Podcasts about Nobel Prize

Recorded at the 2025 Humans to the Moon and Mars Summit (H2M2) in Washington, D.C., this episode features two powerful conversations about the future of human space exploration. Hosted by Mat Kaplan, senior communications adviser at The Planetary Society, these panel discussions explore the scientific and diplomatic foundations guiding humanity’s journey beyond Earth. The first panel, Space Science: A Vital National Interest, features James Green, former NASA chief scientist and chair of the Explore Mars advisory board, James Garvin, chief scientist at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Britney Schmidt, astrobiologist and associate professor at Cornell University, and John Mather, Nobel Prize–winning astrophysicist and senior scientist for the James Webb Space Telescope. They discuss how space science drives innovation, strengthens U.S. national priorities, and deepens our understanding of the universe, especially in the face of proposed funding cuts. In the second panel, Artemis Accords: International Collaboration in Deep Space, Mike Gold of Redwire, Marc Jochemich of the German Aerospace Center (DLR), Adnan Mohammad Alrais of the Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre, and Sohair Salam Saber of The Hague Institute for Global Justice explore how diplomacy and shared values are shaping global participation in lunar exploration. The conversation also highlights the Washington Compact, an effort to bring shared values and responsible behavior in space to commercial companies and other non-governmental organizations. We wrap up the show with a new What’s Up segment with Bruce Betts, where we talk about what could happen if the Gateway lunar space station is canceled, and how that would impact humanity’s dreams for Mars. Discover more at: https://www.planetary.org/planetary-radio/2025-H2M2See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Special offer! Get 20% off discount to The Economist and all it has to offer! Visit https://www.economist.com/toe Harvard physicist Jacob Barandes returns with a groundbreaking insight that could reshape quantum theory. By questioning a single hidden assumption, Jacob bridges the gap between classical probability and quantum mechanics. This ‘mathematical accident' challenges the foundations of Bell's Theorem, dissolves the measurement problem, and opens a path to a realist interpretation of quantum physics. This episode is a rigorous journey through stochastic processes, non-locality, and the future of theoretical physics. Join My New Substack (Personal Writings): https://curtjaimungal.substack.com Listen on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/4gL14b92xAErofYQA7bU4e Timestamps: 00:00 Introduction 1:01:46 Teaching Black Holes to Graduate Students 1:04:59 Coordinate Systems in Space-Time 1:06:58 Teaching Black Hole Coordinates 1:10:11 Insights from Nima 1:13:41 Nima's Course on Quantum Mechanics 1:16:22 Quantum Foundations and Cosmology 1:18:48 Transitioning to Quantum Gravity 1:23:10 Philosophy's Role in Physics 1:26:10 Leaving String Theory 1:33:39 Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics 1:37:02 Challenges of String Theory 1:42:49 Quantum Field Theory Insights 1:50:30 Foundations of Quantum Field Theory 1:53:47 Particle Existence Between Measurements 1:59:44 Speculations on Quantum Gravity 2:01:41 Legacy and Contributions Links Mentioned: •⁠ ⁠Press release of the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics: https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2022/10/press-physicsprize2022-2.pdf •⁠ ⁠Eddy Chen & Barry Loewer on TOE: https://youtu.be/xZnafO__IZ0 •⁠ ⁠Jacob Barandes on TOE (part 1): https://youtu.be/7oWip00iXbo •⁠ ⁠Tim Maudlin on TOE: https://youtu.be/fU1bs5o3nss •⁠ ⁠What Is Real? (book): https://www.amazon.com/What-Real-Unfinished-Meaning-Quantum/dp/0465096050 •⁠ ⁠David Wallace on TOE: https://youtu.be/4MjNuJK5RzM •⁠ ⁠The Copenhagen Interpretation: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-copenhagen/ •⁠ ⁠Bohmian Mechanics: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-bohm/ •⁠ ⁠Everettian Quantum Mechanics: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-everett/ •⁠ ⁠Jacob Barandes on TOE (part 2): https://youtu.be/YaS1usLeXQM •⁠ ⁠Jacob Barandes on TOE (part 3): https://youtu.be/wrUvtqr4wOs •⁠ ⁠The sky is blue (paper): https://arxiv.org/pdf/2205.00568 •⁠ ⁠The Emergent Universe (book): https://www.amazon.com/Emergent-Multiverse-Quantum-according-Interpretation/dp/0198707541 •⁠ ⁠Complex Coordinates and Quantum Mechanics (paper): https://journals.aps.org/rmp/abstract/10.1103/RevModPhys.38.36 •⁠ ⁠Kurt Vonnegut's lecture: https://youtu.be/4_RUgnC1lm8 •⁠ ⁠Max Born's memoir: https://archive.org/details/myliferecollecti0000born/page/n5/mode/2up •⁠ ⁠Hugh Everett's unpublished dissertation: https://ia801909.us.archive.org/20/items/TheTheoryOfTheUniversalWaveFunction/The%20Theory%20of%20the%20Universal%20Wave%20Function.pdf •⁠ ⁠La nouvelle cuisine (paper): https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/speakable-and-unspeakable-in-quantum-mechanics/la-nouvelle-cuisine/6FFC85D84585D9C41AA4A1185BF5290E •⁠ ⁠The Great Rift in Physics (paper): https://arxiv.org/pdf/2503.20067 •⁠ ⁠Quantum stochastic processes (paper): https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.01894 •⁠ ⁠Bell's Theorem: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bell-theorem/ •⁠ ⁠Neil Turok on TOE: https://youtu.be/zNZCa1pVE20 ***For full resources please visit https://curtjaimungal.org SUPPORT: - Become a YouTube Member (Early Access Videos): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdWIQh9DGG6uhJk8eyIFl1w/join - Support me on Patreon: https://patreon.com/curtjaimungal - Support me on Crypto: https://commerce.coinbase.com/checkout/de803625-87d3-4300-ab6d-85d4258834a9 - Support me on PayPal: https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=XUBHNMFXUX5S4 SOCIALS: - Twitter: https://twitter.com/TOEwithCurt - Discord Invite: https://discord.com/invite/kBcnfNVwqs #science Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Matt Abrahams's passion for communication was shaped by his parents during his childhood. In the corporate world, he noticed that great ideas often went unheard because people were too anxious to speak up, particularly in high-pressure situations. Realizing that fear, not a lack of ideas, was the barrier to success, Matt made it his mission to help individuals overcome anxiety and communicate with confidence. In this episode, Matt joins Ilana to share his top techniques for managing public speaking anxiety and how you can transition from rambling to speaking with clarity, confidence, and impact. Matt Abrahams is a bestselling author, communication coach, and lecturer at the Stanford Graduate School of Business. He has helped individuals deliver impactful presentations, from IPO roadshows to Nobel Prize speeches, TED Talks, and World Economic Forum sessions. In this episode, Ilana and Matt will discuss: (00:00) Introduction  (01:50) His Path to Becoming a Communication Expert (05:50) Corporate Lessons and the Transition to Teaching (09:36) Mastering Communication as a Teacher (12:54) Understanding and Managing Anxiety (18:19) Matt's Top Anxiety Management Techniques (23:15) The Keys to His Career Growth and Success (25:11) Turning Mistakes into Business Opportunities (28:49) Navigating Social Media and Feedback (33:29) How to Stop Rambling and Speak with Confidence (36:30) How to Understand and Connect with Your Audience Matt Abrahams is a bestselling author, communication coach, and lecturer at the Stanford Graduate School of Business. He is the author of Speaking Up Without Freaking Out and Think Faster, Talk Smarter, and host of the award-winning Think Fast, Talk Smart podcast. Matt has helped individuals deliver impactful presentations, from IPO roadshows to Nobel Prize speeches, TED Talks, and World Economic Forum sessions. Connect with Matt: Website: fastersmarter.io  LinkedIn: linkedin.com/in/maabrahams  Resources Mentioned: Matt's Book, Think Faster, Talk Smarter: How to Speak Successfully When You're Put on the Spot: https://www.amazon.com/Think-Faster-Talk-Smarter-Successfully/dp/1668010305  Matt's Book, Speaking Up without Freaking Out: 50 Techniques for Confident and Compelling Presenting: https://www.amazon.com/Speaking-without-Freaking-Out-Techniques/dp/1465290478  Matt's Podcast, Think Fast Talk Smart: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/think-fast-talk-smart-communication-techniques/id1494989268  Leap Academy: Ready to make the LEAP in your career? There is a NEW way for professionals to Advance Their Careers & Make 5-6 figures of EXTRA INCOME in Record Time. Check out our free training today at leapacademy.com/training

“To navigate proof, we must reach into a thicket of errors and biases. We must confront monsters and embrace uncertainty, balancing — and rebalancing —our beliefs. We must seek out every useful fragment of data, gather every relevant tool, searching wider and climbing further. Finding the good foundations among the bad. Dodging dogma and falsehoods. Questioning. Measuring. Triangulating. Convincing. Then perhaps, just perhaps, we'll reach the truth in time.”—Adam KucharskiMy conversation with Professor Kucharski on what constitutes certainty and proof in science (and other domains), with emphasis on many of the learnings from Covid. Given the politicization of science and A.I.'s deepfakes and power for blurring of truth, it's hard to think of a topic more important right now.Audio file (Ground Truths can also be downloaded on Apple Podcasts and Spotify)Eric Topol (00:06):Hello, it's Eric Topol from Ground Truths and I am really delighted to welcome Adam Kucharski, who is the author of a new book, Proof: The Art and Science of Certainty. He's a distinguished mathematician, by the way, the first mathematician we've had on Ground Truths and a person who I had the real privilege of getting to know a bit through the Covid pandemic. So welcome, Adam.Adam Kucharski (00:28):Thanks for having me.Eric Topol (00:30):Yeah, I mean, I think just to let everybody know, you're a Professor at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and also noteworthy you won the Adams Prize, which is one of the most impressive recognitions in the field of mathematics. This is the book, it's a winner, Proof and there's so much to talk about. So Adam, maybe what I'd start off is the quote in the book that captivates in the beginning, “life is full of situations that can reveal remarkably large gaps in our understanding of what is true and why it's true. This is a book about those gaps.” So what was the motivation when you undertook this very big endeavor?Adam Kucharski (01:17):I think a lot of it comes to the work I do at my day job where we have to deal with a lot of evidence under pressure, particularly if you work in outbreaks or emerging health concerns. And often it really pushes the limits, our methodology and how we converge on what's true subject to potential revision in the future. I think particularly having a background in math's, I think you kind of grow up with this idea that you can get to these concrete, almost immovable truths and then even just looking through the history, realizing that often isn't the case, that there's these kind of very human dynamics that play out around them. And it's something I think that everyone in science can reflect on that sometimes what convinces us doesn't convince other people, and particularly when you have that kind of urgency of time pressure, working out how to navigate that.Eric Topol (02:05):Yeah. Well, I mean I think these times of course have really gotten us to appreciate, particularly during Covid, the importance of understanding uncertainty. And I think one of the ways that we can dispel what people assume they know is the famous Monty Hall, which you get into a bit in the book. So I think everybody here is familiar with that show, Let's Make a Deal and maybe you can just take us through what happens with one of the doors are unveiled and how that changes the mathematics.Adam Kucharski (02:50):Yeah, sure. So I think it is a problem that's been around for a while and it's based on this game show. So you've got three doors that are closed. Behind two of the doors there is a goat and behind one of the doors is a luxury car. So obviously, you want to win the car. The host asks you to pick a door, so you point to one, maybe door number two, then the host who knows what's behind the doors opens another door to reveal a goat and then ask you, do you want to change your mind? Do you want to switch doors? And a lot of the, I think intuition people have, and certainly when I first came across this problem many years ago is well, you've got two doors left, right? You've picked one, there's another one, it's 50-50. And even some quite well-respected mathematicians.Adam Kucharski (03:27):People like Paul Erdős who was really published more papers than almost anyone else, that was their initial gut reaction. But if you work through all of the combinations, if you pick this door and then the host does this, and you switch or not switch and work through all of those options. You actually double your chances if you switch versus sticking with the door. So something that's counterintuitive, but I think one of the things that really struck me and even over the years trying to explain it is convincing myself of the answer, which was when I first came across it as a teenager, I did quite quickly is very different to convincing someone else. And even actually Paul Erdős, one of his colleagues showed him what I call proof by exhaustion. So go through every combination and that didn't really convince him. So then he started to simulate and said, well, let's do a computer simulation of the game a hundred thousand times. And again, switching was this optimal strategy, but Erdős wasn't really convinced because I accept that this is the case, but I'm not really satisfied with it. And I think that encapsulates for a lot of people, their experience of proof and evidence. It's a fact and you have to take it as given, but there's actually quite a big bridge often to really understanding why it's true and feeling convinced by it.Eric Topol (04:41):Yeah, I think it's a fabulous example because I think everyone would naturally assume it's 50-50 and it isn't. And I think that gets us to the topic at hand. What I love, there's many things I love about this book. One is that you don't just get into science and medicine, but you cut across all the domains, law, mathematics, AI. So it's a very comprehensive sweep of everything about proof and truth, and it couldn't come at a better time as we'll get into. Maybe just starting off with math, the term I love mathematical monsters. Can you tell us a little bit more about that?Adam Kucharski (05:25):Yeah, this was a fascinating situation that emerged in the late 19th century where a lot of math's, certainly in Europe had been derived from geometry because a lot of the ancient Greek influence on how we shaped things and then Newton and his work on rates of change and calculus, it was really the natural world that provided a lot of inspiration, these kind of tangible objects, tangible movements. And as mathematicians started to build out the theory around rates of change and how we tackle these kinds of situations, they sometimes took that intuition a bit too seriously. And there was some theorems that they said were intuitively obvious, some of these French mathematicians. And so, one for example is this idea of you how things change smoothly over time and how you do those calculations. But what happened was some mathematicians came along and showed that when you have things that can be infinitely small, that intuition didn't necessarily hold in the same way.Adam Kucharski (06:26):And they came up with these examples that broke a lot of these theorems and a lot of the establishments at the time called these things monsters. They called them these aberrations against common sense and this idea that if Newton had known about them, he never would've done all of his discovery because they're just nuisances and we just need to get rid of them. And there's this real tension at the core of mathematics in the late 1800s where some people just wanted to disregard this and say, look, it works for most of the time, that's good enough. And then others really weren't happy with this quite vague logic. They wanted to put it on much sturdier ground. And what was remarkable actually is if you trace this then into the 20th century, a lot of these monsters and these particularly in some cases functions which could almost move constantly, this constant motion rather than our intuitive concept of movement as something that's smooth, if you drop an apple, it accelerates at a very smooth rate, would become foundational in our understanding of things like probability, Einstein's work on atomic theory. A lot of these concepts where geometry breaks down would be really important in relativity. So actually, these things that we thought were monsters actually were all around us all the time, and science couldn't advance without them. So I think it's just this remarkable example of this tension within a field that supposedly concrete and the things that were going to be shunned actually turn out to be quite important.Eric Topol (07:53):It's great how you convey how nature isn't so neat and tidy and things like Brownian motion, understanding that, I mean, just so many things that I think fit into that general category. In the legal, we won't get into too much because that's not so much the audience of Ground Truths, but the classic things about innocent and until proven guilty and proof beyond reasonable doubt, I mean these are obviously really important parts of that overall sense of proof and truth. We're going to get into one thing I'm fascinated about related to that subsequently and then in science. So before we get into the different types of proof, obviously the pandemic is still fresh in our minds and we're an endemic with Covid now, and there are so many things we got wrong along the way of uncertainty and didn't convey that science isn't always evolving search for what is the truth. There's plenty no shortage of uncertainty at any moment. So can you recap some of the, you did so much work during the pandemic and obviously some of it's in the book. What were some of the major things that you took out of proof and truth from the pandemic?Adam Kucharski (09:14):I think it was almost this story of two hearts because on the one hand, science was the thing that got us where we are today. The reason that so much normality could resume and so much risk was reduced was development of vaccines and the understanding of treatments and the understanding of variants as they came to their characteristics. So it was kind of this amazing opportunity to see this happen faster than it ever happened in history. And I think ever in science, it certainly shifted a lot of my thinking about what's possible and even how we should think about these kinds of problems. But also on the other hand, I think where people might have been more familiar with seeing science progress a bit more slowly and reach consensus around some of these health issues, having that emerge very rapidly can present challenges even we found with some of the work we did on Alpha and then the Delta variants, and it was the early quantification of these.Adam Kucharski (10:08):So really the big question is, is this thing more transmissible? Because at the time countries were thinking about control measures, thinking about relaxing things, and you've got this just enormous social economic health decision-making based around essentially is it a lot more spreadable or is it not? And you only had these fragments of evidence. So I think for me, that was really an illustration of the sharp end. And I think what we ended up doing with some of those was rather than arguing over a precise number, something like Delta, instead we kind of looked at, well, what's the range that matters? So in the sense of arguing over whether it's 40% or 50% or 30% more transmissible is perhaps less important than being, it's substantially more transmissible and it's going to start going up. Is it going to go up extremely fast or just very fast?Adam Kucharski (10:59):That's still a very useful conclusion. I think what often created some of the more challenges, I think the things that on reflection people looking back pick up on are where there was probably overstated certainty. We saw that around some of the airborne spread, for example, stated as a fact by in some cases some organizations, I think in some situations as well, governments had a constraint and presented it as scientific. So the UK, for example, would say testing isn't useful. And what was happening at the time was there wasn't enough tests. So it was more a case of they can't test at that volume. But I think blowing between what the science was saying and what the decision-making, and I think also one thing we found in the UK was we made a lot of the epidemiological evidence available. I think that was really, I think something that was important.Adam Kucharski (11:51):I found it a lot easier to communicate if talking to the media to be able to say, look, this is the paper that's out, this is what it means, this is the evidence. I always found it quite uncomfortable having to communicate things where you knew there were reports behind the scenes, but you couldn't actually articulate. But I think what that did is it created this impression that particularly epidemiology was driving the decision-making a lot more than it perhaps was in reality because so much of that was being made public and a lot more of the evidence around education or economics was being done behind the scenes. I think that created this kind of asymmetry in public perception about how that was feeding in. And so, I think there was always that, and it happens, it is really hard as well as a scientist when you've got journalists asking you how to run the country to work out those steps of am I describing the evidence behind what we're seeing? Am I describing the evidence about different interventions or am I proposing to some extent my value system on what we do? And I think all of that in very intense times can be very easy to get blurred together in public communication. I think we saw a few examples of that where things were being the follow the science on policy type angle where actually once you get into what you're prioritizing within a society, quite rightly, you've got other things beyond just the epidemiology driving that.Eric Topol (13:09):Yeah, I mean that term that you just use follow the science is such an important term because it tells us about the dynamic aspect. It isn't just a snapshot, it's constantly being revised. But during the pandemic we had things like the six-foot rule that was never supported by data, but yet still today, if I walk around my hospital and there's still the footprints of the six-foot rule and not paying attention to the fact that this was airborne and took years before some of these things were accepted. The flatten the curve stuff with lockdowns, which I never was supportive of that, but perhaps at the worst point, the idea that hospitals would get overrun was an issue, but it got carried away with school shutdowns for prolonged periods and in some parts of the world, especially very stringent lockdowns. But anyway, we learned a lot.Eric Topol (14:10):But perhaps one of the greatest lessons is that people's expectations about science is that it's absolute and somehow you have this truth that's not there. I mean, it's getting revised. It's kind of on the job training, it's on this case on the pandemic revision. But very interesting. And that gets us to, I think the next topic, which I think is a fundamental part of the book distributed throughout the book, which is the different types of proof in biomedicine and of course across all these domains. And so, you take us through things like randomized trials, p-values, 95 percent confidence intervals, counterfactuals, causation and correlation, peer review, the works, which is great because a lot of people have misconceptions of these things. So for example, randomized trials, which is the temple of the randomized trials, they're not as great as a lot of people think, yes, they can help us establish cause and effect, but they're skewed because of the people who come into the trial. So they may not at all be a representative sample. What are your thoughts about over deference to randomized trials?Adam Kucharski (15:31):Yeah, I think that the story of how we rank evidence in medicines a fascinating one. I mean even just how long it took for people to think about these elements of randomization. Fundamentally, what we're trying to do when we have evidence here in medicine or science is prevent ourselves from confusing randomness for a signal. I mean, that's fundamentally, we don't want to mistake something, we think it's going on and it's not. And the challenge, particularly with any intervention is you only get to see one version of reality. You can't give someone a drug, follow them, rewind history, not give them the drug and then follow them again. So one of the things that essentially randomization allows us to do is, if you have two groups, one that's been randomized, one that hasn't on average, the difference in outcomes between those groups is going to be down to the treatment effect.Adam Kucharski (16:20):So it doesn't necessarily mean in reality that'd be the case, but on average that's the expectation that you'd have. And it's kind of interesting actually that the first modern randomized control trial (RCT) in medicine in 1947, this is for TB and streptomycin. The randomization element actually, it wasn't so much statistical as behavioral, that if you have people coming to hospital, you could to some extent just say, we'll just alternate. We're not going to randomize. We're just going to first patient we'll say is a control, second patient a treatment. But what they found in a lot of previous studies was doctors have bias. Maybe that patient looks a little bit ill or that one maybe is on borderline for eligibility. And often you got these quite striking imbalances when you allowed it for human judgment. So it was really about shielding against those behavioral elements. But I think there's a few situations, it's a really powerful tool for a lot of these questions, but as you mentioned, one is this issue of you have the population you study on and then perhaps in reality how that translates elsewhere.Adam Kucharski (17:17):And we see, I mean things like flu vaccines are a good example, which are very dependent on immunity and evolution and what goes on in different populations. Sometimes you've had a result on a vaccine in one place and then the effectiveness doesn't translate in the same way to somewhere else. I think the other really important thing to bear in mind is, as I said, it's the averaging that you're getting an average effect between two different groups. And I think we see certainly a lot of development around things like personalized medicine where actually you're much more interested in the outcome for the individual. And so, what a trial can give you evidence is on average across a group, this is the effect that I can expect this intervention to have. But we've now seen more of the emergence things like N=1 studies where you can actually over the same individual, particularly for chronic conditions, look at those kind of interventions.Adam Kucharski (18:05):And also there's just these extreme examples where you're ethically not going to run a trial, there's never been a trial of whether it's a good idea to have intensive care units in hospitals or there's a lot of these kind of historical treatments which are just so overwhelmingly effective that we're not going to run trial. So almost this hierarchy over time, you can see it getting shifted because actually you do have these situations where other forms of evidence can get you either closer to what you need or just more feasibly an answer where it's just not ethical or practical to do an RCT.Eric Topol (18:37):And that brings us to the natural experiments I just wrote about recently, the one with shingles, which there's two big natural experiments to suggest that shingles vaccine might reduce the risk of Alzheimer's, an added benefit beyond the shingles that was not anticipated. Your thoughts about natural experiments, because here you're getting a much different type of population assessment, again, not at the individual level, but not necessarily restricted by some potentially skewed enrollment criteria.Adam Kucharski (19:14):I think this is as emerged as a really valuable tool. It's kind of interesting, in the book you're talking to economists like Josh Angrist, that a lot of these ideas emerge in epidemiology, but I think were really then taken up by economists, particularly as they wanted to add more credibility to a lot of these policy questions. And ultimately, it comes down to this issue that for a lot of problems, we can't necessarily intervene and randomize, but there might be a situation that's done it to some extent for us, so the classic example is the Vietnam draft where it was kind of random birthdays with drawn out of lottery. And so, there's been a lot of studies subsequently about the effect of serving in the military on different subsequent lifetime outcomes because broadly those people have been randomized. It was for a different reason. But you've got that element of randomization driving that.Adam Kucharski (20:02):And so again, with some of the recent shingles data and other studies, you might have a situation for example, where there's been an intervention that's somewhat arbitrary in terms of time. It's a cutoff on a birth date, for example. And under certain assumptions you could think, well, actually there's no real reason for the person on this day and this day to be fundamentally different. I mean, perhaps there might be effects of cohorts if it's school years or this sort of thing. But generally, this isn't the same as having people who are very, very different ages and very different characteristics. It's just nature, or in this case, just a policy intervention for a different reason has given you that randomization, which allows you or pseudo randomization, which allows you to then look at something about the effect of an intervention that you wouldn't as reliably if you were just digging into the data of yes, no who's received a vaccine.Eric Topol (20:52):Yeah, no, I think it's really valuable. And now I think increasingly given priority, if you can find these natural experiments and they're not always so abundant to use to extrapolate from, but when they are, they're phenomenal. The causation correlation is so big. The issue there, I mean Judea Pearl's, the Book of Why, and you give so many great examples throughout the book in Proof. I wonder if you could comment that on that a bit more because this is where associations are confused somehow or other with a direct effect. And we unfortunately make these jumps all too frequently. Perhaps it's the most common problem that's occurring in the way we interpret medical research data.Adam Kucharski (21:52):Yeah, I think it's an issue that I think a lot of people get drilled into in their training just because a correlation between things doesn't mean that that thing causes this thing. But it really struck me as I talked to people, researching the book, in practice in research, there's actually a bit more to it in how it's played out. So first of all, if there's a correlation between things, it doesn't tell you much generally that's useful for intervention. If two things are correlated, it doesn't mean that changing that thing's going to have an effect on that thing. There might be something that's influencing both of them. If you have more ice cream sales, it will lead to more heat stroke cases. It doesn't mean that changing ice cream sales is going to have that effect, but it does allow you to make predictions potentially because if you can identify consistent patterns, you can say, okay, if this thing going up, I'm going to make a prediction that this thing's going up.Adam Kucharski (22:37):So one thing I found quite striking, actually talking to research in different fields is how many fields choose to focus on prediction because it kind of avoids having to deal with this cause and effect problem. And even in fields like psychology, it was kind of interesting that there's a lot of focus on predicting things like relationship outcomes, but actually for people, you don't want a prediction about your relationship. You want to know, well, how can I do something about it? You don't just want someone to sell you your relationship's going to go downhill. So there's almost part of the challenge is people just got stuck on prediction because it's an easier field of work, whereas actually some of those problems will involve intervention. I think the other thing that really stood out for me is in epidemiology and a lot of other fields, rightly, people are very cautious to not get that mixed up.Adam Kucharski (23:24):They don't want to mix up correlations or associations with causation, but you've kind of got this weird situation where a lot of papers go out of their way to not use causal language and say it's an association, it's just an association. It's just an association. You can't say anything about causality. And then the end of the paper, they'll say, well, we should think about introducing more of this thing or restricting this thing. So really the whole paper and its purpose is framed around a causal intervention, but it's extremely careful throughout the paper to not frame it as a causal claim. So I think we almost by skirting that too much, we actually avoid the problems that people sometimes care about. And I think a lot of the nice work that's been going on in causal inference is trying to get people to confront this more head on rather than say, okay, you can just stay in this prediction world and that's fine. And then just later maybe make a policy suggestion off the back of it.Eric Topol (24:20):Yeah, I think this is cause and effect is a very alluring concept to support proof as you so nicely go through in the book. But of course, one of the things that we use to help us is the biological mechanism. So here you have, let's say for example, you're trying to get a new drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the request is, well, we want two trials, randomized trials, independent. We want to have p-values that are significant, and we want to know the biological mechanism ideally with the dose response of the drug. But there are many drugs as you review that have no biological mechanism established. And even when the tobacco problems were mounting, the actual mechanism of how tobacco use caused cancer wasn't known. So how important is the biological mechanism, especially now that we're well into the AI world where explainability is demanded. And so, we don't know the mechanism, but we also don't know the mechanism and lots of things in medicine too, like anesthetics and even things as simple as aspirin, how it works and many others. So how do we deal with this quest for the biological mechanism?Adam Kucharski (25:42):I think that's a really good point. It shows almost a lot of the transition I think we're going through currently. I think particularly for things like smoking cancer where it's very hard to run a trial. You can't make people randomly take up smoking. Having those additional pieces of evidence, whether it's an analogy with a similar carcinogen, whether it's a biological mechanism, can help almost give you more supports for that argument that there's a cause and effect going on. But I think what I found quite striking, and I realized actually that it's something that had kind of bothered me a bit and I'd be interested to hear whether it bothers you, but with the emergence of AI, it's almost a bit of the loss of scientific satisfaction. I think you grow up with learning about how the world works and why this is doing what it's doing.Adam Kucharski (26:26):And I talked for example of some of the people involved with AlphaFold and some of the subsequent work in installing those predictions about structures. And they'd almost made peace with it, which I found interesting because I think they started off being a bit uncomfortable with like, yeah, you've got these remarkable AI models making these predictions, but we don't understand still biologically what's happening here. But I think they're just settled in saying, well, biology is really complex on some of these problems, and if we can have a tool that can give us this extremely valuable information, maybe that's okay. And it was just interesting that they'd really kind of gone through that kind process, which I think a lot of people are still grappling with and that almost that discomfort of using AI and what's going to convince you that that's a useful reliable prediction whether it's something like predicting protein folding or getting in a self-driving car. What's the evidence you need to convince you that's reliable?Eric Topol (27:26):Yeah, no, I'm so glad you brought that up because when Demis Hassabis and John Jumper won the Nobel Prize, the point I made was maybe there should be an asterisk with AI because they don't know how it works. I mean, they had all the rich data from the protein data bank, and they got the transformer model to do it for 200 million protein structure prediction, but they still to this day don't fully understand how the model really was working. So it reinforces what you're just saying. And of course, it cuts across so many types of AI. It's just that we tend to hold different standards in medicine not realizing that there's lots of lack of explainability for routine medical treatments today. Now one of the things that I found fascinating in your book, because there's different levels of proof, different types of proof, but solid logical systems.Eric Topol (28:26):And on page 60 of the book, especially pertinent to the US right now, there is a bit about Kurt Gödel and what he did there was he basically, there was a question about dictatorship in the US could it ever occur? And Gödel says, “oh, yes, I can prove it.” And he's using the constitution itself to prove it, which I found fascinating because of course we're seeing that emerge right now. Can you give us a little bit more about this, because this is fascinating about the Fifth Amendment, and I mean I never thought that the Constitution would allow for a dictatorship to emerge.Adam Kucharski (29:23):And this was a fascinating story, Kurt Gödel who is one of the greatest logical minds of the 20th century and did a lot of work, particularly in the early 20th century around system of rules, particularly things like mathematics and whether they can ever be really fully satisfying. So particularly in mathematics, he showed that there were this problem that is very hard to have a set of rules for something like arithmetic that was both complete and covered every situation, but also had no contradictions. And I think a lot of countries, if you go back, things like Napoleonic code and these attempts to almost write down every possible legal situation that could be imaginable, always just ascended into either they needed amendments or they had contradictions. I think Gödel's work really summed it up, and there's a story, this is in the late forties when he had his citizenship interview and Einstein and Oskar Morgenstern went along as witnesses for him.Adam Kucharski (30:17):And it's always told as kind of a lighthearted story as this logical mind, this academic just saying something silly in front of the judge. And actually, to my own admission, I've in the past given talks and mentioned it in this slightly kind of lighthearted way, but for the book I got talking to a few people who'd taken it more seriously. I realized actually he's this extremely logically focused mind at the time, and maybe there should have been something more to it. And people who have kind of dug more into possibilities was saying, well, what could he have spotted that bothered him? And a lot of his work that he did about consistency in mass was around particularly self-referential statements. So if I say this sentence is false, it's self-referential and if it is false, then it's true, but if it's true, then it's false and you get this kind of weird self-referential contradictions.Adam Kucharski (31:13):And so, one of the theories about Gödel was that in the Constitution, it wasn't that there was a kind of rule for someone can become a dictator, but rather people can use the mechanisms within the Constitution to make it easier to make further amendments. And he kind of downward cycle of amendment that he had seen happening in Europe and the run up to the war, and again, because this is never fully documented exactly what he thought, but it's one of the theories that it wouldn't just be outright that it would just be this cycle process of weakening and weakening and weakening and making it easier to add. And actually, when I wrote that, it was all the earlier bits of the book that I drafted, I did sort of debate whether including it I thought, is this actually just a bit in the weeds of American history? And here we are. Yeah, it's remarkable.Eric Topol (32:00):Yeah, yeah. No, I mean I found, it struck me when I was reading this because here back in 1947, there was somebody predicting that this could happen based on some, if you want to call it loopholes if you will, or the ability to change things, even though you would've thought otherwise that there wasn't any possible capability for that to happen. Now, one of the things I thought was a bit contradictory is two parts here. One is from Angus Deaton, he wrote, “Gold standard thinking is magical thinking.” And then the other is what you basically are concluding in many respects. “To navigate proof, we must reach into a thicket of errors and biases. We must confront monsters and embrace uncertainty, balancing — and rebalancing —our beliefs. We must seek out every useful fragment of data, gather every relevant tool, searching wider and climbing further. Finding the good foundations among the bad. Dodging dogma and falsehoods. Questioning. Measuring. Triangulating. Convincing. Then perhaps, just perhaps, we'll reach the truth in time.” So here you have on the one hand your search for the truth, proof, which I think that little paragraph says it all. In many respects, it sums up somewhat to the work that you review here and on the other you have this Nobel laureate saying, you don't have to go to extremes here. The enemy of good is perfect, perhaps. I mean, how do you reconcile this sense that you shouldn't go so far? Don't search for absolute perfection of proof.Adam Kucharski (33:58):Yeah, I think that encapsulates a lot of what the book is about, is that search for certainty and how far do you have to go. I think one of the things, there's a lot of interesting discussion, some fascinating papers around at what point do you use these studies? What are their flaws? But I think one of the things that does stand out is across fields, across science, medicine, even if you going to cover law, AI, having these kind of cookie cutter, this is the definitive way of doing it. And if you just follow this simple rule, if you do your p-value, you'll get there and you'll be fine. And I think that's where a lot of the danger is. And I think that's what we've seen over time. Certain science people chasing certain targets and all the behaviors that come around that or in certain situations disregarding valuable evidence because you've got this kind of gold standard and nothing else will do.Adam Kucharski (34:56):And I think particularly in a crisis, it's very dangerous to have that because you might have a low level of evidence that demands a certain action and you almost bias yourself towards inaction if you have these kind of very simple thresholds. So I think for me, across all of these stories and across the whole book, I mean William Gosset who did a lot of pioneering work on statistical experiments at Guinness in the early 20th century, he had this nice question he sort of framed is, how much do we lose? And if we're thinking about the problems, there's always more studies we can do, there's always more confidence we can have, but whether it's a patient we want to treat or crisis we need to deal with, we need to work out actually getting that level of proof that's really appropriate for where we are currently.Eric Topol (35:49):I think exceptionally important that there's this kind of spectrum or continuum in following science and search for truth and that distinction, I think really nails it. Now, one of the things that's unique in the book is you don't just go through all the different types of how you would get to proof, but you also talk about how the evidence is acted on. And for example, you quote, “they spent a lot of time misinforming themselves.” This is the whole idea of taking data and torturing it or using it, dredging it however way you want to support either conspiracy theories or alternative facts. Basically, manipulating sometimes even emasculating what evidence and data we have. And one of the sentences, or I guess this is from Sir Francis Bacon, “truth is a daughter of time”, but the added part is not authority. So here we have our president here that repeats things that are wrong, fabricated or wrong, and he keeps repeating to the point that people believe it's true. But on the other hand, you could say truth is a daughter of time because you like to not accept any truth immediately. You like to see it get replicated and further supported, backed up. So in that one sentence, truth is a daughter of time not authority, there's the whole ball of wax here. Can you take us through that? Because I just think that people don't understand that truth being tested over time, but also manipulated by its repetition. This is a part of the big problem that we live in right now.Adam Kucharski (37:51):And I think it's something that writing the book and actually just reflecting on it subsequently has made me think about a lot in just how people approach these kinds of problems. I think that there's an idea that conspiracy theorists are just lazy and have maybe just fallen for a random thing, but talking to people, you really think about these things a lot more in the field. And actually, the more I've ended up engaging with people who believe things that are just outright unevidenced around vaccines, around health issues, they often have this mountain of papers and data to hand and a lot of it, often they will be peer reviewed papers. It won't necessarily be supporting the point that they think it's supports.Adam Kucharski (38:35):But it's not something that you can just say everything you're saying is false, that there's actually often a lot of things that have been put together and it's just that leap to that conclusion. I think you also see a lot of scientific language borrowed. So I gave a talker early this year and it got posted on YouTube. It had conspiracy theories it, and there was a lot of conspiracy theory supporters who piled in the comments and one of the points they made is skepticism is good. It's the kind of law society, take no one's word for it, you need this. We are the ones that are kind of doing science and people who just assume that science is settled are in the wrong. And again, you also mentioned that repetition. There's this phenomenon, it's the illusory truth problem that if you repeatedly tell someone someone's something's false, it'll increase their belief in it even if it's something quite outrageous.Adam Kucharski (39:27):And that mimics that scientific repetition because people kind of say, okay, well if I've heard it again and again, it's almost like if you tweak these as mini experiments, I'm just accumulating evidence that this thing is true. So it made me think a lot about how you've got essentially a lot of mimicry of the scientific method, amount of data and how you present it and this kind of skepticism being good, but I think a lot of it comes down to as well as just looking at theological flaws, but also ability to be wrong in not actually seeking out things that confirm. I think all of us, it's something that I've certainly tried to do a lot working on emergencies, and one of the scientific advisory groups that I worked on almost it became a catchphrase whenever someone presented something, they finished by saying, tell me why I'm wrong.Adam Kucharski (40:14):And if you've got a variant that's more transmissible, I don't want to be right about that really. And it is something that is quite hard to do and I found it is particularly for something that's quite high pressure, trying to get a policymaker or someone to write even just non-publicly by themselves, write down what you think's going to happen or write down what would convince you that you are wrong about something. I think particularly on contentious issues where someone's got perhaps a lot of public persona wrapped up in something that's really hard to do, but I think it's those kind of elements that distinguish between getting sucked into a conspiracy theory and really seeking out evidence that supports it and trying to just get your theory stronger and stronger and actually seeking out things that might overturn your belief about the world. And it's often those things that we don't want overturned. I think those are the views that we all have politically or in other ways, and that's often where the problems lie.Eric Topol (41:11):Yeah, I think this is perhaps one of, if not the most essential part here is that to try to deal with the different views. We have biases as you emphasized throughout, but if you can use these different types of proof to have a sound discussion, conversation, refutation whereby you don't summarily dismiss another view which may be skewed and maybe spurious or just absolutely wrong, maybe fabricated whatever, but did you can engage and say, here's why these are my proof points, or this is why there's some extent of certainty you can have regarding this view of the data. I think this is so fundamental because unfortunately as we saw during the pandemic, the strident minority, which were the anti-science, anti-vaxxers, they were summarily dismissed as being kooks and adopting conspiracy theories without the right engagement and the right debates. And I think this might've helped along the way, no less the fact that a lot of scientists didn't really want to engage in the first place and adopt this methodical proof that you've advocated in the book so many different ways to support a hypothesis or an assertion. Now, we've covered a lot here, Adam. Have I missed some central parts of the book and the effort because it's really quite extraordinary. I know it's your third book, but it's certainly a standout and it certainly it's a standout not just for your books, but books on this topic.Adam Kucharski (43:13):Thanks. And it's much appreciated. It was not an easy book to write. I think at times, I kind of wondered if I should have taken on the topic and I think a core thing, your last point speaks to that. I think a core thing is that gap often between what convinces us and what convinces someone else. I think it's often very tempting as a scientist to say the evidence is clear or the science has proved this. But even on something like the vaccines, you do get the loud minority who perhaps think they're putting microchips in people and outlandish views, but you actually get a lot more people who might just have some skepticism of pharmaceutical companies or they might have, my wife was pregnant actually at the time during Covid and we waited up because there wasn't much data on pregnancy and the vaccine. And I think it's just finding what is convincing. Is it having more studies from other countries? Is it understanding more about the biology? Is it understanding how you evaluate some of those safety signals? And I think that's just really important to not just think what convinces us and it's going to be obvious to other people, but actually think where are they coming from? Because ultimately having proof isn't that good unless it leads to the action that can make lives better.Eric Topol (44:24):Yeah. Well, look, you've inculcated my mind with this book, Adam, called Proof. Anytime I think of the word proof, I'm going to be thinking about you. So thank you. Thanks for taking the time to have a conversation about your book, your work, and I know we're going to count on you for the astute mathematics and analysis of outbreaks in the future, which we will see unfortunately. We are seeing now, in fact already in this country with measles and whatnot. So thank you and we'll continue to follow your great work.**************************************Thanks for listening, watching or reading this Ground Truths podcast/post.If you found this interesting please share it!That makes the work involved in putting these together especially worthwhile.I'm also appreciative for your subscribing to Ground Truths. All content —its newsletters, analyses, and podcasts—is free, open-access. I'm fortunate to get help from my producer Jessica Nguyen and Sinjun Balabanoff for audio/video tech support to pull these podcasts together for Scripps Research.Paid subscriptions are voluntary and all proceeds from them go to support Scripps Research. They do allow for posting comments and questions, which I do my best to respond to. Please don't hesitate to post comments and give me feedback. Many thanks to those who have contributed—they have greatly helped fund our summer internship programs for the past two years.A bit of an update on SUPER AGERSMy book has been selected as a Next Big Idea Club winner for Season 26 by Adam Grant, Malcolm Gladwell, Susan Cain, and Daniel Pink. This club has spotlighted the most groundbreaking nonfiction books for over a decade. As a winning title, my book will be shipped to thousands of thoughtful readers like you, featured alongside a reading guide, a "Book Bite," Next Big Idea Podcast episode as well as a live virtual Q&A with me in the club's vibrant online community. If you're interested in joining the club, here's a promo code SEASON26 for 20% off at the website. SUPER AGERS reached #3 for all books on Amazon this week. This was in part related to the segment on the book on the TODAY SHOW which you can see here. Also at Amazon there is a remarkable sale on the hardcover book for $10.l0 at the moment for up to 4 copies. Not sure how long it will last or what prompted it.The journalist Paul von Zielbauer has a Substack “Aging With Strength” and did an extensive interview with me on the biology of aging and how we can prevent the major age-related diseases. Here's the link. Get full access to Ground Truths at erictopol.substack.com/subscribe

In this episode, Dr. Jockers explains how eating late at night blocks fat burning and disrupts metabolic function. Discover how this habit increases insulin resistance and affects your ability to burn fat.   Late-night eating also impacts your circadian rhythm, disrupting sleep and hormone balance. Poor sleep leads to more cravings and overeating.   Learn why eating three hours before bed is essential for fat burning and overall health. Dr. Jockers offers practical tips for shift workers to manage their eating schedule.     In This Episode:  02:33 The Number One Habit Blocking Fat Burning 03:36 The Science Behind Late-Night Eating 05:37 Health Risks of Eating Late at Night 09:11 Final Thoughts and Recommendations   Explore the health benefits of C60, a Nobel Prize-winning antioxidant that optimizes mitochondrial function and fights inflammation. Visit shopc60.com and discover how to boost your immune system, detox your body, and increase energy. Use promo code 'Jockers' for 15% off your first order. Start your journey to better health with C60 today!   If you're dealing with blood sugar swings, stubborn fat, or constant cravings, Berberine Breakthrough by BiOptimizers could be the game-changer your body needs. This advanced formula goes beyond standard berberine by combining it with 12 synergistic ingredients like alpha-lipoic acid, chromium, and cinnamon to supercharge your metabolism, stabilize insulin levels, and fuel mitochondrial health. Users report better energy, fewer cravings, and noticeable fat loss — all backed by science. Plus, it comes with a 365-day money-back guarantee, so there's zero risk. Use code JOCKERS at bioptimizers.com/jockers to save 10% and start transforming your health today.     “Eating late at night drives up inflammation, disrupts your circadian rhythm, and stops your body from burning fat.”  ~ Dr. Jockers     Subscribe to the podcast on: Apple Podcast Stitcher Spotify PodBean TuneIn Radio     Resources: Visit https://shopc60.com/jockers – Use code “JOCKERS” to get 15% off! Visit biOptimizers.com/Jockers     Connect with Dr. Jockers: Instagram – https://www.instagram.com/drjockers/ Facebook – https://www.facebook.com/DrDavidJockers YouTube – https://www.youtube.com/user/djockers Website – https://drjockers.com/ If you are interested in being a guest on the show, we would love to hear from you! Please contact us here! - https://drjockers.com/join-us-dr-jockers-functional-nutrition-podcast/ 

Are you looking to save time, make money, and start winning with less risk? Then head to https://www.ovtlyr.com.What happens when genius meets greed? When leverage turns into lunacy? And when advanced options trading isn't as advanced as you think?In this explosive masterclass from OVTLYR University, we break down the BIGGEST lesson yet. This is where theory meets execution—where you learn how to scale trades, manage risk like a pro, and never fall into the traps that take down even billion-dollar hedge funds.This lesson dives deep into advanced options trading strategies, including how to use leverage wisely, avoid catastrophic risk, and make calculated decisions using option Greeks like Delta, Gamma, Theta, Vega, and even implied volatility. If you've ever asked “How do I choose the right strike?” or “What's the real risk in my trade?”—this answers it.We break down:➡️ The Golden Rule of Leverage and how it keeps your account alive➡️ How to use Delta to find options that behave more like the stock➡️ Why Theta decay destroys out-of-the-money trades➡️ How Vega and implied volatility affect your pricing (and how to ignore the noise)➡️ When to roll trades for partial profits and capital efficiency➡️ The shocking truth behind options skew and why puts cost more than calls➡️ Real examples of how to calculate extrinsic value and avoid overpaying➡️ The #1 reason to avoid selling options—and how it's wrecked entire hedge fundsTwo infamous case studies are unpacked in this video:

Queen Mary University of London is renowned for world-leading research and is committed to sustainable development across all its operational and academic activities. As part of a new project to improve its data centre sustainability, the University worked with Schneider Electric and its EcoXpert Partner, Advanced Power Technology (APT), to implement a new cooling solution that would enable heat reuse. By connecting with its district heating systems, the University has developed a data centre platform that can meet current and future research computing needs, while delivering on its sustainability strategy. Combined Data Centre & District Heating Project at Queen Mary University Schneider Electric, the global leader in energy management and automation, and its EcoXpert Partner, Advanced Power Technology (APT), have delivered a cutting-edge, data centre modernisation project at the Queen Mary University of London - one of the world's top 100 universities. Together, the companies have created a platform for heat recovery at the University's data centre, enabling waste heat from the facility to be connected to a campus-wide district heating network, providing heating and hot water for the buildings and student accommodation nearby. The project not only reduces the campuses scope 1 CO2 emissions in line with Queen Mary's sustainability goals but has also allowed it to reduce the costs of its energy bills. Further, the new energy efficient data centre has provided the University with increased resiliency and processing power for its on-premises, large-scale research and intensive computing applications, helping it to provision for future expansion. World-leading research Queen Mary University of London is ranked 94th in the world in the 2025-26 edition of the US News and World Report Best Global Universities rankings, and today has over 32,000 students from over 170 nationalities and 5,700 staff - with no less than nine?Nobel Prize winners?among its former staff and students. It is committed to conducting world-leading research and adheres to the principles of sustainable development across all areas of its operational and academic activities. Its vision is to create and oversee the evolution of a large-scale distributed computing infrastructure needed to maintain the UK's position as a world leader in particle physics. As such, it is a participant in the Grid for Particle Physics (GridPP) project, a collaborative effort among particle physicists, computer scientists, and engineers to analyse data generated by high-energy physics experiments, such as those conducted at the world-famous Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. The size, scale, and importance of this work means that the University must operate and maintain a highly efficient, on-premises data centre - ensuring it meets the technical requirements of existing and future research developments, especially those requiring High Throughput Computing (HTC) applications. Legacy challenges Prior to the modernisation project, Queen Mary's data centre was experiencing reliability, scalability, and availability issues, which required manual on-site interventions to fix. It was also becoming outdated, and its operations were, at times, impacted due to a build-up of heat in its server racks from its inefficient cooling systems. Future research computing may also have been hindered due to the data centre's hosting limitations. The refresh was, therefore, vital to improve and stabilise day-to-day operations, and its proximity to the campus' district heating network presented an opportunity for a new solution be designed and implemented to bring the data centre in line with the University's sustainability goals. Solution - a catalyst for sustainability Schneider Electric's data centre, power and cooling solutions were already installed across Queen Mary's estate, so when it came to the plans to upgrade its operations, the University directly sought help from Schneider Electric's partne...

In this episode of The Information Entropy Podcast, Tom explores one of the biggest mysteries in modern cosmology: the Hubble tension. Why do we get different answers while measuring the expansion rate of the universe? Is our standard model of the cosmos missing a crucial piece of the puzzle? Join Tom as he journeys from the discovery of cosmic expansion and the Big Bang, through the ingredients of our universe, to the Nobel Prize-winning revelation that expansion is accelerating — and then into the heart of the tension that's challenging our understanding of the cosmos. We'll look at how scientists are tackling this problem, what it could mean for the ultimate fate of the universe, and why this is a moment of exciting discovery. Music: HOME - AWAY

How does movement, across borders and social class, shape one's sense of belonging? A conversation with writers Tash Aw and Radna Fabias about social change, generational gaps and the legacy of colonialism.In his new book The South, Aw explores the radical political and societal changes that swept through Asia in the 1990s, as seen through the eyes of a Malaysian family. He delves into themes such as class, economic instability, and the search for (queer) identity. Aw captures the painful transformation of post-colonial societies, marked by the tension between tradition and modernity, and the conflict between personal desire and collective duty. How do cultural expectations shape the journey toward personal identity in a rapidly changing society?Tash Aw (1971) is a writer and essayist. He grew up in Malaysia, left for England in his teens to study law and is currently lives in Paris. He is the author of six books, including The Harmony Silk Factory (2005) and Five Star Billionaire (2013) which were longlisted for the Man Booker Prize and earned him international recognition. His works often examine themes such as colonialism, immigration, class dynamics and cultural displacement, offering nuanced portrayals of life in Southeast Asia and beyond. Translated into multiple languages, Aw's texts established him as a vital significant voice in contemporary literature.Radna Fabias (1983) was born and raised in Curaçao. debuted as a poet with the poetry collection Habitus (2018) which won all major poetry awards in the Netherlands & Belgium, amongst which the Herman de Coninck prize and the Grote Poëzieprijs. Fabias' style is characterized by a great variety, both in terms of content and style. According to Dutch Magazine De Groene, “Fabias dares to use every nook and cranny of poetry as an art form, the poems are short and lyrical, sometimes narrative and long, sometimes clear and accessible and sometimes hermetic and experimental.” Habitus has been translated into English, French, Spanish, Arabic and German. Fabias also translates poetry herself. She is the Dutch translator of both Warsan Shire and Nobel Prize winner Louise Glück.About Forum on European Culture: Who's afraid of art? Now that tyrants are on the roll and more and more people in the West seem to be falling for the autocratic alternative, Forum on European Culture 2025 (June 25 – June 29) brings together international artists, writers, and thinkers to celebrate the subversive power of art and literature.Zie het privacybeleid op https://art19.com/privacy en de privacyverklaring van Californië op https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

In this lighthearted and sort of all over the place episode you'll hear us talk about herbal drinks and our lack of tea (again), what we're watching and reading, Brooke's growing Anglophile tendencies, Lauren's recent fiascos, the app that's helping us reduce our phone usage, high heels, bangs, and more. You're getting some snippets of our silly sides here, so buckle up. Mentioned in this episode:Molly & Herbs Herbal Honeys - Home of the HerbellionBePresent | Reduce Screen TimeThe Lunatic Farmer documentary (Joel Salatin) and The Biggest Little Farm documentaryThe Marvelous Pigness of Pigs: Respecting and Caring for All God's CreationThe Remains of the Day: Winner of the Nobel Prize in LiteratureHuman Garage - Home - Human GarageRowe Casa Dry Shampoo - DRY SHAMPOO | 2 ozWildlings (Lauren's barefoot shoe pick) - Wilding our lives with every stepGrounding Shuhe (Brooke's barefoot shoe Pick) - Groudingschuhe - EtsySHOW NOTES “FOOTER”Connect:Email us to say hi: holywildbirth@gmail.comPut in a request for future topics and/or submit a question for future Q&A episodes: Fill out the formApply to tell your birth story on the podcast: http://sisterbirth.com/podcast-guestHang out with us and other Holy Wild Women in our private community (off Facebook): https://anointed-birth.mn.co/Become a holy, wild birthkeeper with us inside Hearthmother JourneyFrom Lauren:InstagramMidwifery consults: Email  rootedinedenpma@gmail.comFrom Brooke:InstagramTrust God, Trust Birth Workshop - a 5-part high-level roadmap to a confident home birth (pay what you can)Faith-Filled Home Birth Workshop - a free, 3-part video series delivered to your inboxEmbrace Birth Journey - comprehensive and holistic faith-based home birth preparation (courses + private community)Intro and Outra Music Credit -Betty Dear By Blue Dot Sessions is licensed under a Creative Commons License.

“When we're doing genetics, we are tapping into that mythic power of change.” — In this conversation with molecular biologist Gary Ruvkun, we discover his scientific journey and find out that world of genetics still has many fields left to explore. A natural storyteller, Ruvkun also shares some of his favourite tales with us – from his gap year in Latin America to how his grandparents emigrated to the United States. For Ruvkun, travelling has given him more stories than he could have ever imagined – and he tries to share them whenever he has the chance. Through their lives and work, failures and successes – get to know the individuals who have been awarded the Nobel Prize on the Nobel Prize Conversations podcast. Find it on Acast, or wherever you listen to pods. https://linktr.ee/NobelPrizeConversations© Nobel Prize Outreach. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

The number of Jews who win Nobel Prizes -- and other scientific awards - are staggering. But is it genetics? Culture? Something else?You can find Ken on ... YOUTUBE:  https://m.youtube.com/@ElephantsInRoomsTWITTER:  https://x.com/Elephants_RoomsSUBSTACK: https://kenlacorte.substack.com/RUMBLE: https://rumble.com/c/KenLaCorte

This week on Mongabay's podcast, celebrated author and repeat Nobel Prize in Literature candidate Robert Macfarlane discusses his fascinating new book, Is a River Alive?, which both asks and provides answers to this compelling question, in his signature flowing prose. Its absorbing narrative takes the reader to the frontlines of some of Earth's most embattled waterways, from northern Ecuador to southern India and northeastern Quebec, where he explores what makes a river more than just a body of water, but rather a living organism upon which many humans and myriad species are irrevocably dependent — a fact that is often forgotten. Regardless of whether humans see rivers as useful resources or living beings, Macfarlane says their great ability to rebound from degradation is demonstrable and is something to strive for. " When I think of how we have to imagine rivers otherwise, away from the pure resource model, I recognize that we can reverse the direction of 'shifting baseline' syndrome. We can make it ‘lifting baseline' syndrome. We can make our rivers touchable, then swimmable, then drinkable again. Drinkable rivers. Imagine that!" Subscribe to or follow the Mongabay Newscast wherever you listen to podcasts, from Apple to Spotify, and you can also listen to all episodes here on the Mongabay website. Please send questions, feedback or comments to podcast[at]mongabay[dot]com. Banner image: The author Robert Macfarlane. Photo by Bryan Appleyard. Courtesy of Robert Macfarlane. -------- Timecodes (00:00) The liquid asset story (05:42) The beginning of the ‘hydrocene' (12:49) Is a river alive? (20:01) ‘Rights of nature' (30:02) Landmarks of hope & looming threats (35:41) ‘Slow violence' (39:43) ‘A gathering that seeks the sea' (45:13) Public waterways under private ownership (48:59) How the Cuyahoga River caught fire (53:58) Collective health over private wealth

Anish Agarwal and Raj Agrawal, co-founders of Traversal, are transforming how enterprises handle critical system failures. Their AI agents can perform root cause analysis in 2-4 minutes instead of the hours typically spent by teams of engineers scrambling in Slack channels. Drawing from their academic research in causal inference and gene regulatory networks, they've built agents that systematically traverse complex dependency maps to identify the smoking gun logs and problematic code changes. As AI-generated code becomes more prevalent, Traversal addresses a growing challenge: debugging systems where humans didn't write the original code, making AI-powered troubleshooting essential for maintaining reliable software at scale. Hosted by Sonya Huang and Bogomil Balkansky, Sequoia Capital Mentioned in this episode: SRE: Site reliability engineering. The function within engineering teams that monitors and improves the availability and performance of software systems and services. Golden signals: four key metrics used by Site Reliability Engineers (SREs) to monitor the health and performance of IT systems: latency, traffic, errors and saturation. MELT data:  Metrics, events, log, and traces. A framework for observability. The Bitter Lesson: Another mention of Nobel Prize  winner Rich Sutton's influential post.

In the fourth of this six-part series of The Economics Show, Martin Wolf, the FT's chief economics commentator, and Nobel Prize-winning economist Paul Krugman ask if advances in artificial intelligence will reshape the working world as we know it. Or are we hearing an old familiar story that has been told many times before? Paul Krugman's Cultural Coda:Loretta Lynn - "Coal Miner's Daughter": https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f9eHp7JJgq8&list=RDf9eHp7JJgq8&start_radio=1Martin Wolf's Cultural Coda:Thomas Mann's The Magic Mountain, published in 1924.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_MountainRead Martin Wolf's selection of the best economics summer reads for 2025 hereRead Martin's FT column hereSubscribe to Paul's substack hereIf you'd like to get in touch and ask Martin and Paul a question, please email economics.show@ft.com Subscribe and listen to this series on The Economics Show on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, Pocket Casts or wherever you listen to podcasts. Episodes are also available on the FT's YouTube channel.The Wolf-Krugman Exchange is produced by Sandra Kanthal and Mischa Frankl-Duval, and the broadcast engineer is Andrew Georgiades. The sound engineer is Jean-Marc Eck. Manuela Saragosa is the FT's acting co-head of audio.Read a transcript of this episode on FT.com Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Are the Middle East Peace Talks real? And, if so, will Trump be awarded the Nobel Prize?...Kicking it with David Spade back in the day...Yes, Jonathan Bailey is gay, but that kiss was too much...WNBA is a joke...Big development for Blake Lively and Taylor Swift...Michele Obama stick her foot in her mouth again.

Abdulrazak Gurnah is emeritus Professor of Post-Colonial Literatures at the University of Kent and the 2021 Nobel Prize winner in Literature. Born in Zanzibar in 1948, the second of six children, Abdulrazak grew up in the dying days of the island's status as a British protectorate before independence was declared in 1963. The revolution which followed made Zanzibar an undesirable and unsafe place to live in for young men of Arab heritage. In 1967, he left to seek opportunities in Britain.He subsidised his studies through a series of low paid jobs which included strawberry picking, factory work and time as a hospital porter. In the evenings he was studying at night school and after gaining a PhD in English, he joined the University of Kent, eventually becoming a Professor.Alongside his academic career, Abdulrazak was writing and it took him twelve years to find a publisher for his 1987 debut novel, Memory of Departure.He has published ten more novels since then, including 1994's Paradise and 2001's By the Sea (short and longlisted for the Booker Prize respectively) which explore themes of exile, displacement, belonging and colonialism. He was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Literature for his body of work and “for his uncompromising and compassionate penetration of the effects of colonialism and the fates of the refugee in the gulf between cultures and continents”. He lives in Kent, with his wife, the Guyanese-born scholar, Denise de Caires Narain. DISC ONE: Hit the Road Jack - Ray Charles DISC TWO: Petite Fleur - Sidney Bechet DISC THREE: Nipepee - Seif Salim DISC FOUR: Piano Concerto in A Minor, Op. 7 - 1. Allegro maestoso. Composed by Clara Schumann. Performed by Isata Kanneh-Mason (piano) and Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Holly Mathieson DISC FIVE: A Day in the Life - The Beatles DISC SIX: Kaira - Toumani Diabaté DISC SEVEN: So What - Miles Davis DISC EIGHT: Folon - Salif Keita BOOK CHOICE: That Glimpse of Truth: The 100 Finest Short Stories Ever Written selected by David Miller LUXURY ITEM: A nail clipper CASTAWAY'S FAVOURITE: Petite Fleur - Sidney Bechet Presenter Lauren Laverne Producer Sarah Taylor

In this episode, Dr. Jockers lays out a science-backed action plan to flush sugar from your system. He explains how movement, even just air squats, acts like a metabolic sponge for glucose. You'll also hear why insulin is the gatekeeper to fat burning—and how to get it on your side.   Discover the power of apple cider vinegar in reducing blood sugar spikes and how timing your meals could be more effective than cutting them. Dr. Jockers breaks down why intermittent fasting isn't just trendy—it's transformative for glucose control.   Sleep, hydration, and targeted nutrients like berberine round out this fast-acting strategy. If you want better energy, fewer cravings, and sharper clarity after indulging, this episode delivers the tools to make it happen.     In This Episode:  00:00 Introduction to Intermittent Fasting 02:50 How to Detox Sugar from Your Body Quickly 03:38 Three Ways to Flush Sugar Out of Your Body 05:08 The Role of Apple Cider Vinegar 05:36 Importance of Blood Sugar Balance 08:30 Additional Tips for Blood Sugar Stability   Explore the health benefits of C60, a Nobel Prize-winning antioxidant that optimizes mitochondrial function and fights inflammation. Visit shopc60.com and discover how to boost your immune system, detox your body, and increase energy. Use promo code 'Jockers' for 15% off your first order. Start your journey to better health with C60 today!   If you're dealing with blood sugar swings, stubborn fat, or constant cravings, Berberine Breakthrough by BiOptimizers could be the game-changer your body needs. This advanced formula goes beyond standard berberine by combining it with 12 synergistic ingredients like alpha-lipoic acid, chromium, and cinnamon to supercharge your metabolism, stabilize insulin levels, and fuel mitochondrial health. Users report better energy, fewer cravings, and noticeable fat loss — all backed by science. Plus, it comes with a 365-day money-back guarantee, so there's zero risk. Use code JOCKERS at bioptimizers.com/jockers to save 10% and start transforming your health today.     “Your muscles are sugar sponges—activate them and you activate your detox.”  ~ Dr. Jockers     Subscribe to the podcast on: Apple Podcast Stitcher Spotify PodBean TuneIn Radio     Resources: Visit https://shopc60.com/jockers – Use code “JOCKERS” to get 15% off! Visit biOptimizers.com/Jockers     Connect with Dr. Jockers: Instagram – https://www.instagram.com/drjockers/ Facebook – https://www.facebook.com/DrDavidJockers YouTube – https://www.youtube.com/user/djockers Website – https://drjockers.com/ If you are interested in being a guest on the show, we would love to hear from you! Please contact us here! - https://drjockers.com/join-us-dr-jockers-functional-nutrition-podcast/ 

This Flashback Friday is from episode 283 published last October 26, 2012.  Between 1980 and 2000, the wealth of our nation grew enormously. Interest rates dropped, dot com businesses grew, and then the housing market was rocketing. We then went into a tricky period where overall net worth grew a bit until the dot com crash; the middle class was sustained to some degree by the housing boom, and then dropped sharply with the housing crash. Dr. H. Woody Brock, President and Founder of Strategic Economic Decisions and author of American Gridlock, joins Jason Hartman for an in-depth explanation of the financial health of our nation across social classes. Dr. Brock discusses the nation overall and then breaks it down into the rich, the middle class, and the poor. The distribution of wealth have left the poor worse off and the rich very well off, as well as shrinking the middle class, but as Dr. Brock explains, looking at the distribution of consumption, the poor and middle classes are in a better position than when looking at the distribution of income. Dr. Brock also expounds on QE3, the Federal Reserve actions, bank reserves, de-leveraging, and more. He wraps up on the subject of his book, American Gridlock: Why the Right and Left are Both Wrong. Founder of Strategic Economic Decisions (SED), Inc., Dr. Horace “Woody” Brock specializes in applications of the modern Economics of Uncertainty (originally developed and championed by Kenneth J. Arrow of Stanford University) to forecasting and risk assessment in the international economy and its asset markets. Holder of five academic degrees, Dr. Brock earned his B.A., M.B.A., and M.S. (mathematics) from Harvard University, and his M.A. and Ph.D. from Princeton University (mathematical economics and political philosophy). He was elected an Andrew Mellon Foundation Bicentennial Fellow of the Aspen Institute in 1976. Dr. Brock studied under Kenneth J. Arrow, Professor of Economics, and John C. Harsanyi, Professor of Economics, University of California, Berkeley, both winners of the Nobel Prize in Economics. Dr. Brock founded SED in 1985, and in doing so was sponsored by Fidelity, GE Capital, IBM Pension Fund, and twenty other institutions looking for a much deeper level of analysis of interest rates and the economy. In its research, SED has focused on apprehending ongoing structural changes in the economy and markets to help clients avoid the pitfalls of illegitimately extrapolating the past into the future. In this regard, Dr. Brock has worked closely with Professor Mordecai Kurz of Stanford University in developing the new theory of Rational Beliefs that is now replacing the classical theory of “Efficient Markets”. This new theory explains for the first time the way in which history rhymes but does not repeat itself.     Follow Jason on TWITTER, INSTAGRAM & LINKEDIN Twitter.com/JasonHartmanROI Instagram.com/jasonhartman1/ Linkedin.com/in/jasonhartmaninvestor/ Call our Investment Counselors at: 1-800-HARTMAN (US) or visit: https://www.jasonhartman.com/ Free Class:  Easily get up to $250,000 in funding for real estate, business or anything else: http://JasonHartman.com/Fund CYA Protect Your Assets, Save Taxes & Estate Planning: http://JasonHartman.com/Protect Get wholesale real estate deals for investment or build a great business – Free Course: https://www.jasonhartman.com/deals Special Offer from Ron LeGrand: https://JasonHartman.com/Ron Free Mini-Book on Pandemic Investing: https://www.PandemicInvesting.com  

Anna and Geoff discuss the 2025 Women's Prize winners and the new Data Bill regulating (or not) AI and creative work. Our book of the week is THE EMPUSIUM: A HEALTH RESORT HORROR STORY by Olga Tokarczuk translated by Antonia Lloyd-Jones. Tokarczuk is the Nobel Prize lauereate author of FLIGHTS and DRIVE YOUR PLOW OVER THE BONES OF THE DEAD. Her latest novel is inspired by Thomas Mann's THE MAGIC MOUNTAIN and set in a sanatorium in west Poland in 1913. An instant national bestseller and New York Times book of the year, it satirises misogyny and has gothic horror elements.  We differed on this one! Coming up: our best books of the year so far. Follow us! Email: Booksonthegopodcast@gmail.com Instagram: @abailliekaras  Substack: Books On The Go Credits Artwork: Sascha Wilkosz

PopaHALLics #145 "Schemers & Dreamers"In this week's offerings: A businessman trying to con investors, improv actors trying to con criminals, a group hoping to draw attention to black string bands, and cops trying to solve murders despite long odds. Will they succeed or fail? In Theaters:"The Phoenician Scheme." Writer/director Wes Anderson's latest quirky, deadpan, exquisitely shot dark comedy features an industrialist, his estranged daughter, and a Norwegian bug expert trying to swindle his investors when a scheme goes awry. Benicio del Toro, Mia Threapleton, and Michael Cera star, with Tom Hanks, Scarlett Johansson, Bill Murray, Benedict Cumberbatch, Bryan Cranston, and more.Streaming: "Deep Cover," Prime. In this 2025 British action comedy, the police recruit three improv comedy actors (Bryce Dallas Howard, Orlando Bloom, and Nick Mohammed, of "Ted Lasso") for undercover work in London's criminal underworld. They're soon in over their heads. With Sean Bean, Ian McShane, and Paddy Considine."Dept. Q," Netflix. Based on the Danish book series by Jussi Adler-Olson, this British crime thriller series follows an emotionally scarred Scottish detective (Matthew Goode) tasked with solving cold cases. With Chloe Pirrie, Jamie Sives, Leah Byrne, and Kate Dickie."The Sinner," Netflix. Bill Pullman stars as a police detective who investigates crimes committed by unlikely culprits and attempts to uncover their motivations in this USA Network series that ran for four seasons."Don't Get Trouble in Your Mind: The Carolina Chocolate Drops Story," Prime, Hulu, YouTube, and other streaming services. Director John Whitehead's compelling 2016 documentary, newly available streaming, traces the trio's improbable rise to success and the personal tensions that drove them apart.Books:"The Third Coast: When Chicago Built the American Dream," by Thomas Dyja. This extensively researched and well-written history explores post-WWII Chicago's impact on wider America through architecture, electric blues, early television, advertising, and more."Drive Your Plow Over the Bones of the Dead," by Olga Tokarczuk and translated from Polish by Antonia Lloyd-Jones. Winner of the Nobel Prize for literature, this "funny, vivid, dangerous and disturbing" novel (Annie Proulx) explores human behavior through a literary murder mystery.Music:PopaHALLics #145 Playlist (Drops) features the old time string band music of the Carolina Chocolate Drops as Fantastic Cat, an indie music supergroup.Click through the links to watch, read about, or listen to what we're discussing.

We are used to think about the universe as a structure which started with a Big Bang and then expanded. Sir Roger Penrose, who received the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics, has developed an alternative theory of the universe based on Einstein's Theory of General Relativity which is called "Conformal Cyclic Cosmology". In this new model we don't have one single Big Bang, but an iteration of infinite cycles (or aeons) of expansion and cooling, each beginning with a “big bang” and ending in a “big crunch”. Science Journalist Jens Degett interviews Professor Niels Obers, Director of the Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics (NORDITA) and professor at the Niels Bohr Institute in Copenhagen, on Roger Penrose's theory and how much evidence is needed in order to change the general view of a central paradigm which is written in our school textbooks. What if Penrose is right? What consequences or perspectives will it have for us?

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Send us a textWhen Jack Stewart turned off the internet, he discovered that digital connection often acts as a “social appetite suppressant”—satisfying on the surface, but not deeply nourishing. In this conversation, Jack explains how removing online distractions led him to seek out in-person connection, from literally knocking on neighbors' doors to organizing his own book and writing salons.We discuss the qualitative difference between digital admirers and real friends, and why meaningful conversations rarely happen through casual online chat. Jack outlines how he created formal spaces—book clubs, writing groups, salons—to foster intellectual depth and genuine community.The discussion moves to Jack's research on “common pool resources,” and the practical lessons from Nobel Prize winner Eleanor Ostrom's work on how communities can successfully govern shared spaces. We explore what makes a community sustainable, including trust, collective rule-making, and how conflict is resolved without defaulting to authority or privatization.Cecilie and Jesper share their own experiences with offline community-building and the Scandinavian tradition of “hygge” as an egalitarian way of sharing space. The episode finishes with a reflection on what it really takes to build trust, give comfort, and create belonging in a world shaped by digital isolation.

”I really love the notion of contributing something to physics.” — Chemistry laureate John Jumper has always been passionate about science and understanding the world. With the AI tool AlphaFold, he and his co-laureate Demis Hassabis have provided a possibility to predict protein structures. In this podcast conversation, Jumper speaks about the excitement of seeing how AI can help us more in the future.Jumper also shares his scientific journey and how he ended up working with AlphaFold. He describes a special memory from the 2018 CASP conference where AlphaFold was presented for the first time. Another life-changing moment was the announcement of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in October 2024 – Jumper tells us how his life has changed since then. Through their lives and work, failures and successes – get to know the individuals who have been awarded the Nobel Prize on the Nobel Prize Conversations podcast. Find it on Acast, or wherever you listen to pods. https://linktr.ee/NobelPrizeConversations© Nobel Prize Outreach. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

In the third of this six-part series of The Economics Show, Martin Wolf, the FT's chief economics commentator, and Nobel Prize-winning economist Paul Krugman discuss the dangers facing the world economy and wonder what outcomes are possible at summits such as the G7 in times of political and economic risk.Paul Krugman's Cultural Coda:Peter Gabriel: “Games Without Frontiers”https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3xZmlUV8muY&list=RD3xZmlUV8muY&start_radio=1Martin Wolf's Cultural Coda: "The Second Coming" - by William Butler Yeats, 1919https://youtu.be/QI40j17EFbISubscribe and listen to this series on The Economics Show on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, Pocket Casts or wherever you listen to podcasts. Episodes are also available on the FT's YouTube channel.If you'd like to get in touch and ask Martin and Paul a question, please email economics.show@ft.com Read Martin's FT column hereSubscribe to Paul's substack hereThe Wolf-Krugman Exchange was produced by Sandra Kanthal and Mischa Frankl-Duval, and the broadcast engineer was Andrew Georgiades. The sound engineer was Breen Turner. Our executive producer is Flo Phillips. Manuela Saragosa is the FT's acting co-head of audio.Read a transcript of this episode on FT.com Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

As the Trump administration continues its effort to cut back on science spending, researchers all over the country are sounding the alarm. Neuroscientist and biologist Ardem Patapoutian is one of those scientists working to raise awareness on the impact of these cuts. In 2021, he and his research partner David Julius earned the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for discovering how humans sense touch. Patapoutian joined Midday Edition Wednesday to talk about how the Trump administration's spending cuts and policies are impacting him and his lab, and what he sees for the future of science at large. Guest: Ardem Patapoutian, neuroscientist, biologist and professor, Scripps Research, Nobel Prize winner

Will Ferrell discovers he's a character in a  book. Worse yet, the author, Emma Thompson, plans to kill him off. He's determined to stop her. Needless to say, hilarity ensues. Or does it?       Links You can rate and review us in these places (and more, probably) Does This Still Work? - TV Podcast https://www.podchaser.com/podcasts/does-this-still-work-1088105 ‎Does This Still Work? on Apple Podcasts https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/does-this-still-work/id1492570867 Creator Accountability Network creatoraccountabilitynetwork.org. Da Vinci Code lawsuit, New-Press of Ft. Myers, FL https://www.newspapers.com/article/news-press-271-history-da-vinci-lawsuit/171612161/ Orhan Pamuk https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/2006/pamuk/facts/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature 2006 Best Seller https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_New_York_Times_number-one_books_of_2006 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_Mary_(novel) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Cross  

Dr. Carolyn Bertozzi's impact in the field of glycosylation has been profound, enabling on our current understanding of disease and inflammation presentation and potential vehicles for treatment. Dr. Bertozzi was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2024 for the development of biorthogonal chemistry, and she explains how this understanding can impact disease treatment. 

About Eric Betzig:Eric Betzig is a Professor of Molecular and Cell Biology at UC Berkeley, holding the Eugene D. Commins Presidential Chair in Experimental Physics. He is also a Senior Fellow at the Janelia Research Campus and an Investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. After earning his Ph.D. at Cornell and working at AT&T Bell Labs on near-field optics, he left academia in 1995 for the machine tool industry. He returned to science in 2005, building the first super-resolution single molecule localization microscope with Harald Hess, work that earned him the 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Today, he develops advanced microscopy techniques for biological discovery, including correlative super-resolution fluorescence and electron microscopy, and 4D dynamic imaging of living systems.About Gita Wirjawan:Gita is an Indonesian entrepreneur and educator. He is the founding partner of Ikhlas Capital and the chairman of Ancora Group. Currently, he is teaching at Stanford as a Visiting Scholar at the Shorenstein Asia-Pacific Research Center (APARC); and a fellow at the Harvard Kennedy School's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs.Explore this episode and be part of our communityhttps://endgame.id/Collaborations and partnershipshttps://sgpp.me/contactus

He pioneered AI, now he's warning the world. Godfather of AI Geoffrey Hinton breaks his silence on the deadly dangers of AI no one is prepared for. Geoffrey Hinton is a leading computer scientist and cognitive psychologist, widely recognised as the ‘Godfather of AI' for his pioneering work on neural networks and deep learning. He received the 2018 Turing Award, often called the Nobel Prize of computing. In 2023, he left Google to warn people about the rising dangers of AI. He explains: Why there's a real 20% chance AI could lead to HUMAN EXTINCTION. How speaking out about AI got him SILENCED. The deep REGRET he feels for helping create AI. The 6 DEADLY THREATS AI poses to humanity right now. AI's potential to advance healthcare, boost productivity, and transform education. 00:00 Intro 02:28 Why Do They Call You the Godfather of AI? 04:37 Warning About the Dangers of AI 07:23 Concerns We Should Have About AI 10:50 European AI Regulations 12:29 Cyber Attack Risk 14:42 How to Protect Yourself From Cyber Attacks 16:29 Using AI to Create Viruses 17:43 AI and Corrupt Elections 19:20 How AI Creates Echo Chambers 23:05 Regulating New Technologies 24:48 Are Regulations Holding Us Back From Competing With China? 26:14 The Threat of Lethal Autonomous Weapons 28:50 Can These AI Threats Combine? 30:32 Restricting AI From Taking Over 32:18 Reflecting on Your Life's Work Amid AI Risks 34:02 Student Leaving OpenAI Over Safety Concerns 38:06 Are You Hopeful About the Future of AI? 40:08 The Threat of AI-Induced Joblessness 43:04 If Muscles and Intelligence Are Replaced, What's Left? 44:55 Ads 46:59 Difference Between Current AI and Superintelligence 52:54 Coming to Terms With AI's Capabilities 54:46 How AI May Widen the Wealth Inequality Gap 56:35 Why Is AI Superior to Humans? 59:18 AI's Potential to Know More Than Humans 1:01:06 Can AI Replicate Human Uniqueness? 1:04:14 Will Machines Have Feelings? 1:11:29 Working at Google 1:15:12 Why Did You Leave Google? 1:16:37 Ads 1:18:32 What Should People Be Doing About AI? 1:19:53 Impressive Family Background 1:21:30 Advice You'd Give Looking Back 1:22:44 Final Message on AI Safety 1:26:05 What's the Biggest Threat to Human Happiness? Follow Geoffrey: X - https://bit.ly/4n0shFf  The Diary Of A CEO: Join DOAC circle here -https://doaccircle.com/ The 1% Diary is back - limited time only: https://bit.ly/3YFbJbt The Diary Of A CEO Conversation Cards (Second Edition): https://g2ul0.app.link/f31dsUttKKb Get email updates - https://bit.ly/diary-of-a-ceo-yt Follow Steven - https://g2ul0.app.link/gnGqL4IsKKb Sponsors: Stan Store - Visit https://link.stan.store/joinstanchallenge to join the challenge! KetoneIQ - Visit https://ketone.com/STEVEN  for 30% off your subscription order #GeoffreyHinton #ArtificialIntelligence #AIDangers Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

James Copnall, presenter of the BBC's Newsday, speaks to Yoshua Bengio, the world-renowned computer scientist often described as one of the godfathers of artificial intelligence, or AI.Bengio is a professor at the University of Montreal in Canada, founder of the Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute - and recipient of an A.M. Turing Award, “the Nobel Prize of Computing”. AI allows computers to operate in a way that can seem human, by using programmes that learn vast amounts of data and follow complex instructions. Big tech firms and governments have invested billions of dollars in the development of artificial intelligence, thanks to its potential to increase efficiency, cut costs and support innovation.Bengio believes there are risks in AI models that attempt to mimic human behaviour with all its flaws. For example, recent experiments have shown how some AI models are developing the capacity to deceive and even blackmail humans, in a quest for their self-preservation. Instead, he says AI must be safe, scientific and working to understand humans without copying them. The Interview brings you conversations with people shaping our world, from all over the world. The best interviews from the BBC. You can listen on the BBC World Service, Mondays and Wednesdays at 0700 GMT. Or you can listen to The Interview as a podcast, out twice a week on BBC Sounds, Apple, Spotify or wherever you get your podcasts.Presenter: James Copnall Producers: Lucy Sheppard, Ben Cooper Editor: Nick HollandGet in touch with us on email TheInterview@bbc.co.uk and use the hashtag #TheInterviewBBC on social media.(Image: Yoshua Bengio. Credit: Craig Barritt/Getty)

He's written over 40 books. He's been on Oprah, Good Morning America, and even the cover of Time Magazine. Dr. Bill Sears is the man who made breastfeeding and attachment parenting mainstream—when no one else dared to say it mattered. But today, he's here with a warning.Our kids are facing a health crisis unlike anything we've seen before—chronic illnesses once reserved for the elderly are now striking children. And Dr. Bill says it's no accident. In this episode, he reveals the five foolproof, science-backed habits every parent needs to know—practical steps that could mean the difference between thriving and just surviving. Don't miss this conversation—your child's future health may depend on what you hear today.Dr Bill's website: https://www.askdrsears.com/NEW: Join our exclusive Rose Report community! https://lilaroseshow.supercast.com - We'll have BTS footage, ad-free episodes, monthly AMA, and early access to our upcoming guests.A big thanks to our partner, EWTN, the world's leading Catholic network! Discover news, entertainment and more at https://www.ewtn.com/ Check out our Sponsors:-Seven Weeks Coffee: https://www.sevenweekscoffee.com Buy your pro-life coffee with code LILA and get up to 25% off!-Cozy Earth: Better Sleep, Brighter Days - Get the highest quality sleep essentials for 40% OFF at https://cozyearth.com/lila!-We Heart Nutrition: https://www.weheartnutrition.com/ Get high quality vitamin supplements for 20% off using the code LILA. 00:00 - Start01:43 - Who is Dr Bill Sears?06:44 - Children's Health epidemic in America09:39 - Seven Weeks Coffee10:20 - ADHD and Autism12:51 - Toxicity in the world14:22 - Top Toxic ingredients?16:35 - #1 food on planet20:08 - Cozy Earth21:04 - Epigenetics and Shaping How Genes Operate23:16 - Organic foods?24:33 - We have a pharmacy inside ourselves27:22 - We Heart Nutrition28:24 - This won the Nobel Prize:37:42 - Sleep42:49 - Brain Problems47:28 - Give me a tool I can use fast:48:19 - Religious People Are Happier53:24 - Friendship and Sharing Well56:55 - 7 Tools of Attachment Parenting

In this episode, Dr. David Jockers reveals how common pain relievers like NSAIDs can damage your gut, leading to leaky gut and inflammation. He shares the science behind how these meds worsen long-term gut health.   Antibiotics, often prescribed unnecessarily, disrupt the gut microbiome and cause more harm than good, creating long-term issues like bacterial resistance.   Dr. Jockers also explains how acid-blocking medications prevent nutrient absorption, particularly B12 and magnesium, and why they're more damaging than helpful.     In This Episode:  00:00 Personal Story: The Dangers of Overusing Ibuprofen 00:41 Introduction to the Podcast and Sponsor Message 03:02 Understanding Gut Inflammation and Medications 07:43 The Problem with NSAIDs 09:38 The Risks of Antibiotics 13:40 The Dangers of Acid Blocking Medications 16:56 Issues with Birth Control Pills 17:37 Steroids: Short-Term Relief, Long-Term Harm 18:38 Conclusion and Final Thoughts   Explore the health benefits of C60, a Nobel Prize-winning antioxidant that optimizes mitochondrial function and fights inflammation. Visit shopc60.com and discover how to boost your immune system, detox your body, and increase energy. Use promo code 'Jockers' for 15% off your first order. Start your journey to better health with C60 today!   If you're dealing with blood sugar swings, stubborn fat, or constant cravings, Berberine Breakthrough by BiOptimizers could be the game-changer your body needs. This advanced formula goes beyond standard berberine by combining it with 12 synergistic ingredients like alpha-lipoic acid, chromium, and cinnamon to supercharge your metabolism, stabilize insulin levels, and fuel mitochondrial health. Users report better energy, fewer cravings, and noticeable fat loss — all backed by science. Plus, it comes with a 365-day money-back guarantee, so there's zero risk. Use code JOCKERS at bioptimizers.com/jockers to save 10% and start transforming your health today.     “I ended up taking eight or nine ibuprofen a day to help relieve the soreness in my arm. And I really believe that was one of the triggers for me developing irritable bowel syndrome”  ~ Dr. Jockers     Subscribe to the podcast on: Apple Podcast Stitcher Spotify PodBean TuneIn Radio     Resources: Visit https://shopc60.com/jockers – Use code “JOCKERS” to get 15% off! Visit biOptimizers.com/Jockers   Connect with Dr. Jockers: Instagram – https://www.instagram.com/drjockers/ Facebook – https://www.facebook.com/DrDavidJockers YouTube – https://www.youtube.com/user/djockers Website – https://drjockers.com/ If you are interested in being a guest on the show, we would love to hear from you! Please contact us here! - https://drjockers.com/join-us-dr-jockers-functional-nutrition-podcast/ 

Today, Paul talks about the long history of technology and investing and whether or not we may see a future where AI will replace the jobs of fund managers. Paul shares an article from MarketWatch, as people are already beginning to study how AI is performing against these companies. Listen along to hear how technology is used to try to give people an edge in investing and why supercomputers and AI struggle to beat out Nobel Prize-winning investment strategies.   For more information about what we do or how we can help you, schedule a 15-minute call with us here: paulwinkler.com/call. 

Are financial markets becoming less efficient? Famous investor Cliff Asness certainly thinks so. In his paper published last year, “The Less-Efficient Market Hypothesis,” Asness argues that social media and low interest rates, among other factors, have distorted market information so that stocks have become disconnected from their true values. This distortion has directed funds toward undeserving assets and firms and staved off necessary market corrections.Asness is the founder, managing principal, and chief investment officer at AQR Capital Management. He is an active researcher on various financial and investment topics and received an MBA and PhD in finance from the University of Chicago Booth School of Business. From her early days as a journalist reporting on Wall Street, Bethany recounts Asness as an outspoken, successful quant investor: one who invests based primarily on the fundamentals of the market rather than those of the firm. She also remembers him being “colloquial” and willing to be “experimental” with ideas. Asness's recent paper continues that experimental style as he challenges the legacy of the efficient market hypothesis on which his PhD advisor, Nobel Prize laureate Eugene Fama, made his name, and which argues that asset prices reflect all available information, making it impossible to “beat” or outperform the market.Asness joins Bethany and Luigi to discuss how the market has fundamentally changed due to new technologies and macroeconomic trends and how investment strategies must adapt, what these changes mean for long-term productivity and growth, how researchers and investors should think about emerging market factors like tariffs and artificial intelligence, and why he's not investing in TrumpCoin anytime soon.Disclosure: In October 2024, Chicago Booth received a $60 million gift from Cliff Asness and John Liew to name its Master in Finance program.Bonus: Revisit our recent episode with Eugene Fama, Why This Nobel Economist Thinks Bitcoin is Going to Zero

Wanna know why Big Pharma is Knocking on This French Startup's Door? Listen to this!More #water insights? Connect with me on Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/antoinewalter1/

In this episode, host Darnelle Radford speaks with Ross Beschler about the Wilma Theater's final production of the season, A Summer Day, written by Jan Fosse. They discuss the unique Hothouse ensemble experience, the themes of love, loss, and memory in the play, and the challenges of communication and language in expressing deep emotions. The conversation highlights the importance of ensemble work and the artistic journey of the Hothouse members. In this conversation, Ross Beschler and Darnelle Radford explore the themes of language, memory, identity, and the dynamics of relationships through the lens of the play 'A Summer Day' by Jan Fossa. They discuss how exaggeration in language can shape perceptions, the role of characters in navigating crises, and the importance of introspection versus action in understanding oneself and others. The conversation delves into the complexities of memory and how it influences identity, as well as the societal challenges of understanding and miscommunication. Ultimately, they reflect on the human experience and the significance of connection in the face of life's uncertainties.A SUMMER DAYBY JON FOSSETRANSLATED BY SARAH CAMERON SUNDEDIRECTED BY YURY URNOVJune 10–29, 2025Experience the haunting beauty of Norwegian playwright Jon Fosse's A Summer Day, directed by inventive Co-Artistic Director Yury Urnov (Mr. Burns, Minor Character, 12th Night) in a production that delves into the depths of human connection, memory, and existential longing. Is there one day in your past you keep replaying again and again? When do we start spending more time in the past than in the present? Through Fosse's poetic language and Urnov's innovative direction and immersive visual design, audiences are transported into an epic and intimate world where past and present intertwine, inviting reflection on the fleeting nature of time and the eternal search for meaning. Often referred to as a modern-day Ibsen, Fosse won a Nobel Prize in Literature in 2023 – one of the few playwrights to ever receive that honor – and is rarely produced in the United States.Chapters00:00 Introduction to the Wilma Theater and A Summer Day02:40 The Hothouse Experience and Ensemble Work11:30 Exploring the Play: A Summer Day17:24 Themes of Love, Loss, and Memory20:30 Language and Communication in A Summer Day24:30 The Power of Language and Exaggeration26:41 Character Dynamics and Intrusions29:58 Memory and Identity in Relationships32:00 Understanding and Misunderstanding in Society36:45 Introspection vs. Action39:32 Replaying Moments and Learning from the Past44:53 The Essence of A Summer DayFOR TICKETS AND INFORMATION: https://wilmatheater.org/event/asummerday/

Episode: 2934 Reading the Molecules of Life.  Today, we read the molecules of life.

What makes ESS-60 a “better” antioxidant than vitamin C for certain applications? How can you safely and effectively incorporate ESS-60 into skincare routines or supplements? In this episode, I'm joined by Chris Burress to explore ESS-60 (a form of C60 carbon), share tips on supporting antioxidant balance, and point you to high-quality C60 products.CLICK HERE to learn more about the C60 Serum.You're going to love this conversation, and you're going to want to share it with everyone you care about who also desires to look and feel their best too!Learn more about Chris Burres:CHRIS BURRES is the founder and chief scientist at MyVitalC, where he manufactured a Nobel Prize-winning molecule responsible for the single longest longevity experimental result in history–a full 90% extension of life. He is also a published author, host of the Uncovering the Secrets to Longevity Health Summit, a podcast host, patent holder and master of comedy improv. He is the intersection where science meets laughter and his life's mission is to help people live longer, healthier, happier, pain-free lives with science.Connect with Chris: http://www.myvitalc.comFor more resources related to today's episode, click here for the podcast episode page: https://www.theschoolofradiance.com/podcasts Follow Rachel Varga Official on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/rachelvargaofficial/ —Catch full episodes of The School of Radiance Podcast here on YouTube https://www.youtube.com/@RachelVargaOfficial —Subscribe to the YouTube channel here: https://www.youtube.com/@RachelVargaOfficial —Follow me here:Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/rachelvargaofficial/ Facebook: https://www.instagram.com/rachelvargaofficial/ Website: https://www.theschoolofradiance.com —FREE STUFF: Download my FREE Skincare Checklist, sign up for my FREE 30 minute biohack your way to clear skin and slowing aging training now, and my newsletter for promos and exclusive events just for you! https://www.theschoolofradiance.com/freebiesEveryone gets one FREE call! Book your free 15-minute call with Rachel Varga to see which options will help you achieve your skin radiance goals! https://rachelvarga.as.me/YourPersonalizedRadianceConsultation —Looking for Skincare products, Tutorials, booking YOUR private One-on-One, and the deep dive Radiance Membership?SHOP skincare: https://alwaysradiantskinshop.comBOOK your private One-on-One: https://rachelvarga.as.me/Initialconsultation REGISTER for Tutorials and/or Membership: https://theschoolofradiance.com As a disclaimer, please note that the information shared in this podcast and interview is not to be taken as medical advice, and it's always important to consult with your physician before making any lifestyle changes. Rachel disclaims any responsibility for inaccurate credentials of guests or information used that may cause harm.Thank you for tuning in to this episode of The School of Radiance with Rachel Varga (formerly The Rachel Varga Podcast and The Always Radiant Skin Podcast)!Rachel Vargainfo@theschoolofradiance.comSee Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

“The reason why I was doing science all these years is because I just love doing it.”– Medicine laureate Victor Ambros grew up on a farm with seven siblings. Throughout his career, he has seen collaboration as a crucial part of science.In this podcast conversation with Adam Smith, Ambros talks about his scientific journey and how much his father has influenced him. He also shares his experiences on imposter syndrome and gives some advice on how to deal with it. Through their lives and work, failures and successes – get to know the individuals who have been awarded the Nobel Prize on the Nobel Prize Conversations podcast. Find it on Acast, or wherever you listen to pods. https://linktr.ee/NobelPrizeConversations© Nobel Prize Outreach. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

In the second of this six-part series of The Economics Show, Martin Wolf, the FT's chief economics commentator, and Nobel Prize-winning economist Paul Krugman discuss the way economic trends have fractured societies on both sides of the Atlantic and the jeopardy that poses to liberal democracies in Europe and America. Paul Krugman's Cultural Coda: Let America Be America Again by Langston Hugheshttps://poets.org/poem/let-america-be-america-againMartin Wolf's Cultural Coda: The Tariff Song by Dan Shorehttps://m.youtube.com/watch?v=eWtn6kWXAsQ&utm_source=substack&utm_medium=emailSubscribe and listen to this series on The Economics Show on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, Pocket Casts or wherever you listen to podcasts. Episodes are also available on the FT's YouTube channel.If you'd like to get in touch and ask Martin and Paul a question, please email economics.show@ft.com Read Martin's FT column hereSubscribe to Paul's substack hereThe Wolf-Krugman Exchange was produced by Sandra Kanthal and Mischa Frankl-Duval, and the broadcast engineer was Andrew Georgiades. The sound engineer was Breen Turner. Manuela Saragosa is the FT's acting co-head of audio.Read a transcript of this episode on FT.com Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Live Longer & Better: Biohacking Longevity with the ESS60 Miracle Molecule [Chris Burres]What if you could increase your energy, improve your sleep, sharpen your focus, and even extend your lifespan—all with one breakthrough supplement?

Mike and Chad are re-listening to this episode from 2020 about the married couple of Marie and Pierre Curie, each of whom won at least one Nobel Prize and were an amazing scientific power couple. If you want to know more about science, be sure to subscribe wherever you find the finest podcasts.

Ever feel like you're working hard but still not “there” yet? In today's episode, Dr. Killeen shares a powerful perspective shift: you're likely right in the thick of your best work—it just hasn't been recognized yet. Drawing inspiration from Nobel Prize trends and real-life practice challenges, this episode reminds you that progress doesn't always look flashy. Tune in for a grounded, encouraging message that'll help you see your journey with fresh eyes—and maybe even feel a little more proud of where you are right now.

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In this episode, Dr. Jockers reveals why extra virgin olive oil is only healing when it's the right kind. Learn how to spot real, high-polyphenol olive oil—and why the bitter, peppery taste signals powerful anti-inflammatory benefits.   Find out why green olives beat black olives for brain health and how most store-bought olive oils are diluted with harmful seed oils. Dr. Jockers explains what to check on the label to avoid getting scammed.   Hear how olive oil can reduce pain better than ibuprofen, fight cancer cells, and protect your brain. Plus, get the exact amount you need to take for real, clinical results.     In This Episode:  00:00 Introduction to Polyphenols in Olive Oil 02:47 Episode Overview: The Surprising Truth About Olive Oil 04:21 The Benefits of Extra Virgin Olive Oil 05:22 Understanding Olive Oil Quality and Polyphenol Content 08:04 Green vs. Black Olives: Which is Better? 12:40 The Importance of Fresh Pressed Olive Oil 18:45 Conclusion and Final Thoughts     Explore the health benefits of C60, a Nobel Prize-winning antioxidant that optimizes mitochondrial function and fights inflammation. Visit shopc60.com and discover how to boost your immune system, detox your body, and increase energy. Use promo code 'Jockers' for 15% off your first order. Start your journey to better health with C60 today!   If you're dealing with blood sugar swings, stubborn fat, or constant cravings, Berberine Breakthrough by BiOptimizers could be the game-changer your body needs. This advanced formula goes beyond standard berberine by combining it with 12 synergistic ingredients like alpha-lipoic acid, chromium, and cinnamon to supercharge your metabolism, stabilize insulin levels, and fuel mitochondrial health. Users report better energy, fewer cravings, and noticeable fat loss — all backed by science. Plus, it comes with a 365-day money-back guarantee, so there's zero risk. Use code JOCKERS at bioptimizers.com/jockers to save 10% and start transforming your health today.     “The best olive oil should taste bitter and peppery — that's the sign of powerful polyphenols at work”  ~ Dr. Jockers     Subscribe to the podcast on: Apple Podcast Stitcher Spotify PodBean TuneIn Radio     Resources: Visit https://shopc60.com/jockers – Use code “JOCKERS” to get 15% off! Visit biOptimizers.com/Jockers   Connect with Dr. Jockers: Instagram – https://www.instagram.com/drjockers/ Facebook – https://www.facebook.com/DrDavidJockers YouTube – https://www.youtube.com/user/djockers Website – https://drjockers.com/ If you are interested in being a guest on the show, we would love to hear from you! Please contact us here! - https://drjockers.com/join-us-dr-jockers-functional-nutrition-podcast/ 

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In this of Stinchfield, Grant dives deep into one of the most controversial — and misunderstood — medications of our time: ivermectin. Once dismissed as nothing more than a “horse dewormer,” ivermectin has quietly been saving lives across the globe for decades. Originally developed to fight parasitic infections, this Nobel Prize-winning drug has proven itself in human medicine with a long track record of safety and effectiveness. But what if that’s just the beginning?

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