Podcasts about etruscans

Who were the descendants of Japheth—and what role do they play in the formation of modern nations and biblical prophecy?Video Version Available at https://www.lastchristian.net/In this powerful and detailed exploration, The Last Christian Radio Show dives deep into the historical and prophetic legacy of Japheth, one of Noah's three sons. Based on Genesis 10 and supported by historical, biblical, and cultural sources, this study identifies the lineage of Japheth and traces the origins of many Indo-European civilizations—from the Greeks and Scythians to the Armenians, Slavs, Thracians, and beyond.

Who were the descendants of Japheth—and what role do they play in the formation of modern nations and biblical prophecy?Video Version Available at https://www.lastchristian.net/In this powerful and detailed exploration, The Last Christian Radio Show dives deep into the historical and prophetic legacy of Japheth, one of Noah's three sons. Based on Genesis 10 and supported by historical, biblical, and cultural sources, this study identifies the lineage of Japheth and traces the origins of many Indo-European civilizations—from the Greeks and Scythians to the Armenians, Slavs, Thracians, and beyond.

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It's 395 BCE and we explore the events that are the result of the epic year of 396 BCE. The Romans ended 396 BCE on a high with their military success against the southern-most city of the Etruscans, Veii. But is all well in the Roman world? That may depend on which god you talk to…An incomplete victory?The defeat of Veii leaves the northern peoples - the Capenates and Faliscans - open to Rome's wrath. Their resistance to Rome means that war is on Rome's agenda. This may also explain why we see military tribunes with consular power.A great time for some Roman colonising?Despite the threats to the north, Rome seems intent on setting up a new colony down south towards Volscian territory. Does Rome really have the resources to spare for such an endeavour after a ten-year siege and problems north of Veii? Well, historians have some questions about that!What's up Apollo?Camillus' glorious leadership in taking Veii seems to be undermined by the his vow to Apollo which he had apparently forgotten. This creates real problems as the 10th portion to be offered to Apollo was not collected when the booty was distributed and now people OWE the gods… Will Camillus' reputation emerge unscathed?Things to listen out forIs Veii more attractive to the plebeians than Rome? Scandal!A proposal to send half of Rome's population, patricians and plebeians to Veii - a classic case of Porque Lo Nos Dos?Some very grumpy patricians playing the ‘Romulus' cardBlaming Titus Sicinius for putting ideas into the plebeians' headsConnections with Greek history…A beautiful golden bowl!Drama in Sicily including an appearance from Magon the CarthaginianOur PlayersMilitary Tribunes with Consular PowerPublius Cornelius P. f. A. n. Cossus (Pat)Publius Cornelius - f. -. N. Scipio (Pat)Kaeso Fabius M. f. Q. n. Ambustus (Pat). Previously Military Tribune with Consular Power in 404, 401.Lucius Furius L. f. Sp. n. Medullinus (Pat). Previously Consul in 413, 409 and previously Military Tribune with Consular Power in 407, 405, 398, 397.Quintus Servilius Q. f. P. n. Fidenas (Pat). Previously Military Tribune with Consular Power in 402, 398.Marcus Valerius M. f. M. n. Lactucinus Maximus (Pat). Previously Military Tribune with Consular Power 398.Tribunes of the PlebsTitus SiciniusQuintus PomponiusAulus VerginiusFor our full show notes and edited transcripts, head on over to https://partialhistorians.com/Support the showPatreonKo-FiRead our booksRex: The Seven Kings of RomeYour Cheeky Guide to the Roman Empire Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Lasting from the ninth century BC right up until Roman conquest in the first century BC, the Etruscans were a powerful ancient civilisation who inhabited Etruria in ancient Italy, and rubbed shoulders with the other iconic ancient cultures of their day. Often painted as a mysterious people whose culture has now largely vanished from view, researcher Lucy Shipley instead presents us with a very different picture. Speaking to Emily Briffett, she delves into the archaeological and written records to bring us closer to this fascinating civilisation – and uncover why it captivated the likes of the Medici, DH Lawrence and the Roman emperor Claudius. (Ad) Lucy Shipley is the author of The Etruscans: Lost Civilizations (Reaktion Books, 2017). Buy it now from Amazon: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Etruscans-Lost-civilizations-Lucy-Shipley/dp/1780238320/?tag=bbchistory045-21&ascsubtag=historyextra-social-histboty. The HistoryExtra podcast is produced by the team behind BBC History Magazine. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

How was Brunello discovered? How did the medieval sharecropping system help to shape Tuscany's wine landscape? What's the origin of the iconic black rooster symbol of Chianti Classico? In this episode of the Unreserved Wine Talk podcast, I'm chatting with Susan Keevil, editor of the beautiful hardcover On Tuscany: From Brunello to Bolgheri, Tales from the Heart of Italy. You can find the wines we discussed at https://www.nataliemaclean.com/winepicks   Giveaway Two of you are going to win a copy of her terrific book, On Tuscany: From Brunello to Bolgheri, Tales from the Heart of Italy. To qualify, all you have to do is email me at natalie@nataliemaclean.com and let me know that you've posted a review of the podcast. I'll choose two people randomly from those who contact me. Good luck!   Highlights What inspired Susan to take on the monumental task of compiling and editing On Tuscany? How is On Tuscany different from other books about the region? What was the most captivating wine story Susan uncovered while working on the book? What was the most surprising insight about Tuscany that Susan discovered while putting together On Tuscany? Why did the timeframe pose the biggest challenge in compiling the book? How did Susan discover and select literary gems about Tuscany from historic writers? Why was it important to Susan to write about the Etruscans? What surprised Susan about the ancient Etruscans' relationship with wine? How did the medieval sharecropping system help to shape Tuscany's wine landscape? What role did the Medici family play in shaping the wine culture in Tuscany? What was the crisis of Chianti Classico in the 70s and 80s and how did it redefine the future of Tuscan wines? What's the origin of the iconic black rooster symbol of Chianti Classico? Why does Tuscany continue to dominate media and culture when it comes to wine? What's the history behind the Chianti fiasco?   Key Takeaways How was Brunello discovered? Susan says that from 1875 to 1930, the Biondi Santi family hid bottles of brunello bricked up behind a wall. So after the war, they had these wonderful vintages, and they could say, look how it's aged because they didn't know it aged so well at that stage. That was how the discovery of Brunello came about because they brought these cellared wines to feasts and grand occasions with politicians and monarchs. How did the medieval sharecropping system help to shape Tuscany's wine landscape? Susan observes that it made it beautiful to start with, because we're talking about small holdings. Small farmers gave 40% of what they produced to the owner, the feudal lord, but they had to eke out a living too. So they had their plot of vines, their plot of olive groves, and they put up their cypress trees to defend them from the winds. That gave the beauty to the countryside, because it makes it a jigsaw, it gives it texture when you look at the hills. That way of farming has set up the beauty of Tuscany that we know today. But of course, there was a lot of poverty that went alongside it. What's the origin of the iconic black rooster symbol of Chianti Classico? Susan explains that it came from the 14th century when Siena and Florence were warring as to who was going to be the most powerful of those two towns. They had an agreement that they would send out a horse rider - a knight - early one morning, and wherever those two knights met, would be the boundary between Florence and Siena. The Florentine horse rider set off really early, and they got to within 12 miles of Siena. So the black cockerel is all about strength and having the biggest area.   About Susan Keevil Susan Keevil is the Editorial Director of Académie du Vin Library, where she has played a pivotal role in establishing and nurturing this esteemed wine publishing house. A former editor of Decanter magazine, she has dedicated her career to the world of wine, from editorial leadership to in-depth exploration of the industry.         To learn more, visit https://www.nataliemaclean.com/328.

The Phoenicians were the most civilized people of the Near East and the greatest businessmen and conduits of culture of the ancient world (e.g., they gave us all the alphabet). Their expansion westward across the Mediterranean, driven by the trade in metal ore, is told in myth, archaeology, and the accounts of the people they impacted (including the Berbers, Etruscans, Greeks and Romans). The Phoenician settlement at Carthage (modern Tunisia) soon became the most powerful and cultured city of the western Mediterranean, their ships dominating trade routes. Conflict thus became inevitable with the Etruscans, Greeks and Romans, which culminated in the three Punic Wars. In the Second Punic War, Hannibal terrorized the Romans like no other enemy they had ever encountered, but in the end the Romans erased Carthage entirely.  Yet Carthage remains eternal: in myth, painting, literature and grand opera. Hannibal, Rome's Nightmare Patrick Hunt will describe how Hannibal, the great Carthaginian general, weaponized nature—making Roman armies cross icy streams, and face fog and dust storms, in his almost two decade war against Rome in Italy starting in 218 BC. Brilliantly defeating multiple Roman legions even when outnumbered, Hannibal's flexible craftiness and ability to get in the minds of his enemy, by employing a staggering arsenal of tactics, are still admired and emulated in modern warfare. It is likely that Roman legions would never have conquered their empire had Hannibal not first schooled Rome in his methods of professional warfare. Even Machiavelli created his famous dictum “better to be feared than loved” based on Hannibal. So it is fatefully ironic that the general who won so many battles, but could not win the war, only wanted Rome to leave Carthage alone. Hannibal's policies ultimately failed when the Romans totally obliterated Carthage in 146 BC. Legendary Carthage Douglas Kenning will illustrate how mythology expresses in narrative the varied ways a people understand themselves and their world. In the case of Carthage we began with the Rape of Europa, which led to the stories of Phoenix and Cadmus, which led to the stories of the Phoenician princess Elissa, which led to the story of Dido and Aeneas as told by Virgil. Few mythic cycles were as important as this one in ancient times, being fundamental to any understanding of Carthaginian values and behavior (e.g., Hannibal casting himself as Hercules) and how the Romans viewed their international role and their foreign policy. And for this reason, few mythic cycles are as important across subsequent Western arts, especially painting and music. Organizer: George Hammond   The Commonwealth Club of California is a nonprofit public forum; we welcome donations made during registration to support the production of our programming. A Humanities Member-led Forum program. Forums at the Club are organized and run by volunteer programmers who are members of The Commonwealth Club, and they cover a diverse range of topics. Learn more about our Forums. Commonwealth Club World Affairs is a public forum. Any views expressed in our programs are those of the speakers and not of Commonwealth Club World Affairs. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Explore the ancient Etruscan burial practices and deities of the underworld.The Etruscans began rising to power around 900 BCE in Etruria, modern day Tuscany. They dominated the Italian peninsula and became a major political and economic force in the Mediterranean that left a legacy that shaped the region. Etruscan kings ruled over Rome until 509 BCE when an uprising removed the tyrannical monarch and people created the Roman Republic.In this episode, we'll discover the Etruscan view of the journey to the underworld and the important role of horses in carrying the soul and the body to it's eternal destination. Learn about the elaborate celebrations that helped shape some of the most iconic Roman traditions. Uncover the cities for the dead with rock cut tombs shaped like family homes that reflect their emphasis on family connections in life. Then meet the guides, gatekeepers, and guardians of the Etruscan afterlife from the sun god who's dark side rules the underworld to goddesses who protect the deceased, and see how they changed over time as cultural exchange happened across the Mediterranean region.Transcripts For transcripts of this episode head over to: https://archpodnet.com/tpm/10Links See photos related to episode topics on Instagram Loving the macabre lore? Treat your host to a coffee!ArchPodNet APN Website: https://www.archpodnet.com APN on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/archpodnet APN on Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/archpodnet APN on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/archpodnet Tee Public Store: https://www.teepublic.com/stores/archaeology-podcast-network?ref_id=5724Affiliates Motion

When we picture Europe, specific iconic images often spring to mind—like the rolling green hills of Ireland, the bustling city streets of Paris, or the romantic canals of Venice. Many people don't realize that beyond these more famous landscapes and cultures lies an astonishing variety of groups with deep-rooted histories. When researching family backgrounds, focusing on the larger, more familiar populations is easy. Still, Europe is home to many communities whose origins stretch far into the past, often overshadowed in mainstream narratives. In this exploration, we'll journey across the continent, uncovering the distinct stories of peoples whose influence can still be traced in Europe's cultural tapestry. We'll spotlight the Basques in the Pyrenees Mountains, the nomadic Saami in the far north, the ancient Celts who once spanned a considerable portion of Europe, and the Etruscans of Italy whose legacy continues to echo in art and culture. By the end of this article, you might even feel inspired to dig a bit deeper into your family history—who knows what hidden chapters you might discover? Podcast Notes:  https://ancestralfindings.com/explore-lesser-known-european-ancestry/ Genealogy Clips Podcast: https://ancestralfindings.com/podcast Free Genealogy Lookups: https://ancestralfindings.com/lookups Genealogy Giveaway: https://ancestralfindings.com/giveaway Genealogy eBooks: https://ancestralfindings.com/ebooks Follow Along: https://www.facebook.com/AncestralFindings https://www.instagram.com/ancestralfindings https://www.youtube.com/ancestralfindings Support Ancestral Findings: https://ancestralfindings.com/support https://ancestralfindings.com/paypal  #Genealogy #AncestralFindings #GenealogyClips

Before Rome came the Etruscans - they were the dominant culture in ancient Italy in the centuries before Rome's imperial expansion. But how did they fall?In this episode of the Ancients, Tristan Hughes is joined by archeologist Lucy Shipley to chronicle the decline of this once mighty ancient superpower that ruled the Mediterranean for hundreds of years. Together, they dive into the rich archaeological evidence that the Etruscans have left behind, including tomb paintings and pottery and explore how the legacy of Etruscan culture endured under harsh Roman rule.To listen to Lucy's previous appearance on The Ancients - The Etruscans - click herePresented by Tristan Hughes. Audio editor is Aidan Lonergan, the producer is Joseph Knight. The senior producer is Anne-Marie Luff.The Ancients is a History Hit podcast.Sign up to History Hit for hundreds of hours of original documentaries, with a new release every week and ad-free podcasts. Sign up at https://www.historyhit.com/subscribe. You can take part in our listener survey at https://uk.surveymonkey.com/r/6FFT7MK.All music courtesy of Epidemic Sound

Get the full 2 hour interviews with THC+: Subscribe via our website and get the Plus show on your usual podcast apps. Subscribe via Patreon, including the full Plus archive, a dedicated RSS feed, Spotify, & payment through Paypal. Subscribe via check, cash, money order, or crypto with the information at the bottom of the page. […] The post Analog | Anomalous Minnesota, Lost Underground Cities, The Etruscans, & The Rise Of False Rome appeared first on The Higherside Chats.

The 7th-century Etruscans set the stage for 15th-century Italy's first fine wine region. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

The Indo-European language family, encompassing languages like Greek, Latin, Sanskrit, and Proto-Indo-European, traces its origins to a complex interplay of migrations and cultural exchanges. The Anatolian branch, traditionally thought to have entered the region from Thrace, is supported by recent genetic findings in Bulgaria, revealing steppe ancestry similar to Sredny Stog as early as 4500 BC. This ancestry suggests that Anatolian may have developed from related groups in the region, potentially emerging from a dialect or sister language to Proto-Indo-European. The Hittite language, a member of the Anatolian branch, shows minimal connection to steppe ancestry, and this is also seen in other instances such as the Etruscans, who spoke a non-Indo-European language despite having a significant steppe genetic component. The historical spread of Indo-European languages is often linked to the influence of power and prestige rather than merely the number of speakers. In some cases, Indo-European languages became dominant as ruling elites imposed their languages over local populations, integrating with them while maintaining their linguistic and cultural identities. Contemporary theories face challenges, particularly regarding Indo-Iranian languages. The notion that Proto-Indo-Europeans migrated into Iran and subsequently into India contradicts evidence of high steppe ancestry among Indo-Iranians. The Rig Veda, for instance, describes migrating Indo-Iranians with physical traits distinct from the native Dravidians, undermining theories that suggest a late acquisition of steppe ancestry in India. The Yamnaya culture, a key player in this linguistic evolution, represents a fusion of steppe hunter-gatherers from the Pontic-Caspian region with Caucasian groups, resulting from aggressive expansion rather than peaceful integration. This complex interaction formed a cultural and linguistic unit that spread across Europe and Asia, shaping the diverse Indo-European languages we recognize today. Here are the earlier forms of the word "wheel" in Old Persian, Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit:‎ ‎1. **Old Persian**:

Typically found staining sidewalks, the mulberry is an incredibly under-utilized fruit. While most people think of the berry as a nuisance, creating purple van Gogh-style messes on the bottom of shoes, their sweet and tangy flavor adds to many culinary experiences. The berries can be used in desserts, such as pies or crumbles, for building complex wines or liquors, as hearty and rustic glazes for a variety of meats, or even in crazy-sounding dishes like pizzas or grilled cheese sandwiches.  Despite their physical resemblance to raspberries and blackberries, mulberries are closer relatives to figs. Their flavor is also much richer and even a touch savory compared to a blackberry or raspberry. While adding sugar to the berries results in sweet desserts, the core flavor of the berry works beautifully for heartier meals.       Mulberries are not commercially sold due to their harvesting difficulty. The delicate fruit must be hand-picked, making harvesters easily identifiable by the deep-purple ink stains covering their fingertips, and also has a relatively short shelf-life. Foraging the berry makes for a great family outing, albeit a bit messy, and the harvests can be used for many recipes. -Lindsey Bartosh  Read the written version of this recipe as prepared by Lindsey Bartosh Leave a Review of the Podcast  Listen to our other podcasts here Buy our Small Batch Wild Food Spice Blends  About Pizza Once humans started harvesting and processing grains, moving from grain porridges to grainy flatbreads cooked on hot rocks was a quick step. Once processing technology advanced, lighter flours would have been made available to create flat doughs. Eventually, the Egyptians discovered yeast, creating a softer, easier-to-digest dough that slowly morphed into modern bread.  These flat doughs were popular throughout much of the world, with Egyptians, Greeks, and Persians (among others) regularly eating them. Persian soldiers were known to bake flatbreads topped with cheese and dates on top of their shields in between battles, while the Greeks topped theirs with herbs, onions, garlic, or fruit purees, as well as cheese, and offered them up to the gods.  As mentioned, the Romans also ate flatbreads, often topping them with cheese, fruits, honey, and oil. A painting depicting these tasty snacks was even found in Pompeii.  Breadmaking progressed along with other technologies, and flatbreads just improved. Manakish was becoming very popular in the Middle East, while focaccia, developed by the Etruscans, was commonly eaten in Tuscany.  Pita was also being made in Greece by this point, a bread with a suspiciously similar name to pizza, especially when Naples started as a Greek settlement.  Although some historians point towards earlier examples of pizza, it is generally agreed that Naples was the true birthplace. By the 1600s, street vendors were selling flatbreads called pizzas to poor working-class people who needed something cheap to eat on the go. These pizzas were usually topped with garlic, salt, lard, and cheese.  About Mulberries Despite their physical resemblance to raspberries and blackberries, mulberries are closer relatives to figs. Their flavor is also much richer and even a touch savory compared to a blackberry or raspberry. While adding sugar to the berries results in sweet desserts, the core flavor of the berry works beautifully for heartier meals.       Mulberries are not commercially sold due to their difficulty in harvesting. The delicate fruit must be hand-picked, and harvesters are easily identifiable by the deep-purple ink stains covering their fingertips. They also have a relatively short shelf life. Foraging the berry makes for a great family outing, albeit a bit messy, and the harvests can be used for various recipes.  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Gods of the underworld are not the same as gods of death, nor are the guides the same--not even the Grim Reaper.Hades is the minder of the subterrestrial realm, just as Zeus and Poseidon are the minders of the Mountain (... and the sky) and the Sea (tough to argue for pluralizing those realms).  Pluto is the same figure, adopted by the Romans AFTER he got his new stage-name. Osiris is the keeper of the dead in Kemetic (Egyptian) lore, and one of the judges at the table. Hel is the Norse keeper of the dead, though she was a giant, and not a typical god.The Grim Reaper is a psychopomp: a guide for the recently deceased. The Valkyrie, and the  Shinigami are old variants on this idea.Yama was the first to meet death, and after finding heaven, has made it his mission to guide others.Anubis, anciently a simple jackal, has morphed into the commanding protector of the dead in Egypt. Xolotl is the Aztec guardian of the freshly entombed, symbolizing the dog to guide people into the afterlife.Mercury is the Roman response to the Greek Hermes, and he is said to guide the dead to the docks where they should find Karon, the ferryman. The Etruscan version of Karon is perhaps a little less friendly. Vanth is a more benevolent guide to the Etruscans, though you might not guess it from her appearance. Personifications of death--the true gods of death, if there can be any--are simply named "death" in the various tongues of the ancient world: Thanatos, Mors, Mot, etc. They may be among the most anciently feared gods in human history.All this and more.... Support us on Patreon or you can get our merch at Spreadshop.Join the Community on Discord.Learn more great religion factoids on Facebook and Instagram.

The Celts are an ancient people shrouded in mystery and intrigue. In the minds of most people the word ‘Celt' refers to the people of Iron Age Britain, or the ferocious Galatians of central Turkey. But the original Celts were very different. They settled in places like southern France and northern Italy and came into direct contact with the Etruscans and the Greeks. So what do we know about these Iron Age Celts and their early Celtic world? In today's episode of The Ancients, Tristan Hughes is joined by Dr. Rachel Pope to decode and decipher the origins of the Celts. Together they explore how these early Iron Age Celts spread from their ancestral lands in central France and how their unique Celtic culture evolved down the centuries, culminating with their sacking of Rome in the early 4th century BC. This episode was produced by Joseph Knight and edited by Aidan Lonergan.The Ancients is a podcast from History HitEnjoy unlimited access to award-winning original documentaries that are released weekly and AD-FREE podcasts. Get a subscription for £1 per month for 3 months with code ANCIENTS - sign up here.Vote for The Ancients in the Listeners Choice category of British Podcast Awards here.You can take part in our listener survey here.

“There is one sign which has never changed its meaning anywhere in the civilized world—the Compass and the Square. A sign of the union of the body and soul.” The Extermination of Ottoman Armenians by the Young Turk Regime (1915-1916) | Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance – Research Network  The Knights Templar and Knights […] The post Knights Templar were before JESUITS. Vatican OWNS City of London * Control the Money and Mind of Man. Vatican from Etruscan Goddess Vatika. Etruscans were BLACK. appeared first on Psychopath In Your Life.

Rebecca and Tori chat about The Dark Age. We run the gamut here, chatting about the Etruscans, the movie "To Sir with Love," and Tiffany Lamps. We play a round of 'anywhere but here,' the results of which will surprise none of our regular listeners. We engage in a debate about the book Giles lent Jenny--was it written by Forrester or Forster.‘Buffy the Vampire Slayer': Every Episode Ranked From Worst to Best02x08 - The Dark Age - Transcripts - Forever DreamingAmy Yip - WikipediaTiffany lamp - WikipediaBay City Rollers - WikipediaTo Sir with Love | YouTube

What's up, dudes? Christmas in the Underworld was NOT my idea! That's right! It's a Percy Jackson Christmas in this bonus episode with my daughter, Little #1! We get into two PJ short story adventures!In “The Sword of Hades,” the demigod children of the Big Three—Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades—are gathered in the Underworld by Persephone. Percy, Thalia, and Nico use an enchanted flower to follow a thief and retrieve Hades's newly forged sword. They fight off Keres, Melinoë the goddess of ghosts, and the Titan Iapetus. The trio retrieve the sword, even if the Underworld didn't get into the Christmas spirit. On December 18, 2020 in La Repubblica, Riordan published “Un Natale Mezzosangue.” Percy and Nico shadow travel to Florence during the pandemic to find a perfect gift for Annabeth. They find the shop of the last Etruscan god Charu. He gives Percy a magical bracelet in exchange for the answer to a question. Percy's answer—that Christmas is for everyone, especially in times of difficulty—placates the deity. Nico and Percy head back to New York with a perfect gift!Titans? Check. Gods? Yep. Cheeseburgers? Only from McHale's! So grab Riptide, put on your Camp Half-Blood t-shirt, and shadow travel to a Percy Jackson Christmas!Check us out on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Totally Rad Christmas Mall & Arcade, Teepublic.com, or TotallyRadChristmas.com! Later, dudes!

Summary After a brief discussion of how people brushed their teeth, we move on to the question of where the water they used came from. And yeah, Rome had aqueducts–but so did a lot of places! And the Romans didn't even build the aqueducts they did have–they took them from the Etruscans! Who may have … Continue reading "Episode 75: Plumb as in Full of Lead"

Cities are one of the defining features of the Iron Age Mediterranean, as urbanism spread across the sea and beyond to form the backbone of the classical age that would follow. Professor Simon Stoddart is one of the world's leading experts on this process, specifically how it happened in Etruria, and how that particular example compares to urban formation elsewhere.Patrick's book is now available! Get The Verge: Reformation, Renaissance, and Forty Years that Shook the World in hardcopy, ebook, or audiobook (read by Patrick) here: https://bit.ly/PWverge. And check out Patrick's new podcast The Pursuit of Dadliness! It's all about “Dad Culture,” and Patrick will interview some fascinating guests about everything from tall wooden ships to smoked meats to comfortable sneakers to history, sports, culture, and politics. https://bit.ly/PWtPoDListen to new episodes 1 week early, to exclusive seasons 1 and 2, and to all episodes ad free with Wondery+. Join Wondery+ for exclusives, binges, early access, and ad free listening. Available in the Wondery App https://wondery.app.link/tidesofhistorySee Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

The centre of Mediterranean. The true centre of the ancient world. The Phoenicians, from what is modern day Lebanon, from a small coastal strip of land, sailed away and never looked back! They and their descendants went further away than any other ancient civilization perhaps even circumnavigated Africa westwards as fasr south as Gabon in the equator! They also gave us the alphabet! Greeks, Etruscans and Romans then adopted it and we're still using it to this day. it's rather tragic then, that we don't have almost nothing surviving from their libraries and their literature and of course their foods and recipes.Carthage was perhaps the most significant culture connecting the far west of the Med -even beyond the pillars of Hercules- with the East; Mesopotamia and even beyond. True sailors, navigators, explorers and merchants perhaps are somehow forgotten in our age -unfairly in our opinion- about their contributions to the worlds history.In today's episode we explore the agricultural impact, the foods and important discoveries that played a significant role in the rise of the first truly global trade network in the ancient world.Is there anything surviving from the golden era of Carthage that tells us about their food?Greeks and Romans followed where the Phoenicians and Carthaginians lead the way.To support the podcast go to Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/thedeliciouslegacyMusic by Pavlos Kapralos.Enjoy!Support this show http://supporter.acast.com/the-delicious-legacy. If you love to time-travel through food and history why not join us at https://plus.acast.com/s/the-delicious-legacy. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

I've been telling y'all from day one that this homeland of mine is incredibly varied and that there are many places that look nothing like the postcard image that so many people have in their head when they think about Tuscany. And, yet, some of these areas positively look alien, like literally out of this world. A few miles from the town where my father was born, the vistas you could see were so strange that people could only think about Hell. Up until a few decades ago, a trip on these roads would mean looking at boiling lakes, powerful bursts of stinking steam and an unmistakeable smell of rotten eggs. It took a French engineer and a Tuscan prince to figure out that you could use the power of the earth to extract precious minerals and, later, produce a lot of electricity. That valley that looked so blighted and cursed now produces almost a third of all the electricity needed by Tuscany without any pollution. The story of how this harsh land and its hardy people learned how to thrive in such a weird environment is quite fascinating. That's why this week What's Up Tuscany will bring you back to my father's land, the Val di Cecina, to tell you everything there is to know about the largest geothermal plant on the planet and the many quirky things of this remarkable valley.If you listen to the full episode, you will learn how it took a geological oddity to create the steaming hot water lakes and the noisy geysers that used to terrify people and make them think that the entrance to Hell was around here. Then I will tell you the tale of the clever engineers that learned how to exploit this power to extract valuable materials and, later, produce a lot of clean energy. The latest technological developments allowed more than 10000 houses and small businesses to get cheap heating and hot water cutting drastically their CO2 emissions. If you're interested you can visit the small museum in Larderello and see how these remarkable plants actually work. Now the Devil's Valley has been tamed, with every pound of steam used to produce electricity but if you go around Larderello you can still find some places where you can have an idea of how this valley used to look back in the day. Etruscans and Romans used to love coming here to have hot baths and in Sasso Pisano you can still access for free these hot springs. They've been recently renovated and are a lot less crowded than Saturnia: here you can actually relax and enjoy the surrounding nature, rather than fighting with 10000 tourists.The village itself is quite interesting, even if it was built just to house the workers of the power plant but if you want something more, just head to Pomarance. This mediaeval town hides a couple of little quirky museums, a living house where everything seems frozen in time at the end of the 19th century and an old palace where you can find ancient weapons and tools that were dug in the countryside. In the final chapter, then, I will point you to a couple excellent restaurants where you can have a great meal without breaking the bank. One of this places looks like it's stuck in the 1970s and is run by volunteers but if you go there you'll get a feel of genuine Tuscan cuisine and save a lot of money. This land looks nothing like Tuscany and is not easy to understand. Its people have that pride that comes out of surviving in a very harsh place but, if you get to know them a bit, you'll understand why they always try to come back. Even if my father was born here, I've always felt a bit of a foreigner but it's a great place to visit. You can't find anything similar anywhere else in Europe. If you give it a chance, you'll fall in love with this place.Email: podcast@larno.itFacebook: https://www.facebook.com/larno.itTwitter: @arno_it / @WhatsupTuscanyLINKS TO SOURCES (ITALIAN ONLY)https://siviaggia.it/idee-di-viaggio/larderello-cosa-vedere-paese-dei-soffioni/249265/https://www.viaggimust.it/larderello-cosa-vedere-e-fare-nella-citta-dei-soffioni/https://www.visittuscany.com/it/attrazioni/il-museo-della-geotermia-di-larderello/https://www.visittuscany.com/it/attrazioni/casa-bicocchi-e-mostra-guerrieri-e-artigiani-a-pomarance/https://www.lanazione.it/cronaca/geotermia-riaperto-al-pubblico-il-museo-di-larderello-njwyjhi5https://patatofriendly.com/il-museo-della-geotermia-a-larderello/BACKGROUND MUSICPipe Choir - Bom Bom Breakthrough (Instrumental)Pipe Choir - A Midnight on Jaquay (Instrumental)Aerocity - Love LostPipe Choir - FollowersAlmightyZero - AetherialJinxspr0 - Generation BounceWayne John Bradley - Blues Rock Original InstrumentalAll released under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licensehttps://soundcloud.com/pipe-choir-2/pipe-choir-bom-bom-breakthrough-creative-commons-instrumentalhttps://soundcloud.com/pipe-choir-2/pipechoir-a-midnight-on-jaquay-instrumentalhttps://soundcloud.com/argofox/aerocity-love-losthttps://soundcloud.com/pipe-choir-2/pipechoir-followers-instrumentalhttps://soundcloud.com/argofox/almightyzero-aetherialhttps://soundcloud.com/argofox/jinxspr0-generation-bouncehttps://soundcloud.com/ayneohnradley/blues-rock-original-instrumentalcreative-commonshttp://www.pipechoir.com/

In this episode, we continue Ray's story about the galaxy garden, touching on dowsing sacred sites (unknown as such at the time), the Etruscans, some of the amazing harvests that were achieved, and a strange encounter with a UFO.... all related to this sacred land! This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit electroculture.substack.com

https://www.patreon.com/GnosticInformant Thank you existing Patrons. The Etruscans, who lived primarily in the region now known as Tuscany, emerged around the 8th century BCE. They had a significant impact on the early Roman civilization and were eventually absorbed by the Romans. There were also various Italic tribes, including the Latins, Sabines, and Samnites, who lived in the Italian peninsula from around the 2nd millennium BCE. The Latins were the tribe from which the Romans emerged. Starting from the 8th century BCE, the Greeks established colonies in southern Italy and Sicily, an area that was often referred to as Magna Graecia. Aeneas, a legendary figure of both Trojan and Roman mythology, is renowned as the son of the divine Aphrodite and mortal Anchises. A part of Troy's royal lineage and a kin of Hector, Aeneas was a distinguished defender of his city during the Trojan War, demonstrating martial prowess second only to Hector himself. Homer's work subtly hints at Aeneas' discontent with his secondary role, thereby giving rise to a later narrative that posits Aeneas as a conspirator in Troy's betrayal to the Greeks. However, a more prevalent version of his story portrays Aeneas as the helm of the Trojan survivors following the Greek conquest of Troy. Regardless of these divergent accounts, the common thread in all the narratives is the survival of Aeneas, enabling him to be woven into the fabric of Roman mythology. The connection of Homeric heroes to Italy and Sicily can be traced back to the 8th century BCE, coinciding with the era when Homer's epics are believed to have transitioned into written form. Greek colonies, established in Italy and Sicily during this period and the ensuing century, often claimed lineage from figures central to the Trojan War. Aeneas, in particular, was associated with various locales and dynasties, notably within the region of Latium. As the Roman Empire expanded throughout Italy and across the Mediterranean, Roman authors imbued with a sense of patriotism sought to craft a mythological tradition that would simultaneously infuse their land with historical grandeur and subdue an underlying resentment towards Greek cultural hegemony. Aeneas, in his role as a Trojan adversary of the Greeks, and with a post-war narrative open to interpretation, was uniquely suited to embody the mythical precursor to the inception of Roman supremacy. Composed circa 29-19 BCE, Virgil's Aeneid narrates across 12 books the mythic establishment of Lavinium, the precursor to Alba Longa and Rome, by the Trojan hero Aeneas. As Virgil recounts, when the Greeks seized Troy, a resilient Aeneas was instructed by the apparition of Hector to escape and initiate a significant city abroad. Mustering his family and followers, Aeneas secured the penates— household deities—of Troy. However, amidst the chaos of evacuation from the burning city, his wife vanished. Her spirit later appeared to him, revealing his destiny to venture to a land in the west where the Tiber River coursed. Thus began Aeneas's epic journey, with stops in Thrace, Crete, and Sicily, and fraught with a plethora of trials culminating in a shipwreck near Carthage on the African coast. Here, he was hospitably received by Dido, the bereaved queen. As he narrated his tale, they fell in love and he delayed his journey until a stern reminder from the god Mercury refocused him on his ultimate objective: Rome. Wracked with guilt, he immediately deserted Dido, who subsequently ended her own life. Resuming his voyage, Aeneas eventually reached the mouth of the Tiber. #gnosticinformant #ancientrome #documentary #4k #rome #religion --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/gnosticinformant/message

The Etruscans are often called "mysterious," but we actually know quite a bit about them, from their unique language to their amazing metalwork and impressive cities. But where did the Etruscans come from, and how did they come into being?Patrick's book is now available! Get The Verge: Reformation, Renaissance, and Forty Years that Shook the World in hardcopy, ebook, or audiobook (read by Patrick) here: https://bit.ly/PWvergeListen to new episodes 1 week early, to exclusive seasons 1 and 2, and to all episodes ad free with Wondery+. Join Wondery+ for exclusives, binges, early access, and ad free listening. Available in the Wondery App https://wondery.app.link/tidesofhistoryPlease support us by supporting our sponsors.See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

Now that spring is literally around the corner, time to dust up your light jackets and respond to the call of the wild. For Italians the answer can only be one: a "gita fuori porta". This centuries old tradition quite literally mean "small trip outside the gate", as back before mass motorization the farthest you could go on a day trip was close to your hometown. Now that the range of our escapades has increased vastly, you're spoilt for choice. Allow us to help you with a suggestion, one of the towns that I enjoyed the most back in the day, when I was younger and loved to roam the back roads of Tuscany. Not only this town is very ancient but has got many art treasures hidden in plain sight, an amazing atmosphere and even a place that will do a lot of good to your soul. That's why this week, What's Up Tuscany will bring you to Cortona, the town made famous by the novel "Under a Tuscan sun" that has so much more to offer than a bunch of selfies.If you listen to the entire episode you will learn about the millennia-long history of this town, how it was razed several times in the past and rebuilt time and time again. You will know about the little fortress that has dominated the valley for many centuries, in several different forms. We will bring you to several fascinating churches that are all at the same time beautiful and quite weird. If you're more into spirituality, a few miles from Cortona there is an ancient monastery where Saint Francis of Assisi stayed for many years and wrote his spiritual testament. To top it off, we will tell you the many other things you can do in town, the best restaurant, the local specialties you must try and much, much more. This part of Tuscany is absolutely spectacular and Cortona is one of my favourite towns ever. If you give it a chance, it will charm you as well.Email: podcast@larno.itFacebook: https://www.facebook.com/larno.itTwitter: @arno_it / @WhatsupTuscanyLINKS TO SOURCES (ITALIAN ONLY)https://www.italyyoudontexpect.com/cortona-cose-da-vedere/https://www.visittuscany.com/it/attrazioni/la-fortezza-del-girifalco/https://www.turiscortona.it/cosa-visitare/chiese/eremo-le-cellehttps://www.cortonamia.com/en/history-of-cortona/BACKGROUND MUSICPipe Choir - Bom Bom Breakthrough (Instrumental)Incompetech - Leopard Print ElevatorPipe Choir - A Slave to Nothing (Instrumental)Wayne John Bradley - SummercycleWayne John Bradley - Pick you upPipe Choir - A Midnight on Jaquay (Instrumental)Aerocity - Love LostWayne John Bradley - Blues Rock Original InstrumentalAll released under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licensehttps://soundcloud.com/pipe-choir-2/pipe-choir-bom-bom-breakthrough-creative-commons-instrumentalhttps://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1500077https://soundcloud.com/pipe-choir-2/pipe-choir-a-slave-to-nothing-instrumentalhttps://soundcloud.com/ayneohnradley/summercycle-original-indie-style-instrumental-creative-commonshttps://soundcloud.com/ayneohnradley/pick-you-up-slow-poprock-style-instrumental-creative-commonshttps://soundcloud.com/pipe-choir-2/pipechoir-a-midnight-on-jaquay-instrumentalhttps://soundcloud.com/argofox/aerocity-love-losthttps://soundcloud.com/ayneohnradley/blues-rock-original-instrumentalcreative-commonshttp://www.pipechoir.com/

Liam Neeson or Leslie Nielsen? You decide.Things to know about Cortona:Ancient city - Etruscans - walls go back to 5th c. BCRomansAlso long history as a tourist destination, even before Under the Tuscan SunWhat to see in CortonaCathedral of Santa Maria Assunta, built in 1456MAEC - Museo dell'Accademia Etrusca e della Città di CortonaDiocesan Museum — The Annunciation by Beato Angelico (From 1408 to 1418, Fra Angelico was at the Dominican friary of Cortona, where he painted frescoes, now mostly destroyed, in the Dominican Church and may have been assistant to Gherardo Starnina or a follower of his) and The Deposition by Luca Signorelli (c. 1441/1445 – 16 October 1523)Archeological area - Etruscan tombs in Sodo and Camucia dating to 6th c BCE, uncovered in 20th c.Girifalco castle —Medici fortress, 1556 - today hosts exhibitions and occasionally concertsVia Romea Germanica passes through CortonaEremo Le Celle — first hermitage to be founded by San Francesco- 4 km from Cortona. The Monastery is perched on Monte Sant'Egidio and in the gorge dividing the two buildings runs a mountain stream - ‘Celle', which does not refer to the little buildings friars used to live in, but rather to some constructions built from the rock by shepherds and peasants. San Francesco arrived in Cortona around the year 1211 and met Guido Vagnotelli, a young man from a good-to-do  family who often welcomed Francesco in his home to pray. Guido decided to follow a religious vocation and offered the land where the Hermit would have been built laterBasilica of Santa Margherita in Cortona-14th-century church adorned in Baroque style - Margaret of Cortona (1247 – 22 February 1297) was an Italian penitent of the Third Order of Saint Francis. She was born in Laviano, near Perugia, and died in Cortona. She was canonized in 1728. Patron saint of the falsely accused, hoboes, homeless, insane, orphaned, mentally ill, midwives, penitents, single mothers, reformed prostitutes, stepchildren, and tramps. At the age of 17 she met a young (noble)man, and ran away with him, lived in the castle as his mistress, near Montepulciano and bore him a son. When her lover failed to return home from a journey/hunt one day, Margaret became concerned. The unaccompanied return of his favorite hound alarmed Margaret, and the hound led her into the forest to his murdered body. Returned all the gifts he had given her to his family and left. Her family refused her so she went to the Franciscan friars at Cortona, where her son eventually became a friar. She fbecame a penitent known for extreme fasting, joined the Third Order of Saint Francis and chose to live in poverty. Established a hospital in Cortona for the sick, homeless and impoverished. To secure nurses for the hospital, she instituted a congregation of Tertiary Sisters, known as "le poverelle" (Italian for "the little poor ones”). She also established an order devoted to Our Lady of Mercy and the members bound themselves to support the hospital and to help the needy. On several occasions, Margaret participated in public affairs. Twice, claiming divine command, she challenged the Bishop of Arezzo, Guglielmo Ubertini Pazzi, in whose diocese Cortona lay, because he lived and warred like a prince. She moved to the ruined church of Basil of Caesarea, now Santa Margherita, and spent her remaining years there; she died on 22 February 1297. Frequently depicted as a “new” Magdalene.

Today you'll learn about why some people are more popular with mosquitoes than others, what tickling rats tells us about being human, and how a recent discovery of ancient statues re-writes what we believed about historical Tuscany. Mosquito Magnets “Why Are Some People Mosquito Magnets and Others Unbothered? A Medical Entomologist Points to Metabolism, Body Odor and Mindset” by Jonathan Dayhttps://theconversation.com/why-are-some-people-mosquito-magnets-and-others-unbothered-a-medical-entomologist-points-to-metabolism-body-odor-and-mindset-187957“Blood-feeding ecology of mosquitoes in two zoological gardens in the United Kingdom” by Arturo Hernandez-Colina, Merit Gonzalez-Olvera, Emily Lomax, Freya Townsend, Amber Maddox, Jenny C. Hesson, Kenneth Sherlock, Dawn Ward, Lindsay Eckley, Mark Vercoe, Javier Lopez & Matthew Baylishttps://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-021-04735-0“Comparison of people who request mosquito control services and their non-requesting neighbors” by C D Morris & K B Clantonhttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1583492/Laughing Rats “What Tickling Rats Tells Us About Human Development” by Adam Omaryhttps://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/natured-nurture/202209/what-tickling-rats-tells-us-about-human-development““Laughing” rats and the evolutionary antecedents of human joy?” by Jaak Panksepp and Jeff Burgdorfhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031938403001598?via%3DihubRoman Relics “Ancient Rome: Stunningly preserved bronze statues found in Italy” by BBChttps://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63564404“Italy hails 'exceptional' discovery of ancient bronze statues in Tuscany” by Reutershttps://www.cnn.com/style/article/italy-bronze-statues-tuscany/index.html“The Etruscans, an introduction” by Khan Academyhttps://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/ancient-mediterranean-ap/ap-ancient-etruria/a/the-etruscans-an-introduction“Ancient bronze statues found in prime condition will 'rewrite history,' Italian researchers say” by Camille Finehttps://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2022/11/08/bronze-statues-italian-springs-roman-etruscan/8302449001/“A Trove of ‘Exceptional' stunningly preserved bronze statues found at an Ancient Thermal Spa in Tuscany, Italy” by Arkeo Newshttps://arkeonews.net/a-trove-of-exceptional-stunningly-preserved-bronze-statues-found-at-an-ancient-thermal-spa-in-tuscany-italy/Follow Curiosity Daily on your favorite podcast app to get smarter with Calli and Nate — for free! Still curious? Get exclusive science shows, nature documentaries, and more real-life entertainment on discovery+! Go to https://discoveryplus.com/curiosity to start your 7-day free trial. discovery+ is currently only available for US subscribers.Find episode transcripts here: https://curiosity-daily-4e53644e.simplecast.com/episodes/mosquito-magnets-laughing-rats-roman-relics

In this lecture, I discuss the art of Italy during the ancient and medieval periods! I covered the Etruscans, Ancient Rome, Early Christianity, Byzantine Ravenna, and the Trecento. For images and sources: https://daffodil-clock-ca1.notion.site/Ancient-and-Medieval-Italy-6353658f739945c08c6ab83b9007d324 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Welcome to Accessible Art History! Here, we provide a space for art lovers, students, and anyone who is curious to explore all periods of art history and human creation. Website: www.accessiblearthistory.com YouTube channel: https://www.youtube.com/accessiblearthistory If you would like to support me on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/accessiblearthistory?fan_landing=true Sponsor an episode: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/accessarthist Follow on Instagram: @accessible.art.history My favorite art history books: https://bookshop.org/shop/accessiblearthistory Sign up for the monthly newsletter: https://forms.gle/Dwe3mob2D43r8Hu2A All images courtesy of Public Domain and/or Creative Commons for educational purposes Music courtesy of Epidemic Sound (referral link below) https://www.epidemicsound.com/referral/kvtik0 #arthistory #art #history --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/accessiblearthistory/support

Situated in the North of Italy, the Etruscan's were once a powerful civilisation, dominating the Italian peninsular. Predecessors to Ancient Rome, the Etruscans excelled in trade, art, and sculpture, surviving for centuries from the early 1st Millenia BC until their fated clash with the Romans. The might of the Etruscans is undisputed - but what does the archaeology tell us about this mysterious civilisation, and why does is counteract ancient sources?In this episode Tristan is joined by Dr Lucy Shipley to give an introduction to the Etruscan civilisation and their meteoric rise on the Italian peninsular. Looking at their international relations, language and culture, just who were the Etruscans, and why were they so important in antiquity?Edited by Thomas NtinasFor more Ancients content, subscribe to our Ancients newsletter here. If you'd like to learn even more, we have hundreds of history documentaries, ad free podcasts and audiobooks at History Hit - subscribe today! Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Photo: No known restrictions on publication. @Batchelorshow #Italy: Discovering mysteries of the Lost Etruscans. Lorenzo Fiori, Ansaldo Foundation. https://apnews.com/article/travel-europe-museums-821ea64144e67887773cb8ec2e95a147

In the newest installment Jacob and Evan explore a spicy list of topics:Who was Zenobia of Palmyra, and what was her claim to glory? What is the first archeological evidence of hominid culture? When did we think there was a planet closer to the sun than mercury, and who disproved it? How was Queen Elizabeth II viewed in life, and how did she impact the world?Who were the Etruscans really, if not proto-Romans?Support the show

This last September episode focuses on the Roman goddess Diana, and on Diana Nemorensis in particular. Many of Diana's characteristics became merged with those of the Greek goddess, Artemis; however, her origins as a fierce goddess of the woods and hunting, with connections to the underworld, shaped her later associations with both Artemis and Hecate. As we have already done a video on Artemis, this one is strictly about Diana, her origins, and connection to Tauris.

The human race is on a 10,000 year urban adventure. Our ancestors wandered the planet or lived scattered in villages, yet by the end of this century almost all of us will live in cities. But that journey has not been a smooth one and urban civilizations have risen and fallen many times in history. The ruins of many of them still enchant us. The Life and Death of Ancient Cities: A Natural History (Oxford University Press, 2020) by Dr. Greg Woolf tells the story of the rise and fall of ancient cities from the end of the Bronze Age to the beginning of the Middle Ages. It is a tale of war and politics, pestilence and famine, triumph and tragedy, by turns both fabulous and squalid. Its focus is on the ancient Mediterranean: Greeks and Romans at the centre, but Phoenicians and Etruscans, Persians, Gauls, and Egyptians all play a part. The story begins with the Greek discovery of much more ancient urban civilizations in Egypt and the Near East, and charts the gradual spread of urbanism to the Atlantic and then the North Sea in the centuries that followed. The ancient Mediterranean, where our story begins, was a harsh environment for urbanism. So how were cities first created, and then sustained for so long, in these apparently unpromising surroundings? How did they feed themselves, where did they find water and building materials, and what did they do with their waste and their dead? Why, in the end, did their rulers give up on them? And what it was like to inhabit urban worlds so unlike our own - cities plunged into darkness every night, cities dominated by the temples of the gods, cities of farmers, cities of slaves, cities of soldiers. Ultimately, the chief characters in the story are the cities themselves. Athens and Sparta, Persepolis and Carthage, Rome and Alexandria: cities that formed great families. Their story encompasses the history of the generations of people who built and inhabited them, whose short lives left behind monuments that have inspired city builders ever since - and whose ruins stand as stark reminders to the 21st century of the perils as well as the potential rewards of an urban existence. This interview was conducted by Dr. Miranda Melcher whose doctoral work focused on post-conflict military integration, understanding treaty negotiation and implementation in civil war contexts, with qualitative analysis of the Angolan and Mozambican civil wars. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network

The human race is on a 10,000 year urban adventure. Our ancestors wandered the planet or lived scattered in villages, yet by the end of this century almost all of us will live in cities. But that journey has not been a smooth one and urban civilizations have risen and fallen many times in history. The ruins of many of them still enchant us. The Life and Death of Ancient Cities: A Natural History (Oxford University Press, 2020) by Dr. Greg Woolf tells the story of the rise and fall of ancient cities from the end of the Bronze Age to the beginning of the Middle Ages. It is a tale of war and politics, pestilence and famine, triumph and tragedy, by turns both fabulous and squalid. Its focus is on the ancient Mediterranean: Greeks and Romans at the centre, but Phoenicians and Etruscans, Persians, Gauls, and Egyptians all play a part. The story begins with the Greek discovery of much more ancient urban civilizations in Egypt and the Near East, and charts the gradual spread of urbanism to the Atlantic and then the North Sea in the centuries that followed. The ancient Mediterranean, where our story begins, was a harsh environment for urbanism. So how were cities first created, and then sustained for so long, in these apparently unpromising surroundings? How did they feed themselves, where did they find water and building materials, and what did they do with their waste and their dead? Why, in the end, did their rulers give up on them? And what it was like to inhabit urban worlds so unlike our own - cities plunged into darkness every night, cities dominated by the temples of the gods, cities of farmers, cities of slaves, cities of soldiers. Ultimately, the chief characters in the story are the cities themselves. Athens and Sparta, Persepolis and Carthage, Rome and Alexandria: cities that formed great families. Their story encompasses the history of the generations of people who built and inhabited them, whose short lives left behind monuments that have inspired city builders ever since - and whose ruins stand as stark reminders to the 21st century of the perils as well as the potential rewards of an urban existence. This interview was conducted by Dr. Miranda Melcher whose doctoral work focused on post-conflict military integration, understanding treaty negotiation and implementation in civil war contexts, with qualitative analysis of the Angolan and Mozambican civil wars. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/history

The human race is on a 10,000 year urban adventure. Our ancestors wandered the planet or lived scattered in villages, yet by the end of this century almost all of us will live in cities. But that journey has not been a smooth one and urban civilizations have risen and fallen many times in history. The ruins of many of them still enchant us. The Life and Death of Ancient Cities: A Natural History (Oxford University Press, 2020) by Dr. Greg Woolf tells the story of the rise and fall of ancient cities from the end of the Bronze Age to the beginning of the Middle Ages. It is a tale of war and politics, pestilence and famine, triumph and tragedy, by turns both fabulous and squalid. Its focus is on the ancient Mediterranean: Greeks and Romans at the centre, but Phoenicians and Etruscans, Persians, Gauls, and Egyptians all play a part. The story begins with the Greek discovery of much more ancient urban civilizations in Egypt and the Near East, and charts the gradual spread of urbanism to the Atlantic and then the North Sea in the centuries that followed. The ancient Mediterranean, where our story begins, was a harsh environment for urbanism. So how were cities first created, and then sustained for so long, in these apparently unpromising surroundings? How did they feed themselves, where did they find water and building materials, and what did they do with their waste and their dead? Why, in the end, did their rulers give up on them? And what it was like to inhabit urban worlds so unlike our own - cities plunged into darkness every night, cities dominated by the temples of the gods, cities of farmers, cities of slaves, cities of soldiers. Ultimately, the chief characters in the story are the cities themselves. Athens and Sparta, Persepolis and Carthage, Rome and Alexandria: cities that formed great families. Their story encompasses the history of the generations of people who built and inhabited them, whose short lives left behind monuments that have inspired city builders ever since - and whose ruins stand as stark reminders to the 21st century of the perils as well as the potential rewards of an urban existence. This interview was conducted by Dr. Miranda Melcher whose doctoral work focused on post-conflict military integration, understanding treaty negotiation and implementation in civil war contexts, with qualitative analysis of the Angolan and Mozambican civil wars. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/military-history

The human race is on a 10,000 year urban adventure. Our ancestors wandered the planet or lived scattered in villages, yet by the end of this century almost all of us will live in cities. But that journey has not been a smooth one and urban civilizations have risen and fallen many times in history. The ruins of many of them still enchant us. The Life and Death of Ancient Cities: A Natural History (Oxford University Press, 2020) by Dr. Greg Woolf tells the story of the rise and fall of ancient cities from the end of the Bronze Age to the beginning of the Middle Ages. It is a tale of war and politics, pestilence and famine, triumph and tragedy, by turns both fabulous and squalid. Its focus is on the ancient Mediterranean: Greeks and Romans at the centre, but Phoenicians and Etruscans, Persians, Gauls, and Egyptians all play a part. The story begins with the Greek discovery of much more ancient urban civilizations in Egypt and the Near East, and charts the gradual spread of urbanism to the Atlantic and then the North Sea in the centuries that followed. The ancient Mediterranean, where our story begins, was a harsh environment for urbanism. So how were cities first created, and then sustained for so long, in these apparently unpromising surroundings? How did they feed themselves, where did they find water and building materials, and what did they do with their waste and their dead? Why, in the end, did their rulers give up on them? And what it was like to inhabit urban worlds so unlike our own - cities plunged into darkness every night, cities dominated by the temples of the gods, cities of farmers, cities of slaves, cities of soldiers. Ultimately, the chief characters in the story are the cities themselves. Athens and Sparta, Persepolis and Carthage, Rome and Alexandria: cities that formed great families. Their story encompasses the history of the generations of people who built and inhabited them, whose short lives left behind monuments that have inspired city builders ever since - and whose ruins stand as stark reminders to the 21st century of the perils as well as the potential rewards of an urban existence. This interview was conducted by Dr. Miranda Melcher whose doctoral work focused on post-conflict military integration, understanding treaty negotiation and implementation in civil war contexts, with qualitative analysis of the Angolan and Mozambican civil wars. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/middle-eastern-studies

The human race is on a 10,000 year urban adventure. Our ancestors wandered the planet or lived scattered in villages, yet by the end of this century almost all of us will live in cities. But that journey has not been a smooth one and urban civilizations have risen and fallen many times in history. The ruins of many of them still enchant us. The Life and Death of Ancient Cities: A Natural History (Oxford University Press, 2020) by Dr. Greg Woolf tells the story of the rise and fall of ancient cities from the end of the Bronze Age to the beginning of the Middle Ages. It is a tale of war and politics, pestilence and famine, triumph and tragedy, by turns both fabulous and squalid. Its focus is on the ancient Mediterranean: Greeks and Romans at the centre, but Phoenicians and Etruscans, Persians, Gauls, and Egyptians all play a part. The story begins with the Greek discovery of much more ancient urban civilizations in Egypt and the Near East, and charts the gradual spread of urbanism to the Atlantic and then the North Sea in the centuries that followed. The ancient Mediterranean, where our story begins, was a harsh environment for urbanism. So how were cities first created, and then sustained for so long, in these apparently unpromising surroundings? How did they feed themselves, where did they find water and building materials, and what did they do with their waste and their dead? Why, in the end, did their rulers give up on them? And what it was like to inhabit urban worlds so unlike our own - cities plunged into darkness every night, cities dominated by the temples of the gods, cities of farmers, cities of slaves, cities of soldiers. Ultimately, the chief characters in the story are the cities themselves. Athens and Sparta, Persepolis and Carthage, Rome and Alexandria: cities that formed great families. Their story encompasses the history of the generations of people who built and inhabited them, whose short lives left behind monuments that have inspired city builders ever since - and whose ruins stand as stark reminders to the 21st century of the perils as well as the potential rewards of an urban existence. This interview was conducted by Dr. Miranda Melcher whose doctoral work focused on post-conflict military integration, understanding treaty negotiation and implementation in civil war contexts, with qualitative analysis of the Angolan and Mozambican civil wars. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The human race is on a 10,000 year urban adventure. Our ancestors wandered the planet or lived scattered in villages, yet by the end of this century almost all of us will live in cities. But that journey has not been a smooth one and urban civilizations have risen and fallen many times in history. The ruins of many of them still enchant us. The Life and Death of Ancient Cities: A Natural History (Oxford University Press, 2020) by Dr. Greg Woolf tells the story of the rise and fall of ancient cities from the end of the Bronze Age to the beginning of the Middle Ages. It is a tale of war and politics, pestilence and famine, triumph and tragedy, by turns both fabulous and squalid. Its focus is on the ancient Mediterranean: Greeks and Romans at the centre, but Phoenicians and Etruscans, Persians, Gauls, and Egyptians all play a part. The story begins with the Greek discovery of much more ancient urban civilizations in Egypt and the Near East, and charts the gradual spread of urbanism to the Atlantic and then the North Sea in the centuries that followed. The ancient Mediterranean, where our story begins, was a harsh environment for urbanism. So how were cities first created, and then sustained for so long, in these apparently unpromising surroundings? How did they feed themselves, where did they find water and building materials, and what did they do with their waste and their dead? Why, in the end, did their rulers give up on them? And what it was like to inhabit urban worlds so unlike our own - cities plunged into darkness every night, cities dominated by the temples of the gods, cities of farmers, cities of slaves, cities of soldiers. Ultimately, the chief characters in the story are the cities themselves. Athens and Sparta, Persepolis and Carthage, Rome and Alexandria: cities that formed great families. Their story encompasses the history of the generations of people who built and inhabited them, whose short lives left behind monuments that have inspired city builders ever since - and whose ruins stand as stark reminders to the 21st century of the perils as well as the potential rewards of an urban existence. This interview was conducted by Dr. Miranda Melcher whose doctoral work focused on post-conflict military integration, understanding treaty negotiation and implementation in civil war contexts, with qualitative analysis of the Angolan and Mozambican civil wars. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/italian-studies

On this special pre-SANDMAN show release episode, I am joined by fun and informative guest HEIDI LANGE of Sandmanbooks.com (link below) to wrap our collective heads around psychopomps! Pyschopomps are an oddly specific yet universal category:  Neutral Ferryworkers that guarantee your safe passage from your mortal life to the great beyond. Cultures across the globe and spanning millennia have their own agents of travel from Gaul to Greece, the Etruscans to Egypt, and from the Valkyries to the modern day Grim Reaper.  We cover the broad category of psychopomps through some obscure examples, as well as hit on what makes the heart of the character of DEATH, as depicted in Neil Gaiman's Sandman series, and the books and graphic novels that spawned the character and their mythology.  Get all our stuff here: https://linktr.ee/oopsallmonsters Check Heidi Lange out @ChimeraCostumes and Sandman Books https://www.sandmanbooks.com/       Mythology Celtic Etruscan Norse Psychopomps EgyptianMythology NeilGaiman DCComics ImageComics DarkHorseComics #Sandman #auroraborealis #theuberdriversoftheafterlife #KristinChenoweth #Easter #Wednesday #AmericanGods #booksellers # Banshee #Styx #comics #graphicnovels #goth  

Let's Learn About Italy!Learn about the Etruscans, The Roman Empire, Julius Cesar, Michelangelo, Leonardo Da Vinci, the cities of Venice & Pisa, The Vatican and The Pope, The Coliseum, the History of Pizza and More!Welcome to Kid History! My name is Logan, and I am the creator of the Kid History learning series.Kid History is an educational podcast and book series made for children!This podcast is also available as an illustrated children's book on Amazon! Link below!Other episodes include: “Let's Learn About”… Paris, Mexico, England, Australia, Japan, Ireland, Dublin, Paris, Edinburgh, Italy, Scotland, the United States of America and MORE!“Logan Stover is one of the best young upcoming authors! He is renowned for his unique illustration techniques and his wonderful way of teaching children. Make sure to Follow Logan to never miss another release in the Kid History Universe!”Links:@learn.with.logan@kidhistorybooksLet's Learn About Italy Book on Amazon: https://www.amazon.com/dp/B09X66VKVDSupport this podcast at — https://redcircle.com/kid-history/donations

Dylan Saccocio, author of the Spirit Whirled books, returns to InnerVerse to discuss his research into the links between ancient and modern languages that reveal a common source. Topics include the fraud of deep time cycles, ancient cataclysm, the astrotheology of supposed history, the Greco-Indian connection, and more.Video: https://youtu.be/8nY3pR-38qMTune in to the Plus+ Extension to hear more about oriental origins of occidental tongues, a debunking of the Irish Origins of Civilization, ancient Italy and the Etruscans, revealing early Roman history as myth and allegory, the secret letters of leaves, and the similarities between Welsh and Hebrew.Get InnerVerse Plus+ on Rokfin or Patreon to unlock extended episodes:Rokfin - https://rokfin.com/stream/20516Patreon - https://www.patreon.com/posts/69080194EPISODE LINKSDylan on IG: https://www.instagram.com/a_godsacre/Spirit Whirled: July's End (Audiobook) - https://tinyurl.com/2dhsarasAmazon: https://www.amazon.com/Dylan-Saccoccio/e/B00JQRLSOUEpisode Music: "Sultan" by LuSiD - https://soundcloud.com/lusidofficial/sultanhttps://www.innerversepodcast.com/season-8/dylan-saccoccio-godsacreTELEGRAM LINKSChannel - https://t.me/innerversepodcastGroup Chat - https://t.me/innerversepodcastchatWORK WITH METuning: https://www.innerversepodcast.com/sound-healingCounseling: https://www.innerversepodcast.com/oracle-cardsSUPPORT INNERVERSESpirit Whirled: July's End (Audiobook narrated by Chance) - https://tinyurl.com/2dhsarasPhi'Telas: Sine Curve of Aeons (Audiobook narrated by Chance) - https://tinyurl.com/4sedfdshInnerVerse T-Shirts, Posters & Art Store - https://www.designbyhumans.com/shop/TripFlipArt/t-shirts/Buy from Clive de Carle with this link to support InnerVerse with your purchase - https://clivedecarle.ositracker.com/197164/11489The Aquacure AC50 (Use "innerverse" as a coupon code for a 15% discount) - https://eagle-research.com/product/ac50 See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

The Egyptians, the Greeks and the Romans were each mighty and key power players in the Mediterranean world of Antiquity. But there was another civilization that was born on Italy's shores who rivalled them in greatness and were astonishingly more forward-thinking than any of those three combined. For some nine centuries, the Etruscans thrived and astonished their neighbors by granting women equal status to their male counterparts, but what roles did they play in Etruscan society? Find out in today's episode! --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/historylovescompany/support

Peopling the Past Podcast is BACK for a third season on a very exciting topic: Women in the Ancient Mediterranean! Join your hosts Dr. Chelsea Gardner and Dr. Melissa Funke for an introduction to SEASON THREE of the Peopling the Past podcast! This season, listeners will hear about real women from all over the ancient Mediterranean world, from Britain to Nubia, Italy to Cyprus, Greece to Mesopotamia, and more! Let us take you on a journey into the lives of all kinds of women, from the most famous (yes, we've got Cleopatra and Boudicca!) to those whose names are lost forever to history. We've got something for everyone: inscriptions, medical texts, osteoarchaeology (bones); Macedonians, Etruscans, the Iceni; pleasure (sex), pain (childbirth), and comics! Follow us on our website, https://peoplingthepast.com, on Twitter and Instagram @peoplingthepast and on our Facebook page Peopling the Past. Tag us with #peoplingpodcast. It's going to be a great summer, so make sure to subscribe now!

1-star review shirt! and shirt raising money for Ukraine Red Cross. It's another one of those episodes all about a topic that sounds totally mundane and boring!  Where did apples come from?  Was Johnny Appleseed real?  Why does planting apple seeds lead to disappointment?  And why are some apples considered intellectual property?     Links to all the research resources are on the website. Hang out with your fellow Brainiacs.  Reach out and touch Moxie on Facebook, Twitter,  or Instagram.  Become a patron of the podcast arts! Patreon or Ko-Fi.  Or buy the book and a shirt. Music: Kevin MacLeod, Tabletop Audio, and Steve Oxen.  Want to start a podcast or need a better podcast host?  Get up to TWO months hosting for free from Libsyn with coupon code "moxie." Sponsor: Starfleet Leadership Academy   What's more wholesome and iconic than an apple?  In the Bible, Eve ate an apple and now half of us have to have periods and crap.  In fairness to apples, the Bible just says “fruit” and it was Milton's “Paradise Lost” that declared the fruit was an apple because the Latin word for apple, m-a-l-u-s, is also the word for evil.  There's the Greek myth of Atalanta, who would only marry the man who beat her in a footrace, so Aphrodite helped a Melanion cheat by dropping golden apples that she stopped to pick up.  An apple fell on the head of Isaac Newton, leading to the discovery of gravity – prior to that, everyone weighed a lot less.  The record label that gave the world the Beatles and one of the largest consumer electronics companies in the world use an apple as their logo.  [tiktok] Bonus fact: The Apple computer logo has a bite taken out of it so it isn't mistaken for a cherry, which I don't think would really have been so great a danger, and is *not a nod to Alan Turing, the famous mathematician who helped Britain win WWII but was hounded by that same government for being gay and took his own life with a poisoned apple.  Steve Jobs and co repeatedly said they wished it was that clever.   We say something is “as American as apple pie” and even though Ralph Waldo Emerson dubbed apples “the American fruit,” the tasty, sweet malus domestica as you're used to it is about as native to North America as white people.  That's not to say there was nothing of the genus malus in the new world; there was the crabapple, a small, hard, exceedingly tart apple, which is better used for adding the natural thickener pectin to preserves than anything.   The story of apples actually begins in Kazakhstan, in central Asia east of the Caspian Sea.  Malus sieversii is a wild apple, native to Kazakhstan's Tian Shan Mountains, where they have been growing over millions of years and where they can still be found fruiting today.  There's evidence of Paleolithic people harvesting and using native crabapples 750,000 years ago, give or take a week.  The original wild apples grew in ‘apple forests' at the foot of the snow-tipped mountains, full of different shapes,sizes and flavors, most of them bad.  Kazakhstan is hugely proud of its fruity history.  The former capital city of Almaty claimed the honor of ‘birth place of the apple' about 100 years ago.  Seems a suitable sobriquet since the name ‘Almaty' was previously recorded as ‘Alma-Ata' which translates from Kazakh as ‘Father of the Apples,' though in Latin Alma means mother or nurturer, which feels more fitting but that's beside the point.   This origin story was not without controversy, but what am I here for if not to teach the controversy?  In 1929, Russian scientist Nikolai Vavilov first traced the apple genome. He identified the primary ancestor of most cultivars of the domesticated apple to be the ancient apple tree: Malus sieversii. There used to be some controversy over this, but it has since been confirmed, through detailed DNA testing, and a full sequencing of the genome, as recently as 2010.   It was probably birds and traveling mammal species that initially transported apple seeds out of Kazakhstan long before humans started to cultivate them – by eating the apples and then pooping out the seeds.  By 1500 BC apple seeds had been carried throughout Europe by the Greeks, Etruscans, and Romans.  Bloody Romans.  What have they ever done for us?  I mean apart from the sanitation, the medicine, education, wine, public order, irrigation, roads, a fresh water system, and public health, what have the Romans really ever done for us?  Oh yeah, apples.  The Romans discovered apples growing in Syria and were central in dispersing them around the world from there, using the Silk Road as a means of transport from East to West.  Romans were a fair hand at grafting, taking a cutting from one apple variety and attaching it to a rootstock (young roots and trunk) from another tree – more on that later.  As such, the Romans started to grow apples in Europe and Britain that were bigger, sweeter, and tastier than any before.  Let's not forget variety.  There are a whopping 2,170 English cultivars of malus domestica alone.     Apples arrived in the new world first with the Spanish in the warm bits and then with English settlers in the cooler bits, which when I say it sounds like it was done on purpose.  Ask an American child how apples spread across the nascent US and they'll tell you it was Johnny Appleseed.  We tend to learn about him around the time we learn about “tall tales,” i.e. American folklore –stories like the giant lumberjack Paul Bunyan and his blue ox, or John Henry, who could hammer railroad spikes in ahead of a moving train – so it can be a little tricky to be sure if Johnny Appleseed is real or not.  Don't feel bad, a friend of mine just learned that narwhals were real the other year when she wanted to be one in a cryptid-themed burlesque show.    Johnny Appleseed, real name John Chapman, was a real person, though naturally some aspects of his life were mythologized over time.  Details are sparse on his early life, but we know that Chapman was born in Massachusetts in 1774 and planted his first apple tree trees in the Allegheny Valley in Pennsylvania in his mid-twenties.  He then began traveling west through Ohio, planting as he went.  These were frontier times.  We're talking about a good 70 years before the transcontinental railroad, so much of the area he went through did not yet have white settlers in it, but Chapman seems to have a knack for predicting where they would settle and planting nurseries in those spots.  Chapman was also a devout follower of the mystical teachings of Swedish theologian Emanuel Swedenborg, and he tried to spread Swedenborgian doctrine as well.  People were open to some parts of it, like kindness to all animals, even the unpleasant ones.   The apples that Chapman brought to the frontier were completely distinct from the apples available at any modern grocery store or farmers' market, and they weren't primarily used for eating, but for making hard apple cider.  Cider was a mainstay item for the same reason people drank beer at breakfast, because it was safer than the water supply.  This didn't actually apply as much in the not-yet-destroyed frontier as it had back in London, but old habits die hard.    I've often wondered why cider is such a staple beverage in the UK, but only resurfaced in the last 20 or so years here in the States, where we have to specify hard cider” because the word “cider” normally means a glorious, thick, flavorful unfiltered apple juice you only get in the fall.  It's thanks to the colossal failure that was that “noble experiment,” Prohibition, when some people didn't like drinking and told the rest of us we couldn't either.   "Up until Prohibition, an apple grown in America was far less likely to be eaten than to wind up in a barrel of cider," writes Michael Pollan in The Botany of Desire. "In rural areas cider took the place of not only wine and beer but of coffee and tea, juice, and even water."  The cider apples are small and unpleasant to eat, so they were really only good for cider-making.  As such, during Prohibition, cider apple trees were often chopped down by FBI agents, effectively erasing cider, along with Chapman's true history, from American life.   But Johnny “Appleseed” Chapman wouldn't know anything about all that.  Within his own lifetime, tales of his activities began to circulate.  Most of these focused on his wilderness skills and his remarkable physical endurance.  Chapman cut an eccentric figure.  He wore a sack with holes for his head and arms rather than a proper shirt and after he'd worn through multiple pairs of shoes, he gave up and went barefoot.  Perhaps his most distinct feature, the one always included in drawings, apart from a bag of apple seeds, is his soup pot, just about his only possession, which he wore on his head like a hat.   Starting in 1792, the Ohio Company of Associates made an offer of 100 acres of land to anyone willing to make a homestead on the wilderness beyond Ohio's first permanent settlement.  These homesteads had to be permanent; no pitching a tent and saying ‘where's my land?'  To prove their homesteads were the real deal, settlers were required to plant 50 apple trees and 20 peach trees in three years.  Since an average apple tree took roughly ten years to bear fruit, you wouldn't bother unless you were in it for the long haul.  He might have looked like a crazy hermit, but Chapman realized that if he could do the difficult work of planting these orchards, he could sell them for a handsome profit to incoming frontiersmen.  “On this week's episode of Frontier Flipper, Johnny plants an orchard…again.”  Wandering from Pennsylvania to Illinois, Chapman would advance just ahead of settlers, cultivating orchards that he would sell them when they arrived, and then head to more undeveloped land.     That was very clever.  What wasn't clever was Chapman growing apples from seed at all.  This is the bit about grafting, in case you were jumping around looking for it.  Statistically, at least one person was really waiting for this part.  Apple trees don't grow “true-to-type,” as WSU tree fruit breeder Kate Evans explains. That means that if you were to plant, for instance, Red Delicious seeds in your backyard, you wouldn't get Red Delicious apples, not that you'd want to, but more on that later.  Boy, what a tease.  Instead, planting and breeding means matching a scion to a rootstock.  The scion is the fruiting part of the tree – most of what you actually see. The rootstock is everything that goes in the ground, as well as the first few inches of the trunk.  Buds from one variety are attached to the rootstock of another and they grow into a tree that will produce apples. But matching up the scion and rootstock isn't enough to grow good apples. You also need a tree to act as a pollinator.  “If you don't have good pollination, you can end up with misshapen or small unattractive fruit,” says Jim McFerson, director of the Wenatchee extension. Up to ten percent of an orchard can be pollinators, and most today are crabapple trees.  Apple trees cannot normally pollinate themselves.  Unlike, say, peaches, which can and do self-pollinate, predictably producing peaches virtually identical to the parents, the viable seeds (or pips) will produce apples which don't resemble the parents.  This requirement for pollination is how there have come to be so many varieties in the world, at least 20k and that's a conservative estimate.   For context, there are only two varieties of commercial banana and just one kiwifruit.    Grafting was an established way of propagating apples and was commonly done in New England, so why didn't Chapman do that?  Apart from the fact that it's easier to travel with just seeds and planting is faster than graftering, as a member of the Swedenborgian Church, Chapman was forbidden from cutting two trees to cobble together a new tree and it was thought to make the plants suffer.  John “Johnny Appleseed” Chapman died in Fort Wayne, Indiana, in 1845, having planted apple trees as far west as Illinois or Iowa.   A century later, in 1948, Disney solidified his legend with an animated version of his life.  The cartoon emphasized his Christian faith, but conveniently left out all the Swedenborgian stuff. MIDROLL Speaking of varieties, as well we might, what would you guess the most popular apple variety has been for the past, say, 70 years?  The apple whose name is half-lying but unfortunately it's lying about the important half, the Red Delicious.  They are the most iconic apple across most of the world.  Don't believe me, just check emoji packs in other countries.  Their appearance is the whole reason these apples exist, with their deep, even red color and dimpled bottom that look so enticing in the produce department; it's also the reason they suck and are terrible.  They taste of wet cardboard and have the mouthfeel of resentment.  Their flavor and texture were sacrificed for botanical vanity and shippability.   Even apple growers hate them.  Mike Beck, who tends 80 acres of apples at Uncle John's Cider Mill, admits he grows some Red Delicious to add color to some of his ciders, but he won't eat them.    The Red Delicious was first called the Hawkeye, and one Jesse Hiatt found it growing as a random sapling on his Iowa farm around 1870.  The fruit that eventual tree produced was sweet and fruity, but it wasn't red, rather red and yellow-striped, like an heirloom tomato.  Of course, back then, those were just called tomatoes.   It was introduced to the market in 1874 and the rights to the Hawkeye apple were sold to the Stark Brothers Nursery, whose owner thought it was the best apple he'd ever tasted.  By 1914, Stark's renamed the variety Red Delicious, and over time, produced a fruit with less yellow and more red year over year.  It also gained its buxom top-heavy shape and five little feet nubs on the bottom.   As with any product, it took a hefty shovelful of marketing for Red Delicious to gain a following, but gain it did.  Current estimates have Red Delicious being 90% of the apple crop at one point.  That point happened in the 1950s, thanks to that force of nature, changes in buying habits.  PreWWII, people would buy food right from the farm or at farmers markets, then the modern grocery store, with its cold storage, and the refrigerated truck courtesy of Frederick Jones.  Bigger stores need to move more product and a big pyramid of shiny, sports car red apples by the front window will really bring the punters in.  Growers could sell them to packers, who in turn sold them to those grocery store chains, which also fueled a change in their taste.  Orchardists bred and crossbreed the Red Delicious to get that perfect shape and color, uniformity and resilience to handling and shipping; they just left off tiny considerations, very minor concessions really, like taste and texture.   But there's change a-foot again.  People began to realize you can have an apple in your pack lunch or the big bowl at the fancy hotel reception desk that you'd actually want to eat.  Now we're all about those Sweet Tangos, Braseburns, and Honeycrips.  Unwilling or unable to admit defeat, however, the Red Delicious is still out there.  But like a lot of has-beens, its seeing more success abroad than at home, and they're exported to the western Pacific Rim, Mexico and parts of Europe.      Apart from random saplings popping up randomly, new varieties of apples take a lot of people a lot of time and effort, to say nothing of a robust research & development budget.  Take Washington State University Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, for example.  In 1981, now-retired horticulturist Bruce Barritt set out to create an apple bred for flavor and long storage instead of appearance, to compete with the Fuji from Japan and the Gala from New Zealand.  Like breeding animals, you start with two parents with known traits, then selectively breed for the ones you want over the course of several generations.  You have to have the patience of a Buddhist monk, since apple trees take four to five years to bear fruit and you know whether or not it worked.  Barritt needed that patience to eventually create the apple that actually made mainstream, even international, news in 2019 – the Cosmic Crisp.  These are no small potatoes, either.  There's probably a French language joke in there.  The marketing budget alone is $10 million.  A $10mil marketing budget….for an apple.     Cosmic Crisps are mostly a dark-ish red with yellowy speckles reminiscent of stars.  The website, did I mention it has its own website, says [commercial read] “The large, juicy apple has a remarkably firm and crisp texture. Some say it snaps when you bite into it!  The Cosmic Crisp® flavor profile is the perfect balance of sweet and tart, making it ideal for snacking, baking, cooking, juicing or any other way you like to enjoy apples.”  Hire me for voiceovers at moxielabouche.com for lightning-fast voiceovers because I was one time hit by lightning.   The first Cosmic Crisp seed began in 1997 with pollen from a Honeycrisp flower, applied by hand to the stigma of an Enterprise.  Racy stuff.  Honeycrisp as we know are lovely and Enterprise apples were known for disease-resistance and long storage life.  Storage life is important because an apple has to be as good in late spring as it was when it was picked in the fall, as most to all of the apples you buy are.  Yep, all apples are picked at once and sold for months to come.  Holding up in winter storage is one of malus domestica's best features.  If that bothers you on principle, though, don't look up harvesting oranges for juice – it's positively depressing.      After two years of greenhouse germination, the very first Cosmic Crisp trees were planted, and a few years later after that, fruit happened.  That was when, according to Barritt, the real work began.  He'd go through the orchard, randomly picking apples and taking a bite. “Most were terrible, but when I found one with good texture and flavor, I'd pick 10 or 20 of them. Then I put them in cold storage to see how they would hold up after a few months,” he told PopSci in 2018.  Barritt's team would compare the apples for crispness, acidity, firmness, how well it stored, and on and on anon, to determine which trees to cross with which and start the cycle all over again.  They weren't testing only Honeycrisp and Enterprise, but lots of crisp varieties – Honeycrisp is just the one that worked.  It took until 2017, a full 20 years after the first seeds went in the ground, for Cosmic Crisp trees to become available to growers, to say nothing of the fruit reaching the public.  The project actually outlived Barritt's participation, when he retired back in 2008 and turned everything over to WSU horticulture professor Kate Evans.   There's still the question of why, why spend literally hundreds of millions of dollars to create a new apple?  This wasn't about developing a product to sell and make money, it was about saving an entire region's industry.  The pacific northwest farmed Red Delicious apples like there was no tomorrow and in the 90's, tomorrow got real uncertain.  In the last three years of the decade, farmers lost around $760mil with fields full of fruit fewer and fewer folks wanted to fork over their funds for.  That was the problem that Barritt set out to solve.  They needed an apple that had it all - movie star good looks, full of flavor with a crunchy bit.  By the end of 2019, Washington farmers were growing 12,000 acres of Cosmic Crisp trees and there's talk of Cosmic Crisp's having a strong chance at taking over the market.   If you have a bit of land and want to grow your own Cosmic Crisp, you going to have to wait even longer than usual.  It's only available to grower in WA for the first ten years to give the growers an advantage.  Remember, you can't plant seeds and get a tree that gives you fruit like the one you ate to get the seeds.  Don't worry, just five more years.     But you can't, like, own a tree man.  I can but that's because I'm not a penniless hippie.  Sorry, Futurama moment, but the point still stands.  Because this is America and we've never seen a person, place, thing, or idea we didn't want to legally own and monetize.  We're talking about patents and before I go any further, do you have any idea what a pain it is to search for apple patents and *not get results about Apple the company.  According to the US Patent and Trademark Office, “a plant patent is granted …to an inventor … who has invented or discovered and asexually reproduced a distinct and new variety of plant, other than a tuber propagated plant or a plant found in an uncultivated state. The grant, which lasts for 20 years from the date of filing the application, protects the inventor's right to exclude others from asexually reproducing, selling, or using the plant so reproduced.”  So if you make a variety of plant that no one else has ever made, or at least no one has patented, you have ultra-dibs for 20 and no one else is supposed to breed, sell, or do anything else with plants of that variety.   Plant patents became a thing in the early 1930's, a fine time in American agriculture *sough*dustbowl*cough* first granted to Henry Bosenberg for a CLIMBING OR TRAILING ROSE (USPP1 P).  Since then, thousands of plant patents have been granted, and that includes apples.  Apples as intellectual property.  The beloved Honeycrisp was patented in the late 1980's by the University of Minnesota.  The Honeycrisp blossomed in popularity, pun allowed, among consumers, both grocery shoppers and growers.  Nurseries would sell the trees to anyone who called and ordered one, but since it was patented, buuuut growers would have to pay a royalty of one dollar per tree to the University of Minnesota until the patent has expired.  With an average size of 50 acres per orchard and 36 trees per acre, that only comes to $1800, which isn't too, too bad.  A much tighter rein was kept on University of Minnesota's patented MINNEISKA, which produces the SweeTango apple.  Only a small group of apple growers has been given license to grow this variety of apple and they have to pay royalties as well.  UM also has multiple trademarks registered, so anyone who tries to sell an apple under that name or a similar one may find themselves in court.  Now how about them apples?  Hey, at least I waited until the end. Sources: https://historicsites.nc.gov/all-sites/horne-creek-farm/southern-heritage-apple-orchard/apples/apple-history/origins-apples https://www.americanscientist.org/article/the-mysterious-origin-of-the-sweet-apple https://www.theorchardproject.org.uk/blog/where-do-apples-come-from/ https://www.britannica.com/story/was-johnny-appleseed-a-real-person https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/real-johnny-appleseed-brought-applesand-booze-american-frontier-180953263/ https://www.nwpb.org/2017/05/03/want-to-grow-an-apple-tree-dont-start-with-apple-seeds/ https://www.popsci.com/story/diy/cosmic-crisp-apple-guide/ https://www.huffpost.com/entry/red-delicious-apples-suck_n_5b630199e4b0b15abaa061af https://suiter.com/how-do-you-like-them-apples-enough-to-patent-them/ https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/04/30/526069512/paradise-lost-how-the-apple-became-the-forbidden-fruit https://www.businessinsider.com/cosmic-crisp-apple-washington-state-scientists-2020-11 https://suiter.com/how-do-you-like-them-apples-enough-to-patent-them/  

This week we talk about the Greek and Roman daimon called Mania, or sometimes Maniae when treated as a group of spirits. Between the Etruscans, the Greeks, and the Romans, Mania has a variety of associations with madness, rage, and frenzy; she is also associated with the dead and with the Furies. The connection between gods, daimons, and human psychology is especially interesting here.

What do ancient Etruscans, Aikido, and seeing new things in familiar places all have in common? They're all part of The Improv Mind. In part 2 of our interview with Robert Lowe we talk about the importance of being present, honest, and Chip's childhood performances.

News items read by Laura Kennedy include: Historians document human impacts to the environment on islands of Micronesia (details) New discoveries at Tikal demonstrate complex societal interactions (details) Genetic testing suggests Etruscans were locals from eastern Europe (details) Yale's Vinland Map found to be a forgery (details)