Podcasts about tuskegee study

This week, M3 Jeff Goddard, M2 Taryn O'Brien, and MD/PhD student Riley Behan Bush are on hand to discuss July's news. First, it's hard to ignore Johns Hopkins joining the tuition free bandwagon thanks to Michael Bloomberg...but this gift goes further...maybe it could actually have a desired effect! Meanwhile, the New York Times offered an expose on a practice that might prey on the emotions of anxious new parents--cord blood stem cell storage. And the public health world marks the passing of the man who exposed the infamous Tuskegee Study...a scandal that's still reverberating today.

Government Cover Ups & Conspiracy Theories Still a Thing? -------------------------------------------- 9 Huge Government Conspiracies That Actually Happened We all know the conspiracy theories — the government's plan for 9/11, the second gunman who shot JFK, the evolution of the elite from a race of blood-drinking, shape-shifting lizards.  But the people who spread these ideas usually can't prove them.  As the years pass, however, secrets surface. Government documents become declassified. We now have evidence of certain elaborate government schemes right here in the US of A.  The US Department of the Treasury poisoned alcohol during Prohibition — and people died.  The 18th Amendment, which took effect in January 1920, banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol — but not consumption. Despite the government's efforts, alcoholism actually skyrocketed during the era. To keep up with America's thirst, bootleggers not only created their own alcohol but also stole industrial versions, rendered undrinkable by the inclusion of certain chemicals (namely methyl alcohol). Liquor syndicates then employed chemists to "re-nature" the alcohol once again, making it safe for consumption, according to Deborah Blum, author of "The Poisoner's Handbook: Murder and the Birth of Forensic Medicine in Jazz Age New York."  The US Public Health Service lied about treating black men with syphilis for more than 40 years. In 1932, the Public Health Service collaborated with the Tuskegee Institute to record the history of syphilis in the black male community, hoping to justify a treatment program.  Called the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male, the study initially included 600 black men — 399 with the disease and 201 without. While the men were told they would receive treatment, however, the researchers never provided adequate treatment for the disease. Even when penicillin became the preferred and available treatment for syphilis, researchers kept their subjects in the dark.  Although originally planned to last only six months, the experiment continued for 40 years. Finally, in 1972, an Associated Press article prompted public outrage and a subsequent investigation. A government advisory panel deemed the study "ethically irresponsible" and research ended almost immediately. As a result, the government settled a class-action lawsuit out of court in 1974 for $10 million and lifetime health benefits for all participants, the last of whom died in 2004. Parts of the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, which led to US intervention in Vietnam, never happened. Talk of Tonkin's status as a "false flag" for US involvement in the Vietnam War has permeated public discourse almost since the time of the attacks, especially after the government admitted that the second incident may have involved false radar images.  Talk of Tonkin's status as a "false flag" for US involvement in the Vietnam War has permeated public discourse almost since the time of the attacks, especially after the government admitted that the second incident may have involved false radar images. But after resisting comment for decades, the National Security Agency finally declassified documents in 2005, admitting the incident on August 4 never happened at all. FOR THE REST OF THE LIST FOLLOW THE LINK BELOW https://www.businessinsider.com/true-government-conspiracies-2013-12

Ethics are highly valuable in the world of research, but how far were scientists willing to go to collect data? In this episode, Kayla shares the Tuskegee Study- a well known experiment known for its ethical violations and how it was the catalyst for current regulations in research. Also, apparently permanent tattoos are not always permanent. 

Two smaller episodes dropped as one – The History of the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment, and Reflections on Steven's Jury Experience LINKS We Tuskegeed My Dad Unraveling the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis SNL skit Dwayne “The Rock” Johnson Enhancement Drug … Continue reading →

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Fifty years after the Tuskegee study, Diane talks to Harvard's Evelynn Hammonds about the intersection of race and medicine in the United States, and the lessons from history that can help us understand health inequities today.

*Corrections*The Tuskegee study was not revealed with the civil rights movement and continued until 1972. Resolution occurred in 1974. On this week's History with Henry the fellas speak about the darker side of human history, specifically about the Tuskegee study conducted in the United States. Brandon and Henry also go on to talk about the nature of Human evil within history. Get stuck into this episode of History with Henry on The Catch!

Happy Wonder Wednesday Everyone, Angela Bowen here, the host of Looking Back On My Wonder Years: A Wonder Years Podcast. Today, I covered The Wonder Years S1E18: Goose Grease, which aired on April 6, 2022. In this episode when Dean comes down with chickenpox on his way to a hunting trip with Bill and Grandaddy Clisby, Lillian forces the three of them to quarantine together; Clisby pushes homemade remedies on them out of his mistrust of doctors. Going into this episode, my expectations were low, thinking it was just going to be a "meh" episode, but it surprised me by bringing up a topic I had only just learned more about. The rest of the episode was good and funny and heartwarming to and leaves on a cliffhanger. Here's The Trivia for this episode that goes into more detail about what Grandaddy Clisby was referring to when he mentioned Bill's cousin who was enduring some medical experiment in Tuskegee. When Granddaddy Clisby (Richard Gant) expresses his mistrust of doctors, one of the reasons he gives is: "you remember your cousin Darnell? Well, he's being treated by some doctors over at Tuskegee in some special studies. But I'm telling you: the man is only getting worse!" This is a reference to what was originally called the "Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male" and is now referred to as the "U.S. Public Health Service Syphilis Study at Tuskegee." Lasting from 1932 to 1972, the so-called "study" observed hundreds of Black men both with and without syphilis, always withholding syphilis treatment from them (even after syphilis became completely curable with penicillin) and in come cases never even informing them that they had a communicable disease. Not only did many of the men die avoidable deaths due to advanced, untreated syphilis, in many cases they also inadvertently infected their wives and in-utero children. The "study" is now considered one of the most notorious ethical travesties in the history of American medicine, and it is the basis for many African Americans' mistrust of the medical establishment into the present day (many articles in the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic brought up the difficulties that the lingering fear and mistrust fomented by the "study" still posed to public health educators trying to reach Black communities). This show is set in Montgomery, which is only about 40 miles west of Tuskegee, Alabama.; showrunner Saladin K. Patterson spent some of his childhood in Tuskegee. Join me next month when I cover S1E19: Love & War, which aired on April 13, 2022. In this episode when Bruce returns home from Vietnam, the family is shocked to find out he is dating, and eager to share his life with, an older woman with a son; when they learn more about Bruce's last deployment, they come together to support him. Have a great rest of July everyone and I'll be back in August. To EMAIL The PODCAST GO TO: lbomwonderyearspodcast@gmail.com

AP YouTube: https://youtu.be/_Ssi9g676PQ AP Article: https://bit.ly/3cHgXyn

This theory says YES! Today we are joined by SongTheory from TikTok as we dive into the world of musical conspiracy theories. Are Sam Smith and Adele the same person? Is Avril Lavingne actually a body double? And is the Dora the Explorer theme song actually telling you to praise satan? We get into all of it in today's episode.Check out SongTheory on TikTok, YouTube and Instagram.Timestamps:9:00 True government conspiracy theories (Black men and the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis & British men testing an atomic bomb)14:18 Sia - Elastic Heart is about Sia and her father19:00 Rebecca Black - Friday is about the JFK assassination21:52 Rockstars and their predator past25:00 Can you separate the art from the artist?32:45 Are Adele and Sam Smith the same person?33:53 The Avril Lavigne theory39:49 Dora the Explorer theme song backwards43:03 TikTokers don't have anyone at their meet and greets45:06 Elon Musk is a dad (for the 9th and 10th time)54:26 Taylor Swift will be in a movie directed by a sexual abuserWith the Secured Chime Credit Builder Visa Credit Card, you can start building credit with everyday purchases and on-time payments. Continue your credit journey with Chime. Sign up takes only two minutes and doesn't affect your credit score. Get started at chime.com/fluently. Now is a great time to try Thrive Causemetics for yourself! Their products (my favorite is the Liquid Lash Extensions Mascara) are certified 100% vegan and cruelty-free, and every purchase supports organizations that help women thrive. Right now, you can get 15% off your first order when you visit thrivecausemetics.com/FLUENTLY. 

It's May 16th. This day in 1997, President Clinton offered a formal apology for the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male, which took place in the 1930s-1970s. Jody, Niki, and Kellie discuss the shameful study, the role of the Tuskegee Institute in the government study, and whether Clinton's apology made a difference. Sign up for our newsletter! Find out more at thisdaypod.com And don't forget about Oprahdemics, hosted by Kellie, out now from Radiotopia. This Day In Esoteric Political History is a proud member of Radiotopia from PRX. Your support helps foster independent, artist-owned podcasts and award-winning stories. If you want to support the show directly, you can do so on our website: ThisDayPod.com Get in touch if you have any ideas for future topics, or just want to say hello. Our website is thisdaypod.com Follow us on social @thisdaypod Our team: Jacob Feldman, Researcher/Producer; Brittani Brown, Producer; Khawla Nakua, Transcripts; music by Teen Daze and Blue Dot Sessions; Julie Shapiro and Audrey Mardavich, Executive Producers at Radiotopia

Welcome back Law Ghost friends to episode 2. This episode Brenna will tell Dani about the 1932 Tuskegee "study" and the negative outcomes that still resonates today for the black community. Follow us on Instagram and Facebook and don't forget to check out our merch linked in our website! Sources used in this episode: https://www.cdc.gov/tuskegee/timeline.htm https://clintonwhitehouse4.archives.gov/textonly/New/Remarks/Fri/19970516-898.html https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/syphilis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351756 https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/case-closed-columbus/ https://www.britannica.com/topic/African-American/African-American-life-during-the-Great-Depression-and-the-New-Deal https://www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/history/40-years-human-experimentation-america-tuskegee-study https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/07/25/tuskegee-syphilis-study-its-repercussions-still-felt-today/506507001/ https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/06/tuskegee-study-research-black-experiences/487646/ https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/13/us/black-americans-vaccine-tuskegee.html https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/05/14/us/vaccine-race-gap.html https://eji.org/news/history-racial-injustice-tuskegee-syphilis-experiment/#:~:text=After%20the%20study%20was%20exposed,and%20injuries%20the%20experiment%20caused. Theme music: Nightmare by Alexander Nakarada From Complete Discography (Creative Commons BY 4.0), released October 10, 2017 https://alexandernakarada.bandcamp.com/track/nightmare-2 --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/law-ghost-stories/support

Two major Brazilian HMOs are accused of treating Covid patients as guinea pigs, administering chloroquine and other drugs without their knowledge — and allegedly at the behest of the Bolsonaro government. This episode sampled the song Infados by Kevin MacLeod, from the YouTube Audio Library.Support the show (https://www.buymeacoffee.com/brazilianreport)

On this episode of the NTEB Prophecy News Podcast, we have uncovered video proving that the Biden vaccine mandate, as well as the Bill De Blasio 'Key To NYC' unfairly and directly targets black people and people of color. Blacks in America are still hurting from the infamous Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male conducted between 1932 and 1972, which is nothing less than a page taken from the Nazi handbook. In that study, black men were targeted, lied to, and then were made to die from syphilis while white doctors stood by and 'took notes'. Here is 2021 the same thing is happening again, but ironically, it's happening this time with the full approval from a sitting black vice president of the United States, Kamala Harris. Today on the Prophecy News, we show you not only how Biden's vaccine mandate targets blacks, but we go deeper and show you this has nothing to do with science and everything to do with politics, mind control and the New World Order. For years, we here at NTEB have written to expose the Marxist agenda of the Black Lives Matter Movement in great detail, shown you their riots causing billions of dollars in damage, the people who were murdered at the protests, and the voodoo religion at the base of it all. So imagine my shock and surprise when today I am actually going to agree with BLM about something that is not only true, it is as evil as anything perpetrated by the Nazis. Does Joe Biden's COVID-19 vaccine mandate target black people? It absolutely does.

In this episode the  guys discuss Event 201, North Korea, border crises, & the Tuskegee Study.  Thanks to everyone for the supportReach out to us for questions or ideas on topics, guests and anything else to help better the podcast.purplepilled33@gmail.comhttps://www.facebook.com/purplepilled33https://www.instagram.com/purplepillphenomena/https://twitter.com/purplepilled33Music by Karl Casey @ White Bat Audio

8-4-2021 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male(informally referred to as the "Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment,")  was an ethically abusive study conducted between 1932 and 1972 by the United States Public Health Service (PHS) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  The purpose of this study was to observe the natural history of untreated syphilis. Although the African-American men who participated in the study were told that they were receiving free health care from the federal government of the United States, they were not, --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/art-mcdermott/support

BALTIMORE, MD (WEAA) —U.S Congressman Kweisi Mfume and former Baltimore Mayor Sheila Dixon join Dr. Kaye and Dean Kim Sydnor for WEAA’s COVID-19: All in This Together series. The congressman and former mayor discuss vaccination mandates, herd immunity, the Tuskegee Study, concerns regarding the Johnson & Johnson vaccine and more. “This is a once and lifetime pandemic we want to get everybody out of it... We’ve lost too many people in our communities to this disease.”- Rep. Mfume Click below to listen RELATED: 'COVID-19: All in This Together' series with Dr. Sharon Henry

Happy April! I hope you are excited as we are because a new month = a new #TalkPublicHealth episode! For this episode, our team felt an eerie sense of “de ja vu” as we observe the global health response to COVID-19. Moreover, it felt eerie because…we saw a lot of this coming from early 2019 [P.S. which is when we recorded this episode’s audio]. So while listening to this conversation, please take these important contexts into account: 1. Our conversation occurred in the context of the year 2019; 2. We didn’t have the "magnificent" audio equipment & resources like what we have today; AND 3. We were still public health students - trying to figure out how could put our studies into practice.That being said, we believe our conversation still holds true (otherwise we wouldn’t be sharing it with you!) This episode is for you if you want to: 1) learn more about vaccine hesitancy; 2) recognize why the term anti-vax is an issue; 3) learn more about why we need to close the gap between vaccine-hesitant populations AND; 4) build better trust & care in marginalized and other vulnerable communities. -------- We also want to share sources of data for this episode especially as we approach World Immunization Week. a) Vaccination Week In The Americas: https://www.paho.org/vwa/ b) World Immunization Week, 24-30 April 2021: https://www.who.int/campaigns/world-immunization-week/2021 c) What is Vaccine Hesitancy? (Report from WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization) https://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2014/october/SAGE_working_group_revised_report_vaccine_hesitancy.pdf?ua=1 d) WHO-Europe Best practice guidance // How to respond to vocal vaccine deniers in public: http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/315761/Best-practice-guidance-respond-vocal-vaccine-deniers-public.pdf How do we begin to address & conduct positive outreach to marginalized groups about vaccine hesitancy? e) Medical Distrust: The Real Reason for PrEP Misgivings in the Black Community - Medical Distrust: https://www.avac.org/blog/medical-distrust-real-reason-prep-misgivings-black-community f) Vaccine confidence plummets in the Philippines following dengue vaccine scare: why it matters to pandemic preparedness: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/ref/10.1080/21645515.2018.1522468?scroll=top g) Controversial Ebola vaccine trials in Ghana: a thematic analysis of critiques and rebuttals in digital news: https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-017-4618-8 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4618-8 h) Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male. https://www.cdc.gov/tuskegee/timeline.htm i) Vaccine Confidence - A project aimed at achieving better vaccine literacy among the general public. https://www.vaccineconfidence.org/ -------- If you or your friend listen to Talk Public Health but aren't a subscriber: please sign up for our mailing list: https://talkpublichealth.com/ for additional info. Also, do you want to show your support & access our content whenever it is uploaded? Please subscribe/follow any of our podcast channels (P.S. leave us a like + a review b/c it really helps our channel outpace those tricky algorithms): Apple Podcasts: bit.ly/talkpublichealth_ApplePodcasts Spotify: bit.ly/talkpublichealth_Spotify_Channel YouTube: bit.ly/talkpublichealth_YouTube SoundCloud: bit.ly/talkpublichealth_SoundCloud Pocket Casts: bit.ly/talkpublichealth_PocketCasts Google Podcasts: bit.ly/talkpublichealth_Google_Podcasts And check us out on social media - Facebook, Twitter, Instagram & LinkedIn (we’d love to hear more from you re: our content). #TalkPublicHealth #ThisIsPublicHealth #PublicHealth #EuroPHgraduates #COVID19 #VaccineHesitancy #VaccinesWork

At the outset of the Coronavirus pandemic, it was widely assumed that African Americans and LatinX people were more reluctant to get the COVID 19 vaccine than White people. Since then, it is now apparent that while access to the vaccine is different for African Americans, rates of hesitancy between races is about the same. In fact, data shows that Republican men, most of whom are white, are more likely to be unwilling to receive the vaccine than Black people. The narrative about vaccine hesitancy among people in communities of color grew out of distrust of medical research that is premised on the experience in two famous cases: one is Henrietta Lacks, a Black woman who died of cancer in the 1950s, and whose extraordinary cells were harvested for research by doctors at Johns Hopkins without her consent. Those cells are still used for research today. The second is the case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, in which men who were infected with the disease were left untreated. The unethical and deadly behavior of researchers in the Tuskegee Study was revealed in 1972. And for more than a decade, Johns Hopkins has honored the legacy of Henrietta Lacks, and used her story to study its implications for informed consent in medicine. Informed consent is the focus on this archive edition of Midday. Tom's guest is the award-winning author and medical ethicist, Harriet A. Washington.In her latest book, Washington states, flatly, that “We have frequently abandoned informed consent and today remain guilty of burgeoning medical experimentation without consent of any type.” She goes on to say that “Informed consent, or even simple consent, have been withheld consistently in research with African Americans.” Her book is called Carte Blanche: The Erosion of Medical Consent.Harriet Washington joined us in February, on Zoom. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

On today's Midday, a conversation with the award-winning author and ethicist, Harriet A. Washington, about the human costs of unethical medical research. In the current national debate about vaccine hesitancy among people in communities of color, people point to distrust of medical research that is premised on the experience in two famous cases:  one is Henrietta Lacks, a Black woman who died of cancer in the 1950s, and whose extraordinary cells were harvested for research by doctors at Johns Hopkins without her consent.  Those cells are still used for research today.  The second is the case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, in which men who were infected with the disease were left untreated.   The unethical and deadly behavior of researchers in the Tuskegee Study was revealed in 1972.  And for more than a decade, Johns Hopkins has honored the legacy of Henrietta Lacks, and used her story to study its implications for informed consent in medicine.   Harriet Washington's award-winning 2007 book, Medical Apartheid, documents these and other medical abuses that have been visited on people of color for centuries. So, does that mean that research without the fully informed consent of participants a vestige of the past, and that current practice has what is necessary to safeguard against any future abuse?... Harriet Washington answers that questions with a resounding, “No.”  In her latest book, Carte Blanche: The Erosion of Medical Consent (published by Columbia Global Reports), Washington states flatly that “We have frequently abandoned informed consent and today remain guilty of burgeoning medical experimentation without consent of any type.”  She goes on to say that “Informed consent, or even simple consent, have been withheld consistently in research with African Americans.” Harriet Washington joins us on Zoom… See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Tuskegee Study, Vaccination Hesitancy, Rudy Giuliani's Sleaze, ANC Hero

The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male, was an unethical natural history study conducted between 1932 and 1972 by the United States Public Health Service and the Centers for Disease Control and PreventionAudio Onemichistory.com Please support our Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/user?u=25697914Buy me a Coffeehttps://www.buymeacoffee.com/Countryboi2mSources:Bad bloodby James H. Joneshttps://www.cdc.gov/tuskegee/timeline.htmhttps://www.history.com/news/the-infamous-40-year-tuskegee-studyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuskegee_Syphilis_Study

The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male conducted from 1932 to 1972.

Today Kass enlightens us to one of the reasons the black community struggles to trust the medical field. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/unitedwithkassanddor/message

The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male informally referred to as the "Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment," the "Tuskegee Syphilis Study," the "Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the African American Male," was an unethical natural history study conducted between 1932 and 1972 by the United States Public Health Service (PHS) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The purpose of this study was to observe the natural history of untreated syphilis; the African-American men who participated in the study were told that they were receiving free health care from the federal government of the United States.In this episode we covered the origin of the study, break down the characters involved and break down the methods used by co conspirators the continue this experiment for 40 years.Tap in each and every Thursday for new episodes. Subscribe to the channel for more info. Follow on FB and IG: @gentlemenshhhttps://linktr.ee/gentlemenshhProduced by Savvi Hue for POD'N.

With the rollout of the first COVID-19 vaccine in the US this week, media coverage has been incessant about distrust of our medical industry in the black community. I've noticed very few of them actually talk about why. Medical racism. Have you heard of it? It's been around, it's an ongoing problem, and it's coming to light again with the treatment for COVID-19. Let's talk about a horrific moment in American history, a 1932 experiment called the “Tuskegee Study of Syphilis in the Negro Male”. Good morning and welcome to the Ben Garves Podcast - a daily show at the intersection of health, activism, and technology. I'm your host, Ben Garves.The best explanation of medical racism I've found is on the YWCA website. They write: “Medical racism is the systematic and wide-spread racism against people of color within the medical system. It includes both the racism in our society that makes Black people less healthy, the disparity in health coverage by race, and the biases held by healthcare workers against people of color in their care.”So, in 1932, the Tuskegee experiment began with 600 Black men, 399 who tested positive for syphilis, and 201 who didn't. It failed to tell those men they had syphilis, instead telling all 600 they were being treated for “bad blood”, which was a blanket term for a bunch of issues, like sickle cell anemia. The reality was, these men didn't receive proper medical treatment of the disease researchers knew they had, and the six-month experiment ended up running for 40 years. It wasn't until a story from the Associate Press in 1972 brought the study to light that a panel began to investigate. They found the men in the study had been misled and weren't given enough information to give real informed consent for their treatment.Here's an example: penicillin, the antibiotic used to very easily treat syphilis, became widely used in 1947 and was never offered to the study's test subjects.That's dark. It's terrible. And it's really just one story in a long list of behaviors in the United States which have fostered mistrust within the Black community. In 1966, Henry K. Beecher published a paper documenting 22 instances of unethical medical research in the New England Journal of Medicine, including Tuskegee.Blind studies, basically studies where the recipient of a treatment doesn't know if they're receiving the treatment or a placebo, are important to proving if a treatment is effective and safe. But we need to ask questions about whether they're ethical in a situation where we're testing on a specific race or ethnic background, if we're testing on a group which has been abused in the past, and if that testing continues when a viable cure is found without adjusting the experiment to inform the doctors, researches, and study participants about what's going on.That wraps it up for today. Thanks for listening to the Ben Garves Podcast, at the intersection of health, activism, and technology. Don't forget, Fitness is for Everyone™.The CDC has a write up on the Tuskegee study and the work related to it on their website, so I'm putting a link to that in my show notes, which you can find in your podcasting app or on bengarves.com. The Tuskegee Timeline from CDC: https://www.cdc.gov/tuskegee/timeline.htm 

“The Tuskegee Study Of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male” went on for 40 years. It caused generations of Black Americans to mistrust medicine, making it one of the bleakest points in the history of microbiology. Join Jon and Tess as they dive deeper into this study, the history of syphilis, and Treponema pallidum's hold on humanity. 

Rebroadcast: this program originally aired on Oct. 30, 2020. African American participation in COVID-19 vaccine trials is critically low despite the pandemic's disproportionate impact on Black communities. From the Tuskegee Study to Henrietta Lacks, centuries of anti-black racism and discrimination in American healthcare have led to chronic distrust of medical research among African Americans. Tom’s guest is Dr. Freeman Hrabowski, president of University of Maryland Baltimore County, and a longtime civil rights activist. He and his wife, Jacqueline, have enrolled in a Phase 3 COVID 19 clinical trial at the University of Maryland School of Medicine, and they are vocal proponents of more African American participation in the research process.

Topics: Biggie death, Erykah Badu, Eve's Bayou, Miss Evers' Boys (Bonus Artist: Luck Pacheco)   Notes 1997   1.    President: Bill Clinton   2.    Feb -A Santa Monica jury finds former football legend O.J. Simpson is liable for the deaths of Nicole Brown and Ron Goldman.   3.    Feb - North Hollywood shootout: Two heavily armed bank robbers conflict with officers from the Los Angeles Police Department in a mass shootout.   4.    Feb - Miss Evers' Boys airs on HBO. It is a made-for-TV adaptation of David Feldshuh's eponymous 1992 stage play, and was nominated for eleven Emmy Awards and won four, Outstanding Made for Television Movie / Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie – Alfre Woodard / Editing / Cinematography   5.    Mar - Brooklyn rapper The Notorious B.I.G. is killed in a drive-by shooting in Los Angeles at age 24 before the release of his second album Life After Death. The album was released on March 25.   6.    Mar - In San Diego, California, 39 members of  Heaven's Gate, a UFO religious cult, commit mass suicide.   7.    Apr - The Ellen episode, "The Puppy Episode" is broadcast on ABC, showing for the first time the revelation of a main character as a homosexual.   8.    May - U.S. President Bill Clinton issues a formal apology to the surviving victims of the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male and their families.   9.    Jun - During the Evander Holyfield vs. Mike Tyson II boxing match in Las Vegas, Mike Tyson bites off part of Evander Holyfield's ear.   10.    Jun - The base version of the standard WiFi was released   11.    Aug - Diana, Princess of Wales died in hospital after being injured in a motor vehicle accident in a road tunnel in Paris.   12.    Sep - www.google.com is registered by Google.   13.    Nov - Mary Kay Letourneau is sentenced to six months imprisonment in Washington after pleading guilty to two counts of second-degree child rape. Letourneau gave birth to her victims' child and the leniency of her sentence was widely criticized.[3]   14.    Nov - The Emergency Broadcast System is replaced by the Emergency Alert System and it continues to this day. - "This is a test. This station is conducting a test of the Emergency Broadcast System. This is only a test."   15.    Open Comments:   16.    Top 3 Pop Songs   17.    #1-"Something About the Way You Look Tonight" / "Candle in the Wind 1997", Elton John   18.    #2-"Foolish Games" / "You Were Meant for Me", Jewel   19.    #3-"I'll Be Missing You", Puff Daddy featuring Faith Evans and 112   20.    Record Of The Year, Sunny Came Home - Shawn Colvin   21.    Album Of The Year, Time Out Of Mind - Bob Dylan   22.    Song Of The Year, Sunny Came Home - Shawn Colvin Colvin)   23.    Best New Artist, Paula Cole   24.    Best Female R&B, On & On - Erykah Badu   25.    Best Male R&B, I Believe I Can Fly - R. Kelly   26.    Best R&B Duo Or Group, No Diggity - Blackstreet   27.    Best R&B Song, I Believe I Can Fly - R. Kelly   28.    Best R&B Album, Baduizm - Erykah Badu   29.    Best Rap Solo, Men In Black - Will Smith   30.    Best Rap Duo Or Group, I'll Be Missing You - Puff Daddy & Faith Evans Featuring 112   31.    Best Rap Album, No Way Out - Puff Daddy & The Family   32.    Top 3 Movies   33.    #1-Titanic   34.    #2-The Lost World: Jurassic Park   35.    #3-Men in Black   36.    Notables: Rhyme & Reason, Gridlock'd, Rosewood, Good Burger, Def Jam's How to Be a Player, Hoodlum, Kiss the Girls, Gang Related, Boogie Nights, The Devil's Advocate, Good Will Hunting, Jackie Brown, Love Jones, B*A*P*S, Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery, Booty Call, Donnie Brasco, Soul Food, Gang Related,   37.    Open Comments:   38.    Top TV Shows   39.    #1-Seinfeld   40.    #2-ER   41.    #3-Veronica's Closet   42.    Debuts, The Chris Rock Show   43.    Open Comments:   44.    Economic Snapshots   45.    Income = 37.5 (Previously 36.3K)   46.    House = 124k (118.2)   47.    Car = 17k (16.3)   48.    Rent = 576 (554)   49.    Harvard = 28.9 (27.5)   50.    Movie = 4.59 (4.42)   51.    Gas = 1.22 (-)   52.    Stamp = .32 (-)   53.    Social Scene: Death of Christopher George Latore Wallace, aka ‘Biggie Smalls,’ ‘The Notorious B.I.G,’ or ‘Biggie,’   54.    Childhood & Early Life: Born on May 21, 1972 in Brooklyn, New York, to Voletta Wallace and Selwyn George Latore. His mother was a Jamaican preschool teacher and his father was a politician and welder. His father left the family when he was two years old. He attended the ‘Queen of All Saints Middle School’ where he excelled in English, won many awards,  and was given the nickname ‘Big.’ because of his weight, around the age of 10 (1982).  He started dealing drugs as early as 12 while his mother went out for work, and she says he adapted a ‘smart-ass’ attitude, while attending high school, but he was still a good student. He dropped out of school at 17 (1989) and gradually got involved in criminal activities. Shortly after dropping out, he was arrested on weapon charges and was sentenced for probation of five years. He was again arrested in 1990 for violating his probation and again a year later for drug dealing in North Carolina. He stayed in jail for nine months.   55.    Career: As a teen, he began exploring music and performed with local groups, such as ‘Techniques’ and ‘Old Gold Brothers.’ He made a casual demo tape titled ‘Microphone Murder’ under the name ‘Biggie Smalls.’ The name was inspired from his own stature as well as from a character of a 1975 film ‘Let’s Do it Again.’ The tape was promoted by Mister Cee, a New York based DJ and was heard by the editor of ‘The Source.’ In March 1992 (@19), he was featured in the ‘Unsigned Hype’ column of ‘The Source,’ magazine. Shortly thereafter, he was signed by ‘Uptown Records’. In 1993, when Sean 'Puffy' Combs, a producer/A&R with ‘Uptown Records’ was fired, Biggie Smalls signed with Combs’ ‘Bad Boy Records.’ In August, 1993 (@21), he had his first child T’yanna.  To financially support his daughter, he continued to deal drugs. Also in 1993, he worked on the remix of Mary J. Blige’s ‘Real Love.’ While working for ‘Real Love,’ he used the pseudonym ‘The Notorious B.I.G.,’ the name he used for the rest of his career. He followed up with another remix of Blige's ‘What’s the 411’. He debuted as a solo artist in the 1993 film ‘Who’s the Man?’ with the single ‘Party and Bullshit.’   56.    As a solo artist he hit the pop chart in August 1994 (@22) with ‘Juicy/Unbelievable.’ His debut album ‘Ready to Die’ was released in September, 1994, peaked at number 15 on the Billboard 200 and was subject to critical acclaim and soon a commercial success. Three singles were released from the album: "Juicy", "Big Poppa", "One More Chance". "Big Poppa" was a hit on multiple charts, peaking at number six on the Billboard Hot 100 and also being nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance at the 1996 Grammy Awards.  At a time when West Coast hip hop was dominating the mainstream, this album became a huge success, making him a prominent figure in the East Coast hip hop scene. [Side Note: 2 months later in November, Tupac was shot five times in a NYC recording studio].  In July 1995 (@23), the cover of ‘The Source’ magazine featured him along with the caption ‘The King of New York Takes Over.’   57.    Recording of his second album, ‘Life After Death,’  began in September 1995 but was interrupted due to injuries, hip hop disputes, and legal squabbles (much like his friend Tupac). He was in a car accident which hospitalized him for three months. He had to complete rehabilitation and was confined to a wheelchair for a period. The car accident had shattered his left leg and made him dependent on a cane. He was arrested outside a nightclub in Manhattan in March, 1996 (24), for manhandling and threatening to kill two of his fans who were seeking autographs, and again in the middle of the year, he was arrested from his home at Teaneck, New Jersey, for possessing weapons and drugs. On September 7, 1996, Tupac Shakur was shot in Las Vegas, Nevada, and he died six days later. Rumors of Biggie Smalls’ involvement in Shakur’s murder were doing the rounds and were reported immediately. In January 1997, he faced an order to pay 41k for a dispute that occurred in May 1995 where a concert promoter’s friend accused him and his entourage of beating him up.   58.    Death: In February 1997, he went to Los Angeles to promote his upcoming album ‘Life After Death’ which was scheduled for March 25th release. On March 7, 1997, he attended the 1997 ‘Soul Train Music Awards’ and presented an award to Toni Braxton. On March 8, he attended the after party at ‘Peterson Automotive Museum,’ hosted by ‘Quest Records’ and ‘Vibe’ magazine. While leaving the party, his truck stopped at a red light, and a black Chevy Impala pulled up alongside it. The Impala's driver, an unidentified African-American man dressed in a blue suit and bow tie, rolled down his window, drew a 9 mm blue-steel pistol, and fired at Wallace's car. Four bullets hit Wallace, and his entourage subsequently rushed him to Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, where doctors performed emergency procedures, but he was pronounced dead at 1:15 a.m. He was 24 years old.   59.    16 days after his murder, his double disc album ‘Life After Death’ was released. The album peaked at No. 1 spot on the U.S. charts, ultimately went 11× Platinum, was nominated for Best Rap Album, Best Rap Solo Performance for its first single "Hypnotize", and Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group for its second single "Mo Money Mo Problems" at the 1998 Grammy Awards. In 2012, the album was ranked at No. 476 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. Biggie has been described as ‘the savior of East Coast hip hop’ by some and ‘greatest rapper of all time’ by others.   60.    Tupac and Biggie Best Frenemies: Biggie's first single, “Party and Bulls**t” came out in 1993. By that year, Tupac was already a platinum-selling artist, so Biggie asked a drug dealer to introduce him to Tupac at a Los Angeles party, according to the book 'Original Gangstas...' by Ben Westhoff. An intern who worked with Biggie recalled the meeting. “'Pac walks into the kitchen and starts cooking for us. He's in the kitchen cooking some steaks,”.  “We were drinking and smoking and all of a sudden ‘Pac was like, ‘Yo, come get it.’ And we go into the kitchen and he had steaks, and French fries, and bread, and Kool Aid and we just sittin’ there eating and drinking and laughing...that's truly where Big and ‘Pac’s friendship started.” There was mutual respect between the two and Biggie would crash on Tupac’s couch when he was in California and Tupac would always stop by Biggie’s neighborhood when he was in New York. In essence, they were like any other pair of friends and both of them respected the other's talent. At the 1993 Budweiser Superfest at New York City’s Madison Square Garden, they freestyled together. Biggie often turned to Tupac for advice in the business, and even asked him to manage his career. But Tupac advised him to, "stay with Puff. He will make you a star.”   61.    The first big fallout happened when they were scheduled to work on a project together for another rapper, Little Shawn. Tupac arrived at Times Square’s Quad Recording Studios on November 30, 1994, and was getting ready to head upstairs to where Biggie and Combs were. But instead, Tupac was gunned down in the lobby and shot five times. Tupac reportedly believed that Biggie had prior knowledge of the attack and that he also knew who was behind it. "He really thought when he got shot the first time, not that Big set it up or anything, just Big didn't tell him who did it," Tupac's friend and Naughty by Nature frontman Treach told MTV News in June 2010. "In his heart, he was like, 'The homie knows who did it.' Biggie might have wanted to just stay out of it, like, 'I don't know nothing.' [Tupac] was like, 'Yo, man, just put your ear to the street. Let me know who hit me up.'" Despite Tupac's claims, Biggie remained adamant that he had been loyal to his friend. "Honestly, I didn't have no problem with [Tupac]," Biggie previously said. "I saw situations and how sh*t was going, and I tried to school [Tupac]. I was there when he bought his first Rolex, but I wasn't in the position to be rolling like that. I think Tupac felt more comfortable with the dudes he was hanging with because they had just as much money as him."   62.    Still, Tupac's suspicions were only heightened when Biggie released "Who Shot Ya?" a month after Tupac's attack. Biggie claimed that he wrote the song "way before Tupac got shot," but the rapper took it as Biggie's confession. "Even if that song ain't about it, you should be, like, 'I'm not putting it out, 'cause he might think it's about him,'" Tupac said in an interview with Vibe while incarcerated for an unrelated charge.   63.    When Tupac joined Death Row Records, the East Coast-West Coast rivalry was cemented. While Tupac was incarcerated for another incident, he came to believe Biggie knew about the attack ahead of time. The west coast rapper reached out to Suge Knight, who offered him a place on his Death Row Records roster. Tupac accepted, cementing the rivalry between Knight's label and Combs’ Bad Boy Records. “Any artist out there that wanna be an artist, stay a star, and won’t have to worry about the executive producer trying to be all in the videos, all on the records, dancing—come to Death Row!” Knight proclaimed at that 1995 Source awards show.   64.    There was never proof that Biggie or Combs knew about the incident. But a couple of months later, Biggie’s B-side single was a track called “Who Shot Ya?” which led to Tupac’s response with the song, “Hit ‘Em Up.” In it, Tupac claimed he slept with Biggie’s wife, Faith Evans. According to Vibe, Evans denied the claim, saying, “That ain’t how I do business.”   65.    Open Comments:   66.    Question: What Notable deaths hit you pretty hard? [Aaliyh/Al Jarreau/Andre Harrell/Areatha Franklin/Bernie Mack/Bill Withers/Bob Marley/Chadwick Boseman/Diahann Carroll/Donny Hathaway/Eazy-E/Florence Ballard/Florence Griffith Joyner/Fred “Curly” Neal/Heavy D/Jam Master Jay/Jimi Hendrix/John Lewis/John Singleton/John Thompson/Kobe Bryant/Left Eye/Little Richard/Malcolm X/Martin Luther King, Jr./Micgael Jackson/Muhammad Ali/Mya Angelou/Ol' Dirty Bastard/Otis Redding/Prince/Sam Cooke/The Notorious B.I.G./Toni Morrrison/Tupac/Walter Payton/Whitney Houston]   67.    Music Scene: Black Songs from the top 40   68.    #3-"I'll Be Missing You", Puff Daddy featuring Faith Evans and 112   69.    #4-"Un-Break My Heart", Toni Braxton   70.    #5- "Can't Nobody Hold Me Down", Puff Daddy featuring Mase   71.    #6-"I Believe I Can Fly", R. Kelly   72.    #7-"Don't Let Go (Love)", En Vogue   73.    #8-"Return of the Mack", Mark Morrison   74.    #13- "For You I Will", Monica   75.    #14-"You Make Me Wanna...", Usher   76.    #16-"Nobody", Keith Sweat featuring Athena Cage   77.    #20- "Mo Money Mo Problems", The Notorious B.I.G. featuring Puff Daddy and Mase   78.    #23-"No Diggity", Blackstreet featuring Dr. Dre   79.    #24-"I Belong to You (Every Time I See Your Face)", Rome   80.    #25-"Hypnotize", The Notorious B.I.G.   81.    #26-"Every Time I Close My Eyes", Babyface   82.    #27-"In My Bed", Dru Hill   83.    #30-"4 Seasons of Loneliness", Boyz II Men   84.    #31-"G.H.E.T.T.O.U.T.", Changing Faces   85.    #32-"Honey", Mariah Carey   86.    #33-"I Believe in You and Me", Whitney Houston   87.    #34-"Da' Dip", Freak Nasty   88.    #37-"Cupid", 112   89.    Vote:   90.    Top RnB Albums   91.    Jan - The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory, Makaveli   92.    Mar - Baduizm, Erykah Badu   93.    Mar - The Untouchable, Scarface   94.    Apr - Life After Death, The Notorious B.I.G.   95.    May - Share My World, Mary J. Blige   96.    Jun - God's Property from Kirk Franklin's Nu Nation   97.    Jun - Wu-Tang Forever, Wu-Tang Clan   98.    Aug - Supa Dupa Fly, Missy "Misdemeanor" Elliott   99.    Aug - No Way Out, Puff Daddy and the Family   100.    Aug - The Art of War, Bone Thugs-n-Harmony   101.    Sep - Ghetto D, Master P   102.    Oct - When Disaster Strikes, Busta Rhymes   103.    Oct - Evolution, Boyz II Men   104.    Nov - The Firm: The Album, The Firm feat. Nas, Foxy Brown, Nature and AZ   105.    Nov - Harlem World, Mase   106.    Nov - The 18th Letter, Rakim   107.    Nov - Unpredictable, Mystikal   108.    Dec - Live, Erykah Badu   109.    Dec - R U Still Down? (Remember Me), 2Pac   110.    Vote:   111.    Music Scene: Erykah Badu, Queen of Neo-Soul   112.    Childhood & Early Years: Born as Erica Abi Wright on February 26, 1971 in Dallas, TX. Her father spent a considerable period in jail, vanished altogether in 1975, and only returned twenty years later. Her mother, a much respected actress in the local theatre, raised the children with the help  of her own mother and her mother-in-law. Erica spent a lot of time with these ladies while her mother was busy on the stage. Erica was born the eldest of 3. Although they were comparatively poor Erica never realized that because everything was neat and clean. Despite the absence of her father, she had a very happy childhood, surrounded by uncles, aunts, grandmothers and cousins. Her mother imbibed in her daughters a love for music, playing the songs of Chaka Khan, Marvin Gaye and Stevie Wonder to them. Erica inherited her mother’s artistic traits and a desire to perform. She would often sing in front of the mirror pretending that she was a background singer for Chaka Khan. She would also make her grandmother sit up and watch her while she sang, danced and acted. In 1975, Erica first appeared on stage, performing with her mother at Dallas Theatre Centre and by seven, she started learning to play the piano. Her favorite song was ‘The Greatest Love of All’. Another important aspect of her character was that from her childhood she loved to be in control of the situation around her. Therefore, when it was time for elementary schooling, she refused to continue her education there, mainly because she found that in school she was no longer in control. She began her formal education at a grade school, where her talent was quickly recognized. In her First Grade, she appeared in ‘Annie’, skipping and singing the song ‘Somebody Snitched On Me.’ During the summer vacations, she sang at the choir of the First Baptist Church, honing her choral skills.Along with acting and singing, little Erica also began to expand her cultural horizon, attending different festivals, especially Harambee Festival in South Dallas, slowly developing an interest in African culture and dress. The tall headgear she would wear one day originated from these visits.   113.    In 1980, she was enrolled in a dancing troupe. Later she also learned formal ballet. By 1982, she had also started rapping. When it was time to attend high school, she chose Dallas' Booker T. Washington High School, an arts-oriented magnet school. While studying there she rejected what she considered to be a slave name, changing the spelling of Erica to Erykah and replacing Wright with Badu. After graduating from high school, she enrolled at the Grambling State University, a historically black institution in Grambling, Louisiana, studying theatre until 1993. Thereafter, she returned to Dallas without completing her degree, mainly to concentrate on music.   114.    Career: In 1993, Erykah Badu started her career as a music teacher in Dallas. For a time, she also taught drama and dance at South Dallas Cultural Centre. To augment her income, she also served as waitress. She also formed a hip-hop duo with her cousin Robert Free Bradford, calling it ‘Erykah Free’. Very soon, they started going on musical tours and earning local opening slots. Her big chance came when in 1994 (@23), Erykah opened a show for D’Angelo. Through him, she caught the attention of Kedar Massenburg, an American record producer and founder of Kedar Entertainment. Impressed, he set her up to record a duet, ‘Your Precious Love' with D'Angelo. In 1995, she signed a contract with Kedar Entertainment and moved to Brooklyn. In January 1996, she made her debut with ‘On & On’, which remained at the number-one position on the U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs for two weeks. In 1996, Erykah also recorded her debut album, ‘Baduizm’. Released on February 11, 1997 by Kedar Records, The Grammy award-winning album received universal acclaim from critics, who not only praised the musical style of the album, but also her ‘artistic vision’, establishing her position as the torchbearer of soul music. Her next album, ‘Live’ was a live album released on November 18, 1997, barely a month after the release of its lead single, ‘Tyrone’. It was also a huge hit and reached number four on the US Billboard 200 and number one on the US Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. While ‘Live’ was being recorded Badu was pregnant with her first child. After its release, she took some time off to raise her child, not returning until 1999.   115.    Open Comments:   116.    Question: What is neo-soul and why don’t I like it?   117.    Movie Scene:Eve’s Bayou, Written and directed by Kasi Lemmons; produced by Caldecot Chubb and Samuel L. Jackson - Starring: Samuel L. Jackson (Louis Batiste), Jurnee Smollett (Eve Batiste), Lynn Whitfield (Roz Batiste), Debbi Morgan (Mozelle Batiste Delacroix), Vondie Curtis Hall (Julian Grayraven), Meagan Good (Cisely Batiste) and Diahann Carroll (Elzora).   118.    Review #1: “...As these images unfold, we are drawn into the same process Eve has gone through: We, too, are trying to understand what happened in that summer of 1962, when Eve's handsome, dashing father--a doctor and womanizer--took one chance too many. And we want to understand what happened late one night between the father and Eve's older sister, in a moment that was over before it began.   119.    We want to know because the film makes it perfectly possible that there is more than one explanation; "Eve's Bayou" studies the way that dangerous emotions can build up until something happens that no one is responsible for and that can never be taken back.   120.    All of these moments unfold in a film of astonishing maturity and confidence; "Eve's Bayou," one of the very best films of the year, is the debut of its writer and director, Kasi Lemmons. She sets her story in Southern Gothic country, in the bayous and old Louisiana traditions that Tennessee Williams might have been familiar with, but in tone and style she earns comparison with the family dramas of Ingmar Bergman. That Lemmons can make a film this good on the first try is like a rebuke to established filmmakers..."Eve's Bayou" resonates in the memory. It called me back for a second and third viewing. If it is not nominated for Academy Awards, then the academy is not paying attention. For the viewer, it is a reminder that sometimes films can venture into the realms of poetry and dreams. - Roger Ebert, Chicago Sun-Times   121.    Review #2: Kasi Lemmons’ fluid, feminine, African-American, Southern-gothic narrative covers a tremendous amount of emotional territory with the most graceful of steps. Young Jurnee Smollett plays 10-year-old Eve, struggling to understand the womanizing of her adored daddy (Samuel L. Jackson in easy, sexy command) and the passions of her big sister; Debbi Morgan, in a blazing performance, plays Eve’s vibrant aunt, infused with good-witch spiritual powers. The film’s dream-state visual elegance is matched by a great soundtrack. Grade, A-. -  Lisa Schwarzbaum, Entertainment Weekly   122.    Review #3: First and best, it's got a rip-roaring story. It sweeps you along, borne effortlessly by believable if flawed characters, as it flows toward the inevitable tragedy. But it's also got a heart: It watches as a child harsh of judgment learns that judgment is too easy a posture for the world, and it's best to love with compassion. - Stephen Hunter, Washington Post   123.    Review #4: “You don't have to believe in magic to be gripped by the psychic forces that the characters' sorcery unleashes. Sibling rivalry, sexual jealousy and anxiety are all feelings that, when heated to the boiling point, have incendiary, semi magical powers. And as the psychosexual forces that bind but also threaten the Batiste family heat up, you can feel the lid about to blow. Every element of the film -- from the turbulent, stormy performances to the rich cinematography (which includes black-and-white computer-enhanced dream sequences) to the setting itself, in which the thick layers of hanging moss over muddy water seem to drip with sexual intrigue and secrecy -- merges to create an atmosphere of extraordinary erotic tension and anxiety.   124.    At the center of it all, exuding a dangerous magnetism, is Jackson's Louis, a swashbuckling, flashing-eyed, slightly oily lightning rod of a charmer whose charisma conveys a warning electric buzz. Jackson has never played a character quite this avid. And in a performance that requires him to infuse the role of perfect father and dream lover with a demonic charge, Jackson makes Louis at once irresistibly lovable and slightly terrifying. - Stephen Holden, New York Times   125.    Open Comments:   126.    Question: Are our family dynamics still suffering, internally, from the legacy of slavery or we closer to moving past it.   127.    TV Scene: “Miss Evers’ Boys”: Powerful, haunting and artfully mounted, “Miss Evers’ Boys” is a docudrama of uncommon quality and clarity. The acting is exceptional, the characters vivid, the presentation balanced. Original films for television rarely aim so high as does this HBO NYC production...And cinematographically, it is a revelation, with director of photography Donald M. Morgan lending the production a strikingly dingy, washed-out look that blends perfectly with the piece’s bleak sensibility. The story as told here centers on nurse Eunice Evers (a dynamic, layered performance from Alfre Woodard). Evers went to work at Alabama’s Tuskegee Hospital in 1932 to assist a certain Dr. Brodus (brilliant work from Joe Morton) in caring for poor black men (sharecroppers mostly) who have been stricken with syphilis. Enter Dr. Douglas (Craig Sheffer), a white doctor who brings with him a fully funded program to treat syphilis at the hospital, offering free treatment to any man who tests positive for the disease. A few months pass before Brodus travels to Washington to meet with Douglas and a government panel of doctors who tell him the funding for treatment has dried up. However, money is available for a study of the syphilitic African-American men. The catch: They can receive no medical treatment initially as a way to establish whether syphilis affects blacks and whites differently. Brodus initially is outraged, but acquiesces in the belief the study will disprove the racist notion of physiological inferiority in blacks. Evers also reluctantly follows along, lying to the men while giving them only vitamins, tonics and liniment rubs. But as the months turn into years, it becomes clear that the afflicted men will never receive treatment. Only with their deaths is the study of how the disease runs its course made complete and viable….[the movie] switches gears during its second hour to become an examination of Evers’ gut-wrenching moral ambiguity in sticking around to help perpetrate this ghastly fraud over 40 years. Woodard movingly conveys the conflict weighing down Evers’ guilt-riddled soul, giving a profound resonance to the disturbing ethical questions raised by her dedication in the name of lending the men comfort and a form of loving (if deliberately ineffectual) care….the overall tone and tenor of “Miss Evers’ Boys” is one of subtle brilliance, bolstered by an exquisitely detailed period sheen that screams excellence. After it’s over, you sit disbelieving that such an inhumane, insidious experiment designed to reduce black men to the level of laboratory animals could ever have been conducted in the United States of America — much less gone undetected until 25 years ago. It went far beyond mere institutional racism. It was pure evil. — Ray Richmond Vanity Fair   128.    Open Comments:   129.    Vote: Best/most important/favorite pop culture item from 1997?

African American participation in COVID-19 vaccine trials is critically low despite the pandemic's disproportionate impact on Black communities. From the Tuskegee Study to Henrietta Lacks, centuries of anti-black racism and discrimination in American healthcare have led to chronic distrust of medical research among African Americans. Tom’s guest is Dr. Freeman Hrabowski, president of University of Maryland Baltimore County, and a longtime civil rights activist. He and his wife, Jacqueline, have enrolled in a Phase 3 COVID 19 clinical trial at the University of Maryland School of Medicine, and they are vocal proponents of more African American participation in the research process.

The first song featured in this episode is Free by Gungor and William Matthews. SpotifyThe second song featured in this episode is Oh the Deep Deep Love of Jesus by Audrey Assad. SpotifyThe Tuskegee Syphilis Study, also known as the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment, Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the African American Male, U.S. Public Health Service Syphilis Study at Tuskegee, or Tuskeegee Experiment, was a clinical study conducted between 1932 and 1972 by the United States Public Health Service. The purpose of this study was to observe the natural history of untreated syphilis; the African-American men in the study were told they were receiving free health care from the Federal government of the United States. Most men were only given placebos despite the fact that penicillin became the known treatment in 1947. History.comJ. Marion Sims, known as the father of gynecology, performed experimental surgeries on enslaved women without anesthesia. History.comForced sterilization has been around for centuries. Most recently as 2010s on women in prison in California. PBS Upside Down Podcast, Episode 75, The Necessity of Voting with Lisa Sharon Harper. LinkThe Social Dilemma Documentary on NetflixThe 5 Most Misused and Abused Bible Verses, Relevant Magazine, July 24, 2020Audrey Assad Serves as a Musician and an Advocate for Refugees, National Catholic Reporter, April 7, 2017What Do Christians Have Against Homosexuality? Tim Keller at Veritas, YouTube Video, Nov. 29, 2011Wintley Phipps Sings It Is Well with My Soul, Gaither Music YouTube Video, April 6, 2012

America Did What?! In 1932, the United States Public Health Service embarked on the Tuskegee Study, or more aptly the Tuskegee Atrocity, which studied the progression of tertiary syphilis in untreated, unknowing, and unwilling Black men sharecroppers in Macon County. Since the study was exposed on July 24, 1972 the United States has characterized the events as a simple science experiment gone wrong. In actuality, what happened to the 600 victims of the study, their partners, and offspring was human rights atrocity by design. We leave you with the end of America Did What?!'s first season with a connection to the modern day distrust between the public and the United States medical establishment.Support the show (http://www.patreon.com/blairimani)

The official name of this scientific study was “Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male” which began in 1932. 600 black men were enrolled in Macon country, Alabama. 399 with syphilis and 201 without. The researchers told the men they were being treated for “bad blood” but no treatment was given beyond placebo, instead just observation of the disease running its course which included blindness, insanity and death. Wikipedia is heavily biased, especially against anything that is not Western medicine. You don’t have to look much further than co-founder Larry Sanger, who said “People that I would say are trolls sort of took over. The inmates started running the asylum.” In May of this year he wrote an article titled “Wikipedia is Badly Biased” stating that Wikipedia’s neutral point of view “is dead.”

The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the African American Male was a clinical study conducted between 1932 and 1972 by the United States Public Health Service. The purpose of this study was to observe the natural behavior of untreated syphilis.In a racially charged move, the government only recruited African-American men in the study by lying to them that they were receiving free health care from the Federal government.This was one of the defining moments of racial undertones between the government and the African American community.Support the show (https://cash.app/$Shumba)

Episode 06 | The Tuskegee Study - The World is Weird 1Host: Derek DeWittThe tale of a 40-year clinical study with overtones of both race and class, shows just what some people are willing to do once they have otherized their fellow humans. If they're willing to do that, the reasoning goes, what else might they be willing to do? This builds distrust, which feeds conspiracy theories.This is the shameful story of the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male. A true thing that happened, because the world is weird.SECTIONS02:47 - What Is Syphilis? Signs, Symptoms & Stages05:52 - A Short History of Detection & Treatment06:44 - The Lay of the Land, Pre-Tuskegee 08:45 - The Tuskegee Study Begins13:26 - Despite the Henderson Act, the Study Continues14:47 - A Whistleblower & an Ending16:17 - The Government Reacts20:01 - We Did Nothing Wrong - We Just Targeted Poor People21:34 - Not the Only Such Study23:16 - A Pattern of Racially Motivated Abuse by the Medical Establishment24:38 - African Americans Get Worse Healthcare26:56 - A Bit of Both - Poverty & Race Go Hand in Hand in the USMusic by Fanette RonjatFollow us on social for extra goodies:FacebookTwitterYouTube (including some extra videos on the topic)Other Podcasts by Derek DeWittDIGITAL SIGNAGE DONE RIGHT - Winner of 2020 Communicator Award of Excellence for Podcasts Series-Corporate Communications and on numerous top 10 podcast lists. PRAGUE TIMES - A city is more than just a location - it’s a kaleidoscope of history, places, people and trends. This podcast looks at Prague, in the center of Europe, from a number of perspectives, including what it is now, what is has been and where it’s going. It’s Prague THEN, Prague NOW, Prague LATER.

If white Americans know anything about the dark history of American medicine and Black people, they've likely at least heard of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. But as author Harriet Washington explains, Tuskegee was just one example in "a sea of abusive and, frankly, racist experimentation."

This week we discuss the white savior complex, Tuskegee Study and how it relates to coronavirus treatments and vaccines. **Trigger warning, this episode mentions sexual abuse. ‪Sign Up for our emails and get 10% off your first purchase at HoodHealthReport.com/get-connected!‬ ‪Follow/like the show pages!‬ ‪Twitter: ‬twitter.com/HoodHealthPod ‪IG: instagram.com/hoodhealthreport ‬ ‪Facebook: facebook.com/hoodhealthreport ‬ ‪Subscribe, Share, Rate, Review!‬ ‪Stay Hood, Stay Healthy

“The United States government did something that was wrong — deeply, profoundly, morally wrong, it was an outrage to our commitment to integrity and equality for all our citizens. To the survivors, to the wives and family members, the children and the grandchildren, I say what you know: No power on Earth can give you back the lives lost, the pain suffered, the years of internal torment and anguish. What was done cannot be undone. But we can end the silence. We can stop turning our heads away. We can look at you in the eye and finally say on behalf of the American people, what the United States government did was shameful, and I am sorry.” President Bill Clinton, issuing an apology, on May 16, 1997, to the eight remaining survivors of one of the biggest denial of humanity, one of the highest demonstration of racism, an unforgettable crime in the history of black people, that destroyed for long the trust that many African Americans held for medical institutions. Hello and welcome onboard to revisit together the infamous Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male.”

Today’s guest is a mover and shaker in the community of Alzheimer’s Research and Programming, particularly within communities of color. She has even examined programs in China to determine if and how this country’s program models may serve people of color in the United States. Born and raised in Chicago, Karen grew up with a voracious thirst for knowledge, and she particularly loved the sciences. She grew up with the desire to become a physician, but transitioned into Psychology. She has achieved some very interesting and groundbreaking things throughout her career. As Manager of Community Relations at The Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Karen developed and implemented recruitment strategies and educational programs aimed at communities of color. This was significant since many of the studies at that point were aimed at Caucasian and other majority cultures and non-black ethnic groups. She has been instrumental in developing key relationships with the business community, elected officials, a variety interdisciplinary health practitioners, along with other stakeholders to provide the best services possible to people of color around Memory Care. Karen was also instrumental in the administration of a Religious Order Study that looked at the cognitive and memory abilities of Nuns, Priests and most recently church Deacons. Her additional gifts include the translation of Alzheimer research findings from the Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center to communities of color for practical application and programming. She is most proud of the fact that she played a key role in establishing institutional trust with potential study participants. This was a very ambitious endeavor given the distrust that many African American seniors have as a result of historical memories of The Tuskegee Study. Karen has made a huge leap in deciding to return to school to pursue a Doctorate in Nursing Research. She states that when she applied and interviewed for this demanding program, she did not expect to be admitted. She was pleasantly surprised by her acceptance and immediately tapped into the expertise of many of the physicians and faculty members to serve as advisors and mentors. She openly shares the challenges that she has encountered, as well as her triumphs as a student in this program. Karen received her B.A. in Psychology from The University of Illinois – Champaign, her Masters in Psychology from Roosevelt University and is a Doctoral candidate at Rush’s College of Nursing. Additionally, Karen is one of two African Americans who have been admitted into Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing. This Honor Society is known for nursing excellence and for empowering nurse leaders to transform global healthcare. Karen can be reached at Karen_L_Graham@rush.edu Karen hopes to make inroads into the field of Foundation work, which would give her an opportunity to play a role is awarding foundation funds to organizations that are committed to working with people of color.

In 1932 the United States Public Health Service commissioned a study on the effects of untreated syphilis. 600 poor black men from Alabama were selected to be a part of the study and were told that they were being reviewed for “bad blood.” From there, the Tuskegee Study took a turn for the worst.

Men are psychologically and physiologically different from women. Think of one man in your life an answer these questions: are they intuned to their emotions? are they a risk taker? do they value their health? If you answered "no", "yes", "no" then congratulations --- you're most likely dealing with a typical man. Focusing a little more on health did you know males are the weaker sex throughout life in that aspect. When it comes to health, the health of black men ranks lowest across nearly all racial groups in the United States.  The burning question is WHY? In todays episode we are going to go on an exploration by looking at the history of health as it relates to black men and a few case studies from our personal encounters with the men in our lives. Learn: -Why the Tuskegee Study and others similar to it have been detrimental to the health of black men even in 2019. -The top diseases which impact mens health. - How women can encourage men to adhere to a healthy lifestyle. Music by: Lakey Inspired https://soundcloud.com/lakeyinspired (https://www.youtube.com/redirect?q=https%3A%2F%2Fsoundcloud.com%2Flakeyinspired&v=0-6NexUAIIo&event=video_description&redir_token=vv7eznQk14fCGk8_iJSQkaBWnYV8MTU3NDExNTA1OUAxNTc0MDI4NjU5)

Black babies in the United States are twice as likely as white babies to die before their first birthday. It’s an alarming statistic that further highlights the wide disparities in healthcare that exist between black and white Americans. And while there is no direct connection to the Tuskegee Study there are parallels. We’ll talk with Priska Neely, reporter for Southern California Public Radio, who has dived deep into the issue of black infant mortality, its causes and why it has persisted for decades.Support us by supporting our sponsors!

After 40 years, the Tuskegee Study has been exposed, condemned, and ended. But for the survivors and African-American community at large, this is not the end of the story. A fight begins to ensure the deceived test subjects are properly compensated, and formally apologized to, by the United States government. Support us by supporting our sponsors!

Neil deGrasse Tyson, comic co-host Paul Mecurio, and NYU bioethicist and philosopher Matthew Liao answer fan-submitted questions on artificial intelligence, the moralities of science, CRISPR, “designer babies,” the ethical limits of experimentation, vaccinations, and more. NOTE: StarTalk All-Access subscribers can watch or listen to this entire episode commercial-free. Find out more at https://www.startalkradio.net/startalk-all-access/. Photo Credit: StarTalk©.

Should newborn babies have their DNA sequence determined? How can 'scientific thinking' make us better citizens? Finally, hear about the life of Dr. Bill Jenkins, the initial whistle-blower on the Tuskegee Study. Bench Talk is a weekly program that airs on WFMP Louisville FORward Radio 106.5 FM (forwardradio.org) every Monday at 7:30 pm, Tuesday at 11:30 am, and Wednesday at 7:30 am. Bench Talk: The Week in Science | Baby's DNA; Critical Thinking; Tuskegee Study | April 22 2019 by Forward Radio is licensed under a Creative Commons License.

“Discovery requires serendipity but serendipity is not a chance event alone. It is a process in which a chance of event is seized upon by a creative person who chooses to pay attention to the event, unravel its mystery and find a proper application for it.” In this episode of Made You Think, Neil and Nat discuss Happy Accidents by Morton A Meyers. In this book we look at the serendipity of so many scientific discoveries and the author suggests how we can foster these chance happenings to make giant leaps in research and discovery. “Penetrating intelligence, keen perception, and sound judgment — is essential to serendipity. The men and women who seized on lucky accidents that happened to them were anything but mindless. In fact, their minds typically had special qualities that enabled them to break out of established paradigms.” We cover a wide range of topics, including: Penicillin, Petri Dishes and Moldy Mary The impact of freedom on research Tangents on Private Schools, Social Media & Conspiracy Theories Modern Diets, Drugs and Toxins turned into cures Self experimentation, Ostracism and changing Medical opinions A possible special kayaking retreat for supporters And much more. Please enjoy, and be sure to grab a copy of Happy Accidents by Morton A Meyers! You can also listen on Google Play Music, SoundCloud, YouTube, or in any other podcasting app by searching “Made You Think.” If you enjoyed this episode, be sure to check out our episodes on Skin in the Game by Nassim Taleb where he shares other stories of scientists trying treatments firsthand, and Merchants of Doubt by Naomi Oreskes and Erik Cornway for more on controversial science, academia and Pharma companies. Be sure to join our mailing list to find out about what books are coming up, giveaways we're running, special events, and more. Links from the Episode Mentioned in the show Bottom Up Methodology [01:31] Scientific Method [1:48] Penicillin [05:27] LSD Discovery [05:48] Contact High [06:01] Dogmatic [06:19] Petri dishes [08:01] Lifehacker [08:47] The Structure of Scientific Revolutions by Thomas S. Kuhn [9:31] Narrative Fallacy [16:17] Fleming Nobel Prize Speech [17:38] Peoria, Illinois [26:03] Corn Steep Liquor [26:09] Merck [26:48] Squibb [26:48] Pfizer [26:48] World War I [27:42] Aquatic Apes [29:04] Sippy Diet [30:27] Tetracycline Antibiotic [31:47] Acid Inhibitors [34:14] Statins [34:36] Carbohydrates [36:16] LDL [36:20] LDL receptors [36:33] Viagra [38:26] Asbestos [39:46] Facebook Groups [42:14] Discord Groups [42:15] Carnivore Diet [42:49] Shake Shack [44:04] M&M’s [44:07] Purina Dog Food [46:08] Stats of College Debt – Tweet [46:32] CMU [52:40] Choate School [53:45] Sidwell Friends [54:23] Boarding Schools [54:34] Alkylating Agents [57:15] Geneva Convention [58:08] Patreon [01:02:08] Google Trends on episode 35 [1:02:00] Epidemics [01:02:27] SARS [01:02:54] Influenza [01:02:56] Syphilis [01:03:22] Fish Aquarium Antibiotics [01:04:53] FDA [01:07:51] Nazi Testing [01:08:04] Japanese testing on Chinese prisoners [01:08:08] Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male [01:08:19] Eugenics [01:10:18] Darwinism [01:10:31] (related podcast) Russian Gulag [01:11:38] Thalidomide [01:11:52] Diethyl Glycol [01:12:59] Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act [01:13:10] Accutane [01:15:06] Doxycycline [01:16:26] Microbiome [01:16:52] Eczema [01:17:43] Steroids [01:17:36] Spartan Race [01:20:09] Nat’s Instagram [01:20:15] Blockchain [01:21:06] X-Rays [01:22:29] Morphine [01:23:51] American Urological Association [01:24:48] CVS patient statistics for Viagra [01:29:42] Netflix [01:31:18] Spleen [01:32:47] Confirmation bias [01:34:43] Ego death [01:39:38] Dissociative experience [01:39:40] Magic mushrooms [01:40:02] LSD Therapeutic Research Study [01:41:03] NASA [01:46:22] Direct to Consumer Drug Advertising [01:46:29] ADD [01:47:41] Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder [01:47:58] Prozac / Seraphim [01:48:09] Paxil [01:48:18] Female Sexual Dysfunction [01:48:24] Lipitor [01:48:57] Zoloft [01:49:16] UBI [01:53:07] Ethereum [01:59:48] Books mentioned Happy Accidents by Morton A Meyers Beginning of Infinity by David Deutsch [00:42] (book episode) The War on Normal People by Andrew Yang [00:51] (book episode) Antifragile by Nassim Taleb [07:02] (Nat’s notes) (book episode) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions by Thomas S. Kuhn [9:31] Boron Letters by Gary C. Halbert [14:44] Skin in the Game by Nassim Taleb [30:00] (Nat’s notes) (book episode) Merchants of Doubt by Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway [01:02:02]] (Nat’s notes) (book episode) Merchants of Doubt by Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway [01:02:02] (Nat’s notes) (book episode) Homo Deus by Yuval Harari [01:02:36] (Nat’s notes) (book episode) Words that Work by Frank Luntz [01:28:24] LSD My Problem Child by Albert Hofmann [01:40:51] Brave New World by Aldous Huxley [01:48:46] People mentioned Morton A Meyers David Deutsch [00:42] (Beginning of Infinity episode) Andrew Yang [00:51] (The War on Normal People episode) Winston Churchill [05:04] Alexander Fleming [05:29] Nassim Taleb [07:02] (Antifragile episode) (Skin in the Game episode) Thomas Kuhn [09:21] Peter Thiel [10:12] Gary C. Halbert [14:44] Charles Darwin [18:39] (Daniel Dennett’s book) Ernst B Chain [22:31] Moldy Mary [25:56] Barry Marshall [31:07] Robert Koch [32:10] Bill Clinton [01:00:32] George W Bush [01:01:18] Erik M. Conway [01:02:02] Yuval Harari [01:02:45] (Homo Deus episode) (Sapiens part I and part II) FDR [01:13:08] Claude Bernard [01:22:24] Frank Luntz [01:28:24] John William Gofman [1:31:35] President Eisenhower [01:34:48] Timothy Leary [01:40:28] Albert Hofmann [01:40:51] Steve Jobs [01:41:00] Louis Pasteur [01:45:32] Aldous Huxley [01:48:46] Show Topics 00:26 – The book is fun to read, light, enjoyable, easy going. An exploration of scientific discovery and progress and how consistently it is influenced and driven by the role of Serendipity. A case opposite or complementary to the Scientific Method. Serendipity defined as a combination of accidents and sagacity. 05:05 – Not all discoveries are immediately realized or understood. Winston Churchill – “Men occasionally stumble over the truth, but most of them pick themselves up and hurry off as if nothing had happened”. Penicillin and LSD examples. The dangers of being dogmatic without leaving room for the unexpected. 06:53 – Central theme of the book–How do you foster that serendipitous mindset? Nassim Taleb says that serendipity comes from chance encounters, like a cocktail party. The potential gain from a chance encounter is worth the effort of stepping outside your comfort zone. 07:42 – Trying to harness serendipity for your own benefit. Serendipity through disorder and randomness. Investigating how scientists can foster serendipity in their lab work and how academia and education and research grants, peer review could change because of that. 09:41 – Normal vs revolutionary science, Meyers is dismissive of puzzle solving. Normal science is making incremental improvements on existing knowledge, whereas serendipity fosters revolutionary discoveries as they come from a change in the ordinary methods. 10:51 – Two stages to serendipity. You need something unusual to happen and you have to recognize it to take advantage of it too. 11:21 – Innovation departments rarely come up with paradigm-shifting ideas and products. Need a certain mindset to make the most of these opportunities. Reason, intuition and imagination. Too much experience in a field can cloud your judgement on new ideas. 13:51 – The book is primarily about serendipity in medicine and science but it can be applied to most fields. Breaking out of the norm and finding inspiration for innovation in other industries. Looking at magazines to apply to blog copywriting. 15:33 – "Analogical thinking has certainly been a cornerstone of science." Another theme in the book is looking for one thing but ending up on a totally different path. All of the people making discoveries seemed to have a level of independence in their research to follow a new path when it interests them. The narrative fallacy involved in serendipitous scientific discovery or startups growth. 17:40 – Alexander Fleming and discovery of Penicillin as anti-bacterial.  Fleming said that if he was working on a research team at the time it would have been ignored as it wasn’t what he was working on. Being free allows you to pursue these anomalies. 19:04 – Darwin and the finches in the Galapagos. Being told to go and study something brings different results than if you’re free to follow your own curiosity. The constraints of research impose harmful limits on discoveries. 19:54 – Structure of the book is Introduction of the premise, 30+ chapters of examples and the conclusion. Myers suggests at the end of the book that the structure for scientific research and funding is counter to the ability for these serendipitous events to happen. 20:50 – More on Fleming and Penicillin. Odds of it happening were astronomically low. He was away for two weeks and on returning and viewing his petri dishes on his desk discovered an anti-bacterial zone around the mold. It wasn’t until 7 years later that another researcher realized what he had found. 23:09 – For Fleming it took a number of environmental factors that allowed Penicillin to be discovered at all: heat, location, time. Penicillin wasn’t originally pitched as a drug, originally suggested as a way to isolate bacterial colonies. Then there was the huge scale up and production process of the drug. Peoria (IL), the role of corn syrup, and the mold discovered by chance. 29:00 – Bonus Material Discussion, Aquatic Apes, Patreon, future episode ideas. 29:52 – Causes of ulcers, used to be thought of as stress and spicy food. Discovery that it is caused by bacteria in 1981. Marshall ran an experiment on himself to take the bacteria, give himself ulcers and cure himself with antibiotics. Pharmaceutical industry had a strong incentive to not prove this as the cause, current drugs of acid inhibitors were reaching sales of $6 Billion dollars in 1992. 35:04 – Pharma companies lobbying to decrease acceptable cholesterol ranges to induce more people into treatments. Changing opinions of statins within last 10 years. Effects of low cholesterol on longevity, links to all-cause mortality. Reducing cholesterol and precursors to creating testosterone in diet has lead to a reduction in testosterone and erectile dysfunction requiring a need for Viagra. 39:59 – What are we currently doing in society now that we will look back on and question in the future? Possible future problems associated with over consumption of social media. Mental and physical health complaints are unknown. 41:53 – Pull away in society from open sharing, moving towards private communities. Effectiveness of diets, feeling good vs having long term health benefits. Benefits of adopting a new diet may be equal to reducing other harmful choices – like stopping drinking for a month. The changing conventions of meal-times, quality of dog food, college debt. 47:12 – Tangent. Education and the need to change the K through 12 program instead of starting with College reform. The benefits of private vs public school. Mixing with different socioeconomic backgrounds, expense of private school. Both build very different sets of social and academic skills. Bay Area dystopia, where citizens pay lots in taxes that go into public schools, but parents end choosing private ones. 55:53 – Chemical weapons, World Wars and the changing use of toxins into cures. Bombing a ship leading to the first chemo treatments for cancer. North Korea and the development of nuclear tech (more info in the Bonus material). Google health trends being able to predict health outbreaks based on search volume. Sex hormones and noticing the change of tumors in animals after castration. 01:07:55 – Consequences of controversial testing on wartime prisoners that have given us useful data. Study of African-American men with syphilis, they were told they were having free medical treatment but they were mislead and were being studied for the untreated effects of syphilis over 40 years. Possibilities of current testing on prisoners or other conspiracies. 01:11:52 – History of Thalidomide being marketed as a sedative and pain management. Widely distributed before it was realized it had the side effect of severely inhibiting fetal development. U.S avoided this because the FDA already setup due to a drug being administered alongside Diethyl Glycol which was toxic, killing over 100 children. Testing required before products could be marketed. Thalidomide now used as an anti-cancer drug as it inhibits new blood vessel growth. 01:15:05 – Acne treatments and the imbalanced side-effects on fertility. Use of cleanser on the face strips natural oils. Use of antibiotics for acne which causes destruction of the microbiome. Latex gloves that may transmit more bacteria than your hands. Effects of steroids and keto on curing eczema. Nat not using shampoo even after a Spartan race. Body naturally cleansing. 01:21:06 – Tangents, aquatic apes, blockchain, negative reviews. 01:21:59 – Heart chapter and testing of catheterization. Self-experimentation and the need to prove theories. Ostracism and dangerous procedures. 01:24:44 – Viagra, originally for treating angina, it was found that this medication increased blood flow and became a cure for impotence – renamed to erectile dysfunction. Self-experimentation on erectile dysfunction. "The annual scientific meeting of the American Urologic Association is usually a pretty staid Affair but one meeting has entered the annals of folklore in the early 1980s. During the course of his lecture on the effectiveness of injecting substances directly into the penis to increase blood flow one urologist announced that he had performed such injections on himself only an hour earlier. Stepping from behind the lectern and he dropped his trousers and proudly demonstrated to the audience his own erect manhood. Urologists who attended this meeting still shake their heads at the memory." 01:28:00 – The power of names and the words used, like pro-life and pro-choice. How you phrase something changes the impact. Pharmaceuticals changing the names of conditions to promote sales of new drugs. Sales of Viagra were $780 Million in the first 9 months of 1998. 01:30:02 – 1% of women take Viagra to increase arousal and sensation and orgasm strength. Netflix’s biggest competitor is sleep, Viagra’s biggest competitor is death. 01:31:48 – Cholesterol testing on rabbits. Cholesterol data seems outdated with the book being 11 years old. Comparison of Chinese soldiers and lifestyle and diet. Lack of nutrition education in Doctors, mostly educated by pharmaceutical companies. People seem to want to take a pill rather than change their lifestyle or diet and doctors have lack of trust in the patient that they will try to improve their own situation. 01:38:07 – Psychiatric stuff. Hoffman discovering LSD by accidentally pouring it over his skin. LSD microdosing experiences. 01:42:40 – Tangents on kayaking, LSD microdosing and the Made You Think – Patreon $1000 Tier. 01:43:06 – Conclusion. Modern sciences are antithetical to the process of serendipity and how our institutions penalize our ability to take advantage of it. Government contracts and grants impose constraints. If you're getting money to research a specific topic you will be disincentivized from exploring things that deviates. If you're a free agent, then you can run down those rabbit holes. 01:44:31 – Peer reviews. Most businesses are judged by their customers but academia is judged solely by their peers. Ostracism as a consequence of investigating fringe theories. Direct to consumer advertising for drugs. Diseases and disorders that seems to be created and renamed just to increase drug sales. Long terms effects of drugs. 01:52:19 – On Patreon you get all kinds of goodies. Bonus materials, detailed notes for each episode and book highlights. You get a space to discuss the show with both of us. You can also join for our monthly live Hangouts. If you join the $1000 a month tier you can join us for a major excursion – Made You Trip! 01:54:57 – Patreon is a great way to support the show and let us keep doing this ad free. So we don't have to break up the episode with ads and we keep rolling with the tangents. 01:55:48 – Leave a review on iTunes that is super helpful for us because we show up as a recommended podcast and also is a great way for us to book guests. Other ways to support the show, you can go MadeYouThinkPodcast.com/support and tell your friends. 01:57:58 – If you want to talk to us, you can talk to us on Twitter anytime. I'm @TheRealNeilS and I am @NatEliason. If you're shopping on Amazon click through on our link. We super appreciate that.  All right, we will see everyone next week. See you guys next time. If you enjoyed this episode, don’t forget to subscribe at https://madeyouthinkpodcast.com

When people hear about racism in medical testing and research, they often bring up the infamous "Tuskegee Study," a decades-long program in which the government pretended to treat 400 Black men with syphilis. In fact, the government withheld adequate treatment to observe the effects of the disease. "There was a whole history of racism in medicine and research, but this was the definitive study that was well-documented," said Bill Jenkins, a statistician with the the agency funding the program at the time of the study, who helped to blow the whistle on it. In the final episode of CHOICE/LESS: The Backstory, Bill Jenkins talks about the study, its legacy, and what we can learn from it.

"Awww sookie sookie," now we kick things off with an impromptu Quizlet Korner! Who made that phrase a house hold catch phrase in the 90's (and now looking back it is probably appropriated from Japan. James has a confession to make to Nnekay and you the audience... he watched 'Big Little Lies', but why does he feel so guilty about it? Possibly because it's just a bunch of rich white ladies, depressed, and staring into the ocean. Well we came here for Zoe Kravitz, and stayed for Nicole Kidman who turned it out! 'Masters of None' has reached perfection this season, and why are you still not watching 'Dear White People' yet? Nnekay delivers in an expose about the Tuskegee Study (not to be confused with Tuskegee Airmen of WWII) which was a true fucked up American Horror Story in it's treatment of Black men. Inspired by a recent trip, and conversion to the Yankee's, James takes a peak behind the jockstrap of Major League American Sports: a billion dollar industry. Which sports make what? How much do professional male athletes make compared to females? Why don't folks watch the WNBA? How much do cheerleaders make? What's the racial breakdown? LGBT Athletes? Does testosterone levels increase when your team wins? Why do we say "we" won, or "they" lost? Plus we take a look at the PWR BTTM controversy, and as we say: you gotta side eye your heroes. Also... did you see Drake get upstaged at his cousins prom? Tuskegee Study History and current status http://www.colorlines.com/articles/nearly-85-years-later-tuskegee-studys-descendants-still-seek-justice http://tuskegeebioethics.org/about/voices-for-our-fathers-legacy-foundation/ http://www.tuskegeecenter.org/ https://www.cdc.gov/tuskegee/timeline.htm Let's Talk About Sports Mahn:  http://www.sportsnetworker.com/2012/02/15/the-psychology-of-sports-fans-what-makes-them-so-crazy/ https://www.msn.com/en-us/sports/more-sports/sports-stars-out-and-about/ss-BBwLVRJ http://www.totalsportek.com/news/nfl-cheerleader-salaries-2015/   https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/28/sports/basketball/after-two-decades-wnba-still-struggling-for-relevance.html   http://ctbythenumbers.info/2013/10/10/wnba-leads-major-sports-gender-racial-diversity-baseball-mirrors-society-best/   http://www.diversityinc.com/news/measure-diversity-one-u-s-pro-sport-meets/   http://www.businessinsider.com/nfl-mlb-nba-nhl-average-sports-salaries-2016-11

Dorothy Charles, of the national student group WhiteCoats4BlackLives, joins Shaun to talk about the long and complicated history of institutional racism in the medical and health establishments. Dorothy referenced a number of materials to look into for those who want to learn more: The problem with race-based medicine, a TED talk by Dorothy Roberts: https://www.ted.com/talks/dorothy_roberts_the_problem_with_race_based_medicine Medical Apartheid, by Harriet Washington: http://amzn.to/2hoLge8 Race in a Bottle, by Jonathan Kahn: http://amzn.to/2iz4cEF The Tuskegee Study, via the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: https://www.cdc.gov/tuskegee/index.html A Generation of Bad Blood, by Vann R. Newkirk II; a look back at the Tuskegee Study from June, 2016: http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/06/tuskegee-study-medical-distrust-research/487439/ Follow Dorothy Charles on Twitter: https://twitter.com/dn_charles Visit the WhiteCoats4BlackLives website: http://www.whitecoats4blacklives.org Like WhiteCoats4BlackLives on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/whitecoats4blacklives/ Follow WhiteCoats4BlackLives on Twitter: https://twitter.com/natlwc4bl These episodes don't happen without your support. Thank you! Pledge as little as $1 per week at: http://patreon.com/nototally For a no-cost way of supporting the show, do all of your Amazon shopping from nototally.com/amazon. This will take you to Amazon's front page, and every purchase you make will send a few pennies our way. Thank you! Rating and reviewing us on iTunes is one of the most helpful things you could possibly do for us, and you can do it here: http://nototally.com/iTunes Comment at our website: http://nototally.comLike us on Facebook: https://facebook.com/nototallyYell at Shaun on Twitter: https://twitter.com/NoTotallyBother Brian on Twitter: https://twitter.com/leprcn

What’s crappening in this episode: Weed prescription, Workers LEaving the Lumiere Factory, cell parts, cool teachers, animal dissection, Marie Curie, Tuskegee Study, George Takei, how does the economy work