POPULARITY
3 episodes with Zilog
2 episodes with Zilog
2 episodes with Zilog
4 episodes with Zilog
2 episodes with Zilog
2 episodes with Zilog
Interview with Steve Leininger, Designer of the TRS-80- Model I Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/FloppyDays Sponsors: 8-Bit Classics Arcade Shopper 0 Floppy Days Tune 1 min 13 sec Vintage Computer Ads 1 min 42 sec Intro 9 min 03 sec bumper - Peter Bartlett 9 min 11 sec New Acquisitions 17 min 11 sec bumper - Ian Mavric 17 min 19 sec Upcoming Computer Shows 21 min 53 sec bumper - Myles Wakeham 21 min 58 sec Meet the Listeners 28 min 37 sec Interview with Steve Leininger 1 hr 20 min 29 sec Closing This particular episode has a special meaning for me, personally. You see, as I've mentioned on earlier episodes, the TRS-80 Model I from Tandy/Radio Shack was my first home computer (even though my first programmable device was a TI58C calculator). I recall the joy and wonder of playing with the machine (it wasn't called the Model I at that time; just the TRS-80; as it was the first of the line) in the local Radio Shack store in 1977 and 1978 and the incredible rush of owning one in 1979; after my wife purchased a Level I BASIC machine for me as a gift for college graduation. That machine only had 4K of RAM and 4K of ROM (Tiny BASIC), as it was the entry-level machine, but it was a thing of beauty. I felt like I could do anything with that machine, even though my justification to the wife was that we could track our checkbook and recipes on it. I think she knew better, but went along with it anyway. The computer came with everything you needed, including a tape drive and black-and-white monitor, which was good for a poor recent college graduate. I quickly, as finances allowed with my new engineering job, upgraded the computer to 16K of RAM and Level II BASIC (a powerful Microsoft 12K ROM BASIC) and enjoyed the machine immensely, even using it in my job supporting the build-out of a new nuclear power plant back in those days. I eventually sold off the Model I, in favor of a computer that had color graphics and sound (the Atari 800), but have always continued to have a huge soft spot for that first computer. When I started the Floppy Days Podcast, one of the people that has always been on my bucket list to interview has been Steve Leininger, who, along with Don French while at Radio Shack designed the TRS-80 Model I, among other things. A few years back, I had the opportunity to participate in an interview with Steve for the Trash Talk Podcast, when I was co-hosting that show, but an ill-timed trip to the hospital for my son meant that I was not able to participate. While my son's health is of paramount importance, of course, I always wanted to get another chance to talk with Steve. Not only was Steve the designer of one of my favorite home computers of all time, but he also was a fellow Purdue University Boilermaker, who graduated just a year before I started there. The thought that I could have met Steve on campus if I'd been there just a year earlier was very intriguing to me, and fueled my desire to talk with Steve even more. In the last episode (#141 with Paul Terrell) I talked about VCF Southeast in Atlanta in July of 2024. After I had made plans to attend that show, I was flabbergasted to find out that Earl Baugh, one of the show organizers, had somehow managed to contact Steve and get him to come to the show! I have to thank Earl for the work he did to make that happen. Here was my opportunity to certainly meet Steve, and perhaps even talk with him! I prepped some questions, just in case I was able to get an interview. While at the show, I met Steve and asked him if he would be willing to do a short interview for Floppy Days while at the show. Amazingly, he was very kind and agreed to do that. We found a quiet room and I was able to talk with Steve for almost an hour. This show contains that interview. Another note on this: as you'll hear in the interview, the connection to Steve is even stronger than I realized! He not only went to my alma mater, but also grew up in some of the same towns that myself and my wife did. We personally peripherally know some of his relatives. Things like this really do make you think the world is small! One other, final, note: This interview even ties into the recent and continuing interviews I've been publishing with Paul Terrell. As you'll hear in upcoming episodes with Paul, and in this interview with Steve, Steve actually worked at the Byte Shop before getting the first job with Tandy, and in fact his work at the Byte Shop directly led to him getting hired by Tandy to design the Model I. Anyway, I hope you enjoy the interview as much as I enjoyed getting it. I am overjoyed I finally got the chance to talk to one of my vintage computer heroes, Steve Leininger! New Acquisitions C64 Sketch and Design by Tony Lavioe - sponsored link https://amzn.to/4dZGtt2 Compute's Mapping the IBM PC and PC Junior by Russ Davies - sponsored link https://amzn.to/3yQmrlP The Best of SoftSide - Atari Edition - https://archive.org/details/ataribooks-best-of-softside-atari-edition ZX81+38 - https://github.com/mahjongg2/ZX81plus38 magnifying glasses - sponsored link https://amzn.to/4cBQYla Japanese power adapter - sponsored link https://amzn.to/3XjeUW5 Upcoming Shows VCF Midwest - September 7-8 - Renaissance Schaumburg Convention Center in Schaumburg, IL - http://vcfmw.org/ VCF Europe - September 7-8 - Munich, Germany - https://vcfe.org/E/ World of Retrocomputing 2024 Expo - September 14-15 - Kitchener, ON, Canada - https://www.facebook.com/events/s/world-of-retro-computing-2024-/1493036588265072/ Teletext 50 - Sep 21-22 - Centre for Computing History, Cambridge, UK - https://www.teletext50.com/ Portland Retro Gaming Expo - September 27-29 - Oregon Convention Center, Portland, OR - https://retrogamingexpo.com/ Tandy Assembly - September 27-29 - Courtyard by Marriott Springfield - Springfield, OH - http://www.tandyassembly.com/ AmiWest - October 25-27 - Sacramento, CA - https://amiwest.net/ Chicago TI International World Faire - October 26 - Evanston Public Library (Falcon Room, 303), Evanston, IL - http://chicagotiug.sdf.org/faire/ Retro Computer Festival 2024 - November 9-10 - Centre for Computing History, Cambridge, England - https://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/72253/Retro-Computer-Festival-2024-Saturday-9th-November/ Silly Venture WE (Winter Edition) - Dec. 5-8 - Gdansk, Poland - https://www.demoparty.net/silly-venture/silly-venture-2024-we Schedule Published on Floppy Days Website - https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vSeLsg4hf5KZKtpxwUQgacCIsqeIdQeZniq3yE881wOCCYskpLVs5OO1PZLqRRF2t5fUUiaKByqQrgA/pub Interview Steve's Workbench at radioshack.com (archived) - https://web.archive.org/web/19980528232503/http://www.radioshack.com/sw/swb/ Transcript of Interview-Only Randy Kindig: All right. I really appreciate your time today, Steve. Steve Leininger: Thank you for having me, Randy. Randy Kindig: So let's start out maybe just by talking about where You live today, and what you do? Steve Leininger: I live in Woodland Park, Colorado, which is 8, 500 feet, right out in front of we got Pike's Peak out our front window. Randy Kindig: Oh. Oh, that's nice. Steve Leininger: Yeah we get snow up through about June, and then it starts again about September. But it's not as much snow as you would imagine. Randy Kindig: I've got property in Montana, and I lived out there for a couple of years, Steve Leininger: so there you go. Randy Kindig: We probably got more snow up there. Steve Leininger: Hey, you asked what I did. I'm involved with Boy Scouts, a maker space with a church based ministry firewood ministry, actually. Some people call it a fire bank. So we provide firewood to people who can't afford that. Randy Kindig: Oh. Steve Leininger: So it's like a food bank, but with fire, firewood. Randy Kindig: I've never heard of that. Steve Leininger: We source the firewood. We cut it down and we split it. Lots of volunteers involved; pretty big project. Randy Kindig: Yeah. Okay, cool. I also wanted to mention, I'm a fellow Boilermaker. Steve Leininger: There you go. Randy Kindig: I know you went to Purdue, right? Steve Leininger: I did go to Purdue. Randy Kindig: Did you ever get back there? Steve Leininger: Yeah, and in fact they've got a couple learning spaces named after us. Randy Kindig: Oh, okay. Steve Leininger: We've been donating to our respective alma maters. My wife went to IU. Randy Kindig: Oh, is that right? Oh my. Steve Leininger: Yeah, oh my and me. Yeah, the fact that the family who's all IU, their family tolerated me was, quite a remarkable thing. Randy Kindig: Okay. I find it interesting because I think you graduated in 76, is that right? Steve Leininger: 74. Randy Kindig: Oh, 74. Steve Leininger: Yeah. Yeah. I was there from … Randy Kindig: Oh yeah, you actually were gone before I started. Steve Leininger: Yeah. So I was there from 70 to 73. 70 to 70 four. When I graduated in four years, I got both my bachelor's and master's degree by going through the summer. I managed to pass out of the first year classes because of some of the high school stuff yeah. Randy Kindig: Okay. I started in 75, so I guess we just missed each other. Steve Leininger: Yeah. Yeah. You're the new kids coming in. Randy Kindig: Yeah. . So I, I found that interesting and I wanted to say that. Do you keep up with their sports program or anything like that? Steve Leininger: Yeah, they play a pretty good game of basketball in fact, I ribbed my wife about it because she was from the earlier days, the Bobby Knight days at IU that were phenomenal. Randy Kindig: Yeah, exactly. For those of you listening, I'm talking with Steve Leininger, who was the primary developer, if not the developer, of the TRS 80 Model I.. Steve Leininger: I did all the hardware and software for it. I'll give Don French credit for sticking to it and getting a project started. And for refining, refining our product definition a little bit to where it was better than it would have been if I would have stopped early. Randy Kindig: Okay. And I have talked with Don before. I've interviewed him on the podcast, and I met him at Tandy Assembly. But I'm just curious, when you were hired into Tandy and you were told what you were going to do; exactly what were you told? Steve Leininger: They had a 16 bit microprocessor board that another consultant had developed. And they were trying to make a personal computer out of this. It was the Pace microprocessor, which was not a spectacular success for National, but it was one of the first 16 bit processors. But they had basically an initial prototype, might have been even the second level of the thing. No real documentation, no software, ran on three different voltages and didn't have input or output. Other than that, it was fine. I was brought in because I was one of the product one of the engineers for the development boards, the development board series for the SCAMP, the S C M P, the National Semiconductor had a very low cost microprocessor that at one point in time, I benchmarked against the 8080 with positive benchmarks and ours was faster on the benchmarks I put together, but as I was later told there's lies, damn lies, and benchmarks. But so they said take a look at using that, their low cost microprocessor that you were working with. And it really wasn't the right answer for the job. Let's see, the Altair was already out. Okay. That was the first real personal computer. The Apple, the Apple 1 was out. Okay. But it was not a consumer computer. Okay. They, it was just, it was like a cookie sheet of parts, which was very similar to what was used in the Atari games at the commercial games. Okay. pong and that kind of stuff at that time. And I had been working, after Purdue, I went to National Semiconductor. There's a long story behind all that. But in the process, some of us engineers would go up to the Homebrew Computer Club that met monthly up at the Stanford Linear Accelerator. We're talking Wilbur and Orville Wright kinds of things going on. Yeah. Everyone who was in the pioneering version of computing had at one time been to that meeting. Randy Kindig: It's very famous. Yeah. Steve Leininger: Yeah. And Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak were basically a couple guys working out of their garage at the time. I was still working at National Semiconductor, but I also had a Moonlight job at Byte Shop number 2. The second computer store in all of California. Randy Kindig: And So you worked with Paul Terrell. Steve Leininger: I actually worked with one of, yeah, Paul, I actually worked for Paul's I don't know if it was a partner, Todd, I don't even remember the guy's name. But I just, it was. Randy Kindig: I was curious because I'm talking to Paul right now and getting interviews. Steve Leininger: Yeah. I, I'm sure we met, but it wasn't anything horribly formal. Since it was the number two shop, it still wasn't the number one shop, which Paul worked out of. And so we had an Apple 1 there. I actually got the job because I when I When I went in there, they were trying to troubleshoot something with what looked like an oscilloscope that they pulled out of a tank, and so it had, audio level kind of bandwidth, but could not do a digital circuit. And I said what you really need is a, I told him, a good tectonic scope or something like that. He said do you want a job here? I ended up moonlighting there, which was, as fortune would have it, was a good deal when the folks from Radio Shack came down to visit. Because when they came down to visit the sales guy wasn't there. We'll let the engineer talk to them, they almost never let the engineers talk to them. Randy Kindig: So you had to talk with them. Steve Leininger: Yeah. It was John Roach, Don French, and it was probably Jack Sellers, okay and Don was probably the; he was the most on top of stuff electronically because he was a hobbyist of sorts. The other two guys: Mr. Sellers ran the engineering group. John Roach was the VP of manufacturing. And they were basically on a parts visit. They do it once a year, once, twice a year. And they also did it with Motorola and a couple other places. But I told him about this microprocessor and that I was writing a tiny BASIC for it. Okay. Tiny BASIC was a interpreted basic that a guy named Li-Chen Wang actually had the first thing in Dr. Dobbs, Dr. Dobbs magazine. We're talking about, we're talking about things that you don't realize are the shoulders of giants that turned out to be the shoulders of giants. And in fact, we reached out to Mr. Wang as we were working on it. We thought we had the software already taken care of because I'm jumping ahead in the story, but we were going to have Bob Uterich, and you'd have to chase that back. We had him signed up to write a BASIC interpreter for us, but because he'd already done one for the 6800, and it was included in Interface Age magazine. on a plastic record. You remember the old plastic records you could put in a magazine? Randy Kindig: Yeah, I did see that. Steve Leininger: Yeah, so this was called a floppy ROM when they did it. Yeah. So if you had the right software and everything you could download the software off of the floppy ROM and run it on 6800. I think he used the Southwest Technical Products thing. And so we'd signed him up to do the BASIC. This was independent of the hardware design I was doing. And he went into radio silence on us; couldn't find him. And so we get to, in parallel, I was using the Li-Chen Wang plan to do at least a demo version of BASIC that would run on the original computer. And when the demo went successfully on Groundhog Day in 1977. This is the time frame we're talking about. I I started work on July 5th, the year before it. With Tandy? Yeah. Okay. We rolled into town on the 3rd, and of course they're closed for the 4th. And on the 5th I started, and there was the wandering around in the desert at the beginning of that, and Don's probably talked about how I was moved from there to their audio factory and then to the old saddle factory. Tandy used to be primarily a leather company before they bought Radio Shack in 1966 or something like that. And anyway, when the software didn't come out, I ended up writing the software, too. So I designed all the hardware and all the software. I didn't do the power supply. Chris Klein did the power supply. And, a little bit of the analog video circuitry, but it was very little part of that. Because we were just making a video signal. I did all the digital stuff on that. Yeah. Randy Kindig: So the software ended up being what was the level one ROM, right? Steve Leininger: Yeah, the level one ROM started out as the Li-Chen Wang BASIC. But he had no I. O. in his software, so I was doing the keyboard scanning. I had to do the cassette record and playback. Had to implement data read and data write Peek and poke, which is pretty simple. Put in the graphic statements. Yeah, oh, and floating point. Now, floating point, luckily, Zilog had a library for that, but I had to basically, this was before APIs were a big deal, so I basically had to use their interface, To what I had written and had to allocate storage, correct? We're talking about 4K bytes of ROM. I know, yeah. Very tiny, and to put all the I. O. in there, and to make it so that you could be updating the screen, when you're doing the cassette I put two asterisks up there and blinked the second one on and off, you remember that? Randy Kindig: Oh yeah. Steve Leininger: Sort of as a level set. Randy Kindig: Yeah. Steve Leininger: And someone said, oh, you should have patented that thing. And actually I have seven or eight patents, U. S. patents, on different parts of the computer architecture. Randy Kindig: Oh, do you? Steve Leininger: But not the blinking asterisk, which is probably a patentable feature. Randy Kindig: Yeah, I wish I'd had that on other machines, that I ended up having. So that would have been nice, yeah. I liken what you've done with what Steve Wozniak did, for the Apple II. You're somebody I've always wanted to talk to because I felt like you were one of the important pioneers in their early years. What do you have to say about that? Do you feel like what you did was ... Steve Leininger: in retrospect, yes. And I have a greater appreciation for people like the Wright Brothers. If you think about the Wright Brothers they took all their stuff from their Dayton, Ohio, bicycle shop down to Kill Devil Hills. We now know it as Kitty Hawk. But they would take the stuff down there by train, and then they would have to put it in horse driven wagons. Think about that. And people would ask them, what are you going to use the airplane for? It's what are you going to use a home computer for? Yeah, to maintain recipes and to play games. Randy Kindig: Do your checkbook. Steve Leininger: Do your check, home security. There's a whole lot of stuff that we talked about. And other giants entered the field: Multiplan, which became Lotus 1 2 3, which became Excel. Not the same company, but the idea, could you live without a spreadsheet today? Very difficult for some things, right? Randy Kindig: Yeah. Yeah, it's ubiquitous. People use it for everything. Yeah. Yeah. So you've been, I talked with David and Teresa Walsh. Or Welsh, I'm sorry, Welsh. Where they did the book Priming the Pump. Steve Leininger: That's very that's pretty close to the real thing. Randy Kindig: Is it? Okay. They named their book after what you did and said; that you primed the pump for home computers. Can you expand on that and tell us exactly what you meant by that? Steve Leininger: It again goes back to that shoulders of giants thing, and I forget who said that; it's actually a very old quote, I can see further because I'm standing on the shoulders of giants. And I think the thing that we brought to the table and Independently, Commodore and Apple did the same thing in 1977. There were three computers that came out inexpensive enough that you could use them in the home. They all came with ROM loaded BASIC. You didn't have to load anything else in. They all came with a video output. Some had displays. Some Commodore's was built in. One of ours was a Clip on and you had to go find one for the apple. For the Apple, yeah. Apple had a superior case. Apple and Radio Shack both had great keyboards. Randy Kindig: apple was expandable, with its... Steve Leininger: yeah, Apple Apple was internally expandable, yeah. And, but it cost $1,000. Without the cassette. Without the monitor. It wasn't the same type of device. Randy Kindig: I was a college student. And, I looked at all three options. It was like the TRS-80; there are Radio Shacks everywhere. You could go in and play with one; which was nice. And they were inexpensive enough that I could actually afford one. Steve Leininger: And, Radio Shack can't duck the, if you did something wrong, you had to fix it. Randy Kindig: That's right. Let's see here. So initially the idea was to have a kit computer by Tandy? Steve Leininger: Yeah. I'm not sure whose idea that was. It made some kind of sense. Because that's the way the Altair was, and Radio Shack did sell a number of kits, but in the process of still kicking that around, saying it could be a possibility. I was one of the ones that said it could be a possibility. Within the same group that I did the design work from, they also would take kits in that people had built and troubleshoot the things if they didn't work. We had a couple engineers that would see if you connected something wrong or something. If you didn't, sometimes it was a matter that the instructions weren't clear. If you tell someone to put an LED in, yeah. You specifically have to tell them which way to put it in. And might be an opportunity to tweak your timing. Yeah. Anyway, we get this clock in, and it was a digital clock. Seven segment LEDs probably cost 50 bucks or more. Which is crazy. But It says, put all the components in the board, turn the board over, and solder everything to the board. And, pretty simple instructions. This had a sheet of solder over the entire bottom of the board. Someone figured out how to put two pounds of solder on the back of this thing. And, as we all got a great chuckle out of that, You realize, oh, you don't want to have to deal with a computer like this. You really don't. And Lou Kornfeld, who was the president at the time, didn't really want the computer. But he said, it's not going to be a kit. All right. That, that, that took care of that. great idea. Great idea. Randy Kindig: Were there any other times when you thought the computer might, or were there any times, when you thought the computer might not come to fruition? Any snags that you had that made you think that maybe this isn't going to work? Steve Leininger: Not really. I was young and pretty well undaunted. Randy Kindig: Pretty sure you could, Steve Leininger: yeah I, it wasn't any, it wasn't any different than building one at home. I'd been building kits since, night kits, heath kits, that kind of stuff, since I was a kid. And home brewed a couple things, including a hot dog cooker made from two nails and a couple wires that plugged into the wall. Don't try that at home. Randy Kindig: No kidding. Steve Leininger: But, it's funny if you If you look it up on, if you look that kind of project up on the internet, you can still find a project like that. It's like what's it called? Anvil tossing, where you put gunpowder under an anvil, shoot it up in the air. What could possibly go wrong? Don't, Randy Kindig: It's very well documented in books like Priming the Pump, Stan Veit's book, which I assume you're familiar with, and Fire in the Valley, what your involvement was with the Model 1. But there was some mention of your involvement with the Expansion Interface and other TRS 80 projects. What else did you work on while you were there? Steve Leininger: The Color Computer, the Expansion Interface. The model three to a little. Randy Kindig: Okay. Steve Leininger: Little bit. The model two was the big one. And point I just got tired of the management there. Randy Kindig: Did you? Okay. Steve Leininger: Yeah. I my mind was going faster than theirs, and they made the conscious decision to do whatever IBM has done, but do it cheaper. That, to me, that's not a. Didn't say less expensively either, so the whole thing just troubled me that, we're not going to be able to do anything new unless IBM has done it. And at about the same time the Macintosh came out and a superb piece of work. Yeah. Randy Kindig: Okay. So what education training and previous work experience did you have at the time you got hired by Tandy that made you uniquely qualified for that project that they were looking for? Steve Leininger: I'd been playing around with electronics since I was in the third grade. Actually, electricity. Randy Kindig: The third grade, wow. Steve Leininger: Yeah. My, my mom got me a kit that had light bulbs and bells and buzzers and wire from, I think it might have been the Metropolitan Museum. They had a kit. They, they've got a, they still today have an online presence. It, of course the materials have changed, but the kit had all these parts and it had no instructions. And I don't know if that was by design or it didn't have instructions, so I had to learn how to hook up wires and light bulbs and bells and switches to make it do things. And, in the process, I found out that if you put a wire right across the battery terminals, it gets hot. And, interesting stuff to know. Pretty soon, I was taking this stuff in to show and tell in the third grade. Look, and I was very early in electronics. It's electricity. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. And then my mom would take me to the library. She was quite a voracious reader, and I'd go to the library. technical section specifically the Dewey Decimal 621, which was electronics and things like that. Randy Kindig: you still remember that. Steve Leininger: Yeah. And in the 590 series, there's some good stuff too. And I would usually take out a stack of books, even though I was a horrible reader because I'm dyslexic and ADD. So I have an attention span and reading problem. But the technical stuff I was reading about pipeline architecture processors while I was still in junior high. And not that was important to where I ended up, but it was important because I understood the words and data flow, and stuff like that. And between that and building the kits and things like that, I When we moved to Indianapolis, my dad moved jobs down to Indianapolis. Randy Kindig: Oh, you lived in Indianapolis? Steve Leininger: Yeah. So I moved from South Bend down to Indianapolis. So I probably passed your house as . Actually we came down through Kokomo, but but yeah. Randy Kindig: I actually grew up in that part of the state. Just south of South Bend. Steve Leininger: Okay. So yeah La Paz, Plymouth, Randy Kindig: yeah, Warsaw, Rochester. Steve Leininger: Yeah, I was born in Rochester. Randy Kindig: Oh, okay. So that's where I grew up in that area. Steve Leininger: Okay, there you go. My dad's from Akron. Randy Kindig: Are you serious? Steve Leininger: I am serious. Randy Kindig: Akron's where my wife grew up. And I was just 10 miles from there. Steve Leininger: The general store there, Dan Leininger and Sons, that's my great grandfather. Randy Kindig: Really? Steve Leininger: Yeah. Randy Kindig: I'll be darned. Okay. Okay. Steve Leininger: So now it all makes sense. Randy Kindig: That's amazing. Steve Leininger: Anyway, we started a garage band. This is before Apple's garage band. And I made my own amplifier. It basically had the sun sun amplifiers back end on the thing and a Fender Showman front end on it. Completely home brewed really loud amplifier. And I had a friend who had a guitar amplifier that was broken, and he had taken it down to the music store there. And after six weeks of not getting it back, they said we've had trouble with our technician and all that. I asked if I could go down and look at it, and in 15 minutes I had his amplifier fixed. And they said, do you want tom so you want a job? All right. Yeah, because I'd been doing, I'd had a paper route before and I don't think I was doing anything since we'd moved and ao I started working in a music store and they ended up with two music stores and then an organ store next door and I started repairing that kind of stuff. And this was the end of my first year in college. Went to the extension in Indianapolis. Randy Kindig: Oh, okay. And Was that I U P U I? Steve Leininger: IUPUI, yeah. Yeah. I, yeah, I U P U I. Randy Kindig: Huh. I went there as well. Steve Leininger: Yeah and learned Fortran there, got all my first year classes out, and then moved on up to the campus. And because we'd always go to the library, and because my mom would often take me to the library, the newsstand not too far from the library, and she'd get a couple magazines, but she let me get an electronic magazine. And, I didn't understand these things, pretty soon you start understanding the pic, you start understanding it. This is a resistor, I built a little shocker box based on a design in probably elementary electronics. And It's like a handheld electric fence. Randy Kindig: Oh, wow. Steve Leininger: Yeah. Think hot dog cooker. Anyway, so I learned some electronics that way. A lot of that was self taught. I learned quite a bit more by working in the music store, again, this was before I was taught any formal electronics. And actually when I moved up to campus on Purdue, I thought I was going to be a world class guitar amplifier designer. That's where I thought. And it turns out my analog gut feelings aren't, weren't as good as other people's. Paul Schreiber does a much better job with electronics, with analog electronics than I do. But digital electronics, I understood this stuff. I would hang out in the library and I'd read the trade magazines. So I was up to date on, I was way more up to date than a typical professor would be on current electronics. And in 1973, which was the end of my junior year, Electronics Magazine had an article on the Intel 8008. And I said, Oh, I understand this. See, I'd already been taking assembly language. Now they didn't teach assembly language programming in the electronics school. They had Fortran, but there was no way to get from Fortran to ..they weren't teaching programming languages. I had to go to the business school where I learned assembly language on the school's CDC 6600 mainframe. Randy Kindig: Really? Steve Leininger: Yeah. Randy Kindig: Through the business school? Steve Leininger: Yeah. And for those of you who have never tried assembly language programming, it looks like a foreign language until you just internalize it in your brain: there's ADD, A D and A D C for ADD with carry, and there's a whole bunch of different things. There's different ways to move data around, but you're only doing a few really basic things, and if you do it fast enough, it looks like it's instantaneous. That's the way even your phone works today. It's because you're doing it fast enough. It fools you. Randy Kindig: Yep. Wow. Do you ever look back at these days, at those days, with amazement? As far as how far the industry has come? Steve Leininger: Oh yeah. And, it's funny because you wouldn't, you couldn't probably, but you wouldn't start over again. I had to learn, I had to learn digital video. Actually the giant that I, whose shoulders I stood on there was the late Don Lancaster. He had a book called TV Typewriter Cookbook. And actually that came out a little bit later, but he had a TV typewriter series in Radio Electronics Magazine. And basically alphanumeric display. If you think about it, just the glass teletype, the keyboard display and a serial interface at the time that the RadioShack computer came out was selling for 999. Another 400 on top of what we were selling the whole computer for. Because we had a microprocessor in there. We didn't have a whole lot of options. We didn't have a whole lot of fluff. In fact Motorola said, send this to your schematics and your parts list and let's see if we can minimize your circuit. And after two weeks they sent it back. He said, you did a pretty good job here. . . Randy Kindig: Okay. Huh. You still stay in touch with people at Tandy? Steve Leininger: A few of them. It's actually been more lately. Because it's almost more interesting now. It's like the, I don't know whatever happened to Atwater and Kent, of the Atwater Kent radio. But, that's an old school radio that now you've got people that rebuild them and got them all polished up and all this kind of stuff. But for a while they ended up in the dump. I'm sure, there are some trash 80s that ended up in the trash. Randy Kindig: I'm sure. Steve Leininger: Yeah but I've gotten rid of lots of PCs that don't meet my needs anymore, right? Randy Kindig: Sure. Yeah, we all have, somewhere along the way. It seemed like you were really quiet there for a long time and that you were difficult to get in contact with. Steve Leininger: I wasn't really that difficult. I didn't maintain a social media presence on the thing, but things that I had my own consulting company for quite a while. I actually came back to Radio Shack two more times after I left. One was to come back as a technologist there. The politics still didn't work out well. Then I came back as a contractor to help them with some of their online things. I actually had a website called Steve's Workbench. Steve Leininger: And you can find it on the Internet Archive. The Wayback Machine. And it had some basic stamp projects. And we were going to do all sorts of other things. But I managed to upset the people at RadioShack. com. They didn't have a big sense of humor about someone being critical about the products that they'd selected. And I, I did a... I was going to start doing product reviews on the kits, how easy it was to solder, whether it was a good value for the money and all that kind of stuff. And I gave a pretty honest review on it. And Radio Shack didn't appreciate the power of an honest review. It's what makes Amazon what it is, right? You go in there and if there's something that's got just two stars on the reviews, Yeah, you really got to know what you're doing if you're going to buy the thing, right? And if you see something that's got a bunch of one star and a bunch of five star reviews Yeah, someone's probably aalting the reference at the top end. And so I mean they had such a fit that when they changed platforms For RadioShack. com, they didn't take Steve's Workbench with it And I basically lost that position. Radio Shack should own the makerspace business right now. They at one time, one time I suggested, you ought to take a look at buying Digikey or maybe Mouser. Mouser was right down the street from us. They already had their hands into Allied, but these other two were doing stuff, more consumer oriented, but they didn't. They were making, they were flush with money from selling cell phone contracts. And they thought that was the way of the future until the cell phone companies started reeling that back in. At a certain point, you don't want to be paying your 5 percent or 10 percent royalty to Radio Shack for just signing someone up. Randy Kindig: Yeah. Okay. I didn't realize you had ever gone back and worked for them again. Steve Leininger: Yeah, twice, Randy Kindig: and so I'm curious, did you meet any other famous figures in the microcomputer revolution while you were working at Tandy? Steve Leininger: At Tandy, let's see. Randy Kindig: I'm just curious. Steve Leininger: Yeah, Bill Gates, of course. I went out when we were working on level two BASIC. And Bill Gates I think was probably a hundred- thousand- aire at that time. And, working in a, thhey had a floor in a bank building in Seattle. He took me to the basement of his dad's law firm, and we had drinks there, and I went out to his house on the lake. This was not the big house. I've never been there. It was a big house on the lake, but it wasn't the one That he built later on. So I knew him early on run across Forest Mims a couple times. And of course, he's the shoulders upon which a lot of electronic talent was built and some of the stuff is lost. Jameco is actually bringing him back as a… Jameco is a kinda like a Radio Shack store online. It's yeah it is, it's not as robust as DigiKey or Bower, but they've held their roots. Someone I've not met Lady Ada from Adafruit would be fun. Randy Kindig: Yeah. Would, yeah. Steve Leininger: I, that, that's another thing that, if we had something along those lines, that would have been cool, but the buyers weren't up, up to the task and they when you don't want criticism at a certain point you've got to quit doing things if you don't want to be criticized. Randy Kindig: Sure. When you finally got the Model 1 rolled out and you saw the tremendous interest, were you surprised in the interest that it garnered? Steve Leininger: I wasn't. I wasn't. In fact, there's a quote of me. Me and John Roach had a discussion on how many of these do you think we could sell? And, this is actually quoted in his obituary on the, in the Wall Street Journal. I, Mr. Tandy said you could build 3, 500 of these because we've got 3, 500 stores and we can use them in the inventory. And to take inventory. And John Roach thought maybe we could sell, up to 5, 000 of these things in the first year. And I said, oh no, I think we could sell 50, 000. To which he said, horseshit. Just like that. And that, now I quoted that to the Wall Street Journal, and they put that in his obituary. Yeah I don't know how many times that word shows up in the Wall Street Journal, but if you search their files you'll find that it was me quoting John Roach. So … Randy Kindig: I'll have to, I'll have to look for that, yeah, that's funny. So you were not surprised by the interest, Steve Leininger: no, it, part of it was I knew the leverage of the stores I'd been working, when we introduced the thing I'd been working for the company for just over a year. Think about that. And it wasn't until just before probably, it was probably September or October when Don and I agreed on the specs. I'd keep writing it up, and he'd look at it. Don actually suggested that, demanded, he doesn't, in a, but in a good natured way, he made a good case for it, that I have, in addition to the cassette interface on there, that I have a way to read and write data. Because if you're going to do an accounting program, you got to be able to read and write data. I actually figured out a way to do that. There were a couple other things. John Roach really wanted blinking lights on the thing. And my mechanical, the mechanical designer, there said that's going to cost more money to put the LEDs in there. What are you going to do with them? And, Mr. Roach was, you know, familiar with the IBM probably the 360 by then? Anyway. The mainframes. Yeah, mainframes always had blinking lights on them. Randy Kindig: Exactly. Steve Leininger: And since it's a computer, it should have blinking lights. And Larry said, Larry the mechanical guy said what are you going to do with them? I said, I can't, I said I could put stuff up there, It's… Randy Kindig: What are they going to indicate? Steve Leininger: Yeah. And then, he said, I'll tell you what, I'm going to make the case without holes for the lights and just don't worry about it. That was the end of the discussion. Mr. Roach was probably a little disappointed, but yeah, no one else had them, Randy Kindig: it's funny to think that you'd have blinking lights on a microcomputer like that. Yeah. Yeah. Is there any aspect of the Model one development you would do differently if you were doing it today? Steve Leininger: Yeah, I would, I would've put the eighth memory chip in with the, with the video display so you get upper and lower case. Randy Kindig: Yeah, there you go. Okay. Steve Leininger: Might've put buffers to the outside world. We had the, the microprocessor was buffered, but it was, it was very short distance off the connector there. Otherwise, there's not a whole lot I would have changed. Software could have been written a little better, but when one person's writing all the software the development system that I had was a Zilog development system. And 30 character percent a second. Decorator, line printer. The fact that I got it done is actually miracle stuff. Randy Kindig: Yeah, and you got it done in a year, right? Steve Leininger: And it was all written in assembly language. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Got it all done in a year. Randy Kindig: That's a good year's work. Steve Leininger: It is. Randy Kindig: Building a computer from scratch, basically, and then getting it... Steve Leininger: and back then we had to program EEPROMs. We didn't have flash memory. Okay. Didn't hardly have operating systems back then. Not that I was using one. There was something in the Zilog thing, but yeah we were so far ahead of things, we were developing a product rather than a computer. And maybe that's the whole difference is that we had a product that you pull it up, plug it in, and it says these are TRS 80 and it wasn't the Model 1 until the Model 2 came out. Randy Kindig: Yeah, exactly. It was just the TRS 80. Yeah. So I have to know, do you have any of the old hardware? Steve Leininger: I've got a Model 1. I don't use it except for demonstrations now. I actually have two. I've got one that works and one that's probably got a broken keyboard connector from taking it out of the case and holding it up too many times. Randy Kindig: Were these prototypes or anything? Steve Leininger: They are non serial production units. I've got the, I've got a prototype ROM board that's got the original integer basic that I wrote. I don't have the video boards and all that kind of stuff that went with it when we did the original demonstration. Let's see we had four wire wrapped, completely wire wrapped industrial wire wrapped versions that we used for prototyping the software. One went to David Lein, who wrote the book that came with the thing, the basic book. One I had at my desk and there were two others. Yeah. And they got rid of all of those. So a cautionary tale is if you do something in the future where you've got that prototype that was put together in Tupperware containers or held together with duct tape, you need to at least take pictures of it. And you might want to keep one aside. If it turns out to be something like the Apple III, you can probably get rid of all that stuff. If it turns out to be something like the Apple II, The RadioShack computer, the Commodore PET, you really ought to, enshrine that. The original iPhone. Apple did stuff that was, what was it, can't remember what it was. They had a they had a thing not unlike the... 3Com ended up getting them. Anyway the hand of the PDAs, no one knows what a Personal Oh, digital assistant. Yeah. Yeah. We call that a, we call that a phone ... Randy Kindig: Palm Pilot. Yeah. Steve Leininger: Yeah. Palm Pilot. That's the one. Yeah. I've got a couple of those. I've got three model 100's. I've got one of the early… Randy Kindig: Did you work on the 100s? Steve Leininger: I used it, but I didn't work on it. The design. No. Okay. That was an NEC product with Radio Shack skins on it. Randy Kindig: Oh, that's right. That's right. Steve Leininger: Kay Nishi was the big mover on that. Yeah. Let's see I've got an Altair and an ASR 33 Teletype. Yeah, we're talking about maybe the computer's grandfather, right? I've had a whole bunch of other stuff. I've probably had 40 other computers that I don't have anymore. I am gravitating towards mechanical music devices, big music boxes, that kind of stuff. Randy Kindig: Oh, okay. Cool. Interesting. Steve, that's all the questions I had prepared. Steve Leininger: Okay. Randy Kindig: Is there anything I should have asked about that? Steve Leininger: Oh my, Randy Kindig: anything you'd want to say? Steve Leininger: Yeah, I, I've given talks before on how do you innovate? How do you become, this is pioneering kinds of stuff. So you really have to have that vision, man. The vision, I can't exactly say where the vision comes from, but being dyslexic for me has been a gift. Okay and this is something I tell grade school and middle school students that, some people are out there saying I, I can't do that because, it's just too much stuff or my brain is cluttered. Cluttered desk is the sign of a cluttered mind, what's an empty desk the sign of? Embrace the clutter. Learn a lot of different things. Do what you're passionate about. Be willing to. support your arguments, don't just get angry if someone doesn't think the way you do, explain why you're doing it that way. And sometimes it's a matter of they just don't like it or they don't have the vision. The ones that don't have the vision, they never, they may never have the vision. I've quit companies because of people like that. But When you've got the vision and can take it off in your direction, it could just end up as being art. And I shouldn't say just art, art can be an amazing thing. And that behind these walls here, we've got a pinball machine and gaming conference going on. And it is nutcase. But is there stuff out there you look at and say, Oh, wow. Yeah. And I do too. Keep it a while going. Randy Kindig: Very cool. All right. That's a great stopping point, I think. All right. I really appreciate it, Steve taking the time to talk with us today. Steve Leininger: Thanks, Randy.
Today we are joined by top physicist and inventor of the microprocessor & touch screen, Federico Faggin, for an intriguing conversation into the nature of reality. Federico once had a materialistic scientific perspective on consciousness and reality until one day a spontaneous spiritual awakening changed his perspective forever. In this episode he shares that very experience and how it has shaped his current view on reality. With this deeper knowing, he spent decades researching reality, today he shares his findings. He reveals why computers can never be conscious, who we are our essence, what carries on after death, and our unbreakable connection to something larger than ourselves. He also discusses the very real force of love that underlies all things, the secret to spiritual growth, and why humans can never be replaced by artificial intelligence. Seed: Go to https://seed.com/knowthyself and use code 25KNOWTHYSELF for 25% off your first month of Seed LMNT: https://www.DrinkLMNT.com/KnowThyself Get a FREE Sample pack with any order André's Book Recommendations: https://www.knowthyself.one/books ___________ 0:00 Intro 2:55 His Spontaneous Spiritual Awakening 15:03 Defining Consciousness: Classical vs Quantum View 23:00 Can computers be Conscious? 28:20 How Truth Transcends Theory 33:24 Seed: Save 25% off your first month 34:38 Idealism vs Monad Theory 37:00 Our Deepest Desire: To Know Ourselves 39:33 Satiety vs Soul 44:55 Individuality & What Carries Over After Death 48:00 We Are All Part of One Whole 54:15 How Emotion & Meaning Impacts Reality 1:02:29 LMNT Electrolytes: Get a FREE Sample pack with any order 1:04:02 Suffering as a Catalyst for Growth 1:09:54 Taking Responsibility for Our Lives & Spiritual Growth 1:16:14 The Very Real Force of Love 1:22:47 Where Physics & Spirituality Meet 1:27:58 Distinguishing Free Will & Unconscious Habits 1:35:10 Reincarnation & NDEs Explained 1:37:51 How Much We Currently Understand about Reality 1:43:30 Shifting From the Mind to the Heart 1:45:27 Facing the Future of Artificial Intelligence 1:50:40 Collective Consciousness & Evil vs Good 1:56:00 Competition vs Collaboration 1:59:58 Are Aliens Real? 2:02:30 Conclusion ___________ Federico Faggin is a physicist, inventor, and entrepreneur. Born, raised, and educated in Italy, he immigrated to the US in 1968. He is credited with designing the world's first commercial microprocessor, the Intel 4004 in 1971, and he went on to invent dozens of other integrated circuits. Before that, in 1968 while working at Fairchild Semiconductor, he created a technology that made possible dynamic memories, non-volatile memories, image sensors, and the microprocessor. Faggin started several successful high-tech companies (Zilog, Cygnet Technologies, and Synaptics) that introduced significant products and technologies, including the touchpad and touchscreen that revolutionized the way we communicate with our personal devices. Among the honors Faggin has received are the 2009 National Medal of Technology and Innovation from President Obama and the 2014 Enrico Fermi Prize. Through the Federico and Elvia Faggin Foundation, Faggin now supports research programs at US universities and research institutes to advance the understanding of consciousness through theoretical and experimental research. Newest Book “Irreducible: Consciousness, Life, Computers, and Human Nature": https://a.co/d/bjZ56gH Website: https://www.federicofaggin.com/ ___________ Know Thyself Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/knowthyself/ Website: https://www.knowthyself.one Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJ4wglCWTJeWQC0exBalgKg Listen to all episodes on Audio: Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/4FSiemtvZrWesGtO2MqTZ4?si=d389c8dee8fa4026 Apple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/know-thyself/id1633725927 André Duqum Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/andreduqum/
On this episode we sit down with the boys from Shwarma, knock back a couple and chat about video game collecting, MAGFest, Dr Zilog, Ween, Cervantes, their new upcoming live album, disc rot, Winamp, their upcoming space themed album, technology's influence on humanity, the Florida metal scene, Phish, New Orleans and lighting your farts on fire. It's one hell of an episode with two of the coolest dudes in the Denver rock scene!https://www.shwarma.band/
InfoClassic nace con la intención de ser un altavoz de las noticias relacionadas con la informática clásica, desarrollos modernos para equipos antiguos o desarrollos inspirados en una época ya obsoleta. Si tienes alguna noticia del sector que quieras dar a conocer no dudes en hacérnosla llegar. En este Infoclassic hablamos de: Liberado el código fuente de MS-DOS 4.0 y los binarios del MT-DOS Beta 1.0. El mítico procesador Z80 de Zilog se dejará de vender este mismo año. Los Mojon Twins están montando un concurso de juegos realizados en su motor MK1 para Amstrad CPC. Se ha realizado un port de la máquina arcade Phoenix para AMIGA. Pampas and Selene, de Unepic Fran, ya tiene fecha de salida para Steam. Música: Alberto González McAlby.
En este programa hacemos un repaso a algunas noticias de la actualidad commodoriana y a los lanzamientos commodorianos de las últimas semanas. Por último, repasaremos los principales contenidos del número 78 de una revista moderna muy clásica, la retornada Commodore Free. Todo esto lo veremos con el equipo habitual formado por David Asenjo (https://twitter.com/darro99), Toni Bianchetti (https://twitter.com/seuck), Narciso Quintana "Narcisound" (https://twitter.com/narcisound), Jonatan Jiménez (https://twitter.com/jsabreman) y Paco Herrera (https://twitter.com/pacoblog64). Las noticias comentadas son: - 8bitDo anuncia el Retro Mechanical Keyboard - C64 Edition: https://www.8bitdo.com/retro-mechanical-keyboard-c64/ - Zilog deja de fabricar el microprocesador Z80: https://twitter.com/nanochess/status/1781290078230253998?t=9wpPhRUkLCD-96vmoDKC9A&s=19 - El músico y programador 4Mat está tuneando el SEUCK para que tenga música y efectos sonoros a la vez: https://x.com/4mat_scenemusic/status/1774168812159414283?s=20 - Proyecto de reproducción de la Commodore Chessmate: https://hackaday.io/project/194011-commodore-chessmate-reproduction; https://hackaday.io/project/194011/logs?sort=oldest - U64E-MK2. Ultimate 64 en formato módulo: https://www.facebook.com/groups/378328707752/?hoisted_section_header_type=recently_seen&multi_permalinks=10160508910172753 - Gala homenaje al videojuego Español: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MIRTulmvBqA - Escaneos de la documentación proporcionada por David Sancho: https://archive.org/details/@explora_commodore - Consolador controlado por un C64: https://twitter.com/_DeviantDesigns/status/1779941383102484834?t=5JUe44Hupl4Q0OOQXq2DrQ&s=19 - C-65 a subasta en eBay: https://www.ebay.com/itm/134989142856 - Ganadores del concurso de Basic10Liner, juegos para diversas plataformas en sólo 10 líneas de BASIC: https://twitter.com/Basic10L/status/1776648844496810366?t=Bz7tfouLH0aQvllds-6meg&s=19;https://youtu.be/PZ6r_HHwuto?si=_uDdDEKXk3CMmoNd - Hungarian Game Development Compo - Plus/4: https://sites.google.com/site/istvanmezo81/cplus4-competition-2023 - J-CPU64 6510/8500: https://retro8bitshop.com/product/j-cpu64-6510-8500-replacement-for-the-commodore-64-pre-order/ - SNasm Assembler Nuevo ensamblador para 6502 y Z80: https://mdf200.itch.io/snasm - Otra campaña de crowdfunding de Hewson, esta vez de “pins”: https://www.backerkit.com/c/projects/huey-games-ltd/huey-hewson-pintopia?ref=bk-ec-33942 - Commodore4ever presenta un conector de PSU trasero para C64 con opción de protección de sobre voltaje. Además hay otro angular también para C128: https://www.commodore-4ever.com/product-page/back-jack-power-connector-reimagined Los juegos y programas comentados son: - Spinning image (Carleton Handley, C64): https://carletonhandley.itch.io/spinning-image - Timo's castle (Roman Werner, C64): https://romwer.itch.io/hc - Gridlock (Megastyle, C64): https://megastyle.itch.io/gridlock - Bring Back More Bones (4KB) (Comocore, C64): https://commocore.itch.io/bring-back-more-bones-4k - Prince Of Persia (Pedro Bermejo, VIC-20): https://www.indieretronews.com/2024/04/prince-of-persia-has-been-converted.html;https://sleepingelephant.com/ipw-web/bulletin/bb/viewtopic.php?p=120870#p120870 (Descarga del juego) - Amigo Run (Reassembler 2024, Amiga): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rxKWThBZcXk - Bunny's Boing Ball Bounty (RobSmithDev, Amiga): https://robsmith-dev.itch.io/bb - Mad Pod Race (Gods of the Universe, Plus/4): https://plus4world.powweb.com/software/Mad_Pod_Race - Temptations (SOY, Amiga): https://amigatronics.wordpress.com/2024/04/09/temptations-a-punto-de-caramelo/;https://s0yamigamsx.wordpress.com/temptations/ (WEB del autor) - Kondi Krush (Anystone, C64/Amiga/Plus/4): https://www.indieretronews.com/2024/04/kondi-krush-candy-crush-comes-to.html - Anti Air (Inufuto, C64, Amiga, Plus/4, VIC-20, C-16 y C-116 (32K) + otros sistemas (MSX, TRS-80, etc)): http://inufuto.web.fc2.com/8bit/antiair/; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uOO4t5NGr5w; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VSfYIuXfx00 - Outrun PETSCII (Andy Vaisey, C64): https://twitter.com/AndyVaisey/status/1782501824383070514?t=Jq9pKAaGU5OYCvifDHV5nQ&s=19 - Metal mayhem (Dr Mortal Wombat, C64): https://drmortalwombat.itch.io/metal-mayhem - Legend of wilf (sequel de https://www.lemon64.com/game/kokotoni-wilf) (Hayermaker64, C64): https://hayesmaker64.itch.io/legend-of-wilf - Alpacalyse (TND, C64): https://richard-tnd.itch.io/alpacalypse - R-Squadron (Monster's Legs, Amiga): https://monsters-legs.itch.io/r-squadron - Glubble (Oxygene, Amiga): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gSAF4hTsvxc - Tapper Basic (ing73, C64): https://ing73.itch.io/tapper - Toop (Haplo, C64,Plus/4): https://h4plo.itch.io/toop
This week we saw a lot of chatter about Zilog's End-of-Life Notification (https://mm.digikey.com/Volume0/opasdata/d220001/medias/docus/5570/PCN_ZAC24-0029.pdf) for their Z84C series chips. These chips were pretty cool because they were true Z80 processors and available in DIP format! They are still in stock at DigiKey for now (https://www.digikey.com/en/products/detail/zilog/Z84C0010PEG/929206) and there's a last-time-buy, so if you happen to want some large quantity, it's possible to put in a request for one last batch. There are also other Z80 processors available, so you're not totally out of luck if you need some 8-bit goodness. In theory, you could even wire-wrap or breadboard using a QFP-to-DIP adapter plate. (https://www.digikey.com/en/products/detail/chip-quik-inc/PA0109/5014776) See the chosen parts on DigiKey https://www.digikey.com/short/z3j19bmf Visit the Adafruit shop online - http://www.adafruit.com ----------------------------------------- LIVE CHAT IS HERE! http://adafru.it/discord Subscribe to Adafruit on YouTube: http://adafru.it/subscribe New tutorials on the Adafruit Learning System: http://learn.adafruit.com/ -----------------------------------------
Bienvenidos a Cepeceros, un podcast en Mode 0 para amantes del píxel ladrillo. En esta ocasión nos acompaña Zilog Z80, con quien repasamos dos clasicazos como Bruce Lee y Abu Simbel Profanation. Conoceremos la relación personal de nuestro invitado con ambos juegos y que recuerdos y sensaciones le despierta. Toda la info sobre los juegos y nuestro invitado en nuestra web: https://www.cepeceros.com Ven a charlar con nosotros: https://bit.ly/Cepecerostelegran Ko-fi: https://ko-fi.com/cepecerospodcast
Paul Gustavson is an organizational design consultant who has worked with more than 60 high growth companies, in 42 countries, accruing more than 13 million frequent flyer miles, spending more than 3 years of his life on a plane. Some of his clients include American Express, AT&T, BHP, BP, Camp Health, Cherokee Nation, Colgate, eBay, Exxon, GE, Hills Pet Nutrition, HPE Financial Services, InTandem Capital Partners, InTek, NASA, National Semiconductor, Paradigm Oral Health, Sizzling Platter, Vivint Smart Home, and Zilog, among others, and for 40 years he has served as the president of Organization, Planning and Design, Inc. Paul is the author of three books: Running into the Wind, A Team of Leaders, and The Power of Living by Design, and more than 50 periodicals and books have referenced his work, including The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, Business Week, and Fortune Magazine. Since 1992, Paul has served on the advisory board of BYU's Marriott School of Management. And in 1999 Paul won the "William G. Dyer Distinguished Alumni Award" which is the most prestigious award given by the Marriott School's OLS department. Other award recipients were Stephen Covey, Dave Ulrich, and Kerry Patterson. I hope you enjoy learning from Paul Gustavson today, because I always do.
We've talked about the history of microchips, transistors, and other chip makers. Today we're going to talk about Intel in a little more detail. Intel is short for Integrated Electronics. They were founded in 1968 by Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore. Noyce was an Iowa kid who went off to MIT to get a PhD in physics in 1953. He went off to join the Shockley Semiconductor Lab to join up with William Shockley who'd developed the transistor as a means of bringing a solid-state alternative to vacuum tubes in computers and amplifiers. Shockley became erratic after he won the Nobel Prize and 8 of the researchers left, now known as the “traitorous eight.” Between them came over 60 companies, including Intel - but first they went on to create a new company called Fairchild Semiconductor where Noyce invented the monolithic integrated circuit in 1959, or a single chip that contains multiple transistors. After 10 years at Fairchild, Noyce joined up with coworker and fellow traitor Gordon Moore. Moore had gotten his PhD in chemistry from Caltech and had made an observation while at Fairchild that the number of transistors, resistors, diodes, or capacitors in an integrated circuit was doubling every year and so coined Moore's Law, that it would continue to to do so. They wanted to make semiconductor memory cheaper and more practical. They needed money to continue their research. Arthur Rock had helped them find a home at Fairchild when they left Shockley and helped them raise $2.5 million in backing in a couple of days. The first day of the company, Andy Grove joined them from Fairchild. He'd fled the Hungarian revolution in the 50s and gotten a PhD in chemical engineering at the University of California, Berkeley. Then came Leslie Vadász, another Hungarian emigrant. Funding and money coming in from sales allowed them to hire some of the best in the business. People like Ted Hoff , Federico Faggin, and Stan Mazor. That first year they released 64-bit static random-access memory in the 3101 chip, doubling what was on the market as well as the 3301 read-only memory chip, and the 1101. Then DRAM, or dynamic random-access memory in the 1103 in 1970, which became the bestselling chip within the first couple of years. Armed with a lineup of chips and an explosion of companies that wanted to buy the chips, they went public within 2 years of being founded. 1971 saw Dov Frohman develop erasable programmable read-only memory, or EPROM, while working on a different problem. This meant they could reprogram chips using ultraviolet light and electricity. In 1971 they also created the Intel 4004 chip, which was started in 1969 when a calculator manufacturer out of Japan ask them to develop 12 different chips. Instead they made one that could do all of the tasks of the 12, outperforming the ENIAC from 1946 and so the era of the microprocessor was born. And instead of taking up a basement at a university lab, it took up an eight of an inch by a sixth of an inch to hold a whopping 2,300 transistors. The chip didn't contribute a ton to the bottom line of the company, but they'd built the first true microprocessor, which would eventually be what they were known for. Instead they were making DRAM chips. But then came the 8008 in 1972, ushering in an 8-bit CPU. The memory chips were being used by other companies developing their own processors but they knew how and the Computer Terminal Corporation was looking to develop what was a trend for a hot minute, called programmable terminals. And given the doubling of speeds those gave way to microcomputers within just a few years. The Intel 8080 was a 2 MHz chip that became the basis of the Altair 8800, SOL-20, and IMSAI 8080. By then Motorola, Zilog, and MOS Technology were hot on their heals releasing the Z80 and 6802 processors. But Gary Kildall wrote CP/M, one of the first operating systems, initially for the 8080 prior to porting it to other chips. Sales had been good and Intel had been growing. By 1979 they saw the future was in chips and opened a new office in Haifa, Israiel, where they designed the 8088, which clocked in at 4.77 MHz. IBM chose this chip to be used in the original IBM Personal Computer. IBM was going to use an 8-bit chip, but the team at Microsoft talked them into going with the 16-bit 8088 and thus created the foundation of what would become the Wintel or Intel architecture, or x86, which would dominate the personal computer market for the next 40 years. One reason IBM trusted Intel is that they had proven to be innovators. They had effectively invented the integrated circuit, then the microprocessor, then coined Moore's Law, and by 1980 had built a 15,000 person company capable of shipping product in large quantities. They were intentional about culture, looking for openness, distributed decision making, and trading off bureaucracy for figuring out cool stuff. That IBM decision to use that Intel chip is one of the most impactful in the entire history of personal computers. Based on Microsoft DOS and then Windows being able to run on the architecture, nearly every laptop and desktop would run on that original 8088/86 architecture. Based on the standards, Intel and Microsoft would both market that their products ran not only on those IBM PCs but also on any PC using the same architecture and so IBM's hold on the computing world would slowly wither. On the back of all these chips, revenue shot past $1 billion for the first time in 1983. IBM bought 12 percent of the company in 1982 and thus gave them the Big Blue seal of approval, something important event today. And the hits kept on coming with the 286 to 486 chips coming along during the 1980s. Intel brought the 80286 to market and it was used in the IBM PC AT in 1984. This new chip brought new ways to manage addresses, the first that could do memory management, and the first Intel chip where we saw protected mode so we could get virtual memory and multi-tasking. All of this was made possible with over a hundred thousand transistors. At the time the original Mac used a Motorola 68000 but the sales were sluggish while they flourished at IBM and slowly we saw the rise of the companies cloning the IBM architecture, like Compaq. Still using those Intel chips. Jerry Sanders had actually left Fairchild a little before Noyce and Moore to found AMD and ended up cloning the instructions in the 80286, after entering into a technology exchange agreement with Intel. This led to AMD making the chips at volume and selling them on the open market. AMD would go on to fast-follow Intel for decades. The 80386 would go on to simply be known as the Intel 386, with over 275,000 transistors. It was launched in 1985, but we didn't see a lot of companies use them until the early 1990s. The 486 came in 1989. Now we were up to a million transistors as well as a math coprocessor. We were 50 times faster than the 4004 that had come out less than 20 years earlier. I don't want to take anything away from the phenomenal run of research and development at Intel during this time but the chips and cores and amazing developments were on autopilot. The 80s also saw them invest half a billion in reinvigorating their manufacturing plants. With quality manufacturing allowing for a new era of printing chips, the 90s were just as good to Intel. I like to think of this as the Pentium decade with the first Pentium in 1993. 32-bit here we come. Revenues jumped 50 percent that year closing in on $9 billion. Intel had been running an advertising campaign around Intel Inside. This represented a shift from the IBM PC to the Intel. The Pentium Pro came in 1995 and we'd crossed 5 million transistors in each chip. And the brand equity was rising fast. More importantly, so was revenue. 1996 saw revenues pass $20 billion. The personal computer was showing up in homes and on desks across the world and most had Intel Inside - in fact we'd gone from Intel inside to Pentium Inside. 1997 brought us the Pentium II with over 7 million transistors, the Xeon came in 1998 for servers, and 1999 Pentium III. By 2000 they introduced the first gigahertz processor at Intel and they announced the next generation after Pentium: Itanium, finally moving the world to the 64 bit processor. As processor speeds slowed they were able to bring multi-core processors and massive parallelism out of the hallowed halls of research and to the desktop computer in 2005. 2006 saw Intel go from just Windows to the Mac. And we got 45 nanometer logic technology in 2006 using hafnium-based high-k for transistor gates represented a shift from the silicon-gated transistors of the 60s and allowed them to move to hundreds of millions of transistors packed into a single chip. i3, i5, i7, an on. The chips now have over a couple hundred million transistors per core with 8 cores on a chip potentially putting us over 1.7 or 1.8 transistors per chip. Microsoft, IBM, Apple, and so many others went through huge growth and sales jumps then retreated dealing with how to run a company of the size they suddenly became. This led each to invest heavily into ending a lost decade effectively with R&D - like when IBM built the S/360 or Apple developed the iMac and then iPod. Intel's strategy had been research and development. Build amazing products and they sold. Bigger, faster, better. The focus had been on power. But mobile devices were starting to take the market by storm. And the ARM chip was more popular on those because with a reduced set of instructions they could use less power and be a bit more versatile. Intel coined Moore's Law. They know that if they don't find ways to pack more and more transistors into smaller and smaller spaces then someone else will. And while they haven't been huge in the RISC-based System on a Chip space, they do continue to release new products and look for the right product-market fit. Just like they did when they went from more DRAM and SRAM to producing the types of chips that made them into a powerhouse. And on the back of a steadily rising revenue stream that's now over $77 billion they seem poised to be able to whether any storm. Not only on the back of R&D but also some of the best manufacturing in the industry. Chips today are so powerful and small and contain the whole computer from the era of those Pentiums. Just as that 4004 chip contained a whole ENIAC. This gives us a nearly limitless canvas to design software. Machine learning on a SoC expands the reach of what that software can process. Technology is moving so fast in part because of the amazing work done at places like Intel, AMD, and ARM. Maybe that positronic brain that Asimov promised us isn't as far off as it seems. But then, I thought that in the 90s as well so I guess we'll see.
Array Cast - December 23, 2022 Show NotesThanks to Bob Therriault, Adám Brudzewsky, Marshall Lochbaum and John Earnest for gathering these links:[01] 00:02:00 Naming the APLNAATOT podcast twitter https://twitter.com/a_brudz/status/1607653845445873664[02] 00:03:54 John Earnest Arraycast episode 41 https://www.arraycast.com/episodes/episode41-john-earnest Michal Wallace Arraycast episode 40 https://www.arraycast.com/episodes/episode40-michal-wallace[03] 00:04:20 John's website https://beyondloom.com/[04] 00:05:10 iKe https://github.com/JohnEarnest/ok/tree/gh-pages/ike[05] 00:07:02 oK http://johnearnest.github.io/ok/index.html[06] 00:10:20 iKe Vector article https://vector.org.uk/a-graphical-sandbox-for-k-2/[07] 00:10:39 Lindenmayer fractals https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-system[08] 00:15:57 k programming language https://aplwiki.com/wiki/K[09] 00:16:40 turtle graphics https://docs.python.org/3/library/turtle.html[10] 00:17:44 Swift Playgrounds https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift_Playgrounds Bret Victor http://worrydream.com/ Processing programming language https://processing.org/ Arduino https://www.arduino.cc/[11] 00:19:27 Dzaima APL -https://github.com/dzaima/APL/blob/master/APLP5/docs Dzaima BQN - https://github.com/dzaima/BQN/blob/master/app/readme.md[12] 00:25:08 Arthur Whitney https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Whitney_(computer_scientist)[13] 00:25:30 APL wiki Naming https://aplwiki.com/wiki/The_name_APL Adin Falkoff https://aplwiki.com/wiki/Adin_Falkoff[14] 00:27:48 Dyalog https://aplwiki.com/wiki/Dyalog_APL Dyadic https://aplwiki.com/wiki/Dyalog_Ltd. Zylog processor https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilog[15] 00:30:32 Special k https://beyondloom.com/tools/specialk.html Fragment shader https://www.khronos.org/opengl/wiki/Fragment_Shader GLSL shader language https://learnopengl.com/Getting-started/Shaders[16] 00:33:25 NVIDIA https://learnopengl.com/Getting-started/Shaders[17] 00:37:00 Decker https://beyondloom.com/decker/index.html Lil programming language https://beyondloom.com/decker/lil.html macPaint https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacPaint[18] 00:39:06 Interface builder https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interface_Builder Visual Basic https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic Lua programming language https://www.lua.org/ q programming language https://aplwiki.com/wiki/Q[19] 00:44:29 APL# https://aplwiki.com/wiki/APL-sharp[20] 00:45:08 Rescript programming language https://rescript-lang.org/[21] 00:47:10 Niladic functions https://aplwiki.com/wiki/Niladic_function[22] 00:48:30 HyperCard https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyperCard HyperTalk https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyperTalk[23] 00:54:36 JavaScript programming language https://www.javascript.com/[24] 00:57:21 MacOS system 6 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_6[25] 01:02:12 Excel spreadsheet https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel[26] 01:04:02 J viewmat https://code.jsoftware.com/wiki/Studio/Viewmat[27] 01:05:40 regex https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_expression[28] 01:06:10 Nick Psaris Arraycast episode 42 embedding languages https://www.arraycast.com/episodes/episode42-nick-psaris-q[29] 01:07:00 Python programming language https://www.python.org/[30] 01:18:21 Haskell programming language https://www.haskell.org/[31] 01:22:50 Myst video game https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myst[32] 01:23:32 Decktember https://itch.io/jam/decktember
One of my first jobs out of college was ripping Banyan VINES out of a company and replacing it with LAN Manager. Banyan VINES was a network operating system for Unix systems. It came along in 1984. This was a time when minicomputers running Unix were running at most every University and when Unix offered far more features that the alternatives. Sharing files was as old as the Internet. Telnet was created in 1969. FTP came along in 1971. SMB in 1983. Networking computers together had evolved from just the ARPANET to local protocols like ALOHAnet, which inspired Bob Metcalfe to start work on the PARC Universal Packet protocol with David Boggs, which evolved into the Xerox Network Systems, or XNS, suite of networking protocols that were developed to network the Xerox Alto. Along the way the two of them co-invented Ethernet. But there were developments happening in various locations in silos. For example, TCP was more of an ARPANET then NSFNET project so wasn't used for computers on their own networks to communicate yet. Data General was founded in 1968 when Edson de Castro, the project manager for the PDP-8 at Digital Equipment Corporation, grew frustrated that the PDP wasn't evolving fast enough. He, Henry Burkhardt, and Richard Sogge of Digital would be joined by Herbert Richman, who did sales for Fairchild Semiconductor. They were proud of the PDP-8. It was a beautiful machine. But they wanted to go even further. And they didn't feel like they could do so at Digital. A few computers later, Within a year, they shipped the next generation machine, which they called the Nova. They released more computers but then came the explosion of computers that was the personal computing market. Microcomputers showed up in offices around the world and on multiple desks. And it didn't take long before people started wondering if it wouldn't be faster to run a cable between computers than it was to save a file to a floppy and get on an elevator. By the 1970s, Data General had been writing software for customers, mostly for the rising tide of UNIX System V implementations. But just giving customers a TCP/IP stack or an application that could open a socket over an X.25 network, which was later replaced with Frame Relay networks run by phone systems and for legacy support on those X.25 was streamed over TCP/IP. Some of the people from those projects at Data General saw an opportunity to build a company that focused on a common need, moving files back and forth between the microcomputers that were also being connected to these networks. David Mahoney was a manager at Data General who saw what customers were asking for. And he saw an increasing under of those microcomputers needed a few common services to connect to. So he left to form Banyan Systems in 1983, bringing Anand Jagannathan and Larry Floryan with him. They built Banyan VINES (Virtual Integrated NEtwork Service) in 1984, releasing version 1. Their client software could run on DOS and connect to X.25, Token Ring (which IBM introduced in 1984), or the Ethernet networks Bob Metcalfe from Xerox and then 3Com was a proponent of. After all, much of their work resembled the Xerox Network Systems protocols, which Metcalfe had helped develop. They used a 32-bit address. They developed an Address Resolution Protocol (or ARP) and Routing Table Protocol (RTP) that used tables on a server. And they created a file services application, print services application, and directory service they called StreetTalk. To help, they brought in Jim Allchin, who eventually did much of the heavy lifting. It was similar enough to TCP/IP, but different. Yet as TCP/IP became the standard, they added that at a cost. The whole thing came in at $17,000 and ran on less bandwidth than other services, and so they won a few contracts with the US State Deparment, US Marine Corps, and other government agencies. Many embassies used 300 baud phone lines with older modems and the new VINES service allowed them to do file sharing, print sharing, and even instant messaging throughout the late 80s and early 90s. The Marine Corp used it during the Gulf War and in an early form of a buying tornado, they went public in 1992, raising $28 million through NASDAQ. They grew to 410 employees and peaked at around $75 million in sales, spread across 7000 customers. They'd grown through word of mouth and other companies with strong marketing and sales arms were waiting in the wings. Novel was founded in 1983 in Utah and they developed the IPX network protocol. Netware would eventually become one of the most dominant network operating systems for Windows 3 and then Windows 95 computers. Yet, with incumbents like Banyan VINES and Novel Netware, this is another one of those times when Microsoft saw an opening for something better and just willed it into existence. And the story is similar to that of dozens of other companies including Novell, Lotus, VisiCalc, Netscape, Digital Research, and the list goes on and on and on. This kept happening because of a number of reasons. The field of computing had been comprised of former academics, many of whom weren't aggressive in business. Microsoft ended up owning the operating system and so had selling power when it came to cornering adjacent markets because they could provide the cleanest possible user experience. People seemed to underestimate Microsoft until it was too late. Inertia. Oh, and Microsoft could outspend on top talent and offer them the biggest impact for their work. Whatever the motivators, Microsoft won in nearly every nook and cranny in the IT field that they pursued for decades. The damaging part for Banyan was when they teamed up with IBM to ship LAN Manager, which ultimately shipped under the name of each company. Microsoft ended up recruiting Jim Allchin away and with network interface cards falling below $1,000 it became clear that the local area network was really just in its infancy. He inherited LAN Manager and then NT from Dave Cutler and the next thing we knew, Windows NT Server was born, complete with file services, print services, and a domain, which wasn't a fully qualified domain name until the release of Active Directory. Microsoft added Windsock in 1993 and released their own protocols. They supported protocols like IPX/SPX and DECnet but slowly moved customers to their own protocols. Banyan released the last version of Banyan VINES, 7.0, in 1997. StreetTalk eventually became an NT to LDAP bridge before being cancelled in the end. The dot com bubble was firmly here, though, so all was not lost. They changed their name in 1999 to ePresence, shifting their focus to identity management and security, officially pulling out of the VINES market. But the dot com bubble burst, so they were acquired in 2003 by Unisys. There were other companies in different networking niches along the way. Phil Karn wrote KA9Q NOS to connect CP/M and then DOS to TCP/IP in 1985. He wrote it on a Xerox 820, but by then Xerox was putting Zilog chips in computers and running CP/M, seemingly with little of the flair the Alto could have had. But with KA9Q NOS any of the personal computers on the market could get on the Internet and that software helped host many a commercial dialup connection and would go on to be used for years in small embedded devices that needed IP connectivity. Those turned out to be markets overtaken by Banyan who was overtaken by Novel, who was overtaken by Microsoft when they added WinSock. There are a few things to take away from this journey. The first is that when IBM and Microsoft team up to develop a competing product, it's time to pivot when there's plenty of money left in the bank. The second is that there was an era of closed systems that was short lived when vendors wanted to increasingly embrace open standards. Open standards like TCP/IP. We also want to keep our most talented team in place. Jim Allchin was responsible for those initial Windows Server implementations. Then SQL Server. He was the kind of person who's a game changer on a team. We also don't want to pivot to the new hotness because it's the new hotness. Customers pay vendors to solve problems. Putting an e in front of the name of a company seemed really cool in 1998. But surveying customers and thinking more deeply about problems they face - that's where magic can happen. Provided we have the right talent to make it happen.
Federico Faggin has led what he calls four lives: as a physicist, engineer and inventor, entrepreneur, and author. He developed the MOS silicon gate technology at Fairchild (1968) and designed the world's first microprocessor at Intel (1971). Faggin also founded and led Zilog, Synaptics, and other high-tech companies. The Zilog Z80 microprocessor (1976), and the Z8 microcontroller (1978) are still in volume production in 2021. At Synaptics he pioneered the Touchpad (1994) and the Touchscreen (1999), - solutions that have revolutionized the way we interface with mobile devices.Federico has received many prizes and awards in the United States, Europe, and Japan. These include the Marconi Prize (1988), the Kyoto Prize for Advanced Technology (1997), and the National Medal of Technology and Innovation (2009), from President Barack Obama. In 1996, Faggin was inducted in the National Inventor's Hall of Fame. He has also received many honorary degrees in Computer Science and Electronic EngineeringFederico is currently president of the Federico and Elvia Faggin Foundation, a non-profit organization dedicated to the scientific study of consciousness, an interest that has become a passionate full-time activity. In 2019, Federico published his autobiography SILICON, through Mondadori, Italy's premier book publisher, where it has been a bestseller. Imaginal Inspirations is hosted by David Lorimer, Programme Director of the Scientific and Medical Network and Chair of the Galileo Commission, an academic movement dedicated to expanding the evidence base of a science of consciousness.scientificandmedical.net galileocommission.orgbeyondthebrain.org Works and links mentioned:Federico and Elvia Faggin FoundationSilicon: From the Invention of the Microprocessor to the New Science of Consciousness by Federico Faggin.Godel, Escher, Bach : An Eternal Golden Braid by Douglas HofstadterThe Enniads by Plotinus Production: Martin RedfernArtwork: Amber HaasMusic: Life is a River, by Magnus Moone
Fredrik snackar stordatorer, assembler och mycket mer med Olle Westergård, assemblerskrivande utvecklare, produktägare, utbildare med mera på SEB. Vi börjar lite med vad som särskiljer en stordator, sedan berättar Olle om när SEB utvecklade och införse sitt första onlinesystem för alla kontor - ett projekt som förutom inköp av hårdvara och utveckling av mjukvara även inkluderade kabeldragning till samtliga kontor i Sverige. Sedan diskuterar vi vad stordatorer är bra på idag, och gör en dykning i hur Kontorsonline utvecklades och vidareutvecklades - hur fick man ihop något som kunde fortsätta driftas och utvecklas såhär länge? Därefter diskuterar vi assembler och hur det är att jobba med assembler nära, nära hårdvaran, speciellt på en stordator. Ibland behöver man skriva sina egna index och tjänar stora mängder på att försöka bli av med varenda I/O-anrop. Ett stort tack till Cloudnet som sponsrar vår VPS! Har du kommentarer, frågor eller tips? Vi är @kodsnack, @tobiashieta, @antikristoffer, och @bjoreman på Twitter, har en sida på Facebook och epostas på info@kodsnack.se om du vill skriva längre. Vi läser allt som skickas. Gillar du Kodsnack får du hemskt gärna recensera oss i iTunes! Du kan också stödja podden genom att ge oss en kaffe (eller två!) på Ko-fi. Länkar Assembler Olle Westergård Zilog z80 Mikrokod Kanalprocessorer Wargames ADSL ICT 1301 IBM 360 Magnetband Tidigare avsnitt om stordatorer Mats Nordkvist VPS IMS - realtidsmonitorn Lastbalansering Spegling PL/I ISK IPS Basic Semaforer Basic direct access method Titlar Jag var redan gammal då Fler processorer än vad vi använder Remote ifrån Frankrike Man har dubbla maskiner Det kontoförande kontoret Magnetbandsintensivt i början En fotbollsplan med diskar Det ska hålla länge Det här håller tio år Tillgång till allt data Nu ska vi anamma Man måste förstå sin CPU Bara jag får uppdatera minnet Nu jobbar Olle
In 1974 Intel released the 8080 processor, a chip long in the making. It was the first microprocessor that had the right combination of power and price to make personal computers viable. But that same year a small group of employees defected and formed their own company called Zilog. Among this group were Masatoshi Shima and Federico Faggin, two of the principal architects behind the 8080 as well as Intel's other processors. Zilog would go on to release a better chip, the Z80, that blew Intel out of the water. Today we continue our Intel series with a look into this twisting story. Like the show? Then why not head over and support me on Patreon. Perks include early access to future episodes, and stickers: https://www.patreon.com/adventofcomputing Important Dates: 1974: Intel 8080 hits shelves 1976: Zilog Z80 goes on sale
Doom Tomb Podcast- Stoner Rock, Doom Metal and Sludge Metal.
On this episode we have all of the members from the band Psyclops .We talk funk, Warhammer 40K, ASMR,chicken strips and a track by track discussion of their latest release Amalgam. Links: Psyclops: https://www.facebook.com/psyclopspdx/ ***** Between The Buried and Me: https://www.betweentheburiedandme.com Tool: https://toolband.com ***** The Melvins: http://themelvins.net Om: https://www.facebook.com/om.band/ Marc Rebillet: https://www.facebook.com/marcrebillet/ High Water Mark Lounge: https://www.facebook.com/High-Water-Mark-Lounge-1489824034578431/ ***** Kid Coast: https://pizzaboxrecords.bandcamp.com/album/comforter ***** Baja Blast: https://mountaindew.fandom.com/wiki/Baja_Blast ***** Joe Mruk: https://www.facebook.com/joe.mruk ***** Metal Screaming Doesn't Take Talent: https://youtu.be/WOfmnbU5S5o ***** Jim Gillette vocal coaching: https://youtu.be/vm3fjteswgU ***** Warhammer 40,000: https://warhammer40000.com ***** The Chariot(love that crowd): https://youtu.be/htdulnrNKyM ***** Ending Credits, WKRP: https://youtu.be/FhAfXTzR2rQ ***** Twilight Cafe & Bar: https://www.facebook.com/twilightbarandcafe/ ***** Dr. Zilog: https://www.facebook.com/drzilog/ ***** Vulpeck: https://www.facebook.com/vulfpeck/ https://vulfpeck.bandcamp.com/music ***** Thank You Scientist: https://www.facebook.com/ThankYouScientist/ ***** Cranium Radio: http://craniumradio.com ***** doomtombpodcast@gmail.com Hit us up. ****** STAY HEAVY !!!
Diva Tech Talk interviewed Liz Armbruester, SVP, Global Compliance, at Avalara, which helps businesses get tax compliance right. Avalara partners with ERP providers, accounting, e-commerce and financial systems companies, to deliver cloud-based tax compliance solutions, for all transactions. Headquartered in Seattle, WA, Avalara was founded in 2004; went public in 2018; and has offices across the world From her early years, Liz was a multitasker. “I thrive on doing more than one thing at a time.” Her early aptitudes were in science, and math. From Villanova University, she transferred to the University of Arizona. Originally planning to be a doctor, Liz graduated with a major in molecular/cellular biology. It was during this formative college period that she learned “how impactful my instinct was and to listen and trust it.” This was a life-long lesson Liz applied many times, even with her own son, who made a similar decision in 2019 to transfer universities in pursuit of his dreams. Liz decided against medical school but “easily got jobs in the medical field.” Working with physicians, she “kept finding my way to the front office. Application software was coming to the fore.” Liz grasped an “opportunity to do something different.” She migrated to semiconductor provider, Zilog where she spent eight years. Then Liz moved to Vubiquity, a content distribution tech company, owned by tech media giant Amdocs. Vubiquity connects content owners to video providers, so that entertainment can be delivered to consumers on any screen. At both Zilog and Vubiquity, Liz wore multiple hats; worked on innovative projects; and often operated in between highly technical development teams and customers “as a translator” of requirements. Liz left Vubiquity, six years later, as Vice President of Operations, and Procurement, because she found herself “not showing up for dinner...which was not ok.” Moving from Vubiquity to Avalara, Liz made it clear that balance was key. Yet she committed to “operate, and scale like hell” to empower Avalara’s aggressive evolution. Liz accepted the challenge, to again “be the translator” between the vision, the partners who build/deliver solutions, and “an infinite number of customers.” Avalara teams, “are just brilliant and bring together all of the pieces; and cohesively work together” as the company’s client base has expanded. “Our finish line changes all the time,” Liz explained, because taxing authorities’ rules are ever-changing. Liz believes that transition to collaborative teamwork leadership is particularly hard for talented STEM experts. Often, she noted “one day, I am a ‘fixer’ and the next day, I have to be a ‘facilitator,’ and that transformation can be kind of tough. You can’t do it, all. You have to let go; let others.” Key to that is teaching, mentoring and inspiring colleagues and teammates. Avalara is also highly committed to a positive “intentional culture” including diversity in its ranks. Liz praised Amelia Ransom, the company’s Senior Director of Engagement and Diversity, “who has really raised the bar for us.” Working on D/I initiatives has been eye-opening and allowed Liz to empower diversity transition, including all of Avalara leadership “locking arms. It isn’t a project; it doesn’t have a beginning and an end and has shifted our perspective. I have seen hiring practices change,” said Liz. “I have seen the transparency with which we talk about bias radically change.” Liz would encourage anyone, at any career stage, to continuously “take a step back and look at the bigger picture” as it relates to “what you do, what you like to do, and what you're passionate about” in a disciplined fashion. “What are the things about what you do that make you successful?” Knowing your intrinsic aptitudes and how they apply to any challenge, is vital to personal progress. “Don’t just think about the tactical things you are doing. Take a step back and think about your skills, your unique characteristics.” Then apply them to your future goals. “It opens up and reframes your possibilities!” Make sure to check us out on online at www.divatechtalk.com, on Twitter @divatechtalks, and on Facebook at https://www.facebook.com/divatechtalk. And please listen to us on SoundCloud, Stitcher, or your favorite podcasting channel and provide an online review.
The Microchip Welcome to the History of Computing Podcast, where we explore the history of information technology. Because understanding the past prepares us for the innovations of the future! Todays episode is on the history of the microchip, or microprocessor. This was a hard episode, because it was the culmination of so many technologies. You don't know where to stop telling the story - and you find yourself writing a chronological story in reverse chronological order. But few advancements have impacted humanity the way the introduction of the microprocessor has. Given that most technological advances are a convergence of otherwise disparate technologies, we'll start the story of the microchip with the obvious choice: the light bulb. Thomas Edison first demonstrated the carbon filament light bulb in 1879. William Joseph Hammer, an inventor working with Edison, then noted that if he added another electrode to a heated filament bulb that it would glow around the positive pole in the vacuum of the bulb and blacken the wire and the bulb around the negative pole. 25 years later, John Ambrose Fleming demonstrated that if that extra electrode is made more positive than the filament the current flows through the vacuum and that the current could only flow from the filament to the electrode and not the other direction. This converted AC signals to DC and represented a boolean gate. In the 1904 Fleming was granted Great Britain's patent number 24850 for the vacuum tube, ushering in the era of electronics. Over the next few decades, researchers continued to work with these tubes. Eccles and Jordan invented the flip-flop circuit at London's City and Guilds Technical College in 1918, receiving a patent for what they called the Eccles-Jordan Trigger Circuit in 1920. Now, English mathematician George Boole back in the earlier part of the 1800s had developed Boolean algebra. Here he created a system where logical statements could be made in mathematical terms. Those could then be performed using math on the symbols. Only a 0 or a 1 could be used. It took awhile, John Vincent Atanasoff and grad student Clifford Berry harnessed the circuits in the Atanasoff-Berry computer in 1938 at Iowa State University and using Boolean algebra, successfully solved linear equations but never finished the device due to World War II, when a number of other technological advancements happened, including the development of the ENIAC by John Mauchly and J Presper Eckert from the University of Pennsylvania, funded by the US Army Ordinance Corps, starting in 1943. By the time it was taken out of operation, the ENIAC had 20,000 of these tubes. Each digit in an algorithm required 36 tubes. Ten digit numbers could be multiplied at 357 per second, showing the first true use of a computer. John Von Neumann was the first to actually use the ENIAC when they used one million punch cards to run the computations that helped propel the development of the hydrogen bomb at Los Alamos National Laboratory. The creators would leave the University and found the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation. Out of that later would come the Univac and the ancestor of todays Unisys Corporation. These early computers used vacuum tubes to replace gears that were in previous counting machines and represented the First Generation. But the tubes for the flip-flop circuits were expensive and had to be replaced way too often. The second generation of computers used transistors instead of vacuum tubes for logic circuits. The integrated circuit is basically a wire set into silicon or germanium that can be set to on or off based on the properties of the material. These replaced vacuum tubes in computers to provide the foundation of the boolean logic. You know, the zeros and ones that computers are famous for. As with most modern technologies the integrated circuit owes its origin to a number of different technologies that came before it was able to be useful in computers. This includes the three primary components of the circuit: the transistor, resistor, and capacitor. The silicon that chips are so famous for was actually discovered by Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1824. He heated potassium chips in a silica container and washed away the residue and viola - an element! The transistor is a semiconducting device that has three connections that amplify data. One is the source, which is connected to the negative terminal on a battery. The second is the drain, and is a positive terminal that, when touched to the gate (the third connection), the transistor allows electricity through. Transistors then acts as an on/off switch. The fact they can be on or off is the foundation for Boolean logic in modern computing. The resistor controls the flow of electricity and is used to control the levels and terminate lines. An integrated circuit is also built using silicon but you print the pattern into the circuit using lithography rather than painstakingly putting little wires where they need to go like radio operators did with the Cats Whisker all those years ago. The idea of the transistor goes back to the mid-30s when William Shockley took the idea of a cat's wicker, or fine wire touching a galena crystal. The radio operator moved the wire to different parts of the crystal to pick up different radio signals. Solid state physics was born when Shockley, who first studied at Cal Tech and then got his PhD in Physics, started working on a way to make these useable in every day electronics. After a decade in the trenches, Bell gave him John Bardeen and Walter Brattain who successfully finished the invention in 1947. Shockley went on to design a new and better transistor, known as a bipolar transistor and helped move us from vacuum tubes, which were bulky and needed a lot of power, to first gernanium, which they used initially and then to silicon. Shockley got a Nobel Prize in physics for his work and was able to recruit a team of extremely talented young PhDs to help work on new semiconductor devices. He became increasingly frustrated with Bell and took a leave of absence. Shockley moved back to his hometown of Palo Alto, California and started a new company called the Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory. He had some ideas that were way before his time and wasn't exactly easy to work with. He pushed the chip industry forward but in the process spawned a mass exodus of employees that went to Fairchild in 1957. He called them the “Traitorous 8” to create what would be Fairchild Semiconductors. The alumni of Shockley Labs ended up spawning 65 companies over the next 20 years that laid foundation of the microchip industry to this day, including Intel. . If he were easier to work with, we might not have had the innovation that we've seen if not for Shockley's abbrasiveness! All of these silicon chip makers being in a small area of California then led to that area getting the Silicon Valley moniker, given all the chip makers located there. At this point, people were starting to experiment with computers using transistors instead of vacuum tubes. The University of Manchester created the Transistor Computer in 1953. The first fully transistorized computer came in 1955 with the Harwell CADET, MIT started work on the TX-0 in 1956, and the THOR guidance computer for ICBMs came in 1957. But the IBM 608 was the first commercial all-transistor solid-state computer. The RCA 501, Philco Transac S-1000, and IBM 7070 took us through the age of transistors which continued to get smaller and more compact. At this point, we were really just replacing tubes with transistors. But the integrated circuit would bring us into the third generation of computers. The integrated circuit is an electronic device that has all of the functional blocks put on the same piece of silicon. So the transistor, or multiple transistors, is printed into one block. Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments patented the first miniaturized electronic circuit in 1959, which used germanium and external wires and was really more of a hybrid integrated Circuit. Later in 1959, Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor invented the first truly monolithic integrated circuit, which he received a patent for. While doing so independently, they are considered the creators of the integrated circuit. The third generation of computers was from 1964 to 1971, and saw the introduction of metal-oxide-silicon and printing circuits with photolithography. In 1965 Gordon Moore, also of Fairchild at the time, observed that the number of transistors, resistors, diodes, capacitors, and other components that could be shoved into a chip was doubling about every year and published an article with this observation in Electronics Magazine, forecasting what's now known as Moore's Law. The integrated circuit gave us the DEC PDP and later the IBM S/360 series of computers, making computers smaller, and brought us into a world where we could write code in COBOL and FORTRAN. A microprocessor is one type of integrated circuit. They're also used in audio amplifiers, analog integrated circuits, clocks, interfaces, etc. But in the early 60s, the Minuteman missal program and the US Navy contracts were practically the only ones using these chips, at this point numbering in the hundreds, bringing us into the world of the MSI, or medium-scale integration chip. Moore and Noyce left Fairchild and founded NM Electronics in 1968, later renaming the company to Intel, short for Integrated Electronics. Federico Faggin came over in 1970 to lead the MCS-4 family of chips. These along with other chips that were economical to produce started to result in chips finding their way into various consumer products. In fact, the MCS-4 chips, which split RAM , ROM, CPU, and I/O, were designed for the Nippon Calculating Machine Corporation and Intel bought the rights back, announcing the chip in Electronic News with an article called “Announcing A New Era In Integrated Electronics.” Together, they built the Intel 4004, the first microprocessor that fit on a single chip. They buried the contacts in multiple layers and introduced 2-phase clocks. Silicon oxide was used to layer integrated circuits onto a single chip. Here, the microprocessor, or CPU, splits the arithmetic and logic unit, or ALU, the bus, the clock, the control unit, and registers up so each can do what they're good at, but live on the same chip. The 1st generation of the microprocessor was from 1971, when these 4-bit chips were mostly used in guidance systems. This boosted the speed by five times. The forming of Intel and the introduction of the 4004 chip can be seen as one of the primary events that propelled us into the evolution of the microprocessor and the fourth generation of computers, which lasted from 1972 to 2010. The Intel 4004 had 2,300 transistors. The Intel 4040 came in 1974, giving us 3,000 transistors. It was still a 4-bit data bus but jumped to 12-bit ROM. The architecture was also from Faggin but the design was carried out by Tom Innes. We were firmly in the era of LSI, or Large Scale Integration chips. These chips were also used in the Busicom calculator, and even in the first pinball game controlled by a microprocessor. But getting a true computer to fit on a chip, or a modern CPU, remained an elusive goal. Texas Instruments ran an ad in Electronics with a caption that the 8008 was a “CPU on a Chip” and attempted to patent the chip, but couldn't make it work. Faggin went to Intel and they did actually make it work, giving us the first 8-bit microprocessor. It was then redesigned in 1972 as the 8080. A year later, the chip was fabricated and then put on the market in 1972. Intel made the R&D money back in 5 months and sparked the idea for Ed Roberts to build The Altair 8800. Motorola and Zilog brought competition in the 6900 and Z-80, which was used in the Tandy TRS-80, one of the first mass produced computers. N-MOSs transistors on chips allowed for new and faster paths and MOS Technology soon joined the fray with the 6501 and 6502 chips in 1975. The 6502 ended up being the chip used in the Apple I, Apple II, NES, Atari 2600, BBC Micro, Commodore PET and Commodore VIC-20. The MOS 6510 variant was then used in the Commodore 64. The 8086 was released in 1978 with 3,000 transistors and marked the transition to Intel's x86 line of chips, setting what would become the standard in future chips. But the IBM wasn't the only place you could find chips. The Motorola 68000 was used in the Sun-1 from Sun Microsystems, the HP 9000, the DEC VAXstation, the Comodore Amiga, the Apple Lisa, the Sinclair QL, the Sega Genesis, and the Mac. The chips were also used in the first HP LaserJet and the Apple LaserWriter and used in a number of embedded systems for years to come. As we rounded the corner into the 80s it was clear that the computer revolution was upon us. A number of computer companies were looking to do more than what they could do with he existing Intel, MOS, and Motorola chips. And ARPA was pushing the boundaries yet again. Carver Mead of Caltech and Lynn Conway of Xerox PARC saw the density of transistors in chips starting to plateau. So with DARPA funding they went out looking for ways to push the world into the VLSI era, or Very Large Scale Integration. The VLSI project resulted in the concept of fabless design houses, such as Broadcom, 32-bit graphics, BSD Unix, and RISC processors, or Reduced Instruction Set Computer Processor. Out of the RISC work done at UC Berkely came a number of new options for chips as well. One of these designers, Acorn Computers evaluated a number of chips and decided to develop their own, using VLSI Technology, a company founded by more Fairchild Semiconductor alumni) to manufacture the chip in their foundry. Sophie Wilson, then Roger, worked on an instruction set for the RISC. Out of this came the Acorn RISC Machine, or ARM chip. Over 100 billion ARM processors have been produced, well over 10 for every human on the planet. You know that fancy new A13 that Apple announced. It uses a licensed ARM core. Another chip that came out of the RISC family was the SUN Sparc. Sun being short for Stanford University Network, co-founder Andy Bchtolsheim, they were close to the action and released the SPARC in 1986. I still have a SPARC 20 I use for this and that at home. Not that SPARC has gone anywhere. They're just made by Oracle now. The Intel 80386 chip was a 32 bit microprocessor released in 1985. The first chip had 275,000 transistors, taking plenty of pages from the lessons learned in the VLSI projects. Compaq built a machine on it, but really the IBM PC/AT made it an accepted standard, although this was the beginning of the end of IBMs hold on the burgeoning computer industry. And AMD, yet another company founded by Fairchild defectors, created the Am386 in 1991, ending Intel's nearly 5 year monopoly on the PC clone industry and ending an era where AMD was a second source of Intel parts but instead was competing with Intel directly. We can thank AMD's aggressive competition with Intel for helping to keep the CPU industry going along Moore's law! At this point transistors were only 1.5 microns in size. Much, much smaller than a cats whisker. The Intel 80486 came in 1989 and again tracking against Moore's Law we hit the first 1 million transistor chip. Remember how Compaq helped end IBM's hold on the PC market? When the Intel 486 came along they went with AMD. This chip was also important because we got L1 caches, meaning that chips didn't need to send instructions to other parts of the motherboard but could do caching internally. From then on, the L1 and later L2 caches would be listed on all chips. We'd finally broken 100MHz! Motorola released the 68050 in 1990, hitting 1.2 Million transistors, and giving Apple the chip that would define the Quadra and also that L1 cache. The DEC Alpha came along in 1992, also a RISC chip, but really kicking off the 64-bit era. While the most technically advanced chip of the day, it never took off and after DEC was acquired by Compaq and Compaq by HP, the IP for the Alpha was sold to Intel in 2001, with the PC industry having just decided they could have all their money. But back to the 90s, ‘cause life was better back when grunge was new. At this point, hobbyists knew what the CPU was but most normal people didn't. The concept that there was a whole Univac on one of these never occurred to most people. But then came the Pentium. Turns out that giving a chip a name and some marketing dollars not only made Intel a household name but solidified their hold on the chip market for decades to come. While the Intel Inside campaign started in 1991, after the Pentium was released in 1993, the case of most computers would have a sticker that said Intel Inside. Intel really one upped everyone. The first Pentium, the P5 or 586 or 80501 had 3.1 million transistors that were 16.7 micrometers. Computers kept getting smaller and cheaper and faster. Apple answered by moving to the PowerPC chip from IBM, which owed much of its design to the RISC. Exactly 10 years after the famous 1984 Super Bowl Commercial, Apple was using a CPU from IBM. Another advance came in 1996 when IBM developed the Power4 chip and gave the world multi-core processors, or a CPU that had multiple CPU cores inside the CPU. Once parallel processing caught up to being able to have processes that consumed the resources on all those cores, we saw Intel's Pentium D, and AMD's Athlon 64 x2 released in May 2005 bringing multi-core architecture to the consumer. This led to even more parallel processing and an explosion in the number of cores helped us continue on with Moore's Law. There are now custom chips that reach into the thousands of cores today, although most laptops have maybe 4 cores in them. Setting multi-core architectures aside for a moment, back to Y2K when Justin Timberlake was still a part of NSYNC. Then came the Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Celeron, Pentium III, Xeon, Pentium M, Xeon LV, Pentium 4. On the IBM/Apple side, we got the G3 with 6.3 million transistors, G4 with 10.5 million transistors, and the G5 with 58 million transistors and 1,131 feet of copper interconnects, running at 3GHz in 2002 - so much copper that NSYNC broke up that year. The Pentium 4 that year ran at 2.4 GHz and sported 50 million transistors. This is about 1 transistor per dollar made off Star Trek: Nemesis in 2002. I guess Attack of the Clones was better because it grossed over 300 Million that year. Remember how we broke the million transistor mark in 1989? In 2005, Intel started testing Montecito with certain customers. The Titanium-2 64-bit CPU with 1.72 billion transistors, shattering the billion mark and hitting a billion two years earlier than projected. Apple CEO Steve Jobs announced Apple would be moving to the Intel processor that year. NeXTSTEP had been happy as a clam on Intel, SPARC or HP RISC so given the rapid advancements from Intel, this seemed like a safe bet and allowed Apple to tell directors in IT departments “see, we play nice now.” And the innovations kept flowing for the next decade and a half. We packed more transistors in, more cache, cleaner clean rooms, faster bus speeds, with Intel owning the computer CPU market and AMD slowly growing from the ashes of Acorn computer into the power-house that AMD cores are today, when embedded in other chips designs. I'd say not much interesting has happened, but it's ALL interesting, except the numbers just sound stupid they're so big. And we had more advances along the way of course, but it started to feel like we were just miniaturizing more and more, allowing us to do much more advanced computing in general. The fifth generation of computing is all about technologies that we today consider advanced. Artificial Intelligence, Parallel Computing, Very High Level Computer Languages, the migration away from desktops to laptops and even smaller devices like smartphones. ULSI, or Ultra Large Scale Integration chips not only tells us that chip designers really have no creativity outside of chip architecture, but also means millions up to tens of billions of transistors on silicon. At the time of this recording, the AMD Epic Rome is the single chip package with the most transistors, at 32 billion. Silicon is the seventh most abundant element in the universe and the second most in the crust of the planet earth. Given that there's more chips than people by a huge percentage, we're lucky we don't have to worry about running out any time soon! We skipped RAM in this episode. But it kinda' deserves its own, since RAM is still following Moore's Law, while the CPU is kinda' lagging again. Maybe it's time for our friends at DARPA to get the kids from Berkley working at VERYUltra Large Scale chips or VULSIs! Or they could sign on to sponsor this podcast! And now I'm going to go take a VERYUltra Large Scale nap. Gentle listeners I hope you can do that as well. Unless you're driving while listening to this. Don't nap while driving. But do have a lovely day. Thank you for listening to yet another episode of the History of Computing Podcast. We're so lucky to have you!
Sometimes I like taking the whole Open Metalcast headquarters music library and put it on shuffle mode. This morning I decided to record an episode completely made up of these tracks. The only rule was that it couldn't be something that I already played on the show (funnily enough one track didn't make the cut because of that reason). This episode features tracks from Lords of the Trident, Thicket, Raging Steel, Mindwarp, Vanagloria, Gangrel, Colossal Figures, Digger, Mental Waste, tao te kin, and Dr. Zilog. I'm a little worried that the forces of chaos are going to put me out of a job making these playlists. Perhaps the computers really are taking over. (00:35) Winds of the Storm by Lords of the Trident from Frostburn (BY-NC) (05:00) Colombian Necktie by Thicket from Origin (Single) (BY) (10:09) Altered Reality by Raging Steel from ST (BY-ND) (14:33) Adrenochrome by Mindwarp from Mindwarp EP (BY-NC-ND) (20:59) Resurgir by Vanagloria from Involución (BY-ND) (25:01) Terrorizer by Gangrel from Gangrel Strike EP (BY-ND) (28:28) Stone to Water by Colossal Figures from Clockwork Dilation (BY-NC-ND) (34:24) Digger - Evidence [2009] - Y.K.I.B. Klauz by Digger from Evidence... is written in the noizz - Full Album (BY-NC-SA) (39:10) Infection by Mental Waste from Meltdown (BY-NC-SA) (39:54) Fragil by tao te kin from Abada (BY-NC-ND) (47:05) The Speed of Bit by Dr. Zilog from Vulgar Fractions (BY-NC-SA) Please support the bands in this show! Buy a T-Shirt, buy an album, or head to the shows. Whatever you can do to help these bands keep making music, please do it! If you have any suggestions for Creative Commons licensed metal, send me a link at craig@openmetalcast.com. Open Metalcast #177 (MP3) Open Metalcast #177 (OGG) This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
In our podcast "Turbo Sidekicks Online" we'll be making funny life observations as well reflecting on our pasts as 2 nerdy kids growing up in the South. We'll be covering what we've watched, played, read, and experienced that has us super pumped. Special thanks to Dr. Zilog! We love this band and they were kind enough to let us use their music in this podcast. Check them out here: http://drzilog.com/
On this episode of Changing Denver -- the finale of season 2! -- we venture into the animal kingdom (as far into it as we can get without leaving the city, that is). This is a story about societal norms surrounding animal exhibitions, and it only begins at the Denver Zoo. Thanks for another successful season, everyone. Your continued support means the world to us. We'll be back in a few months with new episodes, and we may have a few surprises in store before then. - Make sure to watch one of the slick promo videos on the Wild Animal Sanctuary's site here. Here's where you can find Marc Bekoff's new book, The Animals' Agenda. You don't need me to give you this link to the Denver Zoo. - Our theme song is "Minnow" by Felix Fast4ward. Also heard in this episode were the songs "Goodbye Graveyard" by Shark Dreams; "Riverside" and "Greyhound" by The Milk Blossoms, "Baby Seal" by Weird al Qaida, "Tweak a Bit" by Dr. Zilog, and a selection of tracks off the album Container Ship by The Kevin Costner Suicide Pact. - Learn more about Changing Denver at our site, www.changingdenver.com, or follow us on Twitter at @ChangingDenver. For behind-the-scenes goodies, personal tidbits, local music recommendations, occasional bonus interviews and more, sign up for our newsletter. Thanks for listening!
eve Blank spent 21 years in 8 high technology companies. His last company E,piphany was started in his living room. Steve's other startups include two semiconductor companies, Zilog and MIPS Computers, a workstation company Convergent Technologies, a consulting stint for Pixar, a supercomputer firm, Ardent, a computer peripheral supplier, SuperMac, a military intelligence systems supplier, ESL and a video game company, Rocket Science Games. In 2001 Steve moved from being an entrepreneur to teaching entrepreneurship. He teaches at at U.C. Berkeley, Stanford's MS&E department and the Columbia University/Berkeley Joint Executive MBA program. Steve is the author of the Four Steps to the Epiphany, Holding a Cat by the Tail and The Startup Owner's Manual.
eve Blank spent 21 years in 8 high technology companies. His last company E,piphany was started in his living room. Steve's other startups include two semiconductor companies, Zilog and MIPS Computers, a workstation company Convergent Technologies, a consulting stint for Pixar, a supercomputer firm, Ardent, a computer peripheral supplier, SuperMac, a military intelligence systems supplier, ESL and a video game company, Rocket Science Games. In 2001 Steve moved from being an entrepreneur to teaching entrepreneurship. He teaches at at U.C. Berkeley, Stanford's MS&E department and the Columbia University/Berkeley Joint Executive MBA program. Steve is the author of the Four Steps to the Epiphany, Holding a Cat by the Tail and The Startup Owner's Manual.
Here's a heavy demo track from my new album Obstreperous. Used Ableton Live with Chipsounds, Drum Forge and Bias FX. 2020 Creative Commons CC Attribution Noncommercial No Derivative Works (BY-NC-ND)
One of the more chill tracks off my new album, Unknown Command. Available on audio cassette and digital download at drzilog.com 2020 Creative Commons CC Attribution Noncommercial No Derivative Works (BY-NC-ND)
One thing that most bands will tell you is that they keep making music for their fans. That's true of podcasts as well. You're part of the reason I do this podcast. Yes you, the one with the really neat smartphone. And you, the one who listens on the website. And I see you, site that re-broadcasts our content. Seriously, it's because of you that we all keep doing this. So give yourself a pat on the back for being awesome. Because if it weren't for you I'd be playing this all by my lonesome. Kudos! We have a great show lined up for you, including new music from Fall of Man, Red Raw, Kudai, Subterranean Disposition, Defying, Holistic Hobos, Mesmer, and Dr. Zilog. It's a mixture of metal I hope you enjoy and share with your friends. (00:10) Remain In My Eyes by Fall Of Man from Sculpting an Era of Decadence (BY-NC-ND) (04:56) Shut Up and Obey by Red Raw from Shut Up and Obey (BY-NC-ND) (11:31) Beelzebub by Kudai from VII (BY-NC-SA) (16:00) Wooden Kimono Fixative by Subterranean Disposition from Contagiuum and the Landscapes of Failure (BY-ND) (26:53) Irreversible by Defying from The Splinter of Light We Misread (BY-NC-SA) (34:05) Baby Chainsaw by Holistic Hobos from Deaf Proof / Holistic Hobos Split (BY-NC-ND) (42:36) Tyrant by Mesmer from Mesmer EP (BY-NC-ND) (49:58) Fractured Fractals by Dr. Zilog from Unknown Command (BY-NC-SA) Please support the bands in this show! Buy a T-Shirt, buy an album, head to the shows, or carve their name on your abdomen. Whatever you can do to help these bands keep making music, please do it! If you have any suggestions for Creative Commons licensed metal, send me a link at craig@openmetalcast.com. Open Metalcast #132 (MP3) Open Metalcast #132 (OGG)
The most important early customers for your startup usually turn out to be quite different from who you think they’re going to be. When I was at Zilog, the Z8000 peripheral chips included the new “Serial Communications Controller” (SCC). As the (very junior) product marketing manager I got a call from our local salesman that someone at Apple wanted more technical information than just the spec sheets about our new (not yet shipping) chip.
Watch us record the podcast, warts and all Episode 25: The Return of Chris McDonough, bootstrapping pip, projects and playgrounds, and the death of Open Source consulting The problem with having an awesome guest like Chris McDonough on the podcast is you have a really hard time topping that. So what better way to kick off the cobwebs of the podcast than to invite Chris back. Well, add to that three provocative topics (one of which was penned my Chris himself) and you have as good an excuse as any to bring back Lococast from the podcast brink. We also took the opportunity to record it as a Google Hangout so if you want to see our unvarnished smiling faces you can. If you'd rather let your imagination run wild (and your psyche unharmed) you also have the option of listening to our regularly generated audio file. Shownotes: https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2013-September/128723.html http://alexgaynor.net/2013/sep/08/your-project-doesnt-mean-your-playground/ http://www.plope.com/is_open_source_consulting_dead Music: (00:00) Remain in trance (Evening Ritual) by Aylwin from Split album (BY-NC-SA) (14:52) All Alone With Me (instrumental) by Cancer Killing Gemini from It Only Hurts When We Breathe (Instrumental) (BY-NC-SA) (22:55) Damage is Done by Neurotech from The Decipher Volumes (BY-SA) (41:21) Lord of the Algorithms by Dr. Zilog from Vulgar Fractions (BY-NC-SA)
Too long have we waited in the shadows, hoping for a change that never comes. The time to wait is over, now it is time to act. (00:24) My Life Last Breath by Acumen Nation from Anticore (BY-NC-ND) (04:06) Machine Vision by I:Scintilla from Optics (BY-NC-ND) (08:42) No Longer (feat. Nyku Decode) (Mind-Sex Mix by Freaky Mind) by Dirty Bird 13 from Mix Collector (None) (16:09) Cyber Female by Fetish'ist from Synthematika Four (BY-NC-ND) (20:27) Triumph by Neurotech from (Single) (BY-SA) (24:13) Drinking Air by Cyborgs On Crack from Drinking Air With Eyes (BY-NC) (28:24) I've Sold Your Organs on the Black Market to Finance the Purchase of a Used Minivan by Everything Goes Cold from Prepare To Be Refrigerated (BY-NC-ND) (33:09) Collision by AlibiTrax from Synthematika Four (None) (36:07) Satan Is Going To Visit This Party by Freaky Mind from More Manifests (BY-NC-ND) (40:58) Cybergeist by Crytek from Synthematika Four (BY-NC-ND) (45:15) Vulgar Fractions by Dr. Zilog from Vulgar Fractions (BY-NC-SA) Please support the bands in this show! Buy a T-Shirt, head to the shows, or put their music onto a USB key in a time capsule. Wait, do we even have USB keys in the future? Apparently 8 inch floppy disks are all the rage now. Well, whatever you can do to help these bands keep making music, please do it! Also check out the other great podcasts at Metal Injection, and be sure to listen to all of the great shows (including Open Metalcast) streaming 24/7 at Metalinjection.FM. If you have any suggestions for Creative Commons licensed metal, send me a link at craig@openmetalcast.com. Special thanks to MP3 Tribute for liberating some of the albums in this show. Open Metalcast Special Episode: Club Metal #13 (MP3) Open Metalcast Special Episode: Club Metal #13 (OGG)
Too long have we waited in the shadows, hoping for a change that never comes. The time to wait is over, now it is time to act. Show notes and links to the bands after the break: * (00:24) My Life Last Breath by Acumen Nation from Anticore (BY-NC-ND) * (04:06) Machine Vision by I:Scintilla from Optics (BY-NC-ND) * (08:42) No Longer (feat. Nyku Decode) (Mind-Sex Mix by Freaky Mind) by Dirty Bird 13 from Mix Collector (None) * (16:09) Cyber Female by Fetish’ist from Synthematika Four (BY-NC-ND) * (20:27) Triumph by Neurotech from (Single) (BY-SA) * (24:13) Drinking Air by Cyborgs On Crack from Drinking Air With Eyes (BY-NC) * (28:24) I've Sold Your Organs on the Black Market to Finance the Purchase of a Used Minivan by Everything Goes Cold from Prepare To Be Refrigerated (BY-NC-ND) * (33:09) Collision by AlibiTrax from Synthematika Four (None) * (36:07) Satan Is Going To Visit This Party by Freaky Mind from More Manifests (BY-NC-ND) * (40:58) Cybergeist by Crytek from Synthematika Four (BY-NC-ND) * (45:15) Vulgar Fractions by Dr. Zilog from Vulgar Fractions (BY-NC-SA) Please support the bands in this show! Buy a T-Shirt, head to the shows, or put their music onto a USB key in a time capsule. Wait, do we even have USB keys in the future? Apparently 8 inch floppy disks are all the rage now. Well, whatever you can do to help these bands keep making music, please do it! Also check out the other great podcasts at Metal Injection, and be sure to listen to all of the great shows (including Open Metalcast) streaming 24/7 at Metalinjection.FM. If you have any suggestions for Creative Commons licensed metal, send me a link at craig@openmetalcast.com. Special thanks to MP3 Tribute for liberating some of the albums in this show.
2013 is going to be a great year. Don't believe me? Well, for starters, in this first episode of 2013, we have over 45 minutes of awesome Creative Commons metal music to ring your eardrums into the new year. Hopefully your new year resolution isn't giving up metal, because you won't want to miss these great releases. And if your New Year's Resolution is being more generous, you're in luck, because you can share these tracks with your friends, neighbors, or whomever you like. Just make sure to give credit to the artists. Shownotes and links follow: (00:10) Kampfbereit by Khadaver from New World Disorder (BY-NC-ND) (03:58) Four by Manuscriptum from EP (BY-NC-ND) (08:21) Wicked Fate by Raging Steel from Raging Steel EP 2012 (Coming soon) (BY-ND) (14:09) Grindpa by Mordotua from Grindpa Single (BY-NC-ND) (17:18) Heroes and Villains by Judicator from Heroes and Villains (BY-NC-ND) (29:01) Iter ad lucem pt. I by Urna from Iter ad lucem (BY-SA) (38:10) Mother Tree by She Was The Universe from Mother Tree (single 2012) (BY-NC-SA) (44:44) The Night The Cylons Landed by Dr. Zilog from Vulgar Fractions (BY-NC-SA) Please support the bands in this show! Buy a T-Shirt, head to the shows, or make a vintage wine with their logo on the label. Whatever you can do to help these bands keep making music, please do it! Also check out the other great podcasts at Metal Injection, and be sure to listen to all of the great shows (including Open Metalcast) streaming 24/7 at Metalinjection.FM. If you have any suggestions for Creative Commons licensed metal, send me a link at craig@openmetalcast.com. Open Metalcast #063 (MP3) Open Metalcast #063 (OGG)
2013 is going to be a great year. Don't believe me? Well, for starters, in this first episode of 2013, we have over 45 minutes of awesome Creative Commons metal music to ring your eardrums into the new year. Hopefully your new year resolution isn't giving up metal, because you won't want to miss these great releases. And if your New Year's Resolution is being more generous, you're in luck, because you can share these tracks with your friends, neighbors, or whomever you like. Just make sure to give credit to the artists. Shownotes and links follow after the break: * (00:10) Kampfbereit by Khadaver from New World Disorder (BY-NC-ND) * (03:58) Four by Manuscriptum from EP (BY-NC-ND) * (08:21) Wicked Fate by Raging Steel from Raging Steel EP 2012 (Coming soon) (BY-ND) * (14:09) Grindpa by Mordotua from Grindpa Single (BY-NC-ND) * (17:18) Heroes and Villains by Judicator from Heroes and Villains (BY-NC-ND) * (29:01) Iter ad lucem pt. I by Urna from Iter ad lucem (BY-SA) * (38:10) Mother Tree by She Was The Universe from Mother Tree (single 2012) (BY-NC-SA) * (44:44) The Night The Cylons Landed by Dr. Zilog from Vulgar Fractions (BY-NC-SA) Please support the bands in this show! Buy a T-Shirt, head to the shows, or make a vintage wine with their logo on the label. Whatever you can do to help these bands keep making music, please do it! Also check out the other great podcasts at Metal Injection, and be sure to listen to all of the great shows (including Open Metalcast) streaming 24/7 at Metalinjection.FM. If you have any suggestions for Creative Commons licensed metal, send me a link at craig@openmetalcast.com.
Este é o episódio 17 do Retrocomputaria. O dossiê agora é sobre o Zilog Z80, um dos processadores emblemáticos dos anos 70 e 80. Neste episódio, falamos da origem da Zilog e do Z80 (dica: Intel 8080), damos um passeio por dentro do processador, as vantagens do Z80 sobre outros processadores concorrentes, os desafios de … Continue lendo Episódio 17 – Parte A – Z80 →
This week we talk about some game-related stuff, including the CoD MW2 Collector's Edition, video game t-shirts, introducing your kids to games, controllers and a bunch of other topics. Then we go into the game tapes we've been playing this week, which includes Monkey Island (Special Edition and Tales of), Box Life, Power Pro Baseball iPhone, Tour De France XBLA, EA Sports Active, Pulseman and Base 10.Thanks for listening! Don't forget to visit our new web site at www.playeronepodcast.com. You can leave us a voicemail by calling 713-893-8069 or you can send a comment via MP3 to our email address, playeronepodcast@gmail.com. Don't forget to join our forums if you haven't already!This week's links:Dr. Zilog's 8bitcollective.com profile (interstitial music)PulsemanPower Pro Baseball iPhoneSchooner is a Sailboat
At last the 1st episode of the "8bc open mic" podcast is now available for download.http://milkcrate.com.au/silreq/8bcopenmic/8bc_open_mic_episode_1.mp3Our featured artist this time is "microchip" for more info on him goto:http://www.8bitcollective.com/members/microchip/also:http://www.myspace.com/microchiptunesand:http://microchip.bandcamp.mu/Now I will apologize ahead of time for us, you see when this was recorded microchip was sick, I was sick, and the robot. . .well he's just a c*ck-smoker that made things difficult as usual. . . So I apologize now for not being able to understand some of the things we are saying, a bit stuffy sounding you see.Also this show needs an intro, something 30sec to around a minute. I will leave this open to any 8bc members that wish to contribute and I will switch them as often as I get ones that I like. I would like to use a different one for each episode.I hope you enjoy this episode enough that you will send in your own live submissions.for info on submission rules and procedures goto:http://www.8bitcollective.com/forums/viewtopic.php?id=8633Credits for this episode:Microchip - for the live performanceDr. Zilog - for the outro songsilreq - for sh*tty background music during interview and post show bullsh*t sessionAny questions, comments, hate mail, or whatever send them to eitherSILREQ:silreq / at mindspring / dot comor THE ROBOT:therobot /at mindspring /dot com-sr-
Marketing is the interface a company builds to interact with the marketplace and the customer base. The marketing group, combined with the sales force, is the point in the company where the market understanding resides. This should be the group that drives the company, that sells the marketing vision and message internally, and if that is not happening or doesn’t seem appropriate, there is something seriously wrong. Big M Marketing focuses on the broader more strategic use of marketing have having solid processes in place to take advantage of this. I sought the advice of Dave Guzeman president of Mindpik and author of a recent book called – Driving Marketing Success with Big M Marketing. Proven Big M Marketing Techniques About Dave Dave Guzeman Mindpik's Mastermind, has combined sophisticated technical savvy with keen marketing instincts for over 30 years. A veteran Silicon Valley marketer, Guzeman founded the Mindpik consultancy in 1988 to develop sales and marketing programs for new product launches, startups and turnarounds. Guzeman directs all of Mindpik’s efforts to build business plans for capital acquisition or sales of companies or products to targeted markets. Mindpik clients have included semiconductor powerhouses like Signetics (now Philips) to inventive start-ups like Music Semiconductor and u-Nav microprocessors. Prior to starting Mindpik, Guzeman held executive marketing positions including VP of Marketing at Zilog and VP of Marketing & Sales at ZyMOS. At the latter, he was responsible for introducing the industry’s first PC clone chipset, a release that triggered the PC clone avalanche. Guzeman started the Advertising and PR department at Intel in the mid-seventies where he worked with the company’s founding partners to launch the legendary 8080 microprocessor which set the architecture and instruction set Intel still uses today. Guzeman came to Intel from Teledyne Semiconductor, his first stop in Silicon Valley, where he served as the Digital Product marketing Manager after graduation with a BS in Physics from Aurora University in Illinois. The post Proven Big M Marketing Techniques first appeared on Marketing Darwinism.
Marketing is the interface a company builds to interact with the marketplace and the customer base. The marketing group, combined with the sales force, is the point in the company where the market understanding resides. This should be the group that drives the company, that sells the marketing vision and message internally, and if that is not happening or doesn’t seem appropriate, there is something seriously wrong. Big M Marketing focuses on the broader more strategic use of marketing have having solid processes in place to take advantage of this. I sought the advice of Dave Guzeman president of Mindpik and author of a recent book called – Driving Marketing Success with Big M Marketing. Proven Big M Marketing Techniques About Dave Dave Guzeman Mindpik’s Mastermind, has combined sophisticated technical savvy with keen marketing instincts for over 30 years. A veteran Silicon Valley marketer, Guzeman founded the Mindpik consultancy in 1988 to develop sales and marketing programs for new product launches, startups and turnarounds. Guzeman directs all of Mindpik’s efforts to build business plans for capital acquisition or sales of companies or products to targeted markets. Mindpik clients have included semiconductor powerhouses like Signetics (now Philips) to inventive start-ups like Music Semiconductor and u-Nav microprocessors. Prior to starting Mindpik, Guzeman held executive marketing positions including VP of Marketing at Zilog and VP of Marketing & Sales at ZyMOS. At the latter, he was responsible for introducing the industry’s first PC clone chipset, a release that triggered the PC clone avalanche. Guzeman started the Advertising and PR department at Intel in the mid-seventies where he worked with the company’s founding partners to launch the legendary 8080 microprocessor which set the architecture and instruction set Intel still uses today. Guzeman came to Intel from Teledyne Semiconductor, his first stop in Silicon Valley, where he served as the Digital Product marketing Manager after graduation with a BS in Physics from Aurora University in Illinois.
This is a Finnish Podcast about retro stuff, got friends that speaks finnish? Tell them. Shownotes: Episode 2: Katsokaa mielellään meidän sisarpodcastia: The place Podcast: http://juusio.podomatic.com Topic: Sega master system: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega_Master_System Master system 1: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Sega_master_system.jpeg Master system 2: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Master_System_II.jpg Loput kuvat löydät Sega master system sivulta Wikipediasta. Musiikki lopussa on Intro musiikki pelistä Golden Axe warior, jos haluat lukea enemmän siitä niin tässä on englantilainen selitys ja kuvia pelistä: http://www.mobygames.com/game/golden-axe-warrior Intro Musiikki on Warcraft 2 pelimusiikkia, mutta cover siitä jota itse tein, Laittakaa epostia/sähköpostia osoitteeseen: levycast@podomatic.com tai podlevycast@yahoo.se Muistakaa äänestää meitä osoitteesta: http://www.podcastalley.com Sieltä etsitte ”levycast” ja äänestätte kirjoittamalla sähköpostiosoitteen sinne, et saa roskapostia sieltä, vain että sun pitää hyväksyä äänestäminen.
This witty comment intentionally left blank.Welcome to Show 047! This week's Topic: The Z80 Microprocessor! Topics and links discussed in the podcast... Apple history abounds, courtesy of The Apple Computer History Weblog, and the Apple II History site!Obsolete Technology? We love it! Check out the Obsolete Technology Website at oldcomputers.net.Computer Collector Newsletter is now Technology Rewind. Congratulations on the new site!How many computers used the Z80? Well, at least more than 200, and this site has them listed...Yes, Zilog still makes Z80s! Excellent!Wikipedia's Z80 page has good stuff.The Z80 Official Support Page will give you years of Z80 reading pleasure.MyZ80 will give you the Z80 experience on a modern day PC. It is one of many Z80 / CP/M emulator solutions out there.Check out the WinApe Amstrad emulator for a Z80 experience in a mainstream home retrocomputer emulation.If all of this is not enough for you, and you want a Z80 FPGA core (for free!), have at look at the T80 page on the Opencores.org site. Be sure to send any comments, questions or feedback to retrobits@gmail.com. For online discussions on Retrobits Podcast topics, check out the Retrobits Podcast forum on the PETSCII Forums page! Our Theme Song is "Sweet" from the "Re-Think" album by Galigan. Thanks for listening! - Earl
© 2020-2025 Ivy Podcast Discovery LLC
