Podcasts about ARPANET

För trettio år sedan fick vanliga svenskar tillgång till internet, vilket lade grunden för ett kommunikationsskifte i klass med tryckpressens genombrott. Det tidiga internet präglades av frihet och en nyfiken upptäckarglädje på ett i huvudsak svenskt internet.Tio år senare kontrollerades de viktigaste internettjänsterna, såsom Google och Facebook, av en handfull män i Silicon Valley. Vårt informationsflöde styrdes av algoritmer präglade av amerikansk teknikdeterminism. När smarttelefonerna sedan slog igenom blev många människor algoritmernas slavar.I detta avsnitt av podden Historia Nu samtalar historikern och förläggaren Hugo Nordland med journalisten och författaren Urban Lindstedt om den svenska internethistorien. Lindstedt är aktuell med boken Framtidslöftet: Historien om hur internet förändrade Sverige.Sverige, som redan på 1950-talet byggde några av världens främsta datorer, var en bördig grogrund för den digitala revolutionen. När persondatorerna på 1980-talet började ersätta stordatorerna experimenterade svenska datavetare med anslutningar till det amerikanska Arpanet, som senare skulle utvecklas till internet.I början av 1990-talet präglades Sverige av förändring. Efter kalla krigets slut och Berlinmurens fall dominerade nyliberala idéer både globalt och i Sverige. Offentliga monopol avskaffades, marknader avreglerades och den tekniska utvecklingen öppnade dörrar för entreprenörer att utmana gamla strukturer. Telekomsektorn avreglerades 1993, vilket innebar slutet för Televerkets monopol och banade väg för framväxten av kommersiella internetleverantörer som Swipnet.Internet slog igenom i Sverige under denna period av nyliberalism och teknikoptimism. Svenskarna lockades av löftet om nya möjligheter för den vanliga människan att göra sin röst hörd. Företagen verkade på en friktionsfri marknad där förmögenhet tycktes vara inom räckhåll utan större ansträngning. Sverige gick från en medievärld där två statliga tv-kanaler försökte informera – och ibland tråka ut – befolkningen till ett kaos av underhållning och desinformation. Att handla i fysiska butiker ersattes av omedelbar digital tillfredsställelse, skärpt av algoritmer.Under 2000-talet skedde ett paradigmskifte. Amerikanska tjänster som Google och Facebook introducerades och fick snabbt genomslag även i Sverige. Google, med sin enkla och kraftfulla sökmotor, gjorde det möjligt att på några sekunder hitta information som tidigare krävde timmar av research. Facebook, som slog igenom globalt runt 2007, förändrade hur svenskar kommunicerade, skapade nätverk och delade sina liv online.Bild: Sveriges digitala revolution – från de första internetanslutningarna på 1990-talet till dagens algoritmstyrda informationsflöde. Teknikoptimism, avreglering och globala plattformar har format hur svenskar kommunicerar, handlar och tar del av nyheter. DreamHack Summer 2008. Av Possan. CC BY 2.0Musik; Button Masher. Av Amber Waldron. Storyblock Audio.Klippare: Emanuel Lehtonen Vill du stödja podden och samtidigt höra ännu mer av Historia Nu? Gå med i vårt gille genom att klicka här: https://plus.acast.com/s/historianu-med-urban-lindstedt. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Rich Kahn, Co-Founder and CEO of Anura, joins the podcast to share his journey from a high school tech enthusiast to a leading expert in digital ad fraud detection. With decades of experience in digital marketing, Rich has built and sold multiple companies, including an Inc. 5000 business, and was honored with the Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award for Technology. Now, with Anura, he is on a mission to expose and eliminate fraud in digital advertising, helping businesses protect their ad spend and improve campaign performance.In this episode, you'll discover:From Early Internet Pioneer to Ad Fraud ExpertHow Rich's fascination with ARPANET and early online networks led him to launch innovative digital ventures, eventually culminating in Anura.The Hidden Cost of Ad FraudHow fraudsters—including organized crime syndicates—exploit programmatic advertising, costing businesses billions annually.How Anura Detects and Prevents FraudThe difference between general invalid traffic (GIVT) and sophisticated invalid traffic (SIVT), and why most fraud detection solutions fall short.The Real Impact on Brands and AgenciesWhy 25–50 percent of programmatic ad traffic is fraudulent and how companies unknowingly waste millions on non-human impressions.How to Protect Your Business from Ad FraudRich shares practical strategies for brands and agencies to detect fraud, optimize their ad spend, and demand accountability from ad platforms.Building a Resilient Business in Digital MarketingLessons from Rich's entrepreneurial journey, from bootstrapping businesses to navigating industry shifts and staying ahead of fraudsters.Rich's Top Tips for Businesses and MarketersDon't hire friends—business and personal relationships don't always mix.Always validate your marketing data—bad data leads to bad decisions.Set up a retained earnings account to fund growth opportunities without external capital.Connect with Rich and Learn MoreWebsite: AnuraLinkedIn: Rich Kahn

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It’s history day on N Is For Networking! We learn about the development of IPv6 directly from Bob Hinden, one of the pioneers who made it happen. Bob discusses his journey from early work on ARPANET to his significant contributions to IPv6. We also cover the transition from IPv4, the challenges faced during IPv6’s creation,... Read more »

It’s history day on N Is For Networking! We learn about the development of IPv6 directly from Bob Hinden, one of the pioneers who made it happen. Bob discusses his journey from early work on ARPANET to his significant contributions to IPv6. We also cover the transition from IPv4, the challenges faced during IPv6’s creation,... Read more »

▶ Dans le Tempo # 81 C'est le retour du podcast des passionnés de musique et, pour ce 81e épisode, Salman et Daz ont reçu un professionnel au parcours particulièrement riche : Marc Teissier du Cros. Marc se fait d'abord connaître en tant que directeur artistique du label Source (Virgin), notamment en découvrant deux groupes qui vont vite connaître le succès : Air et Phoenix. C'est d'ailleurs avec Air qu'il opère un changement en 2000, puisqu'ils vont fonder ensemble, accompagnés par Stéphane Elfassi, leur label : Record Makers. L'aventure Record Makers démarre sur les chapeaux de roue avec la BO du film Virgin Suicides de Sofia Coppola. Marc va alors prendre en main le label, et Sébastien Tellier sera sa première signature, puis viendront Arpanet, Klub des Loosers ou encore Kavinsky. Marc raconte d'ailleurs pour DLT les coulisses de la création du mythique Nightcall, que l'on retrouvera sur la BO du film Drive. Enfin, cet épisode de Dans le Tempo est aussi l'occasion de revenir sur l'évolution du rôle des labels, et l'importance de l'entourage à une époque où l'indépendance est très valorisée. N'hésitez pas à naviguer entre les chapitres en fonction de vos intérêts ! ▶ Sommaire : 00:00 Présentation de l'invité 03:14 Les débuts de Record Makers et la crise du disque 1:13:36 Se forger une identité de label 2:04:55 Les labels aujourd'hui, toujours pertinents ? 2:15:14 Recommandations Technique : La Bouclette Montage : François Brétéché

29 octobre 1969, ARPANET, le premier réseau à transfert de paquets, voit le jour dans les bureaux américains de la DARPA, une agence de projets de recherche pour la défense. Cette date signe la naissance du réseau des réseaux : Internet. Pour autant, est-ce que le début de cette histoire correspond réellement aux débuts d'Internet ? Si l'on aime raconter cette histoire d'un Internet militaire,qui aurait été récupéré par les hippies à des fins d'abord humanistes, il existe des récits alternatifs, plus critiques, voire même une contre-histoire.Dans cet épisode, nous recevons Félix Tréguer, membre de La Quadrature du Net et sociologue, pour échanger sur les thématiques et les analyses de son livre Contre-histoire d'Internet, du XVe siècle à nos jours.----Dans Azerty, nous explorons notre société numérique aux côtés d'invités qui l'étudient, la critiquent ou y contribuent. Si cet épisode vous a plu, n'hésitez pas à nous laisser des étoiles, un commentaire, et à vous abonner au podcast.Suivez-nous sur instagram: @azertypodcastNotre invité est Félix Téguer, chercher associé au Centre Internet et Société du CNRS et membre de la Quadrature du Net.Suivre la Quadrature du net sur son site web.Retrouvez les deux derniers ouvrages de Félix Tréguer : - Contre-histoire d'internet- TechnopoliceCrédits:Animation par Alexandre Allain et Guglielmo Fernandez GarciaIdentité visuelle par Arnaud CaudalCommunication vidéo par Louis-Nicolas Allain

Vice Chairman of Parler and designer of the new Parler platform, Bryan Ferre joins the program to discuss the need for a paradigm change in how we live. We discuss the damaging role of Universal Income and discuss realistic alternatives. Along the way we entertain new ways of living and we share the true history of blockchain.Learn more about the opportunity to purchase a Parler Node at https://join.optio.community/6FQDhc

Your body's fat could predict Alzheimer's disease up to 20 years ahead of symptoms, plus a 74-year-old bird might be a mom again. And, on This Day in History, we look back at ARPANET and how it led us to the internet we know today. Hidden fat predicts Alzheimer's 20 years ahead of symptoms | ScienceDaily Wisdom, The World's Oldest Bird, Lays Egg At 74 Years Old After Finding New Mate | IFLScience Wisdom: World's oldest known wild bird lays egg at '74' | BBC Albatross - Description, Habitat, Image, Diet, and Interesting Facts | Animals Network ARPANET - Packet Data, Networking, Internet | Britannica A Brief History of the Internet | Stanford Contact the show - coolstuffcommute@gmail.com Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

GeneralDr. Richard Saunders is an academic librarian and former Dean of Library Services at SouthernUtah University. A graduate of Utah State University, he holds a library degree from BrighamYoung University and a PhD from the University of Memphis with an emphasis on the socialhistory of recent America, and is professionally accredited by the Academy of CertifiedArchivists. His professional work experience includes service at the Utah State HistoricalSociety, Montana State University, in the production side of commercial publishing, and at theUniversity of Tennessee at Martin. Though a professional librarian, he has conducted historicalresearch across the US and published widely, on Yellowstone literature, early Utah printing,Montana history, the work of historian Dale L. Morgan, Tennessee novelist Harry Kroll, and thecivil rights movement in the rural South during the 1950s and 60s.HistoryDr. Richard Saunders is an academic librarian and former Dean of Library Services at SouthernUtah University. A graduate of Utah State University, he holds graduate degrees in history fromUSU and the University of Memphis. His career in history has centered on preserving thesources of history as a Certified Archivist and special collections librarian, but he has alsoresearched, written, and published widely in historical topics including Yellowstone, theAmerican West, Mormons, American popular literature, and the US civil rights movement. Hisbiography of Utah native and historian of western America Dale L. Morgan was named a Finalistin 2024 for the Evans Biography Prize. He is currently at work on a study of post-war social andeconomic change in the rural South, focusing on several counties in West Tennessee.LibraryDr. Richard Saunders is the former Dean of Library Services at Southern Utah University andhas been an archivist and librarian since the days of typewriters and ARPAnet. He holds alibrary degree from Brigham Young University, one of the library-school casualties of the 1990s,a PhD in History from the University of Memphis, and has been a member of the Academy ofCertified Archivists since 1992. Since 1988 he has worked as an archivist or librarian at theUtah State Historical Society, Montana State University, University of Tennessee at Martin, andSouthern Utah University where he was dean from 2014 to 2018. Dr. Saunders currently servesas the editor of RBM, ACRL's journal of special collections librarianship.PrintingDr. Richard Saunders, academic librarian and former Dean of Library Services at Southern UtahUniversity, has been a student of printing, type, and publishing for over two decades. Informedby activity as an amateur handset printer and craft bookbinder, his scope of interest includesindustrial-scale papermaking, typography, printing, and both historical and descriptivebibliography. He worked professionally in the production side of commercial publishing in the1990s during the industry's transition from filmsetting to direct-to-plate technology. Dr.Saunders has guest-lectured to college students and the public in classes and at symposia atinstitutions including Brigham Young University and the University of Tennessee. Hisprofessional output includes Printing in Deseret: Mormons, Politics, Economics, and Utah'sIncunabula, 1849–1851 (Univ. of Utah Press, 2000), and Reams in the Desert: Papermaking inUtah, 1849–1893 (Legacy Press, 2021). These comments made as part of the podcast reflect the views of the episode participants only and should not be construed as official university statements.

Parler Creator, Bryan Ferre, Discusses Who Really Created Blockchain, ARPANET, and Our Reality - SarahWestall.com

GeneralDr. Richard Saunders is an academic librarian and former Dean of Library Services at SouthernUtah University. A graduate of Utah State University, he holds a library degree from BrighamYoung University and a PhD from the University of Memphis with an emphasis on the socialhistory of recent America, and is professionally accredited by the Academy of CertifiedArchivists. His professional work experience includes service at the Utah State HistoricalSociety, Montana State University, in the production side of commercial publishing, and at theUniversity of Tennessee at Martin. Though a professional librarian, he has conducted historicalresearch across the US and published widely, on Yellowstone literature, early Utah printing,Montana history, the work of historian Dale L. Morgan, Tennessee novelist Harry Kroll, and thecivil rights movement in the rural South during the 1950s and 60s.HistoryDr. Richard Saunders is an academic librarian and former Dean of Library Services at SouthernUtah University. A graduate of Utah State University, he holds graduate degrees in history fromUSU and the University of Memphis. His career in history has centered on preserving thesources of history as a Certified Archivist and special collections librarian, but he has alsoresearched, written, and published widely in historical topics including Yellowstone, theAmerican West, Mormons, American popular literature, and the US civil rights movement. Hisbiography of Utah native and historian of western America Dale L. Morgan was named a Finalistin 2024 for the Evans Biography Prize. He is currently at work on a study of post-war social andeconomic change in the rural South, focusing on several counties in West Tennessee.LibraryDr. Richard Saunders is the former Dean of Library Services at Southern Utah University andhas been an archivist and librarian since the days of typewriters and ARPAnet. He holds alibrary degree from Brigham Young University, one of the library-school casualties of the 1990s,a PhD in History from the University of Memphis, and has been a member of the Academy ofCertified Archivists since 1992. Since 1988 he has worked as an archivist or librarian at theUtah State Historical Society, Montana State University, University of Tennessee at Martin, andSouthern Utah University where he was dean from 2014 to 2018. Dr. Saunders currently servesas the editor of RBM, ACRL's journal of special collections librarianship.PrintingDr. Richard Saunders, academic librarian and former Dean of Library Services at Southern UtahUniversity, has been a student of printing, type, and publishing for over two decades. Informedby activity as an amateur handset printer and craft bookbinder, his scope of interest includesindustrial-scale papermaking, typography, printing, and both historical and descriptivebibliography. He worked professionally in the production side of commercial publishing in the1990s during the industry's transition from filmsetting to direct-to-plate technology. Dr.Saunders has guest-lectured to college students and the public in classes and at symposia atinstitutions including Brigham Young University and the University of Tennessee. Hisprofessional output includes Printing in Deseret: Mormons, Politics, Economics, and Utah'sIncunabula, 1849–1851 (Univ. of Utah Press, 2000), and Reams in the Desert: Papermaking inUtah, 1849–1893 (Legacy Press, 2021). These comments made as part of the podcast reflect the views of the episode participants only and should not be construed as official university statements.

Informativo de primera hora de la mañana, en el programa El Remate de La Diez Capital Radio. Un día como hoy hace 365 día se forma el nuevo Gobierno de Pedro Sánchez. Y hoy hace un año: Ángel Víctor Torres, nuevo ministro de Política Territorial y Memoria Democrática. Y hoy hace un año: los canarios, eramos los que esperabamos para una operación. Hoy se cumplen 1.002 días del cruel ataque e invasión de Rusia a Ucrania. Hoy es jueves 21 de noviembre de 2024. Día Mundial de la Televisión. El 21 de noviembre es el Día Mundial de la Televisión, una efeméride impulsada por la ONU desde el año 1996 y que busca propiciar el uso responsable de la televisión como uno de los principales canales de difusión de información pública. Aunque para las generaciones actuales, se puede pensar que Internet es el medio de difusión más importante, lo cierto es que la web ha ofrecido a la televisión nuevas herramientas y recursos que, más que desplazarla, la han potenciado, como por ejemplo las difusiones en directo y el acceso a contenidos audiovisuales desde cualquier lugar y desde cualquier dispositivo. Actualmente la televisión es el medio de comunicación por excelencia, ya que permite transmitir en vivo sucesos, acontecimientos y trabajos humanitarios realizados por la ONU y las organizaciones asociadas a ella. 1877: En Nueva York (Estados Unidos), Thomas Edison anuncia la creación del fonógrafo, instrumento para grabar y reproducir sonidos. 1916: En el mar Egeo ―en el marco de la Primera Guerra Mundial― se hunde el Britannic (buque hermano del Titanic) tras hacer estallar una mina marina. Mueren 29 personas. 21 de noviembre de 1969: Se establece en Estados Unidos el primer enlace de la red ARPANET (antecesora de la actual Internet), entre dos computadoras, ubicadas en la UCLA (Universidad de California en Los Ángeles) y la Universidad Stanford. 1995.- Acuerdo de Dayton (EEUU) para los Balcanes: los presidentes de Serbia, Slobodan Milosevic; Croacia, Franjo Tudjman, y Bosnia, Alia Izetbegovic, firman un acuerdo marco de paz que pone fin a una guerra de cuatro años. 2000: La Fábrica Nacional de Moneda y Timbre de España hace los últimos billetes en pesetas. Patrocinio del santo de cada día por gentileza de la Casa de las Imágenes, en la calle Obispo Perez Cáceres, 17 en Candelaria. Santos Honorio, Rufo, Esteban y Celso. Von der Leyen salva toda su lista de comisarios, con Teresa Ribera de vicepresidenta. Europa se rearma en defensa aérea y antimisiles. Desarticulada en España una red criminal que reclutaba a menores extranjeros para cometer asesinatos. Ribera revela que la conexión con el Cecopi la tarde de la DANA "pasó a negro" durante una hora. El Banco de España prevé que los daños por la DANA le cuesten dos décimas al PIB español en el cuarto trimestre. Clavijo demanda a Europa un estatus especial para los menores migrantes. El presidente de Canarias exige una estrategia común en la UE para garantizar la protección y atención de los menores migrantes no acompañados, y denuncia la falta de apoyo de los Estados miembro a las regiones frontera. La reforma de la Ley de Extranjería facilitará los papeles a 11.000 migrantes al año en Canarias. Los cambios en la Ley de Extranjería acortan plazos y flexibilizan requisitos para facilitar la regularización de foráneos que ya viven en España. Los críticos de Nueva Canarias quieren una ruptura pacífica como la de 2005 con Coalición Canaria. Invitarán a los oficialistas a no romper y convivir en los grupos municipales y del Cabildo grancanario hasta las elecciones de 2027. Las eléctricas se libran de las multas por los ‘ceros energéticos’. El Gobierno de Canarias anuncia que tendrá que devolver más de 50 millones abonados por sanciones desde 2018 al caducar su plazo durante el procedimiento de cobro. Roban piezas de coches que fueron intervenidos por la Policía Nacional en Tenerife. Varias veces han robado repuestos en el descampado situado junto a la Comisaría, donde se aparcan vehículos requisados por los agentes. Un 21 de noviembre de 2014.- La tonadillera Isabel Pantoja, condenada a dos años de prisión por blanqueo de capitales, ingresa en la cárcel sevillana de Alcalá de Guadaira para cumplir su pena. Isabel Pantoja - Así fue - Su mejor concierto en directo - México 2013.

Bienvenidos a La Diez Capital Radio! Están a punto de comenzar un nuevo episodio de nuestro Programa de Actualidad, donde la información, la formación y el entretenimiento se encuentran para ofrecerles lo mejor de las noticias y temas relevantes. Este programa, dirigido y presentado por Miguel Ángel González Suárez, es su ventana directa a los acontecimientos más importantes, así como a las historias que capturan la esencia de nuestro tiempo. A través de un enfoque dinámico y cercano, Miguel Ángel conecta con ustedes para proporcionar una experiencia informativa y envolvente. Desde análisis profundos hasta entrevistas exclusivas, cada emisión está diseñada para mantenerles al tanto, ofrecerles nuevos conocimientos y, por supuesto, entretenerles. Para más detalles sobre el programa, visiten nuestra web en www.ladiez.es. - Informativo de primera hora de la mañana, en el programa El Remate de La Diez Capital Radio. Un día como hoy hace 365 día se forma el nuevo Gobierno de Pedro Sánchez. Y hoy hace un año: Ángel Víctor Torres, nuevo ministro de Política Territorial y Memoria Democrática. Y hoy hace un año: los canarios, eramos los que esperabamos para una operación. Hoy se cumplen 1.002 días del cruel ataque e invasión de Rusia a Ucrania. Hoy es jueves 21 de noviembre de 2024. Día Mundial de la Televisión. El 21 de noviembre es el Día Mundial de la Televisión, una efeméride impulsada por la ONU desde el año 1996 y que busca propiciar el uso responsable de la televisión como uno de los principales canales de difusión de información pública. Aunque para las generaciones actuales, se puede pensar que Internet es el medio de difusión más importante, lo cierto es que la web ha ofrecido a la televisión nuevas herramientas y recursos que, más que desplazarla, la han potenciado, como por ejemplo las difusiones en directo y el acceso a contenidos audiovisuales desde cualquier lugar y desde cualquier dispositivo. Actualmente la televisión es el medio de comunicación por excelencia, ya que permite transmitir en vivo sucesos, acontecimientos y trabajos humanitarios realizados por la ONU y las organizaciones asociadas a ella. 1877: En Nueva York (Estados Unidos), Thomas Edison anuncia la creación del fonógrafo, instrumento para grabar y reproducir sonidos. 1916: En el mar Egeo ―en el marco de la Primera Guerra Mundial― se hunde el Britannic (buque hermano del Titanic) tras hacer estallar una mina marina. Mueren 29 personas. 21 de noviembre de 1969: Se establece en Estados Unidos el primer enlace de la red ARPANET (antecesora de la actual Internet), entre dos computadoras, ubicadas en la UCLA (Universidad de California en Los Ángeles) y la Universidad Stanford. 1995.- Acuerdo de Dayton (EEUU) para los Balcanes: los presidentes de Serbia, Slobodan Milosevic; Croacia, Franjo Tudjman, y Bosnia, Alia Izetbegovic, firman un acuerdo marco de paz que pone fin a una guerra de cuatro años. 2000: La Fábrica Nacional de Moneda y Timbre de España hace los últimos billetes en pesetas. Patrocinio del santo de cada día por gentileza de la Casa de las Imágenes, en la calle Obispo Perez Cáceres, 17 en Candelaria. Santos Honorio, Rufo, Esteban y Celso. Von der Leyen salva toda su lista de comisarios, con Teresa Ribera de vicepresidenta. Europa se rearma en defensa aérea y antimisiles. Desarticulada en España una red criminal que reclutaba a menores extranjeros para cometer asesinatos. Ribera revela que la conexión con el Cecopi la tarde de la DANA "pasó a negro" durante una hora. El Banco de España prevé que los daños por la DANA le cuesten dos décimas al PIB español en el cuarto trimestre. Clavijo demanda a Europa un estatus especial para los menores migrantes. El presidente de Canarias exige una estrategia común en la UE para garantizar la protección y atención de los menores migrantes no acompañados, y denuncia la falta de apoyo de los Estados miembro a las regiones frontera. La reforma de la Ley de Extranjería facilitará los papeles a 11.000 migrantes al año en Canarias. Los cambios en la Ley de Extranjería acortan plazos y flexibilizan requisitos para facilitar la regularización de foráneos que ya viven en España. Los críticos de Nueva Canarias quieren una ruptura pacífica como la de 2005 con Coalición Canaria. Invitarán a los oficialistas a no romper y convivir en los grupos municipales y del Cabildo grancanario hasta las elecciones de 2027. Las eléctricas se libran de las multas por los ‘ceros energéticos’. El Gobierno de Canarias anuncia que tendrá que devolver más de 50 millones abonados por sanciones desde 2018 al caducar su plazo durante el procedimiento de cobro. Roban piezas de coches que fueron intervenidos por la Policía Nacional en Tenerife. Varias veces han robado repuestos en el descampado situado junto a la Comisaría, donde se aparcan vehículos requisados por los agentes. Un 21 de noviembre de 2014.- La tonadillera Isabel Pantoja, condenada a dos años de prisión por blanqueo de capitales, ingresa en la cárcel sevillana de Alcalá de Guadaira para cumplir su pena. Isabel Pantoja - Así fue - Su mejor concierto en directo - México 2013. - En el programa de hoy contamos con la presencia de Wladimiro Rodríguez Brito, destacado experto en el sector primario, para analizar a fondo la situación actual de este importante ámbito en Canarias. Hablaremos sobre los desafíos que enfrenta el sector, las oportunidades que ofrece y el impacto de las políticas locales en la sostenibilidad y el desarrollo agrícola y ganadero del archipiélago. ¡No te lo pierdas!- En el programa de hoy contamos con la presencia de Wladimiro Rodríguez Brito, destacado experto en el sector primario, para analizar a fondo la situación actual de este importante ámbito en Canarias. Hablaremos sobre los desafíos que enfrenta el sector, las oportunidades que ofrece y el impacto de las políticas locales en la sostenibilidad y el desarrollo agrícola y ganadero del archipiélago. ¡No te lo pierdas! - En la sección del programa El Remate de La Diez Capital Radio, con el reconocido periodista Francisco Pallero y acompañada por la perspicaz economista Cristina A. Secas, la conversación siempre cobra vida y profundidad. Esta vez, junto al inconfundible ladrido y carisma del perro Salvador, nos adentramos en un tema que ha marcado la actualidad: la DANA (Depresión Aislada en Niveles Altos). Analizamos su impacto en las infraestructuras, la respuesta política y social ante los eventos climáticos extremos y las repercusiones económicas que dejan a su paso. Francisco, con su aguda capacidad de análisis, y Cristina, con su experiencia en economía aplicada, desmenuzan las cifras y consecuencias de este fenómeno meteorológico, mientras Salvador aporta su toque canino que, más allá del entretenimiento, recuerda la necesidad de compasión y conciencia en tiempos de adversidad. No te pierdas esta enriquecedora charla donde información, reflexión y un toque de humor se entrelazan para mantenerte al tanto de los temas que importan. - Entrevista en La Diez Capital radio al Dr. Rafael Zamora, director científico de Loro Parque Fundación. Proyecto de protección del loro de nuca amarilla. Que la belleza no ayuda a la supervivencia es un hecho. Los refugios están llenos de mascotas de raza: hermosos perros y gatos abandonados. Unos de los animales que más padece la ventaja de ser excepcionalmente bello son los loros. Sus colores, su capacidad como mascotas y su longevidad los han convertido en el objetivo de los cazadores furtivos en muchos lugares del mundo. Conseguir detener esta caza no es sencillo. Loro Parque Fundación lleva años desarrollando proyectos en diferentes puntos del mundo para tratar de recuperar diferentes especies de loros cuyas poblaciones han sido diezmadas por esta práctica. Pero, la compleja realidad, es que la situación de las poblaciones humanas en esas áreas, en muchas ocasiones han hecho que esta práctica lleve hasta el borde de extinción a alguna de ellas. Nicaragua es uno de estos ejemplos. En la isla de Omatepa se encuentra un reducto de una de las especies de loros más valorados por los amantes de estas aves. Se trata de la Amazona auropaliata, o amazona de nuca amarilla. Esta especie de loro recibió el regalo genético de un hermoso plumaje y una gran capacidad para reproducir sonidos humanos. Una combinación que las convirtieron en las más cotizadas en el mercado negro de la región y en una de las psitácidas más buscadas en el comercio de mascotas de América Central. El expolio fue tan brutal e intensivo que, durante la década de 1990, se estima que el 100% de los nidos conocidos en el sur de Guatemala fueron objeto de saqueo. Tras un repunte de la población en años posteriores, la gran crisis del COVID los convirtió en una fuente de ingresos para familias de la zona volviendo a ser objeto del saqueo de nidos. La especie volvió a sufrir la amenaza de la extinción. Pero, más allá del espectáculo natural que supone ver a estos loros volando en su medio natural ¿cuál es la importancia de preservar a esta especie? Lo más importante a la hora de valorar la recuperación de una especie, por pequeña o insignificante que pueda parecer, es tener en cuenta que forma para de un ecosistema que depende en mayor o menos medida de su presencia en él. En el caso concreto de los loros, su alimentación suele ser la vía de desarrollo de algunas de las plantas que protagonizan el bioma: su potente mandíbula es capaz de abrir las cáscaras de semillas que ningún otro animal puede abrir, consumir y, de esta manera, dispersar. Su ausencia abre una brecha en este perfecto mecanismo. El desastre de la práctica desaparición del loro de nuca amarilla encontró en la isla de Ometepe un reducto en el que escapar de la extinción. Trabajando con las comunidades locales, Loro Parque Fundación forma parte de un proyecto con la organización Bio Ometepe para proteger los nidos de estas aves de los furtivos y de los incendios que, también, son una enorme amenaza. Los voluntarios locales son los encargados de localizar los nidos, vigilarlos y protegerlos del expolio. Como resultado se ha logrado proteger más de 300 pichones que han tenido la oportunidad de volar libres en su espacio natural.

I social media sono più antichi di quanto si possa pensare! Dobbiamo tornare indietro fino agli anni '70 per trovare i primi prototipi: Usenet, IRC. La comunicazione online si è trasformata nel tempo. Ma le basi della socializzazione digitale di oggi erano già presenti molto prima dell'avvento di Facebook e di Twitter.Tutti i miei link: https://linktr.ee/br1brownTELEGRAM - INSTAGRAMSe ti va supportami https://it.tipeee.com/br1brown

How did PEZ candy come to be? Why are Mexicans so into anime? Does every costume deserve candy on Halloween? If you had a time machine would you kill Hitler or something more productive? Where was the internet invented? Kyle and Jheisson answer these questions and more as they dive into the history of PEZ, the Crocs marathon world record, the Flintstones, and the history of the Internet!The students at Wiki U have been drinking Magic Mind every morning to jumpstart their day and get their brains firing on all cylinders! We love Magic Mind because it's filled with all natural ingredients that help you focus on the things you need to get done and the things you WANT to get done. The first thing you should cross off your list today is getting a subscription to Magic Mind. For a limited time Wiki U listeners can get 20% off a one time purchase or subscription by using the promo code Wikiuni20 at checkout at the link below!https://magicmind.com/WIKIUNI20 TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@wikiuniversity YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmPDDjcbBJfR0s_xJfYCUvwInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/wikiuniversity/Music provided by Davey and the Chains  TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@wikiuniversity YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmPDDjcbBJfR0s_xJfYCUvwInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/wikiuniversity/Music provided by Davey and the Chains

This week on the Information Entropy Podcast, Mitchell takes the mic solo to explore the vast world of the Internet. He dives into its fascinating origins with ARPANET, traces its evolution through the rise of the World Wide Web, and examines the modern landscape shaped by social media and the Internet of Things (IoT). It's a journey through the technology that connects us all. Tune in, subscribe, and join the conversation!

Los primeros pasos de internet se remontan a los años 60, cuando fue desarrollado como un proyecto militar de EE.UU. llamado ARPANET, que conectaba computadoras de varias universidades. Durante las décadas de los 70 y 80, se expandió a nivel académico y científico, pero fue en los años 90 cuando internet comenzó a ser accesible para el público en general. La llegada de la World Wide Web en 1991, junto con navegadores como Mosaic y Netscape, hicieron más fácil su uso. A mediados de los 90, con la expansión de las conexiones domésticas y las compañías de telecomunicaciones ofreciendo acceso, internet se popularizó rápidamente, dando inicio a la transformación digital que continuó hasta hoy. Elementos clave de la popularización La WWW y navegadores gráficos : La creación de páginas web permitió una navegación más visual e interactiva. Proveedores de Internet (ISP) : Compañías que facilitaban la conexión desde casa, como AOL y Prodigy, fueron fundamentales para que la red se extendiera. Correo electrónico y servicios de chat : Con la popularización del correo y los primeros servicios de mensajería, la comunicación digital se volvió instantánea, atrayendo a más usuarios. Este fue el inicio de la era de internet como la conocemos hoy, un recurso accesible y masivo que revolucionó la forma en que interactuamos y trabajamos en el mundo.

Former Tennessee Senator Al Gore was accused by political opponents of claiming to have invented the Internet. We dig into the more complicated truth. Plus, the local news for Oct. 29, 2024 and a deep look at why Nashville's theater community has to get creative to find rehearsal space. Credits: This is a production of Nashville Public RadioHost/producer: Nina CardonaEditor: Miriam KramerAdditional support: Mack Linebaugh, Tony Gonzalez, Rachel Iacovone, LaTonya Turner and the staff of WPLN and WNXP

Our Patreon https://bcr.bio/support In episode 106, we continue our deep dive into the bizarre and captivating story of time traveler Tsuruhiko Kiuchi and his mind-bending time travel adventures. We begin by exploring Kiuchi's childhood fascination with space, which led him to join Japan's self-defense air force with dreams of becoming a pilot. We discuss his brushes with history, from his involvement in aerospace to his attempts to connect ARPANET to personal computers. This episode is a rollercoaster of humor and drama, from Gucci's role in internet history to Kiuchi's near-death experiences that left his friends with splitting headaches. We also cover Kiuchi's journey to the 5th dimension, his comet discoveries, including the potentially catastrophic Swift-Tuttle comet, and the mysterious government involvement in UFO sightings. Through light-hearted banter, we ponder the significance of Kiuchi's out-of-body experiences and his life filled with celestial encounters. Join us as we unravel these strange and fascinating tales that have left Joey & I wondering.... Is Tsuruhiko Kiuchi a real time traveler? Main References: Talk with Tsuruhiko Kiuchi, who has had three near-death experiences!: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i3yeC_VJUbU His Blog: https://ameblo.jp/office-tsuruhiko-kiuchi/ Amazing Time Traveler Who Traveled Back in Time during a Near-Death Experience: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VdmeCkzLdYQ ENN・「いま知って欲しいこと」　木内鶴彦さん: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1r9CHef0S4Q --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/black-cat-report/support

The introduction of the internet, a pivotal event in the Third Industrial Revolution, was shaped by crucial design and policy decisions made by early internet pioneers. Decisions such as adopting packet-switching for ARPANET, developing TCP/IP, and creating HTML and HTTP

Why FreeBSD Continues to Innovate and Thrive, Why BSD, A BSD person tries Alpine Linux, This message does not exist, Demise of Nagle's algorithm, How Jerry Pournelle Got Kicked Off the ARPANET, and more NOTES This episode of BSDNow is brought to you by Tarsnap (https://www.tarsnap.com/bsdnow) and the BSDNow Patreon (https://www.patreon.com/bsdnow) Headlines Why FreeBSD Continues to Innovate and Thrive (https://freebsdfoundation.org/blog/why-freebsd-continues-to-innovate-and-thrive/) Why BSD (https://michal.sapka.me/bsd/why-bsd/) News Roundup A BSD person tries Alpine Linux (https://rubenerd.com/a-bsd-pserson-trying-alpine-linux/) This message does not exist (https://www.kmjn.org/notes/message_existence.html) Demise of Nagle's algorithm (RFC 896 - Congestion Control) predicted via sysctl (https://undeadly.org/cgi?action=article;sid=20240514075024) How Jerry Pournelle Got Kicked Off the ARPANET (https://delong.typepad.com/sdj/2013/07/how-jerry-pournelle-got-kicked-off-the-arpanet.html) Tarsnap This weeks episode of BSDNow was sponsored by our friends at Tarsnap, the only secure online backup you can trust your data to. Even paranoids need backups. Feedback/Questions Send questions, comments, show ideas/topics, or stories you want mentioned on the show to feedback@bsdnow.tv (mailto:feedback@bsdnow.tv) Join us and other BSD Fans in our BSD Now Telegram channel (https://t.me/bsdnow)

The first ‘spam' email, sent to ARPANET users on behalf of the Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), landed in Inboxes on 3rd May, 1978. Marketer Gary Thuerk was responsible for the idea - but his execution was flawed, as he inadvertently filled the body of his message with email addresses, overflowing from the To and CC fields. Recipients weren't amused. Some grumbled, others chuckled, but all felt the intrusion...  In this episode, Arion, Rebecca and Olly consider whether this e-marketing stumble truly qualifies as ‘spam' in the modern sense; trace the origins of the Monty Python-derived term for unsolicited email; and marvel at the available storage space in the early days of the internet…   Further Reading: • ‘Happy spamiversary! Spam reaches 30' (New Scientist, 2008): https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn13777-happy-spamiversary-spam-reaches-30/ • ‘America is Uncle Spam' (Financial Times, 2018): ​​https://www.ft.com/content/59014392-4947-11e8-8c77-ff51caedcde6 • ‘Database: How to send an 'E mail'' (Thames TV, 1984): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=szdbKz5CyhA We'll be back on Monday - unless you join

Today's Sponsor: Blinkisthttp://thisistheconversationproject.com/blinkist  Today's Rundown:New York police clear the pro-Palestinian encampment at Columbia Universityhttps://www.npr.org/2024/05/01/1248401802/columbia-university-protests-new-york Threat 'neutralized' after active shooter reported outside Wisconsin middle schoolhttps://abcnews.go.com/US/wisconsin-mount-horeb-reported-active-shooter/story?id=109800261 Instagram and Twitch roll out new TikTok-like short-form video discovery featureshttps://www.nbcnews.com/tech/social-media/instagram-tiktok-roll-new-tiktok-short-form-video-discovery-features-rcna150231  Google lays off staff from Flutter, Dart and Python teams weeks before its developer conferencehttps://techcrunch.com/2024/05/01/google-lays-off-staff-from-flutter-dart-python-weeks-before-its-developer-conference/ Wegovy and Zepbound Shortages Will Last Until Summerhttps://www.everydayhealth.com/weight/wegovy-and-zepbound-shortages-will-last-until-summer/   Marvin Harrison Jr. Has Refused To Sign His NFLPA Licensing Agreement Due To "Beef" With Fanatics From His College Dayshttps://www.totalprosports.com/nfl/report-marvin-harrison-jr-has-refused-to-sign-his-nflpa-licensing-agreement-due-to-beef-with-fanatics-from-his-college-days/ Dan Schneider sues over portrayal in ‘Quiet on Set'https://www.audacy.com/knxnews/news/local/dan-schneider-sues-over-portrayal-in-quiet-on-set Trump acknowledges he told Secret Service on Jan. 6 that he would 'like to go down' to the Capitolhttps://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-acknowledges-told-secret-service-jan-6-go-capitol-rcna150298  Website: http://thisistheconversationproject.com  Facebook: http://facebook.com/thisistheconversationproject  Twitter: http://twitter.com/th_conversation  TikTok: http://tiktok.com/@theconversationproject  YouTube: http://thisistheconversationproject.com/youtube  Podcast: http://thisistheconversationproject.com/podcasts     ONE DAY OLDER ON MAY 2:Dwayne Johnson (52)Jenna Von Oy (47)Princess Charlotte (9) WHAT HAPPENED TODAY:1978: The first unsolicited bulk commercial email (which would later become known as “spam”) was sent to every ARPANET address on the west coast of the United States. The aggressive marketer decided to invite 393 ARPANET users to a product presentation by Digital Equipment Corporation. The ARPANET was the network created by the U.S. Department of Defense and was the predecessor of the Internet.2011: U.S. Navy Seal Team Six raided a large compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan, and killed Al-Qaeda terrorist leader Osama bin Laden. Bin Laden's body was buried at sea in accordance with Islamic rites later that day.2023: 11,500 members of the Writers Guild of America went on strike. The strike would last through September 27, 2023. WORD OF TEH DAY: ruse / [ rooz ]a trick, stratagem, or artifice    PLUS, TODAY WE CELEBRATE: World Password Dayhttps://www.nationaldaycalendar.com/national-day/world-password-day-first-thursday-in-may#:~:text=The%20Registrar%20at%20National%20Day,year%20as%20World%20Password%20Day.     

This Day in Legal History: Lots of Things On March 13th, various significant events have unfolded in the realm of legal history, reflecting the ever-evolving landscape of law and justice across the globe. On this day in 1781, Sir William Herschel's discovery of Uranus led to international legal discussions on the naming rights of celestial bodies, a precursor to modern space law debates. In 1868, the impeachment trial of President Andrew Johnson began, marking the first time a U.S. president faced such proceedings, underscoring the constitutional checks and balances in American governance.Fast forward to 1961, the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico established significant precedents regarding states' rights and the commerce clause, affecting how businesses and state regulations interacted. On March 13, 1989, the Internet's precursor, ARPANET, was hit by one of the first major digital security incidents, leading to the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 being amended to address such modern challenges, illustrating the law's attempt to keep pace with technological advancements.Moreover, on this day in 1996, the Dunblane school massacre occurred in Scotland, leading to stringent gun control laws in the United Kingdom, a pivotal moment in the global debate on gun regulation. This tragic event underscores how legal systems can rapidly evolve in response to societal tragedies.In more recent history, March 13, 2013, saw the election of Pope Francis, which brought to the forefront discussions about canon law, the legal system governing the Roman Catholic Church, highlighting the intersection of law and religion.These events, spanning centuries and continents, illustrate the dynamic nature of legal history and its profound impact on societal norms, regulations, and governance. As we reflect on these milestones, it becomes evident that the law is a living entity, constantly adapting to the complexities of human civilization.The federal judiciary has introduced a new policy to combat "judge shopping," a tactic where litigants select specific courts hoping for a favorable ruling, particularly noted in challenges to Biden administration actions in Texas. This practice, prevalent in cases aimed at barring or implementing state or federal actions, will now see civil actions randomly assigned to judges within a district, countering any local practices of case assignments to a single judge. This move, according to Judge Jeffrey Sutton of the Judicial Conference's executive committee, is a response to the increasing use of national injunctions that have seen district judges block nationwide policies across various administrations. While the policy's full implementation details remain unclear, it represents a significant shift aimed at ensuring impartiality and reducing the perception of the judiciary as politically influenced. The policy has drawn attention to judges like Matthew Kacsmaryk and Alan Albright, who have been focal points for conservative cases and patent cases, respectively. Despite these changes, challenges in areas not affecting state and federal law may still experience judge shopping. The judiciary's move is seen as a step towards fairness, although its effectiveness and scope are yet to be fully understood.Federal Courts Aim to Curb Judge Shopping With New Policy (3)US federal judiciary moves to curtail 'judge shopping' tactic | ReutersThe push towards unionizing student athletes, notably highlighted by Dartmouth College's men's basketball team's vote to unionize, has sparked significant controversy and concern among Republicans and university athletics representatives. This development comes amid debates in Congress, particularly focused on whether student athletes should be classified as employees, a question intensified by the National Labor Relations Board's (NLRB) decision to allow Dartmouth students to hold a union election. Critics, such as Rep. Burgess Owens, argue that recognizing student athletes as employees poses an "existential threat" to college sports, fearing widespread unintended consequences that could extend beyond NCAA Division I to impact Division II and III, as well as high school athletes.University representatives worry about the implications of employment status on issues ranging from tax exemptions for scholarships to visa eligibility for international students. They also fear the potential for the NLRB's stance to fluctuate with political changes. Proponents of the NLRB's decision, however, argue that past decisions, like the one involving Northwestern University football players, have been misinterpreted and that circumstances have evolved to warrant a reevaluation of student athletes' rights. They advocate for student athletes having a "seat at the table" to negotiate conditions pertinent to their dual roles as students and athletes. This debate gains further complexity considering the recent legal milestones, such as the Supreme Court's NCAA v. Alston case and the NLRB's Columbia University decision, both favoring expanded rights and compensation for students. Amidst these divided opinions, there's consensus on the need for a new approach to how student athletes are treated, with unionization seen as a potential catalyst for change.Unionizing Student Athletes Called ‘Existential Threat' by GOPIn the climax of New York's budget discussions, state Senate and Assembly Democrats have proposed tax increases on high earners and corporations, diverging sharply from Governor Kathy Hochul's stance against income tax hikes. This move aims to address concerns over New York's high tax burden and the outmigration of taxpayers, with progressive factions advocating for these tax hikes to fund education and Medicaid, contrary to Hochul's budgetary constraints. The legislative bodies' budget resolutions, contrasting with Hochul's $233 billion plan, also suggest restrictions on social media for minors and the establishment of an AI research consortium, amongst other priorities.While supporting the enhancement of housing construction and tech regulations, Hochul's budget seeks to manage future deficits through spending limits on public schools and Medicaid, positions not endorsed in the legislative proposals. Despite agreeing on a commercial security tax credit and extending a cap on itemized deductions for the wealthiest, the chambers reject Hochul's approach to school funding, Medicaid spending, and tech governance, indicating a significant battleground.The contention extends to technology policies, where both the Senate and Assembly resist Hochul's proposed AI and social media regulations, though they do introduce other data privacy initiatives. With a looming April 1 deadline and the complexities of Easter timing, achieving consensus appears challenging, especially given Hochul's constitutional leverage and the political implications for upcoming elections. Hochul, emphasizing the urgency to protect children from digital harms, faces a delicate balance between her tech policy goals and securing an on-time budget amidst these divergent legislative priorities.NY Lawmakers' Budgets Oppose Governor's Plans on Taxes, HousingSecuring a summer associate position at a major law firm was significantly more challenging in 2023, with the offer rate to law students at its lowest since 2012. Law firms made 19% fewer offers compared to the previous year, decreasing the average number of offers from 28 in 2022 to 22 in 2023. This reduction in offers resulted in a record-high overall acceptance rate of 47%, as law students found themselves with fewer options to choose from. The decline in summer associate hiring is attributed to a decrease in client demand and the high number of summer associates hired in 2022, leaving firms cautious about adding new talent amidst uncertain client demand. Furthermore, the competition was intensified by a 12% increase in the law student class size for 2024, exacerbating the challenge of securing these coveted positions.Large law firms typically use summer associate programs as a key recruitment tool, offering students six- to 14-week positions that often lead to permanent job offers upon graduation, sometimes with starting salaries up to $225,000. These programs serve as an economic indicator for the legal industry, with firms adjusting their hiring based on anticipated demand. Additionally, the practice of "precruiting," or extending offers ahead of official on-campus interview programs, has risen, with 47% of offers made before these formal events in 2023, up from 23% in 2022. This shift indicates a change in how law firms are approaching recruitment, with most of the decline in offers occurring through school-sponsored interview programs.Law firm summer associate recruiting hits 11-year low in 2023 | Reuters Get full access to Minimum Competence - Daily Legal News Podcast at www.minimumcomp.com/subscribe

Guest Introduction: Today's episode features a special guest, David Campbell, a distinguished American technology executive, corporate board member, and the founder of All Hands and Hearts, a non-profit organization focused on natural disaster response and rebuilding efforts. With a rich history of leadership roles across various sectors, David shares insights from his multifaceted career and his journey towards philanthropy. Episode Highlights: Career Insights: David recounts his experiences in the technology sector, including his time at IBM and his pivotal role in growing Computer Task Group. He discusses the importance of building a positive organizational culture and the transition to BBN Technologies, where he contributed to the development of the ARPANET. Board Leadership: David shares his extensive involvement in various boards, emphasizing the significance of community engagement and corporate responsibility, particularly in the Buffalo, NY area. His commitment to civic organizations demonstrates the value of active participation in local development. Founding All Hands and Hearts: The story of All Hands and Hearts is a testament to David's entrepreneurial spirit and dedication to humanitarian aid. Originating from a spontaneous decision to aid tsunami victims in Thailand, the organization has grown into a global force for disaster response, relying on volunteers and donations to make a tangible difference. Philanthropic Pathways: David offers practical advice for individuals seeking to engage in philanthropy, introducing a matrix to help align personal interests with potential areas of impact. He emphasizes the importance of engaged philanthropy and provides resources for finding and evaluating organizations to support. Life Beyond Retirement: Highlighting the search for purpose post-retirement, David encourages listeners to consider volunteerism and philanthropy as avenues for meaningful engagement. He shares his ongoing role as a mentor and the joy derived from connecting people with causes that resonate with them. Links from the Episode: Donate: https://www.allhandsandhearts.org/ https://www.neidonors.org/ https://www.guidestar.org/ https://www.charitynavigator.org/ https://www.interaction.org/ https://www.amazon.com/All-Hands-Evolution-Volunteer-Powered-Organization/dp/1632990628/  Final Thoughts: David Campbell's journey from technology executive to philanthropic leader illustrates the profound impact that one individual can have on both local and global communities. His advice for finding purpose and making a difference in retirement offers valuable insights for anyone looking to redefine their Act Three. This podcast is sponsored by Good Morning Freedom, my retirement coaching firm. I help executives and professionals plan the non-financial part of their retirement, like how to discover new purpose and how you want to spend your time. I offer a 1:1 coaching retirement blueprint package where we work together to discover some new avenues of exploration for your Act Three. This coaching is completely custom and will provide you with a ton of resources and support as you transition to this new stage of life. For all the details, please go to goodmorningfreedom.com/services. Connect with Cara on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/caraliveslife/ or Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/caraliveslife/ or Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/cara.a.gray/

När internet började spridas utanför akademiska kretsar utlovades vi ett helt nytt samarbetsinriktat, interaktivt och fritt nätsamhälle där kunskap och idéer skulle flöda fritt. Men den kommersiella delen av internet kom att ta över tjänster och funktioner. Med tiden blev det några få amerikanska bolag som kom att dominera nätet.Ursprunget till internets föregångare Arpanet var militärt. Den amerikanska militären såg ett behov att kunna upprätthålla kommunikationer vid ett kärnvapenkrig. Och när Sverige via den tekniska högskolan Chalmers kopplades på internet 1984 var det ingen som brydde sig förutom några få dataforskare.I denna nymixade repris av podcasten Historia Nu samtalar programledare Urban Lindstedt med Peter Bennesved som doktor i idéhistoria och har intresserad sig för teknikutveckling. Han arbetar för närvarande på en studie om it-kommissionen.Idén till Arpanet kläcktes 1962 då psykologen och dataforskaren Joseph Licklider skickade runt PM om ett ”intergalaktiskt nätverk”. Och det första meddelandet skickade skickades på Arpanet den 29 oktober 1969. Men idén om ett data nätverk går att spåra betydligt längre tillbaka i historien.Ett viktigt steg i utvecklingen var när konceptet med world wide web utvecklades 1989 med länkar och webbadresser av Tim Berners-Lee på forskningscentret CERN i Schweiz. Fyra år senare var 1,7 procent av svenskarna uppkopplade, men redan vid millennieskiftet var hälften av svenskarna uppkopplade.Den nya kommunikationsteknologin kom med ett löfte om ett nytt samhälle och ett nytt effektivare näringsliv. Riskkapital strömmade till allt galnare internetföretag, men i mars år 2000 sprack internetbubblan när nätbutiken Boo.com gick i konkurs.Lyssna också på Från furstars brevövervakning till demokratisk massövervakning.Bild: The Opt Project – en visualisering av internet från år 2005: Creative Commons.Musik: Technology Music av Bobby Cole, Soundblock Audio.  Vill du stödja podden och samtidigt höra ännu mer av Historia Nu? Gå med i vårt gille genom att klicka här: https://plus.acast.com/s/historianu-med-urban-lindstedt. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Mike Coughlin was born in 1947 and had what most people would say is a somewhat normal childhood. I would agree, but it is relevant to say that Mike was diagnosed in the second grade with youth related Macular Degeneration. While he did not lose all his eyesight, he lost enough that reading, especially out loud in school, was not doable for him. In fact, his eye specialists did not even tell him that he was what we classify today as legally blind. Michael did not learn the true extent of his eye condition until he was in his twenties. He was not given access to what we call today assistive technology. Even so, he survived and flourished. He is an Eagle Scout and has achieved the highest rank in the Boy Scouts Order of the Arrow society. Mike secured a college degree from the University of Notre Dame and a Master's degree in Ocean Engineering from the University of Miami. Later he earned a second Master's degree in systems management (MSSM) from the University of Southern California's continuing education program. He worked for General Dynamics for seven years. Then he went with his boss to work for 20 years at Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc in acoustics. He then worked, again as an underwater acoustical engineer, for 20 years at Boeing. Michael is clearly unstoppable. He will discuss the various technologies he began to use although somewhat later in life. He also will discuss just how he accomplished so much and, as you will see, it is all about attitude. About the Guest: Until early in my second-grade year at St. John the Baptist Catholic grammar school in Fort Wayne, Indiana, no-one knew my eyes were changing. It was the eye screening they provided that singled me out as having a problem. My wonderful parents, Joseph and Dorothy Coughlin, transplants to Fort Wayne from New York City, started trying to find out what was wrong. Eventually they learned it was Macular Degermation, something rarely found in young people. My earliest years were spent on a farm outside of Fort Wayne as my parents had moved from New York to Fort Wayne due to a transfer by the General Electric Company, where my father was an engineer. The transfer included a move to a rural rental farmhouse on a 40-acre farm and the birth of myself in 1947 and my brother two years later. My mother, with a master's degree in education from Columbia University, was raising my brother and I and teaching English at the local rural high school. During those four years my father took up hunting and growing a large garden, a big step for a kid from New York, and I learned about rural life with the ability to play on farm equipment and see many types of farm animals. Early on I wanted to be a farmer. Once I reached school age, we moved into Fort Wayne for the schools. Fort Wayne is a middle sized Mid-west city of about 250,000 people. It was like so many Mid-western cities of that day. We lived outside the center of the city and my schools, both grammar and high school, were made up of middle-class children. As my sight degraded, I was taken to several ophthalmologists and to the University of Indiana Medical Center, but learned little helpful information other than the details of my situation. My teachers accommodated me by letting me sit in front of class and because my outload reading skills where poor did not call on me to read aloud. Interestingly, I seemed to be able to hold things close to my eyes and comprehend the text I saw silently. Because I passed all written tests and my classes with satisfactory grades, they gave me. OK grades and passed me. My shining moments during my grade school years came in my achievement as a Boy Scout. I attained the rank of Eagle Scout with a Bronze Palm and was selected for all three steps in the Order of the Arrow. I also was the senior patrol leader for our troop. My years at Bishop Luers High School, a co-institutional Catholic school, were another matter. I succeeded from the start, earning high honors grades and selection as president of both the Junior and Senior National Honor Societies. I was a member of the yearbook staff and was given a leading part in the senior play. Although I am sure a number of the girls in my class had the higher grades, due to the non-mixing of most classes, class rankings were separated. So, I was 3rd in my class. of about 150 boys. I was also awarded the Indiana State Catholic Youth Leadership Award by the Knights of Columbus. I still had not been given information on my actual visual status nor information about assistive aides for the blind. Everything I did was by holding written materials close to my face, listening very attentively and not driving. I took the SAT and other tests such as an engineering aptitude test, I wanted to be like my father, an electrical engineer. I scored adequately on the SAT and highly on the aptitude test. I applied to four mid-western colleges and was accepted in all and chose to attend the University of Notre Dame in south Bend, Indiana, which I thought would be fairly near home. The summer after high school, I was an exchange student to France, where I lived with a French family for seven weeks and my counterpart lived with our family for seven. It was a great experience, but while in France, I learned my father had taken a job in Philadelphia. On my return, together with my family and my French counterpart, Francise, we moved to Strafford, PA, outside of Philadelphia. The move took me to a new part of the country and my summers in Philly were full of excitement with the exploration of a big city and learning about the Jersey Shore. During those summers, I worked for General Electric as an engineering aide. College went very well too. Nort Dame was a good experience. It was competitive but their Electrical Engineering Department was staffed with excellent professors who helped me through every step, but not as a person with a visual disability because I rarely mentioned it to anyone. Honestly, I am not sure why, but I tried to be as normal seeming as possible. I learned to take notes from verbal descriptions of what was being written on the blackboard and if a professor did not verbalize the writing, I asked him to do so, and he did. If I missed something, I left a blank in my notebook and obtained the missing information from a friend. I completed all my course work and had a 3.5 grade average at graduation and was selected to the Eta-Kappa-Nu honorary Electrical Engineering Fraternity. ND won the football national championship my sophomore year and that was a real highlight. During my senior year, it became obvious that due to a crash in the space program, jobs would be hard to find. I decided to go to graduate school and took the GRE and GMAT, again with no assistive help. One path I investigated was to get an MBA, and I had also heard from a friend, about Ocean Engineering. My advisor suggested I stay in engineer, because he felt my talents were best suited for it. Although I applied to several MBA programs, I also applied to the University of Miami in Ocean Engineering (OE). In addition to the advice I received to stay in engineering, it is possible the choice of Miami was because my brother was a sophomore there. I was accepted and given money at Miami, and the next year started my graduate studies in OE. Two years flew by during which I was married to my first wife Judi and I left Miami with an MS in OE. One course of suey in OE is underwater sound. It is focused on SONAR and is quite mathematical, just what an electrical engineer likes. During the summer of those two years, I was married to my first wife, Judi. The job market was still tight, but I interviewed and was hired into the Sound and Vibration group at the Electric Boat Division of General Dynamics (GDEB) due to my studies in underwater sound. Once in Connecticut, I found a very good ophthalmologist, Dr. Kaplan, and for the very first time, was told I was legally blind and what that meant. We had some long discussions after which he voiced some displeasure on how little information I had been given on my situation. He said he had to register me with the state and set me up with a low vision specialist. Those steps led me to getting a Closed-Circuit TV (CCTV) magnifier and access to the Library for the Blind and Physically Handicapped (LBPH) and their Talking Book program. Both the CCTV and Talking Books opened my world to general reading and technical literature which I generally avoided due to the increasing strain of both the MD and the onset of myopia or age reeled eye changes. During seven years at GDEB I moved from engineer to supervisor and had the opportunity to earn a second master's degree in systems management (MSSM) from the University of Southern California's continuing education program offered at many military installations. For me it was at the submarine base in Groton CT. My wife and I bought a house and had our daughter, Laura. In 1978, my boss at EB opened an opportunity for me by interacting with associates at Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc. (bbn), at the time, the foremost acoustics firm in the world. He opened a local, New London, CT, office of the firm and hired three of us to staff it. We continued working for the Navy, but as consultants. I stayed with bbn for twenty years and participated in many projects around the world. For the last ten years I was manager of a group of about 40 engineers and scientists, many ay of whom had Ph.D. or master's degrees. bbn provided me with several CCTVs and a Xerox/Kurz well scanner-reader. bbn was an early adopter of Ap-le Macintosh computers. One of my associates immediately found that all Mac's had magnification and text to speech features. This opened the computing world to me. (I had been able to deal with punch cards, but the computer screen with small letter left me out.) During these years, I was able to travel to Hawaii, Japan, and many cities in the US. My LBPH recorded books were constant companions. During this time, my daughter Laura was married and gave us a grandchild, Chloe. Throughout my working life, I have had the opportunity to give something back to several communities. I was on the advisory board for the Connecticut Stat Library for the Blind, on the Board of directors for CHRIS Radio, and on the Board of Directors for the Waterford Education Foundation I was president of a a Macular Support Group in Waterford, CT and am now on the Board of Directors for the Southeastern Connecticut Center of the Blind, where I conduct a support group for those with Macular on how to use digital technology. Shifts in the Department of Defense (DOD) business world produced some big layoffs at bbn. Thus, in 2000, I was searching for a job and with the help of a friend, connected with a group at the Boeing Company that worked in the undersea world, as opposed to most of the company which did airborne things. They were looking for someone who lived on the east coast who had a background like their work. The group was in Anaheim, CA, and then in Huntington Beach, CA. I fit the profile and after an interview was offered a. job as an off-site Technical Representative. Since I had no other solid offers, I accepted feeling the job would last at least a few years. The relationship lasted over 20 and provided a very rewarding end to my career. Boeing, like bbn was totally accommodating to my assistive needs. Although they computer usage was based on Windows PC's s, they provided me with special software which was now available on those platforms and with CCTV equipment as I needed. Someone was always available to assist in getting special software up and running. By the time I started with Boeing, LBPH cassette readers were small and made traveling with them quite easy. I also had a laptop with screen magnifier'/reader software and internet connectivity anywhere I needed ii. While at Boeing, family matters took some good and bad turns. My daughter and her husband had my second grandchild, Evan. The bad part is my long-time wife and partner, Judi, died of cancer. After the grieving time, where things seemed s unsteady. it all turned around, when I met and married my current wife, Karen. I am again on firm footing and life has not been better. As I grew nearer retirement and brought up the subject with my supervisor, she had other ideas. She wanted me to keep working, however, I was able to reduce my work week to four and then three days. Finally, when I found a good replacement, she agreed to let me go. I had to stay in a two day a week consulting role for a year or so. I worked for Triad Systems Inc., a firm that provided part time support to aerospace firms on the west coast. On the home front , life proceeded without mishap. I am now fully retired and working as a volunteer for the southeastern Connecticut Center of the Blind. God things have again arrived as Karen's daughter, Kate, and her husband brought us another grandchild, Esme. Although most of the events above were very good, I am now happy in retirement and ready to do what I can to support others and to enjoy my family. Ways to connect with Mike: mjcoughl@aol.com About the Host: Michael Hingson is a New York Times best-selling author, international lecturer, and Chief Vision Officer for accessiBe. Michael, blind since birth, survived the 9/11 attacks with the help of his guide dog Roselle. This story is the subject of his best-selling book, Thunder Dog. Michael gives over 100 presentations around the world each year speaking to influential groups such as Exxon Mobile, AT&T, Federal Express, Scripps College, Rutgers University, Children's Hospital, and the American Red Cross just to name a few. He is Ambassador for the National Braille Literacy Campaign for the National Federation of the Blind and also serves as Ambassador for the American Humane Association's 2012 Hero Dog Awards. https://michaelhingson.com https://www.facebook.com/michael.hingson.author.speaker/ https://twitter.com/mhingson https://www.youtube.com/user/mhingson https://www.linkedin.com/in/michaelhingson/ accessiBe Links https://accessibe.com/ https://www.youtube.com/c/accessiBe https://www.linkedin.com/company/accessibe/mycompany/ https://www.facebook.com/accessibe/ Thanks for listening! Thanks so much for listening to our podcast! If you enjoyed this episode and think that others could benefit from listening, please share it using the social media buttons on this page. Do you have some feedback or questions about this episode? Leave a comment in the section below! Subscribe to the podcast If you would like to get automatic updates of new podcast episodes, you can subscribe to the podcast on Apple Podcasts or Stitcher. You can also subscribe in your favorite podcast app. Leave us an Apple Podcasts review Ratings and reviews from our listeners are extremely valuable to us and greatly appreciated. They help our podcast rank higher on Apple Podcasts, which exposes our show to more awesome listeners like you. If you have a minute, please leave an honest review on Apple Podcasts. Transcription Notes **Michael Hingson ** 00:00 Access Cast and accessiBe Initiative presents Unstoppable Mindset. The podcast where inclusion, diversity and the unexpected meet. Hi, I'm Michael Hingson, Chief Vision Officer for accessiBe and the author of the number one New York Times bestselling book, Thunder dog, the story of a blind man, his guide dog and the triumph of trust. Thanks for joining me on my podcast as we explore our own blinding fears of inclusion unacceptance and our resistance to change. We will discover the idea that no matter the situation, or the people we encounter, our own fears, and prejudices often are our strongest barriers to moving forward. The unstoppable mindset podcast is sponsored by accessiBe, that's a c c e s s i  capital B e. Visit www.accessibe.com to learn how you can make your website accessible for persons with disabilities. And to help make the internet fully inclusive by the year 2025. Glad you dropped by we're happy to meet you and to have you here with us. **Michael Hingson ** 01:21 Well, hello, once again. I'm Mike Hingson. Your host Welcome to unstoppable mindset. And today we get to interview Michael Coughlin. Who's Michael Coghlan? Well, that's what we're going to find out in the course of the day. But I'm going to start a little bit different Lee than I have in the past. Let me tell you how I met Michael. He wrote me an email a few months ago, and talked about the fact that he read my book, Thunder dog, the story of a blind man's guide dog in the triumphant trust. And we had discussions about that Michael happens to be a person who was blind. And he talked about his engineering background and other such things. And me being a person with a physics background and also in sales, but also doing a lot of engineering and tech stuff. It just seemed like the thing to do was to have Michael come on to the podcast. So we can find out all the scandalous and non scandalous things that we want to know about him. And just give us a chance to dialogue. And I thought it'd be kind of fun if all of you get to hear it. And that's how we, we discovered each other, we finally were able to get a time where we could get together and chat. So here we are. And Michael, welcome to unstoppable mindset. **Michael Coughlin ** 02:34 Thank you. I'm glad to be here. **Michael Hingson ** 02:37 Well, we'll really appreciate you being here. Why don't we start by you may be talking about the the younger early, Michael and tell us a little bit about you. And we'll go from there. Sure. **Michael Coughlin ** 02:48 And as you said, I had emailed you because of reading the book, which was powerful. There were in addition to my low vision blindness, were a few other parallels that caught my eye and maybe we'll cover those as we go through this feel free start. I was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana, another midwesterner and I was born on a farm, as was my brother. My mother and father were New Yorkers at birth, and in their early years, they moved to Indiana, because my father was an engineer working for General Electric, and he was transferred to Fort Wayne. When they arrived in Fort Wayne, they decided to look at the Midwest, there's different sets of eyes and they rented a farmhouse on a 40 acre farm. And my father even became a hunter and raised a large garden and it was something pretty adventurous for a New York kid. But they were loving it. And I grew up for the first five years of my life on that farm, exposed a farm animals farm equipment. And I think at that time, I had been wanting to be a farmer. But quickly, they moved me into the city because of the school system. My mother had been a was a school teacher by trade and that taught in a rural schools and they felt the city schools would just be stronger. So at five years old, we moved in to Fort Wayne, and I started school at St. John the Baptist Catholic school and began my early years. In second grade. When they were doing I skipped screening for students. They immediately picked up on the fact that I couldn't see very well. And it was a bit of a shock to everybody I was getting by okay, but my parents were told that I had high problems and they immediately contacted a friend who was not the mala just to look at me, sent me to quote the best ophthalmologist in the city and I started going to him, he examined me and examined me and sent me to the University of Indiana Medical Center. And they all pretty quickly decided that I had macular degeneration. As a juvenile, um, it's very unusual in those days to come up with juvenile macular degeneration. **Michael Hingson ** 05:21 So What year was this? This would **Michael Coughlin ** 05:24 have been about 1953 or 54. Yeah. So, I mean, I was in second grade. And I was obviously starting to have visual difficulties. One of the things I didn't do very well was read aloud, because I was having trouble seeing the print even though I held it close I, I just never could read things out loud. But the school accommodated that well enough. They sat me in front of the class, when the work was going around, and each kid was asked to read a paragraph, they just skipped me. However, I was able to hold things close, read silently, figure out what was on the page, do my homework, pass my tests, and get reasonably good grades, I was probably an average to a little better than average student. So as I progressed, through grammar school, I was just given a little leeway on reading out loud, and everything else seemed to work fine. So they said average student, but if I had something to brag about in those years, it was my Boy Scout work. We had a wonderful Troop at my school. And in the years that I was a boy scout, I earned the rank of Eagle Scout with a bronze POM. I was awarded all three steps in the Order of the Arrow. And by eighth grade, was the senior patrol leader for our troop. Though I had managed through scouting, to excel in something, and then I moved on to high school. At this point, of course, I'd gone through all through grammar school, I'd been seeing ophthalmologists, I knew I had macular degeneration. But I had not been given one piece of information regarding assistive technology, such as talking books, large print, learning Braille, or anything else. I can only attribute that to the fact that I kind of saw things. I didn't run into anything, because I did have a low vision, but I could see. And so they just treated me like everybody else. And just acted like everybody else as best I could. When I got in high school. And I went yeah, go ahead. No, go ahead. Alright, went to Bishop lures High School, called institutional Catholic High School where the boys were sort of separated from the girls in most classes, because that's what was done in those days. I really got it, my grades markedly improved. I made high honors or honors at every grade point, every grade session all the way through high school. I was elected president of the Junior National Honor Society and the senior national honor society. I was in senior play with the lead one of the lead roles. I was on a yearbook staff. I just participated in everything I could, and the only thing I could not do was drive. And I had a lot of friends. And back then, at 16, not only could you drive, you could drive with a friend. So I was always able to get rides, and I just went right through high school. Still not using anything in the way of assistive technology, assistive technology. But I prospered. And at the end of my senior year, I was awarded the Catholic, the Catholic Leadership Award for the state of Indiana by the Knights of Columbus. And I decided that it was time to think about college. So there I was, and I was starting to fill that application. And so I took the graduate or the SATs test, it took another test in engineering aptitude. I scored reasonably well on the LSAT, again, with no help, no large print, no extra time holding it close. But I got through it did pretty well on that engineering aptitude test applied to four colleges in the Midwest and were accepted to all of them. I think a lot because my high school teachers liked me and gave me good recommendations. Anyway I have the four selected the University of Notre Dame, which was a good school, good Catholic school, had electrical engineering, which was where I had applied to get in and was ready to head off to college. My senior year at the end of my senior year, in high school, my parents, I was an exchange student in France, where I went there for seven weeks and lived to the French family. The correspondent, French student, Francis came back in the US for seven weeks. And right in the middle of that, my father took a job in Philadelphia, and we moved to Philadelphia. So I was transplanted into the east coast into a big city, and had a whole nother set of experiences that were great. I enjoyed it, I explored that city for the four years I was in college, even though I went back to Notre Dame, went to the Jersey Shore and saw what that was about. And went off to college, where they put me on an airplane in Philadelphia, I flew out and began my career at Notre Dame in electrical engineering, again, doing everything everybody else did, I didn't go out of my way to tell people that I couldn't see very well, I just played the role of a student. And for four years, managed to get by with pretty good grades, I had a 3.5 GPA at the end of my four years. And I had a degree in electrical engineering, and was ready to move on again to the next stage in life when the space program collapsed, and engineering jobs virtually disappeared. And so I said, Well, maybe grad school would be something one might think about for a little while longer. And I started looking into MBA programs, which I don't know we're getting popular. But my one of my engineering advisors suggests that I might want to stay in engineering because he thought I was a good engineer. I had done well in all my classes, all my labs, working with computers. So I thought about it. And somebody mentioned that there was a kind of a new field opening up called Ocean Engineering. And at the University of Miami had a program. While at the time my brother is a sophomore at Miami. And it seemed like wow, wouldn't it be kind of interesting to put out there and maybe room with my brother and, and whatever. And so I applied in ocean engineering, as well as a few MBA programs. I was accepted to Miami, they gave me money to go to school, paid my tuition gave me a stipend. And so I went, I went off to the University of Miami for a to attain that graduate degree, which I did in two years. In the middle of those two years, married my first wife, Judy, we moved she moved down to Florida. And there we were, for a couple years earning a graduate degree in ocean engineering. One of the curricula within ocean engineering is underwater acoustics. And that was very interesting to me because it was pretty mathematical. And guy double E's love math. And so I spent my courses in acoustics. And when some job interviews on campus came around, one of the companies looking for people with odd degrees were was electric boat Division of General Dynamics, because noise and submarines go together, or at least the lack of noise. They want you to be quiet. Yeah. So they gave me a job offer. And I took it, and we moved to Connecticut. And the came up here and one of the things I did during that first year, besides getting started with my job was to find an ophthalmologist because since I didn't see very well and I didn't want it to get too much worse. It was probably a good idea. And I found a fella Dr. Kaplan in Mystic and got an appointment and walked in and for the first time in my life had been I was told I was legally blind. I had no idea what that meant. And I was surprised because up until that point, I was getting by. I was enjoying what I was doing. I wasn't failing in anything, and like seem good. But anyway, he gave me a good overview on it. He said yeah, he was pretty disappointed. At the fact that I had been involved in everything to that point and never been told I was legally blind, nor had been told that there was any assistive technologies available to make it easier for me. So wait, you're mistaken. That would have been 1971. **Michael Coughlin ** 15:19 Okay. He did a few things, he registered me with the state of Connecticut. They actually have people in the state that come out and try to help you with things. He, they then sign me up for the Library for the Blind and Physically Handicapped. They stay State Library. And, lo and behold, they provided me with a talking book reader and talking books. For the first time ever, I was able to listen to books. All the ones I wanted, anything I wanted, was there available to me. And it was eye opening at that point. i From that time on, even though the device they had for as a player was pretty bulky. I carried that around everywhere. I went and was always listening to books, in addition, **Michael Hingson ** 16:11 is that records or cassettes? That **Michael Coughlin ** 16:15 at that point, they were both that's and I got records. Okay. They gave me a record player. Mostly those were the periodicals on what were then throwaway discs and, and the cassette, but I had to carry a second briefcase anywhere I went to bring that recorder because it was pretty big beast. Yes, **Michael Hingson ** 16:36 I remember those ranking was a General Electric manufacturing machine might **Michael Coughlin ** 16:42 have been but it was a great believe me went from nothing to that it **Michael Hingson ** 16:46 was large, but still Yeah. **Michael Coughlin ** 16:50 In addition, through Kaplan, I met another low vision specialist. And what he showed me was a closed circuit TV magnifier. And at that time, that beast was bigger than the tape recorder, believe me, oh, yes, full size, black and white television with a separate camera. But all of a sudden, I could see things I couldn't see because there were magnified. And so instantly, on arrival in Connecticut or close to it. I had two pieces of technology that just opened up the world. And it allowed me through that CCTV to get a second master's degree in systems management from University of Southern California. They ran that program on military bases. And they gave it I went to the submarine base in Groton and took that for two years and earned a master's second master's, I had access to closed circuit television for that I had my library books on or talking books on tape, and I was pretty happy in my career at General Dynamics was going well. I went, I went from an engineer, through senior to specialist and was an engineering supervisor in about seven years. And anyway, so we were good, but my boss at the time was struggling a bit with his advancement in life. And we had been doing a lot of work underwater acoustics on submarines with with a consulting firm that worked for the Navy called Bolt Beranek and Newman while the BBN was a diverse company, because not only were they the leading acoustics company in the world, but they also had some people that were working on something through DARPA called the ARPANET. So here we go, he gets an offer to start a local, then in New London, which is across the river from Groton, a local office of BBN recruits myself and a couple of other engineers and I am now a consultant working for the Navy Department. At that point in time, BBN was extremely interested in helping me out. So they provided me with a closed circuit was actually a portable closed circuit TV magnifier as well as the desktop version. And a few years later, I Xerox kurz wild text to speech reader. So now I had a little more technology that I could use to get printed books into text format, or speech format. And soon thereafter, one of my good friends who I still play golf with Doug Hannah, came across the fact that a Macintosh computer could magnify the screen and had text to speech. And that was from the all Most of the beginning of the Mac, those features were built into their operating system. Did **Michael Hingson ** 20:06 you ever get to spend much time up at BBN in Cambridge? **Michael Coughlin ** 20:10 Oh, yes. Lots of time at BBN in Cambridge. **Michael Hingson ** 20:14 Did you ever get to meet a guy up there named Dick Durbin sign? **Michael Coughlin ** 20:19 No, but I'll bet he was in a speech synthesis group. **Michael Hingson ** 20:24 I don't know that. He was there. He, he and I went to UC Irvine together. And I actually saw him. I actually saw him at BBN later, and we worked on some projects together, but I suppose there's a large place. So it **Michael Coughlin ** 20:41 was it was large and, and for the most part, my work was done with the acoustic side of things. Although as the internet grew, the computer side of BBN, when I started was about 5050 grew huge and dominated the company and, and all. I mean, they were very early adopters in, in speech recognition, right? They had a voice recognition or a voice sort of dialer feature in their phones from years before they were they were very much into that sort of thing. I **Michael Hingson ** 21:20 remember once when I visited BBN, he Dick told me about a transducer they had that actually would simulate the sound of a jet engine. I believe that yes, he said it was like the size of an ashtray that like the typical floor ashtray in a hotel but he said you didn't want to be anywhere near it when they fired it up because it really was just like a jet engine and it had all the the audio capabilities and all the features. So it really sounded like a jet engine. So you didn't want to be anywhere near Munich fire to an **Michael Coughlin ** 21:57 an aircraft acoustics was a huge part of the work that was done there. And air airport acoustics and they were just in a lot of acoustics but our little group was in submarine acoustics and, and kept us busy. Working at BBN was great in that they were a Mac House, everybody used maps. They put a Macintosh on my desk. It had the ability to magnify what I wanted to see and do text to speech. Even though it's a bit cumbersome, in that you had to copy things paste and whatever. But But I got good at that. I was able to use that computer to do word I could do Excel spreadsheets. I could do graph view graphs. I could do program planning, you name it. All of a sudden the world of the PC was opened to me, thanks to the Mac. And my career at BBN span 20 years. It was it was a great place. They were very early adopters in a lot of technology exposed to a lot of it early emails. They were one of the first companies to to use email. In fact, the fella that put the at sign in email name worked at BBN Ray Tomlinson, so that that was the place but after 20 years, because they were a true consulting firm and fairly expensive rates. And the government was competing on a cost basis. And so eventually I was in a situation where I was looking for a job. And friend of mine at BBN suggested a fella he knew at Boeing might want to buy mica job. And that led to a situation where they their group who was doing work and underwater vehicles, were located on the west coast, wanted somebody on the East Coast who did similar work. And so I was hired as a tech rep, where I would represent the group on the west coast, but I would interact with their Prime customers on the East Coast, one of whom was General Dynamics electric boat, and so my location in Groton was, was great. So what I thought would be about a four three or four year experiment with Boeing ended up as a 20 plus year career with Boeing. And I, they too, were a great employer. They provided me with up to date, closed circuit TVs, they made sure that I my laptop had the best software it turned out by that time. In the PC world. There were software there were things like Jaws and zoom texts. And so I they had Zoom Text on my machine. I was stopped into the internet anywhere I went. And I had closed circuit TVs, both at their facility in California and at my house. And by that time, you could put the library of the blind cassettes into Walkman size machines. So it was easy to carry that along on my travels. And for what was what 20 plus years I had a great career with them as as a tech rep. I was no longer now you had mentioned sales. My father and brother are sales people he was a sales engineer, my brother was a salesman and so is light all his career. My case not so much being in Myers Brigg ISTJ, which stands for introvert a bit. Sales was always a pressure job to me. And as a manager, by that time at BBN have have managed managed the Department of 40 engineers and scientists, the whole job was get more work sales. That was a pressure position for me, when I switched to BBN and I was nothing but a an engineer in the field with no sales pressure and work at all times. I loved it just lower pay less pressure, but I prospered. i I'm sure I was a huge help to them. Because every year my contract or the thought of me coming on for another year came up. Different supervisors wanted me and I just stayed in I was there for over 20 years. And it was it was kind of career where I was traveling a lot. And I enjoyed traveling. And I could get by in airports with little monoculars and asking questions and remembering the Airport layout. So I didn't get lost. And I just got by. Great. And as that careers continued through 20 plus years, and I was getting older, the subject of retirement began to crop in. I talked to my supervisor, you know, I'm at an age where retirement is something I might want to think about. Nope, nope. Well, I went from five day weeks to 40 weeks to three day weeks always saying I want to get out now. And finally they said, Well, if you can find a replacement, then we'll talk about it. So I was fortunate and able to find somebody I thought was good at it as today. And so then they put me on as a consultant for another year and a half on Tuesday weeks. And finally I was able to retire. What year was that? He retired? Yes. And that's where I am today. **Michael Hingson ** 27:42 But what year did you retire? **Michael Coughlin ** 27:45 Okay. During my time at Boeing, which I thought the career itself was fantastic. There were some times good and bad. I, my, my daughter and her husband gave us two grandchildren, Chloe and Evan. However, after many, many years, my first wife Judy succumbed to cancer. And that was tough. And when you are seeing some of that now, I'm sure, but in any case, after that, there's some low points and whatever I met Karen, my current wife, we, we went out for a few years and eventually we're married and, and everything has just turned back around the way it was. I'm happy. I'm retired. Her daughter has given us a grandchild ESMI who's now two and a half, almost three. And we are enjoying life. **Michael Hingson ** 28:42 So how long have you guys been married? **Michael Coughlin ** 28:45 This will be it was just 10 years we were we were married in 2012. Newlyweds? **Michael Hingson ** 28:50 Almost. Yeah. Well, I'm curious. What. So you, you clearly had a rich life you'd have the life that you enjoyed. But what do you think about the fact that early on? They did not that that no one the ophthalmologists and others didn't give you any access to assistive technology didn't give you more access to understanding about blindness and so on. And I don't ask that to say what a horrible thing but rather just what do you think about it? Now looking back on hindsight is always a wonderful thing. Looking back, **Michael Coughlin ** 29:34 I almost angry. At the time, I thought everything was fine. But when you look back, I believe. Number one, I think a lot of eye doctors are great if they can help you but if they can't help you, they tend to push you off to the side. And I think that was a little of it. And it maybe was just the fact that in the URL The days even though I had macular and I couldn't see printed and everything I saw well enough to get by. And I'm just thinking they figured, well, he's doing okay, whatever they should have done way more. And maybe even my parents should have done more. But But I don't I even looking back feel that in some sense the fact that I had to hold things up here to read was almost embarrassing to them, they they didn't grasp the concept of a young person not saying well, it just didn't grasp it. And unfortunately, since we were in the middle of Indiana, and there really weren't Apparently, people with very much knowledge of the subject. It just happened. And I just hope today, that way more attention is paid to people, the few juveniles that are limited sight, because I'm sure I could have had a fuller experience in life, if I at least had been exposed to talking books at a younger age. **Michael Hingson ** 31:14 Here are a lot of us who believe that it is so unfortunate that more of us also did not get the opportunity to learn braille, because right is outcomes, the basic means of reading and writing. **Michael Coughlin ** 31:30 I understand I agree completely. And so here I am having to sit here with my closed circuit TV, off to the right with about 40 power magnification in order to be able to see my notes, hey, I have a fellow in our, at the center of the blind Kevin, who is a braille reader and, and he's totally blind, but he has the Braille and he can sit at a meeting and read what he needs by reading it in Braille, when I'm at those meetings, I can't read anything. You can't, I cannot see any print, I just always have to rely on what I hear or ask questions. **Michael Hingson ** 32:13 So you're seeing reality, the advantage that we had was being blind people than if we do read braille, and so on, for not the advantages that we can look at meetings from a different perspective, which I love to talk about which, namely, is, if people are doing meetings truly the right way, they would provide everyone the information in advance of the meeting, so that people could read this stuff with the idea, then you can prepare and then you go to the meeting, and you can discuss it rather than spending half the meeting reading the information. Yep, well, they **Michael Coughlin ** 32:50 do that fortunately, times. Case of the center, I gather all of the information they're going to pass out as Word documents earlier, and I do go through them. **Michael Hingson ** 33:02 But what I'm saying is they should really do that for everyone, rather than passing out information at the meeting. People should get it in advance so that nobody has to read it at the meeting, rather use the meeting to be more efficient. So that's a lesson we could teach them which, which a lot of people really haven't caught on to yet understood. It does make life a little bit of a challenge. But I'm glad that that your your work at the Center will tell me a little bit about your work at the center and how you got involved in what the center is all about. **Michael Coughlin ** 33:34 Right? Well, it's my second time involved being involved with the center of the Blind in New London. First, the first interaction came about in in probably the late mid mid to late 90s, when we had a macular degeneration support group in Waterford, that that was started by a fellow's a friend Duncan Smith since passed. And, and I ended up as president of the group. And it was it was a pretty active group for about 10 years. And we brought people in that had macular and tried to provide him with information. And as part of that the center of the blind was one of the participants and their lead person helped us get speakers and so there's sort of a three to four person group as the lead and and that center lead person was one of those. I can tell you what her name was, but I forgotten it is too many years ago. So when I retired and I'm trying to think of giving back and doing things that what what can I do also I should have mentioned that not only they work with a senator I also at one point in time was a reader On the advisory group for the State Library for the Blind and Physically Handicapped, where I'd attend meetings and from a reader point of view, try to help them with their services. And I was on the board of directors for Chris radio, which is a radio service that reads newspapers and periodicals to people. So I've done a few of those kinds of things as well. But now I'm retired, I say, I want to be able to give back to some degree and, and so I thought of the Senator and gave them a call. They looked up their webpage, and there's a phone number I gave a call, talk to the Executive Director, Wendy Lusk. And she said, we'd love to have you come down and talk so. So I did, Karen and I went down. And we sat and talked to Wendy and, and Tammy, the assistant and said, well, might I be able to do. And after a little discussion, the concept of a support group for macular degeneration came up. And they didn't have such a thing. And they thought that would be a worthwhile project that they should put into their calendar. And that's what we've done. So I, every first Wednesday of the month, get together with others who are interested in. And the primary focus is learning how to use cell phones, because the new cell phones or smartphones and iPhones and also that others are pretty hard for people who are beginning to lose their sight. And they don't have an understanding of some of the assistive aids that are in the phone. So that's what we do. We spend a couple hours just answering questions and presenting information that I pick up over the web on things their smartphone can do for them. And as as that went and started gaining traction, Wendy asked me if I wanted to be on the board. And I said I'd be glad to do that and was elected to the board a couple of months back. So I'm on the board of directors as well as running that support group. **Michael Hingson ** 37:17 Do you think that let's deal with the pathological world? Do you think that attitudes have changed very much in terms of how I doctors handled blindness and blind people today over, say 40 years ago? **Michael Coughlin ** 37:35 Well, a little better. I mean, I have a fella now Dr. Parker I've been seeing for when, when Kaplan sold his practice, Dr. Parker took it over, I go to see him. He, he tries to keep me appraised of any new emerging things in the way of AI specialists, and what they may be doing for people with low vision. But, but they're more on the scientific side, and he really doesn't have any, any of the low vision aids, you have to go to a separate guy for that. And I've gone through those things so many times. That? I don't know, right? I would say better, but not great. Yeah, **Michael Hingson ** 38:29 what, what I have found and having significant conversations with people is that still all too often, if you go to an ophthalmologist, and it's discovered that for whatever reason, you're losing eyesight, and they can't do anything about it. They consider it a failure. And they just walk out sorry, there's nothing we can do and that we haven't seen enough of an awareness raising in the eye care world, where people recognize that just because you can't see it's not the end of the world and you can still be just as productive as you otherwise might have been accepted when you use different techniques. And, and a lot of state rehabilitation agencies are somewhat in the same sort of boat, they don't really ultimately do the things that they could do to better prepare people for having a positive attitude about blindness when they're losing their son. **Michael Coughlin ** 39:31 Yeah, I think that's true, although Connecticut, their agency is called WSB. The Bureau for the education of the blind and and they're pretty good. I just actually had a SB fella come to my house to give me a how do you use a cane training? I've never used a cane. And it's part part of our macular sport group. Discussion. One of the fellas in They're mentioned the, what he called his ID cane. And that was a term I'd never heard him. And what do you mean by that? And he said, Well, he said, because he has macular like me, said, I still see well enough to get around. But I'm tired of explaining to people they don't see very well. And so I got an I A cane, white cane, which you're legally able to use. And he said, the one I have is a little shorter, because I don't really need it as two more people with less vision. And it helps people understand that I don't see very well **Michael Hingson ** 40:37 in the answers. And the answer is even with an ID cane, that works until it doesn't. I know, I know, a guy who lived in I think it was Mount Laurel, New Jersey, and will take the train to Philadelphia every day, when he was losing his eyesight and the New Jersey Commission gave him a cane. But they also continued to emphasize eyesight a lot. And they didn't really convey to him the true importance of learning to use a cane as he's losing his eyesight. So one day, he was walking along the side of the New Jersey Transit train to go into the car to find a seat and involved process to Philadelphia. And key he turned in where the where he saw the openings for the car, and promptly fell between two cars. And then the train started to move and they got stopped and got him out. If he had been using his cane that would never have happened. And he became an avid cane user after that. Right. **Michael Coughlin ** 41:48 Great. And I completely understand that. And and I'm using it more and more. No doubt. **Michael Hingson ** 41:56 Yeah, there's and the problem is that people just all too often think it's a horrible thing and makes you look weird. Well, you know, there are a lot of things that all sorts of people use that make them look different than other people, that doesn't mean that they're less people. **Michael Coughlin ** 42:12 I actually had an experience a while back, which made the use of the cane even more, it highlighted it a little more is a number we were going back and forth to the Caribbean for a few years at on vacation at the Sandals Resort, and we got to the airport in Antigua getting ready to fly home. And since I don't see very well, I always will go up to the attendant at the ticket counter and say, you know, I'm visually disabled, can't see I really need early boarding we could cause legs, feet and other things trip me and I I'd like to get into a seat before the crowd arrives. And the first thing she did is looked at me and said, You're not blind, you know. And, and I was stunned. But but said yes, I am I cannot see. And they let me show. All right. All right. So after that in airports, I started at least wearing dark glasses. That helped a little bit with a cane. It's even at least then you have a claim to your claim, having to pull out the piece of paper from the state that says I'm legally blind. I have one of those, but that's kind of going a little too far. So I do find it a little bit more helpful. **Michael Hingson ** 43:39 Well, of course, what you discovered, the more you use a cane is the better traveler you are. And that helps you get around. Yes. Now as you know, I happen to use a guide dog. In fact, I didn't use either a cane or a guide. Well Mark cane or guide until I was 14 when I got the guideline. I never learned to use a cane until I was 18. But I discovered that I could teach anyone to use a cane in five minutes, but teaching people to have the competence to use a cane takes months because one is just a technique which you can learn easily the other is developing an attitude and developing the true awareness of that you know where you are and what's around you and how to recover from getting lost and and other such things like that along the way. That's a whole different animal entirely. Absolutely. But nevertheless, it's it's doable. So I still mostly use guide dog but there are some times that I'll leave the puppy dog at home or if I'm just stepping out a little bit leave the dog tied down and I'll use a cane but that doesn't happen very often. And certainly when I travel Alamo who is not a current guide dog comes with ready to go so We just returned from a weekend Israel doing work and all that, and he needed fine. And even on the long airplane flight to and from Israel, He did really well. Excellent. You know, it's, it is a matter of learning to use the skills that that we have. That **Michael Coughlin ** 45:19 is That is true. And in my case technology has been my savior. Sure, closer to TVs, the books on tape, and the fact that computers now have text to speech and magnification. Without it without those. I would not have had an engineering career I don't believe. So **Michael Hingson ** 45:44 what do you use to read books today? **Michael Coughlin ** 45:48 I do. I use my iPad. I have the bard application, which is the current app that's put out by the library. handicapper, I think they changed their name recently, but it's the same thing. And so I download books through them, and use the iPad, to read the books to me, I don't have to use a recorder anymore. It's and I can do the same thing on my iPhone. So. **Michael Hingson ** 46:23 So now of course, you have the ability to navigate through those books a whole lot more than you used to. **Michael Coughlin ** 46:28 Yes, because the again, I'm an apple person, but on my iPad, I can magnify the screen very easily. So downloading books is a little cumbersome, but not bad. And then I can pick whatever book I want to listen to and with Bluetooth headphones, or what I air pods or whatever they call them and listen to those without bothering anybody else. **Michael Hingson ** 46:53 Yeah. And again, the other neat thing is that you can skip around in a book, which is something that you couldn't do before, right now with the advantage of the DAISY format and so on you can which is a format, which is kind of an ePub environment. But you can literally skip around the book by chapter or any number of levels. Yep. **Michael Coughlin ** 47:15 And, and not only do I use that app, but I also have downloaded books on audible. Occasionally, if I can't find where I wanted, or, or iBooks it's now called something else. But and so some of the books he can't get it the library right away, you can you can go on and pay for him. And but mostly, it's through the the Library for the Blind. Certainly, that's where I found the underdog. So **Michael Hingson ** 47:45 what do you think overall has been the biggest obstacle you've had to overcome? **Michael Coughlin ** 47:49 If you go back and look, to me, the biggest obstacle was the invent the advent of the PC, and getting to use a PC. When, when I was moving along in my career, and early on, I did a lot of software engineering. But I was back in the earliest days, it was key punches. And all of that I got by then as they started using terminals, but simple terminals, I could have the software printed out, I could use the CCTV to see it, I could make changes to the software and have others enter it. It was everything was slow back then. But when the PC came along, it became an individual tool that everybody used, you had to be able to use it and and as I said it was Doug, Hannah and my good golfing buddy now who, who figured out how to use that with text to speech and magnification. And that just opened up the whole world of the personal computer, which which is today I mean MATLAB and other pieces of software you have to use. It made it available to me, had I not been able to make that jump into the PC world, I think I would have really been hampered on my ability to continue as an engineer or an engineering manager. **Michael Hingson ** 49:20 So you're not too bothered by the fact that there was a time that Bill Gates said that 640 K is all you'd ever need. And we have Emory. **Michael Coughlin ** 49:29 Well, you know, I remember using before Yeah. And I remember when the very first Mac's came out, they only had two floppy drives and no hard drives. So I had **Michael Hingson ** 49:45 a my first computer that I really use it all was Xerox sigma seven. We also had an OS born from my wife even before that, but it had the Xerox had two eight inch floppies no hard drive 64k and What was it? Yeah, you know, but amazing. I **Michael Coughlin ** 50:03 mean, the technology has just moved so fast. And, and the fast moving technology is great. And it's frustrating. Because a lot of the people that develop it's because now they can write software that does everything. The concept and of course you work for a company that that's very attuned to that fact, is that much of the stuff they throw out there now is very hard to use. If you're visually disabled, **Michael Hingson ** 50:34 you'd have visual issues there. The awareness has not grown like it needs to to make sure that all that stuff is inclusive. Absolutely. **Michael Coughlin ** 50:42 And it as fast as the technology is moving it. The accessibility features of software, to me are falling further and further behind. Even though there's more and more people that seemed to work in the field of accessibility. I think they're still not moving fast enough. And it is frustrating I had, I mentioned that one of the other obstacles that are countered, over the years when I was working at Boeing. Computer Training was becoming easy. And everybody had to take seven or eight computers, courses through the year and be qualified in things like obstacle don't leave obstacles and jet engines in called FOD and foreign object detection and on and on. And, and those courses were originally written by the various divisions and by people who got told make a course. And so they might dig up a course making pieces of software, whatever. And when they would finish it and put it out to everybody. Many of them wouldn't work with screen readers. And not only Weren't they work with screen readers, and they didn't redo the text, they'd have little tests you had to pass. And those certainly didn't work for the screen reader. And they were very, very frustrating. And I ran across to fellow at Boeing corporate, who became a friend and his father who had macular and he was really sensitive to that fact. And between the two of us we, we fought tooth and nail to get a standard a corporate standard on for courses put in place that included the fact that you had to be able to access the course with a screen reader took about five years for for that standard to finally be propagated throughout Boeing. And even when they did, I ran across the fire protection course where it wasn't in place. And I couldn't do that test and this. So you have to fight for that stuff. There's no doubt about it. **Michael Hingson ** 52:55 There are times that you do things to draw the line and say, look, you've got to make this inclusive. **Michael Coughlin ** 53:01 Great. Absolutely. It's getting better. I mean, I mean, at least if you stand up and squawk about it, there are people who will listen more than they used to. **Michael Hingson ** 53:13 Yeah, well and I think we're slowly raising awareness and it's a it's a challenge. consumer organizations are helping and we're we're we're now getting people to recognize it more much less that it really is part of the law the Americans with Disabilities Act really is more comprehensive than people want it sometimes to get credit for. And sometimes we have sites where it is still happening. **Michael Coughlin ** 53:40 Oh yeah. And and sometimes it just happens when you don't think about it we had when I was at the Boeing facility in California and they had been California it's always beautiful as you know. And and so stairways for buildings are often outside and inside stairways and we had a nice building and an out big, big wide outside stairway and they came in and put in new a new surface on the top step of the third floor landing so you wouldn't slip and a just as they did it, they covered up that yellow stripe that marked the top step and that next day I almost stepped right off into an clobbered down a flight of stairs, got my supervisor and said hey, help me an appointment and we she took me right over to the safety people within this was in Huntington Beach and today a day later they had a yellow stripe on the top **Michael Hingson ** 54:40 of that step car alternative that is which you didn't really have access to at the time was 30 Days came back. Which is another story of course I agree. But at **Michael Coughlin ** 54:51 that time, I was not. Right. Right. Look for yellow stripes, because I could see that much But anyhow. **Michael Hingson ** 55:02 So what what do you do for extra curricular activities in such out of work like sports and so on? Yeah, **Michael Coughlin ** 55:09 I, I love sports. When I was younger, I could play other few others like I never could be a baseball player with a little ball moving real fast, or a tennis player. But But I did like to play football because I was big enough to be a blocker and part of that team. And I played basketball, because basketball is pretty big. I played that least through college but but I was very fortunate in that my father, as an engineer had a medium kind of income and belonged to we belong to a country club in Fort Wayne. And the golf pro, there was a big advocate of teaching young kids how to play golf. So I started learning golf when I was about eight years old, and have always played golf. It got harder when I couldn't see the golf ball very well. I became eventually became a member of the US blind Golfers Association. I still am a member, they have a well, it was at the time a DVD. Now I think it's an online thing. It's a course for coaches of blind golfers. And they adopted the term coach, but I don't know helper to whatever the sighted person is about the blind golfer. And I show my friends that and, and pretty quickly, they figured out well, let's see, we've got to help him line the ball up in the middle of his clubface and point out where the hole is. And, and then there's these new range finders, the one I have talked. And so I push a button, it says your 180 yards. And so between a friend Nirn learning how to be a coach, and that I'm still an avid golfer, I play that a couple times a week. And if I have a good round, and I play from the senior tees, because I'm definitely senior, I still can once in a while break at which is a very, I think a very good score. And then I love to swim. And we had a swim team at that club and I from about age eight to 15 or something I was into competitive swimming. And now we have a pool and I swim every day in the summer. So **Michael Hingson ** 57:23 So is is Karen a golfer? **Michael Coughlin ** 57:27 No. It was the last week. We thought about that once but it didn't go over too. **Michael Hingson ** 57:33 Well. You try Yeah. Now you have, **Michael Coughlin ** 57:36 of course also love sports on television where I have a big TV and sit close my my passion of course is Notre Dame football. And for the people that see a video, the back screen of my my video is a picture I took of the Notre Dame Stadium football field when I was back at my 50th college reunion. **Michael Hingson ** 58:01 So Oh, go ahead. **Michael Coughlin ** 58:04 Well, I was gonna say they improve the stadium immensely since I was there. And there's a big area up at the top where you they have banquets and and you entertain and and so our class that was where we had our 50th anniversary dinner. And so he couldn't be looking over the stadium and I took a picture and put it in my Zoom background. So so they **Michael Hingson ** 58:28 still talk to you. They still talk to you even though you've got some advanced degree work from USC, and Miami and Miami, USC even more than Miami. But yeah, **Michael Coughlin ** 58:40 well there was a time Miami and Notre Dame went like that. Now it's not but USC Of course. And I tell people that but I I have never had bad vibes over the fact I have advanced degrees from **Michael Hingson ** 58:55 C See, I love to tell the story that when my wife and I got married, the church didn't fill up until 12 minutes after the wedding was supposed to start, I suppose started for and and for 12 crowds came in and Only later did we learned that everyone was still sitting out in your pliers waiting for the end of the USC Notre Dame game. Of course. Again, I want to point out that my wife, of course, is an SE grad she did her master's work there. And of course I have to point out that we won, which proves that God was really on our side that day. Just say sometimes, **Michael Coughlin ** 59:30 you know the story of one of the Notre Dame Miami games where they had the great dinner or breakfast before the game and and when they the University of Miami Chaplain got up and said that well, you all know that God is not doesn't take sides in football. And so we'll both pray and see who the better team wins and Lou Holtz, then the coach Scott up and said, Yeah, you're completely right. God is not involved. But his mother is. **Michael Hingson ** 1:00:08 Good answer. Yeah, only Luke could do that. That's the neat thing about good college football rivalries. Absolutely. Always find that. That's **Michael Coughlin ** 1:00:19 kind of my sports, fat, passion for, for television, and then golf and swimming or my dad, **Michael Hingson ** 1:00:26 I grew up listening to the Dodgers. And of course, we're spoiled. We have been Skelly who I still know them. Yes, yes. The best announcer that ever is when was and probably will be in. So I learned baseball from him. There's a lot of fun listening to him. And **Michael Coughlin ** 1:00:43 posters where Claire and I are now. I've been converted. She's from Boston. So we're Red Sox fans. So this weekend, they're playing each other. Well, **Michael Hingson ** 1:00:53 and then in days gone by in basketball. We had Chick Hearn, and of course, Boston had Johnny most. **Michael Coughlin ** 1:00:59 Oh, yes. Oh, yes. **Michael Hingson ** 1:01:03 Johnny is, Johnny was certainly a character. Well, I want to thank you for taking the time to do this today. It was was fun to do. I'm glad that we got a chance to really chat and do

Internet se dio a conocer por primera vez en la década de los años 60. Fue en plena guerra fría cuando Estados Unidos desarrolló una red exclusivamente militar, para que en caso de un ataque ruso, se pudiera acceder a la información militar desde cualquier punto del pais. Se llamó ARPANET. Sin embargo, no sería hasta la década de los 90 cuando Internet comenzó a perfilarse como la plataforma que conocemos hoy. Te contamos la historia de la tecnología que cambió la historia de la humanidad. Y recuerda, puedes encontrar más historias curiosas en el canal National Geographic y en Disney +.

Check out The Jack & 'Chill Podcast here!http://atozenglishpodcast.com/episodeshttps://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-jack-chill-podcast/id1709902691https://redcircle.com/shows/the-jack-and-chill-podcastHere are some notable historical events that happened on October 29th:1618 - Sir Walter Raleigh, the English explorer, writer, and courtier, was executed for his alleged involvement in a plot against King James I of England.1929 - "Black Tuesday" occurred on the New York Stock Exchange, leading to the Great Depression. Billions of dollars were lost, and this event marked the beginning of a severe worldwide economic downturn.1945 - The Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) was officially founded.1956 - Israel invaded Egypt's Sinai Peninsula during the Suez Crisis, leading to international condemnation and calls for a ceasefire.1969 - The first message was sent over the ARPANET, a precursor to the internet, marking the birth of the World Wide Web.1991 - The American Galileo spacecraft made its closest approach to the asteroid 951 Gaspra, providing valuable data and images of the asteroid.2004 - The European Space Agency's SMART-1 spacecraft entered orbit around the Moon.2008 - Delta Air Lines and Northwest Airlines merged, creating one of the world's largest airlines.These are just a few historical events that took place on October 29th. There are many more, as this date has significance in various fields and throughout different time periods.Podcast Website:https://atozenglishpodcast.com/a-to-z-this-day-in-world-history-october-29th/Social Media:Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/671098974684413/Tik Tok:@atozenglish1Instagram:@atozenglish22Twitter:@atozenglish22A to Z Facebook Page:https://www.facebook.com/theatozenglishpodcastCheck out our You Tube Channel:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCds7JR-5dbarBfas4Ve4h8ADonate to the show: https://app.redcircle.com/shows/9472af5c-8580-45e1-b0dd-ff211db08a90/donationsRobin and Jack started a new You Tube channel called English Word Master. You can check it out here:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC2aXaXaMY4P2VhVaEre5w7ABecome a member of Podchaser and leave a positive review!https://www.podchaser.com/podcasts/the-a-to-z-english-podcast-4779670Join our Whatsapp group: https://forms.gle/zKCS8y1t9jwv2KTn7Intro/Outro Music: Daybird by Broke for Freehttps://freemusicarchive.org/music/Broke_For_Free/Directionless_EP/Broke_For_Free_-_Directionless_EP_-_03_Day_Bird/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcodehttps://freemusicarchive.org/music/eaters/simian-samba/audrey-horne/Support this podcast at — https://redcircle.com/the-a-to-z-english-podcast/donationsAdvertising Inquiries: https://redcircle.com/brandsPrivacy & Opt-Out: https://redcircle.com/privacy

Today we bring you a living legend. Miguel Armaza sits down with Howard Morgan, Chair and General Partner at B Capital, a global investment firm with $6.3 billion in AUM and 160+ portfolio companies.Howard is also a true technology pioneer. He was one of the first people in history to experience the web, and had computer #50 on the ARPANET. His research also contributed to the development of the modern internet.Howard is also a trailblazer of tech investing, having co-founded firms like Renaissance technologies with Jim Simons, and First Round Capital with Josh Kopelman.We discuss:Bringing the internet to Wharton and sending his first email in the early 70sBuilding Renaissance Technologies, the best-performing fund of all-timeLessons for founders and investors after 50 years of investing in tech companies, including the seed rounds of Uber, Square, and RobloxBuilding a truly global investment firm at B CapitalThe impact of GenAI and why every company should be leveraging enterprise AI tools today… and a lot more!  Want more podcast episodes? Join me and follow Fintech Leaders today on Apple, Spotify, or your favorite podcast app for weekly conversations with today's global leaders that will dominate the 21st century in fintech, business, and beyond.Do you prefer a written summary, instead? Check out the Fintech Leaders newsletter and join almost 60,000 readers and listeners worldwide!Miguel Armaza is Co-Founder and General Partner of Gilgamesh Ventures, a seed-stage investment fund focused on fintech in the Americas. He also hosts and writes the Fintech Leaders podcast and newsletter.Miguel on LinkedIn: https://bit.ly/3nKha4ZMiguel on Twitter: https://bit.ly/2Jb5oBcFintech Leaders Newsletter: bit.ly/3jWIp

In this episode of The Cybersecurity Defenders Podcast, we speak with Sean Higgins, consultant, educator, and co-founder of the Herjavec Group.Sean Higgins is a coach, speaker, author, and consultant with a specialization in cybersecurity program evaluation. With over 35 years of experience in information technology, he has dedicated nearly three decades to the field of cybersecurity. From 2003 to 2022, Sean served as the CTO and Co-founder of Herjavec Group. In his Canadian Best Selling book, "Driven," Robert Herjavec described Sean as "the smartest guy I ever met," a recognition that deeply touched him.Today, organizations seek out Sean's expertise when they require guidance on resolving technical issues, evaluating technological solutions, or need assistance in shaping the direction of their company's security program. One of his notable strengths lies in helping Chief Information Security Officers (CISO) and senior management confidently evaluate and refine their security programs.Sean is astounded by the rapid evolution of technology over the years. His career commenced in 1986 when he was writing programs to count light bulbs at General Electric. A few years later, he was instrumental in establishing the first computer network for the North York Public Library in Ontario, an endeavor that predates the widespread internet we know today. During those early days of the ARPANET, Sean used it to send emails to friends still at Purdue University. He also holds the distinction of being the first expert witness in a Canadian court regarding a cybersecurity incident.Passionate about mentoring millennials in the tech industry to find balance between their professional and personal lives, Sean collaborates with various universities, including the University of York's Career Mentorship Program. Additionally, he is a member of the Case Alumni Association Scholarship Committee, where he has the honor of awarding millions of dollars in scholarships to junior and senior STEM students.Sean's coaching approach combines elements of traditional life coaching, entrepreneurial business experience, and his ability to read energy. He has received training from the Quantum Success Coaching Academy, Enwaken Coaching, and Enwaken Apprentice programs.Notably, Sean has self-published his first book on Amazon titled "Living Your Purposeful Life" and is currently working on his second book, "Balancing: How tech managers can avoid burnout, balance priorities, and come back to life," slated for release in January 2023.Residing on picturesque Vancouver Island, Sean enjoys exploring the island's beauty with his faithful Golden Retriever, Rosie. He is an avid mountain biker and has recently discovered a passion for pickleball. His love for college athletics, particularly college basketball, is evident, and he especially cherishes watching his alma mater, Purdue University, during March Madness. So, reaching him during that time might prove a challenge, as he's likely to be glued to the games.

Chris and Molly read Inherent Vice, part 5. Scott Oof and BEER, Fritz and ARPAnet. Discussion starts at 22:26.

Gary Thuerk, often referred to as the "Father of Spam," pioneered the world of digital marketing with his groundbreaking unsolicited email campaign on May 2nd, 1978. The Internet was in its infancy. That very early incarnation was called ARPANET. The Digital Equipment Company sent an unsolicited commercial email to every ARPANET address on the West Coast. And just like that, email spam was born. The earliest documented spam (although the term had not yet been coined) was a message advertising the availability of a new model of Digital Equipment Corporation computers sent by Gary Thuerk to 393 recipients on ARPANET on May 3, 1978. Rather than send a separate message to each person, which was the standard practice at the time, he had an assistant, Carl Gartley, write a single mass email. As the marketing manager at Digital, he was hoping to get attention, particularly from West Coast customers, for Digital's new T-series of VAX systems. Instead, he ended up getting crowned, for better or worse, as the 'Father of Spam'. He prefers to think of himself as the father of e-marketing. There's a difference. In fact, Gary's original spam "did work," according to him, "We sold $13 million or $14 million worth" of the DEC machines through that e-mail campaign. On the negative side, complaints started coming in almost immediately, and a few days after the original e-mail, an ARPANET representative called him up and chewed him out and made him promise never to do it again. Listen in to hear how the late Queen Elizabeth II also used ARPANET in 1976!

Episode 656: September 10, 2023 playlist: Godflesh, "Nero (Remix)" (Nero) 2023 Avalanche Sparkle Division, "Oh Yeah!" (Foxy) 2023 Temporary Residence Edward Ka-Spel, "Spectrescape 13" (Spectrescapes 3) 2016 self-released Big Blood, "James Bay" (Deep Maine) 2019 Don't Rust the Ruin / 2023 Feeding Tube Nervous Gender, "Monsters" (Music From Hell) 1981 Subterranean / 2023 Dark Entries Jeremiah Chiu, "In Electric Time" (In Electric Time) 2023 International Anthem Mary Lattimore, "Horses, Glossy on the Hill" (Goodbye, Hotel Arkada) 2023 Ghostly International Arpanet, "P2101V" (Wireless Internet) 2002 Record Makers / Source John Fahey, "Morning (Pt. 2)" (Proofs and Refutations) 2023 Drag City Midwife and Nyxy Nyx, "it's ok 2 lie 2 me" (it's ok 2 lie 2 me b/w Andy) 2023 self-released Blonde Redhead, "Before" (Sit Down for Dinner) 2023 Section1 in be tween noise, "the apostle" (humming endlessly in the hush) 1995 New Plastic Music Email podcast at brainwashed dot com to say who you are; what you like; what you want to hear; share pictures for the podcast of where you're from, your computer or MP3 player with or without the Brainwashed Podcast Playing; and win free music! We have no tracking information, no idea who's listening to these things so the more feedback that comes in, the more frequent podcasts will come. You will not be put on any spam list and your information will remain completely private and not farmed out to a third party. Thanks for your attention and thanks for listening.

Before the World Wide Web, savvy computer users were flocking to USENET to participate in discussions on everything from the latest advance in computing to the worst jokes you could imagine. USENET is still around today. So what the heck is it?See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Prepárate para un viaje asombroso a través de la historia y la cultura email desde su invención ARPANET hasta el error Malí. Exploramos la intrigante historia del nacimiento del correo electrónico, aportando conocimientos fascinantes sobre Ray Tomlinson y la creación de la primera red de computadoras, ARPANET.Nos sumergimos profundamente en los inicios de la revolución digital, con la creación de dominios de Internet .com, .net, .gov y .mil, y aprenderemos cómo una simple errata llevó a los correos militares a terminar en Malí, en lugar de .mil.A lo largo del camino, conectamos esta narrativa con referencias a la cultura pop global y latinoamericana de cada época, revelando cómo la tecnología y la cultura se entrelazan y se influencian mutuamente. También presentamos un relato detallado sobre la diferencia entre los dominios de nivel superior genéricos y los de nivel superior patrocinados, a través de un cuento encantador.También abordamos el impacto de libros como "Permission Marketing" de Seth Godin en la configuración de nuestra forma moderna de marketing digital.Bibliografía y enlaces útiles: The Guardian: History of EmailOpen University: Email, a Blessing and a CurseStudySection: A Brief History of EmailsPowerDMARC: When was Email InventedMicrosoft: Email Authentication DKIMGoogle Support: DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM)DMARC.org: OverviewBIMI GroupWikipedia: History of EmailPhrasee: A Brief History of EmailEmail On Acid: History of EmailThis show is part of the Spreaker Prime Network, if you are interested in advertising on this podcast, contact us at https://www.spreaker.com/show/880846/advertisement

We return to speaking to Joseph Haughney about his hopes for the Arpanet. We ask other founders how they feel about what the internet has become. We also speak to internet early founder Hans Werner Braun's daughters about how they reconcile themselves the world their father helped create.

It is the late 1970s and early 1980s and the Arpanet is in decline. NSFnet is on the rise in its place. Why did the Arpanet get eclipsed by other networks, and is that OK?

Louis Pouzin is a French academic who some experts say really invented the Arpanet. But is that true, and should any one person be given all the credit?

On today's episode of the Occult Symbolism and Pop Culture with Isaac Weishaupt podcast we'll answer the question: is A.I. the Antichrist?... In Part 2 we'll look at some prophetic statements I made in 2014, review the Chatbots from Microsoft and Google, discuss the original purpose for the Internet from the ARPANet days with Jacques Vallee (*yes the UFO guy) and wrap up the discussion as to whether or not A.I. is the Antichrist!In Part 1 we took a look at the “Godfather of AI” quitting Google due to the risk it imposes, then some figures like Nostradamus, Nietzsche, Jack Parsons and more. We defined the term “Antichrist” and heard from the CEO of Google on a recent 60 Minutes telling us some uncomfortable outlooks!Show sponsors- Get discounts while you support the show and do a little self improvement! 1. HelloFresh- get 16 FREE MEALS PLUS FREE SHIPPING! https://hellofresh.com/ospc16 2. ATTENTION CRYPTO NERDS!!! CopyMyCrypto.com/Isaac is where you can copy James McMahon's crypto holdings- listeners get access for just $13. BetterHelp: This episode is brought to you by BetterHelp. Give online therapy a try and get 10% off at betterhelp.com/illuminatiwatcher and get on your way to being your best self. 4. *Want to advertise/sponsor our show? Email Isaac at IlluminatiWatcher@gmail.com (*business inquiries only please- I'm a one man operation)GRIFTER ALLEY- get bonus content AND go commercial free + other perks:* APPLE PREMIUM: If you're on the Apple Podcasts app- just click the Premium button and you're in! *NO more ads *Early Access *EVERY BONUS EPISODE* PATREON: ad free, all the bonus shows, early access AND TWO OF MY BOOKS! (The Dark Path and Kubrick's Code); you can join the conversations with hundreds of other show supporters here: Patreon.com/IlluminatiWatcher * VIP: Due to the threat of censorship, I set up a Patreon-type system through MY OWN website! IIt's even setup the same: FREE ebooks, Kubrick's Code video! Sign up at: https://illuminatiwatcher.com/members-section/ * *****Want to check out the list of all 160+ bonus shows that are only available on Patreon and IlluminatiWatcher.com VIP Section?… I keep an index right here: https://www.patreon.com/posts/2941405More from Isaac- links and special offers:1. Check out another free podcast I make with my wife called the BREAKING SOCIAL NORMS podcast- it's all about the truther (me) lovingly debating conspiracies with a normie (my wife)! Go to BreakingSocialNorms.com You can get it free wherever you listen to podcasts (e.g. Apple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/breaking-social-norms/id1557527024?uo=4). You can get the Uncensored and commercial-free option at Patreon.com/BreakingSocialNorms2. Index of EVERY episode of OSAPC Podcast going back to 2014! https://illuminatiwatcher.com/index-of-every-podcast-episode-of-occult-symbolism-and-pop-culture/3. Signed paperbacks, shirts, & other merch: f4. FREE BOOK: https://illuminatiwatcher.com/how-to-get-free-books/5. Isaac's books for Amazon and narrated for Audible: https://www.amazon.com/author/isaacweishaupt6. Subscribe to my NEW YouTube channel (*with most of the episodes in video form): https://www.youtube.com/@occultsymbolism7. *STATEMENT: This show is full of Isaac's useless opinions and presented for entertainment purposes. Audio clips used in Fair Use and taken from YouTube videos.*ALL Social Media, merch and other links:https://allmylinks.com/isaacwThis show is part of the Spreaker Prime Network, if you are interested in advertising on this podcast, contact us at https://www.spreaker.com/show/3200989/advertisement

It's the 1970s and both the government and academia are doing everything they can to spread the word of the Arpanet. But as the Arpanet gains popularity everywhere after its 1972 coming-out ball in Washington, D.C., through its new phone book, it also faces detractors who don't want it to be available to all.

On today's episode of the Occult Symbolism and Pop Culture with Isaac Weishaupt podcast we're going to start taking a look at a question that should be on all of humanity's mind: Is A.I. the Antichrist?... Many silicon valley billionaires and elites have been thinking of this question and some are even helping it out!In Part 1 we'll take a look at the “Godfather of AI” quitting Google due to the risk it imposes, then some figures like Nostradamus, Nietzsche, Jack Parsons and more. We'll define the term “Antichrist” and hear from the CEO of Google on a recent 60 Minutes telling us some uncomfortable outlooks!In Part 2 we'll look at some prophetic statements I made in 2014, review the Chatbots from Microsoft and Google, discuss the original purpose for the Internet from the ARPANet days with Jacques Vallee (*yes the UFO guy) and wrap up the discussion as to whether or not A.I. is the Antichrist!NOW UP AD-FREE ON SUPPORTER FEEDS! Free feed gets it Monday!Time is running out to get into the Twin Peaks Grey Lodge for only 2 BUCKS! Join the VIP Section to go ad-free, hundreds of bonus episodes (*including the Twin Peaks Grey Lodge series), two free books and early access! All for only 2 bucks with coupon code ‘CHERRYPIE' that expires June 30th! Go to illuminatiwatcher.com/members-section/ and sign up for the VIP Section- scroll ALL the way to the bottom, sign up for Tier 1 using coupon code “CHERRYPIE” and you're in!Show sponsors- Get discounts while you support the show and do a little self improvement! 1. HelloFresh- get 16 FREE MEALS PLUS FREE SHIPPING! https://hellofresh.com/ospc16 2. ATTENTION CRYPTO NERDS!!! CopyMyCrypto.com/Isaac is where you can copy James McMahon's crypto holdings- listeners get access for just $13. BetterHelp: This episode is brought to you by BetterHelp. Give online therapy a try and get 10% off at betterhelp.com/illuminatiwatcher and get on your way to being your best self. 4. *Want to advertise/sponsor our show? Email Isaac at IlluminatiWatcher@gmail.com (*business inquiries only please- I'm a one man operation)GRIFTER ALLEY- get bonus content AND go commercial free + other perks:* APPLE PREMIUM: If you're on the Apple Podcasts app- just click the Premium button and you're in! *NO more ads *Early Access *EVERY BONUS EPISODE* PATREON: ad free, all the bonus shows, early access AND TWO OF MY BOOKS! (The Dark Path and Kubrick's Code); you can join the conversations with hundreds of other show supporters here: Patreon.com/IlluminatiWatcher * VIP: Due to the threat of censorship, I set up a Patreon-type system through MY OWN website! IIt's even setup the same: FREE ebooks, Kubrick's Code video! Sign up at: https://illuminatiwatcher.com/members-section/ * *****Want to check out the list of all 160+ bonus shows that are only available on Patreon and IlluminatiWatcher.com VIP Section?… I keep an index right here: https://www.patreon.com/posts/2941405More from Isaac- links and special offers:1. Check out another free podcast I make with my wife called the BREAKING SOCIAL NORMS podcast- it's all about the truther (me) lovingly debating conspiracies with a normie (my wife)! Go to BreakingSocialNorms.com You can get it free wherever you listen to podcasts (e.g. Apple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/breaking-social-norms/id1557527024?uo=4). You can get the Uncensored and commercial-free option at Patreon.com/BreakingSocialNorms2. Index of EVERY episode of OSAPC Podcast going back to 2014! https://illuminatiwatcher.com/index-of-every-podcast-episode-of-occult-symbolism-and-pop-culture/3. Signed paperbacks, shirts, & other merch: f4. FREE BOOK: https://illuminatiwatcher.com/how-to-get-free-books/5. Isaac's books for Amazon and narrated for Audible: https://www.amazon.com/author/isaacweishaupt6. Subscribe to my NEW YouTube channel (*with most of the episodes in video form): https://www.youtube.com/@occultsymbolism7. *STATEMENT: This show is full of Isaac's useless opinions and presented for entertainment purposes. Audio clips used in Fair Use and taken from YouTube videos.*ALL Social Media, merch and other links:https://allmylinks.com/isaacwThis show is part of the Spreaker Prime Network, if you are interested in advertising on this podcast, contact us at https://www.spreaker.com/show/3200989/advertisement

Many historians say the Arpanet (and ultimately the internet) was born on October 29, 1969. But is that really when the Arpanet began, and who should be given credit for this key moment in internet history?

Back in my day, computer games didn't have fancy graphics or immersive sound. They just had plain old text, and we liked it! We look at the origins of the text-based adventure game and how these games are a creative challenge to make.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Host: HutchOn ITSPmagazine  

Episode 165 of A History of Rock Music in Five Hundred Songs looks at “Dark Stat” and the career of the Grateful Dead. This is a long one, even longer than the previous episode, but don't worry, that won't be the norm. There's a reason these two were much longer than average. Click the full post to read liner notes, links to more information, and a transcript of the episode. Patreon backers also have a twenty-minute bonus episode available, on "Codine" by the Charlatans. Errata I mispronounce Brent Mydland's name as Myland a couple of times, and in the introduction I say "Touch of Grey" came out in 1988 -- I later, correctly, say 1987. (I seem to have had a real problem with dates in the intro -- I also originally talked about "Blue Suede Shoes" being in 1954 before fixing it in the edit to be 1956) Resources No Mixcloud this week, as there are too many songs by the Grateful Dead, and Grayfolded runs to two hours. I referred to a lot of books for this episode, partly because almost everything about the Grateful Dead is written from a fannish perspective that already assumes background knowledge, rather than to provide that background knowledge. Of the various books I used, Dennis McNally's biography of the band and This Is All a Dream We Dreamed: An Oral History of the Grateful Dead by Blair Jackson and David Gans are probably most useful for the casually interested. Other books on the Dead I used included McNally's Jerry on Jerry, a collection of interviews with Garcia; Deal, Bill Kreutzmann's autobiography; The Grateful Dead FAQ by Tony Sclafani; So Many Roads by David Browne; Deadology by Howard F. Weiner; Fare Thee Well by Joel Selvin and Pamela Turley; and Skeleton Key: A Dictionary for Deadheads by David Shenk and Steve Silberman. Tom Wolfe's The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test is the classic account of the Pranksters, though not always reliable. I reference Slaughterhouse Five a lot. As well as the novel itself, which everyone should read, I also read this rather excellent graphic novel adaptation, and The Writer's Crusade, a book about the writing of the novel. I also reference Ted Sturgeon's More Than Human. For background on the scene around Astounding Science Fiction which included Sturgeon, John W. Campbell, L. Ron Hubbard, and many other science fiction writers, I recommend Alec Nevala-Lee's Astounding. 1,000 True Fans can be read online, as can the essay on the Californian ideology, and John Perry Barlow's "Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace". The best collection of Grateful Dead material is the box set The Golden Road, which contains all the albums released in Pigpen's lifetime along with a lot of bonus material, but which appears currently out of print. Live/Dead contains both the live version of "Dark Star" which made it well known and, as a CD bonus track, the original single version. And archive.org has more live recordings of the group than you can possibly ever listen to. Grayfolded can be bought from John Oswald's Bandcamp Patreon This podcast is brought to you by the generosity of my backers on Patreon. Why not join them? Transcript [Excerpt: Tuning from "Grayfolded", under the warnings Before we begin -- as we're tuning up, as it were, I should mention that this episode contains discussions of alcoholism, drug addiction, racism, nonconsensual drugging of other people, and deaths from drug abuse, suicide, and car accidents. As always, I try to deal with these subjects as carefully as possible, but if you find any of those things upsetting you may wish to read the transcript rather than listen to this episode, or skip it altogether. Also, I should note that the members of the Grateful Dead were much freer with their use of swearing in interviews than any other band we've covered so far, and that makes using quotes from them rather more difficult than with other bands, given the limitations of the rules imposed to stop the podcast being marked as adult. If I quote anything with a word I can't use here, I'll give a brief pause in the audio, and in the transcript I'll have the word in square brackets. [tuning ends] All this happened, more or less. In 1910, T. S. Eliot started work on "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock", which at the time was deemed barely poetry, with one reviewer imagining Eliot saying "I'll just put down the first thing that comes into my head, and call it 'The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock.'" It is now considered one of the great classics of modernist literature. In 1969, Kurt Vonnegut wrote "Slaughterhouse-Five, or, The Children's Crusade: A Duty-Dance with Death", a book in which the protagonist, Billy Pilgrim, comes unstuck in time, and starts living a nonlinear life, hopping around between times reliving his experiences in the Second World War, and future experiences up to 1976 after being kidnapped by beings from the planet Tralfamadore. Or perhaps he has flashbacks and hallucinations after having a breakdown from PTSD. It is now considered one of the great classics of modernist literature or of science fiction, depending on how you look at it. In 1953, Theodore Sturgeon wrote More Than Human. It is now considered one of the great classics of science fiction. In 1950, L. Ron Hubbard wrote Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health. It is now considered either a bad piece of science fiction or one of the great revelatory works of religious history, depending on how you look at it. In 1994, 1995, and 1996 the composer John Oswald released, first as two individual CDs and then as a double-CD, an album called Grayfolded, which the composer says in the liner notes he thinks of as existing in Tralfamadorian time. The Tralfamadorians in Vonnegut's novels don't see time as a linear thing with a beginning and end, but as a continuum that they can move between at will. When someone dies, they just think that at this particular point in time they're not doing so good, but at other points in time they're fine, so why focus on the bad time? In the book, when told of someone dying, the Tralfamadorians just say "so it goes". In between the first CD's release and the release of the double-CD version, Jerry Garcia died. From August 1942 through August 1995, Jerry Garcia was alive. So it goes. Shall we go, you and I? [Excerpt: The Grateful Dead, "Dark Star (Omni 3/30/94)"] "One principle has become clear. Since motives are so frequently found in combination, it is essential that the complex types be analyzed and arranged, with an eye kept single nevertheless to the master-theme under discussion. Collectors, both primary and subsidiary, have done such valiant service that the treasures at our command are amply sufficient for such studies, so extensive, indeed, that the task of going through them thoroughly has become too great for the unassisted student. It cannot be too strongly urged that a single theme in its various types and compounds must be made predominant in any useful comparative study. This is true when the sources and analogues of any literary work are treated; it is even truer when the bare motive is discussed. The Grateful Dead furnishes an apt illustration of the necessity of such handling. It appears in a variety of different combinations, almost never alone. Indeed, it is so widespread a tale, and its combinations are so various, that there is the utmost difficulty in determining just what may properly be regarded the original kernel of it, the simple theme to which other motives were joined. Various opinions, as we shall see, have been held with reference to this matter, most of them justified perhaps by the materials in the hands of the scholars holding them, but none quite adequate in view of later evidence." That's a quote from The Grateful Dead: The History of a Folk Story, by Gordon Hall Gerould, published in 1908. Kurt Vonnegut's novel Slaughterhouse-Five opens with a chapter about the process of writing the novel itself, and how difficult it was. He says "I would hate to tell you what this lousy little book cost me in money and anxiety and time. When I got home from the Second World War twenty-three years ago, I thought it would be easy for me to write about the destruction of Dresden, since all I would have to do would be to report what I had seen. And I thought, too, that it would be a masterpiece or at least make me a lot of money, since the subject was so big." This is an episode several of my listeners have been looking forward to, but it's one I've been dreading writing, because this is an episode -- I think the only one in the series -- where the format of the podcast simply *will not* work. Were the Grateful Dead not such an important band, I would skip this episode altogether, but they're a band that simply can't be ignored, and that's a real problem here. Because my intent, always, with this podcast, is to present the recordings of the artists in question, put them in context, and explain why they were important, what their music meant to its listeners. To put, as far as is possible, the positive case for why the music mattered *in the context of its time*. Not why it matters now, or why it matters to me, but why it matters *in its historical context*. Whether I like the music or not isn't the point. Whether it stands up now isn't the point. I play the music, explain what it was they were doing, why they were doing it, what people saw in it. If I do my job well, you come away listening to "Blue Suede Shoes" the way people heard it in 1956, or "Good Vibrations" the way people heard it in 1966, and understanding why people were so impressed by those records. That is simply *not possible* for the Grateful Dead. I can present a case for them as musicians, and hope to do so. I can explain the appeal as best I understand it, and talk about things I like in their music, and things I've noticed. But what I can't do is present their recordings the way they were received in the sixties and explain why they were popular. Because every other act I have covered or will cover in this podcast has been a *recording* act, and their success was based on records. They may also have been exceptional live performers, but James Brown or Ike and Tina Turner are remembered for great *records*, like "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag" or "River Deep, Mountain High". Their great moments were captured on vinyl, to be listened back to, and susceptible of analysis. That is not the case for the Grateful Dead, and what is worse *they explicitly said, publicly, on multiple occasions* that it is not possible for me to understand their art, and thus that it is not possible for me to explain it. The Grateful Dead did make studio records, some of them very good. But they always said, consistently, over a thirty year period, that their records didn't capture what they did, and that the only way -- the *only* way, they were very clear about this -- that one could actually understand and appreciate their music, was to see them live, and furthermore to see them live while on psychedelic drugs. [Excerpt: Grateful Dead crowd noise] I never saw the Grateful Dead live -- their last UK performance was a couple of years before I went to my first ever gig -- and I have never taken a psychedelic substance. So by the Grateful Dead's own criteria, it is literally impossible for me to understand or explain their music the way that it should be understood or explained. In a way I'm in a similar position to the one I was in with La Monte Young in the last episode, whose music it's mostly impossible to experience without being in his presence. This is one reason of several why I placed these two episodes back to back. Of course, there is a difference between Young and the Grateful Dead. The Grateful Dead allowed -- even encouraged -- the recording of their live performances. There are literally thousands of concert recordings in circulation, many of them of professional quality. I have listened to many of those, and I can hear what they were doing. I can tell you what *I* think is interesting about their music, and about their musicianship. And I think I can build up a good case for why they were important, and why they're interesting, and why those recordings are worth listening to. And I can certainly explain the cultural phenomenon that was the Grateful Dead. But just know that while I may have found *a* point, *an* explanation for why the Grateful Dead were important, by the band's own lights and those of their fans, no matter how good a job I do in this episode, I *cannot* get it right. And that is, in itself, enough of a reason for this episode to exist, and for me to try, even harder than I normally do, to get it right *anyway*. Because no matter how well I do my job this episode will stand as an example of why this series is called "*A* History", not *the* history. Because parts of the past are ephemeral. There are things about which it's true to say "You had to be there". I cannot know what it was like to have been an American the day Kennedy was shot, I cannot know what it was like to be alive when a man walked on the Moon. Those are things nobody my age or younger can ever experience. And since August the ninth, 1995, the experience of hearing the Grateful Dead's music the way they wanted it heard has been in that category. And that is by design. Jerry Garcia once said "if you work really hard as an artist, you may be able to build something they can't tear down, you know, after you're gone... What I want to do is I want it here. I want it now, in this lifetime. I want what I enjoy to last as long as I do and not last any longer. You know, I don't want something that ends up being as much a nuisance as it is a work of art, you know?" And there's another difficulty. There are only two points in time where it makes sense to do a podcast episode on the Grateful Dead -- late 1967 and early 1968, when the San Francisco scene they were part of was at its most culturally relevant, and 1988 when they had their only top ten hit and gained their largest audience. I can't realistically leave them out of the story until 1988, so it has to be 1968. But the songs they are most remembered for are those they wrote between 1970 and 1972, and those songs are influenced by artists and events we haven't yet covered in the podcast, who will be getting their own episodes in the future. I can't explain those things in this episode, because they need whole episodes of their own. I can't not explain them without leaving out important context for the Grateful Dead. So the best I can do is treat the story I'm telling as if it were in Tralfamadorian time. All of it's happening all at once, and some of it is happening in different episodes that haven't been recorded yet. The podcast as a whole travels linearly from 1938 through to 1999, but this episode is happening in 1968 and 1972 and 1988 and 1995 and other times, all at once. Sometimes I'll talk about things as if you're already familiar with them, but they haven't happened yet in the story. Feel free to come unstuck in time and revisit this time after episode 167, and 172, and 176, and 192, and experience it again. So this has to be an experimental episode. It may well be an experiment that you think fails. If so, the next episode is likely to be far more to your taste, and much shorter than this or the last episode, two episodes that between them have to create a scaffolding on which will hang much of the rest of this podcast's narrative. I've finished my Grateful Dead script now. The next one I write is going to be fun: [Excerpt: Grateful Dead, "Dark Star"] Infrastructure means everything. How we get from place to place, how we transport goods, information, and ourselves, makes a big difference in how society is structured, and in the music we hear. For many centuries, the prime means of long-distance transport was by water -- sailing ships on the ocean, canal boats and steamboats for inland navigation -- and so folk songs talked about the ship as both means of escape, means of making a living, and in some senses as a trap. You'd go out to sea for adventure, or to escape your problems, but you'd find that the sea itself brought its own problems. Because of this we have a long, long tradition of sea shanties which are known throughout the world: [Excerpt: A. L. Lloyd, "Off to Sea Once More"] But in the nineteenth century, the railway was invented and, at least as far as travel within a landmass goes, it replaced the steamboat in the popular imaginary. Now the railway was how you got from place to place, and how you moved freight from one place to another. The railway brought freedom, and was an opportunity for outlaws, whether train robbers or a romanticised version of the hobo hopping onto a freight train and making his way to new lands and new opportunity. It was the train that brought soldiers home from wars, and the train that allowed the Great Migration of Black people from the South to the industrial North. There would still be songs about the riverboats, about how ol' man river keeps rolling along and about the big river Johnny Cash sang about, but increasingly they would be songs of the past, not the present. The train quickly replaced the steamboat in the iconography of what we now think of as roots music -- blues, country, folk, and early jazz music. Sometimes this was very literal. Furry Lewis' "Kassie Jones" -- about a legendary train driver who would break the rules to make sure his train made the station on time, but who ended up sacrificing his own life to save his passengers in a train crash -- is based on "Alabamy Bound", which as we heard in the episode on "Stagger Lee", was about steamboats: [Excerpt: Furry Lewis, "Kassie Jones"] In the early episodes of this podcast we heard many, many, songs about the railway. Louis Jordan saying "take me right back to the track, Jack", Rosetta Tharpe singing about how "this train don't carry no gamblers", the trickster freight train driver driving on the "Rock Island Line", the mystery train sixteen coaches long, the train that kept-a-rollin' all night long, the Midnight Special which the prisoners wished would shine its ever-loving light on them, and the train coming past Folsom Prison whose whistle makes Johnny Cash hang his head and cry. But by the 1960s, that kind of song had started to dry up. It would happen on occasion -- "People Get Ready" by the Impressions is the most obvious example of the train metaphor in an important sixties record -- but by the late sixties the train was no longer a symbol of freedom but of the past. In 1969 Harry Nilsson sang about how "Nobody Cares About the Railroads Any More", and in 1968 the Kinks sang about "The Last of the Steam-Powered Trains". When in 1968 Merle Haggard sang about a freight train, it was as a memory, of a child with hopes that ended up thwarted by reality and his own nature: [Excerpt: Merle Haggard, "Mama Tried"] And the reason for this was that there had been another shift, a shift that had started in the forties and accelerated in the late fifties but had taken a little time to ripple through the culture. Now the train had been replaced in the popular imaginary by motorised transport. Instead of hopping on a train without paying, if you had no money in your pocket you'd have to hitch-hike all the way. Freedom now meant individuality. The ultimate in freedom was the biker -- the Hell's Angels who could go anywhere, unburdened by anything -- and instead of goods being moved by freight train, increasingly they were being moved by truck drivers. By the mid-seventies, truck drivers took a central place in American life, and the most romantic way to live life was to live it on the road. On The Road was also the title of a 1957 novel by Jack Kerouac, which was one of the first major signs of this cultural shift in America. Kerouac was writing about events in the late forties and early fifties, but his book was also a precursor of the sixties counterculture. He wrote the book on one continuous sheet of paper, as a stream of consciousness. Kerouac died in 1969 of an internal haemmorage brought on by too much alcohol consumption. So it goes. But the big key to this cultural shift was caused by the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956, a massive infrastructure spending bill that led to the construction of the modern American Interstate Highway system. This accelerated a program that had already started, of building much bigger, safer, faster roads. It also, as anyone who has read Robert Caro's The Power Broker knows, reinforced segregation and white flight. It did this both by making commuting into major cities from the suburbs easier -- thus allowing white people with more money to move further away from the cities and still work there -- and by bulldozing community spaces where Black people lived. More than a million people lost their homes and were forcibly moved, and orders of magnitude more lost their communities' parks and green spaces. And both as a result of deliberate actions and unconscious bigotry, the bulk of those affected were Black people -- who often found themselves, if they weren't forced to move, on one side of a ten-lane highway where the park used to be, with white people on the other side of the highway. The Federal-Aid Highway Act gave even more power to the unaccountable central planners like Robert Moses, the urban planner in New York who managed to become arguably the most powerful man in the city without ever getting elected, partly by slowly compromising away his early progressive ideals in the service of gaining more power. Of course, not every new highway was built through areas where poor Black people lived. Some were planned to go through richer areas for white people, just because you can't completely do away with geographical realities. For example one was planned to be built through part of San Francisco, a rich, white part. But the people who owned properties in that area had enough political power and clout to fight the development, and after nearly a decade of fighting it, the development was called off in late 1966. But over that time, many of the owners of the impressive buildings in the area had moved out, and they had no incentive to improve or maintain their properties while they were under threat of demolition, so many of them were rented out very cheaply. And when the beat community that Kerouac wrote about, many of whom had settled in San Francisco, grew too large and notorious for the area of the city they were in, North Beach, many of them moved to these cheap homes in a previously-exclusive area. The area known as Haight-Ashbury. [Excerpt: The Grateful Dead, "Grayfolded"] Stories all have their starts, even stories told in Tralfamadorian time, although sometimes those starts are shrouded in legend. For example, the story of Scientology's start has been told many times, with different people claiming to have heard L. Ron Hubbard talk about how writing was a mug's game, and if you wanted to make real money, you needed to get followers, start a religion. Either he said this over and over and over again, to many different science fiction writers, or most science fiction writers of his generation were liars. Of course, the definition of a writer is someone who tells lies for money, so who knows? One of the more plausible accounts of him saying that is given by Theodore Sturgeon. Sturgeon's account is more believable than most, because Sturgeon went on to be a supporter of Dianetics, the "new science" that Hubbard turned into his religion, for decades, even while telling the story. The story of the Grateful Dead probably starts as it ends, with Jerry Garcia. There are three things that everyone writing about the Dead says about Garcia's childhood, so we might as well say them here too. The first is that he was named by a music-loving father after Jerome Kern, the songwriter responsible for songs like "Ol' Man River" (though as Oscar Hammerstein's widow liked to point out, "Jerome Kern wrote dum-dum-dum-dum, *my husband* wrote 'Ol' Man River'" -- an important distinction we need to bear in mind when talking about songwriters who write music but not lyrics). The second is that when he was five years old that music-loving father drowned -- and Garcia would always say he had seen his father dying, though some sources claim this was a false memory. So it goes. And the third fact, which for some reason is always told after the second even though it comes before it chronologically, is that when he was four he lost two joints from his right middle finger. Garcia grew up a troubled teen, and in turn caused trouble for other people, but he also developed a few interests that would follow him through his life. He loved the fantastical, especially the fantastical macabre, and became an avid fan of horror and science fiction -- and through his love of old monster films he became enamoured with cinema more generally. Indeed, in 1983 he bought the film rights to Kurt Vonnegut's science fiction novel The Sirens of Titan, the first story in which the Tralfamadorians appear, and wrote a script based on it. He wanted to produce the film himself, with Francis Ford Coppola directing and Bill Murray starring, but most importantly for him he wanted to prevent anyone who didn't care about it from doing it badly. And in that he succeeded. As of 2023 there is no film of The Sirens of Titan. He loved to paint, and would continue that for the rest of his life, with one of his favourite subjects being Boris Karloff as the Frankenstein monster. And when he was eleven or twelve, he heard for the first time a record that was hugely influential to a whole generation of Californian musicians, even though it was a New York record -- "Gee" by the Crows: [Excerpt: The Crows, "Gee"] Garcia would say later "That was an important song. That was the first kind of, like where the voices had that kind of not-trained-singer voices, but tough-guy-on-the-street voice." That record introduced him to R&B, and soon he was listening to Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley, to Ray Charles, and to a record we've not talked about in the podcast but which was one of the great early doo-wop records, "WPLJ" by the Four Deuces: [Excerpt: The Four Deuces, "WPLJ"] Garcia said of that record "That was one of my anthem songs when I was in junior high school and high school and around there. That was one of those songs everybody knew. And that everybody sang. Everybody sang that street-corner favorite." Garcia moved around a lot as a child, and didn't have much time for school by his own account, but one of the few teachers he did respect was an art teacher when he was in North Beach, Walter Hedrick. Hedrick was also one of the earliest of the conceptual artists, and one of the most important figures in the San Francisco arts scene that would become known as the Beat Generation (or the Beatniks, which was originally a disparaging term). Hedrick was a painter and sculptor, but also organised happenings, and he had also been one of the prime movers in starting a series of poetry readings in San Francisco, the first one of which had involved Allen Ginsberg giving the first ever reading of "Howl" -- one of a small number of poems, along with Eliot's "Prufrock" and "The Waste Land" and possibly Pound's Cantos, which can be said to have changed twentieth-century literature. Garcia was fifteen when he got to know Hedrick, in 1957, and by then the Beat scene had already become almost a parody of itself, having become known to the public because of the publication of works like On the Road, and the major artists in the scene were already rejecting the label. By this point tourists were flocking to North Beach to see these beatniks they'd heard about on TV, and Hedrick was actually employed by one cafe to sit in the window wearing a beret, turtleneck, sandals, and beard, and draw and paint, to attract the tourists who flocked by the busload because they could see that there was a "genuine beatnik" in the cafe. Hedrick was, as well as a visual artist, a guitarist and banjo player who played in traditional jazz bands, and he would bring records in to class for his students to listen to, and Garcia particularly remembered him bringing in records by Big Bill Broonzy: [Excerpt: Big Bill Broonzy, "When Things Go Wrong (It Hurts Me Too)"] Garcia was already an avid fan of rock and roll music, but it was being inspired by Hedrick that led him to get his first guitar. Like his contemporary Paul McCartney around the same time, he was initially given the wrong instrument as a birthday present -- in Garcia's case his mother gave him an accordion -- but he soon persuaded her to swap it for an electric guitar he saw in a pawn shop. And like his other contemporary, John Lennon, Garcia initially tuned his instrument incorrectly. He said later "When I started playing the guitar, believe me, I didn't know anybody that played. I mean, I didn't know anybody that played the guitar. Nobody. They weren't around. There were no guitar teachers. You couldn't take lessons. There was nothing like that, you know? When I was a kid and I had my first electric guitar, I had it tuned wrong and learned how to play on it with it tuned wrong for about a year. And I was getting somewhere on it, you know… Finally, I met a guy that knew how to tune it right and showed me three chords, and it was like a revelation. You know what I mean? It was like somebody gave me the key to heaven." He joined a band, the Chords, which mostly played big band music, and his friend Gary Foster taught him some of the rudiments of playing the guitar -- things like how to use a capo to change keys. But he was always a rebellious kid, and soon found himself faced with a choice between joining the military or going to prison. He chose the former, and it was during his time in the Army that a friend, Ron Stevenson, introduced him to the music of Merle Travis, and to Travis-style guitar picking: [Excerpt: Merle Travis, "Nine-Pound Hammer"] Garcia had never encountered playing like that before, but he instantly recognised that Travis, and Chet Atkins who Stevenson also played for him, had been an influence on Scotty Moore. He started to realise that the music he'd listened to as a teenager was influenced by music that went further back. But Stevenson, as well as teaching Garcia some of the rudiments of Travis-picking, also indirectly led to Garcia getting discharged from the Army. Stevenson was not a well man, and became suicidal. Garcia decided it was more important to keep his friend company and make sure he didn't kill himself than it was to turn up for roll call, and as a result he got discharged himself on psychiatric grounds -- according to Garcia he told the Army psychiatrist "I was involved in stuff that was more important to me in the moment than the army was and that was the reason I was late" and the psychiatrist thought it was neurotic of Garcia to have his own set of values separate from that of the Army. After discharge, Garcia did various jobs, including working as a transcriptionist for Lenny Bruce, the comedian who was a huge influence on the counterculture. In one of the various attacks over the years by authoritarians on language, Bruce was repeatedly arrested for obscenity, and in 1961 he was arrested at a jazz club in North Beach. Sixty years ago, the parts of speech that were being criminalised weren't pronouns, but prepositions and verbs: [Excerpt: Lenny Bruce, "To is a Preposition, Come is a Verb"] That piece, indeed, was so controversial that when Frank Zappa quoted part of it in a song in 1968, the record label insisted on the relevant passage being played backwards so people couldn't hear such disgusting filth: [Excerpt: The Mothers of Invention, "Harry You're a Beast"] (Anyone familiar with that song will understand that the censored portion is possibly the least offensive part of the whole thing). Bruce was facing trial, and he needed transcripts of what he had said in his recordings to present in court. Incidentally, there seems to be some confusion over exactly which of Bruce's many obscenity trials Garcia became a transcriptionist for. Dennis McNally says in his biography of the band, published in 2002, that it was the most famous of them, in autumn 1964, but in a later book, Jerry on Jerry, a book of interviews of Garcia edited by McNally, McNally talks about it being when Garcia was nineteen, which would mean it was Bruce's first trial, in 1961. We can put this down to the fact that many of the people involved, not least Garcia, lived in Tralfamadorian time, and were rather hazy on dates, but I'm placing the story here rather than in 1964 because it seems to make more sense that Garcia would be involved in a trial based on an incident in San Francisco than one in New York. Garcia got the job, even though he couldn't type, because by this point he'd spent so long listening to recordings of old folk and country music that he was used to transcribing indecipherable accents, and often, as Garcia would tell it, Bruce would mumble very fast and condense multiple syllables into one. Garcia was particularly impressed by Bruce's ability to improvise but talk in entire paragraphs, and he compared his use of language to bebop. Another thing that was starting to impress Garcia, and which he also compared to bebop, was bluegrass: [Excerpt: Bill Monroe, "Fire on the Mountain"] Bluegrass is a music that is often considered very traditional, because it's based on traditional songs and uses acoustic instruments, but in fact it was a terribly *modern* music, and largely a postwar creation of a single band -- Bill Monroe and his Blue Grass Boys. And Garcia was right when he said it was "white bebop" -- though he did say "The only thing it doesn't have is the harmonic richness of bebop. You know what I mean? That's what it's missing, but it has everything else." Both bebop and bluegrass evolved after the second world war, though they were informed by music from before it, and both prized the ability to improvise, and technical excellence. Both are musics that involved playing *fast*, in an ensemble, and being able to respond quickly to the other musicians. Both musics were also intensely rhythmic, a response to a faster paced, more stressful world. They were both part of the general change in the arts towards immediacy that we looked at in the last episode with the creation first of expressionism and then of pop art. Bluegrass didn't go into the harmonic explorations that modern jazz did, but it was absolutely as modern as anything Charlie Parker was doing, and came from the same impulses. It was tradition and innovation, the past and the future simultaneously. Bill Monroe, Jackson Pollock, Charlie Parker, Jack Kerouac, and Lenny Bruce were all in their own ways responding to the same cultural moment, and it was that which Garcia was responding to. But he didn't become able to play bluegrass until after a tragedy which shaped his life even more than his father's death had. Garcia had been to a party and was in a car with his friends Lee Adams, Paul Speegle, and Alan Trist. Adams was driving at ninety miles an hour when they hit a tight curve and crashed. Garcia, Adams, and Trist were all severely injured but survived. Speegle died. So it goes. This tragedy changed Garcia's attitudes totally. Of all his friends, Speegle was the one who was most serious about his art, and who treated it as something to work on. Garcia had always been someone who fundamentally didn't want to work or take any responsibility for anything. And he remained that way -- except for his music. Speegle's death changed Garcia's attitude to that, totally. If his friend wasn't going to be able to practice his own art any more, Garcia would practice his, in tribute to him. He resolved to become a virtuoso on guitar and banjo. His girlfriend of the time later said “I don't know if you've spent time with someone rehearsing ‘Foggy Mountain Breakdown' on a banjo for eight hours, but Jerry practiced endlessly. He really wanted to excel and be the best. He had tremendous personal ambition in the musical arena, and he wanted to master whatever he set out to explore. Then he would set another sight for himself. And practice another eight hours a day of new licks.” But of course, you can't make ensemble music on your own: [Excerpt: Jerry Garcia and Bob Hunter, "Oh Mary Don't You Weep" (including end)] "Evelyn said, “What is it called when a person needs a … person … when you want to be touched and the … two are like one thing and there isn't anything else at all anywhere?” Alicia, who had read books, thought about it. “Love,” she said at length." That's from More Than Human, by Theodore Sturgeon, a book I'll be quoting a few more times as the story goes on. Robert Hunter, like Garcia, was just out of the military -- in his case, the National Guard -- and he came into Garcia's life just after Paul Speegle had left it. Garcia and Alan Trist met Hunter ten days after the accident, and the three men started hanging out together, Trist and Hunter writing while Garcia played music. Garcia and Hunter both bonded over their shared love for the beats, and for traditional music, and the two formed a duo, Bob and Jerry, which performed together a handful of times. They started playing together, in fact, after Hunter picked up a guitar and started playing a song and halfway through Garcia took it off him and finished the song himself. The two of them learned songs from the Harry Smith Anthology -- Garcia was completely apolitical, and only once voted in his life, for Lyndon Johnson in 1964 to keep Goldwater out, and regretted even doing that, and so he didn't learn any of the more political material people like Pete Seeger, Phil Ochs, and Bob Dylan were doing at the time -- but their duo only lasted a short time because Hunter wasn't an especially good guitarist. Hunter would, though, continue to jam with Garcia and other friends, sometimes playing mandolin, while Garcia played solo gigs and with other musicians as well, playing and moving round the Bay Area and performing with whoever he could: [Excerpt: Jerry Garcia, "Railroad Bill"] "Bleshing, that was Janie's word. She said Baby told it to her. She said it meant everyone all together being something, even if they all did different things. Two arms, two legs, one body, one head, all working together, although a head can't walk and arms can't think. Lone said maybe it was a mixture of “blending” and “meshing,” but I don't think he believed that himself. It was a lot more than that." That's from More Than Human In 1961, Garcia and Hunter met another young musician, but one who was interested in a very different type of music. Phil Lesh was a serious student of modern classical music, a classically-trained violinist and trumpeter whose interest was solidly in the experimental and whose attitude can be summed up by a story that's always told about him meeting his close friend Tom Constanten for the first time. Lesh had been talking with someone about serialism, and Constanten had interrupted, saying "Music stopped being created in 1750 but it started again in 1950". Lesh just stuck out his hand, recognising a kindred spirit. Lesh and Constanten were both students of Luciano Berio, the experimental composer who created compositions for magnetic tape: [Excerpt: Luciano Berio, "Momenti"] Berio had been one of the founders of the Studio di fonologia musicale di Radio Milano, a studio for producing contemporary electronic music where John Cage had worked for a time, and he had also worked with the electronic music pioneer Karlheinz Stockhausen. Lesh would later remember being very impressed when Berio brought a tape into the classroom -- the actual multitrack tape for Stockhausen's revolutionary piece Gesang Der Juenglinge: [Excerpt: Karlheinz Stockhausen, "Gesang Der Juenglinge"] Lesh at first had been distrustful of Garcia -- Garcia was charismatic and had followers, and Lesh never liked people like that. But he was impressed by Garcia's playing, and soon realised that the two men, despite their very different musical interests, had a lot in common. Lesh was interested in the technology of music as well as in performing and composing it, and so when he wasn't studying he helped out by engineering at the university's radio station. Lesh was impressed by Garcia's playing, and suggested to the presenter of the station's folk show, the Midnight Special, that Garcia be a guest. Garcia was so good that he ended up getting an entire solo show to himself, where normally the show would feature multiple acts. Lesh and Constanten soon moved away from the Bay Area to Las Vegas, but both would be back -- in Constanten's case he would form an experimental group in San Francisco with their fellow student Steve Reich, and that group (though not with Constanten performing) would later premiere Terry Riley's In C, a piece influenced by La Monte Young and often considered one of the great masterpieces of minimalist music. By early 1962 Garcia and Hunter had formed a bluegrass band, with Garcia on guitar and banjo and Hunter on mandolin, and a rotating cast of other musicians including Ken Frankel, who played banjo and fiddle. They performed under different names, including the Tub Thumpers, the Hart Valley Drifters, and the Sleepy Valley Hog Stompers, and played a mixture of bluegrass and old-time music -- and were very careful about the distinction: [Excerpt: The Hart Valley Drifters, "Cripple Creek"] In 1993, the Republican political activist John Perry Barlow was invited to talk to the CIA about the possibilities open to them with what was then called the Information Superhighway. He later wrote, in part "They told me they'd brought Steve Jobs in a few weeks before to indoctrinate them in modern information management. And they were delighted when I returned later, bringing with me a platoon of Internet gurus, including Esther Dyson, Mitch Kapor, Tony Rutkowski, and Vint Cerf. They sealed us into an electronically impenetrable room to discuss the radical possibility that a good first step in lifting their blackout would be for the CIA to put up a Web site... We told them that information exchange was a barter system, and that to receive, one must also be willing to share. This was an alien notion to them. They weren't even willing to share information among themselves, much less the world." 1962 brought a new experience for Robert Hunter. Hunter had been recruited into taking part in psychological tests at Stanford University, which in the sixties and seventies was one of the preeminent universities for psychological experiments. As part of this, Hunter was given $140 to attend the VA hospital (where a janitor named Ken Kesey, who had himself taken part in a similar set of experiments a couple of years earlier, worked a day job while he was working on his first novel) for four weeks on the run, and take different psychedelic drugs each time, starting with LSD, so his reactions could be observed. (It was later revealed that these experiments were part of a CIA project called MKUltra, designed to investigate the possibility of using psychedelic drugs for mind control, blackmail, and torture. Hunter was quite lucky in that he was told what was going to happen to him and paid for his time. Other subjects included the unlucky customers of brothels the CIA set up as fronts -- they dosed the customers' drinks and observed them through two-way mirrors. Some of their experimental subjects died by suicide as a result of their experiences. So it goes. ) Hunter was interested in taking LSD after reading Aldous Huxley's writings about psychedelic substances, and he brought his typewriter along to the experiment. During the first test, he wrote a six-page text, a short excerpt from which is now widely quoted, reading in part "Sit back picture yourself swooping up a shell of purple with foam crests of crystal drops soft nigh they fall unto the sea of morning creep-very-softly mist ... and then sort of cascade tinkley-bell-like (must I take you by the hand, ever so slowly type) and then conglomerate suddenly into a peal of silver vibrant uncomprehendingly, blood singingly, joyously resounding bells" Hunter's experience led to everyone in their social circle wanting to try LSD, and soon they'd all come to the same conclusion -- this was something special. But Garcia needed money -- he'd got his girlfriend pregnant, and they'd married (this would be the first of several marriages in Garcia's life, and I won't be covering them all -- at Garcia's funeral, his second wife, Carolyn, said Garcia always called her the love of his life, and his first wife and his early-sixties girlfriend who he proposed to again in the nineties both simultaneously said "He said that to me!"). So he started teaching guitar at a music shop in Palo Alto. Hunter had no time for Garcia's incipient domesticity and thought that his wife was trying to make him live a conventional life, and the two drifted apart somewhat, though they'd still play together occasionally. Through working at the music store, Garcia got to know the manager, Troy Weidenheimer, who had a rock and roll band called the Zodiacs. Garcia joined the band on bass, despite that not being his instrument. He later said "Troy was a lot of fun, but I wasn't good enough a musician then to have been able to deal with it. I was out of my idiom, really, 'cause when I played with Troy I was playing electric bass, you know. I never was a good bass player. Sometimes I was playing in the wrong key and didn't even [fuckin'] know it. I couldn't hear that low, after playing banjo, you know, and going to electric...But Troy taught me the principle of, hey, you know, just stomp your foot and get on it. He was great. A great one for the instant arrangement, you know. And he was also fearless for that thing of get your friends to do it." Garcia's tenure in the Zodiacs didn't last long, nor did this experiment with rock and roll, but two other members of the Zodiacs will be notable later in the story -- the harmonica player, an old friend of Garcia's named Ron McKernan, who would soon gain the nickname Pig Pen after the Peanuts character, and the drummer, Bill Kreutzmann: [Excerpt: The Grateful Dead, "Drums/Space (Skull & Bones version)"] Kreutzmann said of the Zodiacs "Jerry was the hired bass player and I was the hired drummer. I only remember playing that one gig with them, but I was in way over my head. I always did that. I always played things that were really hard and it didn't matter. I just went for it." Garcia and Kreutzmann didn't really get to know each other then, but Garcia did get to know someone else who would soon be very important in his life. Bob Weir was from a very different background than Garcia, though both had the shared experience of long bouts of chronic illness as children. He had grown up in a very wealthy family, and had always been well-liked, but he was what we would now call neurodivergent -- reading books about the band he talks about being dyslexic but clearly has other undiagnosed neurodivergences, which often go along with dyslexia -- and as a result he was deemed to have behavioural problems which led to him getting expelled from pre-school and kicked out of the cub scouts. He was never academically gifted, thanks to his dyslexia, but he was always enthusiastic about music -- to a fault. He learned to play boogie piano but played so loudly and so often his parents sold the piano. He had a trumpet, but the neighbours complained about him playing it outside. Finally he switched to the guitar, an instrument with which it is of course impossible to make too loud a noise. The first song he learned was the Kingston Trio's version of an old sea shanty, "The Wreck of the John B": [Excerpt: The Kingston Trio, "The Wreck of the John B"] He was sent off to a private school in Colorado for teenagers with behavioural issues, and there he met the boy who would become his lifelong friend, John Perry Barlow. Unfortunately the two troublemakers got on with each other *so* well that after their first year they were told that it was too disruptive having both of them at the school, and only one could stay there the next year. Barlow stayed and Weir moved back to the Bay Area. By this point, Weir was getting more interested in folk music that went beyond the commercial folk of the Kingston Trio. As he said later "There was something in there that was ringing my bells. What I had grown up thinking of as hillbilly music, it started to have some depth for me, and I could start to hear the music in it. Suddenly, it wasn't just a bunch of ignorant hillbillies playing what they could. There was some depth and expertise and stuff like that to aspire to.” He moved from school to school but one thing that stayed with him was his love of playing guitar, and he started taking lessons from Troy Weidenheimer, but he got most of his education going to folk clubs and hootenannies. He regularly went to the Tangent, a club where Garcia played, but Garcia's bluegrass banjo playing was far too rigorous for a free spirit like Weir to emulate, and instead he started trying to copy one of the guitarists who was a regular there, Jorma Kaukonnen. On New Year's Eve 1963 Weir was out walking with his friends Bob Matthews and Rich Macauley, and they passed the music shop where Garcia was a teacher, and heard him playing his banjo. They knocked and asked if they could come in -- they all knew Garcia a little, and Bob Matthews was one of his students, having become interested in playing banjo after hearing the theme tune to the Beverly Hillbillies, played by the bluegrass greats Flatt and Scruggs: [Excerpt: Flatt and Scruggs, "The Beverly Hillbillies"] Garcia at first told these kids, several years younger than him, that they couldn't come in -- he was waiting for his students to show up. But Weir said “Jerry, listen, it's seven-thirty on New Year's Eve, and I don't think you're going to be seeing your students tonight.” Garcia realised the wisdom of this, and invited the teenagers in to jam with him. At the time, there was a bit of a renaissance in jug bands, as we talked about back in the episode on the Lovin' Spoonful. This was a form of music that had grown up in the 1920s, and was similar and related to skiffle and coffee-pot bands -- jug bands would tend to have a mixture of portable string instruments like guitars and banjos, harmonicas, and people using improvised instruments, particularly blowing into a jug. The most popular of these bands had been Gus Cannon's Jug Stompers, led by banjo player Gus Cannon and with harmonica player Noah Lewis: [Excerpt: Gus Cannon's Jug Stompers, "Viola Lee Blues"] With the folk revival, Cannon's work had become well-known again. The Rooftop Singers, a Kingston Trio style folk group, had had a hit with his song "Walk Right In" in 1963, and as a result of that success Cannon had even signed a record contract with Stax -- Stax's first album ever, a month before Booker T and the MGs' first album, was in fact the eighty-year-old Cannon playing his banjo and singing his old songs. The rediscovery of Cannon had started a craze for jug bands, and the most popular of the new jug bands was Jim Kweskin's Jug Band, which did a mixture of old songs like "You're a Viper" and more recent material redone in the old style. Weir, Matthews, and Macauley had been to see the Kweskin band the night before, and had been very impressed, especially by their singer Maria D'Amato -- who would later marry her bandmate Geoff Muldaur and take his name -- and her performance of Leiber and Stoller's "I'm a Woman": [Excerpt: Jim Kweskin's Jug Band, "I'm a Woman"] Matthews suggested that they form their own jug band, and Garcia eagerly agreed -- though Matthews found himself rapidly moving from banjo to washboard to kazoo to second kazoo before realising he was surplus to requirements. Robert Hunter was similarly an early member but claimed he "didn't have the embouchure" to play the jug, and was soon also out. He moved to LA and started studying Scientology -- later claiming that he wanted science-fictional magic powers, which L. Ron Hubbard's new religion certainly offered. The group took the name Mother McRee's Uptown Jug Champions -- apparently they varied the spelling every time they played -- and had a rotating membership that at one time or another included about twenty different people, but tended always to have Garcia on banjo, Weir on jug and later guitar, and Garcia's friend Pig Pen on harmonica: [Excerpt: Mother McRee's Uptown Jug Champions, "On the Road Again"] The group played quite regularly in early 1964, but Garcia's first love was still bluegrass, and he was trying to build an audience with his bluegrass band, The Black Mountain Boys. But bluegrass was very unpopular in the Bay Area, where it was simultaneously thought of as unsophisticated -- as "hillbilly music" -- and as elitist, because it required actual instrumental ability, which wasn't in any great supply in the amateur folk scene. But instrumental ability was something Garcia definitely had, as at this point he was still practising eight hours a day, every day, and it shows on the recordings of the Black Mountain Boys: [Excerpt: The Black Mountain Boys, "Rosa Lee McFall"] By the summer, Bob Weir was also working at the music shop, and so Garcia let Weir take over his students while he and the Black Mountain Boys' guitarist Sandy Rothman went on a road trip to see as many bluegrass musicians as they could and to audition for Bill Monroe himself. As it happened, Garcia found himself too shy to audition for Monroe, but Rothman later ended up playing with Monroe's Blue Grass Boys. On his return to the Bay Area, Garcia resumed playing with the Uptown Jug Champions, but Pig Pen started pestering him to do something different. While both men had overlapping tastes in music and a love for the blues, Garcia's tastes had always been towards the country end of the spectrum while Pig Pen's were towards R&B. And while the Uptown Jug Champions were all a bit disdainful of the Beatles at first -- apart from Bob Weir, the youngest of the group, who thought they were interesting -- Pig Pen had become enamoured of another British band who were just starting to make it big: [Excerpt: The Rolling Stones, "Not Fade Away"] 29) Garcia liked the first Rolling Stones album too, and he eventually took Pig Pen's point -- the stuff that the Rolling Stones were doing, covers of Slim Harpo and Buddy Holly, was not a million miles away from the material they were doing as Mother McRee's Uptown Jug Champions. Pig Pen could play a little electric organ, Bob had been fooling around with the electric guitars in the music shop. Why not give it a go? The stuff bands like the Rolling Stones were doing wasn't that different from the electric blues that Pig Pen liked, and they'd all seen A Hard Day's Night -- they could carry on playing with banjos, jugs, and kazoos and have the respect of a handful of folkies, or they could get electric instruments and potentially have screaming girls and millions of dollars, while playing the same songs. This was a convincing argument, especially when Dana Morgan Jr, the son of the owner of the music shop, told them they could have free electric instruments if they let him join on bass. Morgan wasn't that great on bass, but what the hell, free instruments. Pig Pen had the best voice and stage presence, so he became the frontman of the new group, singing most of the leads, though Jerry and Bob would both sing a few songs, and playing harmonica and organ. Weir was on rhythm guitar, and Garcia was the lead guitarist and obvious leader of the group. They just needed a drummer, and handily Bill Kreutzmann, who had played with Garcia and Pig Pen in the Zodiacs, was also now teaching music at the music shop. Not only that, but about three weeks before they decided to go electric, Kreutzmann had seen the Uptown Jug Champions performing and been astonished by Garcia's musicianship and charisma, and said to himself "Man, I'm gonna follow that guy forever!" The new group named themselves the Warlocks, and started rehearsing in earnest. Around this time, Garcia also finally managed to get some of the LSD that his friend Robert Hunter had been so enthusiastic about three years earlier, and it was a life-changing experience for him. In particular, he credited LSD with making him comfortable being a less disciplined player -- as a bluegrass player he'd had to be frighteningly precise, but now he was playing rock and needed to loosen up. A few days after taking LSD for the first time, Garcia also heard some of Bob Dylan's new material, and realised that the folk singer he'd had little time for with his preachy politics was now making electric music that owed a lot more to the Beat culture Garcia considered himself part of: [Excerpt: Bob Dylan, "Subterranean Homesick Blues"] Another person who was hugely affected by hearing that was Phil Lesh, who later said "I couldn't believe that was Bob Dylan on AM radio, with an electric band. It changed my whole consciousness: if something like that could happen, the sky was the limit." Up to that point, Lesh had been focused entirely on his avant-garde music, working with friends like Steve Reich to push music forward, inspired by people like John Cage and La Monte Young, but now he realised there was music of value in the rock world. He'd quickly started going to rock gigs, seeing the Rolling Stones and the Byrds, and then he took acid and went to see his friend Garcia's new electric band play their third ever gig. He was blown away, and very quickly it was decided that Lesh would be the group's new bass player -- though everyone involved tells a different story as to who made the decision and how it came about, and accounts also vary as to whether Dana Morgan took his sacking gracefully and let his erstwhile bandmates keep their instruments, or whether they had to scrounge up some new ones. Lesh had never played bass before, but he was a talented multi-instrumentalist with a deep understanding of music and an ability to compose and improvise, and the repertoire the Warlocks were playing in the early days was mostly three-chord material that doesn't take much rehearsal -- though it was apparently beyond the abilities of poor Dana Morgan, who apparently had to be told note-by-note what to play by Garcia, and learn it by rote. Garcia told Lesh what notes the strings of a bass were tuned to, told him to borrow a guitar and practice, and within two weeks he was on stage with the Warlocks: [Excerpt: The Grateful Dead, “Grayfolded"] In September 1995, just weeks after Jerry Garcia's death, an article was published in Mute magazine identifying a cultural trend that had shaped the nineties, and would as it turned out shape at least the next thirty years. It's titled "The Californian Ideology", though it may be better titled "The Bay Area Ideology", and it identifies a worldview that had grown up in Silicon Valley, based around the ideas of the hippie movement, of right-wing libertarianism, of science fiction authors, and of Marshall McLuhan. It starts "There is an emerging global orthodoxy concerning the relation between society, technology and politics. We have called this orthodoxy `the Californian Ideology' in honour of the state where it originated. By naturalising and giving a technological proof to a libertarian political philosophy, and therefore foreclosing on alternative futures, the Californian Ideologues are able to assert that social and political debates about the future have now become meaningless. The California Ideology is a mix of cybernetics, free market economics, and counter-culture libertarianism and is promulgated by magazines such as WIRED and MONDO 2000 and preached in the books of Stewart Brand, Kevin Kelly and others. The new faith has been embraced by computer nerds, slacker students, 30-something capitalists, hip academics, futurist bureaucrats and even the President of the USA himself. As usual, Europeans have not been slow to copy the latest fashion from America. While a recent EU report recommended adopting the Californian free enterprise model to build the 'infobahn', cutting-edge artists and academics have been championing the 'post-human' philosophy developed by the West Coast's Extropian cult. With no obvious opponents, the global dominance of the Californian ideology appears to be complete." [Excerpt: Grayfolded] The Warlocks' first gig with Phil Lesh on bass was on June the 18th 1965, at a club called Frenchy's with a teenage clientele. Lesh thought his playing had been wooden and it wasn't a good gig, and apparently the management of Frenchy's agreed -- they were meant to play a second night there, but turned up to be told they'd been replaced by a band with an accordion and clarinet. But by September the group had managed to get themselves a residency at a small bar named the In Room, and playing there every night made them cohere. They were at this point playing the kind of sets that bar bands everywhere play to this day, though at the time the songs they were playing, like "Gloria" by Them and "In the Midnight Hour", were the most contemporary of hits. Another song that they introduced into their repertoire was "Do You Believe in Magic" by the Lovin' Spoonful, another band which had grown up out of former jug band musicians. As well as playing their own sets, they were also the house band at The In Room and as such had to back various touring artists who were the headline acts. The first act they had to back up was Cornell Gunter's version of the Coasters. Gunter had brought his own guitarist along as musical director, and for the first show Weir sat in the audience watching the show and learning the parts, staring intently at this musical director's playing. After seeing that, Weir's playing was changed, because he also picked up how the guitarist was guiding the band while playing, the small cues that a musical director will use to steer the musicians in the right direction. Weir started doing these things himself when he was singing lead -- Pig Pen was the frontman but everyone except Bill sang sometimes -- and the group soon found that rather than Garcia being the sole leader, now whoever was the lead singer for the song was the de facto conductor as well. By this point, the Bay Area was getting almost overrun with people forming electric guitar bands, as every major urban area in America was. Some of the bands were even having hits already -- We Five had had a number three hit with "You Were On My Mind", a song which had originally been performed by the folk duo Ian and Sylvia: [Excerpt: We Five, "You Were On My Mind"] Although the band that was most highly regarded on the scene, the Charlatans, was having problems with the various record companies they tried to get signed to, and didn't end up making a record until 1969. If tracks like "Number One" had been released in 1965 when they were recorded, the history of the San Francisco music scene may have taken a very different turn: [Excerpt: The Charlatans, "Number One"] Bands like Jefferson Airplane, the Great Society, and Big Brother and the Holding Company were also forming, and Autumn Records was having a run of success with records by the Beau Brummels, whose records were produced by Autumn's in-house A&R man, Sly Stone: [Excerpt: The Beau Brummels, "Laugh Laugh"] The Warlocks were somewhat cut off from this, playing in a dive bar whose clientele was mostly depressed alcoholics. But the fact that they were playing every night for an audience that didn't care much gave them freedom, and they used that freedom to improvise. Both Lesh and Garcia were big fans of John Coltrane, and they started to take lessons from his style of playing. When the group played "Gloria" or "Midnight Hour" or whatever, they started to extend the songs and give themselves long instrumental passages for soloing. Garcia's playing wasn't influenced *harmonically* by Coltrane -- in fact Garcia was always a rather harmonically simple player. He'd tend to play lead lines either in Mixolydian mode, which is one of the most standard modes in rock, pop, blues, and jazz, or he'd play the notes of the chord that was being played, so if the band were playing a G chord his lead would emphasise the notes G, B, and D. But what he was influenced by was Coltrane's tendency to improvise in long, complex, phrases that made up a single thought -- Coltrane was thinking musically in paragraphs, rather than sentences, and Garcia started to try the same kind of th

This is the untold history of how the internet almost didn't happen. It's an ode to fathers and daughters. And it's a tale about the origins of the man-computer symbiosis that's still profoundly relevant to our society today. Host Christine Haughney Dare-Bryan, an editor-at-large at Inc., is a James Beard Award-winning journalist who has worked for NBC News as well as three of the nation's largest newspapers, and who created the Emmy-nominated Netflix series Rotten. Dare-Bryan's connection to the story is deeply personal—her father, Joseph Haughney, was one of the internet's founding fathers. By looking to the past, Computer Freaks dives into modern debates: Could we have prevented online harm from the start? What is the balance between free speech and online content moderation? How much human work should be delegated to technology and A.I.? And what direction should this growing labyrinthine network of computers take? Computer Freaks tells the dramatic, untold history of the internet straight from the mouths of its pioneering inventors: Len Kleinrock, Robert Kahn, Charley Kline, Steve Crocker, Vinton Cerf, and Bob Metcalfe, among many others. Exclusive interviews uncover hidden stories found nowhere else about the Arpanet, online harm, hacking, authentication, cybersecurity, Ethernet, TCP IP, packet switching, queuing theory, and the early contributions of women in tech.