests; Tientsin merchants who were supplying Zuo's army; Shanxi caravaneers who came to trade and Gansu colonists. Lastly there were the Tunguzic Peoples and Russians. The Tunguzic speaking Sibo, Solon and Manchu settled mostly in the Ili region. The Russians also tended to live in the Ili region. These were mostly White Russian refugees from the civil war.  Xinjiang's first Republican governor was Yang Zengxin, a Yunnanese native. He had previously worked as the district magistrate in Gansu and Ningxia earning a reputation as a good manager of the local Tungan Muslim population. In 1908 he was transferred to Xinjiang and quickly found himself promoted to by the last Qing governor of Xinjiang. He held out his post after the Xinhai revolution and quelled a Urumqi rebellion soon after. Yang Zengxin's survived politically by always siding with whichever faction he thought was winning. For example in 1917, President Li Yuanghong dispatched Fan Yaonan to watch over Yang and try to replace him if possible. Yang recognized quickly whichever Warlord faction held power over the Beiyang government should be courted. Thus Yang held out for a long time and his province was comparably peaceful compared to most of warlord era China. To maintain his power, Yang enacted a divide and rule style, trying to placate the conflicts between certain groups within Xinjiang, but made sure to exclude Russian influence. Basically Yang tried his best to keep groups who could come into conflict away from each other, keeping the Uyghurs of southern Xinjiang away from the pastoral nomads of Zungharia and Tien Shan. Above all Yang considered the Bolshevik Russians to be the greatest threat to his regime, in his words “The Russians ... aimed at ... isolating the country from all outside influence, and at maintaining it in a state of medieval stagnation, thus removing any possibility of conscious and organised national resistance. As their religious and educational policy, the Russian administrators sought to preserve the archaic form of Islam and Islamic culture. . . Quranic schools of the most conservative type were favoured and protected against any modernist influence”. During his 16 year of power, Yang established himself as a competent autocrat, a mandarin of the old school and quite the capable administrator. Yet his economic policies were long term exploitative causing hardship and exhausting the province. Yang realized he was reached the threshold of what the population was willing to endure and endeavored to allow corruption to emerge within his administration provided it remained within acceptable limits. IE: did not spring forward a Muslim revolution. He opened junior positions in the administration to Muslims which had a duel effect. It made the Muslim community feel like they were part of greater things, but placed said officials in the path of the populations anger, insulating senior Han officials. Ironically it would be his fellow Han Chinese officials who would become angry with him. Some were simply ambitious of his power, others felt that Xinjiang should be more closely inline with China proper.  Rumors have it that after a dinnr party, Yang deliberately surrounded himself with opium addicts, stating to his subordinates “the inveterate opium smoker thinks more of his own comfort and convenience than of stirring up unrest among his subordinates”. Needless to say, Yang later years saw him seriously alienating senior officials. By 1926 he claimed “to have created an earthly paradise in a remote region” so he seemed to be quite full of himself. That same year he turned against his Tungan subordinates. He accused many of conspiring with Ma Qi, a Tungan warlord of Xuning in Qinghai, whom he also thought were driven by Urumqi. Deprived of his formerly loyal Tungans, Yang found himself increasingly isolated. A expedition was sent to Urumqi in 1926, whr G. N Roerich noted “The Governor's residence consisted of several well-isolated buildings and enclosed courtyards. The gates were carefully guarded by patrols of heavily armed men ... The Governor's yamen seemed to us to be in a very dilapidated condition. The glass in many of the windows on the ground floor was broken and dirty papers and rags had been pasted on the window frames. Numerous retainers roamed about the courtyards and villainous bodyguards, armed with mauser pistols, were on duty at the entrance to the yamen.” It seems likely Yang had decided to leave Xinjiang at that point. He had amassed a immense personal fortune and sent much of it to his family in China proper and also to Manila where he had a bank account. Further evidence of this was provided by Mildred Cable and Francesca French, two members of the China inland Mission who reported 'Wise old Governor Yang ... as early as 1926 ... quietly arranged a way of escape for his family and for the transference of his wealth to the security of the British Concession in Tientsin. Later in the same year, accompanied by several 'luggage cases of valuables', Yang's eldest son was sent out of Sinkiang, travelling incognito, in the company of these missionaries”. It was also at this time Yang erectd a statue of himself in th public gardens at Urumqi. According to Nicholas Roerich, this memorial was paid for with forced contributions 'from the grateful population'; by all accounts the statue was in execrable taste . While the NRA was marching upon Beijing in June of 1928, Yang ordered the KMT flag to be raised in Xinjiang. This gesture indicated to all, Yang was about to depart the province. One of Yang's most dissident subordinates, a Han named Fan Yaonan decided to act. Fan Yaonan was an ambitious modernist who received his education in Japan and someone Yang distruste from day one. Fan was appointed the post of Taoyin of Aksu by the Beijing government, an appointment Yang could have easily ingored, but was grudgingly impressd by Fans abilities. Fan proved himself very useful to Yang and was soon promoted to the Taoyin of Urumqi alongside becoming the Xinjiang Provincial Commissioner for Foreign Affairs. It seems Fan and Yang mutually disliked each other. At some point in 1926 Fan got together with a small group of like minded officials, such as the engineer at Urumqi's telegraph station and the Dean of the local school of Law, and Fan told them he wanted to assasinate Yang. Some believe Fan sought to gain favor with the KMT as motivation. Regardless on July 7th of 1928, 6 days after Yang took the post of Chairman of the Xinjiang Provincial Government under the KMT, Fan attacked. On that day, Yang was invited to a banquet to celebrate a graduation ceremony at the Urumqi law school. Fan had arranged the banquet, with 18 soldiers present, disguised as waiters wearing “red bands around their arms and Browning pistols in their sleeves”. During the meal, Fan proposed a toast to the health of Yang at which time “shots rang outsimultaneously, all aimed at the Governor. Seven bulletsin all were fired, and all reached their mark. Yang, mortally wounded, but superb in death, glared an angry defiance at his foes, 'who dares do this?' he questioned in the loud voice which had commanded instant obedience for so many years. Then he fell slowly forward, his last glance resting upon the face of the trusted Yen, as though to ask forgiveness that he had not listened to the advice so often given to him”. According to Yan Tingshan who was also wounded, Fan Yaonan finished Yang Zengxin off with two shots personally. After the assassination, whereupon 16 people were killed or wounded, Fan went to Yang official residence and seized the seals of office. He then sent a letter summonig Jin Shujen, the Commissioner for Civil Affairs in Xinjiang and Yang's second in command. Jin called Fan's bluff and refusing to come, instead sending soldiers to arrest the assassin. It seems Fan greatly miscalculated his personal support as a short gun battle broke out and he was arrested by Jin and shortly thereafter executed with his complices on July 8th. And thus, Jin Shujen found himself succeeding Yang, a less able man to the job. Jin Shujen was a Han Chinese from Gansu. He graduated from the Gansu provincial academy and served for a time as the Principal of a Provincial normal school. He then entered the Imperial Civil Service, where he came to the attention of Yang, then working as the district Magistrate at Hozhou. Yang took him on as district magistrate and Jin rose through the ranks. By 1927 Jin became the Provincial Commissioner for Civil Affairs at Urumqi. After executing Fan, Jin sent a telegram to Nanjing seeking the KMT's official recognition of his new role. Nanjing had no real options, it was fait accompli, they confirmed Jin into office and under the new KMT terminology he was appointed Provincial Chairman and commander-in-chief. In other words an official warlord.  Following his seizure of power, Jin immediately took steps to secure his newfound power. His first step was to double the salaries of the secret police and army. He also expanded the military and acquired new weaponry for them. Politically, Jin maintained the same old Qing policies Yang did, pretty much unchanged. Jin did however replace many of the Yunnanese followers under Yang with Han CHinese from Gansu. Jins younger brother, Jin Shuxin was appointed Provincial Commissioner for military affairs at Urumqi and his other brother Jin Shuqi was given the senior military post at Kashgar. His personal bodyguard member Zu Chaoqi was promoted to Brigade Commander at Urumqi. Jin maintained and expanded upon Yang's system of internal surveillance and censorship, like any good dictator would. According to H. French Ridley of the China Inland Mission at Urumqi “people were executed for 'merely making indiscreet remarks in the street during ordinary conversation”. Jin also introduced a system of internal passports so that any journey performing with Xinjiang required an official passport validation by the Provincial Chairman's personal seal, tightening his security grip and of course increasing his official revenue. Travel outside Xinjiang became nearly impossible, especially for Han officials and merchants seeking trade with China proper.  Under Jin Xinjiang's economy deteriorated while his fortune accumulated. Yang had introduced an unbacked paper currency that obviously fell victim to inflation and Jin upted the anty. Within a process of several stages, he expanded the currency, causing further inflation. Under Yang the land taxes had been a serious source of the provincial revenue, but Yang was not foolish enough to squeeze the Turkic peasantry too hard, he certainly was intelligent enough to thwart peasant revolts. Jin however, not so smart, he tossed caution to the win and doubled the land taxes, way past what would be considered the legal amount. Jin also emulated Ma Fuxiang, by establishing government monopolies over various profitable enterprises, notably the gold mine at Keriya and Jade mine at Khotan. He also monopolized the wool and pelt industry, using his police and army to force the sale of lambskins at a mere 10% of their market value. Just as with Yang's regime, wealth flowed out of the province in a continuous stream, straight into banks within China proper. According to George Vasel, a German engineer and Nazi agent hired to construct airfields in Gansu during the early 1930s, he knew a German pilot named Rathje who was secretly employed by Jin to fly a million dollars worth of gold bullion from Urumqi to Beijing. Jin did his best to keep all foreign influence out of Xinjiang and this extended also to KMT officials from China proper. Jin also of course did his best to conceal his corrupt regime from Nanjing. For all intensive purposes Jin treated Xinjiang like a feudal, medieval society. He tried to limit external trade to only be through long distance caravans. All was fine and dandy until Feng Yuxiang occupied Gansu and thus disrupted the traditional trade routes. Alongside this the Soviets had just constructed a new railroad linking Frunze, the capital of Kirghiz with Semipalatinsk in western siberia. This railroad known as the Turksib was aimed primarily to develop western Turkstan, integrating it within the new soviet system. The railroad was constructed 400 miles away from the Xinjiang frontier, on purpose to limit any activities with capitalists. When the railway was completed in 1930 it virtually strangled Xinjiang. China's share of Xinjiang's market dropped by 13% and the value of trade with the Soviets which had dropped to zero since the Russian civil war was not rising past 32 million roubles by 1930. The Soviet trade gradually was seizing a monopoly over Xinjiang and this of course affected the merchants and workers who were unable to compete. The revenue of the merchants and workers declined as new taxes were levied against them. Meanwhile alongside an increase in Soviet trade, the new railway also increased Soviet political influence over Xinjiang. It was also much faster and easier to travel from China proper to Xinjiang via Vladivostok, the trans-siberian railway and Turksib than across the North-West roads of China. For the Turkic speaking Muslims of Xinjiang, it was quite impressive and many wanted to do business and mingle with the Soviets. However to do so required a visa, and thus KMT officials in Nanjing held the keys. Jin's policies towards the Turkic Muslims, Tungans and Mongols were extremely poor from the very beginning. It seems Jin held prejudice against Muslims, some citing bad experiences with them in Gansu. Whatever the case may be, Jin rapidly antagonized both his Turkic speaking and Tungan Muslim citizens by introducing a tax on the butchering of all animals in Xinjiang and forbidding Muslims to perform the Hajj to Mecca. Some point out he did that second part to thwart a loophole on leaving Xinjiang for trade. Obviously the Muslim majority of Xinjiang and the military powerhouse of Torgut Mongols in the Tien Shan bitterly resented Jin. Despite wide scale hostility against him, the first challenges at his autocratic rule came not from various minority groups, but some ambitious Han officers under his command. Palpatin would say it was ironic.  In May of 1929 the Taoyin of Altai attempted a coup against Jin, but he was forewarned and able to confine the fighting to the Shara Sume area. In the spring of 1931 troubles broke out in Urumqi as discontented Han officers and soldiers attacked Jin's yamen. The attack failed, and the instigators of the plot were all executed. The same year, Jin annexed the Kumul Khanate, known to the Chinese as Hami, finally pushing the Turkic speaking Muslims into open rebellion. Going back in time, after Zuo Zengtangs reconquest of Xinjiang in the 1870s, a few local principalities were permitted to survive on a semi-autonomous basis. Of these Kumul was the most important and was ruled by a royal family dating back to the Ming Dynasty and descended from the Chaghatay Khans. The Khanate of Kumul dominated the chief road from Xinjiang to China proper and was therefore of strategic importance to the Chinese. It extended from Iwanquan northwards to the Barkul Tagh and along the mountains to Bai and south to Xingxingxia along the Xinjiang-Gansu border. During the Xinhai Revolution of 1911, Maqsud Shah was sitting on the throne of Kumul. He was known to the Chinese as the Hami Wang, to his subjects as Khan Maqsud or Sultan Maqsud and to Europeans as the King of the Gobi. He was the last independent Khan of Central Asia as the rest were tossing their lot in with the progress of the times. During Yangs regime he was content with allowing Kumul to train its semi autonomous status, mostly because Maqsud Shah was very friendly towards the Chinese. He spoke Turkic with a marked Chinese accent and wore Chinese clothes. On the other hand he had a long whit beard and always wore a turban or Uyghur cap. He was a staunch Muslim ruling a petty oasis kingdom from an ancient and ramshackle palace in Kumul proper, one of three towns making up the capital of Kumul, known to the Chinese as Huicheng. He had a bodyguard consisting of 40 Chinese soldiers armed with mausers and had a Chinese garrison billeted in fortified Chinese town. The third city in his domain was known as New City or Xincheng, populated by a mix of Chinese and Turkic peoples. By 1928, shortly after the assassination of Yang, it was estimated Maqsud Shah ruled over roughly 25,000-30,000 Kumulliks. He was responsible for levying taxes, dispensing justice and so forth. His administration rested upon 21 Begs, 4 of whom were responsible for Kumul itself, 5 others over plains villages and the other 12 over mountain regions of Barkul and Karlik Tagh. Maqsud Shah also maintained a Uyghur militia who had a reputation as being better trained than its Chinese counterpart at Old City. Throughout Yangs regime, Kumul remained relatively peaceful and prosperous. Maqsud Shah paid a small annual tribute to Urumqi and in return the Xinjiang government paid him a formal subsidy of 1200 silver taels a year. Basically this was Yang paying for the Sultans compliance when it came to moving through his strategic Khanate. For the Uyghurs of Kumul, they were free from the typical persecution under Chinese officials. The only tax paid by citizens of Kumul was in livestock, generally sheep or goats, given annually to the Khan. The soil of the oasis was rich and well cultivated. Everything was pretty fine and dandy under Yang, but now was the time of Jin. In March of 1930, Maqsud Shah died of old age. His eldest son Nasir should have inherited the throne of Kumul, but Jin and his Han subordinates stationed in Kumul Old City had other plans. Shortly after Maqsud Shah's death, Nasir traveled to Urumqi, most likely to legitimize his rise upon the throne. Nasir was not very popular amongst his people, thus it seemed he needed Jin's aid to bolster him. However there also was the story that it was Jin who ordered Nasir to come to Urumqi to perform a formal submission. Now at the time of Maqsud Shah's death, Li Xizeng, a Han Chinese divisional commander stationed in Kumul suggested to Jin that the Khanate should be abolished and annexed officially. There was of course a great rationale for this, if Jin took control over Kumul it would offer increased revenue and new positions for his Han Chinese officials. Thus Jin ordered a resolution be drawn up by his ministers to abolish the Khanate, dividing Kumul into three separate administrative districts, Hami centered around the capital, I-ho and I-wu. When Nasir arrived in Urumqi he was given the new position of Senior Advisor to the provincial government, but forbidden to return to Kumul. Basically it was the age old government via hostage taking. Meanwhile another official named Yulbars was sent back to Kumul with a group of Chinese officials to set up the new administration.  While the people of Kumul had no love for Nasir and were taxed pretty heavily by his father, this did not mean that they wanted the Khanate to end. For the Turkic Muslims the Khanate held a religious significance. For Uyghurs there was a question of national pride associated with it. Of course there were economic issues. Within Xinjiang Han were allowed to settle, but in the Khanate there were restrictions. In the words of the Nanjing Wu Aichen on the situation “subject peoples obstinately prefer self-government to good government”. Well Jin's government was definitely not good, so what outcome does that give? The newly appointed Han administration upset the people of Kumul from the very minute of its installation. When it was announced the privilege of being except from direct taxation by Urumqi was to be abolished, ompf. To add insult to injury, one years arrears of taxes were to be collected from the Uyghurs. On top of that, Kumul was tossed wide open to Han settlers who were incentivized to settle by giving them a tax exemption for two years. Yeah that be some wild policies. To add even more misery, Kumul being situated on the chief road from northwestern Gansu to Xinjiang saw an enormous flow of refugees from famine and warfare going on in Gansu. A column of these refugees were seen by Berger Bohlin of the Sino-Swedish Expedition of 1931. His account is as follows “During my stay at Hua-hai-tze I witnessed a curious spectacle. The Chen-fan region had for a number of years been visited by failure of the crops and famine, and large numbers of people therefore emigrated to more prosperous tracts. Such an emigration-wave now passed Hua-hai-tze. It consisted of a caravan of 100 camels, transporting 150 persons with all their baggage to Sinkiang, where it was said that land was being thrown open”. It seemed to Bohlin that the refugees looked carefree and happy and that the ruler of Xinjiang, Jin Shujen, a Gansu man himself was enthusiastic to have them come settle his province. Jin had his official in charge of I-ho district Lung Xulin provide land for the would-be settlers coming from Gansu. Lung Xulin responded by forcing his Uyghur population to leave their cultivated land and simply handed it over to the refugees. The expropriated Uyghurs were compensated for their land by being given untilled lands on the fringe of the desert where most soil was barren. The Uyghurs were also assessed for their land tax based on their old holdings. To make this even worse hear this, untilled land was exempt from taxation for two years, so they didn't even get that, while the Gansu refugees were excused from tax payments for three years. So yeah the Kumul people quickly organized a petition and sent it to the yamen in Urumqi. There was zero acknowledgement from the yamen it was received and nothing was done to address the long list of grievances, especially from the Uyghurs. Instead the Gansu settlers kept flooding in and with them the price of food skyrocketed, largely because of the enormous amount of provincial troops sent in to watch over everybody. Now for the moment the Turkic speaking Muslims in the region remained relatively peaceful, and this perhaps lulled Jin into a false sense of security. But according to Sven Hedin of the Sino-Swedish Expedition “Discontent increased; the people clenched their teeth and bided their time; the atmosphere was tense and gloomy. Inflammable matter accumulated, and only a spark was needed to fire the powder magazine.”  I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. The history of Xinjiang is unbelievably bizarre, complicated and quite frankly really fun. Before researching this I had no idea about anything and am really enjoying this as I write it. The next episode is going to be on the Kumul Rebellion, so buckle up buckaroo. 

What does grief really look like, and how do you keep living when someone you love is gone? In this raw and heartfelt episode, Maggy sits down with her dear friend Ili, to share her deeply personal journey of losing her mom to cancer.From hilarious memories of her mom's larger-than-life personality to the raw, quiet pain of missing her, Ili opens up about the lessons her mom left behind and the strength she's discovered through it all.Maggy and Ili reflect on why grieving isn't linear and how moments of connection, even in the darkest times, can remind us of the light.Inspired by Disney+ Hotstar's newest K-drama, Light Shop; a series about love, loss, and resilience, this episode is a powerful reminder that even in the darkest moments, there's always hope if you look for the light.Tune in for a conversation that will make you laugh, cry, and reflect on what really matters.Follow Ili here: @helloitsiliCatch Light Shop on Disney+ Hotstar here:https://www.hotstar.com/my/shows/light-shop/1271334614?is_paywall_onboarding=true-------------------Hosted by Maggy Wang, this podcast is where real talk meets real life — messy, mundane, and everything in between.From everyday struggles to smashing through stigmas, we know you're here for the unfiltered conversations.There will be laughter, there will be awkward silence and maybe some tears. One thing's for sure, you won't get enough. So kick off your shoes (or heels), grab a seat and #letsgetheadoverheelsLet us know if you enjoyed this episode and found it helpful!We wanna hear what YOU want to do & talk about next! NEW HEAD OVER HEELS PODCAST EPISODES WEEKLY ON THURSDAYS AT 6PM Follow us on:Instagram: @theheadoverheelspodMaggy: @themaggywang

Hassan et Naïma sont tous les 2 originaires d'un petit village du Maroc, Sebaâ Aïyoun dans la région de Fès-Meknès, Sebaâ Aïyoun qui signifie sept sources en arabe. Naïma découvre Porquerolles en 1986 à l'âge de 11 ans, avec son frère Hamad et sa mère Fatima. Ils y rejoignent son père Habibi embauché 2 ans plus tôt par Sébastien Le Ber, propriétaire du Domaine de l'île, l'un des 2 grands domaines viticoles alors présents sur l'île avec le domaine de la Courtade. Après quelques années près d'Avignon à Châteaurenard, Hassan rejoint Porquerolles en 1994. Il est embauché au Domaine de l'île pendant 2 saisons à la taille des vignes. Ils se marient avec Naïma en 1996, et leur premier enfant Iliès voit le jour en 1998. A la suite de ses saisons au Domaine de l'île, Hassan travaille un temps dans la restauration à l'Oustaou, puis après un passage sur le continent où il exercera différentes activités, ils reviennent s'installer sur l'île en 2003. Hassan prend ses fonctions de tractoriste puis de contremaitre au Domaine de la Courtade tenu alors par Henri Vidal, jusqu'en 2015. Aujourd'hui Hassan travaille pour Veolia au ramassage des déchets sur l'île et ils ont monté avec Naïma leur micro entreprise de restauration spécialisée dans la cuisine orientale. Avec Hassan, Naïma et leurs enfants, on a parlé des domaines viticoles de l'île, de Jean Rochefort, Florence Arthaud, Henri Vidal et de nombreux porquerollais, de la sensibilisation au tri des déchets, du Maroc, de famille, de solidarité, de fraternité, de partage et de cuisine. Pour retrouver toutes les notes de l'épisode, rendez-vous ici.Support the show Me suivre sur instagram : https://www.instagram.com/fragile_porquerolles/ Me soutenir sur Tipeee : https://fr.tipeee.com/fragile-porquerolles-1 Vous pouvez me laisser des étoiles et un avis sur Apple Podcasts et Spotify, ça aide ! Si vous souhaitez m'envoyer un mail: fragileporquerolles@gmail.com

Karaj Aŭskultantoj kaj Radioamikoj, Pola RetRadio en Esperanto invitas vin kaj atendas dum la renkontiĝoj de la virtuala Movada Foiro. Ili okazos la 30-an de novembro 2024 (sabate) je la 11-a horo kaj la 01-an de dedembro 2024 (dimanĉe) je la 19-a horo laŭ la UTC + 1 h. Bonvenon al ĉiuj! Uzu tiun maloftan okazon rekte alparoli kaj pridemandi reprezentantojn de la Redakcio, sugesti proponojn. Eble vi ŝatos dividi viajn rememorojn pri la unuaj informoj kaj kontaktoj kun la E-lingvaj elsendoj, informi ĉu ankaŭ en elektronika tempo vi aŭskutas ilin kaj kio en ili estas por vi plej interesa. Ni atendas vin!  

Ljudi kažu da je Beyonce precijenjena, da Severina nije relevantna i da Tito nije bio zgodan kad je bio mlad. Jesu li u pravu?! Ili je to samo jedno od - nepopularnih mišljenja? Ima li uopće svrhe raspravljati o tome i koja to nepopularna mišljenja imamo nas dvije? Treba li se ljubiti na cesti? Smijemo li djeci zabraniti mobitele? I da li je važno što čitaš - dokle god čitaš? Poslušajte!

Da li ste se ikada zapitali zašto se ponašate na određeni način u nekim situacijama ili kako određeni odnosi utiču na vas? Transakciona analiza (TA) može biti odgovor na ova pitanja. Ovaj pristup psihoterapiji, koji je razvio Erik Bern šezdesetih godina XX veka, pomaže ljudima da bolje razumeju svoju ličnost i interakcije sa drugima, koristeći jednostavne, ali moćne koncepte - ego stanja. Zamislite situaciju u kojoj imate konflikt na poslu. Da li reagujete smireno, tražeći racionalno rešenje? To je vaš Odrasli. Ili, možda osećate da vas kritikuju i vraćate se u detinjstvo sa osećajem nesigurnosti - to je Dete. Ako ste, s druge strane, skloni da kritikujete druge zbog grešaka, vaš Roditelj preuzima vođstvo. Svaka interakcija između ljudi naziva se "transakcija". Uspešna komunikacija se dešava kada su transakcije jasne i usklađene. Na primer, ako neko razgovara sa vama iz svog "Odraslog" stanja, a vi reagujete iz "Deteta" to može izazvati konflikt ili nesporazum. TA pomaže da razumemo te dinamike i izbegnemo nepotrebne sukobe. Mihailu je u gostima koleginica, psihijatar i psihoterapeut, Aleksandra Bubera Ninić, redovni trener i supervizor transakcione analize, sa kojom vam je, osim razgovora o TA pripremio i neka iznenađenja.

Što kada nam prijatelji više - nisu prijatelji? Što kada dođe do gašenja ženskih prijateljstava nakon dugo godina? Prijateljstva se ponekad ugase, naizgled, iz ničega. Ili dođe do raskola zbog nesrazmjera u odnosima, ljubomore ili različitih životnih faza. Možemo li prerasti svoje prijatelje? I koliko vrijedi ulagati u odnose za koje nismo sigurni gdje vode, a nismo ih spremni pustiti iz života?

We're not playing around, this episode is not meant for the faint hearted. You may know Norreen and Ili as jokesters but we got them on this episode to share their real life haunting experiences. You NEED to sit down for this. 0:00 Intro 0:50 Say hi to Norreen 2:04 Say hi to Ili 2:57 How this gang came about 4:06 Ming Han's primary school toilet was haunted 11:00 Who woke Norreen up to mandi? 16:35 A little boy in Narita hotel 22:45 Knock knock who's there? 27:26 The exorcist but irl 32:00 Norreen's rasuk story 43:45 Ili was almost a ghost bride?! 54:00 TW: We had to pray after this story

Kako izgleda dejtanje kada se izadje iz oceana ljudi koje srećemo kroz srednju školu, a onda i fax? Jer sada kad gledamo unatrag, to je metafora koja se nameće. U srednjoj školi, na faxu, na prvim poslovima koji se mijenjaju brzo i koji su puni novih i nepoznatih ljudi, kreće mirnija faza života. Kao iz oceana punog riba i jakih struja, otplivaš u neki plićak. Što onda? Kako se dejta kad su se sve tvoje frendice udale? Kako se dejta kad se viđe ne ide van uvijek i stalno? Kako se pronalazi partner nakon razvoda? Ima li itko strpljenja za ljude s djecom? Želimo li biti na aplikacijama ili su one nužno zlo? Ima li tu mjesta i za one preko 40? I je li istina da se tu sve vrti samo oko seksa? Saznajte s nama dok zaranjamo u ove mutne vode o kojima - pojma nemamo. Ili imamo? Hue hue.

Stjepan Šandrk je slikar poznat po zanimljivom twistu u svojim djelima: uključivanju motiva moderne, najčešće tehnologijom obogaćene kulture, u medij slikanja gdje tako nešto definitivno nije očekivano. Njegova slika u tehnici ulja na platnu može sadržavati motiv mrtve prirode koji izgleda kao da je nastao ispod kista nizozemskog majstora - ali na trpezi su i McDonalds krompirići i Coca Cola. Ili cijela slika - opet ulje na platnu - može prikazivati trenutak kada druga osoba kroz kameru mobitela fotografira neki oblik umjetnosti umjesto da uživa u njemu. Većina njegovih slika sadrži moment iznenađenja, a njegova djela su, osim na brojnim izložbama, sve popularnija i u privatnim zbirkama ili domovima. Stjepan definitivno drži korak s tehnologijom, te je među ostalim i entuzijast za cryptocurrency, te je koristio i tehnologiju NFT-ova. Razgovarali smo o umjetničkoj ispiraciji, tehnologiji ali i o tome kako postati umjetnik koji ne dijeli stereotipnu sudbinu "siromašnih" ili "neshvaćenih." Stjepan Šandrk uskoro ima izložbu u Vukovaru! What happens is not as important as how you react to what happens.Elen Glasgow Tri načina kako slušati podcast Kako slušati podcast u autu koji nema Mp3 player Top lista najslušanijih epizoda

Nakon što je razgovor sa Markom Gudejlom, profesorom sa Oksforda, odjeknuo u domaćoj javnosti, Stevan Filipović, srpski reditelj i voditelj Radar podkasta razgovarao je u Španiji sa prof. dr Martom Konde koja radi na Autonomnom Univerzitetu u Barseloni i na Univerzitetu u Kvinslendu u Australiji, kao dobitnica prestižne stipendije "Marija Kiri". Nakon što je stekla zvanje inženjerke poljoprivrede, specijalizaciju i doktorat je posvetila metodama otpora projektima rudarenja koji ugrožavaju prirodu širom sveta, gde se, po objavljenim radovima i naučnim projektima u kojima je učestvovala, izdvojila kao jedna od najvećih ekspertkinja za ovu oblast na svetu. Filipović je u novoj epizodi Radar podkasta razgovarao sa njom pretežno o situaciji u Srbiji, odnosno o tome koliko su problemi sa kojima se suočavamo slični onima koji pogađaju druge narodi u sličnim situacijama, kao i o mogućim rešenjima. Sagovornici su se na početku složili da zelena tranzicija sama po sebi ima dosta manjkavosti, te da je trenutni plan da se isti model nastavi, samo da promeni ruho. Odnosno, da se suštinski ništa neće promeniti jer suštinske promene zahtevaju cenu koja mora sa se plati. "Predloženo rudarenje u Srbiji će izazvati veliku štetu i razaranje. Ovo ne važi samo za Srbiju. Prosto ne postoji dovoljno minerala na svetu da bi podmirile potrebe ekonomskog modela u kom živimo. Jedini način da se izborimo sa ovim jeste da smanjimo ukupnu potrošnju energije na svetskom nivou, i tako smanjimo pritisak da mora da se rudari. Da, današnja tehnologija rudarenja je možda malo bolja, ali, i dalje - rudnik je rudnik. Šteta je neizbežna i ne postoji način da rudarenje bude ‘održivo'. To je oksimoron. Isto kao i ‘održivi razvoj'”, jasna je Konde. Ona objašnjava veze, odnosno uticaje rudarenja na poljoprivredu, ekologiju, pa i kulturu podneblja gde je planiran rudnik navodeći da je slučaj u Srbiji već viđen scenario. "Nažalost, postoji značajna korelacija između plodnosti zemlje, reka, kulturološkog značaja nekih prirodnih celina i rudarenja. Najčešće su upravo to mesta gde se nalaze rude koje su potrebne i gde rudarske kompanije dolaze da kopaju. Ono što se desilo u Srbiji je već viđen recept. Korporacija dođe, pokuša da otvori rudnik, dese se protesti, a onda se oni primire i čekaju. U međuvremenu ulažu u razaranje svih pokreta otpora, i onda pokušavaju ponovo", dodaje Konde. Filipović je podsetio sagovornicu da je u Srbiji jedinstvena situacija u svetu jer se iskopavanje rude planira usred plodne zemlje te apostorfirao da nam “oni (Rio Tinto i vlast) obećavaju da razvijaju nove procese, i da će šteta biti minimalna”. “To jednostavno nije istina", kratko i jasno odgovara Konde. Konde u razgovoru ilustruje i modus operandi po kojem velike korporacije otvaraju sebi put ka rudarenju navodeći da je u središtu svega – novac. "Ono što korporacije rade jeste da kupuju, bilo zemljište, kuće, bilo ljude... Ili ih kupuju ili im ponude poslove sa velikim platama. Na ovaj način se u epicentru rudarenja prave podele između meštana. Tu su i političari koje kupuju. A vi ste u Srbiji dobro krenuli sa velikim protestima i direktnim odbijanjem. To je najbolji način. I dobro bi bilo da uspete pre nego što se rudnik otvori, jer, jednom kad se otvori, stvari postaju komplikovanije", podvlači profesorka. Sagovornica je povukla paralele sa situacijom u Kataloniji, ali i širem sveta navodeći da ni u Srbiji situacija neće biti bolja. "Mi u Kataloniji imamo rudnik, i na kraju se ispostavilo da rudarska kompanija neće da plaća čišćenje reke od toksičnih hemikalija, tako da se to finansira narodnim novcem. Imamo dve ogromne rafinerije za prečišćavanje vode u periferiji Barselone, i to sve mi finansiramo, kompanija je jednostavno odbila. Ako se to dešava u Barseloni, u Japanu, Africi mnogo više, dakle, dešava se svuda isti obrazac. I ko na kraju disproporcionalno profitira? Rio Tinto. Šta će od toga da dobiju ljudi u Srbiji. Pa, neki možda dobiju posao, i to je uglavnom to".

74 - Koliko % mozga koristimo? Znate li šta je Mocartov efekat? Možemo li da smršamo ako jedemo čokoladu? Ili da dobijemo Nobelovu nagradu? Kako da učimo dok spavamo? Da li nam nedostaje hormon sreće i kako nadoknaditi serotonin? A sada...zamislite ovde GejmOTron muziku...

Tune in for the answer to these questions from listeners:    This inflation is unbearable. With food prices on the rise, are there any money-saving strategies that you can share?Nancy Meadows - Schaumburg, ILI drink 1-2 glasses of red wine with dinner. Is there a specific type of red wine that's healthier or does it not matter?Eileen Mitchells - Valdosta, GA  An apple a day keeps the doctor away. Are some healthier than others, and what about the sugar content in apples?Brenda O'Brien - Casper, WYI want organic pasture-raised eggs, but always doubt the ones in the grocery store are actually pasture-raised. Do I need to go to a farmers market?Kristin McCarthy - Springhill, TNI have a food intolerance to several things I used to be able to eat with no problem. Why all of a sudden am I not able to eat foods I used to love?Dolores Cohen, Tennessee I love to salt my food. Is salt really as bad as we've been led to believe?Mark Evans - Tampa, FLI suffer from candida and try all of the supplements but it always returns. Any suggestions? Ann Burkus, Sarasota, FL I'm drinking a lot of lemon water but I'm worried all of the acidity is bad for my stomach. Do you concur?Pat Richards - Raleigh, NC Are meal replacement shakes & bars ok to use instead of eating food if I want to lose weight?Fran Denison - Albuquerque, NMI suffer from migraines. Is there a supplement I can take that might help? Anna Edwards, Asheville, NCDo you have a question for Dr. Friedman? Send it to him at AskTheDoctor@ToYourGoodHealthRadio.comIf he answers your question on the air, he'll send you a signed copy of his award-winning, #1 bestselling book, Food Sanity: How to Eat in a World of Fads and Fiction. He'll also include a free copy of his audiobook, “America's Unbalanced Diet” (over a million copies sold!).To stay updated with Dr. Friedman's latest articles, videos, and interviews, go to DrDavidFriedman.com.You can follow him on social media:X and Facebook: @DrDavidFriedmanInstagram: @DrDFriedman  

Prva epizoda Radar podkasta sa Stevanom Filipovićem ugostila je dramaturškinju Milenu Bogavac, s kojom Stevan Filipović debatuje o popularnoj seriji Maleni irvas. Ali ovaj Netfliksov hit je samo polazište za mnogo širu priču o nama i vremenu u kome živimo. Od petka 31. maja, sajt Radara je bogatiji za još jedan podkast. Naime, reditelj Stevan Filipović, autor filmova Šejtanov ratnik, Šišanje, Pored mene, Pored tebe i nadolazećeg Pored nas, upustio se u ambicioznu realizaciju podkasta s edukativnom komponentom, koji bi na svake dve nedelje donosio nove teme i goste, koji bi zajedno sa njim analizirali aktuelne popkulturne fenomene. Na ideju za podkast došao je slučajno: „Pre par dana sam imao višesatni razgovor sa čovekom od tridesetak godina, koji radi na visokoj poziciji u Majkrosoftu, prima platu do četiri hiljade evra, i zapošljava ljude koji rade na softveru koji upravo menja tok ljudske istorije. Sadržaj razgovora je za mene bio poražavajući. Ne mogu da kažem da čovek nije formalno obrazovan – ima gimnaziju, fakultet… Ali, njegovi stavovi o svim društveno-političkim temama kojih smo se dotakli su bili na nivou onoga što su pre digitalne revolucije bila 'razmišljanja' likova koji piju pivo ili duvaju travu ispred C-marketa. Ili, prevedeno: stavovi su mu digest svih podkasta Džoa Rogana – od antivakserstva, preko podrške Trampu, nezainteresovanosti za demokratiju u svetu, slobodu medija, izbore, uz potpuno odsustvo svesti da živi u Srbiji, a ne u Americi. Vučić mu je apstrakcija, nečiji tuđi problem; ono što mu najviše zamera je 'što nas je zaključavao za vreme pandemije'. Mislim da je istina da on ne živi ni u Srbiji, ni u Americi, već u onome što Sem Haris duhovito naziva 'Podkastistan'. Pitao sam ga da li postoji jedan tradicionalni medij koji prati i čijim novinarima i uredništvu veruje, odgovor je bio odričan… Ovo nije 'generacija koja dolazi', oni su uveliko tu, oni glasaju (ili ne glasaju), a rastu i obrazuju se putem pomenutih sadržaja, u vakuumu koji je nastao nepostojanjem kvalitetnih domaćih ekvivalenata. Moja ideja je da upravo ovim podkastom popunimo taj vakuum…“

+Max uprkos b specifikaciji Ferrarija pobednik, uz 8 pol-pozicija zaredom.+Verstappen pobedio i u iracing 24h Nurburgring...Duracell - Igraj i osvoji put u Moncu: https://igrajiosvoji.com/Preuzmite OMV My Station mobilnu aplikaciju: https://www.omv.co.rs/sr-rs/mystationiPhone: https://apps.apple.com/rs/app/omv-mystation-u-srbiji/id6451113141Android: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.comarch.clm.mobileapp.omvrshttps://fantasy.formula1.com/en/leagues/join/P5SEDGFHU02KOD ZA LIGU: P5SEDGFHU02Ukoliko želite da podržite ekipu Infinity Lighthouse i sve što radimo, najbrže je kroz Patreon i YouTube članstvo.Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/infinitylighthouse YT: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ2D37u3DU1XGxxriq5779Q/joinDomaćini: Dejan Potkonjak, Pavle Živković i Srđan Erceg#lap76#infinitylighthouse#f1 00:00:00 Početak 00:04:00 Andrej Petrović u gostima 00:27:45 Imola, Sena i posetioci00:39:30 Maks odličan na stazi kada je bitno00:45:00 Ferari ponovo traži alibi00:46:30 Strategija00:50:00 Slučaj Hulkenberg00:54:15 Volf - Lauda - Hamilton00:57:30 Šta ćemo sa Čekom?01:02:00 Gde su neki novi momci?01:12:00 Uvek je cilj pobediti01:16:00 Čudne Ferarijeve odluke01:18:30 Trkački tempo01:26:00 Vidimo se u Sarajevu i Osijeku01:34:00 Ko je dobar u sporim krivinama?01:42:30 Pol pozicija donosi pobedu01:50:00 Da li je neko video Aston Martin?02:03:00 Maks pod pritiskom02:05:00 Dajte šansu Jukiju02:15:00 Zvezda se rađa, ne postaje se! Ili ne?02:32:00 Sainc 5x502:37:30 Suočimo sa sa stvarnošću02:47:00 Alpina, Vilijams i ostali...02:49:00 Građansko novinarstvo02:56:00 Lane u Monaku03:04:30 F2 i F303:12:00 Porše super kup03:15:00 NASCAR03:24:00 Fantasy03:30:45 PATREON------------------------------HUMANITARNI KUTAKPomozimo Martinu!Slanjem SMS poruke: Upišimo 1503 i pošaljimo SMS na 3030Slanjem SMS poruke iz Švajcarske: Upišimo human1503 i pošaljimo SMS na 455Uplatom na dinarski račun: 160-6000001670866-23Uplatom na devizni račun: 160-6000001671337-65IBAN: RS35160600000167133765SWIFT/BIC: DBDBRSBGUplatom platnim karticama putem linka: E-doniraj (https://www.budihuman.rs/edonate/sr?user_id=1503)Uplatom sa vašeg PayPal naloga putem linka: PayPal (https://www.budihuman.rs/paypal/sr/donate?user_id=1503)-----------------NAŠA PRODAVNICA - ️https://shop.infinitylighthouse.comSvi koji žele da obogate svoju biblioteku prelepim delima o Formuli 1 i MotoGP-u ili se obuku u naše, zajedničke, boje, tu je naša zvanična prodavnica knjiga, majica i kačketa.NAŠE DRUŠTVENE MREŽE Instagram - https://instagram.com/infinitylighthouse Facebook - https://facebook.com/theinfinitylighthouseTwitter - https://twitter.com/infinitylighthsSPORTSKE VESTI - https://sportsmagazin.rsMusic credit: Envato Elements Item/Cinematic Heroic by StudioKolomnaAutor: Srđan ErcegDatum: 20. maj 2024.Lokacija: Studio na kraju UniverzumaProdukcija: Infinity Lighthouse https://www.youtube.com/infinitylighthouseWebsite: https://infinitylighthouse.com/Zabranjeno je svako kopiranje i neovlašćeno preuzimanje video i/ili audio snimaka i postavljanje na druge kanale! Nije dozvoljeno koristiti materijal sa ovog kanala, bilo u celosti ili iz segmenata, bez licenciranja / plaćanja kako za komercijalnu, tako i za nekomercijalnu upotrebu.Svaka upotreba bez licenciranja za komercijalnu ili nekomercijalnu / privatnu upotrebu biće procesuirana. Za sve informacije o pravima, za upite o licenciranju i dobijanju dozvole za korišćenje možete nas kontaktirati putem naše zvanične email adrese.Copying, re-uploading, and illegally distributing this copyrighted work is strictly prohibited! Label and copyright: Infinity Lighthouse ★ Support this podcast on Patreon ★

We have a familiar face back on Confess it, baby, our girl Angie! We narrowed it down on who could have some good insights on the topic and she was IT. In this episode we're exploring the ins and outs of modern dating, from swiping right to those awkward first encounters. From catfish stories, first date disasters, and first date advice… we're confessing a whole lot on this one, baby. And oh so relatable! Connect with us anything—- ask@confessitbabypod.com POD Description: Jen and Ili are bringing you some confessions and no, it's not just their secrets! A radio host and an entertainment producer are keeping it real on record. Each episode will dive into life hacks, viral content, personal and professional development, entrepreneurship, beauty, relationships, self-love and so much more. They're just those girls, like your cooler older sisters with more than just advice. Expect new episodes every Tuesday. Got any juicy confessions? Email us, DM us, drop us a review and follow! Ask us anything—- ask@confessitbabypod.com SPONSORS: LISTEN TO CIB: Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/confess-it-baby/id1668941047 Spotify:https://open.spotify.com/show/6BDetrwS3hdbXUcZKzCglB?si=Ue8prl8rQxqvpn19RgU2GQ  Anchor: https://anchor.fm/confess-it-baby Amazon: https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/0bfa7602-09e4-4236-86e1-0196eaefbe72/confess-it-baby FOLLOW CIB: Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/confessitbabypodcast/ TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@confessitbabypodcast Youtube:https://www.youtube.com/@ConfessItBabyPodcast/ FOLLOW + SUPPORT JEN: Youtube Channel: youtube.com/brunetteconfessions Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/jenmore_ TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@brunetteconfessions Amazon Store: https://www.amazon.com/shop/jenmore_ Shop My Style: https://shopmy.us/jenmore FOLLOW + SUPPORT Ili: Youtube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@thatgirliliana Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/ilianamenendez/ TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@ilimenendez Business inquiries: info@confessitbabypod.com --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/confess-it-baby/support

We're talking all about the viral “Girls girl” culture. What it is, how it can come off, our experiences, whether or not we think we're girls girl… and what is considered a pick me girl. Our inspo for this episode came from Tiktok , and this article from Elle Magazine:https://www.elle.com/life-love/sex-relationships/a46663705/not-a-girls-girl-insult-explained/ Connect with us anything—- ask@confessitbabypod.com POD Description: Jen and Ili are bringing you some confessions and no, it's not just their secrets! A radio host and an entertainment producer are keeping it real on record. Each episode will dive into life hacks, viral content, personal and professional development, entrepreneurship, beauty, relationships, self-love and so much more. They're just those girls, like your cooler older sisters with more than just advice. Expect new episodes every Tuesday. Got any juicy confessions? Email us, DM us, drop us a review and follow! Ask us anything—- ask@confessitbabypod.com SPONSORS: LISTEN TO CIB: Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/confess-it-baby/id1668941047 Spotify:https://open.spotify.com/show/6BDetrwS3hdbXUcZKzCglB?si=Ue8prl8rQxqvpn19RgU2GQ  Anchor: https://anchor.fm/confess-it-baby Amazon: https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/0bfa7602-09e4-4236-86e1-0196eaefbe72/confess-it-baby FOLLOW CIB: Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/confessitbabypodcast/ TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@confessitbabypodcast Youtube:https://www.youtube.com/@ConfessItBabyPodcast/ FOLLOW + SUPPORT JEN: Youtube Channel: youtube.com/brunetteconfessions Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/jenmore_ TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@brunetteconfessions Amazon Store: https://www.amazon.com/shop/jenmore_ Shop My Style: https://shopmy.us/jenmore FOLLOW + SUPPORT Ili: Youtube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@thatgirliliana Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/ilianamenendez/ TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@ilimenendez Business inquiries: info@confessitbabypod.com --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/confess-it-baby/support

It's the week prior to Miami Music Week so we're chatting about plans, and can't forget the fact that Miami broke up with Spring Break… yeah, we're talking about that too! We're also breaking down an Elite Daily article that interviews a Miami influencer who gives recommendations on “finessing the vacation of your dreams”. As true locals, Ili and I are gonna see how good these recommendations really are or is it all influencer/ tourist privilege. Between never getting a free drink from a guy, having beef with LIV nightclub, Elleven nights, paying cover, yacht days and expensive dinners.. we're confessing it, baby. Article:https://www.elitedaily.com/lifestyle/silvana-mojica-miami-spring-break-itinerary Connect with us anything—- ask@confessitbabypod.com POD Description: Jen and Ili are bringing you some confessions and no, it's not just their secrets! A radio host and an entertainment producer are keeping it real on record. Each episode will dive into life hacks, viral content, personal and professional development, entrepreneurship, beauty, relationships, self-love and so much more. They're just those girls, like your cooler older sisters with more than just advice. Expect new episodes every Tuesday. Got any juicy confessions? Email us, DM us, drop us a review and follow! Ask us anything—- ask@confessitbabypod.com SPONSORS: LISTEN TO CIB: Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/confess-it-baby/id1668941047 Spotify:https://open.spotify.com/show/6BDetrwS3hdbXUcZKzCglB?si=Ue8prl8rQxqvpn19RgU2GQ  Anchor: https://anchor.fm/confess-it-baby Amazon: https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/0bfa7602-09e4-4236-86e1-0196eaefbe72/confess-it-baby FOLLOW CIB: Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/confessitbabypodcast/ TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@confessitbabypodcast Youtube:https://www.youtube.com/@ConfessItBabyPodcast/ FOLLOW + SUPPORT JEN: Youtube Channel: youtube.com/brunetteconfessions Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/jenmore_ TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@brunetteconfessions Amazon Store: https://www.amazon.com/shop/jenmore_ Shop My Style: https://shopmy.us/jenmore FOLLOW + SUPPORT Ili: Youtube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@thatgirliliana Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/ilianamenendez/ TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@ilimenendez Business inquiries: info@confessitbabypod.com

We officially have the first guests of season 2! Marialys and Clara are both redefining what beauty is. As a makeup artist and a permanent makeup tech, they're both in the beauty field helping women to look beautiful on the outside but also feel beautiful on the inside and be the best version of themselves. They combined their passion for beauty and helping others— and created a safe space for women by hosting monthly self improvement workshops. In this episode we chat about all things empowerment, positivity, self-love, boundaries, the importance of self-care practices and mental health awareness and so much more. Check out their business and more on the workshops —@ithennermuseco & @artistryofthesoull , on Instagram. TIMESTAMP: Intro How the workshops started—04:00 Why are these workshops important —06:00 Opening up and oversharing —8:50 Not taught how to be emotional — 13:40 What can people expect in the next one— 19:50 Feeling fulfilled by helping others— 22:40 How to stay sane in a busy world —28:00 Top tips to help with your mental wellbeing— 40 Didn't know what your life purpose was going to be —47:47 What matters is what's on the inside, confidence and high vibrations—50:39 You're never going to feel ready —57:36 Connect with us anything—- ask@confessitbabypod.com POD Description: Jen and Ili are bringing you some confessions and no, it's not just their secrets! A radio host and an entertainment producer are keeping it real on record. Each episode will dive into life hacks, viral content, personal and professional development, entrepreneurship, beauty, relationships, self-love and so much more. They're just those girls, like your cooler older sisters with more than just advice. Expect new episodes every Tuesday. Got any juicy confessions? Email us, DM us, drop us a review and follow! Ask us anything—- ask@confessitbabypod.com SPONSORS: LISTEN TO CIB: Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/confess-it-baby/id1668941047 Spotify:https://open.spotify.com/show/6BDetrwS3hdbXUcZKzCglB?si=Ue8prl8rQxqvpn19RgU2GQ  Anchor: https://anchor.fm/confess-it-baby Amazon: https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/0bfa7602-09e4-4236-86e1-0196eaefbe72/confess-it-baby FOLLOW CIB: Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/confessitbabypodcast/ TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@confessitbabypodcast Youtube:https://www.youtube.com/@ConfessItBabyPodcast/ FOLLOW + SUPPORT JEN: Youtube Channel: youtube.com/brunetteconfessions Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/jenmore_ TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@brunetteconfessions Amazon Store: https://www.amazon.com/shop/jenmore_ Shop My Style: https://shopmy.us/jenmore FOLLOW + SUPPORT Ili: Youtube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@thatgirliliana Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/ilianamenendez/ TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@ilimenendez Business inquiries: info@confessitbabypod.com

+Hoće li Verstappen doći do 10. uzastopne pobede? Ponovo...+...Ili će se ipak neko pojaviti u Melburnu i šokirati ceo svet?+SPECIJALNI GOSTI: Andrej Petrović i Andrija kostić.https://fantasy.formula1.com/en/leagues/join/P5SEDGFHU02KOD ZA LIGU: P5SEDGFHU02Ukoliko želite da podržite ekipu Infinity Lighthouse i sve što radimo, najbrže je kroz Patreon i YouTube članstvo.Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/infinitylighthouse YT: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ2D37u3DU1XGxxriq5779Q/joinDomaćini: Pavle Živković i Srđan Erceg#lap76#infinitylighthouse#f1 00:00:00 Početak00:03:45 Svi za Martina00:13:45 Andrija Kostic ekskluzivno za Lap 7600:24:00 Dve godine kako se Maksu nisu pokvarila kola00:30:00 Ko moze da ukrade pobedu?00:37:00 AUDI - nova pozicija00:48:00 Zasto Ferrari ima sansu?00:54:00 Maks (ni)je masina01:05:45 F1 Lego u Infinity Lighthouse Shop-u01:13:00 Hulk + Sainz  01:23:00 Uloga koju igra masina01:30:45 Greh nasih voditelja01:35:00 Podele u RB01:41:00 Indiferentni vozaci01:49:00 Andrej Petrovic u studiju na kraju univerzuma02:39:00 Alpina i Andreti02:50:00 Vozimo Australiju ERCEG vs. PETROVIC03:10:00 Pitanja iz publike03:28:00 PATREON------------------------------HUMANITARNI KUTAKPomozimo Martinu!Slanjem SMS poruke: Upišimo 1503 i pošaljimo SMS na 3030Slanjem SMS poruke iz Švajcarske: Upišimo human1503 i pošaljimo SMS na 455Uplatom na dinarski račun: 160-6000001670866-23Uplatom na devizni račun: 160-6000001671337-65IBAN: RS35160600000167133765SWIFT/BIC: DBDBRSBGUplatom platnim karticama putem linka: E-doniraj (https://www.budihuman.rs/edonate/sr?user_id=1503)Uplatom sa vašeg PayPal naloga putem linka: PayPal (https://www.budihuman.rs/paypal/sr/donate?user_id=1503)-----------------NAŠA PRODAVNICA - ️https://shop.infinitylighthouse.comSvi koji žele da obogate svoju biblioteku prelepim delima o Formuli 1 i MotoGP-u ili se obuku u naše, zajedničke, boje, tu je naša zvanična prodavnica knjiga, majica i kačketa.NAŠE DRUŠTVENE MREŽE Instagram - https://instagram.com/infinitylighthouse Facebook - https://facebook.com/theinfinitylighthouseTwitter - https://twitter.com/infinitylighthsSPORTSKE VESTI - https://sportsmagazin.rsMusic credit: Envato Elements Item/Cinematic Heroic by StudioKolomnaAutor: Srđan ErcegDatum: 18. mart 2024.Lokacija: Studio na kraju UniverzumaProdukcija: Infinity Lighthouse https://www.youtube.com/infinitylighthouseWebsite: https://infinitylighthouse.com/Zabranjeno je svako kopiranje i neovlašćeno preuzimanje video i/ili audio snimaka i postavljanje na druge kanale! Nije dozvoljeno koristiti materijal sa ovog kanala, bilo u celosti ili iz segmenata, bez licenciranja / plaćanja kako za komercijalnu, tako i za nekomercijalnu upotrebu.Svaka upotreba bez licenciranja za komercijalnu ili nekomercijalnu / privatnu upotrebu biće procesuirana. Za sve informacije o pravima, za upite o licenciranju i dobijanju dozvole za korišćenje možete nas kontaktirati putem naše zvanične email adrese.Copying, re-uploading, and illegally distributing this copyrighted work is strictly prohibited! Label and copyright: Infinity Lighthouse ★ Support this podcast on Patreon ★

Hey ladies, even though we kick off the episode with a stressful topic about long Covid, I promise it gets better. This episode is all about start a new gym, how stressful it can be but also it's a great new experience. We talk about balancing work and working out, feeling discouraged after not seeing results, and more. Hope you guys enjoy! Please Follow and Rate

This week we got lots of chit chat around trending topics! Starting with Love is Blind season 6, we ARE invested.  Does Chelsea really look like Megan Fox? What's Jimmy going to do when he sees Jessica.. dying to find out haha.  We're also talking about TikTokers at award shows and seeing celebrities out in the wild. Connect with us anything—- ask@confessitbabypod.com POD Description: Jen and Ili are bringing you some confessions and no, it's not just their secrets! A radio host and an entertainment producer are keeping it real on record. Each episode will dive into life hacks, viral content, personal and professional development, entrepreneurship, beauty, relationships, self-love and so much more. They're just those girls, like your cooler older sisters with more than just advice. Expect new episodes every Tuesday. Got any juicy confessions? Email us, DM us, drop us a review and follow! Ask us anything—- ask@confessitbabypod.com SPONSORS: LISTEN TO CIB: Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/confess-it-baby/id1668941047 Spotify:https://open.spotify.com/show/6BDetrwS3hdbXUcZKzCglB?si=Ue8prl8rQxqvpn19RgU2GQ  Anchor: https://anchor.fm/confess-it-baby Amazon: https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/0bfa7602-09e4-4236-86e1-0196eaefbe72/confess-it-baby FOLLOW CIB: Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/confessitbabypodcast/ TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@confessitbabypodcast Youtube:https://www.youtube.com/@ConfessItBabyPodcast/ FOLLOW + SUPPORT JEN: Youtube Channel: youtube.com/brunetteconfessions Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/jenmore_ TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@brunetteconfessions Amazon Store: https://www.amazon.com/shop/jenmore_ Shop My Style: https://shopmy.us/jenmore FOLLOW + SUPPORT Ili: Youtube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@thatgirliliana Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/ilianamenendez/ TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@ilimenendez Business inquiries: info@confessitbabypod.com

Join us for an episode full of girl talk this week, We got more on traumatizing birthdays, should you pay for your own birthday dinner, lots of girl talk about birth control, and our experience so far. INTRO BIRTHCONTROL—11:10 VIRAL TINX VIDEO ABOUT BIRTHDAY DINNER—27:00 Connect with us anything—- ask@confessitbabypod.com POD Description: Jen and Ili are bringing you some confessions and no, it's not just their secrets! A radio host and an entertainment producer are keeping it real on record. Each episode will dive into life hacks, viral content, personal and professional development, entrepreneurship, beauty, relationships, self-love and so much more. They're just those girls, like your cooler older sisters with more than just advice. Expect new episodes every Tuesday. Got any juicy confessions? Email us, DM us, drop us a review and follow! Ask us anything—- ask@confessitbabypod.com SPONSORS: LISTEN TO CIB: Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/confess-it-baby/id1668941047 Spotify:https://open.spotify.com/show/6BDetrwS3hdbXUcZKzCglB?si=Ue8prl8rQxqvpn19RgU2GQ  Anchor: https://anchor.fm/confess-it-baby Amazon: https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/0bfa7602-09e4-4236-86e1-0196eaefbe72/confess-it-baby FOLLOW CIB: Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/confessitbabypodcast/ TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@confessitbabypodcast Youtube:https://www.youtube.com/@ConfessItBabyPodcast/ FOLLOW + SUPPORT JEN: Youtube Channel: youtube.com/brunetteconfessions Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/jenmore_ TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@brunetteconfessions Amazon Store: https://www.amazon.com/shop/jenmore_ Shop My Style: https://shopmy.us/jenmore FOLLOW + SUPPORT Ili: Youtube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@thatgirliliana Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/ilianamenendez/ TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@ilimenendez Business inquiries: info@confessitbabypod.com

VALENTINE'S IS FOR THE GIRLS

ICYMI

Links: Subscribe to PREMIUM Go to episode page (with linked studies) Receive the weekly Sigma email newsletter Recommended resources About this Episode: The PROPEL (Promoting Successful Weight Loss in Primary Care in Louisiana) trial was a cluster-randomized weight loss trial, specifically tailored to address the pressing health concerns of an underserved population in Louisiana, where obesity rates have reached alarming levels. The core of the intervention comprises a pragmatic, high-intensity lifestyle-based obesity treatment program, thoughtfully designed to be integrated within primary care settings. Over a 24-month duration, this multi-component weight loss program is delivered by skilled health coaches who are embedded in primary care clinics, with the aim of instigating substantial and sustainable weight loss outcomes. In this study, 803 participants were enrolled, of whom 67% identified as Black and 84% as female, thereby ensuring a diverse representation. The research design randomized 18 clinics, allocating them equally into two groups: usual care and an Intensive Lifestyle Intervention (ILI). The usual care group continued to receive their customary primary care, serving as the benchmark against which the ILI's efficacy will be measured. In this episode we have the opportunity to delve deeper into the intricacies of the PROPEL trial and gain insights from one of its lead researchers, Dr. John Apolzan of the Pennington Biomedical Research Center.