Podcast appearances and mentions of Thomas S Kuhn

Merriam-Webster's Word of the Day for June 16, 2024 is: paradigm • PAIR-uh-dyme • noun Paradigm is a formal word that refers to a pattern or example, and especially to an outstandingly clear or typical example or archetype. It can also refer to a theory or group of ideas about how something should be done, made, or thought about. // Her latest book provides us with a new paradigm for modern biography. // Several speakers at the conference focused their presentations on challenging what has been a dominant educational paradigm. See the entry > Examples: “In a music paradigm that's increasingly focused on individual tracks, artists still have a chance to make a bigger statement about the world, and themselves, through larger collections that can explore a variety of styles and emotions.” — Tom Roland, Billboard, 23 Jan. 2024 Did you know? Paradigm comes from the Greek verb paradeiknynai, meaning “to show side by side.” It has been used in English to mean “example” or “pattern” since the 15th century. There is debate, however, about what kind of example qualifies as a paradigm. Some people say it's a typical example, while others insist it must be an outstanding or perfect example. The scientific community has added to the confusion by using paradigm to mean “a theoretical framework,” a sense popularized by American scientist Thomas S. Kuhn in the second edition of his influential book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, published in 1970. Some usage commentators now advise avoiding the term entirely on the grounds that it is overused, but we contend that it can sometimes make a useful, conversation-enriching replacement for idea, theory, or concept, as in “an article about sandwiches that shifts the paradigm by including hot dogs.”

Chapter 1 Understand the idea behind The Structure Of Scientific RevolutionsThe Structure of Scientific Revolutions, written by Thomas S. Kuhn, is divided into four main sections:1. Introduction: The book begins with an overview of the prevailing view of scientific progress as a gradual accumulation of knowledge through the process of "normal science." Kuhn presents his main argument, challenging this traditional view, and introduces the key concepts that will be elaborated upon.2. The Route to Normal Science: In this section, Kuhn traces the development of scientific knowledge from pre-scientific to modern times. He discusses the role of scientific paradigms, which are shared frameworks of assumptions, theories, and methods that define a particular scientific discipline during a given period. Kuhn argues that during periods of normal science, scientists operate within these paradigms, solving puzzles and problems.3. The Nature of Scientific Revolutions: This section explores the concept of scientific revolutions, which occur when anomalies and challenges accumulate within a scientific paradigm, leading to a crisis. Kuhn argues that revolutions result in a shift to a new paradigm, fundamentally changing the way science is practiced within that field. He analyzes case studies of historical scientific revolutions to illustrate his argument.4. The Response to Crisis: The final section focuses on how scientific communities respond to crises and revolutions. Kuhn discusses the resistance to paradigm shifts and the various types of responses that can occur, including conversion and resistance. He also addresses the question of scientific progress and the impact of revolutions on the cumulative nature of knowledge.Overall, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions presents a non-linear view of scientific progress, emphasizing the role of revolutions and paradigm shifts, and challenging the traditional view of scientific knowledge accumulation.Chapter 2 Is The Structure Of Scientific Revolutions Worth the Hype?Yes, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions by Thomas S. Kuhn is widely regarded as a seminal and influential book in the field of philosophy of science. It presents Kuhn's theory of scientific revolutions, which challenges the traditional view of science as a linear and cumulative process. Instead, Kuhn argues that scientific progress is characterized by paradigm shifts, where established scientific frameworks (paradigms) are replaced by new ones. The book provides deep insights into the nature of scientific knowledge and has significant implications for the understanding of scientific progress.Chapter 3 Overview of The Structure Of Scientific RevolutionsThe Structure of Scientific Revolutions by Thomas S. Kuhn is a landmark work in the philosophy of science. Published in 1962, the book presents a new way of understanding how scientific knowledge progresses.Kuhn begins by challenging the traditional view of scientific progress as a linear accumulation of knowledge. Instead, he argues that scientific knowledge is organized into paradigms, which are the dominant theories or frameworks of a particular scientific discipline at a given time. These paradigms shape how scientists approach problems, what questions they ask, and how they interpret evidence.According to Kuhn, scientific revolutions occur when anomalies – unexpected or unexplained observations that do not fit into the existing paradigms – accumulate and create a crisis in the field. Scientists then begin to question the validity of the prevailing paradigm and explore alternative theories...

Dr. Bob Aubrey is a pioneer of human development in Asia, striving to increase opportunities at work and improve the employee experience across borders. With experience spanning 25 countries and six continents, Bob founded and chairs the Advisory Board of the ASEAN Human Development Organisation (ADHO). His work promotes human development in the workplace across the 10 ASEAN countries as well as the world.Bob is an award-winning human development consultant, author, and educator who has worked with major multinationals across the globe. He is the Managing Director of Bob Aubrey Associates, the author of 14 books on human development, and a global expert in human resources and corporate leadership.In this episode, Dart and Bob discuss:- Global human development (HD) and how it creates a better work environment- How HR and HD work together- HD curriculum and career paths- The importance of ethics in companies and investments- Environmental Social Governance and how it improves profitability- HD within the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)- HR practices in Western vs. non-Western nations- How to create an organization that prioritizes employee well-being - If and how HD can coexist with capitalism- And more…Dr. Bob Aubrey is an award-winning human development consultant, author, social entrepreneur, speaker, educator, and leadership consultant. His work as an author and consultant spans 25 countries and six continents. He is a pioneer in the field of human development in Asia as the Founder and Chair of the Advisory Board of the ASEAN Human Development Organisation (ADHO). He is also the Managing Director of Bob Aubrey Associates. Bob has authored 14 books on human development and leadership, including the first book ever written on human development careers. He is currently writing a book on ethics within ASEAN and developing the curriculum for the first human development master's program in the region. Resources Mentioned:Human Development Careers, by Bob Aubrey: https://www.amazon.com/Human-Development-Careers-Leading-Future-ebook/dp/B08QJ1BS98 Measure of Man, by Bob Aubrey: https://www.amazon.com/Measure-Man-Leading-Human-Development-ebook/dp/B014IF1W36 The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, by Thomas S. Kuhn: https://www.amazon.com/Structure-Scientific-Revolutions-50th-Anniversary-ebook/dp/B007USH7J2 Human Resource Champions, by David Ulrich: https://www.amazon.com/Human-Resource-Champions-David-Ulrich/dp/0875847196 Connect with Bob:LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/bobaubrey/ ASEAN Human Development Organisation: https://www.aseanhdo.com/about 

Episode Notes What do Kurt Vonnegut, Noam Chomsky and Donald Trump have to do with tap dance? You might be surprised... On a very special episode, host Tristan Bruns interviews Jim Siegelman, who co-authored 1977s "The Book of Tap" with tap dancer Jerry Ames. If you've read other tap dance history books, then you may be familiar with TBoT, which author Constance Vallis-Hill considers one of the big three of tap dance history books. In the late 1970s, ballet-tap was all the rage and the main source of tap dance histories, besides the Stearns' "Jazz Dance," were short, inconsistent ones found in DIY at-home instruction books. But Jim Siegelman set out to change all of that, and now you can find out how with an detailed look at an important stepping stone in how we view the history and philosophy of tap dance today. Here is a link to the FREE online version of "The Book of Tap". https://archive.org/details/bookoftaprecover0000ames/mode/2up?q=Jerry+Ames+tap Become a Patreon member here: Patreon.com/GFADAF 50% of all support goes to the M.A.D.D. Rhythms Tap Academy on Chicago's South Side. Or, if you liked the episode, leave a one-time tip in the tip jar! This is a long one, so feel free to skip around (times and topics below). 0:00 Theme song + Introduction of Jim Siegelman. 8:00 The origin of "The Book of Tap". 14:04 Siegelman on Interviewing Famous Dancers. 15:20 Brief discussion of Siegelman's other work—"Snapping," "Holy Terror," "Dark Hero of the Information Age: In Search of Norbert Wiener, the Father of Cybernetics"— w/ partner Flo Conway. 23:58 A little bit about tap dancer and co-author Jerry Ames and who wrote what in "TBoT". 28:26 Siegelman responds to my critique of "TBoT" from episodes 7.1-7.3. 42:25 Some tap dance gossip! 46:14 On learning about shocking U.S. American (Tap) history (references to GFADAF EP 3 "The Structure of Tap Dance Revolutions," a juxtaposition of the work of scientific philosopher Thomas S. Kuhn with tap dance. 52:30 Discussing reoccurring topics found in tap dance history writing. 52:50 Topic #1—The Ballet Tap Movement from 1950-1980 57:09 Topic #2—The Twin Streams Theory 1:05:06 Topic #3—"The Hoofers" and the Tap Messiah, the next generation and tap prophecy. 1:13:52 Topic #4—The Happy Slave Ship Dancers Theory 1:20:05 Topic #5—The Death of Minstrelsy Theory 1:29:30 Topic #6—If tap dance is a "melting pot" of cultures, why is it often boiled down to Ireland and Africa? Also, the White Nationalist origin of the "Irish Were Slaves, Too" trope. 1:36:45 Tap Philosopy: Is tap dance inherently happy and is that happiness tied to U.S. American idealism? 1:39:19 Noam Chomsky and his theory of "Transformational Grammar". 1:48:10 The connection between Kurt Vonnegut and tap dance. I'm a big Vonnegut fan and these anecdotes nearly knocked me out of my tap shoes. And so it goes. . . Thank you to our Patreon patrons Liz Rancourt-Smith and Junior Lanyan. Your support is what drives this program. The Gasps From A Dying Art Form Podcast is part of the M.A.D.D. Rhythms Podcast Network. #RespectTheDance Support Gasps From A Dying Art Form by contributing to their Tip Jar: https://tips.pinecast.com/jar/gasps-from-a-dying-art-form This podcast is powered by Pinecast.

John Elkington is an advisor on sustainable development and corporate responsibility, an area he's been working in for almost 40 years. He is the author of 20 books on this topic, and he has given a remarkable contribution to shifting capitalism and business towards a more balanced and sustainable path. We talk about his new book called "Green Swans: The Coming Boom in Regenerative Capitalism," we also talk about wicked and super wicked problems, exponentials, why he reads Chinese science fiction books, his visit with past guest Kevin Kelley and what he's both terrified of and excited about in the coming ten to fifteen year.  What is Covered:  - Who or what are ‘green swans' and where the idea came from  - Human struggle with exponentials and the role of technology in systemic change - Wicked and super wicked problems, and what is unique about them in today's world - The issues with discounted cash flow in today's economy  - The role of young generation and why we need intergenerational cooperation to solve existential threats we're facing Key Takeaways and Learnings:  - The green swans are very often market or societal or political shifts. A company or an individual could play into those changing realities, but it's not about individuals as such. - Super wicked problems, such as the climate emergency, make us see our future ahead of us, but we seem to be completely unable as a political species to address the challenge in a sufficient scale and with sufficient urgency.  - Reengaging young people in a multigenerational and intergenerational battle for a systemic change at the right time and in the right way is a major opportunity in the next 10 to 15 years Links and Resources Mentioned in This Episode:  - “Green Swans: The Coming Book in Regenerative Capitalism” by John Elkington https://www.amazon.com/Green-Swans-Coming-Regenerative-Capitalism-ebook/dp/B086BJF1FQ/  - Volans Ventures https://volans.com/  - Connect with John Elkington by email, LinkedIn or Twitter - “The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable” by Nassim Nicholas Taleb https://www.amazon.com/Black-Swan-Improbable-Robustness-Fragility/dp/081297381X/  - UN Sustainable Development Goals https://sdgs.un.org/goals  - “Exponential: How to Bridge the Gap Between Technology and Society” by Azeem Azhar https://www.amazon.com/Exponential-Bridge-Between-Technology-Society/dp/B094DK3NG7/   - “New Rules for the New Economy: 10 Radical Strategies for a Connected World” by Kevin Kelly https://www.amazon.com/New-Rules-Economy-Strategies-Connected/dp/014028060X/  - “Out of Control: The New Biology of Machines, Social Systems and the Economic World” by Kevin Kelly https://www.amazon.com/Out-Control-Biology-Machines-Economic/dp/0201483408/   - “Ministry for the Future: A Novel” by Kim Stanley Robinson https://www.amazon.com/Ministry-Future-Kim-Stanley-Robinson/dp/0316300144/  - “The Structure of Scientific Revolutions” by Thomas S. Kuhn https://www.amazon.com/Structure-Scientific-Revolutions-Thomas-Kuhn/dp/0226458083  - “Regeneration: Ending the Climate Crisis in One Generation” by Paul Hawken https://www.amazon.com/Regeneration-Ending-Climate-Crisis-Generation/dp/0143136976/   - “Drawdown: The Most Comprehensive Plan Ever Proposed to Reverse Global Warming” by Paul Hawken https://www.amazon.com/Drawdown-Comprehensive-Proposed-Reverse-Warming/dp/0143130447/  - RethinkX https://www.rethinkx.com/  - “The Wandering Earth” by Cixin Liu https://www.amazon.com/Wandering-Earth-Cixin-Liu/dp/1250796830   - “The Postman” by David Brin https://www.amazon.com/Postman-David-Brin/dp/B08GLSY8R6/  - “Dune” by Frank Herbert https://www.amazon.com/Frank-Herberts-Dune-6-Book-Boxed/dp/0593201884/   - Jim Mellon: Moo's Law and Investing in Cellular Agriculture https://outsidelens.com/jim-mellon-moos-law-and-investing-in-cellular-agriculture/  - Kevin Kelly: The Formula for the next 10,000 Startups, Failing Forward and Becoming a Teaching Organisation https://outsidelens.com/kevin-kelly-the-formula-for-the-next-10000-startups-failing-forward-and-becoming-a-teaching-organisation/   Connect with Mark Bidwell: - LinkedIn https://www.linkedin.com/in/markbidwell/  - Twitter https://twitter.com/markehb - OutsideLens https://www.outsidelens.com 

On episode three of the GFADAF podcast, host Tristan Bruns uses tap dance to understand the revolutionary text The Structure of Scientific Revolutions by scientific philosopher Thomas S. Kuhn. On this episode, find out where the term paradigm shift comes from and what it actually means; also, learn about the natural cycle of normal scientific research promotes discovery, how discovery produces anomalies which lead to a crises and rebirth, all explained through examples of tap dance performance, technique and instruction. Also on the episode: Why some tap dancers, and some scientists and doctors, too, may be resistant to change, even though it is not only good, but inevitable. Support this program by joining us on Patreon. 50% of all support goes to the M.A.D.D. Rhythms Tap Academy at the Harold Washington Cultural Center on Chicago's historic South Side. Link to our Patreon here: https://www.patreon.com/GFADAF Or support this program through a one time donation in our tip jar! Thank you to Patreon supporters Pamela Heatherington and Liz Rancourt-Smith. Your support means the world to us! The Gasps From A Dying Art Form Podcast is a member of the M.A.D.D. Rhythms Podcast Network. #RespectTheDance Support Gasps From A Dying Art Form by contributing to their Tip Jar: https://tips.pinecast.com/jar/gasps-from-a-dying-art-form This podcast is powered by Pinecast.

This is the second of Historically Thinking’s  yearlong series on the the skills of historical thinking. In our first installment this year, which was Episode 196, we heard cognitive psychologist Daniel Willingham explain reading comprehension, without which none of the other skills really work. Today in the podcast's 200th episode we’re going to tackle Connecting. If we put connecting into the form of a question, it would be something like “How does this document [or any other source, from portraits to shoes to stone walls] fit into a bigger picture?” Connecting joins together information from various sources, near and far from each other. It compares & contrasts, it corroborates testimony, it observes interesting links. Connecting introduces the idea that history is first a way of seeing, before it can become a way of thinking. There’s no better way to discuss connecting, or any other skill of historical thinking, than to consider an exemplar of that skill. If you were trying to craft a silver teapot, you wouldn’t want to read a book about it, not even a stack of books. You’d want to watch a master craftsman at work, and be able to ask lots of questions; maybe even have a go at it yourself, under their careful and experienced eye. Today’s exemplar is the book The Ghost of Galileo…in a Forgotten Painting from the English Civil War, just published by Oxford University Press. Its author and our guest is John Lawrence Heilbron, Professor of History at the University of California at Berkeley, where he is also Vice Chancellor Emeritus. Professor Heilbron is a native of the Bay Area, and earned both his AB and MA in Physics from Berkeley, before continuing on at Berkeley to take a PhD Degree in the History of Science under the direction of Thomas S. Kuhn. He has also served as Senior Research Fellow at the Oxford Museum for the History of Science, and is an Honorary Fellow of Worcester College, Oxford. His work has ranged across the history of physics and astronomy, from Niels Bohr: A Very Short Introduction (also published by Oxford) to my favorite The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar Observatories. He now divides his time between Berkeley and west Oxfordshire, where his local is the Rose and Crown in Shilton.

Salve, rapaziada! Como podemos definir o episódio de hoje? Bem, não sabemos ao certo. Talvez como um castelo nas nuvens onde ele é preso ao solo por um fio (que seria o tema) chamado cientificismo e volatilidade do conhecimento científico. Você não entendeu direito o que isso significa? Não tem problema, é coisa de capricorniano mesmo. Ouve e tenta descobrir o que tentamos dizer. [1] A estrutura das revoluções científicas. Thomas S. Kuhn. Editora Unesp, 2ª edição; [2] https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/sep/08/robot-wrote-this-article-gpt-3; [3] https://darwinedeus.blogfolha.uol.com.br/2020/08/04/do-ceticismo-sadio-a-duvida-venenosa-as-origens-do-negacionismo/; [4] Bastiaan T. Rutjens, Robbie M. Sutton e Romy van der Lee. Not All Skepticism Is Equal: Exploring the Ideological Antecedents of Science Acceptance and Rejection.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2017; DOI: 10.1177/0146167217741314; [5]https://oglobo.globo.com/sociedade/ciencia-nao-algo-que-se-possa-fazer-sem-dinheiro-diz-presidente-do-cnpq-24652718; Bônus (música feita por AI) https://oglobo.globo.com/cultura/musica/nova-musica-do-rzo-tem-coautoria-de-sabotage-via-inteligencia-artificial-20511675; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=edhZKOO2Dhg

Our understanding of science begins with the textbooks from our school days. In these books, the scientific world is presented as a pearl necklace composed of a series of scientific events; each event is like a pearl on the necklace. Scientists are a group of people who contribute to collecting the empirical facts, establishing theories and methods of a particular scientific field, like a pearl master. Proponents of this view of the history of science believe that the development of science is linear and cumulative, just like climbing slowly up a stable and reliable slope. However, the author Thomas Kuhn believed that some authoritative books, including textbooks and popular science books, actually mislead us. In the real history of scientific development, it is often difficult to precisely define when a scientific event occurs, and who the first person is that has discovered a specific scientific event. Science does not develop through the accumulation of discoveries and inventions of famous individual scientists in the way that we imagine. This book argues that the route of scientific development appears as multiple independent development curves, showing non-linear and revolutionary features. Thomas S. Kuhn presented us with the common features of scientific progress, accurately described the process of scientific development using the concept of "transformations of the paradigms," and profoundly interpreted the nature of scientific revolutions. In fact, scientific revolutions do not only concern the accumulation and progression of knowledge, but also a whole set of changes in world views and methodologies.

    Sanhedrin 63b: § Rav Yehuda says that Rav says: The Jewish people knew that idol worship is of no substance; they did not actually believe in it. And they worshipped idols only in order to permit themselves to engage in forbidden sexual relations in public, since most rituals of idol worship would include public displays of forbidden sexual intercourse.     Rav Mesharshiyya raises an objection to this statement from the following verse: “Like the memory of their sons are their altars, and their Asherim are by the leafy trees, upon the high hills” (Jeremiah 17:2). And Rabbi Elazar says that this means that the Jewish people would recall their idol worship like a person who misses his child. This interpretation indicates that they were truly attached to idol worship.   The Gemara continues to relate the story of the prayer in the days of Nehemiah: The people fasted for three days and prayed for mercy. In response to their prayer a note fell for them from the heavens in which was written: Truth, indicating that God accepted their request.   The form of a fiery lion cub came forth from the chamber of the Holy of Holies. Zechariah, the prophet, said to the Jewish people: This is the evil inclination for idol worship. When they caught hold of it one of its hairs fell out, and it let out a shriek of pain that was heard for four hundred parasangs [parsei]. They said: What should we do to kill it? Perhaps Heaven will have mercy upon it if we attempt to kill it, as it will certainly scream even more.   The prophet said to them: Throw it into a container made of lead and cover it with lead, as lead absorbs sound. As it is written: “And he said: This is the evil one. And he cast it down into the midst of the measure, and he cast a stone of lead upon its opening” (Zechariah 5:8). They followed this advice and were freed of the evil inclination for idol worship   סנהדרין ס״ג ב:י״ט אמר רב יהודה אמר רב יודעין היו ישראל בעבודת כוכבים שאין בה ממש ולא עבדו עבודת כוכבים אלא להתיר להם עריות בפרהסיא                   מתיב רב משרשיא (ירמיהו יז, ב) כזכור בניהם מזבחותם וגו' וא"ר אלעזר כאדם שיש לו געגועין על בנו                 יתבו תלתא יומא בתעניתא בעו רחמי נפל להו פיתקא מרקיעא דהוה כתיב בה אמת             נפק כגוריא דנורא מבית קדשי הקדשים אמר להו נביא לישראל היינו יצרא דע"ז בהדי דקתפסי ליה אישתמיט ביניתא מיניה ואזל קליה בארבע מאה פרסי אמרו היכי ניעבד דילמא משמיא מרחמי עליה                 א"ל נביא שדיוהו בדודא דאברא וכסיוה באברא דשייף קליה דכתיב (זכריה ה, ח) ויאמר זאת הרשעה וישלך אותה אל תוך האיפה וישלך את האבן העופרת אל פיה     Unity and Incorporeality 2.   The question of the emergence of Israelite religion is a sui generis problem in the history of the human spirit first of all because of the popular character of Israelite monotheism. To our way of thinking, the idea of God’s unity is one of the most abstract ideas in human thought. We regard this idea as bound up with abstraction (hafshatah) from the multitude of phenomena manifested in our world and with grounding all reality on an invisible unity beyond our comprehension. The one God is the cause of causes, eternal substance, the being of all beings, transcending everything sensible and conceivable, beyond all conception of time and space, a supreme idea. The question is: How could such a faith come into being in ancient Israel? Israelite culture was a culture of shepherds and farmers. Moreover, even in a later period the creative genius of the Israelite people did not find embodiment in the creation of a conceptual culture (nor, for that matter, in the creation of a technological culture). Israel did not create conceptual science, logic, philosophy, or natural science. Its strength was in poetry, narrative, ethics, religious vision, and the like, far from theoretical abstraction. Nor was its language rich in abstract concepts. The Hebrew of the biblical period was a pictorial and poetic language, unfitted for expressing philosophical views. How, then, was the monotheistic idea conceived in ancient Israel within such a cultural rubric?  Moreover, biblical monotheism did not arrive at abstract expression. The Bible innocently resorts to tangible descriptions of God. It does not sense any defect in depicting God through imagery. At any rate, there would be place here for gropings and hesitations. However, in the prophetic books there are no gropings or hesitations. Monotheism is visibly present and self-evident, and there is no hint that it is a new idea. The General Character of Israelite Religion, Yehezkel KAUFMANN in Toledot ha-emunah ha-yisre’elit, translated by Lenny Levin Where Israelite Religion differed 3.   Israelite monotheism could not comprehend idolatry or magic. At best, idols and various forms of polytheistic worship were treated as fetishes, things used in rituals that were not associated with any meaningful mythology or theology. On a popular worship of objects that was not genuinely polytheistic (because it is unrelated to any specific foreign deity) but was “a magical, fetishistic, non-mythological worship of images”, a worship that was fundamentally unfamiliar with the realities of polytheistic worship and the icons that played a role therein: “Worship of ‘dumb idols’ is, in the biblical view, arrant, sinful foolishness”, for the idols, unlike the lower ranking gods, are not real; they have no power, not even the derivative power that, say, Chemosh or Marduk enjoy in the view of biblical monotheism. The ancient lore knows of no war between YHWH and other divine powers, No mythology surrounds God. He is not born; he does not die; he is not sexed; he is not part of the natural world. This God has no “genealogy,” no lust, no birth, no progeny, no growing up, no death, and so forth. Israelite lore does not know how to tell anything about the life of this God, the events (This is very different from many known ancient Near Eastern stories about gods.) Israelite Religion was exoteric. The bible reflects common, public, shared knowledge. Moreover, all teaching is official and authoritative. Priests are the public educators. The popular belief conceived of this God the same way. This means that the basic idea of Israelite religion was bound up from its inception in a radical division between God and the world. “Fate” has no power over him. Sanctity is not “natural” closeness to divinity or belonging to the divine in a property relation ... It knows of no material object that is sacred in its own right. ..it does not know of any category of holy objects in nature. It concentrated all sanctity in God, who rules the world, in the God who transcends the cosmos. Objects can only possess “historical” sanctity by virtue of God’s will or as a result of God’s deeds and commandment. No mythological drama in Ancient Israel 4.   The basic idea of Israelite religion—the supremacy of the divine will, raising God over every nature and fate—left no room for the tension of divine forces fighting each other, for a divine mythological drama. Is there any place for drama, for activity, for striving for living embodiment where there is one supreme decisive will? Israelite religion transferred the divine world drama from the domain of nature and its forces to the domain of the human will. The divine will rules over all. But it has one “limitation”: the will of the human, to whom God has granted free choice and the power to sin. By human sin, the supreme divine will has become, as it were, impaired. This is the opening for evil in the world. Opposite the divine will is set the human will; in place of the mythological tension between divine forces comes the moral tension between God’s will and man’s will. This is the special sphere of the divine drama in Israelite religion. To the absolute will belongs an aspiration that remains to be fulfilled. God commands, and the human can either fulfill God’s command or disobey Him. In place of mythological tension comes historical tension. This religion was interested not in the events of the god and his life, his desires, his wars, and his victories among the other gods but in the events of God’s commandment, His teaching, His activity among human beings. Human society, human history, man’s religious and ethical dedication—these were the campaigns of the “war” of the supreme God. [Conversely] He was not a restful and serene God of the heights (such as the contemplating God of Aristotle/Maimonides.  There is no Nirvana here), happy in self-satisfaction, who had nothing to do with the lower worlds and with human fate. He was a “zealous God,” commanding and demanding, keeping track of sins and performing kindnesses, a redeeming God, doing good and creating evil. He was close to man’s life and destiny.  This faith was intrinsically connected with revelation and prophecy. Prohibition against Fetish Worship 5.   The Bible never specifically addresses the worship of representations of YHWH but lumps it together with idol worship in general. The Bible never distinguishes between graven images of YHWH and graven images of pagan gods but includes them all in the category of “other gods.” The Bible does not at all conceive of the graven images as representations of divinity but as fetishes. Neither the Torah nor the prophets devote one kind of utterance against graven images of YHWH and another against graven images of other gods. In the classic prohibition of graven images in the Ten Commandments (in both versions), graven images and pictures are forbidden after the prohibition of other gods (Exod. 20:3–4, Deut. 5:7–8). The text does not say, “I am YHWH your God… Do not make for Me any graven image or picture… Do not have any other gods… Do not make a graven image or picture of them, etc.” ... they chastise the people for worshipping graven images in general and only give one reason to this prohibition: it is the ignorant worship of “wood and stone.” Unity of God 6.   In both the song of Deborah and the creation legends, YHWH rules the world alone, and there is no other god with him (or against him!). God’s unity is the primal idea, not God’s ethical character or historical activity. In biblical  monotheism, the cosmic element is fundamental. Anthropomorphism 7.     For we should not think that the concrete depictions of God (anthropomorphisms) in the Bible are only remnants of folk legend or poetic figures of speech with only a symbolic intention, as later philosophers interpreted them. The entire biblical literature, without distinction of source or stratum, envisages a visage of God and does not regard this as a defect. The Bible has no abstract God-concept, nor does it have any drive to abstraction. Moreover, one can say that throughout Jewish literature, up to the point that Greek influence started to operate in it, there is no sense of defect in envisaging a visage of God. Israelite religion vanquished the corporeal depiction of God in [only] one basic and decisive respect: it depicted God as outside every connection with the material of the world. ...  Moreover, it depicted Him as above all connection to the laws of the world, to nature, to the stars, to fate. This is the point of departure between Israelite religion and paganism; from this point, it ascended to its own unique sphere. Its God is above mythology and above nature; that is its fundamental idea. ... this idea is imprinted in the entire being of Israelite religion and woven into its entire tapestry. God was regarded as sublime but not incorporeal. The question of the divine image was in fact raised only in the border zone where Judaism came into contact with Greek thought. .... the whole problem of whether God has a visible form is outside the purview of original Judaism. Faith 8.   Israelite faith thus originated not from one or another historical event, not from sealing a national covenant, not from political prosperity, not from the trauma of destruction, and so forth, but from the revelation of a new religious-metaphysical idea. In the course of the generations this idea would generate an entire worldview and life regimen, even though at the time it came into the world enveloped in a national garb and intertwined with the events of the day. It was steeped in transcendence unequalled since in the world. But it could be grasped in vision and likeness. It was born through visionary intuition and could be grasped through symbols. Therefore, it could be made into a popular faith. A God whose rule knew no bounds, who was all-capable, from whom everything originated, who was holy, sublime, zealous, ruling over good and evil, sending the word of His rule by way of prophets, one with no equal—all these could be grasped by popular religious feeling. This idea could be born among the people of the desert and could arouse passion among the people of the desert. A similar idea aroused passion at a later time among the Arab tribes at the time of Mohammed.[i] Paradigm Shift - Incommensurability - Thomas Kuhn   9.   Paradigm Shift - "This is the idea that, in the course of a revolution and paradigm shift, the new ideas and assertions cannot be strictly compared to the old ones. Even if the same words are in use, their very meaning has changed. That in turn led to the idea that a new theory was not chosen to replace an old one, because it was true but more because of a change in world view” Incommensurability. - "This is the idea that, in the course of a revolution and paradigm shift, the new ideas and assertions cannot be strictly compared to the old ones. Even if the same words are in use, their very meaning has changed. That in turn led to the idea that a new theory was not chosen to replace an old one, because it was true but more because of a change in world view” — The Structure of Scientific Revolutions: 50th Anniversary Edition by Thomas S. Kuhn When a paradigm shift occurs, in some sense the world changes. Or to put it another way, scientists working under different paradigms are studying different worlds. For example, if Aristotle watched a stone swinging like a pendulum on the end of a rope, he would see the stone trying to reach its natural state: at rest, on the ground. But Newton wouldn’t see this; he’d see a stone obeying the laws of gravity and energy transference. Or to take another example: Before Darwin, anyone comparing a human face and a monkey’s face would be struck by the differences; after Darwin, they would be struck by the similarities. A consequence of Kuhn’s theory of paradigm shifts is that science does not progress in an even way, gradually accumulating knowledge and deepening its explanations. Rather, disciplines alternate between periods of normal science conducted within a dominant paradigm, and periods of revolutionary science when an emerging crisis requires a new paradigm. That is what "paradigm shift" originally meant, and what it still means in the philosophy of science. When used outside philosophy, though, it often just means a significant change in theory or practice. So events like the introduction of high definition TVs, or the acceptance of gay marriage, might be described as involving a paradigm shift. see here Source Sheet created on Sefaria by Geoffrey Stern [i] Aharon Kaminka says that the Bible’s war on paganism is “a riddle still seeking a solution.” Apparently, he did not find in my words even an attempt to solve this riddle. But in truth, I did propose a solution, and I do not see the possibility of any other solution. The solution is this: the decisive battle with paganism in ancient Israel occurred at the beginning of the dawn of the new idea, in Moses’s day. The battle was short. Israelite paganism was smashed to smithereens, and the new faith was implanted in the Israelite nation. Something like this battle also occurred in Arabia in the days of Muhammad. Paganism disappeared once and for all from the horizon of the Arab nation, and was perceived as from behind a cloud. Only fossilized remnants of paganism remained among the Arab people. Likewise, the influence of foreign paganism on ancient Israel was fossilized from that time on and consisted of worship of idols. The cultural legacy that Israel received from paganism—legends, laws, poems—was the legacy of Israel’s pagan past, which in the previous period had been connected to the pagan cultural world. There is nothing in that legacy to compel us to assume contact in the later period. For this reason, the entire Bible perceives paganism through a cloud and conceives it to consist only of idol worship. We should recall that paganism was forgotten by the writers of Islam, too, in a relatively short time, and they knew it as little more than idol worship.  Yehezkel Kaufman, THE SECRET OF NATIONAL CREATIVITY

Thaddeus Russell has always loved nature, and he is a fan of clean air and water. But he hates composting toilets, and he’s sick of environmentalists telling him what he should and should not do. In fact, he’s got an issue with the whole idea of sacrificing pleasure and freedom for the sake of the planet. Is there a way to address climate change without bringing morality into it? Can we reduce emissions without all the guilt and personal shaming?    Thaddeus is the creator of Renegade University, the host of the Unregistered Podcast, and the author of A Renegade History of the United States. He argues that American society has been defined not by the elites and intellectuals, but by the rebels who challenged conventions, expanded the realm of desire, and created our personal freedoms. Thaddeus is a former history and philosophy professor with a PhD from Columbia University, and his work has appeared in Newsweek, The Daily Beast, and New York Magazine, among many other publications.   Today, Thaddeus joins Ross, Christophe and Paul to explain why he takes issue with the environmental movement. He challenges the moralist approach to political problems, describing how environmentalists leverage guilt and shame individual choices—while ignoring big emitters like the US military. Thaddeus also offers an overview of the Progressive Era, discussing the historical efforts to eliminate cultural diversity in the US and sharing his take on the parallels between progressives and environmentalists. Listen in for insight on what Thad sees as the anti-immigrant roots of the top environmental organizations and learn why Thaddeus believes in Nori’s hypothesis around leveraging greed to solve climate change.   Key Takeaways   [2:22] Thaddeus’ path to reversing climate change  Grew up with radical socialist parents, loved nature + backpacking Introduced to ecological movement in college (anarcho-communist) Problem with deep ecology’s antagonism toward human beings   [10:25] The problem with a moralist approach to political problems Anti-intellectual and anti-science, no need to study issue Requires change in people’s character in order to solve   [13:23] An overview of the Progressive Era (1880’s to 1920’s) Formed by intellectuals in response to ‘immigration problem’ Opened settlement houses as assimilation factories Based on Puritan ideals (e.g.: selflessness, aversion to pleasure)   [22:04] The historical efforts to annihilate black and gay culture in the US Project of Reconstruction to eliminate slave culture (music, dance) Gay, black leaders promote assimilation to achieve equal rights   [26:26] Thaddeus’ take on how rulers think Small group wants to manage people, give control to experts Primary problem to control citizens + merge identity with society Censor and punish pleasure-seeking (e.g.: rock-and-roll music)   [35:06] The progressive concept of social engineering Conflict between rulers and people around bodies, desires Assimilation + integration essential for order, efficiency + control   [44:25] The central role of guilt in the environmental movement Moralize against greed, tell people what should/shouldn’t want Rich person’s project (Americans have resources, time for guilt) Evangelical Christian idea of living simply to be close to God   [48:02] The argument for centralized control to solve climate change Reduce emissions with massive social engineering Comparison to World War II (65M people died)   [51:52] Thaddeus’ view of climate change as a ‘phantom menace’ Useful to have abstract problem that can’t be seen Greed in all of us = unseen enemy to eradicate   [58:00] The idea that oil & gas and big ag will solve climate change Technology and deregulation revolutionized mass media Leverage greed to fix problem, make life better + cheaper   [1:05:25] Why sustainability and open borders cannot coexist Environmental organizations historically anti-immigration Finite number of people any one locality can sustain   [1:12:25] Changing systems vs. the character of people Criminal justice solved by shift in law (e.g.: legalize drugs) Environmentalism concerned with personal shaming   [1:17:44] How the military and big ag contribute to emissions US military one of top polluters, land use change = 20% Individual actions alone not enough to reduce CO2   Connect with Ross & Christophe   Nori Nori on Facebook  Nori on Twitter Nori on Medium Nori on YouTube Nori on GitHub Nori Newsletter Email hello@nori.com Nori White Paper Subscribe on iTunes Carbon Removal Newsroom   Resources   Thaddeus’ Website Renegade University Unregistered Podcast Unregistered Underground A Renegade History of the United States by Thaddeus Russell Sierra Club Slavoj Zizek Murray Bookchin: The Ecology of Freedom Edward Abbey Hull House The Man in the High Castle Freedmen’s Bureau Martin Luther King, Jr. Index of Sermon Topics Andrew Sullivan Larry Kramer The Structure of Scientific Revolutions by Thomas S. Kuhn Books by James C. Scott Seeing Like a State by James C. Scott Civilization and Its Discontents by Sigmund Freud Cotton Mather ‘The Empty Radicalism of the Climate Apocalypse’ by Ted Nordhaus Dr. James E. Hansen Pol Pot Bill McKibben Naomi Klein ‘How Much Land Does a Man Need?’ by Leo Tolstoy Rupert Murdoch FCC Fairness Doctrine David Brower Kuznets Curve Environmental Defense Fund

Gereon Wolters (Konstanz) gives a talk at the MCMP Colloquium (22 October, 2014) titled "The Completion of Logical Empiricism: Hempel's Pragmatic Turn". Abstract: For most of his life Carl Gustav Hempel (1905-1997) subscribed to the Carnapian variant of logical empiricism. According to Rudolf Carnap (1891-1970) philosophy of science is "rational reconstruction" (syntactically and/or semantically) of basic methodological concepts like probability, explanation, confirmation, and so on. Practically unnoticed by the philosophical community Hempel later gave up this approach and developed an "explanatory-normative methodology" (E-N--Methodology). Decisive for his change was the work of Thomas S. Kuhn (1922-1996), whom Hempel first had met at Stanford in 1963/64. Hempel interpreted this pragmatic turn as a return to the Neurathian (Otto Neurath (1882-1945)) variant of logical empiricism.

01:30 – Tom’s Superpower: Hot Toddies, Eccentricity, and Talking to Animals! 04:42 – Observing Animal vs Humans Behavior and Organizational Restructuring Participant Observation (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participant_observation) 10:25 – Looking For Genuine Change, Empowering Workers, and the Conflation of the terms Boss and Manager The Toyota Way (https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0071392319/ref=as_li_qf_asin_il_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=therubyrep-20&creative=9325&linkCode=as2&creativeASIN=0071392319&linkId=2e20f648aa9ed8ef7a4b700f9bdae9c9) Adrian Bejan: The Constructal Law (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2871904/) Your Dog Is Your Mirror: The Emotional Capacity of Our Dogs and Ourselves by Kevin Behan (https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1608680886/ref=as_li_qf_asin_il_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=therubyrep-20&creative=9325&linkCode=as2&creativeASIN=1608680886&linkId=1c385c4888e53b0dd8d1ef15cee57ec8)   Brandt Stickley (https://www.brandtstickley.com/bio/) 23:20 – Flow and How it Moves Through Systems Design in Nature: How the Constructal Law Governs Evolution in Biology, Physics, Technology, and Social Organizations by Adrian Bejan (https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0307744345/ref=as_li_qf_asin_il_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=therubyrep-20&creative=9325&linkCode=as2&creativeASIN=0307744345&linkId=51291ba0ed5aaad7adcc1aea46b9f5fb) 33:45 – Predictive and Explanatory Power The Structure of Scientific Revolutions by Thomas S. Kuhn (https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0226458121/ref=as_li_qf_asin_il_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=therubyrep-20&creative=9325&linkCode=as2&creativeASIN=0226458121&linkId=f7ce4eb54025fb4887e2a4046f88f70d) 37:40 – Breaking Things Down 43:37 – Alignment in Appetite and Emotion Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance: An Inquiry into Values (https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0060589469/ref=as_li_qf_asin_il_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=therubyrep-20&creative=9325&linkCode=as2&creativeASIN=0060589469&linkId=a71bd57d26eb8fccfb369abad8b5c974) 52:08 – Defining Quality 01:02:21 – Emotional Metaphors and Sensory Inputs DevOpsDays Boston 2017- Your Emotional API by John Sawers (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mc5HJSsYB7A) Reflections: Jessica: When the language gets woo-ey, the ideas might be new-y. Rein: Quality is individual and personal. It is subjective and intersubjective. Thomas: The best ideas are often found in uncomfortable places. John: Systems of living things are living systems. Janelle: Don’t assume you understand anything immediately when you walk into a room. Let that understanding be emergent through the process of observation. This episode was brought to you by @therubyrep (https://twitter.com/therubyrep) of DevReps, LLC (http://www.devreps.com/). To pledge your support and to join our awesome Slack community, visit patreon.com/greaterthancode (https://www.patreon.com/greaterthancode). To make a one-time donation so that we can continue to bring you more content and transcripts like this, please do so at paypal.me/devreps (https://www.paypal.me/devreps). You will also get an invitation to our Slack community this way as well. Amazon links may be affiliate links, which means you’re supporting the show when you purchase our recommendations. Thanks! Special Guest: Thomas Perry.

Thomas Kuhn (1922 – 1995) gelang es, die Revolution in der Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften zu rekonstruieren, die mit Max Planck und Albert Einstein ihren Anfang nahm. (Produktion 2016)

“Discovery requires serendipity but serendipity is not a chance event alone. It is a process in which a chance of event is seized upon by a creative person who chooses to pay attention to the event, unravel its mystery and find a proper application for it.” In this episode of Made You Think, Neil and Nat discuss Happy Accidents by Morton A Meyers. In this book we look at the serendipity of so many scientific discoveries and the author suggests how we can foster these chance happenings to make giant leaps in research and discovery. “Penetrating intelligence, keen perception, and sound judgment — is essential to serendipity. The men and women who seized on lucky accidents that happened to them were anything but mindless. In fact, their minds typically had special qualities that enabled them to break out of established paradigms.” We cover a wide range of topics, including: Penicillin, Petri Dishes and Moldy Mary The impact of freedom on research Tangents on Private Schools, Social Media & Conspiracy Theories Modern Diets, Drugs and Toxins turned into cures Self experimentation, Ostracism and changing Medical opinions A possible special kayaking retreat for supporters And much more. Please enjoy, and be sure to grab a copy of Happy Accidents by Morton A Meyers! You can also listen on Google Play Music, SoundCloud, YouTube, or in any other podcasting app by searching “Made You Think.” If you enjoyed this episode, be sure to check out our episodes on Skin in the Game by Nassim Taleb where he shares other stories of scientists trying treatments firsthand, and Merchants of Doubt by Naomi Oreskes and Erik Cornway for more on controversial science, academia and Pharma companies. Be sure to join our mailing list to find out about what books are coming up, giveaways we're running, special events, and more. Links from the Episode Mentioned in the show Bottom Up Methodology [01:31] Scientific Method [1:48] Penicillin [05:27] LSD Discovery [05:48] Contact High [06:01] Dogmatic [06:19] Petri dishes [08:01] Lifehacker [08:47] The Structure of Scientific Revolutions by Thomas S. Kuhn [9:31] Narrative Fallacy [16:17] Fleming Nobel Prize Speech [17:38] Peoria, Illinois [26:03] Corn Steep Liquor [26:09] Merck [26:48] Squibb [26:48] Pfizer [26:48] World War I [27:42] Aquatic Apes [29:04] Sippy Diet [30:27] Tetracycline Antibiotic [31:47] Acid Inhibitors [34:14] Statins [34:36] Carbohydrates [36:16] LDL [36:20] LDL receptors [36:33] Viagra [38:26] Asbestos [39:46] Facebook Groups [42:14] Discord Groups [42:15] Carnivore Diet [42:49] Shake Shack [44:04] M&M’s [44:07] Purina Dog Food [46:08] Stats of College Debt – Tweet [46:32] CMU [52:40] Choate School [53:45] Sidwell Friends [54:23] Boarding Schools [54:34] Alkylating Agents [57:15] Geneva Convention [58:08] Patreon [01:02:08] Google Trends on episode 35 [1:02:00] Epidemics [01:02:27] SARS [01:02:54] Influenza [01:02:56] Syphilis [01:03:22] Fish Aquarium Antibiotics [01:04:53] FDA [01:07:51] Nazi Testing [01:08:04] Japanese testing on Chinese prisoners [01:08:08] Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male [01:08:19] Eugenics [01:10:18] Darwinism [01:10:31] (related podcast) Russian Gulag [01:11:38] Thalidomide [01:11:52] Diethyl Glycol [01:12:59] Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act [01:13:10] Accutane [01:15:06] Doxycycline [01:16:26] Microbiome [01:16:52] Eczema [01:17:43] Steroids [01:17:36] Spartan Race [01:20:09] Nat’s Instagram [01:20:15] Blockchain [01:21:06] X-Rays [01:22:29] Morphine [01:23:51] American Urological Association [01:24:48] CVS patient statistics for Viagra [01:29:42] Netflix [01:31:18] Spleen [01:32:47] Confirmation bias [01:34:43] Ego death [01:39:38] Dissociative experience [01:39:40] Magic mushrooms [01:40:02] LSD Therapeutic Research Study [01:41:03] NASA [01:46:22] Direct to Consumer Drug Advertising [01:46:29] ADD [01:47:41] Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder [01:47:58] Prozac / Seraphim [01:48:09] Paxil [01:48:18] Female Sexual Dysfunction [01:48:24] Lipitor [01:48:57] Zoloft [01:49:16] UBI [01:53:07] Ethereum [01:59:48] Books mentioned Happy Accidents by Morton A Meyers Beginning of Infinity by David Deutsch [00:42] (book episode) The War on Normal People by Andrew Yang [00:51] (book episode) Antifragile by Nassim Taleb [07:02] (Nat’s notes) (book episode) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions by Thomas S. Kuhn [9:31] Boron Letters by Gary C. Halbert [14:44] Skin in the Game by Nassim Taleb [30:00] (Nat’s notes) (book episode) Merchants of Doubt by Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway [01:02:02]] (Nat’s notes) (book episode) Merchants of Doubt by Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway [01:02:02] (Nat’s notes) (book episode) Homo Deus by Yuval Harari [01:02:36] (Nat’s notes) (book episode) Words that Work by Frank Luntz [01:28:24] LSD My Problem Child by Albert Hofmann [01:40:51] Brave New World by Aldous Huxley [01:48:46] People mentioned Morton A Meyers David Deutsch [00:42] (Beginning of Infinity episode) Andrew Yang [00:51] (The War on Normal People episode) Winston Churchill [05:04] Alexander Fleming [05:29] Nassim Taleb [07:02] (Antifragile episode) (Skin in the Game episode) Thomas Kuhn [09:21] Peter Thiel [10:12] Gary C. Halbert [14:44] Charles Darwin [18:39] (Daniel Dennett’s book) Ernst B Chain [22:31] Moldy Mary [25:56] Barry Marshall [31:07] Robert Koch [32:10] Bill Clinton [01:00:32] George W Bush [01:01:18] Erik M. Conway [01:02:02] Yuval Harari [01:02:45] (Homo Deus episode) (Sapiens part I and part II) FDR [01:13:08] Claude Bernard [01:22:24] Frank Luntz [01:28:24] John William Gofman [1:31:35] President Eisenhower [01:34:48] Timothy Leary [01:40:28] Albert Hofmann [01:40:51] Steve Jobs [01:41:00] Louis Pasteur [01:45:32] Aldous Huxley [01:48:46] Show Topics 00:26 – The book is fun to read, light, enjoyable, easy going. An exploration of scientific discovery and progress and how consistently it is influenced and driven by the role of Serendipity. A case opposite or complementary to the Scientific Method. Serendipity defined as a combination of accidents and sagacity. 05:05 – Not all discoveries are immediately realized or understood. Winston Churchill – “Men occasionally stumble over the truth, but most of them pick themselves up and hurry off as if nothing had happened”. Penicillin and LSD examples. The dangers of being dogmatic without leaving room for the unexpected. 06:53 – Central theme of the book–How do you foster that serendipitous mindset? Nassim Taleb says that serendipity comes from chance encounters, like a cocktail party. The potential gain from a chance encounter is worth the effort of stepping outside your comfort zone. 07:42 – Trying to harness serendipity for your own benefit. Serendipity through disorder and randomness. Investigating how scientists can foster serendipity in their lab work and how academia and education and research grants, peer review could change because of that. 09:41 – Normal vs revolutionary science, Meyers is dismissive of puzzle solving. Normal science is making incremental improvements on existing knowledge, whereas serendipity fosters revolutionary discoveries as they come from a change in the ordinary methods. 10:51 – Two stages to serendipity. You need something unusual to happen and you have to recognize it to take advantage of it too. 11:21 – Innovation departments rarely come up with paradigm-shifting ideas and products. Need a certain mindset to make the most of these opportunities. Reason, intuition and imagination. Too much experience in a field can cloud your judgement on new ideas. 13:51 – The book is primarily about serendipity in medicine and science but it can be applied to most fields. Breaking out of the norm and finding inspiration for innovation in other industries. Looking at magazines to apply to blog copywriting. 15:33 – "Analogical thinking has certainly been a cornerstone of science." Another theme in the book is looking for one thing but ending up on a totally different path. All of the people making discoveries seemed to have a level of independence in their research to follow a new path when it interests them. The narrative fallacy involved in serendipitous scientific discovery or startups growth. 17:40 – Alexander Fleming and discovery of Penicillin as anti-bacterial.  Fleming said that if he was working on a research team at the time it would have been ignored as it wasn’t what he was working on. Being free allows you to pursue these anomalies. 19:04 – Darwin and the finches in the Galapagos. Being told to go and study something brings different results than if you’re free to follow your own curiosity. The constraints of research impose harmful limits on discoveries. 19:54 – Structure of the book is Introduction of the premise, 30+ chapters of examples and the conclusion. Myers suggests at the end of the book that the structure for scientific research and funding is counter to the ability for these serendipitous events to happen. 20:50 – More on Fleming and Penicillin. Odds of it happening were astronomically low. He was away for two weeks and on returning and viewing his petri dishes on his desk discovered an anti-bacterial zone around the mold. It wasn’t until 7 years later that another researcher realized what he had found. 23:09 – For Fleming it took a number of environmental factors that allowed Penicillin to be discovered at all: heat, location, time. Penicillin wasn’t originally pitched as a drug, originally suggested as a way to isolate bacterial colonies. Then there was the huge scale up and production process of the drug. Peoria (IL), the role of corn syrup, and the mold discovered by chance. 29:00 – Bonus Material Discussion, Aquatic Apes, Patreon, future episode ideas. 29:52 – Causes of ulcers, used to be thought of as stress and spicy food. Discovery that it is caused by bacteria in 1981. Marshall ran an experiment on himself to take the bacteria, give himself ulcers and cure himself with antibiotics. Pharmaceutical industry had a strong incentive to not prove this as the cause, current drugs of acid inhibitors were reaching sales of $6 Billion dollars in 1992. 35:04 – Pharma companies lobbying to decrease acceptable cholesterol ranges to induce more people into treatments. Changing opinions of statins within last 10 years. Effects of low cholesterol on longevity, links to all-cause mortality. Reducing cholesterol and precursors to creating testosterone in diet has lead to a reduction in testosterone and erectile dysfunction requiring a need for Viagra. 39:59 – What are we currently doing in society now that we will look back on and question in the future? Possible future problems associated with over consumption of social media. Mental and physical health complaints are unknown. 41:53 – Pull away in society from open sharing, moving towards private communities. Effectiveness of diets, feeling good vs having long term health benefits. Benefits of adopting a new diet may be equal to reducing other harmful choices – like stopping drinking for a month. The changing conventions of meal-times, quality of dog food, college debt. 47:12 – Tangent. Education and the need to change the K through 12 program instead of starting with College reform. The benefits of private vs public school. Mixing with different socioeconomic backgrounds, expense of private school. Both build very different sets of social and academic skills. Bay Area dystopia, where citizens pay lots in taxes that go into public schools, but parents end choosing private ones. 55:53 – Chemical weapons, World Wars and the changing use of toxins into cures. Bombing a ship leading to the first chemo treatments for cancer. North Korea and the development of nuclear tech (more info in the Bonus material). Google health trends being able to predict health outbreaks based on search volume. Sex hormones and noticing the change of tumors in animals after castration. 01:07:55 – Consequences of controversial testing on wartime prisoners that have given us useful data. Study of African-American men with syphilis, they were told they were having free medical treatment but they were mislead and were being studied for the untreated effects of syphilis over 40 years. Possibilities of current testing on prisoners or other conspiracies. 01:11:52 – History of Thalidomide being marketed as a sedative and pain management. Widely distributed before it was realized it had the side effect of severely inhibiting fetal development. U.S avoided this because the FDA already setup due to a drug being administered alongside Diethyl Glycol which was toxic, killing over 100 children. Testing required before products could be marketed. Thalidomide now used as an anti-cancer drug as it inhibits new blood vessel growth. 01:15:05 – Acne treatments and the imbalanced side-effects on fertility. Use of cleanser on the face strips natural oils. Use of antibiotics for acne which causes destruction of the microbiome. Latex gloves that may transmit more bacteria than your hands. Effects of steroids and keto on curing eczema. Nat not using shampoo even after a Spartan race. Body naturally cleansing. 01:21:06 – Tangents, aquatic apes, blockchain, negative reviews. 01:21:59 – Heart chapter and testing of catheterization. Self-experimentation and the need to prove theories. Ostracism and dangerous procedures. 01:24:44 – Viagra, originally for treating angina, it was found that this medication increased blood flow and became a cure for impotence – renamed to erectile dysfunction. Self-experimentation on erectile dysfunction. "The annual scientific meeting of the American Urologic Association is usually a pretty staid Affair but one meeting has entered the annals of folklore in the early 1980s. During the course of his lecture on the effectiveness of injecting substances directly into the penis to increase blood flow one urologist announced that he had performed such injections on himself only an hour earlier. Stepping from behind the lectern and he dropped his trousers and proudly demonstrated to the audience his own erect manhood. Urologists who attended this meeting still shake their heads at the memory." 01:28:00 – The power of names and the words used, like pro-life and pro-choice. How you phrase something changes the impact. Pharmaceuticals changing the names of conditions to promote sales of new drugs. Sales of Viagra were $780 Million in the first 9 months of 1998. 01:30:02 – 1% of women take Viagra to increase arousal and sensation and orgasm strength. Netflix’s biggest competitor is sleep, Viagra’s biggest competitor is death. 01:31:48 – Cholesterol testing on rabbits. Cholesterol data seems outdated with the book being 11 years old. Comparison of Chinese soldiers and lifestyle and diet. Lack of nutrition education in Doctors, mostly educated by pharmaceutical companies. People seem to want to take a pill rather than change their lifestyle or diet and doctors have lack of trust in the patient that they will try to improve their own situation. 01:38:07 – Psychiatric stuff. Hoffman discovering LSD by accidentally pouring it over his skin. LSD microdosing experiences. 01:42:40 – Tangents on kayaking, LSD microdosing and the Made You Think – Patreon $1000 Tier. 01:43:06 – Conclusion. Modern sciences are antithetical to the process of serendipity and how our institutions penalize our ability to take advantage of it. Government contracts and grants impose constraints. If you're getting money to research a specific topic you will be disincentivized from exploring things that deviates. If you're a free agent, then you can run down those rabbit holes. 01:44:31 – Peer reviews. Most businesses are judged by their customers but academia is judged solely by their peers. Ostracism as a consequence of investigating fringe theories. Direct to consumer advertising for drugs. Diseases and disorders that seems to be created and renamed just to increase drug sales. Long terms effects of drugs. 01:52:19 – On Patreon you get all kinds of goodies. Bonus materials, detailed notes for each episode and book highlights. You get a space to discuss the show with both of us. You can also join for our monthly live Hangouts. If you join the $1000 a month tier you can join us for a major excursion – Made You Trip! 01:54:57 – Patreon is a great way to support the show and let us keep doing this ad free. So we don't have to break up the episode with ads and we keep rolling with the tangents. 01:55:48 – Leave a review on iTunes that is super helpful for us because we show up as a recommended podcast and also is a great way for us to book guests. Other ways to support the show, you can go MadeYouThinkPodcast.com/support and tell your friends. 01:57:58 – If you want to talk to us, you can talk to us on Twitter anytime. I'm @TheRealNeilS and I am @NatEliason. If you're shopping on Amazon click through on our link. We super appreciate that.  All right, we will see everyone next week. See you guys next time. If you enjoyed this episode, don’t forget to subscribe at https://madeyouthinkpodcast.com

This is the wrap-up video for this month's book club where we read The Structure of Scientific Revolutions by Thomas S. Kuhn. About the book: This is the wrap up video for this mont's book club where we read The Structure of Scientific Revolutions by Thomas S. Kuhn. American historian and philosopher of science, Kuhn was a leading contributor to the change of focus in the philosophy and sociology of science in the 1960s. He taught at Harvard, the University of California at Berkeley, Princeton University, and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). In 1962, Kuhn published The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, which depicted the development of the basic natural sciences in an innovative way. According to Kuhn, the sciences do not uniformly progress strictly by scientific method.

    إن أعجبك البودكاست، بإمكانك دعم ريبلز على باتريون هنا: https://www.patreon.com/Ripples  أو على بي-بال هنا: https://www.paypal.me/RipplesQM موقع كلام فلسفة: https://kalamfalsfa.wordpress.com اشترك بكلام فلسفة على يوتيوب: https://goo.gl/FnEj7m ريبلز على اليوتيوب: https://goo.gl/aO4oFy مواضيع الحلقة مع التوقيت: بدايةً تقديم شامل للحوار 00:03:39 دوافع مشروع كلام فلسفة، مبادئه وأهدافه 00:27:49 ماذا تعني كلمة فلسفة؟ 00:40:57 ما هو دور الفلسفة في الحياة؟ 00:44:06 هل الفلسفة رفاهية؟ 00:52:51 هل ماتت الفلسفة؟ 00:56:04 هل هنالك خطّ فاصل بين العلم وفلسفة؟ 01:10:50 كيف يغير العلم الفلسفة؟ 01:12:59 هل تؤثر الفلسفة على العلم؟ 01:36:34 أثر فلسفة الأخلاق على العلم، الإيثك بوردز بالجامعات كنموذج 01:38:19 هل سيقدم العلم يوماً ما اجوبة مسندة بالدليل لكل المعضلات الاخلاقية؟ 01:42:38 ما الذي يمكن اعتباره فلسفةغير فلسفة في التراث الفكري الاسلامي؟ 01:48:49 هل حررتنا فيزياء الكمّ من الجبرية وأصبح الإنسان مخلوقاً حراً؟ 01:57:52 هل يقود العلم بالضرورة لفلسفة عدميّة؟  روابط لكل ما ذكر في الحلقة (مع توقيت ذكرها): 00:04:52 حلقة إشكالية الحقيقة من كلام فلسفة: https://goo.gl/ZLfs3Q  00:15:10 حلقة إشكالية الوجود فى الفلسفة الاسلامية من كلام فلسفة، (حوار تخيلي بين ابن رشد وأبو حامد محمد الغزالي): https://goo.gl/dzBg9Y 00:49:17 ورقة الثقب Holes by David and Stephanie Lewis: https://goo.gl/KMD86L 01:13:22 The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Thomas S. Kuhn: https://goo.gl/4Ntyu4 01:17:58 EPR paradox : https://goo.gl/lOqzvt 01:24:02 How Hippies saved Physics, amazon link: https://goo.gl/8uppNX 01:28:23 Defining Life: https://goo.gl/wHQr7M 01:37:45 حلقة ريبلز: تجربة سجن ستانفورد: https://goo.gl/yPgoMr 01:39:14 سلسلة الأخلاق من كلام فلسفة: https://goo.gl/t2CSjd حلقة ريبلز، أصل الأحلاق تطوريّاً: 1: https://goo.gl/z2kwxZ 2: https://goo.gl/Myefcv  01:49:15 سلسلة الإرادة الحرة من ريبلز: https://goo.gl/XowUB9

Thomas S. Kuhn rekonstruierte die Revolution in der Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften, die um 1900 durch Max Planck und Albert Einstein von Berlin aus ihren Anfang nahm.

Thomas S. Kuhn rekonstruierte die Revolution in der Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften, die um 1900 durch Max Planck und Albert Einstein von Berlin aus ihren Anfang nahm.

Verschwörungsspezial 1 Die Repilienmenschen stiegen aus der Hohlerde empor und planen die Weltherrschaft an sich zu reißen, indem sie durch die Medien unsere Gehirne manipulieren. Zwei von ihnen, der Tante Günna und Jack Hinks, sind heute bei uns, um auch euch umzuprogrammieren. In heiterer Runde sprechen wir über Verschwörungstheorien und wie sowas passieren kann. Natürlich ist das ein weites Feld und wir können nicht alles klären und so konnte Günther z.B. die Thesen von Ulrich Herbert nur stark verkürzt wiedergeben. Wer es genauer wissen möchte, werfe bitte einen Blick in die Literaturliste unten. Doch keine Sorge: Fortsetzung folgt! Podcast herunterladen 00:00:00 Intro/Begrüßung/Thema 00:03:43 Ist das eine Verschwörung? 00:09:10 Unterdrückung und der Nektar der Weisheit 00:14:35 Fragestellungen 00:20:02 Bin ich ein Verschwörungstheoretiker? 00:24:58 Der öffentlichen Diskurs 00:31:55 Es war einmal... die Bipolarität 00:36:05 Kontrolle! 00:45:40 Die geheimen Machenschafter geheimer Geheimdienste 00:47:10 Antiamerikanismus 00:52:30 Kaffeepause und die erfundene Mondlandung 01:02:33 "Lügenpresse" und "vertrauenswürdige" Youtuber 01:35:33 Ockhams Rasiermesser 01:39:40 Indizien, Diskussionen und Doktortitel 01:51:30 Faktenkenntnis 01:59:25 Lieblingstheorien 02:03:15 Zusammenhang zwischen Staatsform und Verschwörungstheorien 02:04:22 Mustererkennung 02:08:04 Wer bin ich und was glaube ich? 02:19:09 Abschied/Outro Tante Günnas Literaturtipps: Internetlinks: Deutschlandradio Kultur: Deutsche haben verzerrtes Bild von Nazi-Zeit Deutschlandradio Kultur: Holocaust - Wie soll man sich nach 70 Jahren verhalten? The European: Alles Lüge! FAZ: Im Netz der Wutbürger und Verschwörungstheoretiker NZZ: Die Stimmen des digitalen Untergrunds Bücher Wolfgang Benz: Der Holocaust (Beck'sche reihe) 2014 Ders: Legenden, Lügen, Vorurteile. Ein Wörterbuch zur Zeitgeschichte; 1995 Daniel Jonah Goldhagen: Hitlers willige Vollstrecker: Ganz gewöhnliche Deutsche und der Holocaust Broschiert; 2012 Wilfried von Bredow & Thomas Noetzel: Politische Urteilskraft; 2009 Hubert Schleichert: Wie man mit Fundamentalisten diskutiert, ohne den Verstand zu verlieren: Anleitung zum subversiven Denken (Beck'sche Reihe); 2011 Karl Hepfer: Verschwörungstheorien: Eine philosophische Kritik der Unvernunft (Edition Moderne Postmoderne); 2015 Siegfried Schieder: Theorien der Internationalen Beziehungen (Uni-Taschenbücher); 2010 Frank Schimmelfennig: Internationale Politik; 2012 Thomas S. Kuhn: Die Struktur wissenschaftlicher Revolutionen (suhrkamp taschenbuch wissenschaft)1996 Hans Poser: Wissenschaftstheorie: Eine philosophische Einführung; 2012

Lors du dernier épisode (non hors-série) de LisezLaScience, j’avais parlé du livre d’Étienne Klein “Le Temps (qui parle?)” où il tentait de répondre aux questions d’enfants sur le temps, la manière dont il s’écoule et celle avec laquelle il fuit entre les doigts, avec ce regard de physicien et philosophe spécialiste du sujet qu’on lui connait.Comme l’explique Étienne Klein dans ses différents ouvrages, l’évolution de la conception du temps a accompagné la science, et ses révolutions, depuis que l’Homme s’intéresse au monde qui l’entoure. Ces révolutions, leur fonctionnement et leur structuration, ont été théorisées et Thomas Kuhn a apporté sa pierre à ces réflexions via son livre “La Structure Des Révolutions Scientifiques” dont nous allons parler aujourd’hui. L’auteur va ainsi aborder dans cet ouvrage comment ces révolutions scientifiques se sont construites et comment les paradigmes évoluent bien différemment de ce que l’on pourrait penser de prime abord. Sommaire Quelques mots sur Thomas Kuhn Le livre “La Structure Des Révolutions Scientifiques” Un livre qui n’a rien à voir Un livre que j’aimerais lire PlugsUn auteurThomas Kuhn est un philosophe des sciences américain du XXème siècle. Issu d’Harvard où il étudia la physique, il obtient son doctorat en 1949 et enseigna notamment l’histoire des sciences que ce fut à Harvard, à Berkeley ou encore à Princeton et au MIT.Au cours de sa carrière il reçu diverses distinctions comme le prix Howard Behrman en 1977, la médaille Sarton (décernée par la History of Science Society) en 1982 ainsi que le prix de la Society for social Studies of Science en 1983.Le livre pour lequel il reste le plus connu est “La Structure des Révolutions Scientifiques” qui fut écrit du temps où il était à Harvard en 1962.Le propos que Thomas Kuhn défend dans cet ouvrage, et qui fut assurément ce pour quoi il est le plus connu, est celui de changement de paradigmes scientifiques qui est selon lui à la base des notions de révolution scientifique. Selon lui les domaines scientifiques n’évoluent pas d’une manière linéaire et continue, mais d’une manière discontinue. Les discontinuités seront ces fameux changements de paradigmes.Ce concept de changement de paradigme a été tellement important pour l’histoire des sciences, qu’un prix nommé “Thomas Kuhn Paradigm Shift Award” a été créé. Ce prix vise à récompenser les scientifiques présentants des théories originales, et dont la nouveauté de point de vue pourraient avoir des impacts importants si ces théories étaient acceptées largement.En dehors de “La structure des révolutions scientifiques”, voici quelques-uns des ouvrages les plus connus de Thomas Kuhn : “The Copernican Revolution: Planetary Astronomy in the Development of Western Thought” paru en 1957, “The Function of Measurement in Modern Physical Science” paru en 1961, “The Essential Tension: Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change” paru en 1977 ou encore “Black-Body Theory and the Quantum Discontinuity, 1894-1912” paru en 1978.Un livreAvant-proposCe livre, “La structure des révolutions scientifiques”, a été traduit en seize langues et vendu à plus d’un million d’exemplaires. Ce n’est pas rien quand même ! À vrai dire ce livre est même une référence pour un grand nombre de personne, notamment parce ce qu’il a remis en cause une vision de l’évolution de la science qui finalement ne collait pas à la réalité de son histoire en introduisant des concepts qui sont aujourd’hui des bases pour l’étude des sciences : théorie, paradigme, crise, révolution, etc.Avant d’aborder le livre en lui-même je voulais aussi mentionner quelque chose qui est apparu lorsque j’ai fait quelques recherches sur la vie de Thomas Kuhn. Il semblerait, mais je ne suis pas un spécialiste du sujet et donc je mentionne cela pour rester complet sur la question, que les idées qu’il défend dans ses thèses sur la structure des révolutions scientifiques (pour paraphraser le titre du livre d’aujourd’hui) ou sur la manière dont les sciences sont construites, aient été proposées, avec un autre vocabulaire peut-être, par un certain Michael Polanyi, plusieurs années avant lui. Vous pouvez jeter un coup d’oeil sur la section dédiée de la page Wikipédia de Thomas Kuhn (en anglais) pour en savoir plus sur le sujet.La revueThomas Kuhn va tout d’abord décrire dans l’introduction la problématique qui est, d’une certaine manière, sous-jacente au travail qu’il réalise à travers ce livre : certaines découvertes, certaines nouvelles théories posent problèmes aux historiens des sciences. En effet, elles ne s’inscrivent pas dans une évolution de la science par accumulation de découvertes, d’informations ou de précisions dans les expériences.L’opinion de Thomas Kuhn est que la vision de la science, de ses concepts et de son évolution doit évoluer. Selon lui, les façons de la décrire jusqu’ici ne permettent pas de considérer de manière pertinente la jeunesse de nouvelles théories, la façon de considérer les expériences qui les font apparaître et les évènements qui les font remplacer les anciennes et devenir les standards pour les années suivantes.Il faut bien noter que ce livre date des années soixante et que certains de ces concepts vous sont peut-être devenus familiers. Mais à l’époque ceci n’était pas le cas et le livre permet d’en prendre toute la mesure.Pour structurer son propos, Thomas Kuhn commence tout d’abord par présenter la notion de science “normale”. Ceci lui permet ainsi de clarifier ce que l’on entend par là : le corpus de théories acceptées à l’instant présent et qui forment les modèles sur lesquels la science se base pour ses prédictions, auxquels adhèrent des groupes suffisamment grands pour former un consensus au sein de la communauté scientifique et définir des problèmes restants à résoudre, etc.Arriver à cette science normale et établie n’est pas chose aisée, et Thomas Kuhn donne un grand nombre d’exemples pour expliquer qu’une jeune théorie est souvent accompagnée de nombreuses théories opposées desquelles elle va s’extraire. La théorie de l’électricité au XVIIIème siècle est un bon cas qui fait apparaître une variété assez grande de points de vue sur ce qu’était le phénomène avant que l’une d’entre elle ne fasse consensus et que les autres disparaissent, la plupart du temps, irrémédiablement.Une fois établie de manière générale ce qu’il entend par “science normale” et la manière qu’elle a d’émerger, Thomas Kuhn déroule son raisonnement sur la manière dont les théories scientifiques se structurent avec notamment le concept, central pour lui, de paradigme. Ce paradigme va ainsi définir plusieurs choses: dans un premier temps “l’ensemble des principes et méthodes partagés par un groupe ou une communauté scientifique” (sic). Ce paradigme va aussi, et de manière plus générale, représenter des lois scientifiques, un ensemble d’expériences validant ce paradigme et structurant une certaine vision du monde, ainsi qu’un ensemble de croyances qui vont y être associées.Une description un peu plus longue de la notion de paradigme peut d’ailleurs être retrouvée chez philosciences.comDe manière corollaire, un paradigme va définir un certain nombre d’expériences permettant de le mettre en évidence. À côté de celles-ci d’autres vont soulever des problèmes car elles ne pourront pas être intégrées à la théorie associée au paradigme. Ces expériences, seront potentiellement plus tard la graine qui amenera à l’apparition “d’anomalies et de découvertes scientifiques” comme le dit Kuhn. Il donne ainsi l’exemple de diverses expériences réalisées durant le XVIIIème siècle qui ont conduit à la découverte, au même moment et par plusieurs scientifiques en même temps, du fait que l’oxygène était un gaz qui ne collait pas avec la théorie chimique des gaz de l’époque, celle du phlogistique. Priestley et Lavoisier ont ainsi été les scientifiques à l’oeuvre pour amener un nouveau paradigme dans le domaine. Ces diverses découvertes, à partir du moment où elles sont admises vont remettre en cause le paradigme et faire naître une crise dans la science en question.Des crises plus profondes peuvent aussi naître de changement plus massifs. Changements qui ne sont finalement que l’aboutissement de petites craquelures tout au long de l’existence du paradigme. Et à force d’accumulation, ces changements vont pousser à la création d’un nouveau paradigme basé sur une théorie structurellement différente. Le genre de paradigme que Kuhn cite pour illustrer son propos serait ceux des diverses théories de mécanique célestre de Ptolémée, Galillé et ensuite Newton. L’apparition d’une crise résulte finalement d’une incapacité du paradigme “mourant” à permettre par exemple un certain niveau de précision dans les applications concrètes, la résolution de problèmes et la science expérimentale.Selon Thomas Kuhn ce sont ces énigmes, érigées en tant que source de crise, qui permettent l’apparition de nouveaux paradigmes. Nées de problèmes rencontrés par le paradigme actuel, elles vont devenir des éléments centraux pour le nouveau paradigme entrant, malgré les ajouts ad hoc que les résistants de l’ancien paradigme seront amenés à tenter d’apporter pour le conserver.C’est ce changement nécessaire de paradigme, perçu par une communauté toujours plus croissante, qui impose la mise en place d’un nouveau paradigme (ce fameux paradigm shift dont on peut parfois entendre parler) pour répondre aux problèmes, énigmes, etc qui sont posés, par l’environnement et les expériences, à l’ancien paradigme qui ne saurait y trouver des réponses. Il est bon de noter que l’on parle aussi de révolution, car c’est ce que l’on a aussi tendance à dire pour ce paradigme shift, lors que “une connaissance nouvelle remplace l’ignorance, au lieu de remplacer une connaissance différente et incompatible” pour citer Kuhn.Un point que Kuhn ne cesse de répéter, et qui est central dans cette notion de changement de paradigme, c’est que “les différences entre paradigmes successifs sont nécessaires et irréconciliables”. Est-ce d’ailleurs à cause de ces différences fondamentales ou des nouveaux problèmes que le nouveau paradigme peut résoudre que ce shift se produit ? Toujours est-il que la vision du monde qui se trouve révélée change totalement. En effet, le prisme à travers nous étudions le monde, nous le classifions, se transforme et peut donner une image nouvelle. Les scientifiques ne voyaient que des trajectoires irrémédiables dans un temps et un espace fixes, et maintenant ceux-ci s’influent mutuellement de manière dynamique. L’atome n’est plus un système planétaire, mais un système dont les électrons ont des probabilités définies de se trouver à un endroit ou à un autre.Un point qui pourrait être remonté par certains d’entre vous serait : il est ici question de révolution, mais elle nous semblait invisible : comment cela se fait-il ? De là d’ailleurs proviendrait peut-être, selon Kuhn, l’idée fausse que la science se serait construite de manière accumulative.Comment cette invisibilité a-t-elle pu exister ? Selon Kuhn cela provient du fait que chaque paradigme produit, une fois la révolution intégrée, son corpus de manuels, de source d’informations sur les lois, le cadre, etc que le paradigme défini. Et les éléments associés toujours valables ou pertinent dans l’histoire des anciens paradigmes, ses scientifiques renommés et de référence, se retrouvent intégrés et cités dans les manuels des nouveaux paradigmes. L’Histoire de l’évolution de la science se trouvant souvent reléguée aux introductions et références obscures, se retrouve la plupart du temps réécrite à l’aune du nouveau paradigme en vigueur.Pour finir Thomas Kuhn revient sur la manière dont il y a passage d’un paradigme à l’autre. Il lui semble complexe de dire que la “conversion” des scientifiques de l’un à l’autre se fasse de manière naturelle. Après tout, chacun des paradigmes, l’ancien et le nouveau, exprime une vision du monde différente, un ensemble de règles et de lois distinctes. Les scientifiques qui vont être des défenseurs de l’un ou de l’autre ne sauraient être convaincus par la logique de changer, car leurs arguments seraient exprimés dans leur propre système de référence. Selon Kuhn, seules les performances supérieures dans la résolution des problèmes d’un paradigme pourraient être une base pour permettre cette conversion. Et cependant ce n’est parfois d’ailleurs pas suffisant : la théorie copernicienne n’amenait par exemple pas une précision incommensurablent meilleure quand elle fut avancée. Il est souvent nécessaire de pouvoir, en plus, résoudre ou amener une lumière sur d’autres éléments qui n’étaient pas considérés par le paradigme précédent. Tout ceci sans parler de l’esthétique qui joue aussi un grand rôle dans l’acceptation des nouveaux paradigme.En conclusionLe livre de Thomas Kuhn, “La Structure des Révolutions Scientifiques” est un ouvrage qui fait référence sur la manière d’aborder les changements de paradigme dans les sciences. Même ce mot de paradigme est devenu maintenant un incontournable de la science quand il est question de résultat d’expérience ou de percée théorique amenant un regard (véritablement ou non) nouveau sur le champ étudié.On pourra, à titre de dérive, citer la communication, limite marketing de marque de lessive, de certains média grands publics à vouloir parler de révolution pour tout et n’importe quoi. Mais il s’agit plus de cette fameuse dérive que d’une réalité du point de vue des chercheurs je pense.Il est d’ailleurs étonnant de voir avec quelles précautions Thomas Kuhn débute son livre. Comme si il avait peur que son point de vue soit trop “révolutionnaire” et ne remette trop en cause le système de pensée de l’époque. Est-ce peut-être plutôt une grande humilité de sa part plutôt qu’une crainte de se voir rabrouer par la communauté scientifique de l’époque? Je ne saurais le dire ne connaissant pas assez le personnage.La première partie du livre est un peu difficile à aborder. Il est vrai qu’il s’agit de la mise en place des termes et concepts de base. Mais ceci permet de fixer les bases des développements suivant et les exemples données, tout au long du livre, en font un objet de réflexions intenses sur la structure de la science. Ceci me fait d’ailleurs dire que, pouvoir comprendre la construction des concepts et des éléments sous-jacents qui ont amené les révolutions scientifiques, permet de mieux se figurer le fonctionnement de la science. Parfois, redonner du sens à ce qui est enseigner peut, peut-être, aider les étudiants à mieux comprendre et prendre du plaisir d'apprendre et faire la science.En tout cas un livre que je recommande pour qui souhaite comprendre comment la science se construit et avance.Un livre qui n’a rien à voirAujourd’hui, comme livre qui n’a rien à voir, je vous propose “Science minute” de Hazel Muir. Ce livre se place dans une collection de livres visant à fournir en deux pages (une de texte et une autre d’illustration du concept associé) de l’information sur un sujet en particulier. Celui-ci est sur la science en général et aborde divers thèmes : Géologie, Biologie, Physique des particules, etc. Dans cette collection on retrouve notamment “Mathématiques minute” de Paul Glendinning, “Philosophy in Minutes” de Marcus Weeks ou encore “Economics in Minutes” de Niall Kishtainy. C’est un petit livre (en taille), mais pas en nombre de page, et je trouve que c’est plutôt bien mené ! Cet objectif est plus difficilement réalisé dans “Mathématiques minutes” je trouve, où l’on se retrouve rapidement avec des concepts plutôt complexe à intégrer en peu de lignes. La spécifité du domaine considéré dans ce dernier est peut-être la raison première de cette différence. De mon côté j’ai lu la version anglaise, mais apparemment des traductions commencent à apparaître pour certains des livres. En tout cas, si vous lisez l’anglais (ou que vous achetez la version française) et que vous voulez avoir une description rapide des concepts scientifiques définis comme les plus importants par Hazel Muir, allez-y!Un livre que j’aimerais lire Aujourd’hui, le livre que j’aimerais lire est “The Information: A History, A Theory, A Flood” de James Gleick. Je vous ai déjà parlé de lui dans un précédent épisode à propos de son livre sur la théorie du Chaos et je suis un grand fan : cet homme-là est fantastique !Ici il présente, en un ouvrage, ce qu’il est important de savoir sur la notion d’information, la théorie associée et la façon dont elle a structurée l’Homme avec un grand H. Au cours de ce livre il est censé aborder les divers femmes et hommes qui ont fait partie de cette histoire de l’information comme Ada Lovelace, Charles Babbage ou encore Claude Shannon.J’ai eu la chance d’échanger par mail avec James Gleick et il m’a dit qu’une version française de ce livre devait sortir, mais je n’ai pas pu attendre et j’ai profité d’un voyage aux États-Unis pour l’acheter !Plugs et liens évoquésSi vous souhaitez en savoir plus sur Thomas Kuhn, je vous propose de jeter un coup d’oeil aux pages Wikipédia associées sur la version française : http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Samuel_Kuhn et anglaise : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn Lors de l’épisode #272 de Scepticisme Scientifique, Jean-Michel Abrassart a donné quelques références de lectures de psychologie anomalistique et de parapsychologie. Si ce sont des sujets qui vous intéressent, je vous conseille grandement son écoute : http://pangolia.com/blog/?p=1808 Lors de l’épisode #17 d’Anthropodcast, Jonathan Maitrot nous présente 7 livres sur l’anthropologie. Si il s’agit de l’un des sujets à propos duquel nous souhaiteriez avoir plus d’infos, je ne peux que vous enjoindre à aller l’écouter : http://www.anthropodcast.fr/livres-a-lire-en-anthropologie-pour-debuter/ Pour ceux qui ne suivraient que le podcast, vous pouvez aussi retrouver un billet sur le site à propos de Booklabpodcast ici : Découvrez des livres de science en anglais avec Booklabpodcast. Il s’agit d’un podcast en anglais mené par Dan Falk (auteur d’ouvrages variés comme The Science of Shakespeare ou Universe on a T-Shirt ou encore journaliste pour le New Scientist, le Globe, le Mail) et Amanda Gefter (elle écrit sur la physique, la cosmologie, comme dans Trespassing on Einstein’s Lawn et est une consultante pour le New Scientist ou encore Scientific American). C’est un podcast que m’a fait découvrir NicoTupe et pour ceux qui ne sont pas repoussés par l’anglais les épisodes sont de bonne qualité et on peut découvrir des livres de science qui ne sont pas (encore) abordés sur LisezLaScience! Pour avoir écouté tous les (4) épisodes, vous pouvez y aller les yeux fermés. Vous pouvez bien sûr suivre le podcast ainsi que ces deux co-créateurs sur les comptes twitter respectifs : @booklabpodcast @danfalk et @amandagefter Et n’oubliez pas, le 21/03 se déroulera l’évènement Lyon Science 2015 ! Ce sera un moment fun et décontracté où vous pourrez en apprendre beaucoup sur la science à la lyonnaise. Cela se déroulera sur Lyon en compagnie de membres de Podcastscience (Nico, Julie et Alan), du Café des Sciences (Taupo, Mr Pourquoi, Vincent ou encore Emilie Neveu), de membres de Strip Science comme Mel et des amateurs de sciences comme Swoog ou moi-même. Nous aurons enfin la chance d’accueil comme grand témoin Simon Meyer, le directeur du planétarium de Vaulx-en-Velin. Il nous parlera de lui, de la vulgarisation et du travail de gestion d’un lieu culturel et scientifique comme le planétarium. Pour plus d’infos vous pouvez suivre le compte twitter de Lyon Science : @LyonSciFr aller sur le site dédié lyon-science.fr ou vous rendre sur la page Facebook associée LyonScience. Description un peu plus longue de la notion de paradigme chez Kuhn : http://www.philosciences.com/General/Kuhn.htmlConclusionLes révolutions sont des phénomènes qui peuvent intervenir dans le monde, mais aussi en nous. Et que l’on aime cela ou pas, il est toujours important de pouvoir se positionner : à propos des révolutions comme à propos de ce podcast ! Alors n’hésitez pas : Envoyez-moi des e-mails, des commentaires sur la page iTunes (c’est une bonne façon de faire connaître le podcast), des likes sur la page Facebook, des tweets, des retweets, en me donnant un coupe-branche neuf pour tailler un arbre, ou en m’envoyant l’oeuvre complète de Jean-Pierre Luminet, si jamais vous vous préfériez vous en servir comme brouillon pour les dessins de vos enfants.Si vous cherchez LisezLaScience sur internet, vous pouvez retrouver le podcast sur son site web http://lisezlascience.wordpress.com ou vous pouvez me contacter sur twitter sur @LisezLaScience ou sur la page Facebook https://www.facebook.com/LisezLaScienceConcernant le flux, il est accessible sur podcloud http://lisezlascience.podcloud.fr/ (merci les gars!), et sur podcastpedia podcastpedia.org/LisezLaScienceVous pouvez aussi m’envoyer des e-mails à lisezlascience@gmail.comVous pouvez enfin retrouver l’ensemble des livres cités sur la liste goodreads associée à ce podcast sur le compte de LisezLaScience. Les livres seront placés sur des “étagères” spécifiques par épisode et ceux de celui-ci sont sur l’étagère “lls-11” : https://www.goodreads.com/review/list/30797714-lisezlascience?shelf=lls-11Prochain épisodePour ceux qui seront le 21/03 à Lyon, je vous retrouver pour l’évènement Lyon Science 2015, et pour les autres, on se retrouve le 29/03/2015 pour un nouvel épisode sur le livre “Abominable Science” de Luxton et Prothero dont je vous parlerai avec un invité spécial !D’ici là à bientôt à toutes et à tous.Les références des livres évoquésLa structure des révolutions scientifiquesISBN : 2081214857 (ISBN13 : 978-2081214859) Auteur : Thomas S. Kuhn Nombre de pages : 284 pages Date de parution : 14/05/2008 chez Flammarion Prix : 8,20€ chez Amazon et à la Fnac Science minute (anciennement Science in seconds)ISBN : 2849332984 (ISBN13 : 978-2849332986) Auteur : Hazel Muir Nombre de pages : 415 pages Date de parution : 10/03/2014 chez Editions Contre-dires Prix : 12,90€ chez Amazon et à la Fnac The Information: A History, A Theory, A FloodISBN : 0007225741 (ISBN13 : 978-0007225743) Auteur : James Gleick Nombre de pages : 544 pages Date de parution : 01/03/2012 chez Fourth Estate Prix : 9,18€ chez Amazon et à la Fnac