Podcasts about Norbert Wiener

In this episode of Hunger for Wholeness, Ilia Delio speaks with scholar Robert Geraci about apocalyptic AI, robotics, transhumanist hope, and the religious stories embedded in technological imagination. Geraci traces how his study of robotics led him to notice strikingly religious themes in the writings of engineers and futurists: immortality, resurrection, salvation, and the future transformation of humanity.Together, Ilia and Robert explore the mid-20th-century roots of computer intelligence, the shadow of world war, and the deep eschatological hopes and fears that shaped early conversations about machines, minds, and human destiny. They consider how figures such as Hans Moravec, Ray Kurzweil, J. B. S. Haldane, Julian Huxley, Norbert Wiener, and Alan Turing reveal the religious imagination at work within technological culture.Later in the episode, the conversation turns toward technology, ecology, and responsibility. Rather than treating technology as the enemy, Ilia and Robert ask how human beings might reclaim the deeper narratives, values, and forms of belonging needed to guide technological development toward the flourishing of the whole Earth community.ABOUT ROBERT GERACIRobert M Geraci is the Knight Distinguished Chair for the Study of Religion & Culture at Knox College. His research explores religion, science and technology in the contemporary world. He is the author of Apocalyptic AI: Visions of Heaven in Robotics, Artificial Intelligence, and Virtual Reality (Oxford 2010), Virtually Sacred: Myths and Meaning in World of Warcraft and Second Life (Oxford 2014), Temples of Modernity: Nationalism, Hinduism, and Transhumanism in South Indian Science (Lexington 2018), Futures of Artificial Intelligence: Perspectives from India and the U.S. (Oxford 2022), and Futureproofing Humanity: Existential Risk and the Technomyths of Human Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, and Our Future among the Stars (self 2026). He has been a visiting researcher at Carnegie Mellon University's Robotics Institute, the Indian Institute of Science and the National Institute for Advanced Studies in Bangalore, India. His research has been supported by the US National Science Foundation, the Republic of Korea National Research Foundation, the American Academy of Religion and two Fulbright-Nehru research awards. He enjoys kayaking, hiking, videogames, and Dungeons & Dragons but doesn't really have time for any of it. Join us for the Center's 10th Anniversary Conference, November 9–11 in Villanova, Pennsylvania, with a virtual option available. In a time of deep political, social, ecological, and spiritual division, this gathering explores how love can become a compass for transformation. Learn more and register at christogenesis.org/conference. We are currently in the midst of our summer fundraiser, From Fear to Hope: Change and the Perpetual Growth of Life. As the Center marks its tenth anniversary, your support sustains our conferences, webinars, publications, and emerging global learning platform. Please consider making a generous contribution at christogenesis.org/donate.Support the showA huge thank you to all of you who subscribe and support our show! Support for A Hunger for Wholeness comes from the Fetzer Institute. Fetzer supports a movement of organizations who are applying spiritual solutions to society's toughest problems. Get involved at fetzer.org.Visit the Center for Christogenesis' website at christogenesis.org/podcast to browse all Hunger for Wholeness episodes and read more from Ilia Delio.  Follow us on Facebook and Instagram for episode releases and other updates.

Episode: 2901 Norbert Wiener and Cybernetics.  Today, let's talk about Norbert Wiener and cybernetics.

Every AI breakthrough you've heard of, ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini, traces back to a single 1943 paper, and its co-author was a homeless teenage runaway who never finished high school. Walter Pitts taught himself Greek, Latin, and the foundations of modern logic in a Detroit public library, corrected Bertrand Russell's math by letter at age 12, and was taken in by a 45 year old scientist who treated him like a son. He helped found the architecture behind every neural network in existence at 19, and then a single lie destroyed every relationship he had, sending him into a 17 year drinking spiral that ended in a Cambridge boarding house in 1969. In this solo episode, I tell the full story of how Pitts' partnership with neurophysiologist Warren McCulloch produced the unbroken ancestor of the perceptron, backpropagation, and the transformer architecture behind today's large language models, and what happened when a fabricated accusation cut him off from every mentor he had. I lay out the specific conditions, free public libraries, mentors willing to take prodigies seriously, intellectual communities small enough to recognize raw talent, that made a mind like his possible, why those conditions have been dismantled, and what I call the cognitive class war: the widening gap between the small number of people capable of directing artificial intelligence and everyone else whose future it will shape. *Reduce your risk of Alzheimer's with my science-backed protocol for women 30+:*https://go.neuroathletics.com.au/youtube-sales-page Subscribe to The Neuro Experience for evidence-based conversations at the intersection of brain science, longevity, and performance. _____ *TOPICS DISCUSSED*(00:00:00) Intro: The 1943 Paper Behind Every AI Model Today (00:02:53) Walter Pitts Childhood in Depression-Era Detroit (00:03:17) Hiding From Bullies, He Finds Principia Mathematica (00:03:40) A 12-Year-Old Writes to Correct Bertrand Russell (00:06:35) Walter Pitts Meets Warren McCulloch in 1942 (00:08:32) Inside the 1943 Paper That Founded Neural Networks (00:11:17) From the Perceptron to ChatGPT and Claude (00:13:43) Norbert Wiener, MIT, and the Macy Conferences (00:15:05) The 1952 Lie That Destroyed Walter Pitts (00:19:11) Pitts Dies Alone in a Boarding House, 1969 (00:21:46) Five Conditions That Made a Genius Possible (00:24:16) Why Those Conditions No Longer Exist Today (00:33:53) The Cognitive Class War and Who Will Govern AI _______ *Thank you to our sponsors*Cure Hydration: https://www.curehydration.com/ Use code NEURO for 20% offJones Road Beauty: https://www.jonesroadbeauty.com Use code NEURO for a free gift with your orderMomentum: https://momentumshake.com/neuro Get a free Welcome Kit + Travel Collection ($70 value)IQ Bar: https://www.eatiqbar.com/ Text NEURO to 64000 for 20% off plus free shipping _______ I'm Louisa Nicola - clinical neurophysiologist - Alzheimer's prevention specialist - founder of Neuro Athletics. My mission is to translate cutting-edge neuroscience into actionable strategies for cognitive longevity, peak performance, and brain disease prevention.If you're committed to optimizing your brain- reducing Alzheimer's risk - and staying mentally sharp for life, you're in the right place. Stay sharp. Stay informed. Join thousands who subscribe to the Neuro Athletics Newsletter → https://bit.ly/3ewI5P0Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/louisanicola_/Twitter : https://twitter.com/louisanicola_ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Every AI breakthrough you've heard of, ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini, traces back to a single 1943 paper, and its co-author was a homeless teenage runaway who never finished high school. Walter Pitts taught himself Greek, Latin, and the foundations of modern logic in a Detroit public library, corrected Bertrand Russell's math by letter at age 12, and was taken in by a 45 year old scientist who treated him like a son. He helped found the architecture behind every neural network in existence at 19, and then a single lie destroyed every relationship he had, sending him into a 17 year drinking spiral that ended in a Cambridge boarding house in 1969. In this solo episode, I tell the full story of how Pitts' partnership with neurophysiologist Warren McCulloch produced the unbroken ancestor of the perceptron, backpropagation, and the transformer architecture behind today's large language models, and what happened when a fabricated accusation cut him off from every mentor he had. I lay out the specific conditions, free public libraries, mentors willing to take prodigies seriously, intellectual communities small enough to recognize raw talent, that made a mind like his possible, why those conditions have been dismantled, and what I call the cognitive class war: the widening gap between the small number of people capable of directing artificial intelligence and everyone else whose future it will shape. Reduce your risk of Alzheimer's with my science-backed protocol for women 30+: https://go.neuroathletics.com.au/youtube-sales-page Subscribe to The Neuro Experience for evidence-based conversations at the intersection of brain science, longevity, and performance. _____ TOPICS DISCUSSED 00:00 Intro: The 1943 Paper Behind Every AI Model Today 02:53 Walter Pitts Childhood in Depression-Era Detroit 03:17 Hiding From Bullies, He Finds Principia Mathematica 03:40 A 12-Year-Old Writes to Correct Bertrand Russell 06:35 Walter Pitts Meets Warren McCulloch in 1942 08:32 Inside the 1943 Paper That Founded Neural Networks 11:17 From the Perceptron to ChatGPT and Claude 13:43 Norbert Wiener, MIT, and the Macy Conferences 15:05 The 1952 Lie That Destroyed Walter Pitts 19:11 Pitts Dies Alone in a Boarding House, 1969 21:46 Five Conditions That Made a Genius Possible 24:16 Why Those Conditions No Longer Exist Today 33:53 The Cognitive Class War and Who Will Govern AI _______ Thank you to our sponsors Cure Hydration: https://www.curehydration.com/ Use code NEURO for 20% off Jones Road Beauty: https://www.jonesroadbeauty.com Use code NEURO for a free gift with your order Momentum: https://momentumshake.com/neuro Get a free Welcome Kit + Travel Collection ($70 value) IQ Bar: https://www.eatiqbar.com/ Text NEURO to 64000 for 20% off plus free shipping _______ I'm Louisa Nicola - clinical neurophysiologist - Alzheimer's prevention specialist - founder of Neuro Athletics. My mission is to translate cutting-edge neuroscience into actionable strategies for cognitive longevity, peak performance, and brain disease prevention. If you're committed to optimizing your brain- reducing Alzheimer's risk - and staying mentally sharp for life, you're in the right place. Stay sharp. Stay informed. Join thousands who subscribe to the Neuro Athletics Newsletter → https://bit.ly/3ewI5P0 Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/louisanicola_/ Twitter : https://twitter.com/louisanicola_ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Der Begriff „Künstliche Intelligenz“ ist allgegenwärtig. Aber handelt es sich womöglich nur um einen Marketing-Begriff aus den 1950ern? Wir springen zurück ins Jahr 1955 an das Dartmouth College. Der Wissenschaftler John McCarthy hat eine Vision von denkenden Maschinen. Doch er hat ein strategisches Problem: Es fehlt ein einheitlicher, massentauglicher Name für sein Forschungsfeld. Die damalige Tech-Community nutzt sperrige Begriffe wie „Automata Theory“ oder „Complex Information Processing“. Zudem dominiert die „Kybernetik“ unter Norbert Wiener den Diskurs. Um sich von Wieners analogem Ansatz abzugrenzen und die intellektuelle Unabhängigkeit zu sichern, braucht McCarthy einen Akt der Befreiung. Am 31. August 1955 reicht er einen Forschungsantrag bei der Rockefeller Foundation ein und nutzt zum ersten Mal den Begriff „Artificial Intelligence“. Der Name ist pure Science-Fiction, klingt aufregend und besitzt eine enorme Suggestivkraft. Obwohl Fachkollegen wie Allen Newell und Herbert Simon heftig protestieren und das Ganze lieber trocken als „Symbolverarbeitung“ bezeichnen wollen, setzt sich McCarthys Begriff durch. Er wird zum Magneten für Aufmerksamkeit und Forschungsgelder. Key Takeaways Wording bestimmt den Marktwert: Ein Begriff, der Emotionen und Zukunftsvisionen weckt (wie Artificial Intelligence), gewinnt im Ringen um Aufmerksamkeit immer gegen rein administrative Beschreibungen (wie Complex Information Processing). Positionierung durch Abgrenzung: McCarthy schuf eine neue Kategorie, um sich aus dem Schatten des damaligen Branchenprimus (der Kybernetik) zu befreien. Ein klassischer Move im Category Design. Das zweischneidige Schwert des Over-Promise: Wer durch starkes Marketing gigantische Erwartungen schürt, liefert sich einem harten Vergleich aus. Bleiben die realen Ergebnisse hinter dem Hype zurück, droht der Image-Crash. Danke fürs Zuhören!

In this episode of the Crazy Wisdom Podcast, host Stewart Alsop sits down with Larry Swanson, creator of the Knowledge Graph Insights Podcast, for their second conversation together. The two cover a wide range of interconnected topics, starting with a correction Larry makes about the true origin of the term "artificial intelligence," tracing it back to the 1956 Dartmouth Conference and its distinction from Norbert Wiener's cybernetics. From there, the conversation moves through the history and structure of knowledge graphs, ontologies, RDF (Resource Description Framework), and the W3C standards process, touching on concepts like the T-box, A-box, and C-box, as well as the 25th anniversary of the Semantic Web paper. Stewart and Larry also dig into the limitations of large language models — particularly around reasoning, confabulation, and what Larry describes as "cognitive surrender" — and why symbolic AI and knowledge engineering may hold answers that the neural network world hasn't fully embraced. The episode also ventures into consciousness, panpsychism, Michael Pollan's ideas, and Stewart's own hands-on experience vibe coding a personal chatbot to replace functionality he feels he's lost with recent changes to Claude. Larry's podcast can be found at kgi.fm.Timestamps00:00 - Stewart introduces Larry Swanson; Larry corrects the record on AI's origin, distinguishing it from Norbert Wiener's cybernetics at the 1956 Dartmouth conference.05:00 - Larry discusses interviewing semantic web paper coauthors on its 25th anniversary; RDF's hidden ubiquity compared to SIM cards powering everything invisibly.10:00 - Knowledge graphs explained through t-box terms, a-box assertions, and Dave McComb's c-box; IKEA's three-layer knowledge graph as a practical example.15:00 - Stewart connects metadata complexity to AI needs; faceted search explained as c-box attributes driving product filtering experiences.20:00 - RDF 1.2 reification standards discussed; W3C's rigorous recommendation process powering governments and enterprises worldwide through collaborative standards.25:00 - Cyc project examined as influential "successful failure"; Pat Hayes bringing description logic into semantic web; LLMs lacking true reasoning capability.30:00 - Epistemological fault lines between human and computer intelligence; cognitive surrender paper reveals no intelligence threshold protects against AI manipulation.35:00 - Stewart's Claude regression problem drives chatbot vibe coding quest; small language models and domain-specific approaches explored as alternatives.40:00 - Consciousness discussion through Michael Pollan's panpsychism lens; language versus cognition disconnect revealing LLMs as pure token-stitching without genuine thought.45:00 - Context graphs as purpose-built knowledge graphs for AI; Stewart's planning agents versus coding agents architecture and ground truth verification problem.50:00 - Docs-as-code versus code-as-docs paradigm shift; knowledge graphs as universal verifiers against validated facts; RDF 1.2 enabling provenance and degrees of certainty.55:00 - Jessica Talisman's Knowledge Graph Academy recommended for onboarding; kgi.fm podcast shared; knowledge representation community needs better abstraction for wider adoption.Key Insights1. The term "artificial intelligence" was not a marketing gimmick but was coined deliberately at the 1956 Dartmouth Conference to distinguish the work of John McCarthy from Norbert Wiener's cybernetics. The two camps represented genuinely different approaches, and the AI label was a form of intentional intellectual branding rather than empty promotion.2. The semantic web, often called the most successful failure in technology history, has quietly embedded itself everywhere despite never achieving its original vision. Technologies like RDF power metadata standards inside every Adobe product and form the invisible backbone of government systems, enterprise data infrastructure, and cultural heritage organizations worldwide.3. Knowledge graphs are best understood as an ontology combined with all the instances that populate it. The distinction between things and strings, popularized by Google in 2012, captures the core idea that knowledge representation is about concepts as distinct from the labels we give them.4. The t-box, a-box, and c-box framework offers a practical model for understanding knowledge architecture. The t-box holds terminology and concepts, the a-box holds assertions about specific instances, and the c-box manages the attributes, taxonomies, and controlled vocabularies that sit between them and enable things like faceted search.5. Large language models produce fluent, convincing output but lack genuine reasoning, epistemological grounding, or judgment. Research on cognitive surrender shows that even people who understand how LLMs work are still susceptible to being misled by their fluency, meaning intelligence and awareness offer no reliable protection against being deceived.6. The gap between language and cognition matters deeply when evaluating AI. Evidence from people with aphasia shows that thinking can occur without language, which suggests LLMs, being purely language-based systems, are missing a fundamental layer of cognition that cannot be recovered through more tokens or better training.7. Knowledge graphs and RDF-based representation are well suited to the problem of verification and grounding in AI systems. Rather than relying on vectorized embeddings of language, a knowledge graph can store validated, provenance-tracked facts with degrees of certainty, making it a natural foundation for building trustworthy AI applications.

Misha Glenny and guests discuss cybernetics – the field of study which gave us the prefix ‘cyber' and helped lay the foundations for the information age. After the Second World War, cybernetics emerged as the study of communication, feedback, and control in both animals and machines. Cybernetics was first defined in 1948 by the American mathematician Norbert Wiener (1894-1964) and aimed to find a shared universal language which could be used across disciplines. The name drew on an Ancient Greek word for steersman, the person who stands at the helm of a ship to steer or govern its course. Cybernetics saw the world as systems which used loops of information and feedback to adjust their own course of action. Those ideas could be applied to anything from thermostats to the human brain, and arguably laid foundations for the information age.WithJacob Ward Historian of science and technology at Maastricht UniversityJon Agar Professor of Science and Technology Studies at University College LondonAndOrit Halpern Lighthouse Professor and Chair of Digital Cultures at Technische Universität DresdenProducer: Martha OwenReading list:Peter Galison, 'The ontology of the enemy: Norbert Wiener and the cybernetic vision' (Critical Inquiry 21, 1994)Slava Gerovitch, From Newspeak to Cyberspeak: A History of Soviet Cybernetics (MIT Press, 2004)Orit Halpern, Beautiful Data: A History of Vision and Reason (Duke University Press, 2015)Orit Halpern, Robert Mitchell and Bernard Dionysius Geoghegan, The Smartness Mandate: Notes toward a Critique (Grey Room 68, 2017) Orit Halpern, Financializing Intelligence: On the Integration of Machines and Markets (e-flux, March 2023)N. Katherine Hayles, How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics (University of Chicago Press, 1999)Steve J. Heims, John Von Neumann and Norbert Wiener, From Mathematics to the Technologies of Life and Death (MIT Press, 1980)Ronald R. Kline, The Cybernetics Moment: Or Why We Call Our Age The Information Age (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015)Eden Medina, Cybernetic Revolutionaries: Technology and Politics in Allende's Chile (MIT Press, 2011)David A. Mindell, Between Human and Machine: Feedback, Control, and Computing before Cybernetics (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004)Andrew Pickering, The Cybernetic Brain: Sketches of Another Future (University of Chicago Press, 2010)Norbert Wiener, The Human Use of Human Beings: Cybernetics and Society (first published 1950; Da Capo Press, 1988)In Our Time is a BBC Studios productionSpanning history, religion, culture, science and philosophy, In Our Time from BBC Radio 4 is essential listening for the intellectually curious. In each episode, host Misha Glenny and expert guests explore the characters, events and discoveries that have shaped our world.

Is the internet too far gone or can we still fix it? Neil deGrasse Tyson, and co-hosts Negin Farsad and Gary O'Reilly, sit down with Jaron Lanier, Microsoft scientist, and father of virtual reality, to diagnose what went wrong with the web, how it's changed with AI, and ideas for a new path back. NOTE: StarTalk+ Patrons can listen to this entire episode commercial-free here:  https://startalkmedia.com/show/fixing-the-internet-with-jaron-lanier/ Thanks to our Patrons Pam Komm, Domin Vernetti, Hank Thundercloud, Home, Rsnd341, Michelle Box, PSR, Pierre Henry, Diana Vastardis, Ronald Vink, Tylor, Martin Lutonský, Timothy McIntosh, Omar Austin, Terry Tarpley, Albert Lyons, Jefferson Buttram, James Boddie, Camerun Pippin, Pitcher Rendon, Jonathan Farmer, Jeremy, Geir Sanne, Bee Dot, Christian Garcia, Bartizan, Sooraj Meyanamannil, Gert Coppens, Justin Brock, Daniel Stowens, Austin, Maurice Brown, Nathaniel A. Lordes Jr., MonzyL, Professor Deadly Robot, Lola ₍^. .^₎Ⳋ, Tim Moorehead, Nancy Cliff, Peter McAuley, Nathan Sprow, Ryan Hadley, TechCadet, Mike Ernst, James, Elliott Stevenson II, Caleb Williams, Rat Poison Vendor, Sebastian Weber, Smoke Dogg 414, The Anomaly of Two Systems, Patrick Kilduff, Stuffy979, Dan Yaroch, Agasthya Suresh, Brian Entman, Steve Vance, Simon Osadchii, Judas, Michelle Don Carlos, John Janney APR, ALottOfIdeas, BJ Verheyen, Tuomas Liimatta, Kuchi Kopi, Robin Maher, Evan Esau, Elhoufi Mbarek, Ezra Amador, Fallen Angel, Lyd, John D., Dread Maps, David Roth, Bogdan Rus, The_pink_boots, Randy Wallace, J K, Jim Lee, Melvin Chapple, Ryan Vaughn, Kelley Bie, Jai, Robert Ayan, Mikael Emsing, C George, Mark Nichols, Shantanusinh Parmar, Kyla, Carlos Sosa Denis, Honk, Terrance Jones, Brandt S, Steve Litz, Nathaniel Fodor, David Bunting, Christopher Velasquez, Flubbels, Nicholas Scott, Elhoufi Mbarek, and Patrick Snyder for supporting us this week. Subscribe to SiriusXM Podcasts+ to listen to new episodes of StarTalk Radio ad-free and a whole week early.Start a free trial now on Apple Podcasts or by visiting siriusxm.com/podcastsplus. Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Namaste, Welcome to SAM-VAD (Together In Conversation).  In the last week of March 2026, I shared an excerpt titled ‘Thought, Perception and The Hidden Dimension', from the book – ‘The Hidden Dimension' by Edward T. Hall. The central theme of the book is social and personal space and man's (Human being) perception of it.It highlighted that, Communication constitutes the core of culture and indeed life itself and language, is more than just a medium for expressing thought. It is, in fact, a major element in the formation of thought. And finally, Man has elaborated his extensions to such a degree that we are apt to forget that this humanness is rooted in his animal nature. Now, SAM-VAD (Together In Conversation) to the ones paying heed, is where we try to draw your attention to things that matter and the importance of your attention, because, ‘Our life's experience would ultimately amount to whatever we had paid attention to'. Attention: is as fundamental as food; and we go blundering about, seeking ways to assuage the craving, instead of learning how to provide ourselves with what we need, sensibly and calmly. Once our attention is drawn to the mechanism of why and what we give attention to, it is as if a veil has been stripped off and we become freer in our action and choices. And that is our endavour. This week I bring to your attention an excerpt titled – ‘Control Theory and its Underpinning', which is from a book titled – ‘Human Compatible – AI and the Problem of Control' by Stuart Russell. Russell suggests that we can rebuild AI on a new foundation, according to which machines are designed to be inherently uncertain about the human preferences they are required to satisfy. Such machines would be humble, altruistic, and committed to pursue our objectives, not theirs. This new foundation would allow us to create machines that are provably deferential and provably beneficial. Control Theory and its Underpinning In the field of control theory, which designs control systems for everything from jumbo jets to insulin pumps, the job of the system is to minimize a cost function that typically measures some deviation from a desired behaviour. In the field of economics, mechanisms and policies are designed to maximize the utility of individuals, the welfare of groups, and the profit of corporations. In operations research, which solves complex logistical and manufacturing problems, a solution maximizes an unexpected sum of rewards over time. Finally, in statistics, learning algorithms are designed to minimize an expected loss function that defines the cost of making prediction errors The drawback of the above standard model was pointed out in the 1960 by Norbert Wiener, professor at MIT, in his paper titled – “Some Moral and Technical Consequences of Automation”, in his main point stated below: If we use, to achieve our purpose, a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot interfere effectively…we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire. Excerpt from ‘Human Compatible – AI and the Problem of Control' by Stuart Russell. I am sure that you will enjoy reading the book and find it thought provoking too; to buy your copy, you can click on the following link: https://humanjourney.us/books/human-compatible Enjoy reading it with your family, friends and near and dear one's. Namaste.

O que há em comum entre uma bateria antiaérea da Segunda Guerra Mundial, os algoritmos do WhatsApp e o bolsonarismo? Para Letícia Cesarino, professora associada de Antropologia Social na Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, a resposta está na cibernética. Neste episódio, produzido em parceria com o Observatório da Extrema Direita, David Magalhães e Guilherme Casarões recebem Letícia para discutir seu artigo recém-publicado na revista Current Anthropology: “An Ecology of Mind Approach to Far-Right Publics in Brazil“, no qual ela aplica o quadro teórico da ecologia da mente, desenvolvido pelo antropólogo Gregory Bateson, para reler o bolsonarismo como um sistema tecnopolítico. No bloco de notícias, David traz dois termômetros da extrema-direita global: os resultados das eleições municipais na França, que revelam o avanço territorial do Rassemblement National a despeito de um teto de vidro nas grandes cidades, e as eleições húngaras de abril, onde Peter Magyar desafia 15 anos de governo Orbán. E ainda tem, no último bloco, dica cultural. Aperte o play! Quer apoiar o Chutando a Escada? Acesse chutandoaescada.com.br/apoio Mande um café usando nossa chave PIX: perguntas@chutandoaescada.com.br Comentários, críticas, sugestões? Escreva pra gente em perguntas@chutandoaescada.com.br Participaram deste episódio: Letícia Cesarino (UFSC), David Magalhães e Guilherme Casarões Capa do episódio: Agência Brasil (CC BY 3.0 BR) Escute também no Spotify, no YouTube ou Apple Podcasts. Capítulos: 00:00 — Abertura 00:02 — Entrevista: ecologia da mente, cibernética e extrema-direita digital 00:32 — Bolsonarismo, populismo e públicos digitais artificiais 00:45 — Radicalização, a lacuna online-offline e os limites da etnografia 00:57 — Boletim: França — eleições municipais e o Rassemblement National 01:03 — Boletim: Hungria — Orbán e Peter Magyar às vésperas das eleições de abril 01:08 — Dica cultural: Feels Good Man (Amazon Prime, 2020) Citados no episódio CESARINO, Letícia. “An Ecology of Mind Approach to Far-Right Publics in Brazil”. Current Anthropology, 2026. BATESON, Gregory. Steps to an Ecology of Mind. Chandler, 1972. GALISON, Peter. “The Ontology of the Enemy: Norbert Wiener and the Cybernetic Vision”. Critical Inquiry, v. 21, n. 1, 1994. WIENER, Norbert. Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. MIT Press, 1948. MASSUMI, Brian. Ontopower: War, Powers, and the State of Perception. Duke University Press, 2015. SIMONDON, Gilbert. L’individuation à la lumière des notions de forme et d’information. Jérôme Millon, 2005. LIFTON, Robert Jay. The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide. Basic Books, 1986. EASTON, David. A Systems Analysis of Political Life. Wiley, 1965. Documentário Feels Good Man. Direção: Arthur Jones. EUA, 2020. Disponível na Amazon Prime. Chute 391 — Transcrição Parceria Chutando a Escada e Observatório da Extrema Direita Publicado em 26 de março de 2026 Abertura David Magalhães: Olá, pessoal! Sejam bem-vindos e bem-vindas a mais um episódio da parceria entre o Chutando a Escada e o Observatório da Extrema Direita — o primeiro episódio de 2026. A partir de agora, nos encontramos sempre na última semana de cada mês com episódios dedicados a discutir a extrema-direita em suas dimensões globais, teóricas e também reagindo ao calor dos acontecimentos. Para quem já acompanha o podcast, vale lembrar que nosso programa segue dividido em três blocos. No primeiro, trazemos uma entrevista mais aprofundada com pesquisadores e pesquisadoras que estão na linha de frente desse debate. Depois, passamos para um boletim com as análises das principais notícias envolvendo a extrema-direita global. E, para fechar, uma dica cultural sempre conectada com o universo do extremismo de direita — pode ser um livro, um filme, uma série, uma produção musical. Peço que você fique conosco até o fim, porque a dica deste episódio está completamente relacionada com o tema da nossa entrevista. Vamos lá. Entrevista — Letícia Cesarino David Magalhães: Estou aqui com o meu amigo Guilherme Casarões para receber a nossa convidada deste episódio, que é a Letícia Cesarino. A Letícia é professora associada de Antropologia Social na Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina e também uma das novas integrantes do Observatório da Extrema Direita. Aproveitamos para dar as boas-vindas — é um prazer ter você conosco, não só no episódio, mas também no Observatório. Nos últimos cinco anos, a Letícia desenvolveu uma pesquisa bastante aprofundada e relevante sobre antropologia digital, extrema-direita e redes sociais. E, mais recentemente, ela acaba de publicar — acabou de sair do forno — um artigo bastante interessante e instigante na revista Current Anthropology. O artigo se intitula “An Ecology of Mind Approach to Far-Right Publics in Brazil” — algo como uma abordagem da ecologia da mente aplicada aos públicos de extrema-direita no Brasil. A ideia deste episódio é discutir esse novo artigo. Letícia, você mobiliza um quadro teórico bastante sofisticado, especialmente ao trazer a ideia de ecologia da mente — ecology of mind —, que vem do trabalho de Gregory Bateson, um antropólogo e linguista britânico importante do século XX. Confesso que não o conhecia; encontrei o livro dele em PDF na internet e li um pouco para me inteirar de como você adota e aplica esse quadro teórico para discutir redes sociais e extrema-direita brasileira. Fiquei bastante interessado no uso do termo “cibernético”, porque para ouvidos contemporâneos ele remete imediatamente ao universo digital, de redes e internet. Mas as principais obras de Bateson são publicadas logo após a Segunda Guerra, nos anos 1960 e 1970 — embora ele tenha iniciado seu desenvolvimento nos anos 1930 —, e ele não estava falando exatamente de internet. Isso me gerou dúvidas. Antes de falarmos da aplicação propriamente dita, você poderia nos explicar um pouco sobre essa abordagem e esse quadro teórico? Bateson propõe tudo isso muito antes da chamada terceira revolução industrial. Letícia Cesarino: Oi, David, Casarões. É um grande prazer estar aqui com vocês no podcast e também no Observatório da Extrema Direita como um todo. Obrigada pelo convite. Acho que esse artigo é um bom gancho para trabalharmos questões da minha abordagem mais específica para a extrema-direita, porque, diferente de muitos que trabalham nesse campo, eu não venho dos estudos da política. Sou uma antropóloga cuja área de origem é a antropologia da ciência e tecnologia — sempre foi assim, desde a graduação —, e nos últimos anos fui transitando para essas questões das mediações digitais, das plataformas e da cibernética. O meu olhar para a extrema-direita é, portanto, um olhar tecnopolítico. O meu interesse é entender essa dimensão relativamente pouco trabalhada nas ciências sociais: o papel das máquinas, o papel da técnica, o papel das infraestruturas técnicas na conformação dessa força política e, mais especificamente no caso desse artigo, dos ecossistemas digitais de extrema-direita. A ecologia da mente e o Bateson — nos últimos anos consolidei em torno da obra dele um arcabouço que remeto também a outros autores da antropologia e da área dos estudos de mídia e tecnopolítica, para desenvolver uma perspectiva que veja agência humana e maquínica juntas, de forma recursiva. E aí a cibernética — podemos começar por ela, esclarecendo o termo. O termo remete a computadores, o que faz sentido, porque a cibernética clássica dos anos 1940, a de Norbert Wiener, o matemático estadunidense que inventou o termo, também deu origem à indústria de tecnologia que temos hoje. Existe, portanto, uma continuidade entre o que chamamos de cibernética hoje e o que era a cibernética como superciência da comunicação e do controle, tanto nos sistemas maquínicos como nos sistemas animais, incluindo o humano. Gregory Bateson fez parte do grupo original das chamadas Conferências Macy, nos anos 1940. Mas depois da Segunda Guerra houve uma bifurcação: uma linha foi trabalhar o que chamo de cibernética das máquinas — Norbert Wiener, Von Neumann, todos os nomes precursores da indústria de tecnologia, da construção dos computadores, da inteligência artificial —, enquanto Bateson foi trabalhar a questão da cibernética dentro de uma chave mais próxima da teoria da evolução e da história natural, o que chamo de cibernética da vida. Ele tem um arcabouço que inclui a cibernética das máquinas, os princípios comuns do funcionamento de máquinas cibernéticas, humanos e animais, mas vai além, trazendo as camadas extras que o humano coloca na relação com a máquina. Nesse sentido, a ecologia da mente inclui a cibernética, mas é maior. É a partir desse ponto de vista que tenho olhado para a participação de máquinas cibernéticas — que, no fundo, hoje são basicamente algoritmos, e a evolução dos algoritmos são as inteligências artificiais — e como elas influem e participam em processos que entendemos como políticos, mas que, na verdade, são tecnopolíticos, porque têm cada vez mais a participação de agências não humanas, agências maquínicas. Guilherme Casarões: Letícia, eu também ficava intrigado com essa terminologia cibernética. Lembro que na faculdade, na aula de sociologia, tive contato com David Easton, que aplicava a cibernética aos sistemas políticos e aos sistemas humanos em geral. Sempre achei curioso que não tivesse a ver com computador — essa foi a maneira como sempre encaramos o termo. Mas toda teoria de sistemas convida a um tipo de abordagem cibernética, com essa linguagem muito interessante de inputs e outputs, de como os sistemas funcionam. Trazer isso de volta à discussão é fundamental. E você argumenta no seu texto que a infraestrutura das redes sociais carrega uma espécie de ontologia do inimigo, herdada dessa cibernética militar da Segunda Guerra Mundial. Como essa visão do ser humano como um servomecanismo — um animal a ser controlado por algoritmos — cria uma afinidade eletiva com a lógica da guerra e a desumanização do outro praticadas pela extrema-direita? Letícia Cesarino: Ótima pergunta. É um bom gancho para colocarmos mais camadas na questão da cibernética. O que tentaram fazer nos anos 1940 — e é importante notar que a cibernética nasce do esforço de guerra, do esforço de guerra dos americanos entrando na Segunda Guerra contra o nazifascismo; a primeira conferência foi em 1946, se não me engano — era produzir conhecimento básico, porque a cibernética é uma ciência que explicaria formas comuns de funcionamento de máquinas cibernéticas, de animais e de humanos. O que têm em comum entre o funcionamento desses sistemas? A cibernética gira em torno da ideia não só de input e output, mas principalmente do feedback — quando o output volta para o sistema como input. O coração da cibernética é essa questão da recursividade, ou causalidade circular, que é uma característica de qualquer organismo vivo e também de máquinas construídas à imagem e semelhança desses organismos, ou seja, máquinas que tomam decisões sozinhas. Essa é, para mim, a principal definição de máquina cibernética, porque os algoritmos fazem isso. Mas muito antes da indústria de tecnologia, outras máquinas já faziam isso — como a própria máquina a vapor de James Watt, que é a base do que Marx, no uso grundrissiano, chama de automata. Ele já identificou no século XIX que havia máquinas sendo incorporadas nas infraestruturas do trabalho que tomavam decisões sozinhas — ainda muito rudimentares, mas a ideia de que as máquinas começam a dar o ritmo do trabalho humano já estava colocada desde o século XIX. A cibernética dos anos 1940 traz para o centro essa questão da guerra, que é quando houve um pico na produção dessas máquinas antes da indústria de tecnologia propriamente dita. Peter Galison — um dos grandes historiadores da ciência, físico de formação — tem um artigo no qual trabalha a ontologia da cibernética de Wiener a partir do contexto de guerra. Ele vai elaborar o que seria essa ontologia do inimigo de guerra a partir da cibernética. Ele faz uma progressão que vale a pena resgatar brevemente aqui. Quando você está numa conjuntura de guerra — uma conjuntura de exceção, isso é importante —, você precisa desumanizar seu inimigo, porque assim vai torná-lo eliminável. Em modelos de guerra anteriores, até a Primeira Guerra, quando você tinha que confrontar seu inimigo no corpo a corpo com uma baioneta ou uma arma de fogo de curto alcance, a forma de desumanização era através de analogias com animais, com monstros. Galison trabalha, por exemplo, cartas de soldados americanos que representam os japoneses através de analogias com ratos, com vermes. Essa é uma forma de desumanização. A segunda forma seria a da Segunda Guerra, que compartilha com a cibernética essa ideia do servomecanismo — um híbrido de humano-máquina. Quando Norbert Wiener começou a desenvolver a cibernética para produzir artilharia antiaérea — máquinas que conseguissem calcular sozinhas a trajetória do caça inimigo para atirar antes de o avião chegar, e o projétil encontrar o alvo no meio da trajetória —, o que o servomecanismo significa? Por que essa imagem do inimigo desumaniza? Porque não interessa quem está dirigindo aquele avião. O que interessa é como aquele avião se comporta — e um comportamento que possa ser previsto e controlado. É um tipo de desumanização cibernética. E podemos pensar também em outras formas de desumanização que evoluem com a guerra, como essa guerra de videogame que temos hoje, onde o inimigo não é sequer visto — é quase como algo da fantasia dos videogames. Isso sempre acompanha a guerra. A cibernética é uma boa epistemologia para entender contextos de exceção, conjunturas de guerra, conjunturas de crise que não se superam, porque são conjunturas de grande instabilidade, de não linearidade, com essa tendência à bifurcação do corpo social. Essas são ferramentas melhores para esse tipo de conjuntura do que muitas das ferramentas clássicas das ciências sociais — Durkheim, por exemplo, desenvolveu ferramentas em sua maioria para contextos de estabilidade, de paz, onde o social está mais estruturado, mais previsível e regido por normas. Num contexto de exceção, de crise e de guerra, o social muda de modo de funcionamento. Uma das hipóteses do meu próximo livro é a de que o social de guerra, de exceção e de crise, funciona em outra dinâmica, e que a cibernética tem boas ferramentas para entender isso, inclusive as formas de desumanização que tendem a se proliferar nesses contextos. David Magalhães: Excelente. Acho que é um bom gancho para avançarmos para a parte do seu texto em que você enquadra todo esse arcabouço para compreender a extrema-direita em ambiente digital. As principais linhas interpretativas preocupadas em compreender a ascensão dessa onda ultradireitista global olham para a questão ideológica, para eleitores frustrados, para a relação desses eleitores com a globalização e com a crise da democracia liberal. Mas você propõe algo diferente: observar esse fenômeno como um grande organismo cibernético, um sistema no qual humanos — lideranças, influenciadores, seguidores — e máquinas — algoritmos do WhatsApp, do Telegram, de redes sociais — operam de maneira integrada, como parte de um ecossistema. O que ganhamos analiticamente ao fazer esse deslocamento? Letícia Cesarino: São muitas camadas. Uma das coisas que acho importante — sempre começo palestras com isso — é a questão do ciborgue. O que é o ciborgue? É um híbrido de humano-máquina, outra forma de falar no servomecanismo. Mas temos essa imagem fantasiosa do ciborgue que vem da ficção científica, a de que seria um indivíduo com partes de sua função fisiológica — alimentação, respiração — suplementadas por máquina. O Robocop seria o tipo ideal disso. O ciborgue da vida real, porém, não se parece em nada com o Robocop. O ciborgue da vida real somos nós. É qualquer um que acorda e a primeira coisa que faz é pegar o celular — para olhar o WhatsApp ou para desligar o alarme — e fica nessa relação de dependência com aquela máquina o dia inteiro, para questões de memória e de tomada de decisão. Por que isso acontece? Porque o Homo sapiens é uma espécie extremamente técnica — uma questão antropológica. Sobrevivemos como espécie, enquanto todos os outros hominíneos foram extintos, pela questão da técnica, da cultura. Precisamos ser suplementados. Como espécie biológica, precisamos ser suplementados o tempo todo pela cultura e pela técnica. Isso não significa que outros animais não tenham técnica — vários mamíferos têm, pássaros também. Mas para o sapiens, isso é existencial. Como Bateson diz, a mente não termina na pele; a mente humana é estendida para o seu ambiente. A unidade de análise da ecologia da mente nunca é o indivíduo sozinho — tentamos delimitar qual é o circuito relevante, e esse circuito de feedbacks é sempre maior que o indivíduo. Pode ser uma família, como no caso dos cães e de uma matilha; pode ser uma comunidade, algum território existencial qualquer. E o nosso território existencial hoje passa necessariamente por essas tecnologias. Os algoritmos, as máquinas, a agência maquínica fazem parte desse território existencial. Isso é um preâmbulo para chegar ao argumento que também faço em vários textos — inclusive nesse —: de que a extrema-direita, se a gente for transposto para a política, é uma força política nativa digital, pelo menos essa extrema-direita que conhecemos hoje. O nazifascismo histórico tem muita participação de mídia, embora isso não seja suficientemente notado. Há muitos estudos históricos que mostram o papel do rádio na capilarização do Terceiro Reich, para conformar esse grande território existencial imaginado e como isso atraiu os alemães comuns em torno daquele projeto. De certa forma, algo similar — similar, mas muito diferente também — está sendo recolocado hoje com relação à nova infraestrutura técnica midiática que são as plataformas digitais. Evito usar a palavra “mídia” porque quando falamos em mídia pensamos em máquinas específicas — televisão, rádio —, mas plataformas não são exatamente mídias. Elas se sobrepõem a todo tipo de infraestrutura técnica, não apenas midiática. Com a plataformização — uma tendência relativamente recente; a internet era muito diferente antes de 2010 — e com os smartphones, que foram um verdadeiro game changer, as primeiras áreas cujos efeitos foram sentidos foram a política eleitoral e a área da saúde. Mesmo antes da pandemia, pesquisadores já identificavam como o autocuidado começou a passar rapidamente por essas infraestruturas, com o “doutor Google”. Para não me estender, vou colocar os dois pontos principais que desenvolvo no artigo, porque são mais ontológicos: como essas máquinas mudam a própria relação espaço-temporal dos nossos sistemas sociotécnicos. O que os algoritmos fazem? Eles hiperaceleram — e esse é, para mim, o ponto central. Quando você hiperaccelera, desestabiliza a relação da mente humana com o seu ambiente. Fica aquele fluxo constante de eventos ao qual você tem que responder o tempo todo, e cognitivamente isso é lido como uma situação de crise, do ponto de vista da ecologia da mente — não só para o humano, para qualquer espécie. Quando há uma instabilidade muito grande do ambiente, isso tende a reverter para o modo crise. É o que Wendy Chun chama de situação de crise permanente que as plataformas jogam nos nossos sistemas sociotécnicos. Isso é, obviamente, uma base fértil para a instrumentalização por forças de extrema-direita. Um outro ponto que os algoritmos introduzem, relacionado à hiperaceleração — que seria uma dimensão mais temporal —, é uma dimensão mais espacial de bifurcação. Algoritmos programados para segmentar públicos, porque essa é a lógica do modelo de negócios da economia da atenção, acabam gerando — não sozinhos, mas na interação com os usuários humanos, porque a recursividade do humano-máquina vai para os dois lados — um efeito sistêmico não de segmentação pura e simples, mas de bifurcação. É aí que entra o código amigo-inimigo, a polarização, a sismogênese — todos esses processos de antagonismo extremo, o que chamo de “mundo do avesso”: um lado é o extremo oposto do outro, numa dinâmica de guerra em que só um pode prevalecer, porque o outro é visto como uma ameaça existencial. No ecossistema de extrema-direita, ele vai desde um polo mais moderado — Tarcísio, digamos — até um polo mais radicalizado — o pessoal do 8 de janeiro, o “tio França” que se explodiu na frente do STF. O que é a extrema-direita? Um lado? O outro? Agentes específicos? Discursos específicos? Não. Do ponto de vista da ecologia da mente, a extrema-direita é toda essa ecologia, todo esse ecossistema que cobre todo esse espectro e que inclui a agência maquínica como um dos seus principais motores. Primeiro porque ela desestabiliza o mundo real, com a hiperaceleração e todos esses processos. Mas ao mesmo tempo ela direciona — é como um rio que tem uma corrente que vai para um lado, e os agentes da extrema-direita são aqueles que nadam a favor da correnteza, porque as plataformas são um ambiente; elas não são variáveis. Elas mudam o ambiente no qual fazemos política. E esse ambiente tem vieses técnicos intrinsecamente favoráveis a uma força política como a extrema-direita. Por isso não é que eles estejam mais espertos ou inteligentes — é que a forma como fazem política converge com a lógica das redes de maneira subliminar, intrínseca. Como o Casarões disse, há uma certa afinidade eletiva com a lógica das plataformas. Mas essa afinidade não é aleatória — por isso foi importante voltarmos à cibernética dos anos 1940, ao esforço de guerra, à artilharia antiaérea. O próprio DNA dessa indústria de tecnologia se originou da guerra e nunca saiu da chave de guerra. Depois da Segunda Guerra, a cibernética se tornou parte da Guerra Fria, com a mesma lógica do controle indireto — fazer o inimigo fazer o que você quer que ele faça indiretamente —, que é essa ideia cibernética do controle numa chave sempre não linear, sempre recíproca. É o que o Trump exatamente tenta fazer agora, em outra versão. Houve um breve interregno onde se tornou uma indústria civil, nos anos 1980 e 1990, mas a lógica algorítmica, a lógica cibernética, continuou sendo a da guerra — só que agora, em vez de controlar o inimigo, você vai controlar o usuário, para fazê-lo clicar num anúncio e vender a atenção daquele usuário para os anunciantes. Há também uma convergência, especialmente durante a Guerra Fria, entre a lógica de guerra indireta, a lógica da propaganda e a indústria de publicidade que temos hoje. Não foi a publicidade que originou a propaganda política — foi a propaganda política que veio primeiro e depois se tornou uma indústria civil, que é o coração da lógica da economia da atenção. Mesmo essas plataformas que se colocavam como liberais sempre tiveram um DNA mais próximo da lógica de guerra, propaganda e controle indireto do que de algo parecido com democracia. Era, de certa forma, um pouco inevitável que as coisas se desenrolassem como estão se desenrolando, porque já estavam previstas na própria ontogênese dessa indústria — como Simondon chamaria —, uma ontogênese ligada à guerra, ao controle e à desumanização. As plataformas, os algoritmos, não nos veem como humanos. É exatamente a mesma coisa do caça com o piloto dirigindo: a máquina é incapaz de ver interioridade, incapaz de ver subjetividade. Ela só nos interpela no nível do controle, da previsão de comportamento. A política está se tornando isso — retroalimentando-se com os discursos da extrema-direita que ativam o senso comum na direção da regeneração, que é a lógica do fascismo histórico: seria possível vencer essa crise, resetar o sistema e construir o estereótipo de um inimigo que precisa ser derrotado para que a crise permanente seja superada. No fim das contas, é uma mistificação de processos reais e de problemas reais, numa linguagem nacionalista e nativista. Guilherme Casarões: Letícia, um outro conceito com que você trabalha no texto e na sua obra é o de populismo. Uma das passagens que mais me chamaram a atenção — e que acho fascinante — é que essa abordagem ecológica de Bateson ganha muita relevância frente ao populismo contemporâneo, justamente porque esse populismo se ampara em públicos que, como você diz no texto, são parcialmente artificiais. A passagem, para quem quiser ler depois, está na página 2 do texto: “os públicos que são produzidos por essa dinâmica são resultados transindividuais de uma agência que é humana e não humana, na medida em que os algoritmos coemergem permanentemente por meio de ciclos cibernéticos”. Essa questão da artificialidade do público é muito central para entender tanto a dinâmica amigo-inimigo quanto a maneira pela qual o populismo contemporâneo consegue controlar a construção narrativa e a mobilização de seu público. Queria ir mais especificamente para o caso que você estuda no texto, que é o bolsonarismo. Seu texto descreve o bolsonarismo não só como uma ideologia, mas como uma dinâmica mutante que oscila entre a moderação e a radicalização. Você traz o conceito de indecidibilidade rítmica — essa coisa de ir e voltar — e eu queria que você explicasse como o bolsonarismo, a partir dessa chave analítica, alterna entre o institucional e o antiestructural, e como isso permitiu ao ex-presidente Bolsonaro manter o sistema político num estado de antagonismo permanente sem chegar a uma ruptura total — o que só vai acontecer em 2023. Letícia Cesarino: O que tentei fazer nesse texto é reler parte do governo Bolsonaro até as eleições de 2022 a partir dessa lógica cibernética — ou seja, como ele performou uma dinâmica cibernética que é essa tecnopolítica moldada pelas máquinas. Casarões, você trouxe a questão do populismo, e acho que são etapas. Desde 2013 até 2018, temos essa invasão muito forte e muito rápida da agência técnica dessas mídias e desses dispositivos dentro da política — um movimento mais tectônico, de desestabilização. E aí essas figuras aparecendo mais ou menos ao mesmo tempo: Modi, Trump, Bolsonaro, Duterte, Orbán — é aí que o conceito de populismo realmente faz mais sentido, nesse sentido dessa irrupção de uma política antiliberal, com uma norma mais afetiva, mais espontânea. É a política da exceção. E que, novamente, bate com a estrutura das plataformas, porque as plataformas também são políticas de exceção e de multidão. É importante termos isso em mente. A citação que você trouxe mostra como as plataformas fazem um tipo de prestidigitação: colocam uma coisa na interface, então o usuário tem a impressão de que é livre, de que é um indivíduo, enquanto o que está acontecendo atrás da tela é que esse indivíduo está sendo desagregado e reagregado com fragmentos de outros usuários em grandes multidões digitais. Ele não tem liberdade — ao contrário, está tendo seu comportamento indiretamente controlado, no sentido cibernético, pelos algoritmos. E esse social de multidão é o social de crise. Quem está imerso nesses ambientes está se colocando num modo crise — e a extrema-direita é a força política que mais combina com esse tipo de ambiente. Sem crise eles não são nada. Se você tirar a crise, a atmosfera de ameaça de que o Brasil vai acabar, eles não têm nada. Por isso não têm programa político: são uma força política na e da crise e da exceção. Daí esse paradoxo de como uma tecnopolítica de crise, de exceção e de guerra se rotiniza como um governo — que foi exatamente o paradoxo do governo Bolsonaro. E ainda teve a pandemia, que adicionou uma camada enorme de crise a isso. Ciberneticamente, faz muito sentido esse vai e vem — os ciclos de feedback positivo e negativo. O feedback positivo é o que acelera o viés que você já está; o negativo coloca um freio. Bolsonaro, enquanto governante, não podia ficar só no runaway, só no feedback positivo, porque o feedback positivo sozinho eventualmente leva a um colapso — tanto nos organismos vivos como nas máquinas. O que ele e o Trump fazem é colocar estrategicamente esses freios, esses recuos: avanço e recuo, feedback positivo e negativo. Tentei mostrar no artigo como isso se deu durante o governo e como esse processo perde o controle na eleição de 2022, redundando eventualmente no 8 de janeiro. O governo Bolsonaro não construiu nada — estava destruindo coisas, que é o que a extrema-direita faz — mas dosando até onde poderia ir na relação com os outros agentes: o Congresso Nacional, o público. E o público passou a ser medido através das redes sociais — pelas métricas das mídias digitais — e cada vez mais por pesquisas de opinião, que são outra forma de feedback que coteja com as mídias sociais. Bolsonaro foi assim sentindo, de forma propriamente recursiva, lidando com um ambiente de causalidades circulares, crises, etc. A linearidade só é possível em contextos de estabilidade e paz — e é exatamente o que o Trump está fazendo hoje. Agora, uma virada acontece, e aí é muito importante a questão do método. Esse artigo é baseado em pesquisa de métodos mistos, onde a abordagem qualitativa antropológica foi composta com uma abordagem computacional de grandes quantidades de dados, com os meus parceiros da Universidade da Bahia, do LabHD, onde fazíamos o mapeamento em tempo real dos públicos do Telegram. Foi muito interessante ver como, em meados de 2021, o comportamento desse ecossistema transindividual — que chamamos de públicos refratados, os públicos da extrema-direita — mudou. O comportamento pandêmico, ativado pela pandemia, e inclusive as teorias da conspiração começaram a diminuir. Isso foi bem na época da questão do voto impresso. Quando o voto impresso é enterrado, um conspiracionismo eleitoral começa a subir e se estabilizar. Por quê? As condenações do Lula tinham sido definitivamente canceladas, e eles, na mentalidade de guerra deles, já previam: “Está vindo um golpe que vai impedir o Bolsonaro de ganhar as eleições de 2022.” Isso mais de um ano antes da eleição. Já entraram no modo de contra-golpe. Que é outra característica desse social de crise — o que Brian Massumi, também batesoniano, chama de preempção: você passa a agir antecipando a ação do seu inimigo. É muito como a lógica da Guerra Fria entre os dois blocos. Por isso a extrema-direita está sempre reagindo — isso é uma característica muito consistente, inclusive dos ecossistemas misóginos, que estão sempre reagindo à suposta provocação ou traição da mulher. O bolsonarismo entrou nesse modo preemptivo, com a certeza de que haveria um golpe contra ele. Na cabeça deles, dessa grande mente transindividual controlada pelo Bolsonaro, o golpe deles era um contra-golpe: seria dado um golpe no Bolsonaro, e o que estavam fazendo seria a resposta. Quando você vê tudo o que fizeram ao longo desse tempo com esse olhar, tudo faz sentido — e o Bolsonaro, como depois ficou demonstrado, de fato estava tentando articular esse contra-golpe. Nas eleições de 2022, estavam nessa dinâmica de avanço e recuo, não deixando o sistema escalar demais, a temperatura subir demais, enquanto conspiravam. Quando ele finalmente desiste, vê que não ganhou a eleição — isso se arrasta por algumas semanas —, e quando realmente percebem que os comandantes das três forças não vão entrar, que o golpe não vai acontecer, Bolsonaro fica em silêncio. Ciberneticamente, isso foi muito importante, porque era ele que fazia a regulação cibernética entre a camada moderada e a camada radicalizada. Ele não deixava as coisas escalar. Era um agente de radicalização, mas também de moderação. Quando ele se retira, a coisa escala — e foi justamente o 8 de janeiro. Olha que interessante: quando aquela multidão invadiu o Congresso, o que aconteceu? Ficaram esperando para ver o que ia acontecer, porque confiavam no plano — só que o plano já tinha dado errado e eles não sabiam disso. Tem esse componente de um mundo de fantasia criado dentro das comunidades radicalizadas — o Bateson ajuda a entender isso, porque ele tem uma teoria cibernética da fantasia e do jogo. Foi aquele choque de realidade. Não houve mais regulação, não houve mais feedback negativo, a coisa escalou, a temperatura subiu — e é onde o artigo termina, fazendo essa releitura cibernética e ecológica dos eventos do segundo governo Bolsonaro e das eleições de 2022. David Magalhães: Ótimo, Letícia. Encaminhando para o fechamento: no finzinho do artigo você faz uma ressalva que achei bastante importante, ao apontar que a ecologia da mente é extremamente poderosa para entender essas dinâmicas sistêmicas mais amplas, mas que também tem limites — especialmente quando tentamos compreender a totalidade da vida cotidiana do sujeito. É justamente aí que você coloca a necessidade de retornar à etnografia tradicional, à etnografia offline. Queria te ouvir sobre esse desafio metodológico. Como a antropologia pode costurar essas duas pontes — de um lado, a visão de um sistema cibernético amplo no qual os indivíduos parecem agir quase como parte de um circuito, de maneira relativamente previsível; de outro, as trajetórias de vida, as experiências subjetivas, as dores concretas que não desaparecem. Como não reduzir essas pessoas a meros nós de rede? Letícia Cesarino: Ótima pergunta, porque é realmente um desafio metodológico. No caso da ecologia da mente, você nunca pode fechar só no indivíduo. Mas é possível — e é o que estou fazendo no livro novo — pensar como o indivíduo enquanto sistema, porque todo organismo individual é um sistema cibernético, com outras camadas além dele, mas ele próprio é uma camada de individuação bastante importante. Ele pode estar dividido entre dois territórios existenciais — e é um pouco como estou tentando trabalhar a questão da radicalização no livro novo. O online oferece um tipo de território existencial onde a persona online do sujeito está com interações específicas. É isso que gera o elemento de fantasia nas comunidades extremistas: no online é possível cultivar uma realidade e um tipo de estereotipação do inimigo, toda a questão da desinformação, que não é possível fazer no offline. Por isso o que aconteceu depois da invasão ao Congresso e ao STF: a realidade bateu. Eles achavam que a realidade era o que era cultivado na mente transindividual do online — e isso não bateu com o que estava acontecendo offline. Com a internet, não é mais preciso se deslocar fisicamente para se radicalizar. Você pode viver sua vida normalmente e, em parte do seu circuito, se radicalizar só no online. São muito esses casos que abordarei no próximo livro: adolescentes e jovens que estão no quarto jogando videogame, vivendo normalmente na escola, e estão fazendo coisas indescritíveis na internet — que você só vai descobrir quando a polícia bater na porta. Etnografar a radicalização é muito difícil, porque é um processo — você precisa acompanhar a pessoa desde o início, quando não estava radicalizada. É praticamente impossível, a não ser que alguém muito próximo passe por isso. Mas existem autorrelatos. Tenho trabalhado muito com o caso dos neonazistas, onde já há na Europa e nos Estados Unidos um repertório grande de testemunhos e autobiografias de pessoas que saíram dessas comunidades extremistas. No jihadismo também há bastante material; os manifestos de atiradores em escolas, por exemplo, muitas vezes trazem essa visão subjetiva da radicalização. Há um outro ponto que descobri e que não estava na pesquisa anterior: o que alguns estudos de radicalização chamam de reduplicação. Isso vem de um estudo histórico de Robert Lifton sobre médicos nazistas — como eles dividiam a personalidade. Quando estavam em Auschwitz, eram um tipo de pessoa; quando estavam em casa, com a família, eram completamente diferentes. Era uma reduplicação da personalidade em duas, como forma de resolver dissonâncias e contradições. O médico conseguia desumanizar as pessoas que selecionava para morrer em Auschwitz, enquanto em casa humanizava os seus. Algo assim parece acontecer também no nível da mente individual através da lacuna online–offline: as pessoas inconscientemente encontram formas de dividir a sua mente entre esses dois mundos, de forma que não precisem romper com familiares, amigos ou colegas de trabalho por razões políticas. Esse efeito da lacuna online–offline deve ser estudado — não é só uma questão metodológica, é a questão de qual é o efeito dessa própria separação, que é inédita: são as primeiras tecnologias que possibilitam essa divisão em ambientes existenciais separados, ainda que em relação recursiva. Isso pode ser um indutor de radicalização. Sabe aquele meme dos cachorros latindo no portão? Quando o portão abre, cada um vai para um lado. O humano tem um pouco disso: fica mais agressivo, fala coisas e faz coisas quando não está cara a cara com a pessoa — coisas que não faria no presencial. Isso é muito característico da extrema-direita: estão latindo, agressivos, no comportamento de ameaça, e quando a Polícia Federal bate na porta, revertem ao comportamento de autopiedade e vitimização — que é o que o Bolsonaro está fazendo agora na cadeia. Bateson trabalha isso muito bem, não só no humano, mas em outros mamíferos. A ecologia da mente, pegando inclusive insights de outros mamíferos — como o Bateson faz —, nos ajudaria a reincorporar o elemento biológico-evolutivo nas nossas explicações. E aqui chego a um ponto que acho muito importante: a extrema-direita tem todo um repertório do darwinismo social e da psicologia evolutiva para dizer que a forma como ela vê o humano é a forma real, a forma biológica, a forma natural. São leituras completamente erradas e enviesadas, mas para o senso comum são muito intuitivas. A questão de gênero, por exemplo: a ideia de que o homem é para um papel e a mulher para outro não tem apoio em estudos sérios de outras espécies ou da nossa. A antropologia, porém, abandonou esse campo — tornou-se etnografia, estudo da cultura, abandonou a natureza e a biologia, por razões relacionadas à história e à política interna da disciplina. Um dos meus objetivos é recuperar esse espaço de autoridade científica para falar do humano, do que é natural no humano, a partir de abordagens como a do Bateson — que é uma teoria da evolução que inclui a cultura — para competir também nesse campo da naturalização do comportamento humano. Eu diria que é talvez o campo mais persuasivo dos discursos da extrema-direita, porque a esquerda e as ciências sociais ficam só na desconstrução e no culturalismo, enquanto eles estão falando daquilo que é espontâneo, natural, atemporal. É assim que o fascismo mira, e precisamos competir nessa ordem de discurso, reivindicando uma abordagem científica mais universalista — um outro tipo de universalismo, não o positivista. A ecologia da mente é uma das principais vias que vejo para isso. No contexto desse artigo, foi também um subtexto: o artigo foi parte de um dossiê financiado pela Fundação Wenner-Gren, a maior fundação de antropologia dos Estados Unidos, e queria passar essa mensagem para os meus colegas antropólogos — a gente pode falar de universais humanos de uma forma mais refinada e rica, e competir com a extrema-direita nesse campo de discurso. Guilherme Casarões: Letícia Cesarino — incrível, tanto no pessoal quanto no profissional. E agora descobrimos, o que não deveria ser exatamente uma surpresa, que você é especialista em memes. Foi de longe uma das conversas mais eruditas que tivemos aqui, não só na colaboração com o OED, mas de todas as entrevistas que já fiz. Uma densidade impressionante, transmitida de forma didática. Tenho certeza de que os nossos ouvintes vão adorar esse papo. Quem está acompanhando, fiquem por aí — ainda temos a segunda parte da conversa, com o boletim de notícias e a dica cultural. Boletim — Giro de Notícias David Magalhães: Vamos ao nosso boletim com duas notícias envolvendo a ultradireita. França No próximo ano teremos eleições nacionais na França, que serão importantíssimas tanto para a Europa quanto para o futuro da direita radical no mundo. No dia 22 de março, domingo, ocorreu o segundo turno das eleições municipais francesas, que costuma ser um termômetro importante para medir o crescimento e a capilaridade da direita radical francesa, representada aqui pelo Rassemblement National. O resultado dessas eleições foi bastante ambíguo. O Rassemblement National, partido de Marine Le Pen e da estrela em ascensão Jordan Bardella, não conseguiu vencer em grandes cidades estratégicas — como Marselha e Toulon —, onde havia uma expectativa de vitória da direita radical. Por outro lado, o partido avançou de forma importante em outro nível: consolidou uma presença territorial, especialmente no sudeste e no nordeste do país, conquistando dezenas de prefeituras e ampliando de maneira bastante significativa sua base local. Hoje, de acordo com matéria do Le Monde de 23 de março, o Rassemblement National passa a governar aproximadamente 70 municípios e conta com cerca de 3 mil representantes locais — uma quantidade bastante considerável. Outro ponto central é um certo teto de vidro que tem impedido a vitória do RN em grandes cidades. Esses centros urbanos mais ricos, mais jovens e com maior nível educacional têm sido um desafio para a expansão da direita radical. Por outro lado, há um crescimento muito forte em áreas periféricas, regiões pós-industriais e comunas menores, geralmente marcadas por uma sensação de abandono e por um acúmulo de ressentimento — o que alguns autores chamam de left behinds, os que foram deixados para trás —, sentimento que a direita radical populista costuma explorar. Quero destacar ainda um fator que pode ser preocupante olhando para as eleições nacionais de 2027: não houve, ou houve em pouquíssimas cidades, a chamada frente republicana — também chamada de cordão sanitário. O cordão sanitário é o conjunto de alianças tradicionais de partidos com compromissos democráticos para barrar a direita radical no segundo turno das eleições. A quase inexistência desse cordão fez com que o RN conquistasse cidades onde, em eleições anteriores, havia sido bloqueado. No final das contas, essas eleições não deram o resultado que o RN esperava — um grande impulso nacional —, mas consolidaram uma base territorial sólida. Isso coloca uma questão relevante olhando para 2027: seria esse enraizamento local suficiente para sustentar uma vitória nas eleições presidenciais? Seguiremos acompanhando o caso da França. Hungria Passamos para a Hungria — continuamos falando de eleições, já que os húngaros vão às urnas em abril para decidir se encerram os 15 anos de governo de Viktor Orbán. No domingo, 15 de março, os dois principais atores políticos do país — Viktor Orbán, do Partido Fidesz, e o oposicionista Peter Magyar, do partido Tisza — realizaram grandes manifestações em Budapeste no Dia Nacional Húngaro. Mais do que uma comemoração histórica, os eventos funcionaram como um teste de força às vésperas das eleições de abril. Os dois lados reivindicaram vitória em termos de mobilização — como já vimos aqui no Brasil. O governo afirmou que foi uma das maiores marchas já realizadas no país, enquanto a oposição chegou a afirmar que reuniu meio milhão de pessoas. Ainda que sejam números exagerados, as estimativas independentes indicam que o Tisza, de Magyar, levou mais gente às ruas do que o Fidesz de Orbán, o que sinalizaria um possível avanço da oposição no campo urbano. Essas manifestações têm algo interessante: acontecem dentro de um calendário nacional, e foi possível observar uma disputa não só eleitoral, mas simbólica. Ambos os lados tentavam se apropriar da memória da Revolução de 1848. Orbán engendrou uma narrativa que associa o passado à luta contra o domínio estrangeiro, ao globalismo, à ingerência da União Europeia e à ameaça da guerra na Ucrânia. A oposição liderada por Peter Magyar utiliza os mesmos símbolos nacionais, mas com outros significados: para eles, a defesa da liberdade hoje se traduz em manter a Hungria dentro da União Europeia e vinculada à OTAN, além de restaurar o funcionamento das instituições democráticas do Estado húngaro — bastante prejudicadas nos anos de Orbán. As pesquisas de intenção de voto desde julho do ano passado mostram um quadro relativamente estável, com uma diferença de aproximadamente 10% em favor da oposição. É preciso ter cautela com essas pesquisas, no entanto, porque em 2011 Orbán fez uma importante reforma eleitoral que dá mais peso aos distritos rurais, geralmente mais conservadores. Além disso, ele concedeu cidadania a húngaros que vivem na Eslováquia, na Romênia e na Sérvia, uma população que tende a votar no governo. E há também uma mobilização ideológica mais incandescente da direita radical húngara, que pode fazer diferença nas urnas. Fato é que nenhum dos lados parece acreditar numa vitória esmagadora. Já se discute a possibilidade de alianças — o partido Jobbik, na Hungria, pode ser crucial para a formação de uma maioria no parlamento. No nosso episódio de abril, iremos repercutir o resultado dessa eleição. Dica Cultural David Magalhães: A nossa recomendação cultural deste episódio tem tudo a ver com a conversa que tivemos no primeiro bloco com a Letícia Cesarino. Se você se interessou pelo debate sobre internet, cultura digital, extrema-direita e disputa de narrativas, vale muito a pena assistir o documentário Feels Good Man, disponível na Amazon Prime. O documentário é de 2020, mas chegou recentemente a essa plataforma. O filme conta a história do Pepe the Frog, personagem criado pelo cartunista Matt Furie nos anos 2000. Originalmente era um sapo tranquilo, good vibes, que circulava numa tirinha independente. Com o tempo, porém, esse personagem foi sendo apropriado na internet — primeiro como meme, depois ganhando formas cada vez mais distorcidas, até virar um símbolo associado ao alt-right e a outros grupos de extrema-direita. O documentário é bastante interessante porque não trata isso como uma mera curiosidade da internet. Ele mostra como esse processo revela algo mais profundo: como essas comunidades online — fóruns, antigamente o 4chan, hoje um ecossistema bem mais complexo — funcionam como verdadeiros laboratórios de produção cultural e política, com uma lógica quase darwiniana de disputa por atenção, em que os conteúdos mais chocantes e extremos ganham mais visibilidade, com toda uma engenharia algorítmica por trás. O filme também acompanha o próprio criador do Pepe, que se vê completamente impotente diante da transformação da sua obra. E esse é um ponto central: na era da internet, a circulação de imagens e memes escapa completamente ao controle original — pode ser capturada e ressignificada por distintos atores políticos. O documentário tem um aspecto que dialoga diretamente com o que conversamos com a Letícia Cesarino: esses grupos utilizam o humor, a ironia, a ambiguidade e as trollagens para disseminar ideias racistas, misóginas e xenófobas, muitas vezes sob a aparência de brincadeira. Isso cria uma zona cinzenta que dificulta a crítica e, ao mesmo tempo, aumenta o alcance dessas mensagens de ódio. Feels Good Man nos ajuda a entender essa cultura digital e como ela se relaciona com a extrema-direita — e dialoga perfeitamente com os temas que trouxemos na entrevista do primeiro bloco. Até a próxima. The post Ecologia da mente e extrema-direita appeared first on Chutando a Escada.

Anna-Verena Nosthoff zu Kybernetik und Kritik, digitaler Regierungskunst und der Rolle der Plattformen. Future Histories LIVE Das Gespräch mit Anna-Verena Nosthoff ist Teil des Formats ‚Future Histories LIVE‘. In unregelmäßigen Abständen werden hierbei einzelne Episoden live – soll heißen vor Publikum – aufgezeichnet. Diese Folge Future Histories ist am 26. Januar 2026 in Zusammenarbeit des Future Histories Lab mit dem Critical Data Lab entstanden und wurde im Medientheater an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin aufgenommen.  Shownotes Anna-Verena Nosthoff an der Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg (inkl. Publikationsliste): https://uol.de/philosophie/mitarbeiterinnen/prof-dr-anna-verena-nosthoff das Critical Data Lab:  https://www.criticaldatalab.org/anna-verena-nosthoff Nosthoff, A-V. (2026). Kybernetik und Kritik: Eine Theorie digitaler Regierungkunst. 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The TESCREAL bundle: Eugenics and the promise of utopia through artificial general intelligence. First Monday, 29(4).  https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/13636 zu Stewart Brand: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Brand zu Slava Gerovitch: https://web.mit.edu/slava/homepage/gerovitch-cv.html Klaus, G. (1973). Kybernetik – eine neue Universalwissenschaft der Gesellschaft? Akademie-Verlag Berlin. http://www.max-stirner-archiv-leipzig.de/dokumente/KlausKybernetik.pdf  zum Gesetz über digitale Dienste (DSA): https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesetz_%C3%BCber_digitale_Dienste  zu Salome Viljoen: https://www.salomeviljoen.com/  Virilio, P. (2009). Der integrale Unfall. transcript.  https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783839407219-001/pdf?licenseType=restricted&srsltid=AfmBOopKQ_tu9OPZ4VAcVzfGybsk3gwqub83XcQ-QYyJxxNWAmnlWU-c  Pentland, A. (2014). Social physics: how good ideas spread-the lessons from a new science. Penguin. https://books.google.at/books/about/Social_Physics.html?id=KAL5AgAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y  Pentland, A. (2014a). Social physics: How social networks can make us smarter. Penguin. https://archive.org/details/socialphysicshow0000pent zu Felix Maschewski: https://www.criticaldatalab.org/felix-maschewski Thematisch angrenzende Folgen S03E40 | Jan Overwijk on Cybernetic Capitalism and Critical Systems Theory  https://futurehistories-international.com/episodes/s03/e40-jan-overwijk-on-cybernetic-capitalism-and-critical-systems-theory/ S03E28 | Silke van Dyk zu alternativer Gouvernementalität https://www.futurehistories.today/episoden-blog/s03/e28-silke-van-dyk-zu-alternativer-gouvernementalitaet/ S02E31 | Thomas Swann on Anarchist Cybernetics  https://www.futurehistories.today/episoden-blog/s02/e31-thomas-swann-on-anarchist-cybernetics/ S01E22 | Anna-Verena Nosthoff und Felix Maschewski zu digitaler Verführung, sozialer Kontrolle und der Gesellschaft der Wearables https://www.futurehistories.today/episoden-blog/s01/e22-anna-verena-nosthoff-und-felix-maschewski-zu-digitaler-verfuehrung-sozialer-kontrolle-und-der-gesellschaft-der-wearables/ S01E18 | Simon Schaupp zu Kybernetik und radikaler Demokratie  https://www.futurehistories.today/episoden-blog/s01/e18-simon-schaupp-zu-kybernetik-und-radikaler-demokratie/ S01E01 | Benjamin Seibel zu Kybernetik  https://www.futurehistories.today/episoden-blog/s01/e01-benjamin-seibel-zu-kybernetik/ — Future Histories Kontakt & Unterstützung  Wenn euch Future Histories gefällt, dann erwägt doch bitte eine Unterstützung auf Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/join/FutureHistories Schreibt mir unter: office@futurehistories.today Diskutiert mit mir auf Bluesky: https://bsky.app/profile/futurehistories.bsky.social Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/futurehpodcast/ Mastodon: https://mstdn.social/@FutureHistories Webseite mit allen Folgen: www.futurehistories.today English webpage: https://futurehistories-international.com Episode Keywords  #Anna-Verena Nosthoff, #JanGroos, #FutureHistories, #Podcast, #Zukunft, #Kybernetik, #Gouvernementalität, #PolitischeKybernetik, #CyberneticGovernment, #CriticalDataLab, #Digitalisierung, #Informationstechnologie, #Plattformen, #SocialMedia, #Kapitalismus, #Imaginaries, #AlternativeRegierungskunst, #Regierbarkeit

A conversation about mathematics inspired by a piece of folklore. Presented by Katie Steckles and Peter Rowlett.

Hello Interactors,It's winter. So, as the sun tilts toward the sun (up north) my writing tilts toward the brain. It's when I put on my behavioral geography glasses and try to see the world as a set of loops between bodies and places, perception and movement, constraint and choice. It's hard to do that right now without running into AI. And one thing that keeps nagging at me is how AI is usually described as this super-brain perched in the cloud, or in a machine nearby, thinking on our behalf.That framing inherits an old habit of mind. Since Descartes, we've been tempted by the idea that the “real” mind sits apart from the messy body, steering it from some inner control room. Computer metaphors reinforced the same split by calling the CPU the “brain” of the machine. And now we're extending the metaphor again with AI as the brain of the internet, hovering overhead, crunching data, issuing guidance. An intelligence box directing action at a distance is a tidy picture but it risks making us miss what's actually doing the work. Let's dig into how the brain leverages the loops of people, places, and interfaces we all move through to extend it's richness and reach.GRADIENTS GUIDE WHILE BODIES BALANCEHave you ever hiked or skied in snow or fog and seen the middle distance just in front of you disappear? It takes the world you thought you knew, like ridge lines, tree lines, and the comforting predictable geometry of “just ahead” and reduces it to panic stricken near-field fragments. I've sensed once familiar ski runs become suddenly unfamiliar not because it changed, but because it was no longer accessible to my brain.In these moments, we're all forced to reckon, recalibrate, and (usually) slow down as our senses sharpen. We take note of the slope under our feet and the way the ground shifts. We listen for clues our eyes can't see and notice which direction the wind is blowing, how the light is changing, and how our own heartbeat and breath changes with each calculated risk. We know where we are, but the picture is fuzzy. Our memory only gets us so far. Everything around us becomes this multi-faceted relationship between our body making sense of it all while our brain updates its status moment by moment. The last thing a brain wants is to have its co-dependent limbs fail and risk falling.That experience demonstrates how the world is coupled with us. In world-involving coupling a living system survives through ongoing coordination with the affordances and constraints of its surroundings. In behavioral geography this frames spatial behavior as dynamic, reciprocal coordination between individuals and their environments, rather than just isolated internal cognition.Places actively shape decisions through the physics of the world and all its constraints. Actions, in turn, then reshape those surroundings in ongoing loops. This approach to cognition shifts focus from isolated mental maps to lived, constitutive engagements. It treats the world as a partner in our own competence.Before brains, gradients existed. Living systems navigated heat, cold, salt, sugar, thirst, dark, and light to persist. The first cognitive problems were biophysical. Surviving in a world that constantly disrupted viability relied on basic mechanisms like membrane flows, chemical reactions, and feedback. These primordial loops coupled an organism to a given environment directly. There were not yet any neural intermediaries. These were protozoa drifting toward nutrients or recoiling from toxins. It is in this raw attunement that world-involving coupling emerges.In 1932, physiologist Walter Cannon coined the term “homeostasis” to describe the body's active pursuit of stability amidst environmental pressures. Living systems, whether single-celled or more complex, maintain survival variables within narrow bands. Cells detect changes in these variables, which affect molecular states. Temperature, acidity, pressure, osmosis, and metabolic concentrations all influence reaction rates. Feedback loops alter cell-environment interactions through heat transfer, ion flux, water movement, and gas exchange, ultimately restoring the system to a viable band. Organisms are not passive vessels but actively engage with these detection loops, triggering adjustments like a wilting plant drawing water. Sensing and action are fused operations for persistence.About 600 million years ago, cells in an ancient sea sensed electrical fields or chemical plumes on microbial mats. These pioneering cells formed diffuse nerve nets, evolving into jellyfish and anemones. Simple meshes firing to contract thin membranes in bell-shaped forms, they lacked a brain but coordinated propulsive pulses to keep the organism in bounds or sting prey. Within 10s of millions of years, bilateral animals evolved. Flatworms like planaria emerged with nerve cords laddered along their undersides, thickening toward their tips. These proto-brains sped signal spread across their elongated forms.As vertebrates appear, control becomes more layered. Circuits in the brainstem evolve to coordinate breathing, heart rate, posture, and basic orienting reflexes. The cerebellum emerges to sharpen timing and coordination. Competing actions, drives, and habits become sorted with the help of the basal ganglia. With mammals — and especially primates — the cortex expands. Perception and action become more flexible across situational contexts and with it comes longer-horizon learning, social inference, and planning.But at every milestone, bodies are still constrained and governed by gradients and fields related to gravity, friction, heat, oxygen, hydration, predators, prey, and terrain. The cortex sits on top of these older loops, stretching them in time and recombining them in new ways. Even the most “abstract” human cognition still rides on the same foundation of reflexes and sensorimotor sampling. This is what keeps an organism in operable biochemical ranges while it propels itself through an environment that perpetually pushes and pulls.BOXED BRAINS BEGET BIG BELIEFSThe field of physiology deepened this bio-chemical inquiry through the early 20th century. Physiologist and neurologist Ivan Pavlov revealed how sensory cues could chain to responses through neural rerouting creating conditioned ‘Pavlovian' reflexes. Neurophysiologist Charles Sherrington coined the term “synapse” as he dissected and described them as switches in these loops coupled to the world. Through this inquiry, the autonomic nervous system emerged as a kind of homeostatic controller. Sympathetic surges in the system were found to create fight or flight reactions as our parasympathetic system kicks in to dial us back. This can be seen as a more complex version of the same push-pull of Cannon's original homeostasis.By the mid-20th century, mathematician and philosopher Norbert Wiener, working closely with physiologists and engineers, compared the nervous system to a servomechanism — a self-correcting governor found in engines. He coined the term cybernetics in his 1948 book Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine where he treated animals and machines as systems that regulate themselves through feedback. He and his collaborators argued this was a form of “purposeful behavior” or goal-directed action — a kind of negative feedback loop that reduces the difference between a current state and a target state. These ideas hardened in engineering fields during wartime as they were used in weapon systems for prediction and control of trajectories by compensating for delay and uncertainty. Cybernetics helped make the physiological regulation of Cannon's biological homeostasis structurally analogous to engineering.This mechanical metaphor sparked a long-standing debate, dating back to Descartes' 17th-century mind-body split. Dualism posited an immaterial mind as a rule-following pilot controlling mechanical flesh. Alan Turing's 1936 paper had already formalized this possibility, presenting a “machine” capable of computing any algorithm. Two decades later, the Dartmouth summer workshop coined “artificial intelligence” and encouraged the idea of engineering minds as programs. Around the same time, Herbert Simon and Allen Newell built early “logic theorist” programs that proved theorems, making intelligence seem like a boxed process involving symbols and reasoning. That lineage hasn't disappeared. This is largely the default engineering posture of AI. Even when the machinery shifts from hand-coded rules to learned statistical patterns, we still talk as if intelligence lives inside a system. AI models claim to “form representations,” “build a world model,” “store knowledge,” “plan,” and “reason.” Contemporary training methods reward this language because they really do produce rich internal states that can be probed, steered, and reused across tasks.Less discussed is the metaphysical shift from “the system has internal structure supporting performance” to “the system contains an inner arena where meaning emerges and is inspected before action.” Daniel Dennett, a philosopher who dismantled this intuition in theories of mind and consciousness, called this picture the “Cartesian theater.” He noticed that scientific explanations often subtly reintroduce the central place where “it all comes together” for an internal witness. Dennett believes this inner stage is a comforting fiction derived from Descartes' split between observer and world. Brain imaging reveals coordinated network activity, but not a literal inner ‘screen' presenting a unified world-model. Many neuroscientists describe cognition as emerging from distributed, parallel, and recurrent processes, sometimes with large-scale integration. Dennett's point is not that internal processing is unreal, but that our language tempts us toward a surreal Cartesian picture in a central place we can't empirically reveal.RESAMPLE, RESTABILIZE, AND RESHAPENeuroscience reveals that perception differs from a camera feeding a private theater. Our eyes rapidly sample information based on our actions, and the brain stabilizes perception during movement. Much visual processing is organized in the service of action, with partially distinct but interacting pathways supporting perceptual report and real-time visuomotor control. This suggests that the brain resembles a system for maintaining a relationship with the world through continuous sampling, correction, and skilled engagement, rather than a world-reconstruction engine.James J. Gibson, the founder of ecological psychology, arrived at a similar conclusion earlier from behavioral and perceptual evidence. He argues that the world provides lawful patterns, regularities constrained by physics and geometry, that guide behavior because they remain stable across changing viewpoints. These patterns are not complete. Organisms make them available by moving, shifting gaze, turning the head, walking, or touching. Perception is an active process of sampling the world.If perception is about staying attuned to lawful structures in the environment, the evolutionary consequence is organisms don't just read the world, they also write it. As organisms became more complex and mobile, they gained the power to reshape the very patterns they depend on. They start cutting paths (pathways worn into grass, game trails beaten into forests), building shelters (bird nests, termite mounds, human dwellings), altering flows of water and heat (beaver dams, termite mounds), and laying chemical trails (ants depositing pheromones).Evolutionary biologists call this niche construction. Organisms modify their environments, which then feed back into selection pressures and development, creating a dynamic cycle where the environment becomes a product of life and a force that shapes it further. As the world guides behavior, behavior reshapes the world, and the remade world trains bodies and brains into new skills and expectations. Over time, these modifications become external organs of coordination, storing information, reducing uncertainty, and channeling action.A worn trail is navigational memory made durable, a nest or mound is a climate-control device that stabilizes temperature and airflow, and a pheromone path is a distributed signal that recruits other ants into collective action and direction. Complexity scientist David Krakauer calls this broader idea of “mind outsourced into engineered matter” exbodiment — where artifacts actively constrain and channel cogntion. In this view, cognitive work is no longer confined to nervous tissue but accomplished through bodies working with worlds they've built.Humans take this to an extreme. Clothing and shelter externalize thermoregulation, fire externalizes digestion and protection, tools externalize force and precision, drugs alter chemistry, writing and calendars externalize memory and timing, and institutions externalize norms and coordination. Much of what we call “human intelligence” is not only in our brains but also distributed across artifacts and practices that have accumulated over generations.Cognitive anthropologist Edwin Hutchins made the point vivid by studying navigation. On a ship, “knowing where you are” is not privately derived nor sealed in a captain's skull. It is a collective achievement through a system of charts, maps, instruments, procedures, language, coordinated roles — an entire ecology of cognition comprised of tools and social organization. Here geography and cognition merge. Orientation is not just mental but enacted in relation to representations that are anchored and socially maintained in our material reality.When I was at Microsoft, I followed the work of sociologist Lucy Suchman who studied human-machine interaction. She arrived at a similar conclusion criticizing the fantasy that action is simply “execution of an internal plan.” Real action, she argues, is situated. It's responsive to unfolding circumstances — often improvisational — and is shaped by context in ways that cannot be fully specified in advance. In other words, if we look for intelligence as a prewritten script inside the head, we will miss how intelligence is often produced when enacted in a world that refuses to hold still.Large language models, at first glance, seem to embody the “internal plan” fantasy. They're sealed systems containing competence in weights and parameters, ready for queries. However, they're closer to Suchman's warning. Trained on vast archives of human writing, LLMs learn statistical regularities in vast continuations of text. When used, they produce a new continuation conditioned on prompts and context. Prompts aren't mere inputs. They're situated actions in human-computer interactions. They set frames, narrow affordances, cue roles, establish constraints, and often iterate in a back-and-forth that resembles Suchman's improvisation with a powerful partner who is also techy and textual.Philosophers Andy Clark and David Chalmers, in their extended mind thesis, claim under certain conditions, external tools can become constitutive parts of cognition when they are reliably integrated into the organism's routines. As we've learned, the boundary of cognition is not always the boundary of skin or skull, it's the boundary of a stable loop.When the fog rolls in and visibility gets low, the boundary of this loop becomes quickly apparent. “The mind's eye” is not that helpful…practically or metaphorically. If anything, the brain wants nothing more than for the body to widen contact with the world. It slows us down, sharpens listening, and increases tactile attention. It calculates different gradient thresholds to measure risk…it might even glance at an external sensing device that is prompting some intervention or improvisation! We are not watching a movie in our head to get through the fog. We are trying to stay oriented in a world that refuses to be fully represented.This is the reframing of intelligence — artificial and otherwise — I wish for. I'd like to see more talk of intelligence being less a coveted individualistic thing hidden inside us and more an achievement of coordinated biophysical, social, infrastructural loops across time. When we mistake a metaphor (“there's a theater in there”) for an ontology (“that's where cognition lives”), we get misled about minds and we get misled about AI. The alternative is not anti-technology. It's conceptual hygiene. Let's start asking where cognition actually happens, what it is made of, and how places — natural and built — participate in making it possible. You know, Interplace — the interaction of people and place. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit interplace.io

In the first half of this episode, Patrick and Tommie are joined by John J. Steele, Jr., who discusses the upcoming concerts of the Long Island Gay Men's Chorus and his directing of a local production of The Lion In Winter. The men learn about wolf DNA in dogs, meet the Saint-Usuge Spaniel, celebrate the birthdays of two gay icons and the king of the nerds, say farewell to gay German actor Udo Kier and reggae singer Jimmy Cliff, take a trip to Casablanca, learn about the 1977 broadcast interruption from the Ashtar Galactic Command, and listen to the jukebox while debating whether cheesecake is an actual cake. (Part Two will be released on December 3.)

This is a preview — for the full episode, subscribe: https://newmodels.io https://patreon.com/newmodels https://newmodels.substack.com Our guest is American media theorist Douglas Rushkoff. He is the author of such seminal books on digital culture and networked communication as Cyberia (1994), Media Virus (1995), and Coercion (1999); and numerous further titles including, Program or Be Programmed (2010/2025) and Survival of the Richest: Escape Fantasies of the Tech Billionaires (2022). He is also the host of Team Human and a professor of Media Theory and Digital Economics as CUNY/Queens. On this episode, Doug speaks with us about the evolution (and devolution) of digital culture across web 1, 2, 3, and beyond via a synthesis of media theory, psychedelic thinking, and practical wisdom for navigating our contemporary networks. Names cited: Adam Curtis, Alex Garland, Allan Kaprow, Amazon, Art Bell, AT&T, Bernie Madoff, CNN, Cyberia, CVS, Dan Rather, Daniel Dennett, David Bowie, David Hershkovitz, David Lynch, Donna Haraway, Douglas Rushkoff, Elon Musk, Emmanuel Levinas, Francis Bacon, Genesis P-Orridge, Jake Tapper, Jeff Bezos, Jeffrey Epstein, Jesse Armstrong, Joe Rogan, John Brockman, John Perry Barlow, Joseph Chaikin, Kamala Harris, Lauren Sanchez, Louis Rossetto, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Madonna, Marjorie Taylor Greene, Marshall McLuhan, Martin Buber, Martin Heidegger, Media Virus, Michael Jackson, Milton Friedman, Naomi Klein, Naomi Wolf, Neil Simon, New Models, New York Times, Norbert Wiener, Orit Halpern, Paper Magazine, Peter Thiel, Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, Present Shock, Ray Kurzweil, Richard Dawkins, Robert Anton Wilson, Ross Douthat, Skinny Puppy, Spinoza, Star Trek, Team Human, Temple of Psychic Youth, The Long Boom, The Process Church, The Simpsons, Vanessa Machado de Oliveira, Walter Benjamin, William S. Burroughs, Wired Magazine

fWotD Episode 2964: Emmy Noether Welcome to Featured Wiki of the Day, your daily dose of knowledge from Wikipedia's finest articles.The featured article for Monday, 16 June 2025, is Emmy Noether.Amalie Emmy Noether (US: , UK: ; German: [ˈnøːtɐ]; 23 March 1882 – 14 April 1935) was a German mathematician who made many important contributions to abstract algebra. She also proved Noether's first and second theorems, which are fundamental in mathematical physics. Noether was described by Pavel Alexandrov, Albert Einstein, Jean Dieudonné, Hermann Weyl and Norbert Wiener as the most important woman in the history of mathematics. As one of the leading mathematicians of her time, she developed theories of rings, fields, and algebras. In physics, Noether's theorem explains the connection between symmetry and conservation laws.Noether was born to a Jewish family in the Franconian town of Erlangen; her father was the mathematician Max Noether. She originally planned to teach French and English after passing the required examinations, but instead studied mathematics at the University of Erlangen–Nuremberg, where her father lectured. After completing her doctorate in 1907 under the supervision of Paul Gordan, she worked at the Mathematical Institute of Erlangen without pay for seven years. At the time, women were largely excluded from academic positions. In 1915, she was invited by David Hilbert and Felix Klein to join the mathematics department at the University of Göttingen, a world-renowned center of mathematical research. The philosophical faculty objected, however, and she spent four years lecturing under Hilbert's name. Her habilitation was approved in 1919, allowing her to obtain the rank of Privatdozent.Noether remained a leading member of the Göttingen mathematics department until 1933; her students were sometimes called the "Noether Boys". In 1924, Dutch mathematician B. L. van der Waerden joined her circle and soon became the leading expositor of Noether's ideas; her work was the foundation for the second volume of his influential 1931 textbook, Moderne Algebra. By the time of her plenary address at the 1932 International Congress of Mathematicians in Zürich, her algebraic acumen was recognized around the world. The following year, Germany's Nazi government dismissed Jews from university positions, and Noether moved to the United States to take up a position at Bryn Mawr College in Pennsylvania. There, she taught graduate and post-doctoral women including Marie Johanna Weiss and Olga Taussky-Todd. At the same time, she lectured and performed research at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey.Noether's mathematical work has been divided into three "epochs". In the first (1908–1919), she made contributions to the theories of algebraic invariants and number fields. Her work on differential invariants in the calculus of variations, Noether's theorem, has been called "one of the most important mathematical theorems ever proved in guiding the development of modern physics". In the second epoch (1920–1926), she began work that "changed the face of [abstract] algebra". In her classic 1921 paper Idealtheorie in Ringbereichen (Theory of Ideals in Ring Domains), Noether developed the theory of ideals in commutative rings into a tool with wide-ranging applications. She made elegant use of the ascending chain condition, and objects satisfying it are named Noetherian in her honor. In the third epoch (1927–1935), she published works on noncommutative algebras and hypercomplex numbers and united the representation theory of groups with the theory of modules and ideals. In addition to her own publications, Noether was generous with her ideas and is credited with several lines of research published by other mathematicians, even in fields far removed from her main work, such as algebraic topology.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 01:12 UTC on Monday, 16 June 2025.For the full current version of the article, see Emmy Noether on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Mastodon at @wikioftheday@masto.ai.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm standard Geraint.

The evolution of AI is changing the way we interact with the physical world, not just in how we use this technology, but also where and how we access it. In this episode, Reid and Aria sit down with Meta's Chief Technology Officer, Andrew “Boz” Bosworth, who is pioneering wearables for the company. Boz's journey in the tech sector has taken him from working on Microsoft Visio to founding Reality Labs, Meta's AR and VR division. Now, he's focused on the next frontier in mixed realities with his latest project, Orion, a pair of AR glasses. Boz offers an Orion demo and shares his vision for wearables as an equalizing technology that can unlock superpowers for every person. Plus, they check-in on the state of AI as it relates to open source software, safety, hyperscalers, and startups.   For more info on the podcast and transcripts of all the episodes, visit https://www.possible.fm/podcast/  Topics: 1:03 - Episode introduction 3:36 - How Boz's farm upbringing influenced his career and perspective on the digital world  7:02 - How will wearables influence how we navigate the physical and digital worlds?  9:46 - Meta's AI philosophy 11:27 - Pi explains Norbert Wiener's construct of information theory 14:28 - What would it take to build AI world models? 15:09 - What are the most significant use cases for Orion? 19:01 - Can Orion accommodate monocular vision? 20:00 - Boz's response to Orion skeptics 22:29 - Boz gives predictions on our AI future 25:09 - What would it look like to have a compatible system of wearables?  27:30 - Unexpected discoveries from Orion testing 29:33 - What is Meta's focus in the AI space for the years to come? 30:48 - How do we ensure that AI innovation is used for good? 35:28 - Boz responds to Meta's changes in fact checking policy 37:11 - How will hyperscalers and start-ups flourish in the AI game? 40:06 - Boz shares his review on “The Wild Robot” 42:24 - Rapid-fire questions Select mentions:  The Martian by Andy Weir Project Hail Mary by Andy Weir I Am a Strange Loop by Douglas Hofstadter J. C. R. Licklider, psychologist and computer scientist Douglas Engelbart, engineer and computer science pioneer Norbert Wiener, computer scientist and mathematician Yann LeCun, computer scientist and Chief AI Scientist at Meta  Michael Abrash, Chief Scientist, Reality Labs, Meta Garry Kasparov, Russian chess grandmaster 4-H, a youth development program from the USDA The Biometric Information Privacy Act (BIPA) Qualified Business Income Deduction (QBI) Possible is an award-winning podcast that sketches out the brightest version of the future—and what it will take to get there. Most of all, it asks: what if, in the future, everything breaks humanity's way? Tune in for grounded and speculative takes on how technology—and, in particular, AI—is inspiring change and transforming the future. Hosted by Reid Hoffman and Aria Finger, each episode features an interview with an ambitious builder or deep thinker on a topic, from art to geopolitics and from healthcare to education. These conversations also showcase another kind of guest: AI. Whether it's Inflection's Pi, OpenAI's ChatGPT or other AI tools, each episode will use AI to enhance and advance our discussion about what humanity could possibly get right if we leverage technology—and our collective effort—effectively.

Matt Prewitt and Gary Zhexi Zhang discuss Chinese cybernetics, focusing on pioneer Qian Xuesen and how the field developed differently in China versus the West. They explore how Chinese cybernetics emerged as a practical tool for nation-building, examining its scientific foundations, political context, and broader cultural impact. Together, they discuss key concepts like information control systems while highlighting the field's interdisciplinary nature and its evolution from thermodynamic to information-based approaches.Links & References: References:The Critical Legacy of Chinese Cybernetics by Gary Zhexi Zhang | Combinations Magazine Cybernetics - WikipediaNorbert Wiener ("Father of Cybernetics")Whose entropy is it anyway? (Part 1: Boltzmann, Shannon, and Gibbs ) — Chris AdamiCollection: Norbert Wiener papers | MIT ArchivesSpaceRelationship between entropy of a language and crossword puzzles (a comment from Claude Shannon) - Mathematics Stack ExchangeA Mathematical Theory of Communication BY C.E. SHANNON | Harvard MathA Mathematical Theory of Communication - WikipediaCybernetics - MITBrownian motion - WikipediaIntercontinental ballistic missile - Wikipedia AKA “ICBMs”Summary: The Macy ConferencesWarren Sturgis McCulloch (Neuroscience), Gregory Bateson and Margaret Mead (Cultural Anthropology)Claude Shannon (Mathematician)The Bandwagon BY CLAUDE E. SHANNONFrom Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism by Fred Turner, introductionFrom Cybernetics to AI: the pioneering work of Norbert Wiener - Max Planck NeuroscienceMarvin Minsky | AI Pioneer, Cognitive Scientist & MIT Professor | BritannicBios:Gary Zhexi Zhang is an artist and writer. He is the editor of Catastrophe Time! (Strange Attractor Press, 2023) and most recently exhibited at the 9th Asian Art Biennial, Taichung.Gary's Social Links:Gary Zhexi Zhang (@hauntedsurimi) / X Matt Prewitt (he/him) is a lawyer, technologist, and writer. He is the President of the RadicalxChange Foundation.Matt's Social Links:ᴍᴀᴛᴛ ᴘʀᴇᴡɪᴛᴛ (@m_t_prewitt) / X Connect with RadicalxChange Foundation:RadicalxChange Website@RadxChange | TwitterRxC | YouTubeRxC | InstagramRxC | LinkedInJoin the conversation on Discord.Credits:Produced by G. Angela Corpus.Co-Produced, Edited, Narrated, and Audio Engineered by Aaron Benavides.Executive Produced by G. Angela Corpus and Matt Prewitt.Intro/Outro music by MagnusMoone, “Wind in the Willows,” is licensed under an Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 International License (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)

Vi tar sjansen på at juleferien har gjort dere godt, og at både dere og jeg nå er såpass uthvilte i topplokket at vi endelig tåler å gyve løs på kybernetikken. Returnerende gjest er frilansjournalist, kommende forfatter og doktorgradsstudent Ellen Emilie Henriksen. Mye av kvelden vil bli viet mannen som kom opp med begrepet, Norbert Wiener. Den meget deprimerte, amfetaminavhengige pasifisten som de lærde strides om var klin kokos eller et stort geni. Det vil bli rundturer innom alt fra jødisk mytologi til KI, kyborger og kommunisme. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Il est essentiel pour certains, contraignant pour d'autres. La généralisation du télétravail a radicalement changé notre façon de travailler après le Covid. Dès le début de la pandémie, le gouvernement a recommandé le télétravail et l'a rendu obligatoire, dans la mesure du possible. Selon l'INSEE lors du premier confinement, près de la moitié de la population active, en France, a travaillé au moins une fois à son domicile contre seulement 22% en 2019.  Cette pratique nous viendrait des États-Unis, plus précisément de Norbert Wiener, le père fondateur de la cybernétique. Selon la Tribune, dans les années 1950, il supervise la construction d'un bâtiment américain alors qu'il est en Europe. Cela vous parait sûrement abstrait, et pourtant, ce sont les premières traces de ce que l'on considère aujourd'hui comme du télétravail. Le télétravail existait-il avant le Covid ? Ai-je le droit de télétravailler ? Quels sont les désavantages ? Écoutez la suite de cet épisode de "Maintenant vous savez". Un podcast Bababam Originals, écrit et réalisé par Joanne Bourdin. À écouter aussi : Où sont les insectes en hiver ? [SPÉCIAL 5 ANS] 2019 : Les mobilisations des jeunes pour le climat ont-elles vraiment renversé la situation ? Serons-nous bientôt tous allergiques au pollen ? Retrouvez tous les épisodes de "Maintenant vous savez". Suivez Bababam sur Instagram. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Sunday, 28 April 2024   Nevertheless the centurion was more persuaded by the helmsman and the owner of the ship than by the things spoken by Paul. Acts 27:11   More literally, the Greek reads, “But the centurion rather trusted the pilot and the shipmaster than these spoken by Paul” (CG).   In the previous verse, Paul noted from his personal experience and deduction that disaster lay ahead for the ship and the crew if the voyage to Rome was continued at this time. However, Paul's views were not shared by all. As it next says, “But the centurion rather trusted the pilot and the shipmaster.”   This is not a failing on the part of the centurion. He may have surmised that Paul wanted to delay his trip to Rome for some reason. Further, the ship was under the authority of these other two. It would seem illogical for them to risk everything if they didn't know what they were doing.   However, he probably ignored the fact that these men may have had a lot of loss by simply staying in port and waiting for the season to turn more favorable in order to continue the journey. He had to weigh out the matter and come to a decision. In the end, he accepted the words of these above those of Paul.   Both of these positions are new to Scripture. The first is the kubernétés, or pilot. This is derived from the same source as a similar noun found in 1 Corinthians 12:28, kubernésis, someone who steers, which is then applied to one who governs or administrates. Thus, the kubernétés is a steersman, helmsman, or pilot. This word is only found here and in Revelation 18:17.   The next word is the naukléros, or shipmaster. It is found only here in the New Testament. It is derived from two words signifying ship and lot (as in a lot that is cast), and thus a clerk. Therefore, it is the ship owner or ship master who hires out his ship.   Both of these men would normally be considered experienced enough to know what would be proper concerning the vessel they were in charge of. Therefore, the centurion accepted their words more “than these spoken by Paul.”   It will be an unfortunate choice. Paul will be sure to remind them of the consequences of not listening to him when disaster has fully come upon them.   Life application: The centurion, despite having sympathy for Paul, as was previously seen, was more willing to trust the judgment of the helmsman and the ship owner. He didn't consider the fact that the owner of the ship was surely under financial constraint.   The cargo was susceptible to being ruined if it sat too long and the shipmaster was paid by the owner. They would be more willing to take the chance of moving on because of this in order to find a more suitable harbor, or even make the entire journey to Rome, even with the associated dangers.   As noted, the centurion had to make a decision and he could not get inside of the heads and lives of the men who were making their arguments before him. He will, however, find out that Paul was a straight shooter. This is something that is important for us as Christians.   We need to be so trustworthy in what we say that people can take our words at face value. This is actually a charge for us from both Jesus and the apostles. We are told to let our yes be yes and our no be no. In other words, we are to speak and then perform according to our words. In this, we will be more reliable than even the steersman on a ship who must venture into the sea, risking life and/or property loss as he heads forth into the unknown.   As an interesting side note, the etymological root of our modern word cybernetics is from this same word, kubernétés. The word was first explained by Norbert Wiener, in his 1948 book of that title, noting it concerned the study of controlling and communicating in both the animal and the machine. This is true with the other word, kubernésis, as well. One can see the etymological root of cybernesis. Fun stuff, right out of the Bible.   Lord God, may we be careful to include You in our major decisions of life. When we are faced with something that has more than one important avenue to take, and which could lead to unhappy results if we take the wrong one, may we remember to pray to You and ask for Your guidance. In this, we will at least know that we have Your hand with us as we continue down the path we ultimately take. To Your glory, we pray this. Amen.  

Advanced Soviet Research on Cybernetics, Biofield Energetics, and Cognitive Restructuring with Dr. Hans Utter and Brandon, Part IV. Focus on Norbert Wiener. Hans Utter Website: https://hansutter.com/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Phillip and Brian discuss the forgettable nature of AI music. Corporations' birthdays are an essential thing that we need to care about now. Also, an update on Lammers Law: everything eventually becomes an ad. PLUS: OSHA for the MIND?? Listen now.The Right to DisconnectKey takeaways:- Amazon is scaling back its Just Walk Out technology from its Amazon Fresh grocery stores. Due to technical limitations in grocery stores, it will be constrained to airports and small-format stores.- JPMorgan's use of customer transaction data for targeted advertising highlights the increasing importance of personalized content.- AI-generated music, such as that produced by Suno AI, may lack memorability but showcases the advancements in AI technology.- The "right to disconnect" bill in California reflects the ongoing need for work-life balance in an increasingly digital world.- Corporate anniversaries are becoming a popular marketing strategy and cultural celebration for brands.{00:11:41} - “People want the friction in their local community of chatting with their checker and chatting with people that are in line and living life in their community because they probably bump into people that they know, and it's part of their daily routine or their weekly routine or whatever to engage with the people in their communities as they go about doing their business.” - Brian{00:19:32} - “We all hate this idea, but the truth is that ads, good ads, and contextual ads add to a discovery mechanism in many platforms. Good ads heighten the experience of Instagram, I would argue. The good ads on Instagram make my experience of Instagram better. I think Instagram is a little bit worse if it has no ads because I discover things.” - Phillip{00:29:35} - “In my mind, this is as good as [AI music] will ever be. It doesn't only get better from here. Maybe the fidelity gets better. Maybe it can create stems. Maybe you can do more editing. Maybe you could go in and tweak things, and you'll have more creator tools, but it doesn't mean it gets more creative over time.” - Phillip{00:41:51} - “There's a really interesting amnesiac effect with this AI-generated music is it's incredibly forgettable. There's nothing remarkable or memorable about any of it. And I almost feel the same way about all AI-generated content. AI-generated art, AI-generated writing. There's nothing memorable or remarkable about it ever. The memorable thing is the discourse around it.” - Phillip{01:04:29} - “We are getting to a point now where we're hitting Norbert Wiener's prediction around "the world of the future will be an even more demanding struggle against the limitations of our intelligence, not a comfortable hammock in which we can lie down to be waited upon by our robot slaves." What we're bumping up right now against is pushing our minds further as far as they possibly can go, and there's a lot of burnout that's happening as a result.” - BrianAssociated Links:Check out Future Commerce+ for exclusive content and save on merch and printThe MUSES Journal is here! Grab your copy of our latest annual journal today at musesjournal.comHave you checked out our YouTube channel yet?Subscribe to Insiders and The Senses to read more about what we are witnessing in the commerce worldListen to our other episodes of Future CommerceHave any questions or comments about the show? Let us know on futurecommerce.com, or reach out to us on Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, or LinkedIn. We love hearing from our listeners!

¿Qué hay detrás de las Apple Vision Pro y otros nuevos dispositivos de realidad virtual? Abordamos este tema de actualidad desde una perspectiva filosófica utilizando los textos de Baudrillard y Guy Debord sobre las sociedades de consumo y espectáculo o sobre el concepto de simulacro. Así como a través de la literatura con textos como Neuromante de William Gibson o la biblia de la cibernética de Norbert Wiener, entre otros autores. Finalmente tocaremos un tema de misterio y conspiración, al rastrear el origen de SIRI y otros experimentos de control mental desclasificados recientemente en los Estados Unidos.

Welcome to The Nonlinear Library, where we use Text-to-Speech software to convert the best writing from the Rationalist and EA communities into audio. This is: Against most AI risk analogies, published by Matthew Barnett on January 14, 2024 on LessWrong. I dislike most AI risk analogies that I've seen people use. While I think analogies can be helpful for explaining a concept to people for the first time, I think they are frequently misused, and often harmful. The fundamental problem is that analogies are consistently mistaken for, and often deliberately intended as arguments for particular AI risk positions. And the majority of the time when analogies are used this way, I think they are misleading and imprecise, routinely conveying the false impression of a specific, credible model of AI, even when no such credible model exists. Here is a random list of examples of analogies that I found in the context of AI risk: Stuart Russell: "It's not exactly like inviting a superior alien species to come and be our slaves forever, but it's sort of like that." Rob Wiblin: "It's a little bit like trying to understand how octopuses are going to think or how they'll behave - except that octopuses don't exist yet, and all we get to do is study their ancestors, the sea snail, and then we have to figure out from that what's it like to be an octopus." Eliezer Yudkowsky: "The character this AI plays is not the AI. The AI is an unseen actress who, for now, is playing this character. This potentially backfires if the AI gets smarter." Nate Soares: "My guess for how AI progress goes is that at some point, some team gets an AI that starts generalizing sufficiently well, sufficiently far outside of its training distribution, that it can gain mastery of fields like physics, bioengineering, and psychology [...] And in the same stroke that its capabilities leap forward, its alignment properties are revealed to be shallow, and to fail to generalize. Norbert Wiener: "when a machine constructed by us is capable of operating on its incoming data at a pace which we cannot keep, we may not know, until too late, when to turn it off. We all know the fable of the sorcerer's apprentice..." Geoffry Hinton: "It's like nuclear weapons. If there's a nuclear war, we all lose. And it's the same with these things taking over." Joe Carlsmith: "I think a better analogy for AI is something like an engineered virus, where, if it gets out, it gets harder and harder to contain, and it's a bigger and bigger problem." Ajeya Cotra: "Corporations might be a better analogy in some sense than the economy as a whole: they're made of these human parts, but end up pretty often pursuing things that aren't actually something like an uncomplicated average of the goals and desires of the humans that make up this machine, which is the Coca-Cola Corporation or something." Ezra Klein: "As my colleague Ross Douthat wrote, this is an act of summoning. The coders casting these spells have no idea what will stumble through the portal." SKLUUG: "AI risk is like Terminator! AI might get real smart, and decide to kill us all! We need to do something about it!" These analogies cover a wide scope, and many of them can indeed sometimes be useful in conveying meaningful information. My point is not that they are never useful, but rather that these analogies are generally shallow and misleading. They establish almost nothing of importance about the behavior and workings of real AIs, but nonetheless give the impression of a model for how we should think about AIs. And notice how these analogies can give an impression of a coherent AI model even when the speaker is not directly asserting it to be a model. Regardless of the speaker's intentions, I think the actual effect is frequently to plant a detailed-yet-false picture in the audience's mind, giving rise to specious ideas about how real AIs will operate in the future. Plus, these analogies are frequently chosen selectively - picked on the basis of ev...

Episode: 2901 Norbert Wiener and Cybernetics.  Today, let's talk about Norbert Wiener and cybernetics.

Lesson from Psycho-Cybernetics by Maxwell Maltz. Psycho-Cybernetics is a well-known self-improvement book. Its author, Maxwell Maltz, was a plastic surgeon who discovered that his patients frequently needed more than surgery to improve their self-image. In the book, Maltz details techniques for cultivating a positive internal goal, which he believes can lead to positive external outcomes. The book draws on the works of Preston Lecky, Norbert Wiener, and John von Neumann. - 00:00:00 - A new self-image 00:06:35 - What is Psycho-Cybernetics 00:08:15 - “You” are not a machine 00:10:43 - Zig-zag servo-mechanism 00:12:00 - “You” are not a failure 00:14:30 - Your current identity is built by your past narratives 00:16:23 - What stories are you telling yourself 00:21:00 - Get the “winning” feeling 00:23:55 - Make your inner reality more real than your external environment 00:25:50 - How Conor McGregor became the most successful athlete 00:31:40 - Integrate your emotions into your vision 00:33:00 - You already self-hypnotize unconsciously 00:38:15 - Why do you need goals for your creative-mechanism to function 00:39:44 - Viktor Frankl and why you need higher purposely goals 00:42:10 -Why knowing your purpose is crucial 00:43:45 - Trust the process 00:47:50 - Act as if you've achieved your goal 00:52:40 - Forgiveness = getting an emotional facelift 00:57:00 - The S.U.C.C.E.S.S. acronym - IJ Makan is a philosopher, designer, and martial artist. - Social & Website Instagram ⁠⁠⁠⁠https://www.instagram.com/ijmakan⁠⁠⁠⁠ Twitter ⁠⁠⁠⁠https://twitter.com/ijmakan⁠⁠⁠⁠ Website ⁠⁠⁠⁠https://becomingantifragile.com⁠⁠⁠⁠ Newsletter ⁠⁠⁠⁠https://ijmakan.substack.com

What do you think of when you hear the term "cybernetics"? Well there's a solid chance you're wrong. This week we're taking a high level overview of an intellectual Swiss Army Knife that rewired the way we think about everything from economics to ecology, psychology to semiotics.  In this episode, we'll unravel the genius of Norbert Wiener, the surprisingly sympathetic mathematician who gave cybernetics its name and set the course for a science of control and communication. We also dissect the Macy Conferences, where mathematicians like John Von Neuman and anthropologists like Margaret Mead attempted to hash out a universal language for understanding systems across disciplines and may or may not have set the stage for things like, ya know, MK-Ultra and associated devils. Cybernetics is cool as hell though.    By supporting The Nonsense Bazaar on Patreon you provide us with the feedback which prevents us from resorting to…other means. You also get access to our bonus series The Corkboard Bizarre and our private Discord server. Do it. You know you want to.  https://patreon.com/thenonsensebazaar

Hi friends, we're on hiatus for the fall. To tide you over, we're putting up some favorite episodes from our archives. Enjoy! ---- [originally aired February 17, 2021] Guess what folks: we are celebrating a birthday this week. That's right, Many Minds has reached the ripe age of one year old. Not sure how old that is in podcast years, exactly, but it's definitely a landmark that we're proud of. Please no gifts, but, as always, you're encouraged to share the show with a friend, write a review, or give us a shout out on social. To help mark this milestone we've got a great episode for you. My guest is the writer, Brian Christian. Brian is a visiting scholar at the University of California Berkeley and the author of three widely acclaimed books: The Most Human Human, published in 2011; Algorithms To Live By, co-authored with Tom Griffiths and published in 2016; and most recently, The Alignment Problem. It was published this past fall and it's the focus of our conversation in this episode. The alignment problem, put simply, is the problem of building artificial intelligences—machine learning systems, for instance—that do what we want them to do, that both reflect and further our values. This is harder to do than you might think, and it's more important than ever. As Brian and I discuss, machine learning is becoming increasingly pervasive in everyday life—though it's sometimes invisible. It's working in the background every time we snap a photo or hop on Facebook. Companies are using it to sift resumes; courts are using it to make parole decisions. We are already trusting these systems with a bunch of important tasks, in other words. And as we rely on them in more and more domains, the alignment problem will only become that much more pressing. In the course of laying out this problem, Brian's book also offers a captivating history of machine learning and AI. Since their very beginnings, these fields have been formed through interaction with philosophy, psychology, mathematics, and neuroscience. Brian traces these interactions in fascinating detail—and brings them right up to the present moment. As he describes, machine learning today is not only informed by the latest advances in the cognitive sciences, it's also propelling those advances. This is a wide-ranging and illuminating conversation folks. And, if I may say so, it's also an important one. Brian makes a compelling case, I think, that the alignment problem is one of the defining issues of our age. And he writes about it—and talks about it here—with such clarity and insight. I hope you enjoy this one. And, if you do, be sure to check out Brian's book. Happy birthday to us—and on to my conversation with Brian Christian. Enjoy!   A transcript of this show is available here.   Notes and links 7:26 - Norbert Wiener's article from 1960, ‘Some moral and technical consequences of automation'. 8:35 - ‘The Sorcerer's Apprentice' is an episode from the animated film, Fantasia (1940). Before that, it was a poem by Goethe. 13:00 - A well-known incident in which Google's nascent auto-tagging function went terribly awry. 13:30 - The ‘Labeled Faces in the Wild' database can be viewed here. 18:35 - A groundbreaking article in ProPublica on the biases inherent in the Correctional Offender Management Profiling for Alternative Sanctions (COMPAS) tool. 25:00 – The website of the Future of Humanity Institute, mentioned in several places, is here. 25:55 - For an account of the collaboration between Walter Pitts and Warren McCulloch, see here. 29:35- An article about the racial biases built into photographic film technology in the 20th century. 31:45 - The much-investigated Tempe crash involving a driverless car and a pedestrian: 37:17 - The psychologist Edward Thorndike developed the “law of effect.” Here is one of his papers on the law. 44:40 - A highly influential 2015 paper in Nature in which a deep-Q network was able to surpass human performance on a number of classic Atari games, and yet not score a single point on ‘Montezuma's Revenge.' 47:38 - A chapter on the classic “preferential looking” paradigm in developmental psychology: 53:40 - A blog post discussing the relationship between dopamine in the brain and temporal difference learning. Here is the paper in Science in which this relationship was first articulated. 1:00:00 - A paper on the concept of “coherent extrapolated volition.” 1:01:40 - An article on the notion of “iterated distillation and amplification.” 1:10:15 - The fourth edition of a seminal textbook by Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig, AI a Modern approach, is available here: http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/ 1:13:00 - An article on Warren McCulloch's poetry. 1:17:45 - The concept of “reductions” is central in computer science and mathematics.   Brian Christian's end-of-show reading recommendations: The Alignment Newsletter, written by Rohin Shah Invisible Women, by Caroline Criado Perez: The Gardener and the Carpenter, Alison Gopnik: You can keep up with Brian at his personal website or on Twitter.   Many Minds is a project of the Diverse Intelligences Summer Institute, which is made possible by a generous grant from the Templeton World Charity Foundation to UCLA. It is hosted and produced by Kensy Cooperrider, with help from Assistant Producer Urte Laukaityte and with creative support from DISI Directors Erica Cartmill and Jacob Foster. Our artwork is by Ben Oldroyd. Our transcripts are created by Sarah Dopierala. Subscribe to Many Minds on Apple, Stitcher, Spotify, Pocket Casts, Google Play, or wherever you listen to podcasts. You can also now subscribe to the Many Minds newsletter here! We welcome your comments, questions, and suggestions. Feel free to email us at: manymindspodcast@gmail.com.  For updates about the show, visit our website or follow us on Twitter: @ManyMindsPod.

Chapter 1 What's Information"The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood" is a non-fiction book written by James Gleick, published in 2011. It explores the concept of information and its profound impact on various aspects of human civilization. The book delves into the historical development of information from ancient times to the digital age, while also examining the theoretical underpinnings and implications of this fundamental concept. Gleick discusses how information has transformed society, communication, and technological advancements throughout history. He explores the inventions and individuals that played crucial roles in the evolution of information, such as the telegraph, telephone, radio, and computer. Gleick also examines the philosophical and scientific theories surrounding information, including those proposed by Claude Shannon, Alan Turing, and Norbert Wiener. The book highlights the exponential growth and accessibility of information, which Gleick refers to as a "flood." He explores the challenges and opportunities presented by this abundance of information, discussing topics like information overload, the emergence of social networks, and the potential for misinformation. "The Information" provides a comprehensive view of how information has influenced the world and continues to shape our lives. It appeals to readers interested in history, technology, communication, and the broader implications of the digital age.Chapter 2 Is The Information Worth ReadAccording to reddit comments on The Information, Determining whether the information is worth reading depends on various factors such as your specific interests, needs, and the credibility of the source. Here are some questions to consider when evaluating the worthiness of the information: 1. Relevance: Does the information align with your current interests or needs? If it addresses a topic of importance to you, it might be worth reading. 2. Credibility: Is the source reputable and reliable? Assess the author's expertise, the publication's reputation, and whether the information is supported by evidence or references. Trustworthy sources provide accurate and well-researched content. 3. Accuracy: Look for factual accuracy and avoid misinformation or biased content. Reliable information should be based on verifiable facts rather than personal opinions or unverified claims. 4. Uniqueness: Does the information provide unique insights or perspectives? If it offers new knowledge, fresh viewpoints, or innovative ideas, it may be worth exploring. 5. Presentation: Consider the clarity and coherence of the information. Well-organized, easy-to-understand content can enhance your learning experience and make it more worthwhile. Ultimately, the decision of whether the information is worth reading lies in your hands. Evaluating these factors will help you determine if the information aligns with your needs and if the source is credible, accurate, and valuable for your purposes.Chapter 3 Summary of The Information In this article, we delve into the captivating world of "The Information" by James Gleick. Expanding on his groundbreaking work, Gleick explores the profound impact that information holds in our increasingly interconnected society. From the emergence...

This week was a exciting but busy one with all of us getting together to celebrate Lina's wedding, which unfortunately made it impossible to put together the regular episode. So we've decided to unlock the first episode in our new series on the history of the field of cybernetics and how the labor movement has interacted with it. It's been a super fascinating topic learning about figures like Norbert Wiener, Ross Ashby, and Stafford Beer, so we hope you like this unlocked episode as just the first portion of what we've been covering. Our Cybernetics series will continue for patrons later this week and our weekly labor news rundown will be back at our regularly scheduled time next Tuesday! Thank you so much for listening, we couldn't do the show without you! Original Description: We're very excited this week to be starting our long awaited series discussing the history of the field of cybernetics and how it intersects with the labor movement. In this first part, John explains the life and work of polymath and founder of the study of cybernetics, Norbert Wiener. We discuss the parallels between Wiener's thinking and Marxism, the ways that his conception of cybernetics requires a dialectical outlook at the world, and how the systems theory approach of cybernetics can help us understand complex events, including in the realm of politics and organizing. Next week, we will continue with the second half of our discussions on Norbert Wiener, including his relationship with the UAW.   Join the discord: discord.gg/tDvmNzX   Follow the pod at instagram.com/workstoppage, @WorkStoppagePod on Twitter, John @facebookvillain, and Lina @solidaritybee

If you're not a patron you can get the full episode by visiting patreon.com/workstoppage and support us with $5 a month. For our second episode on the history of the discipline of Cybernetics and its relationship to the labor movement, we dive a little deeper into what Cybernetics actually is. We discuss the way Cybernetics seeks to bridge varying disciplines and systems and examine their interrelations, paralleling the dialectical way of looking at the world in Marxism. We also discuss Norbert Wiener's attempt to use his newly formed discipline of cybernetics to help labor, by reaching out to Walter Reuther and the UAW about the perils of approaching automation. Upcoming episodes will discuss the work of W. Ross Ashby, another of the early founders of cybernetics, and his work on the concept of Variety. Join the discord: discord.gg/tDvmNzX  Follow the pod at instagram.com/workstoppage, @WorkStoppagePod on Twitter,  John @facebookvillain, and Lina @solidaritybee

If you're not a patron you can get the full episode by visiting patreon.com/workstoppage and support us with $5 a month.   We're very excited this week to be starting our long awaited series discussing the history of the field of cybernetics and how it intersects with the labor movement. In this first part, John explains the life and work of polymath and founder of the study of cybernetics, Norbert Wiener. We discuss the parallels between Wiener's thinking and Marxism, the ways that his conception of cybernetics requires a dialectical outlook at the world, and how the systems theory approach of cybernetics can help us understand complex events, including in the realm of politics and organizing. Next week, we will continue with the second half of our discussions on Norbert Wiener, including his relationship with the UAW.   Join the discord: discord.gg/tDvmNzX   Follow the pod at instagram.com/workstoppage, @WorkStoppagePod on Twitter, John @facebookvillain, and Lina @solidaritybee

هذه الحلقة منتجت وسجلت بالإشتراك مع بودكاست ستيل شاوت (Steel Shout) أدب السايبربنك يعتبر من أهم الفروع التي ولدت من أدب الخيال العلمي في القرن العشرينما هو الـ(cyberpunk)  في الأدب.يمثل الـ (cyberpunk) نوعًا من أدب الخيال العلمي الذي يتميز بتمحوره حول العالم الافتراضي والتكنولوجيا المتقدمة، كما يتضمن العديد من العناصر الأخرى مثل الجريمة والفساد والتحرر والتمرد، ونوع من القصص الغامضة. يعود أصل الـ (cyberpunk)  إلى الأدب الخيال العلمي الذي ظهر في الستينات والسبعينات من القرن الماضي، ولكنه انتشر وازدهر في الثمانينات والتسعينات، وذلك بفضل العديد من الأعمال الشهيرة التي تناولت هذا الموضوع، مثل رواية "نيرومانسر" للكاتب وليام جيبسون التي صدرت في عام 1984.تعريف (cyberpunk)تأتي كلمة "سايبربانك" أو "سايبربونك" (Cyberpunk) من مزيج بين كلمتين:الأولى هي "سايبرنيتيكس" (Cybernetics) وهي تعني دراسة النظم الآلية والحيوية والتفاعل بينها.يشير مصطلح "سايبرنيتيكس" (Cybernetics) إلى دراسة النظم والآليات والتفاعلات بين الأجزاء المختلفة في الأنظمة الحيوية والآلية. ويتضمن هذا المصطلح فهم العلاقات المتبادلة بين الجزء والكل في النظام، وكيفية تغيير وتحكم الأنظمة في أنفسها.وتشمل مجالات الدراسة في السايبرنيتيكس مثل هذه النظم المختلفة كالأعصاب والغدد، والآليات المتحكمة في الصناعة والتحكم في المرور والملاحة والطيران، والتكنولوجيا الحيوية والطبية، والذكاء الاصطناعي والروبوتات.يعود أصل مصطلح "سايبرنيتيكس" (Cybernetics) إلى اللغة اليونانية، حيث تعني "kybernetes" باللغة اليونانية "الملاح" أو "القائد" أو "المدير". ولقد استخدم هذا المصطلح في اليونان القديمة للإشارة إلى الشخص الذي يدير السفينة ويتحكم في اتجاهها وحركتها. وفي القرن العشرين، أطلق عالم الرياضيات الأمريكي نوربرت وينر (Norbert Wiener) مصطلح "cybernetics" لوصف الدراسة العلمية للتحكم والتواصل في الآلات والأنظمة المعقدة. وقد استخدم وينر هذا المصطلح للإشارة إلى دراسة العمليات التي تحكم الأنظمة المعقدة، سواء كانت هذه الأنظمة آلية أو حية. ومنذ ذلك الحين، انتشر استخدام مصطلح "سايبرنيتيكس" لوصف دراسة نظم التحكم الآلية والحية، وأصبح مصطلحًا شائعًا في العديد من المجالات العلمية والتقنية المختلفة.ومن المهم أن نلاحظ أن السايبرنيتيكس لا تقتصر فقط على النظم الحيوية، بل تشمل أيضًا النظم الآلية والتكنولوجية، وهذا ما يجعلها مفهومًا مهمًا في العديد من المجالات المختلفة، بما في ذلك العلوم الحاسوبية والهندسة والفلسفة والاقتصاد والعلوم الاجتماعية.  والثانية هي "بانك" (Punk) وهي تعني نوعًا من الموسيقى الروك المتمردة والمناهضة للنظام والسلطة وبالتالي، فإن الـ(cyberpunk)  يجمع بين عنصرين رئيسيين: العالم التكنولوجي المتقدم والمتمردة والمناهضة للنظام والسلطة. ويتناول هذا النوع من الأدب عادة العالم الافتراضي والتقنية المتطورة بطريقة متمردة ومناهضة للنظام، ويتضمن الكثير من العناصر الاجتماعية والسياسية والثقافية المعاصرة.يُعرف مصطلح "بانك" (Punk) بشكل لغوي على أنه نوع من الموسيقى الروك المتمردة والمعارضة للنظام والسلطة، والتي ظهرت في السبعينيات من القرن الماضي. ويشار في قاموس أكسفورد الإنجليزي إلى أن كلمة "بانك" تعني بشكل عام شخصاً أو شيئاً يتمتع بالقوة والعنف والتمرد والانفصال عن النظام السائد. ويمكن أن يُستخدم مصطلح "بانك" لوصف أي شيء يتميز بالتمرد والمعارضة للسلطة والنظام، وليس فقط في عالم الموسيقى الروك. وعلى سبيل المثال، يمكن استخدام هذا المصطلح لوصف حركات اجتماعية وثقافية وفنية أخرى، مثل حركات الشباب المتمردة وحركات المقاومة السياسية والفنانين الذين يسعون لتحدي النظام السائد.بروس بيثكي (Bruce Bethke) هو كاتب أمريكي ولد في عام 1955، وهو معتبر أحد رواد الأدب السايبربانكي. وقد نشر بيثكي في عام 1980 قصة قصيرة بعنوان "Cyberpunk" في مجلة "Amazing Science Fiction". وقد تم استخدام هذه القصة لاحقًا كدليل لتحديد الأدب السايبربانكي. تتناول قصة بيثكي العالم الخيالي والمستقبلي والذي يتميز بتكنولوجيا متقدمة وتمحوره حول شخصية مخترق حاسوبي يقوم بسرقة بيانات مهمة. وقد اشتهرت هذه القصة بسبب استخدام كلمة "سايبربانك" في عنوانها، والتي أصبحت بعد ذلك مصطلحاً مشهوراً في الأدب والثقافة الشعبية. وقد كتب بيثكي العديد من القصص الخيالية والروايات، وأصبحت له بعض الأعمال الأخرى مثل "Headcrash" و "Wild Wild West" و "Redbeard" و "Rebel Moon"، وقد تم ترشيح روايته "Headcrash" لجائزة نيبولا في عام 1995. وبالإضافة إلى كونه كاتباً، فإن بيثكي يعمل أيضاً في مجال تكنولوجيا المعلومات والحوسبة، ويشغل حالياً منصب مدير تقنية المعلومات في إحدى الشركات الأمريكية.تصريح بروس ستيرلينغ "combination of lowlife and high tech" ليس تعريفًا محددًا للسايبربنك، وإنما هو وصف للجو العام الذي يمكن أن يتميز به عالم السايبربنك. ففي هذا الوصف، يركز ستيرلينغ على تحدُّث السايبربنك عن النزلاء الرَّخاء والمتعطشين للمتع الجسدية والأمور غير المشروعة، والتكنولوجيا العالية والحديثة التي تستخدمها هؤلاء الأشخاص في تحقيق ما يريدونه. ويتناول ستيرلينغ هذا المفهوم في روايته الشهيرة "المرآة الشعورية" (Mirrorshades)، وهي مجموعة من القصص القصيرة التي تعتبر أحد الأعمال الأساسية في أدب السايبربنك.ومع ذلك، يمكن القول أن هذا الوصف ينطبق بشكل عام على أعمال السايبربنك، حيث يتميز هذا النوع الأدبي بتحقيق التوازن بين الجوانب العالية التكنولوجية والجوانب الأكثر شعبية والمرتبطة بالعالم السفلي والجريمة المنظمة. وتنتمي روايات وليام جيبسون وبروس يرلينغ وغيرهما من الكتَّاب إلى هذا النوع الأدبي، ويتعاملون في أعمالهم مع قضايا تتعلق بالتكنولوجيا المتقدمة والحياة الافتراضية والتحديات الاجتماعية والثقافية التي تنشأ بسببها. وتجمع هذه الأعمال بين الجوانب العالية التكنولوجية والجوانب الأكثر شعبية والمرتبطة بالعالم السفلي، وتتميز بأسلوب سريع الإيقاع وشخصيات مثيرة للاهتمام، كما تستخدم لغة فيها الكثير من المصطلحات التقنية والحاسوبية.وبشكل عام، يجمع وصف بروس ستيرلينغ "combination of lowlife and high tech" بين هذه الجوانب، ويعكس الجانب الغامض والمثير للاهتمام في أدب السايبربنك، الذي يتميز بتحقيق التوازن بين العالم الافتراضي والعالم الحقيقي وبين الجوانب الفنية والتكنولوجية والجوانب الاجتماعية والثقافية.عناصر السايبربنك الأدبي:·       الجوالـ (Dystopian):o      تحكم وتملك المنظمات والشركات للمجتمع.o      طبقية الرأسماليةo      حياة وضيعة.o      تمرد الأفراد على الشركات والمنظمات.o      انغماس الأفراد في الجريمة والملذات والشهوات.o      غلاء المعيشة ·       التقنية العالية:o      الذكاء الصناعي.o      الواقع الافتراضي .o      تطورعلم الأطراف الصناعيةo      المستنسخين والرجال الآليين.o      الاتصالات والتقنيةo      الهاكرز او محرك الشبكة  (Netrunner)·       الثقافة:o      موسيقى الـ  Punk Rock والـVaporwaveo      الازياء o      العمران والأضواء (اليابان في الثمانينات ونموها اقتصاديا في العالم الإلكتروني)o      المتحري والمحقق الظلامي (Noir)o      الرياضات والترفيه  أهم الأعمال الأدبية:·       رواية نوفا لـ (Samuel Delany) في عام 1968:o      نوفا هي رواية خيال علمي من تأليف الكاتب الأمريكي صموئيل ديلاني ونشرت في عام 1968. تستكشف الرواية، التي تصنف رسميًا كعمل فضائي، السياسة والثقافة في مستقبل يتسم بانتشار تقنية السايبورج بشكل شامل (والرواية واحدة من سلفيات السايبربانك)، ولكن يمكن أن تنطوي صناعة القرارات الكبرى على استخدام بطاقات التاروت. تحمل الرواية نغمات أسطورية قوية، وترتبط على حد سواء بمسألة البحث عن الكأس المقدسة وبقصة جايسون والأرجونوتيكا والسعي للحصول على الصوف الذهبي. تم ترشيح نوفا لجائزة هيوغو لأفضل رواية في عام 1969. في عام 1984، قام ديفيد برينجل بإدراجها ضمن قائمته لأفضل 100 رواية خيال علمي كتبت منذ عام 1949. ملخص القصةفي عام 3172، تنقسم السلطة السياسية في المجرة إلى فصيلين: فصيل دراكو الموجود على الأرض وفصيل الاتحاد الثريد الذي ظهر في وقت لاحق. كلاهما لديه اهتمامات في المستعمرات الخارجية الأحدث، حيث تنتج المناجم كميات قليلة من المصدر القيم إليريون، وهو مادة فائقة الثقل ضرورية للسفر الفضائي وتغيير مناخ الكواكب.يتورط قائد مهووس ومشوه من الاتحاد الثريد، لورك فون راي، في صراع بين العائلات الأرستقراطية والاقتصادية القوية، فيجند فريقًا متنوعًا من المختلفين لمساعدته في السباق مع عدوه اللدود، الأمير ريد من شركة ريد شيفت المرتبطة بفصيل دراكو، للحصول على الزعامة الاقتصادية عن طريق تأمين كمية هائلة من إليريون مباشرة من قلب نجم نوفا. وبذلك، سيحدث فون راي تحولًا في توازن القوى في النظام الكوني الحالي، مما سيؤدي إلى سقوط العائلة الحمراء ونهاية سيطرة الأرض على السياسة الفضائية بين النجوم.تتبع الرواية مغامرات فريق فون راي في محاولة الحصول على إليريون من نوفا، حيث يتعرضون للعديد من المصاعب والتحديات، بما في ذلك مواجهة العدو، والتعامل مع الأسرار الغامضة المرتبطة بنوفا نفسها، وكذلك الاستكشاف العميق لشخصيات الأعضاء المختلفين في الفريق.في نهاية المطاف، يتمكن فون راي وفريقه من الحصول على الإليريون من نوفا، ويتغلبون على الأمير ريد وشركته، مما يؤدي إلى تحويل التوازن في السياسة الفضائية بين الفصيلين. وبالتالي، ينتهي السيطرة الأرضية على السياسة الفضائية، وتبدأ مرحلة جديدة في تاريخ المجرة. ·       رواية (Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep) لـ (Philip K. Dick) عام 1968:o      هي رواية خيال علمي كتبها الكاتب الأمريكي فيليب ك. ديك، وصدرت عام 1968. تدور أحداث الرواية في المستقبل البعيد بعد أن تعرضت الأرض لحرب نووية دمرت جزءا كبيرا منها وأدت إلى إنقراض الحيوانات وتحكي قصة ريك ديكارد، الذي يعمل كصائد للروبوتات المتمردة التي تشبه البشر، ويتم تكليفه بمهمة القضاء على ستة من هذه الروبوتات المتمردة. هذه الرواية تشتمل على بعض العناصر التي يمكن وصفها بالسايبرنك، مثل الروبوتات والذكاء الاصطناعي، يمكن اعتبار هذه الرواية الأم لفيلم "Blade Runner" الذي صدر في عام 1982 والذي يعتبر من أهم الأعمال في فن السايبرنك.تدور قصة الحيوانات في الرواية حول شخصية ريك ديك، الذي يعمل كصائد للحيوانات النادرة، وذلك لكسب نقاط مادية تتيح له شراء حيوان حقيقي بدلاً من حيوان اصطناعي. ويحلم ريك بامتلاك حيوان طائر "البطريق الإمبراطوري"، وهو الحيوان النادر الذي يساعده على التفرد والتميز في مجتمع موحد.تعتبر قصة الحيوانات والتركيز على الرغبة في امتلاك حيوانات حقيقية، رمزًا للحاجة إلى التميز والاهتمام بالطبيعة والحيوانات، وكذلك للعلاقة بين الإنسان والطبيعة في عالم مستقبلي متغير. وتعد هذه القصة أحد المحاور الرئيسية في الرواية التي تتناول موضوعات أخرى مثل الهوية الإنسانية الواقعية والذاتية والمجتمعية والروبوتات والذكاء الاصطناعي، والتي تركز على القضايا الأخلاقية والفلسفية المتعلقة بالحياة والوجود والتعايش في عالم متغير ومعقد.رواية (Neuromancer) للكاتب الأمريكي ويليام جيبسون عام 1984 م:تعد من أولى روايات السايبربانك. تعتبر من أهم الأعمال الأدبية في هذا النوع، حيث أنها قدمت للقراء نموذجاً جديداً للأدب العلمي والخيال العلمي، يستخدم فيه (جيبسون) تقنيات ومفاهيم حديثة كالحوسبة والشبكات والذكاء الاصطناعي والروبوتات والتجارة الإلكترونية، وجعل منها عناصر رئيسية في قالب قصته المثيرة والمشوقة. وقد فازت هذه الرواية بجائزة نيبولا لأفضل رواية علمية خيالية في عام 1984.بطلها كيس، وهو هاكر حاسوب عاطل عن العمل يتم استئجاره من قبل صاحب عمل جديد غامض يدعى أرميتاج. يتم تشكيل فريق مع مولي، السايبورغ، وبيتر ريفيرا، اللص والخادع، لتنفيذ سلسلة من الجرائم التي تمهد الطريق للهدف النهائي للمجموعة، والذي يتم تنفيذه في محطة الفضاء المدارية المسماة "فريسايد"، موطن عائلة تيسييه-أشبول الثرية. تم إنشاء اثنين من الذكاءات الاصطناعية (AIs)، وينترميوت ونيورومانسر ، التي هي قوية لدرجة أنها يمكن أن تتصل ببعضها البعض في نقطة واحدة فقط. يتعلم كيس وزملاؤه أنهم تم استئجارهم من قبل وينترميوت لكسر الفصل بين الذكاءات الاصطناعية. يتغلب كيس ومولي على التدخلات القانونية السيبرانية ومحاولة خيانة من ريفيرا لدمج وينترميوت مع نيورومانسر، وينتهي الأمر بكيس يعيش في عالم جديد شجاعأفلام:·        Escape from New York (1981)[40][41]·        Burst City (1982)[42]·        Tron (1982)[43]·        Blade Runner (1982)[44]·        Brainstorm (1983)[45]·        Videodrome (1983)[46]·        Repo Man (1984)·        The Terminator (1984)·        Brazil (1985)·        RoboCop (1987)[47]·        The Running Man (1987)·        Gunhed (1989)[48]·        Tetsuo: The Iron Man (1989)·        Circuitry Man (1990)[49]·        RoboCop 2 (1990)·        Hardware (a.k.a. M.A.R.K. 13) (1990)[50]·        Megaville (1990)[51]·        Total Recall (1990)[52]·        Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991)·        964 Pinocchio (1991)[53]·        Until the End of the World (1991)[54]·        Nemesis (1992)·        Freejack (1992)[55]·        The Lawnmower Man (1992)[56]·        Tetsuo II: Body Hammer (1992)·        Cyborg 2 (1993)[57]·        Demolition Man (1993)[58]·        RoboCop 3 (1993)·        Robot Wars (1993)·        Plughead Rewired: Circuitry Man II (1994)[59]·        Death Machine (1994)·        Hackers (1995)[60]·        Johnny Mnemonic (1995)[61]·        Judge Dredd (1995)[62]·        Strange Days (1995)[63]·        Virtuosity (1995)·        Escape from L.A. (1996)[64]·        The Lawnmower Man 2: Beyond Cyberspace (1996)[65]·        Deathline (a.k.a. Redline) (1997)[66]·        The Fifth Element (1997)[67]·        Nirvana (1997)[68]·        Andromedia (1998)[69]·        New Rose Hotel (1998)·        Pi (1998)[70]·        Skyggen (a.k.a. Webmaster) (1998)[71]·        Dark City (1998)[72]·        eXistenZ (1999)[73]·        The Thirteenth Floor (1999)[74]·        Bicentennial Man (1999)[75]·        The Matrix (1999)[76]·        I.K.U. (2000)[77]·        The 6th Day (2000)[78]·        Avalon (2001)[79]·        A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001)·        Electric Dragon 80.000 V (2001)[80]·        Cypher (2002)[81]·        Dead or Alive: Final (2002)[82]·        Impostor (2002)[83]·        Minority Report (2002)[84]·        Resurrection of the Little Match Girl (2002)[85][86]·        All Tomorrow's Parties (2003)[87]·        Code 46 (2003)[88]·        The Matrix Reloaded (2003)[89]·        The Matrix Revolutions (2003)[90]·        Natural City (2003)[91]·        Paycheck (2003)[92]·        Avatar (a.k.a. Cyber Wars) (2004)[93]·        Immortal (2004)[94]·        I, Robot (2004)[95]·        Paranoia 1.0 (a.k.a. One Point 0) (2004)[96]·        Æon Flux (2005)[97]·        Children of Men (2006)·        Ultraviolet (2006)[98]·        Chrysalis (2007)[99]·        Eden Log (2007)[100]·        The Gene Generation (2007)[101][102][103]·        Babylon A.D. (2008)[104][105]·        Sleep Dealer (2008)[106]·        Tokyo Gore Police (2008)[107]·        District 9 (2009)·        Hardwired (2009)[108][109]·        Surrogates (2009)[110]·        Tetsuo: The Bullet Man (2009)·        Tron: Legacy (2010)[60]·        Repo Men (2010)[111]·        Priest (2011)[60]·        Dredd (2012)[112][113][114][115][116]·        Total Recall (2012)·        Elysium (2013)[117][118]·        The Zero Theorem (2013)[60]·        Automata (2014)[119]·        Transcendence (2014)[120]·        RoboCop (2014)·        Chappie (2015)[121]·        Ex Machina (2015)[122]·        Hardcore Henry (2015)·        Ghost in the Shell (2017)[123][124]·        Bleeding Steel (2017)·        Blade Runner 2049 (2017)·        Ready Player One (2018)[125][126]·        Upgrade (2018)·        Hotel Artemis (2018)·        Anon (2018)·        Alita: Battle Angel (2019)·        Reminiscence (2021)·        Jung E (2023)القصص المصورة:·        Judge Dredd (1977–) by John Wagner and Carlos Ezquerra·        The Incal (1981–1989) by Alejandro Jodorowsky·        Akira (1982–1990) by Katsuhiro Ōtomo[33]·        Black Magic (1983) by Masamune Shirow·        Ronin (1983–1984) by Frank Miller·        Shatter (1985–1988) by Peter B. Gillis and Mike Saenz·        Appleseed (1985–1989) by Masamune Shirow·        Dominion (1986) by Masamune Shirow·        Ghost in the Shell (1989–1991) by Masamune Shirow·        Neuromancer (1989) by Tom de Haven and Bruce Jensen[34]·        Battle Angel Alita (1990–1995) by Yukito Kishiro[33]·        Martha Washington (1990–1991) by Frank Miller and Dave Gibbons·        Barb Wire (1994–1995) by Chris Warner·        Transmetropolitan (1997–2002) by Warren Ellis[35]·        Eden: It's an Endless World! (1998–2008) by Hiroki Endo·        Blame! (1998) by Tsutomu Nihei[36]o   NOiSE (2001) – prequel to Blame!o   Biomega (2007)·        Singularity 7 (2004) by Ben Templesmith[37]·        The Surrogates (2005) by Robert Venditti[38]·        The entire Marvel 2099 line is an example of the cyberpunk genre in comics, especially Ghost Rider 2099 and Spider-Man 2099.·        Marvel's Machine Man Vol. 2·        Batman Beyond·        The True Lives of the Fabulous Killjoys (2013-2014) by Gerard Way and Shaun Simon الأنمي:·        Megazone 23 (1985)[127]·        Neo Tokyo (1986)[128]·        Black Magic M-66 (1987)·        Bubblegum Crisis (1987)[129]o   Bubblegum Crisis Tokyo 2040 (1998)[130]·        Akira (1988)[131][132]·        RoboCop: The Animated Series (1988)·        Beast Machines: Transformers (1999–2000)·        Dominiono   Dominion (1988–1989)o   New Dominion Tank Police (1993–1994)o   Tank Police Team: Tank S.W.A.T. 01 (2006)·        Appleseedo   Appleseed (1988 film)o   Appleseed (2004 film)o   Appleseed Ex Machina (2007 film)o   Appleseed XIII (2011)o   Appleseed Alpha (2014 film)·        A.D. Police Files (1990)·        Cyber City Oedo 808 (1990)[133]·        Æon Flux (1991–1995)[134]·        Silent Möbius (1991–2003)[135]·        Genocyber (1993)[136]·        Macross Plus (1994)·        Armitage III (1995)·        Ghost in the Shell (anime films)o   Ghost in the Shell (1995 film)[137]o   Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence (2004 film)[138]·        Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex (S.A.C.)[139]o   Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex (S.A.C.) (2002–2003)o   Ghost in the Shell: S.A.C. 2nd GIG (2004–2005)o   Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex - Solid State Society (2006 film)o   Ghost in the Shell: SAC 2045 (2020–2022)·        Ghost in the Shell: Ariseo   Ghost in the Shell: Arise (2013–2015)o   Ghost in the Shell: The New Movie (2016 film)·        Spicy City (1997)·        Cowboy Bebop (1998)·        RoboCop: Alpha Commando (1998–1999)·        Serial Experiments Lain (1998)[140]·        Gundress (1999)·        Batman Beyond (1999–2001)·        Metropolis (2001)[141]·        The Animatrix (2003)[142]·        Code Lyoko (2003–2007)·        Heat Guy J (2003)[143]·        Parasite Dolls (2003)[144]·        Texhnolyze (2003)[145]·        Wonderful Days (a.k.a. Sky Blue) (2003)[146][147]·        Burst Angel (2004)[148]·        Fragile Machine (2005)[149]·        Aachi & Ssipak (2006)[150]·        A Scanner Darkly (2006)[151]·        Ergo Proxy (2006)[152]·        Paprika (2006)[153][154]·        Renaissance (2006)[155]·        Dennō Coil (2007)[156]·        Vexille (2007)[157][158]·        Technotise: Edit & I (2009, Serbia)[159]·        Real Drive (2008)·        Mardock Scramble (2010)[160]·        Accel World (2012–2016)·        Psycho-Pass (2012)[161]·        Tron: Uprising (2012)·        Dimension W (2016)·        No Guns Life (2019–2020)·        Altered Carbon: Resleeved (2020)·        Akudama Drive (2020)·        Blade Runner: Black Lotus (2021–2022)·        Cyberpunk: Edgerunners (2022)مسلسلات·        World on a Wire (1973)[162]·        The Deadly Assassin (1976)[163]·        Overdrawn at the Memory Bank (1983)[164]·        Max Headroom: 20 Minutes into the Future (1985), British television movieo   Max Headroom (1987),[165] American television series based on the UK TV movie·        Wild Palms (1993)[166]·        TekWar (1994)[167]·        RoboCop: The Series (1994)·        VR.5 (1996)[citation needed]·        Welcome to Paradox (1998)[168]·        The X-Files, two episodes of the series were written by William Gibson and contain cyberpunk themes:o   Kill Switch (1998)[169]o   First Person Shooter (2000)[170][171]·        Harsh Realm (1999)[172]·        Total Recall 2070 (1999)[173]·        Dark Angel (2000–2002)[174]·        RoboCop: Prime Directives (2001)[175]·        Charlie Jade (2005)[176]·        Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles (2008–2009)·        Power Rangers RPM (2009)·        Kamen Rider Dragon Knight (2009)[citation needed]·        Dollhouse (2009–2010)[177]·        Caprica (2010)·        Person of Interest (2011–2016)·        Black Mirror (2011–2019)·        Continuum (2012–2015), set in the present with a protagonist who has time traveled back from a cyberpunk future in 2077·        H+: The Digital Series (2012)·        Almost Human (2013–2014)·        Die Gstettensaga: The Rise of Echsenfriedl (2014)·        Mr. Robot (2015–2019)·        Humans (2015–2018)·        Westworld (2016–2022)·        Incorporated (2016–2017)·        Altered Carbon (2018–2020)·        S'parta (2018)·        Better Than Us (2018–2019)·        Love, Death & Robots (2019–present)·        Meta Runner (2019–2022)·        Onisciente (2020)·        Upload (2020–present)[178] ألعاب فيديو:·       Exapunk The Screamer (1985)[190] Imitation City (1987)[191] Megami Tensei series (1987–present)[192]  Digital Devil Story: Megami Tensei (1987)[193][194]   Devil Summoner: Soul Hackers (1997)[195]   Shin Megami Tensei: Digital Devil Saga (2004)[196]   Shin Megami Tensei IV (2013)[192]   Soul Hackers 2 (2022)   Metal Gear series (1987–present)  Metal Gear Solid (1998)[197]   Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty (2001)[198]   Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots (2008)[192]   Metal Gear Rising Revengeance (2013)   Akira (1988–2002)  Akira (1988)[192]   Akira Psycho Ball (2002)   Neuromancer (1988)[199] Snatcher (1988–1996)[200] Genocide (1989)[192] Night Striker (1989) DreamWeb (1992)[201] Flashback (1992)[202] BloodNet (1993)[203] Gadget: Invention, Travel, & Adventure (1993)[204] Shadowrun series  Shadowrun (SNES) (1993)[205]   Shadowrun (Sega Genesis) (1994)[206]   Shadowrun (Sega CD) (1996)[207]   Shadowrun (2007)[208][209]   Shadowrun Returns (2013) [210]   Shadowrun: Dragonfall (2014) [211]   Shadowrun Chronicles: Boston Lockdown (2015)   Shadowrun: Hong Kong (2015) [212]   Syndicate series  Syndicate (1993)[213]   Syndicate Wars (1996)[214]   Syndicate (2012)[215]   Beneath a Steel Sky (1994)[216] Burn:Cycle (1994)[217] Hell: A Cyberpunk Thriller (1994) Delta V (1994)[218] Hagane: The Final Conflict (1994)[192] Live A Live (1994)[192] Rise of the Robots (1994) [219][220] Policenauts (1994)[192] Appleseed series  Appleseed: Oracle of Prometheus (1994)   Appleseed EX (2004)   System Shock series  System Shock (1994)[221]   System Shock 2 (1999)[222]   CyberMage: Darklight Awakening (1995)[223] Johnny Mnemonic: The Interactive Action Movie (1995)[224] Road Rage (1995) Osman (1996)[192] Blade Runner (1997)[225] Final Fantasy VII (1997)[226]  Compilation of Final Fantasy VII (2004–2009)   Final Fantasy VII Remake (2020)[227]   Ghost in the Shell (1997)[192] Einhänder (1998)[192] Nightlong: Union City Conspiracy (1998) Xenogears (1998)[228] The Nomad Soul (1999) Fear Effect series  Fear Effect (2000)   Fear Effect 2: Retro Helix (2001)   Fear Effect Sedna (2018)   Deus Ex series  Deus Ex (2000)[229]   Deus Ex: Invisible War (2003) [230]   Deus Ex: Human Revolution (2011) [231]   Deus Ex: The Fall (2013)[232]   Deus Ex: Mankind Divided (2016)   Perfect Dark series  Perfect Dark (2000)   Perfect Dark Zero (2005)   Oni (2001)[233] Anachronox (2001) Mega Man Battle Network series  Mega Man Battle Network (2001)   Mega Man Battle Network 2 (2001)   Mega Man Battle Network 3 (2002)   Mega Man Network Transmission (2003)   Mega Man Battle Chip Challenge (2003)   Mega Man Battle Network 4 (2003)   Mega Man Battle Network 5 (2004)   Mega Man Battle Network 6 (2005)   Uplink (2001)[234][235] Breath of Fire: Dragon Quarter (2002)[236] .hack series  .hack//IMOQ (2002–2003)   .hack//G.U. (2006–2007)   .hack//Link (2010)   Neocron (2002)[237] Enter the Matrix (2003)[238] P.N.03 (2003) Cy Girls (2004) Æon Flux (2005) Dystopia (2005)[239] System Rush (2005)[240] Mirror's Edge (2008) Halo 3: ODST (2009) Cyber Knights series:  Cyber Knights (Classic) (2011)[241]   Cyber Knights: Flashpoint (2021)[242]   Gemini Rue (2011)[243] Hard Reset (2011) Cypher (2012)[244] Cataclysm: Dark Days Ahead (2013) Remember Me (2013)[245] Far Cry 3: Blood Dragon (2013) Alien: Isolation (2014) Jazzpunk (2014) Transistor (2014) Watch Dogs series:  Watch Dogs (2014)[246]   Watch Dogs 2 (2016)   Watch Dogs: Legion (2020)   2064: Read Only Memories (2015) Call of Duty: Black Ops III (2015)[247] Dex (2015)[248] Technobabylon (2015) Soma (2015) Satellite Reign (2015) Digimon Story: Cyber Sleuth (2015)[249] Invisible, Inc. (2016) Mirror's Edge Catalyst (2016) Superhot (2016) VA-11 HALL-A (2016)[250] Digimon Story: Cyber Sleuth – Hacker's Memory (2017)[249] Observer (2017) Ruiner (2017)[251] The Red Strings Club (2018)[252] Ion Fury (2018) Tales of the Neon Sea (2018)[253] Astral Chain (2019)[254] Katana Zero (2019) Dohna Dohna (2020)[255] Cyberpunk 2077 (2020) Ghostrunner (2020) Incredibox  V8: Dystopia (2020)   Cloudpunk (2020) ENCODYA (2021) The Ascent (2021) Stray (2022) SIGNALIS (2022) The Last Night (TBA)[256]  الالعاب الروائية:·        Cyberpunk (1988)o   Cyberpunk 2020 (1990)o   Cyberpunk V3.0 (2005)o   Cyberpunk Red (2020)·        Shadowrun (1989)·        GURPS Cyberpunk (1990)[257]·        Necromunda (1995)·        Infinity (2005)·        Corporation (2009)[258]·        Deadzone (2013)·        Carbon 2185 A Cyberpunk RPG (2019)

Artificial intelligence is awesome -- but should we fear it? How can we stay in charge? Sam Bowman joins Vasant Dhar in episode 58 of Brave New World to discuss the Control Problem -- and more.   Also check out: 1. Sam Bowman at NYU Courant, LinkedIn,Twitter and Google Scholar. 2.  Measuring Progress on Scalable Oversight for Large Language Models -- Samuel R Bowman et al. 3. Herbert Simon, Harry Pople and Norbert Wiener. 4. Language Models as Agent Models -- Jacob Andreas. 5.  The Alignment Problem: Machine Learning and Human Values — Brian Christian. 6. Human Compatible — Stuart Russell. 7. Thinking, Fast and Slow — Daniel Kahneman. 8. ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks --Alex Krizhevsky et al. Check out Vasant Dhar's newsletter on Substack. Subscription is free!

Bernard Dionysius Geoghegan traces the shared intellectual and political history of computer scientists, cyberneticists, anthropologists, linguists, and theorists across the humanities as they developed a communication and computational-based theory that grasped culture and society in terms of codes. In Code: From Information Theory to French Theory (Duke UP, 2023), Geoghegan reconstructs how Progressive Era technocracy as well as crises of industrial democracy and colonialism shaped early accounts of cybernetics and digital media by theorists including Norbert Wiener, Warren Weaver, Margaret Mead, Gregory Bateson, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Roman Jakobson, Jacques Lacan, Roland Barthes, and Luce Irigaray. His analysis casts light on how media-practical research forged common epistemic cause in programs that stretched from 1930s interwar computing at MIT and eugenics to the proliferation of seminars and laboratories in 1960s Paris. This mobilization ushered forth new fields of study such as structural anthropology, family therapy, and literary semiology while forming enduring intellectual affinities between the humanities and informatics. With Code, Geoghegan offers a new history of French theory and the digital humanities as transcontinental and political endeavors linking interwar colonial ethnography in Dutch Bali to French sciences in the throes of Cold War-era decolonization and modernization. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network

Bernard Dionysius Geoghegan traces the shared intellectual and political history of computer scientists, cyberneticists, anthropologists, linguists, and theorists across the humanities as they developed a communication and computational-based theory that grasped culture and society in terms of codes. In Code: From Information Theory to French Theory (Duke UP, 2023), Geoghegan reconstructs how Progressive Era technocracy as well as crises of industrial democracy and colonialism shaped early accounts of cybernetics and digital media by theorists including Norbert Wiener, Warren Weaver, Margaret Mead, Gregory Bateson, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Roman Jakobson, Jacques Lacan, Roland Barthes, and Luce Irigaray. His analysis casts light on how media-practical research forged common epistemic cause in programs that stretched from 1930s interwar computing at MIT and eugenics to the proliferation of seminars and laboratories in 1960s Paris. This mobilization ushered forth new fields of study such as structural anthropology, family therapy, and literary semiology while forming enduring intellectual affinities between the humanities and informatics. With Code, Geoghegan offers a new history of French theory and the digital humanities as transcontinental and political endeavors linking interwar colonial ethnography in Dutch Bali to French sciences in the throes of Cold War-era decolonization and modernization. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/history

Bernard Dionysius Geoghegan traces the shared intellectual and political history of computer scientists, cyberneticists, anthropologists, linguists, and theorists across the humanities as they developed a communication and computational-based theory that grasped culture and society in terms of codes. In Code: From Information Theory to French Theory (Duke UP, 2023), Geoghegan reconstructs how Progressive Era technocracy as well as crises of industrial democracy and colonialism shaped early accounts of cybernetics and digital media by theorists including Norbert Wiener, Warren Weaver, Margaret Mead, Gregory Bateson, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Roman Jakobson, Jacques Lacan, Roland Barthes, and Luce Irigaray. His analysis casts light on how media-practical research forged common epistemic cause in programs that stretched from 1930s interwar computing at MIT and eugenics to the proliferation of seminars and laboratories in 1960s Paris. This mobilization ushered forth new fields of study such as structural anthropology, family therapy, and literary semiology while forming enduring intellectual affinities between the humanities and informatics. With Code, Geoghegan offers a new history of French theory and the digital humanities as transcontinental and political endeavors linking interwar colonial ethnography in Dutch Bali to French sciences in the throes of Cold War-era decolonization and modernization. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/critical-theory

Bernard Dionysius Geoghegan traces the shared intellectual and political history of computer scientists, cyberneticists, anthropologists, linguists, and theorists across the humanities as they developed a communication and computational-based theory that grasped culture and society in terms of codes. In Code: From Information Theory to French Theory (Duke UP, 2023), Geoghegan reconstructs how Progressive Era technocracy as well as crises of industrial democracy and colonialism shaped early accounts of cybernetics and digital media by theorists including Norbert Wiener, Warren Weaver, Margaret Mead, Gregory Bateson, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Roman Jakobson, Jacques Lacan, Roland Barthes, and Luce Irigaray. His analysis casts light on how media-practical research forged common epistemic cause in programs that stretched from 1930s interwar computing at MIT and eugenics to the proliferation of seminars and laboratories in 1960s Paris. This mobilization ushered forth new fields of study such as structural anthropology, family therapy, and literary semiology while forming enduring intellectual affinities between the humanities and informatics. With Code, Geoghegan offers a new history of French theory and the digital humanities as transcontinental and political endeavors linking interwar colonial ethnography in Dutch Bali to French sciences in the throes of Cold War-era decolonization and modernization. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/anthropology

Bernard Dionysius Geoghegan traces the shared intellectual and political history of computer scientists, cyberneticists, anthropologists, linguists, and theorists across the humanities as they developed a communication and computational-based theory that grasped culture and society in terms of codes. In Code: From Information Theory to French Theory (Duke UP, 2023), Geoghegan reconstructs how Progressive Era technocracy as well as crises of industrial democracy and colonialism shaped early accounts of cybernetics and digital media by theorists including Norbert Wiener, Warren Weaver, Margaret Mead, Gregory Bateson, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Roman Jakobson, Jacques Lacan, Roland Barthes, and Luce Irigaray. His analysis casts light on how media-practical research forged common epistemic cause in programs that stretched from 1930s interwar computing at MIT and eugenics to the proliferation of seminars and laboratories in 1960s Paris. This mobilization ushered forth new fields of study such as structural anthropology, family therapy, and literary semiology while forming enduring intellectual affinities between the humanities and informatics. With Code, Geoghegan offers a new history of French theory and the digital humanities as transcontinental and political endeavors linking interwar colonial ethnography in Dutch Bali to French sciences in the throes of Cold War-era decolonization and modernization. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/intellectual-history

Bernard Dionysius Geoghegan traces the shared intellectual and political history of computer scientists, cyberneticists, anthropologists, linguists, and theorists across the humanities as they developed a communication and computational-based theory that grasped culture and society in terms of codes. In Code: From Information Theory to French Theory (Duke UP, 2023), Geoghegan reconstructs how Progressive Era technocracy as well as crises of industrial democracy and colonialism shaped early accounts of cybernetics and digital media by theorists including Norbert Wiener, Warren Weaver, Margaret Mead, Gregory Bateson, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Roman Jakobson, Jacques Lacan, Roland Barthes, and Luce Irigaray. His analysis casts light on how media-practical research forged common epistemic cause in programs that stretched from 1930s interwar computing at MIT and eugenics to the proliferation of seminars and laboratories in 1960s Paris. This mobilization ushered forth new fields of study such as structural anthropology, family therapy, and literary semiology while forming enduring intellectual affinities between the humanities and informatics. With Code, Geoghegan offers a new history of French theory and the digital humanities as transcontinental and political endeavors linking interwar colonial ethnography in Dutch Bali to French sciences in the throes of Cold War-era decolonization and modernization. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/american-studies

In his new book, THE FIFTIES: An Underground History, JAMES GAINES asks who laid the groundwork for the '60s - and then celebrates a few solitary, brave, stubborn individuals who pioneered the radical gay rights, feminist, civil rights, and environmental movements. Their courage and genius changed what it was possible to imagine. As early as the mid-1940s, Harry Hay said “Gay is good.” Pauli Murray laid legal paths for Thurgood Marshall and Ruth Bader Ginsburg. Black vets of WWII and Korea said enough is enough. Silent Spring's Rachel Carson and MIT's Norbert Wiener warned of potential man-made environmental destruction.

Is the current shift to more machines reminiscent of the eCommerce movement, where ease of use and fewer middlemen were promised but where actually more middlemen are created? What is ChatGPT leading to already, how will that continue to influence the future, and what did Norbert Wiener say back in 1964 that was chillingly accurate? There is a lot to discuss, so listen now! Say That, But Shorter“Layoffs are refocusing where the priorities are in one part of the business to futureproof itself for the next generation.” - PhillipA lot of what was predicted by analysts as being the next generation-defining commerce experiences are going to prove to be wrong because it's about what the consumer wants, and they aren't wanting any of those thingsPhillip apologizes to Brian for not getting his Quantum Yeet piece right away, and really if you haven't been reading Future Commerce Insiders and The Senses, subscribe and see what you've been missing“We as humans have been trying to accomplish jobs that are better done by machines. All the jobs that are best done by machines should be pursued as jobs that are done by machines.” - BrianDifferent jobs will be created as current jobs are replaced by machines, and the output can actually be better“There will always be a middle layer of infrastructure that's required and a middle layer of management to manage that infrastructure that's required.” - PhillipWe can continue down this path of just human interface connections and quantum computing becomes a problem for a future generationBrian ends by reading a quote from 1964 by Norbert Wiener that will blow your mind and will likely lead to more interesting discussions on future episodesAssociated Links:Episode 19 and Episode 20 from way back when the guys sat for three plus hours with Brian RoemmeleCheck out The Human Use of Human Beings by Norbert WienerHave you checked out our YouTube channel yet?Get your copy of Archetypes, our newly published 240-page journal! Check it out at ArchetypesJournal.comSubscribe to Insiders and The Senses to read more of what we are witnessing in the commerce world! Listen to our other episodes of Future CommerceHave any questions or comments about the show? Let us know on Futurecommerce.fm, or reach out to us on Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, or LinkedIn. We love hearing from our listeners!

In his new book, THE FIFTIES: An Underground History, JAMES GAINES asks: Who laid the groundwork for the '60s - and then celebrates a few solitary, brave, stubborn individuals who pioneered the radical gay rights, feminist, civil rights, and environmental movements. Their courage and genius changed what it was possible to imagine. As early as the mid-1940s, Harry Hay said “Gay is good.” Pauli Murray laid legal paths for Thurgood Marshall and Ruth Bader Ginsburg. Black vets of WWII and Korea said enough is enough. Silent Spring's Rachel Carson and MIT's Norbert Wiener warned of potential manmade environmental destruction. You'll be inspired and you'll learn a lot. I did.

Stephen Wolfram answers questions from his viewers about the history science and technology as part of an unscripted livestream series, also available on YouTube here: https://wolfr.am/youtube-sw-qa Questions include: Are you familiar with Norbert Wiener's work? Is it relevant to current computer science at all? - Do you have any interesting stories/comments about Frederick P. Brooks? - What did you learn from The Mythical Man Month? (and when did you first read it?) - Dear Dr. Wolfram, what is your opinion on John Backus' lecture from 1977: "Can Programming be Liberated from the von Neumann Style?"? - Was it even one cornerstone for your thinking? - Did general system theory and systems theory die out and why? - Does functional programming count as liberation from von Neumann style? - Do you think scientific software development has a very different development practice? - Are you saying that flowchart descriptions of algorithms and computations originate from systems theory/general systems theory? I always thought that is just a part of modern computer science. - Regarding what you just mentioned about education and teaching programming, what are your thoughts generally on how far our higher level languages are abstracting more and more away from the core metal? Do you worry about future generations of programmers not understanding core fundamentals and that we might come become stunted in terms of coming up with new languages and computing paradigms due to a lack of expertise? - Were you ever involved in the development of a kind of software that you now think might actually be morally questionable in some sense?

In “Autopoiesis in Systems of People and Machines,” Peter Wang welcomes Paco Nathan. Paco is a Managing Partner at Derwen, Inc., a company that offers enterprise customers full-stack engineering for AI applications at scale, with an emphasis on open-source integrations. Paco forged a career in artificial intelligence when many people were skeptical of it and now boasts over 40 years of computer science experience.   Peter and Paco discuss histories and frameworks that are impacting today's systems of people and machines. Paco touches on corporate law and how long ago, the concept of insurance allowed for the externalization of risk and corresponding enablement of capital ventures. Paco goes on to talk about autopoiesis, the Chilean Project Cybersyn and the significance of groupware, and the core of human intelligence.   Peter and Paco also discuss the increasing complexity of today's world in which less and less is linear, which requires improved cognition for survival, and the cybernetic future. Resources: “A Brief History Of Reinsurance” (David M. Holland) - https://www.soa.org/globalassets/assets/library/newsletters/reinsurance-section-news/2009/february/rsn-2009-iss65-holland.pdf     Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Co., 118 U.S. 394 (1886) - https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/118/394/     “Law as an Autopoietic System” (Gunther Teubner) - https://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/23894 Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living (Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela) - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopoiesis_and_Cognition:_The_Realization_of_the_Living   Project Cybersyn - https://99percentinvisible.org/episode/project-cybersyn/    “Understanding Computers and Cognition” (Terry Winograd and Fernando Flores) - https://philpapers.org/rec/WINUCA   Macy Conferences - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macy_conferences   Norbert Wiener - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Wiener   “What the Frog's Eye Tells the Frog's Brain” (J.Y. Lettvin et al.) - https://hearingbrain.org/docs/letvin_ieee_1959.pdf   Social Systems - https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=2225   Niklas Luhmann - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann   Dubberly Design (Paul Pangaro) (When Paco references Donoho Design, he means Dubberly Design.) - http://www.dubberly.com/articles/cybernetics-and-design.html   René Thom - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Thom   “Corporate Metabolism” (Paco Nathan) - https://www.tripzine.com/listing.php?id=corporate_metabolism   You can find a human-verified transcript of this episode here - https://know.anaconda.com/rs/387-XNW-688/images/ANACON_Paco_Nathan_V1.docx.pdf   If you enjoyed today's show, please leave a 5-star review. For more information, visit Anaconda.com/podcast.

Dimitri and Khalid talk to returning guest Jay the Neuroscientist (@The_Hague_ICC) about the deeply influential but ostensibly defunct field of cybernetics, including: the science of steersmanship/adaptive systems, the broader definition of “machines”, the non-modern ontology of early cybernetics, Norbert Wiener, the UK Ratio Club, eugenicist suslord Julian Huxley, the American Macy Conferences, Grey Walter, Ross Ashby, ontologies of performance vs. knowledge, negative feedback, and LSD “blitz therapy”. Part 1 of 4. For access to full-length premium episodes and the SJ Grotto of Truth Discord, subscribe to the Al-Wara' Frequency at patreon.com/subliminaljihad.

The historian of religion Jeffrey J. Kripal writes, "The world is one, and the human is two." The line captures the riddle of reality. What is it with our species? Equipped with an intellect able to grok the basic laws that govern the physical universe, we seem unable to wrap our heads around as simple a question as "What is real?". Recorded live before a learned audience at the Diverse Intelligences Summer Institute (DISI) in August of 2022, this episode approaches the enigma by teasing the Weird out of the very idea of intellection. If the architects of DISI are right to say that mind, far from being confined to human skulls, enjoys wide distribution across nature, what might such ideas as magic, synchronicity, and prophecy tell us about intelligence and meaning? DISI is a three-week interdisciplinary event held each year at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. The hosts are grateful to Jacob Foster and Erica Cartmill of UCLA for inviting them to speak at the institute. *Header image: *Detail of The Ancient of Days by William Blake. SHOW NOTES Diverse Intelligences Summer Institute (https://disi.org)(DISI) Earlier iteration of Jacob Foster's talk, "Toward a Social Science of the Possible (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X28KwUzUCtk)" Pauline Oliveros's Tuning Meditation (https://hammer.ucla.edu/programs-events/2022/tuning-meditation-pauline-oliveros-ione) Norbert Wiener (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Wiener), American mathematician Joshua Ramey, "Contingency Without Unreason: Speculation After Meillassoux (https://philpapers.org/rec/RAMCWU-2)" E. E. Evans-Pritchard, Witchcraft, Oracles, and Magic Among the Azande (https://www.nature.com/articles/140338a0) Aristotle, Physics and Metaphysics Jeffrey J. Kripal, "The World is One, and the Human is Two: Tentative Conclusions of a Working Historian of Religion (https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/imp/mm/2022/00000020/00000001/art00008?crawler=true&mimetype=application/pdf)" Jeffrey Kripal on Weird Studies: episodes ## and ## Aleister Crowley, Magick in Theory and Practice, "The Cry of the 5th Aethyr (https://www.sacred-texts.com/oto/418/aetyr5.htm)" The "Unwritten Doctrines (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato%27s_unwritten_doctrineshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato%27s_unwritten_doctrines)" of Plato Plato, Republic (http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/republic.html), "Seventh Letter (http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/seventh_letter.html)" & Phaedrus Phil's prophetic dream report (https://www.patreon.com/weirdstudies?filters[search_query]=azathoth) (Patreon supporters only) H. P. Lovecraft, The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath (for description of Azathoth) C. G. Jung, Synchroncity: An Acausal Connecting Principle, Alchemical Studies & Mysterium Coniunctionis Charles Taylor, A Secular Age New York Times article (https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/17/us/politics/congress-ufo-hearing.html) on 2022 UFO hearings

So yes I love books, so this week on the podcast i dive deep into my favorite books. I hope you enjoy xx    Carla Solo Book Episode HEALTH   The Body Keeps the Score: Brain, Mind, and Body in the Healing of Trauma is a 2014 book by Bessel van der Kolk about the effects of psychological trauma, also known as traumatic stress Medical Medium, Secrets Behind Chronic and Mystery Illness and How to Finally Heal by Anthony William How Not To Die is one of the most important books on health ever written. Dr. Greger shows us how to prevent and sometimes reverse all the major diseases that are killing us. We have the genetic potential to live disease free lives full of health and vitality until we are past 100. Why We Sleep, Dr. Matthew Walker brilliantly illuminates the night, explaining how sleep can make us healthier, safer, smarter, and more productive. Life Force by Tony Robbins, Peter Diamandis, and Robert Hariri brings you the most important resources that can help anyone sustain peak performance, and lead a healthy and more vital life. AUTOBIOGRAPHIES     Will by Will Smith a brave, inspiring and wildly entertaining memoir full of self-help lessons for readers, from one of the world's leading entertainer Long Walk to Freedom by Nelson Mandela Greenlights by Matthew McConaughey Greenlightsis a short memoir. Matthew McConaughey has written about some valuable insights and observations from his own life.  Steve Jobs by Walter Isaacson is the authorized self-titled biographyof American business magnate and Apple co-founder Steve Jobs.    BUSINESS   Shoe Dog by Phil Knight Shoe Dogis a real-life story of passion, perseverance, belief, loyalty and teamwork with a lot of heart. 4 hour Workweek by Tim Ferriss In The 4-Hour Workweek, #1 New York Times best-selling author Tim Ferriss, teaches you how to escape the 9-5, live anywhere, and join the new rich. How to Win Friends and Influence People by Dale Carnegie. The core idea is that you can change other people's behaviour simply by changing your own. It teaches you the principles to better understand people, become a more likable person, improve relationships, win others over, and influence behaviour through leadership. Start with Why – How Great Leaders Inspire Everyone To Take Action by Simon Sinek Start with Whyanalyses leaders like Martin Luther King Jr and Steve Jobs and discovers that they all think in the same way - they all started with why. Tony Robbins Books: THE PATH: ACCELERATING YOUR JOURNEY TO FINANCIAL FREEDOM Regardless of your stage in life or your current financial picture, the quest for financial freedom can indeed be conquered. The journey will demand the right tools and strategies along with the mindset of money mastery. With decades of collective wisdom and hands-on experience, your guides for this expedition are Peter Mallouk, the only man in history to be ranked the #1 Financial Advisor in the U.S. for three consecutive years by Barron's (2013, 2014 and 2015) and Tony Robbins, the World's #1 Life and Business Strategist. Mallouk and Robbins take the seemingly daunting goal of Financial Freedom and simplify it into a step-by-step process than anyone can achieve. UNSHAKEABLE: YOUR FINANCIAL FREEDOM PLAYBOOK After interviewing fifty of the world's greatest financial minds, and penning the #1 New York Times best seller Money: Master the Game, Tony Robbins returns with a step-by-step playbook, taking you on a journey to transform your financial life and accelerate your path to financial freedom. No matter your salary, your stage of life, or when you started, this is one of many self-help books that will provide the tools to help you achieve your financial goals more rapidly than you ever thought possible. TONY ROBBINS' MONEY: MASTER THE GAME Based on extensive research and interviews with some of the most legendary investors at work today (John Bogle, Warren Buffett, Paul Tudor Jones, Ray Dalio, Carl Icahn, and many others), Tony Robbins has created a 7-step blueprint for securing financial freedom. With advice about taking control of your financial decisions, to setting up a savings and investing plan, to destroying myths about what it takes to save and invest, to setting up a “lifetime income plan,” the book brims with advice and practices for making the financial game not only winnable—but providing financial freedom for the rest of your life. UNLIMITED POWER If you want to fulfill your dreams of living a better life, both professionally and personally, Unlimited Power is the book for you. Although written when Tony Robbins was only 25 years old, Unlimited Power remains as one of the most popular and overall best self-help books available. With Unlimited Power, you will learn how to reach the quality of life you think you deserve. Tony Robbins has helped heads of state, royalty, Olympic and professional athletes achieve their goals, and with Unlimited Power, so can you. Tony passionately and eloquently reveals the science of personal achievement and teaches you: How to find out what you really want The Seven Lies of Success How to reprogram your mind in minutes to eliminate fears and phobias The secret of creating instant rapport with anyone you meet How to duplicate the success of others The Five Keys to Wealth and Happiness   Unlimited Power is a revolutionary fitness book for the mind. It will show you, step by step, how to perform at your peak while gaining emotional and financial freedom, attaining leadership and self-confidence, and winning the cooperation of others. It will give you the knowledge and course to remake yourself and your world. Unlimited Power is a guidebook to superior performance in an age of success. AWAKEN THE GIANT WITHIN We all have an enormous potential within us, but too many of us shackle ourselves with limiting beliefs. How many times have you wanted to achieve a goal, only to tell yourself that you're not capable of doing so? Stop telling yourself that you're not enough, and instead, work toward achieving the extraordinary. Break the barriers and awaken the giant within with this Tony's most effective strategies and tactics for mastering your relationships, your finances, your emotions, and your life. NOTES FROM A FRIEND Tony wrote the first edition of Notes From a Friend in 1991, handing it out to thousands of people who needed to overcome their greatest challenges. This easy-to-understand and concise guide is now available to you in this special, updated edition with all-new material. SPIRITUAL   Man's Search for Meaning by Viktor E Frankl Psychiatrist Viktor Frankl's memoir has riveted generations of readers with its descriptions of life in Nazi death camps and its lessons for spiritual survival. The Power of Now by Eckhart Tolle Much more than simple principles and platitudes, The Power of Now takes readers on an inspiring spiritual journey to find their true and deepest self and reach the ultimate in personal growth and spirituality: the discovery of truth and light.  Conversations with God by Neale Donald Walsh Conversations with Godmarks Neale Donald Walsch's initial dialogue with God. This book discusses personal issues such as prosperity, relationships and the nature of spiritual truth -with God providing clear, understandable answers. Further than the author's conversation with God, you'll realise that your own understanding and your own conversation with God are the true subjects of this unforgettable text. An Untethered Soul by Michael Singer In the bookThe Untethered Soul, Michael A. Singer takes you step-by-step through the process of Gyana, the yoga of the Intellect, to the Source Top 10 Best Wayne Dyer Book by Nerdy Creator 1. The Shift “The greatest hunger of all is the hunger for meaning.” This is the first book I read from Wayne Dyer. During my recovery from depression, I had some insights on spirituality but I didn't know exactly what it is and how to explain it. This book speaks to me on a deep level and helps me learn a lot about my experience. It also got me started reading other spiritual books. If you are someone who is always working hard or doing a lot, but somehow still feel unfulfilled in life, this is the book to read. It takes you on a journey from ambition to meaning and let you realize that your spirit yearns for meaning, not ambition. The book is also made into an inspiration movie of the same name and released by Hay House. Wayne Dyer acted in the movie as himself. Print | eBook | Audio 2. Change Your Thoughts, Change Your Life “Sharpen a blade too much and its edge will soon be lost.” This book is Wayne Dyer's interpretation of Lao Tze's Tao Te Ching. He spent one whole year reading and practicing the verses of the Tao. It consists of 81 chapters and is meant to be read slowly. You don't have to be a Taoist to receive wisdom from this book. Tao Te Ching is just a way of life and Wayne Dyer makes it easy for you to apply Lao Tze's teaching to your daily life. At the end of each chapter, he provides action steps which you can take to make your life peaceful, inspired and harmonious. If you want to have a book that you can refer to from time to time and remind you to be at peace, this is the book for you. Print | eBook | Audio 3. Being in Balance “There's no such thing as stress; there are only people thinking stressful thoughts.” Wayne Dyer says that everything in the universe is in balance, except we humans. He points out that there is a very subtle imbalance between our dream (our reason for life) and our habits (our way of life). For example, our desire to enjoy life is often hindered by our stressful thoughts of needing to achieve more. This book is not about adopting new strategies to change your behavior. It's about aligning your thinking habits with your deepest desires and restoring the natural equilibrium in your lives. In this book, Wayne Dyer covers nine imbalances that will help you be more aware of these unhealthy habits. This book is suitable for those who feel dissatisfied with their life but doesn't understand why. Print | eBook | Audio 4. The Power of Intention “You feel good not because the world is right, but your world is right because you feel good.” As the book title suggests, this book is about intention. This intention isn't your intention to do something; it's the intention of the universe. Wayne Dyer believes that there is an invisible force and energy field that is bigger than ourselves. When we surrender to this built-in intention in the universe and trust its power, we co-create the lives we desire. This book speaks to the heart. It allows you to feel connected to the universe and its 7 faces — creativity, kindness, love, beauty, expansiveness, abundance and receptivity. Not only will this book inspires you, it also provides a step-by-step guide to help you apply these principles into your daily life. Print | eBook | Audio 5. 10 Secrets for Success and Inner Peace “Have a mind that is open to everything and attached to nothing.” This is a book about success but in the perspective of spirituality. It's not about goal setting, financial planning, or choosing the right career. It's about having inner peace which is what that truly defines success for him. In this book, Wayne Dyer elaborates on 10 principles that will guide you to tranquility. Unlike other books from him, this book is a quick read and doesn't have many personal stories. So it is suitable for anyone who is new to Wayne Dyer's works or spirituality. It's also good for someone who wants a quick recap of his teachings. Print | eBook | Audio 6. Wishes Fulfilled “The greatest gift that you were ever given was the gift of your imagination.” This book is about mastering the art of manifesting and getting what you really really want. The first part of this book gets you to change your concept of yourself and recognize something extraordinary within yourself. As per Wayne Dyer, your highest self is where you realize you are connected to the Divine. When you realize this, you can be anything and do anything. The second part of the book lays the foundation of how to manifest your wishes. The author says that if you want to accomplish something, you must first expect it of yourself. And it's not about making positive affirmations; it's a spiritual knowing. Deep down inside, you must know that you are what you already want to be for the manifestation to work. Print | eBook | Audio 7. There's a Spiritual Solution to Every Problem “Thinking is the source of problems. Your heart holds the answer to solving them.” This book is about dissolving the problems created by your mind. As per Wayne Dyer, problems are nothing more than mistakes in our thinking. If we tap into the higher frequency of our spirits, we can eliminate any problems in our lives. In the beginning of the book, the author shares his experience on having a heart attack and how he shifted from feeling self-pity and denial to gratitude and love. Even though his heart is still damaged, he was able to find peace and recovered when he shifted his energy from negativity to positivity. The book is suitable for you if you are open to new age philosophies and learning through anecdotes. Print | eBook | Audio 8. Wisdom of the Ages “This book is not about appreciating poetry and philosophy as much as it is about applying the wisdom of these writers to our everyday lives.” If you have read Wayne Dyer's books before, you will know he is fascinated by teachers who lived before us and likes to quote them in his books. For this book, he selects 60 teachers from a variety of eras and cultures and shares his interpretation of their works. The ancestral masters include Buddha, Michelangelo, Rumi, Whitman, and Jesus. At the end of each chapter, he also suggests how we can apply these teachings and wisdom to our modern lives. This book is great for those who enjoy reading poetry or about important people from the past and what they have taught the world. Print | eBook | Audio 9. Your Erroneous Zones “Happiness means no complaining about the things over which you can do nothing.” This book is not only Dr. Wayne Dyer first book, it's also one of his best-selling books. It has sold over 35 million copies! This book teaches you to take control of your life and not base your self-worth on other people. If you have problems with guilt, worry, anger, and procrastination, this book will help you deal with these erroneous zones and get out of the victim mindset. However, if you are used to the author's gentle, inspirational writing tone, this book might not be suitable for you. Before he had deeper insights on spirituality, his writing tends to be more on the motivational side and harsh. He even used some sexual references in the book which some might find inappropriate. Nonetheless, the content in this book is still useful and worth checking out. Print | eBook | Audio 10. I Can See Clearly Now “There is some sort of purpose associated with everything that arrives in your life.” This is a memoir on Wayne Dyer's life. He recalls and shares many of his intimate experiences from the time he was a boy up to the time he wrote this book. Through examining his own personal life, he wants to show us that there are no accidents in life. Each step of our journey has something important to teach us, be it good or bad. At the end of each chapter, he reveals what he has learned from each incident in his life and how they all lined up together. If you want to know the backstory of his books, this is the book to get. In this book, Wayne Dyer shares how he got his first book, Your Erroneous Zones, to become the bestseller and what got him to write some of the books on this list. Print | eBook | Audio   Top 10 Best Louise Hay Books from Nerdy Creator 1. Heal Your Body “If we are willing to do the mental work, almost anything can be healed.” Known as the little blue book by the author, this book has helped hundreds of thousands of people to awaken their ability to their own healing process. The author believes that disease (or rather “dis-ease” as per the author) can be reversed by simply reversing mental patterns and creating a new thought pattern. This step-by-step guide can be used as a reference book. Just look up your specific health challenge and you will find the probable cause for this health issue and the information you need to overcome it. If you want to understand the mental causes for your physical illness and the metaphysical way to overcome it, this book is for you. Print | eBook | Audio 2. You Can Heal Your Life “Remember, you have been criticizing yourself for years and it hasn't worked. Try approving of yourself and see what happens.” This book is about loving yourself. Every issue you have in your life regardless if it's about work, finances, health or relationship, you can trace all of them back to the lack of self-love. The problem that we think we have in life is rarely the problem.  In this book, the author takes you through a session just as if you came to her as a private client and attended one of her workshops. She will help you to understand how limiting your thoughts are and how to respond to situations differently. If you want to free yourself from your negative thinking patterns, read this book. Print | eBook | Audio 3. The Power Is Within You “When I talk about responsibility, I am really talking about having power.” A follow-up to her previous book, You Can Heal Your Life, the author believes that we contribute toward the creation of every condition in our lives, good or bad, with our thinking, feeling pattern. She believes in taking responsibility. However, as mentioned in her book, blame and responsibility are different. Blame is about giving away one's power while responsibility gives us the power to make changes in our lives. And we all have the power within us. If you want to let go of your hidden resentment and regain the power within you, this is the book for you. It will help you take charge of your life. Print | eBook | Audio Alternatively, you can read The Essential Louise Hay Collection, you can find the first three books in the list as a single volume. 4. Mirror Work “Love is the most powerful healing force there is. You can take this love out into the world and silently share it with everyone you meet.” Do you like what you see in the mirror? If you only see flaws in your face or your body or you often judge yourself when you look at the mirror, then this is the book for you. In this book, the author creates a 21-day course on mirror work. In three weeks, you will learn how to cultivate a deeper relationship with yourself simply by looking deep into your eyes and repeating affirmations. This book helps you to look beyond your physical form and truly love yourself. Great for someone who loves self-reflection and journaling. Print | eBook  5. Meditations to Heal Your Life “If I want to be accepted as I am, then I need to be willing to accept others as they are.” In this book, the author shares her philosophy of life on a variety of subjects such as work, relationships, and sexuality. Reading this book challenges you to think creatively beyond your limiting beliefs. As per the author, we come into this world totally connected with our inner wisdom but we pick up fears and limitations along the way. This book doesn't teach you how to meditate. Instead, you are to take each topic and meditate or contemplate on the subject. If there's a statement that you don't agree with, it's okay. But for growth, you are encouraged to examine your beliefs. Print | eBook  6. You Can Heal Your Heart “Our thinking creates our experiences. That doesn't mean the loss didn't happen or that the grief isn't real. It means that our thinking shapes our experience of the loss.” Written with renowned grief and loss expert David Kessler, this book is about finding peace after a breakup, divorce, or death. If you are hurting and need help in dealing with your ended relationships, this book is for you. It will help you feel your feelings, heal your old wounds, and change your distorted thinking about relationships, love, and life. You can choose to remember your loved one only with love, not with sadness or regret. This book will help you do so by healing your heart and increasing your self-awareness and compassion. Print | eBook | Audio 7. Love Your Body “Little babies love every inch of their bodies. They have no guilt, no shame, and no comparison.” If you are someone who judges your body, this is the book for you. This little book helps you to love your body by using affirmations. In this book, you will find 54 affirmations that help you appreciate the different parts of your body such as your hair, eyes, and mouth.  By standing in front of a mirror and repeating these positive affirmations daily, you will plant new positive seeds into your subconscious mind. Using the power of two proven self-esteem building techniques, this book is part affirmation, part journal. You can create your own affirmations using the blank spaces provided. Print | eBook | Audio 8. Power Thoughts “All that I need to know at any given moment is revealed to me. My intuition is always on my side.” This small, little, 11cm by 11cm book has 365 daily affirmations to help you build a more fulfilling and rewarding life. As per the author, “Every thought you think and every word you speak is an affirmation. So why not choose to use only positive affirmations to create a new way of thinking, acting, and feeling?” If you want to bring more positivity into your life and you want something simple that you can read every day, this is the book for you. Read one affirmation a day before you leave your house or give it to your friends as a gift. Print | eBook  Alternatively, you can check out other formats such as her Power Thought Cards or her audiobook, 101 Power Thoughts. Even though the affirmations are different, they are still inspirational and beautiful. It's also nice to have the author read to you the affirmations in her wonderful voice. 9. I Think, I Am “When you say something over and over, you start to believe it is true: and what you believe creates what you do and what happens to you.” Written with her friend, Kristina Tracy, and illustrated by Manuela Schwarz, this children's book helps children to learn the power of their thoughts. You can use this book to teach your children about affirmations. The author believes if children could learn about affirmations early on, their journey through life would be happier and more rewarding, with fewer struggles along the way.  This book will show your children how they can apply affirmations to their daily lives. You will find wonderful examples of kids turning negative thoughts into positive words and actions in this book. Print | eBook  10. Trust Life “I now choose to begin to see myself as the Universe sees me — perfect, whole, and complete.” This book is published to honour the late Louise Hay. In this book, you will find 366 affirmations, one for every day of the year, including the 29th of February. These affirmations are reflections drawn from the inspirational work and wisdom of Louise Hay. Whether you follow the affirmation accordingly each day or randomly read a page daily, this book gives you the encouragement and positivity you need for the day. It's a good book to put beside your bed to read before you start the day or before you go to bed. It will remind you of who you really are. Print | eBook   MINDSET The Four Agreements by Don Miguel Ruiz In The Four Agreements, bestselling author don Miguel Ruiz reveals the source of self-limiting beliefs that rob us of joy and create needless suffering. 7 Habits of Highly Effective People by Steven Covey This beloved classic presents a principle-centered approach for solving both personal and professional problems. With penetrating insights and practical anecdotes, Stephen R. Covey reveals a step-by-step pathway for living with fairness, integrity, honesty, and human dignity—principles that give us the security to adapt to change and the wisdom and power to take advantage of the opportunities that change creates. Psycho Cybernetics by Maxwell Maltz The book combines the cognitive behavioural technique of teaching an individual how to regulate self-concept, using theories developed by Prescott Lecky, with the cybernetics of Norbert Wiener and John von Neumann. The book defines the mind-body connection as the core in succeeding in attaining personal goals. Think and Grow Rich by Napoleon Hill Inspired by Andrew Carnegie's magic formula for success, this bookwill teach you the secrets that will bring you a fortune All of Joe Dispenzas books https://drjoedispenza.com/ All of Esther and Jerry Hicks books https://www.abraham-hicks.com/     RELATIONSHIPS 5 Love languages by Gary Chapman Learn how you can communicate in your spouse's 'lovelanguage' and watch your marriage flourish! Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus by John Gray In his classic guide to understanding the opposite sex, Dr. John Gray, provides a practical and proven way for men and women to improve their communication and relationships by acknowledging the differences between them Dr Phil relationship book Love Smart https://www.amazon.com/Love-Smart-Find-One-Want-Fix/dp/0743272099   MONEY Rich Dad Poor Dad by Robert Kiyosaki The bookfocuses on building wealth based on cashflow and increasing income from assets. I will teach you to be rich by Ramit Sethi Bestselling author, Ramit Sethi, featured in ABC News, CNN, and the WSJ, has taught thousands to manage their personal finances and how to become rich. A Simple Path to Wealth by JL Collins Your Money Your Life by Vicki Robin    

In den 1940er-Jahren entwickelte B.F. Skinner, der Begründer des Radikalen Behaviorismus, die Idee, Raketen mit Hilfe von Tauben zu steuern. Die Tauben sollten vorne in der Kapsel sitzen, auf einen Bildschirm mit Sensoren picken und so die Rakete auf Kurs halten. Zeitgleich arbeitete ein amerikanischer Mathematiker an einem Konzept, das unser Verständnis von Maschinen und wie wir mit ihnen umgehen, revolutionieren sollte. Wir sprechen in der Folge über operantes Konditionieren, die Skinner-Box und die Anfänge der Kybernetik. Vielen Dank an [Christiane Attig](https://twitter.com/christianeattig), die uns in dieser Folge als Expertin unterstützt hat. Sie macht ua. die Podcasts [Brainflicks](https://brainflicks.podigee.io/) und [Science S*heroes](https://sciencesheroes.letscast.fm/). **AUS UNSERER WERBUNG** Du möchtest mehr über unsere Werbepartner erfahren? [**Hier findest du alle Infos & Rabatte!**](https://linktr.ee/GeschichtenausderGeschichte) **Wer unsere Folgen lieber ohne Werbung anhören will, kann das über eine kleine Unterstützung auf [Steady](https://steadyhq.com/geschichtefm) tun.** **Wir freuen uns, wenn ihr den Podcast bei [Apple Podcasts](https://podcasts.apple.com/de/podcast/geschichten-aus-der-geschichte/id1044844618) rezensiert oder bewertet. Für alle jene, die kein iTunes verwenden, gibt's die Podcastplattform [Panoptikum](http://panoptikum.io/), auch dort könnt ihr [uns](https://panoptikum.io/podcasts/84) empfehlen, bewerten aber auch euer ganz eigenes PodcasthörerInnenprofil erstellen.** **Wir freuen uns auch immer, wenn ihr euren Freundinnen und Freunden, Kolleginnen und Kollegen oder sogar Nachbarinnen und Nachbarn von uns erzählt!**