Podcasts about anhui province

Essences of Tongchengdescribes author Maureen Armstrong living abroad in China's Anhui Province, in the small remote city Tongcheng, to work as... The post Essences of Tongcheng by Maureen Armstrong appeared first on WebTalkRadio.net.

It's Friday, April 4th, A.D. 2025. This is The Worldview in 5 Minutes heard on 125 radio stations and at www.TheWorldview.com.  I'm Adam McManus. (Adam@TheWorldview.com) By Adam McManus Chinese Communists sentence pastor to 5-year prison sentence The Chinese Communists have sentenced Pastor Wan Changchun of Living Stone Reformed House Church to a five-year prison sentence, reports International Christian Concern. The church is located in the city of Bengbu in the Anhui Province in Eastern China, As reported by Bitter Winter Magazine, Pastor Changchun was arrested in April 2023 for alleged fraud connected to the operation of his house church. However, Chinese communist officials often falsely use fraud allegations and charges to accuse, harass, arrest, and ultimately imprison Christians, especially pastors, to attempt to shut down their unregistered house churches. The pastor was one of the house church leaders who signed the statement against the repressive 2017 Regulation on Religious Affairs. The Chinese government has long considered religion an existential threat to the state's authority. Despite the unjust punishment, Pastor Changchun has echoed the words of Peter who said in Acts 5:29, “We must obey God rather than men.” Democrat Sen. Cory Booker's record-breaking speech championed the Left Democratic Senator Cory Booker of New Jersey officially broke the record previously held by the late Republican Senator Strom Thurmond of South Carolina by delivering the longest continuous floor speech in Senate history, reports The Epoch Times. He began his speech at 7:00 p.m. on Monday, March 31st.   Here are some highlights. BOOKER: “I rise with the intention of disrupting the normal business of the United States Senate for as long as I am physically able.” The Senator talked about how liberals, who have believed the lies of the mainstream media, are quaking in their boots about Trump's re-election. BOOKER: “They're writing me letters with words like ‘fear' and ‘terror.' They're talking about staying up at night and not being able to sleep because they don't have a president that comforts them.” Senator Booker took a page from Republican candidate Ronald Reagan, who asked the American people this question in 1979 in his race against Democratic President Jimmy Carter. REAGAN: “Are you better off than you were four years ago?” After only two months into Trump's second term, following four years of Joe Biden, Booker asked this ridiculous question. BOOKER: “I ask you, ‘Are you better off than you were 72 days ago economically?' Prices are up. Stock markets down. The risk of recession is climbing. Consumer confidence is in the gutter.” Like most of the Leftists in the Democratic Party today, Booker played the class warfare card. BOOKER: “We have more billionaires than any other country. Does that speak to the greatness of our nation? No. I think the things that speak to the greatness of a nation is how do we take care of each other?” And, by taking care of each other, he was not referring to the Christian concept of helping one another out of one's own resources, but the idea of redistributing wealth of other people with tax money. BOOKER: “I've had farmers from New Jersey to Texas coming to my office about this president freezing contracts that we approved in a bipartisan manner, putting them in financial crisis. It's not right or left. It's right or wrong. It's not a partisan moment. It's an American moment. It's a moral moment.” Rejecting the premise that Americans can better determine how to spend their own heard-earned money, Booker advocated for at least maintaining the high rate of taxation. BOOKER: “You don't need more tax cuts. And we, as a society, have an obligation to each other.” As of 7:19 p.m. ET on Tuesday, April 1, Booker had spoken for 24 hours and 19 minutes, a minute longer than Strom Thurmond's 1957 filibuster of the Civil Rights Act of 1957. Most filibusters on the Senate floor are motivated by opposition to a proposed bill. In this case, he used his time to object to the entirety of the Trump agenda. Booker finally yielded the floor at 8:05 p.m. on Tuesday, April 1st, with his time on the floor clocking in at a total of 25 hours and 5 minutes. Not only had he stood the whole time, but he never took a restroom break by fasting ahead of time and by dehydrating himself.  Throughout his Senate filibuster, he took some occasional sips of water. Dow Jones drops 1,100 points a day after Trump tariff announcement The three major U.S. stock indexes dropped on the morning of April 3 after President Donald Trump announced sweeping tariffs of 10 percent or higher. The Dow Jones Industrial Average plunging by 1,100 points by noon yesterday, reports The Epoch Times. Aside from the Dow Jones tumbling, the S&P 500 Index dropped by 3.5 percent, and the Nasdaq Composite slid by more than 4.7 percent at about 9:35 a.m. EST. However, advocates of the Trump tariffs believe the economic pain will be momentary, as he uses them as leverage to achieve fair trade long-term. Trump's ban on trans troops halted A three-judge panel on the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals rejected a request from President Donald Trump's administration to pause a lower court's decision blocking enforcement of a ban on trans-identified military service members, reports The Christian Post.    The Pentagon argued that trans-identified soldiers compromise "military readiness." By denying the administration's request, the appellate court left in place the preliminary injunction issued by U.S. District Judge Benjamin Settle, an appointee of former President George W. Bush, late last month. In essence, the 9th Circuit Court ruling prevented the Trump administration from removing trans-identifying service members. ‘Angel Eye Camera' lets parents of premature babies check-in And finally, 1 in every 10 women in the United States will experience the premature birth of their child. A heroic organization is helping these women keep two eyes on their baby in the Neo Natal Intensive Care Unit, even if they are miles away, reports GoodNewsNetwork.org. Called the AngelEye System, developed by the firm of the same name, it's a camera with a remotely-accessible 24-hour feed that's mounted via a boom arm onto any of the beds or tables an infant may be placed on. It allows the parents, who may not always be able to stay with their child, to keep an eye on them whenever nerves or separation anxiety strike. Thanks to advances in medical science, premature birth is a challenge that can be reliably overcome.  Philadelphia's Lauren Walsh had to face this exact situation when her third baby, John, was born prematurely at 32 weeks, not even weighing two pounds. John required a 61-day stay in the NICU. The AngelEye Camera was a lifeline for his mom and dad who could check up on him at any point by switching the camera feed on from their phones or computers. No doubt, the presence of the AngelEye Camera lowered the parents' anxiety, making it easier to abide by the counsel of 1 Peter 5:7 which says, “Cast all your anxiety on God, because He cares for you." Close And that's The Worldview on this Friday, April 4th, in the year of our Lord 2025. Subscribe by Amazon Music or by iTunes or email to our unique Christian newscast at www.TheWorldview.com. Or get the Generations app through Google Play or The App Store. I'm Adam McManus (Adam@TheWorldview.com). Seize the day for Jesus Christ.

Folk Songs of Anhui Province, China.

Folk Songs of Anhui Province, China.

We start with this week’s China propaganda update (2:27), followed by a look at a 112 y/o letter from Borden in Cairo (34:05). Next, we look at how to Pray for China this week (39:19) followed by an insane team schedule that I unearthed from exactly 12 years ago in NW China (46:06). Follow me on X (@chinaadventures) where I post daily reminders to pray for China (PrayforChina.us). If you enjoy this podcast, follow or subscribe wherever you listen to podcasts. You can also email any questions or comments to contact @ PrayforChina dot us. And don’t forget to check out all the things we are doing at PrayGiveGo.us. Luke 10:2! China/Russia vs Ukraine/USA: https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202502/1329289.shtml The “Real China” Breaks Through: https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202502/1329281.shtml Death Sentence for Child Trafficker: https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202502/1329258.shtml China: US Violates Human Rights: https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202503/1329294.shtml Borden’s Arab Homestay: https://open.substack.com/pub/chinacall/p/arab-homestay Pray for China (PrayforChina.us) Mar 1 (Sat) - Pray for Tongling in Anhui Province, which is paired with Iowa for prayer: www.PrayforChina.us Anhui Podcast: Beheaded https://pubtv.flfnetwork.com/tabs/audio/podcasts/30293/episodes/31 Mar 2 (Sun) - Pray for Siming District in Xiamen Prefecture of SE China's Fujian Province, which is paired with South Carolina for prayer: www.PrayforChina.us Fujian podcast and more info…https://prayforchina.us/index.php/fujian/ Mar 3 (Mon) - Pray for Chengguan (“CityGate”) District, the urban core of Lanzhou, capital of Gansu Province, which is paired for prayer with its sister state of Oklahoma: www.Pray4Gansu.com Here's my Gansu podcast (and more)... https://prayforchina.us/index.php/gansu/ Mar 4 (Tue) - Pray for Shijingshan District in the suburbs of west-central Beijing, which is paired with Washington DC (and MD) for prayer: prayforchina.us/index.php/maryland/ My Tiananmen Crosspolitic interview: https://pubtv.flfnetwork.com/tabs/the-pub/videos/30786 Mar 5 (Wed) - Pray for Kaili City, the most populated in Qiandongnan Prefecture in Guizhou Province, which is paired with Missouri for prayer: www.prayforchina.us/states/missouri.html Here's the Guizhou podcast (and more)... https://prayforchina.us/index.php/guizhou/ Mar 6 (Thu) - Pray for landlocked Nada Town, the largest in Danzhou Prefecture on Hainan Island, which is paired with Hawaii for prayer: www.PrayforChina.us Here's the Hainan pod: https://pubtv.flfnetwork.com/tabs/the-pub/podcasts/30293/episodes/37 Mar 7 (Fri) - Pray for Yongnian District in Handan City, in southern Hebei Province. “Huh-bay” is paired with both Wisconsin and Michigan for prayer: https://prayforchina.us/index.php/michigan/ Here's my Hebei pod: https://pubtv.flfnetwork.com/tabs/the-pub/podcasts/30293/episodes/39 Mar 8 (Sat) - Pray for Nangang District, the most populated in Harbin City, the capital of Heilongjiang, which is paired with MN and the UP of MI for prayer: https://prayforchina.us/index.php/michigan/ My Heilongjiang podcast: https://pubtv.flfnetwork.com/tabs/the-pub/podcasts/30293/episodes/20 Listen to hear the "Insane Adventures" I share at the end of today's podcast...

We start with this week’s China propaganda update (2:27), followed by a look at a 112 y/o letter from Borden in Cairo (34:05). Next, we look at how to Pray for China this week (39:19) followed by an insane team schedule that I unearthed from exactly 12 years ago in NW China (46:06). Follow me on X (@chinaadventures) where I post daily reminders to pray for China (PrayforChina.us). If you enjoy this podcast, follow or subscribe wherever you listen to podcasts. You can also email any questions or comments to contact @ PrayforChina dot us. And don’t forget to check out all the things we are doing at PrayGiveGo.us. Luke 10:2! China/Russia vs Ukraine/USA: https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202502/1329289.shtml The “Real China” Breaks Through: https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202502/1329281.shtml Death Sentence for Child Trafficker: https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202502/1329258.shtml China: US Violates Human Rights: https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202503/1329294.shtml Borden’s Arab Homestay: https://open.substack.com/pub/chinacall/p/arab-homestay Pray for China (PrayforChina.us) Mar 1 (Sat) - Pray for Tongling in Anhui Province, which is paired with Iowa for prayer: www.PrayforChina.us Anhui Podcast: Beheaded https://pubtv.flfnetwork.com/tabs/audio/podcasts/30293/episodes/31 Mar 2 (Sun) - Pray for Siming District in Xiamen Prefecture of SE China's Fujian Province, which is paired with South Carolina for prayer: www.PrayforChina.us Fujian podcast and more info…https://prayforchina.us/index.php/fujian/ Mar 3 (Mon) - Pray for Chengguan (“CityGate”) District, the urban core of Lanzhou, capital of Gansu Province, which is paired for prayer with its sister state of Oklahoma: www.Pray4Gansu.com Here's my Gansu podcast (and more)... https://prayforchina.us/index.php/gansu/ Mar 4 (Tue) - Pray for Shijingshan District in the suburbs of west-central Beijing, which is paired with Washington DC (and MD) for prayer: prayforchina.us/index.php/maryland/ My Tiananmen Crosspolitic interview: https://pubtv.flfnetwork.com/tabs/the-pub/videos/30786 Mar 5 (Wed) - Pray for Kaili City, the most populated in Qiandongnan Prefecture in Guizhou Province, which is paired with Missouri for prayer: www.prayforchina.us/states/missouri.html Here's the Guizhou podcast (and more)... https://prayforchina.us/index.php/guizhou/ Mar 6 (Thu) - Pray for landlocked Nada Town, the largest in Danzhou Prefecture on Hainan Island, which is paired with Hawaii for prayer: www.PrayforChina.us Here's the Hainan pod: https://pubtv.flfnetwork.com/tabs/the-pub/podcasts/30293/episodes/37 Mar 7 (Fri) - Pray for Yongnian District in Handan City, in southern Hebei Province. “Huh-bay” is paired with both Wisconsin and Michigan for prayer: https://prayforchina.us/index.php/michigan/ Here's my Hebei pod: https://pubtv.flfnetwork.com/tabs/the-pub/podcasts/30293/episodes/39 Mar 8 (Sat) - Pray for Nangang District, the most populated in Harbin City, the capital of Heilongjiang, which is paired with MN and the UP of MI for prayer: https://prayforchina.us/index.php/michigan/ My Heilongjiang podcast: https://pubtv.flfnetwork.com/tabs/the-pub/podcasts/30293/episodes/20 Listen to hear the "Insane Adventures" I share at the end of today's podcast...

Good afternoon, I'm _____ with today's episode of EZ News. Tai-Ex opening The Tai-Ex opened marginally higher this morning from yesterday's close, at 23,112 on turnover of 5.2-billion N-T. The market moved moderately higher on Tuesday, but turnover remained thin as many investors opted to stay on the sidelines as they await the outcome of the U-S presidential election. Two Hometown Association Heads Indicted for China-Funded Trip The Taipei District Prosecutors' Office has indicted the heads of two Chinese hometown associations for organizing a China-funded trip to Anhui Province for local K-M-T officials in the run-up to January's elections. According to the prosecutors' office, the presidents of the Taiwan and Taipei Anhui Province hometown associations have been charged with violating (違反) the Anti-Infiltration Act. Prosecutors says the two defendants acted at the request of the head the Anhui Province Taiwan Affairs Office to recruit 24 K-M-T party officials and ward chiefs from Taipei's Wanhua and Nangang districts for the trip. Former Police Officer Acquitted in Fatal Shooting Incident The Taoyuan District Court has acquitted a former police officer who accidentally shot and killed a passenger in a vehicle that failed to pull over after being ordered to do so in March of 2020. The vehicle instead sped off, sparking a chase in which the driver reversed into the police officer's patrol car twice. The former police officer, who was the deputy head of the Taoyuan Police Department's Bade Precinct when the incident occurred, discharged his hand gun five times - aiming at the moving vehicle's back tire - but two bullets hit a female passenger (乘客) in the car's back seat. She was struck in the leg and back and later died in a nearby hospital. The former police officer had been charged with negligent homicide. Netanyahu fires Yoav Gallant… Benjamin Netanyahu has fired Israel's Defence Minister Yoav Gallant. The Israeli Prime Minister said he was forced to remove Gallant from his post due to a "crisis of trust" between the two men. Netanyahu and Gallant have repeatedly been at odds (意見不一致，不和) over the war in Gaza. Giles Gibson reports from Tel Aviv. Netflix Offices Raided in France Netherlands Judicial officials say prosecutors and police investigators who specialize in fighting major fraud and corruption have raided Netflix offices in France and the Netherlands. The raids on Tuesday are part of a French probe of suspected financial wrongdoing. French and Dutch authorities have been working together for many months on the investigation centering on the suspected laundering of tax fraud and off-the-books (不入賬的,未經登錄的) work. In France, police investigators carried out searches of the streaming giant's French headquarters. In the Netherlands, Dutch prosecutors also raided Netflix's European headquarters in Amsterdam. That was the I.C.R.T. EZ News, I'm _____. －－－－以下訊息由 SoundOn 動態廣告贊助商提供－－－－ 高雄美術特區2-4房全新落成，《惟美術》輕軌C22站散步即到家，近鄰青海商圈，卡位明星學區，徜徉萬坪綠海。 住近美術館，擁抱優雅日常，盡現驕傲風範！美術東四路X青海路 07-553-3838

Last time we spoke about the Chiang-Gui War. China was reunified, but not was all well in Camelot. Chiang Kai-Shek initially popular, faced opposition from various factions, including Northern warlords and rival generals. The KMT decided to relocate the capital from Beijing to Nanking, which sparked resistance from those attached to Beijing's rich history. The KMT then struggled with demobilizing the massive National Revolutionary Army, which had over 2 million troops. Chiang Kai-Shek aimed to reduce this number significantly but faced challenges, including discontent among warlords like Feng Yuxiang and Yan Xishan. Tensions escalated into the Chiang-Gui War, where Chiang defeated the Guangxi Clique led by Li Zongren and Bai Chongxi. This victory, however, did not end the turmoil as Feng and Yan formed an anti-Chiang coalition with Wang Jingwei. The struggle led to a dramatic showdown, culminating in the Taiyuan Conference where Yan Xishan was promoted to commander-in-chief, setting the stage for further conflict.   #123 The Central Plains War  Welcome to the Fall and Rise of China Podcast, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about the history of Asia? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on history of asia and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel where I cover the history of China and Japan from the 19th century until the end of the Pacific War. We last left off with basically every other big dog in China getting ready to gang up on Chiang Kai-Shek. Yan Xishan was now the commander in chief of an anti-chiang coalition with his deputy commanders being Feng Yuxiang, Li Zongren and Zhang Xueliang….however Zhang Xueliang was nowhere to be found. During what has been referred to as the “telegram war” period, the Young Marshal had actually spent the entire time in Mukden frantically telegraming all the significant North Chinese warlords and generals to not join the anti-chiang movement.  To take a small sidestep. In the last episode I explained why Li Zongren, Bai Chongxi and their Guangxi clique turned against Chiang Kai-Shek, but what motivations did someone like Feng Yuxiang and his Guominjun have to do so? A severe famine hit the Guanzhong region of Shaanxi, where Feng Yuxiang held power. This famine, which occurred in the 18th year of the Republic of China, is also referred to as the "Famine of the 18th Year of the Republic of China." Within Shaanxi, a year without any harvest is called a famine year, two consecutive years of poor harvest are also labeled famine years, and three consecutive years are considered a severe famine. During the 18th year of the Republic of China, the region faced an extreme famine with virtually no harvest for six consecutive seasons over three years. Some considered it a once-in-a-century event, while others claimed it was a disaster seen once in 300 years. According to modern historical records and newspaper reports, Shaanxi experienced drought in 1928, which caused poor summer wheat yields, while autumn and winter crops could not be planted due to a lack of rain. By 1929, the drought worsened. No rain fell from spring through autumn, drying up wells and rivers like the Jing, Wei, Han, and Bao. Most trees withered, and crops failed—summer harvests only amounted to 20%, and autumn yields were nonexistent. The famine was so severe that grass roots and tree bark became scarce, with the roads littered with corpses and countless people fleeing the area. According to a report by the Shaanxi Disaster Relief Committee on September 5 of that year, 91 of the province's 92 counties were affected by the drought. Except for a few counties along the Wei River that had some green crops, the rest were barren. Among the 91 counties, 24 were extremely severely affected, 27 severely affected, 15 moderately affected, and 25 slightly affected. The most severely hit areas included Chang'an, Wugong, Fengxiang, Fufeng, Qianxian, Qishan, Meixian, Xingping, Xianyang, Lintong, Weinan, Zhouzhi, and others. Out of a total population of over 9.4 million, 2.5 million people died of starvation, approximately 400,000 fled, and over 200,000 women were sold to other regions such as Henan, Shanxi, Beiping, Tianjin, and Shandong. Back in 1927, Chiang Kai-shek established the KMT's new government in Nanking. By June, Chiang and Feng Yuxiang succeeded in uniting the two Kuomintang warlord factions during the Xuzhou Conference. In February 1928, Chiang and Feng solidified their alliance by becoming sworn brothers. Before the launch of the "Second Northern Expedition," Chiang Kai-shek had control over the central KMT government and occupied affluent areas like Shanghai, Nanjing, and Hangzhou. Feng Yuxiang, on the other hand, controlled the impoverished and remote northwest, where transportation was difficult. He saw the Northern Expedition as an opportunity to expand his own influence, particularly eyeing Beijing and Tianjin for their wealth and strategic transportation routes. After the expedition, Chiang Kai-shek, concerned about Feng's growing power, exploited tensions between Yan Xishan and Feng Yuxiang. He ceded control of Hebei, Beijing, and Tianjin to Yan Xishan, appointing him commander of the Beijing-Tianjin garrison and allowing his 3rd Army to enter Beijing. Feng's 2nd Army, however, was restricted to Nanyuan and denied entry into the city, which greatly displeased Feng. In response, he ordered his troops to retreat to Shandong and Henan, and feigned illness in Xinxiang, Henan, refusing to travel to Beijing. In the political realm Feng Yuxiang advocated for "civilian politics" and stood against dictatorship. Within the Kuomintang, he opposed Chiang Kai-shek's views, calling for the establishment of a clean government, promoting joint industrial development, providing aid to disaster victims, and fighting corruption. He also opposed salary increases for central government officials, argued for distributing leadership roles based on the strength of different factions, and rejected Chiang Kai-shek's dominance over party matters and the Nanjing government. These positions sharply conflicted with Chiang Kai-shek's ideas. After the success of the "Northern Expedition," Chiang Kai-shek proposed a reorganization of the army. This initiative sparked intense conflict between Chiang and Feng Yuxiang. On July 6, 1928, Chiang invited Feng, Yan Xishan, Li Zongren, and Bai Chongxi to a symposium in Beiping. However, Feng and other faction leaders strongly opposed Chiang's plan to reduce the army, leading to an unsatisfactory end to the meeting. On August 8, 1928, Chiang presided over the Fifth Plenary Session of the Kuomintang's Second Central Committee in Nanjing, where he sought to force the various factions to comply with his military reduction plan. Supported by the Guangdong-born members of the Central Committee, the proposal was passed, and the army reduction plan became part of the Kuomintang's official resolution. Feeling threatened by this plan, Feng traveled along the Longhai Railway, inspecting the Northwest Army, and held a commemorative military parade marking the second anniversary of the Northwest Army's Wuyuan Oath-taking Ceremony. In October 1928, after the reorganization of the Nanjing National Government, Chiang appointed Feng as Vice President of the Executive Yuan and Minister of Military Affairs, asking him to report to Nanjing immediately. Feng, however, refused, citing various excuses. Under increasing public pressure, Feng and other faction leaders were eventually forced to attend the demobilization meeting in Nanjing. On December 26, 1928, Chiang chaired a preparatory meeting for the demobilization conference, using factional politics to manipulate and divide his rivals. Feng proposed a "three haves and three demobilizations" plan, which was initially opposed by Yan Xishan and Li Zongren. Secretly, Chiang won over Yan, encouraging him to submit a proposal that would counter Feng's influence. When the National Demobilization Meeting convened on January 1, 1929, most attendees supported Yan's proposal over Feng's. The "Outline of the Procedure for the Demobilization Committee of the National Army" was passed, favoring Chiang's position. Eventually, Feng, Yan, and Li shifted from opposing each other to uniting against the demobilization process. In March 1929, as we saw in last episode, the Chiang-Gui War broke out. In order to concentrate military forces and eliminate the Guangxi clique, Chiang Kai-shek sent Shao Lizi and others to Huashan to win over Feng Yuxiang. They offered Feng the chance to continue cooperating with Chiang and send troops to help Chiang defeat Guangxi in exchange for the premiership of the Executive Yuan and the territory of Hubei and Hunan provinces. Feng agreed to Chiang's request on the surface. He then frequently deployed troops on the border between Henan and Hubei, hoping to seize the opportunity to send troops to occupy Wuhan when Chiang and Guangxi were both defeated. However, Chiang soon defeated the Guangxi clique, which increased Chiang Kai-shek's resentment and made the contradiction between Chiang and Feng irreconcilable. Now that pretty much covers Feng Yuxiang's motivations, but what about Yan Xishan? In January 1930, after Yan Xishan returned to Taiyuan from Zhengzhou, central Henan began to experience increasing turmoil. On February 10, Yan sent a telegram to Chiang Kai-shek, urging a spirit of courtesy for the country's sake that they "share the burden" to resolve party conflicts. Chiang responded on February 12 with a telegram stating, "Revolution to save the country is an obligation, not a right. The country is in dire straits, and it is not the time for us to be arrogant." By February 21, Li Zongren, Huang Shaohong, Bai Chongxi, Zhang Fakui, and Hu Zongduo all stated supported Yan Xishan to be the commander-in-chief of the anti-chiang national army, navy, and air force. In many ways the issue was simply thrust onto him. Meanwhile Yan Xishan's army went to Peiping, current day Beijing, disarming the KMT forces there and setting up a HQ. With perhaps a stronger backing, Chiang Kai-Shek would have gone to war against the anti-chiang cabal much earlier, but was reluctant to do so now. The terrain was the difficulty, he would have to fight his way into Shandong, where the local sympathy rested on Feng Yuxiang. So for now he battled them through the use of diplomacy. Within the chaos, the CCP also managed to cut their own piece of the pie by capturing Changsha in late July. They would only hold the city for a few days however, before burning it down and fleeing. Early into the conflict Chiang Kai-Shek's attention was drawn to Manchuria. The Young Marshal had not made a move in either direction and he was sitting upon an army 200,000 plus strong. Where did his sympathies truly lie, everyone was waiting to see. Chiang Kai-Shek believed chances were slim the Young Marshal would rebel against him, he was not very much like his tiger of a father. Zhang Xueliang was a thinker, an idealistic and most importantly he had been an opium addict for a long time. Such a life conditioned the young man to be a lot more passive. Zhang Xueliang seemed to be looking to pledge himself to a real leader who could deliver salvation to China. But who was the better choice for him? Chiang Kai-Shek or Wang Jingwei? Chiang Kai-Shek did not wait for an official answer to this question he hastily announced that Zhang Xueliang was his new deputy commander in chief. Feng Yuxiang and Yan Xishan followed this up by offering Zhang Xueliang a place in the Peiping state council, yet Zhang Xueliang remained quiet until the middle of September. It was a real nail bitter for both sides, Zhang Xueliang had a large, decently trained and pretty well armed army, he would tip the tides for either side. The waiting game had Yan Xishan thinking strongly about pulling out of the coalition. In the meantime the war truly began to heat up in May when Chiang Kai-Shek swore a public oath to attack Yan Xishan and Feng Yuxiang. On May 11th, both sides began engaged another along a north and south front. The main battlefield in the north was centered around Henan with a secondary front in Shandong fought mainly along the Pinghan, Longhai and Jinpu railways. In the southern theater the fighting was fought mainly in the Yuezhou, Changsha and Xiangjiang river areas. To be more specific the anti-Chiang Kai-shek army organized a total of 8 war front areas: the Guangxi clique army was the 1st front, led by Li Zongren, going north from Hunan and heading towards Wuhan; the Northwest Army was the 2nd front, led by Feng Yuxiang, with Lu Zhonglin being responsible for the Longhai and Pinghan lines in Henan; the Shanxi Army was the 3rd front, led by Yan Xishan, with Xu Yongchang responsible for the Jinpu and Jiaoji lines and the eastern section of the Longhai line in Shandong; Shi Yousan's troops were the 4th front; the Northeast Army, which was designated by Zhang Xueliang, was the 5th front though whether he took up the post or not was yet to be seen; Liu Wenhui's troops were the 6th front; He Jian's troops were the 7th front, and Fan Zhongxiu's troops were the 8th front. The Northwest Army and the Shanxi Army, as the main forces, had been fully mobilized and marched to the Longhai, Pinghan, and Jinpu lines. Yan also appointed Shi Yousan as the chairman of Shandong Province, leading his troops to attack Shandong from Henan, and appointed Sun Dianying as the chairman of Anhui Province, attacking the Bozhou area of ​​Anhui. Altogether the Anti-Chiang forces were about 260,000 men strong The fighting kicked off in mid May. The strategy of the anti-Chiang army was for the first front army, the Guangxi army led by Li Zongren to march into Hunan and advance towards Wuhan; the second front army, the Northwestern Army of Feng Yuxiang, was responsible for the Longhai and Pinghan routes in Henan Province, and would attack Xuzhou and Wuhan respectively; the third front army, the Shanxi Army of Yan Xishan was responsible for the operations along the Jinpu and Jiaoji routes in Shandong Province. It would join Feng Yuxiang to attack Xuzhou, then advance southward along the Jinpu Line and attack Nanking; Shi Yousan was in charge of the Fourth Front Army, which would use its main forces to attack Jining and Yanzhou, and would use part of its forces to join the Third Front Army in the attack on Jinan; Zhang Xueliang's Northeast Army was designated as the Fifth Front Army, and efforts were made to jointly fight against Chiang Kai-shek, but again his status was still unknown; Liu Wenhui of Sichuan was appointed as the Sixth Front Army, and He Jian of Hunan was appointed as the Seventh Front Army. In order to encourage generals of non-directly affiliated units, Shi Yousan was appointed as the chairman of Shandong Province, Wan Xuancai as the chairman of Henan Province, and Sun Dianying as the chairman of Anhui Province. After this, Fan Zhongxiu was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the Eighth Front Army. Chiang Kai-Shek deployed the NRA 2nd Corps led by Liu Zhi along the Longhai railway line; the 3rd Crops of H Chengjun was deployed on the Pinhan line; the 1st Corps of Han Fuju was deployed along the Jinpu line and Chiang Kai-Shek set up his HQ in Xuzhou to personally command forces. On May 11th, Chiang Kai-Shek issued his general attack orders, with the 2nd corps attacking Guide from Xuzhou. The two sides began clashing, with the KMT gaining the upper hand rather quickly as they held an advantage in air power. A NRA division led by Chen Jicheng occupied Mamuji due east of Guide. Then Liu Maoen defected to Chiang Kai-Shek handing his forces over at Ningling while also luring Colonel Wan Xuancai into a trap. This left Guide to be easily captured by Chiang's forces as the only other enemy division was that of Sun Dianying who withdrew to Bozhou. Although Chiang Kai-Shek had won technically the first major battle, his situation was not at all enviable.  After losing Guide, Yan Xishan urgently reinforced the Longhai Railway line area with divisions led by Yang Yaofang, Sun Laingcheng and Ji Hongchang. This saw Chiang Kai-Sheks forces suffer extremely heavy losses over the course of 10 days of fighting. Chiang Kai-Sheks forces were reeling from the fierce fighting and forced to retreat into the southwestern portion of Shandong. Along the Pinghan railway, Chiang Kai-Shek ordered He Chengjun's 3rd Corps to depart the Yancheng area and attack northwards. The 3rd Corps quickly found themselves fighting the northwest Army in the Linying and Xuchang areas. The 3rd Corps were trying to contain and isolate the northwest army who were currently receiving reinforcements along the Longhai line.  On May 25th, He Jians forces began occupying Linying and by Juny 7th Xuchang. At this time the Guangxi army invaded Hunan and by the 28th of May had taken Yongzhou, Qiyang, Hangzhou and Baoqing. On June 8th they took Changsha and Yueyang, with their vanguard entering Hubei. Feng Yuxiang took advantage of the situation to launch a full scale attack along the Pingham line. After two days of fighting, Chiang Kai-Sheks men were retreating south to Luohe. However, Feng Yuxiang made an error. His subordinates urged him to link up with the Guangxi army and attack Wuhan. Instead he ordered his forces to advance into eastern Henan where he might annihilate a large portion of Chiang Kai-Sheks army. Meanwhile Chiang Kai-Shek had suffered major defeats across the Longhai and Pingham lines and lost the key city of Changsha, his men were demoralized. By mid June Feng Yuxiang adjusted his battle plan and launched another offensive along the Longhai line as Chiang Kai-Shek came to Liuhe to supervise the battle. Chiang Kai-Shek tossed some of his elite divisions equipped with heavy artillery to attack Feng Yuxiang from Qixian to Taikang, hoping to seize Kaifeng and Chenliu. Yet he fell directly into a pocket-sized encirclement and his forces were battered. Over on the Jinpu line front, Yan Xishan had organized 6 divisions and 3 artillery regiments to perform an offensive against Jinan. They advanced south along the Jinpu line and formed two pincers against the city. Han Fuju knew he would lose considerable forces in a defense of the city and ended up simply pulling out to conserve his strength, handing Jinan over.  July brought significant change to the war. Over in Hunan, Chiang Kai-Shek organized 3 armies to counterattack Changsha; a naval fleet under Chen Skaokuan would assist them and he ordered the 8th route army under Jiang Hauangnai and Cai Tingkai to retake Hengyang. The Guangxi army could not focus on two fronts, so they abandoned Yueyang and Changsha to meet the enemy at Hengyang. The two sides fought bitterly in southern Hunan, but by July 4th the Guangxi army was forced to retreat to the province of Guangxi. Afterwards Chiang Kai-Shek's forces took Bozhou within the Longhai/Jinpu triangle area, effectively trapping forces led by Sun Dianying. On July 8th Chiang Kai-Shek diverted a bunch of divisions from the Longhai line to the Jinpu Line. By the end of the month Chiang Kai-Shek unleashed a general offensive along the Jinpu line. Feng Yuxiang retaliated by launching an offensive over the Longhai line trying to seize Xuzhou. Feng Yuxiang hoped by doing so he could unite the Jinpu and Longhai lines for a combined assault of Xuzhou. Chiang Kai-Sheks Longhai forces were quickly pushed back to an area south of Guide, but mother nature tossed a curveball. Colossal amounts of rain caused river floodings, forcing Feng Yuxiangs men to advance through mud greatly diminishing his supply lines. It was enough to give Chiang Kai-Shek time to stabilize the front as his offensive on the Jinpu line successfully recaptured Jinan by August 15th.  On August 21st Chiang Kai-Shek convened a meeting in Jinan where it was decided they would divert forces from the Jinpu line to the Longhai and Pinghan lines. They would focus the most on the Pinghan line while forces on the Longhai line would try to cut off the retreat of Feng Yuxiang's army. Chiang Kai-Shek even offered 200,00 yuan for the first unit to take Gongxian and 1 million yuan for the occupation of Luoyang and Zhengzhou. On September 6th, Chiang Kai-Shek unleashed another general offensive. Feng Yuxiang believed he had the numbers to win, so he deployed his forces pretty evenly over the Pinghan, Longhai and Zhengzhou fronts. He did urge Yan Xishan to try and help him out if his fronts could afford to spare units. Yet Yan Xishan sought to preserve his strength, and moved his Longhai forces to pull back north of the Yellow River. This action made linking up with Feng Yuxiang pretty much impossible. By the 17th Chiang Kai-Shek captured Longmen very close to Luoyang, effectively cutting off Feng Yuxiang's line of retreat heading west. Thus Feng Yuxiang had no choice but to retreat into northern Henan. Taking another sidestep, you may have noticed one of the largest players remains unmentioned, what about the Young Marshal? Back in March, Zhang Xueliang issued a telegram expressing his neutrality. This of course prompted Chiang Kai-Shek to personally call him, whence negotiations began. On June 10th, Li Shi and Zhang Xueliang discussed the conditions for him to send troops to help the NRA out. The first condition was 2 million yuan to cover the cost of deployment. On June 21st the KMT officially appointed Zhang Xueliang as deputy commander. The next day Zhang Xueliang telegramed everyone suggesting that both sides agree to a cease-fire and establish a buffer zone. In August Li Shi came to meet with Zhang Xueliang again, where the Young Marshal then demanded 5 million yuan for military use and a loan of 10 million yuan to stabilize the northeast economy. Chiang Kai-Shek agreed to the terms on the spot. Then Zhang Xueliang said if Chiang Kai-Shek could capture Jinan, he would send troops. As mentioned this occurred on August 15th. Thus Zhang Xueliang began speaking with his generals. Meanwhile on the other side, the Anti-Chiang leadership began establishing a competing government in Peiping in July whereupon they appointed many Fengtian clique members to be the heads of certain departments. Yet on September 2nd, Zhang Xueliang told Fu Zuoyi, a anti-Chiang representative that he did not support their Peiping government. Then Zhang Xueliang recalled all the Fengtian members they had appointed as officials.  Then on September 18th, Zhang Xueliang issued a telegram urging "all parties to stop fighting immediately to relieve the people's suffering and wait for Nanking to take action." At the same time, he dispatched Yu Xuzhong and Wang Shuchang with the 1st and 2nd armies of the Northeast Frontier Defense army to enter the pass. On October 9th, he officially took up office as the deputy commander for the NRA. Yan Xishan soon received word from forces in Tangshan that Zhang Xuliang was advancing, so he called for a meeting to figure out countermeasures. Zhang Xueliang then sent word to Yan Xishan that he should withdraw from occupied areas. Yan Xishan did indeed comply as Zhang Xueliang quickly occupied Ping and Tianjin without firing a shot. To maintain cordial relations with Yan Xishan, Zhang Xueliang had his army only advance into Hubei and Chahar, but left Shanxi alone. This prompted Yan Xishans forces to cross the Yellow River and retreat back into Shanxi using two routes.  Meanwhile a wave of defections to Chiang Kai-Shek began in late September, severely crippling the Pinghan line for Feng Yuxiang. Along the Longhai line, Chiang Kai-Shek's forces took Kaifeng on October 3rd and were advancing towards Zhangzhou. The KMT government then began announcing amnesty for all Generals if they would stand down. The next days many of Feng Yuxiang's subordinates called upon him to issue a ceasefire. Feng Yuxiang was basically screwed, Chiang and Zhang were surrounding him slowly as his own Generals defected or abandoned the cause. On the 5th Feng Yuxiangs deputy commander withdrew to Xinxiang, due north of the Yellow River. The next day Zhengzhou fell to the NRA 11th division of Chen Cheng. On the 5th Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang and Wang Jingwei jointly telegrammed Zhang Xueliang expressing their desire for a ceasefire and to open up negotiations.  By the 15th Yan Xishan and Feng Yuxiang stepped down together as commanders in chief. Yan Xishan handed command to Xu Yongchang and Feng Yuxiang to Lu Zhonglin. Both men then stated they would go temporarily abroad, though neither truly did. In truth Yan Xishan fled to Dalian under the protection of the Japanese and Feng Yuxiang hid in Yudaohe in Shanxi. That same day Lu Zhonglin telegramed to the Northwest army "withdraw defense immediately upon order inform all injured units to stop fighting and rest the people." On November 4th, Yan Xishan and Feng Yuxiang telegramed the dissolution of the anti-chiang movement, ending the war. The Central Plains War lasted roughly seven months, with both sides mobilizing more than 1.1 million troops, spending 500 million yuan, and suffering 300,000 casualties. At least half of them were young and middle-aged men from Hebei, Shandong, Henan and other provinces. It was the largest civil war in China after the Northern Expedition to unify China. The war spread to Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi, Hubei, Hunan, Guangxi and other provinces. Most of the national troops originally prepared to suppress the Communists were mobilized, allowing the Chinese Communist Party to breathe and develop. Warlords imposed additional donations and taxes on the common people and issued paper money indiscriminately. As usual the ones to suffer the most were of course the common people. Within the Central Plains, 27 counties including Luoyang in Henan Province were severely affected, with agricultural losses amounting to 160.2% of the annual output value; farmers in more than a dozen counties including lost an average of 0.22 heads of livestock and 0.07 carts per household. Within Henan Province, it was said “over 120,000 people died in the war, over 19,500 were injured, over 1,185,000 fled, and over 1,297,700 were forced into exile by the army, of which over 30,000 died in combat, not including soldiers. The total property losses, including the destruction and burning of houses, amounted to over 651,469,000 yuan. It is estimated that it will take 10 years to recover all the losses.” Source in Zhengzhou stated “Since the beginning of the war, planes have been arriving every day, dropping bombs. … Every time a bomb is dropped, five or six people are killed and several buildings are destroyed. This situation is not limited to Zhengzhou. It is the same everywhere in the battlefield cities, the counties and villages near the Longhai and Pinghan railways, even in broad daylight.”  Industry declined and agriculture went bankrupt. The war caused great damage to industrial and agricultural production, seriously hindering the development of the social economy. “The national finances and social economy were both exhausted.” For railway transportation alone saw  “capital losses amounted to 22,165,504 yuan; withdrawals from garrison troops amounted to 4,206,155 yuan; military transport losses amounted to 29,958,042 yuan; and operating losses amounted to 17,018,271 yuan. The total was more than 73 million yuan.Among agricultural products, tobacco leaves were harvested in the three provinces of Henan, Shandong and Anhui, and the war was at its most intense. The losses were between 20 and 30 million yuan. The losses were twice as much as the war expenses.”  Chiang Kai-Shek had won the war, utterly breaking his opponents. Feng Yuxiangs northwest disintegrated into four factions. Yan Xishans Shanxi army took heavy losses that they would not recover from. Zhang Xueliang profited the most, his northeast army gained further territory in North China. He would gradually incorporate a large part of the forces in Shanxi and Suiyuan and would emerge the second largest military faction in China. However, when Zhang Xueliang depleted the northeast of her military forces, this left the borders weak. Zhang Xueliang soon became focused on governing North China, taking his eyes off his powerbase of Manchuria, which Japanese eyes looked upon enviously.  Overall the Central plains war weakened the NRA, the KMT, depleted China of her overall strength and lessened efforts against the CCP. Within the background of the warlord-NRA conflict, the CCP would benefit greatly. The CCP had spread to 11 provinces, including Jiangxi, Hubei, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Henan, Sichuan, Anhui, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang. Their Red Army formed a total of 14 armies with a total of about 100,000 people. But with the Central Plains War ended, now Chiang Kai-Shek could redirect his efforts against the Red Menace.  I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. Chiang Kai-Shek had certainly faced a formidable enemy in the former of his past comrades in arms, Feng Yuxiang, Yan Xishan, Li Zongren and many others. At the last minute the Young Marshal saved the day, allowing the Generalissimo to retain control over the new Republic, yet in the background lurked enemies everywhere still.

​In a mountainous region in east China's Anhui Province, Fang Guoqiang stands out among people who have been working on the frontline to preserve the environment and achieve sustainable development. For more than two decades, he has promoted the idea and practice of green farming among his fellow villagers in the headwater region of the Xin'an River, a major waterway in east China. This green farming has in turn contributed to the local ecological conservation while increasing the income of farmers.

It's Monday, May 13th, A.D. 2024. This is The Worldview in 5 Minutes heard at www.TheWorldview.com. I'm Adam McManus. (Adam@TheWorldview.com) By Adam McManus Imprisoned Chinese leaders face serious illnesses Since two leaders of the Ganquan Church in Hefei, Anhui Province in China were arrested last fall, their wives and members of their church family have pleaded for their release. Those pleas have grown more urgent after the two leaders developed serious health problems while in prison, reports International Christian Concern. In November 2023, Communist authorities detained Pastor Zhou Songlin, Elder Ding Zhongfu, and 14 other members of the house church. Pastor Zhou and Elder Ding are the only church members who remain in prison.  Pastor Zhou is suffering from an unspecified “serious illness” that his doctors say cannot be properly treated while he is incarcerated. And Elder Ding is experiencing high blood pressure, chest pain, dizziness, and insomnia.  The Ganquan Church is an underground church that refuses to come under the state-controlled Three-Self Patriotic Movement which is China's only legal church. As a result, Ganquan is considered illegal and cannot purchase property. That's why Pastor Zhou and Elder Ding used church funds to purchase two properties in their own names to secure property for worship and other church activities. Biden gets pushback over claim “We leave no one behind.” President Joe Biden faced a wave of pushback from GOP lawmakers in response to a post on the @POTUS X account that said, "On my watch, when we make promises, we keep them. And we leave no one behind." Blaze.com reports that multiple Republicans challenged the president's claim. Rep. Lisa McClain of Michigan tweeted, "Afghanistan. Israel. Haiti. All Joe Biden does is leave Americans behind," And Rep. Derrick Van Orden of Wisconsin tweeted, "This would be hilarious if it was not tragic. Biden has abandoned Americans around the world and wants you to forget about them. I never will. Remember in November." Stephanie Clifford took stand in Trump's “hush money” trial Last Tuesday, Stormy Daniels, a disreputable actress whose real name is Stephanie Clifford,  took the stand in the so-called “hush money” trial of former President Donald Trump, reports The Epoch Times.  She claimed that she had a tryst with Trump in 2006 at which time he had been married to his third wife, Melania, since January 22, 2005. NBC News noted that Clifford, who was 27 at the time, boosted her credibility by describing the flooring of the hotel suite. Trump has categorically denied the encounter ever took place. Prosecutors say that President Trump's former lawyer, Michael Cohen, paid $130,000 to Clifford during the 2016 campaign in a bid to buy her silence about the alleged affair. At issue is the nature of the payments. They have argued that the payments should have been marked as campaign-related expenses since her silence helped assure his election. The former president has pleaded not guilty to 34 counts of falsifying business records in the case. He has argued that the trial is merely an attempt to keep him off the 2024 campaign trail. In Clifford's testimony, she recalled that the former president told her in the hotel room that she “should go on his television show,” referring to the “Celebrity Apprentice” program that he hosted and starred in. She claimed she asked him. “What if I lose on the first episode?” She also made claims about visiting Trump to break the Seventh Commandment at his hotel in Lake Tahoe, California, during a golf tournament. Exodus 20:17 says, “You shall not commit adultery.” Top 10 most dangerous states While the violent crime rate in America fell for two years in a row after an increase in 2020, property crime – which covers infractions such as vehicle theft and burglary – appeared to increase in 2022 for the first time in two decades. Here is a list of the top 10 most dangerous states, reports U.S. News & World Report in order from the most dangerous at number 1. The top 10 most dangerous states include New Mexico, Louisiana, Colorado, Arkansas, Washington, Tennessee, Alaska, Oregon, California, and Missouri. 16-year-old anti-Israel protestor arrested for vandalizing NYC statues An anti-Israel, pro-Hamas teen protester, accused of shamefully vandalizing a hallowed World War 1 memorial in Central Park, New York last Monday, was ratted out by his own father for his despicable actions, reports the New York Post. The 16-year-old suspect, who was videotaped and photographed spray painting graffiti including the words “GAZA” and “Free Palestine,” got a buzz cut and wore a keffiyeh scarf on his head for court to hide his identity. He was arraigned on felony criminal mischief and misdemeanor graffiti charges. Not only was he identified defacing the World War 1 memorial dedicated to Manhattan's 107th Infantry Regiment, but also a statue of Civil War Union General William Tecumseh Sherman as well. Police went to the boy's home — and spent hours negotiating with his parents. The parents finally agreed to walk the teen the two blocks to the 121st Precinct station house, where he was arrested. Missionary William Carey published influential evangelism book And finally, we celebrated an important milestone in Christian history just yesterday. On May 12th, 1792, William Carey, the Father of Modern Missions, published his highly influential book on the importance of evangelism. The title is anything but pithy.  Ready?  Carey's book is entitled, An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians, to use means for the Conversion of the Heathens in which the Religious State of the Different Nations of the World, the Success of Former Undertakings, and the practicability of Further Undertakings, are Considered.   Despite that long title, the passionate content of his book led to the founding of the English Baptist Missionary Society. A Baptist from 1783, Carey served for several years as a pastor in Moulton, Northamptonshire, where he also taught school and continued his trade as a shoemaker.  In 1789, he transferred to the Baptist church at Leicester.  Then, in 1793, Carey and John Thomas, a doctor, went to Calcutta, India. Carey became a lifelong missionary to India. In fact, he has been called the “father of Bengali prose” for his grammars, dictionaries, and translations. William Wilberforce, the English abolitionist, described the English Baptist Missionary Society as “one of the chief glories” of the British nation. In Romans 10:14, the Apostle Paul asked, “How, then, can they call on the One they have not believed in? And how can they believe in the One of whom they have not heard? And how can they hear without someone preaching to them?” Close And that's The Worldview on this Monday, May 13th in the year of our Lord 2024. Subscribe by iTunes or email to our unique Christian newscast at www.TheWorldview.com. Or get the Generations app through Google Play or The App Store. I'm Adam McManus (Adam@TheWorldview.com). Seize the day for Jesus Christ.

It's Thursday, March 28th, A.D. 2024. This is The Worldview in 5 Minutes heard at www.TheWorldView.com. I'm Adam McManus. (Adam@TheWorldview.com) By Jonathan Clark Persecution continues against independent Chinese church International Christian Concern reports police in China raided a church earlier this month for the second time in recent weeks. Police arrested 18 members of the Fuyang Maizhong Reformed Church in the Anhui Province. The arrests included a church elder, named Chang Shun. Officials harassed church members as they were in a prayer meeting and confiscated phones and computers.  The church has notably refused to join the Three-Self Church which is state controlled.  China is the 19th most difficult country worldwide in which to be a Christian. Thailand House approves homosexual faux marriage In Thailand, lawmakers approved a bill to legalize faux homosexual marriage. The country's lower house of parliament approved the measure 400 to 10 yesterday. Thailand's Senate and king must also approve it. If the bill goes into effect, Thailand would become the third Asian country and the first Southeast Asian one to legalize vile passions.  Worldwide fertility rates declining A new study by The Lancet evaluated global fertility rates. Outside of Africa, the report projects every region will see fertility rates fall below the replacement birth rate of 2.1 by 2040. Regions that have already fallen below the replacement rate include South Asia, Latin America, Central and Eastern Europe, and Southeast Asia.  The U.S. fertility rate has fallen by half since 1980 and is expected to drop between 1 and 1.3 this century. Democrat Senator Joe Lieberman, former VP candidate, died Joe Lieberman, a longtime Democratic senator from Connecticut who became the first Jewish-American to be nominated on a major party's ticket, died Wednesday, reports Politico.com. He was 82. Lieberman's family stated that he died “due to complications from a fall.”  Halfway through his 24-year Senate career, Lieberman was chosen as Al Gore's running mate for the 2000 presidential election. The ticket lost one of the closest elections in American history to George W. Bush and Dick Cheney. On December 12, 2012, he delivered his farewell speech from the Senate floor. And he challenged his Senate colleagues to lead toward fiscal solvency. At the time of Senator Lieberman's speech in 2012, the country was $16.3 trillion in debt. Today, we are $34.6 trillion in debt. It has doubled in just 12 years. The need for fiscal solvency has never been greater! West Virginia, Utah, and Idaho passed religious liberty laws Several states in the U.S. approved religious freedom measures. Last Friday, West Virginia's Republican Governor Jim Justice signed Senate Bill 503 into law. It would protect student groups, including Christian ones, that require members and leaders to hold to its beliefs. Last Thursday, Utah's Republican Governor Spencer Cox approved Senate Bill 150. The measure would put protections in the federal Religious Freedom Restoration Act into state law. And, on Monday, Idaho's Republican Governor Brad Little signed House Bill 578. It would protect faith-based adoption agencies from government discrimination. Pastors doing better than general public A new study by the Hartford Institute for Religion Research found that pastors are faring better than the general public.  Researchers noted, “The survey shows that a majority of clergy seem quite healthy. The overall level of health and wellness exhibited by clergy is impressive–even given the level of the pastoral discontent uncovered in our earlier report.” Pastors scored higher than the public the most when asked about understanding their life purpose.  In Philippians 3:14, the Apostle Paul wrote, “I press toward the goal for the prize of the upward call of God in Christ Jesus.” Credit card debt soared to $1.1 trillion Credit card debt in the U.S. reached $1.13 trillion during the fourth quarter of 2023. That's an increase of $143 billion compared to 2022. Credit card debt reached $1.3 trillion as of January. That averages to $10,848 per household.  WalletHub noted that credit card debt is nearing its peak from 2008, saying, “After adjusting for inflation, total credit card debt in January 2024 was actually 10% below the all-time record for the month but still roughly 6% higher than last year.” Retailers giving employees Easter off Several big retailers are giving employees the day off this coming Resurrection Sunday. TJX, which runs TJ Max and Marshalls, will close its stores this Sunday. A spokesman said, “We consider ourselves an associate-friendly company and we are pleased to give associates the time to enjoy Easter with family and friends.” Warehouse stores like Costco and Sam's Club are also closing this Sunday. Other retailers closing on Easter include Target, Publix, and Macy's department stores. 40 Days for Life saved 266 babies since Valentine's Day And finally, the 40 Days for Life campaigns report saving 266 babies from abortion since February 14th. The group shared recent stories of life from around the world. In Boston, one pro-life volunteer used a photo of a baby spared from abortion last year to help a mother change her mind about a late-term abortion. The picture has helped save six babies this year. And in Glasgow, Scotland, volunteers held a sign offering help for parents to decide to keep their baby. The local team said, “All Heaven rejoices! This goes to show you how life is held in a precarious balance.” Proverbs 24:11 says, “Deliver those who are drawn toward death, and hold back those stumbling to the slaughter.” Close And that's The Worldview in 5 Minutes on this Thursday, March 28th in the year of our Lord 2024. Subscribe by iTunes or email to our unique Christian newscast at www.TheWorldview.com. Or get the Generations app through Google Play or The App Store. I'm Adam McManus (Adam@TheWorldview.com). Seize the day for Jesus Christ.

On the podcast today, I am joined by Mai Corlin, who is researcher at the department of cross-cultural and regional studies in the University of Copenhagen. Mai will be talking about her new book, The Bishan Commune and the Practice of Socially Engaged Art in Rural China (Palgrave Macmillan, 2020) Mai's book examines the new rural reconstruction movement in Bishan village, Anhui province. She uses the Bishan Commune as a case study to explore the ways that art and culture can revive regional economies. The book´s focus is the socially engaged art projects in the Chinese countryside, with the artists and intellectuals who are involved, the villagers they meet and the local authorities with whom they negotiate. In recent years an increasing number of urban artists have turned towards the countryside in an attempt to revive rural areas perceived to be in a crisis. The vantage point of this book is the Bishan Commune. In 2010, Ou Ning drafted a notebook entitled Bishan Commune: How to Start Your Own Utopia. The notebook presents a utopian ideal of life based on anarchist Peter Kropotkin's idea of mutual aid. In 2011 the Commune was established in Bishan Village in Anhui Province. The main questions of this book thus revolve around how an anarchist, utopian community unfolds to the backdrop of the political, social and historical landscape of rural China, or more directly: How do you start your own utopia in the Chinese countryside? Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network

On the podcast today, I am joined by Mai Corlin, who is researcher at the department of cross-cultural and regional studies in the University of Copenhagen. Mai will be talking about her new book, The Bishan Commune and the Practice of Socially Engaged Art in Rural China (Palgrave Macmillan, 2020) Mai's book examines the new rural reconstruction movement in Bishan village, Anhui province. She uses the Bishan Commune as a case study to explore the ways that art and culture can revive regional economies. The book´s focus is the socially engaged art projects in the Chinese countryside, with the artists and intellectuals who are involved, the villagers they meet and the local authorities with whom they negotiate. In recent years an increasing number of urban artists have turned towards the countryside in an attempt to revive rural areas perceived to be in a crisis. The vantage point of this book is the Bishan Commune. In 2010, Ou Ning drafted a notebook entitled Bishan Commune: How to Start Your Own Utopia. The notebook presents a utopian ideal of life based on anarchist Peter Kropotkin's idea of mutual aid. In 2011 the Commune was established in Bishan Village in Anhui Province. The main questions of this book thus revolve around how an anarchist, utopian community unfolds to the backdrop of the political, social and historical landscape of rural China, or more directly: How do you start your own utopia in the Chinese countryside? Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/east-asian-studies

On the podcast today, I am joined by Mai Corlin, who is researcher at the department of cross-cultural and regional studies in the University of Copenhagen. Mai will be talking about her new book, The Bishan Commune and the Practice of Socially Engaged Art in Rural China (Palgrave Macmillan, 2020) Mai's book examines the new rural reconstruction movement in Bishan village, Anhui province. She uses the Bishan Commune as a case study to explore the ways that art and culture can revive regional economies. The book´s focus is the socially engaged art projects in the Chinese countryside, with the artists and intellectuals who are involved, the villagers they meet and the local authorities with whom they negotiate. In recent years an increasing number of urban artists have turned towards the countryside in an attempt to revive rural areas perceived to be in a crisis. The vantage point of this book is the Bishan Commune. In 2010, Ou Ning drafted a notebook entitled Bishan Commune: How to Start Your Own Utopia. The notebook presents a utopian ideal of life based on anarchist Peter Kropotkin's idea of mutual aid. In 2011 the Commune was established in Bishan Village in Anhui Province. The main questions of this book thus revolve around how an anarchist, utopian community unfolds to the backdrop of the political, social and historical landscape of rural China, or more directly: How do you start your own utopia in the Chinese countryside? Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/anthropology

On the podcast today, I am joined by Mai Corlin, who is researcher at the department of cross-cultural and regional studies in the University of Copenhagen. Mai will be talking about her new book, The Bishan Commune and the Practice of Socially Engaged Art in Rural China (Palgrave Macmillan, 2020) Mai's book examines the new rural reconstruction movement in Bishan village, Anhui province. She uses the Bishan Commune as a case study to explore the ways that art and culture can revive regional economies. The book´s focus is the socially engaged art projects in the Chinese countryside, with the artists and intellectuals who are involved, the villagers they meet and the local authorities with whom they negotiate. In recent years an increasing number of urban artists have turned towards the countryside in an attempt to revive rural areas perceived to be in a crisis. The vantage point of this book is the Bishan Commune. In 2010, Ou Ning drafted a notebook entitled Bishan Commune: How to Start Your Own Utopia. The notebook presents a utopian ideal of life based on anarchist Peter Kropotkin's idea of mutual aid. In 2011 the Commune was established in Bishan Village in Anhui Province. The main questions of this book thus revolve around how an anarchist, utopian community unfolds to the backdrop of the political, social and historical landscape of rural China, or more directly: How do you start your own utopia in the Chinese countryside? Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/chinese-studies

On the podcast today, I am joined by Mai Corlin, who is researcher at the department of cross-cultural and regional studies in the University of Copenhagen. Mai will be talking about her new book, The Bishan Commune and the Practice of Socially Engaged Art in Rural China (Palgrave Macmillan, 2020) Mai's book examines the new rural reconstruction movement in Bishan village, Anhui province. She uses the Bishan Commune as a case study to explore the ways that art and culture can revive regional economies. The book´s focus is the socially engaged art projects in the Chinese countryside, with the artists and intellectuals who are involved, the villagers they meet and the local authorities with whom they negotiate. In recent years an increasing number of urban artists have turned towards the countryside in an attempt to revive rural areas perceived to be in a crisis. The vantage point of this book is the Bishan Commune. In 2010, Ou Ning drafted a notebook entitled Bishan Commune: How to Start Your Own Utopia. The notebook presents a utopian ideal of life based on anarchist Peter Kropotkin's idea of mutual aid. In 2011 the Commune was established in Bishan Village in Anhui Province. The main questions of this book thus revolve around how an anarchist, utopian community unfolds to the backdrop of the political, social and historical landscape of rural China, or more directly: How do you start your own utopia in the Chinese countryside? Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/sociology

On the podcast today, I am joined by Mai Corlin, who is researcher at the department of cross-cultural and regional studies in the University of Copenhagen. Mai will be talking about her new book, The Bishan Commune and the Practice of Socially Engaged Art in Rural China (Palgrave Macmillan, 2020) Mai's book examines the new rural reconstruction movement in Bishan village, Anhui province. She uses the Bishan Commune as a case study to explore the ways that art and culture can revive regional economies. The book´s focus is the socially engaged art projects in the Chinese countryside, with the artists and intellectuals who are involved, the villagers they meet and the local authorities with whom they negotiate. In recent years an increasing number of urban artists have turned towards the countryside in an attempt to revive rural areas perceived to be in a crisis. The vantage point of this book is the Bishan Commune. In 2010, Ou Ning drafted a notebook entitled Bishan Commune: How to Start Your Own Utopia. The notebook presents a utopian ideal of life based on anarchist Peter Kropotkin's idea of mutual aid. In 2011 the Commune was established in Bishan Village in Anhui Province. The main questions of this book thus revolve around how an anarchist, utopian community unfolds to the backdrop of the political, social and historical landscape of rural China, or more directly: How do you start your own utopia in the Chinese countryside? Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/art

Russia has accused Ukraine of another attack on the Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant as a United Nations mission evaluates the situation in the area (4:39). Over 20 years of U.S. sanctions have left millions of Zimbabweans in poverty (7:12). The 2022 China Cybersecurity Week is underway in Hefei, Anhui Province (10:54).

Kia ora,Welcome to Tuesday's Economy Watch where we follow the economic events and trends that affect Aotearoa/New Zealand.I'm David Chaston and this is the International edition from Interest.co.nz.Today we lead with news stress is driving protests in countries as diverse as the Netherlands and China.But first, there was a US Treasury 3 year bond auction earlier today delivering higher yields. It was very well supported delivering a median yield of 3.04%, up from 2.87% at the prior equivalent event a month ago.In the US we should also note that now more than 5% of new car sales are electric, which is considered a tipping point from where mass adoption of EVs will rise fast from here. (In New Zealand we are at about 3%.)More electric demand is problematic for some states there. Demand due to summer heat alone is drawing warnings in Texas that they face blackouts again this year.Wall Street is getting ready for their Q2 earnings reports and expectations are low for what is to come. Overall, earnings growth of +4.3% is anticipated for this upcoming set, the lowest gains since 2020. Big banks and other financial companies will dominate the early part of the scheduled releases later this week. PepsiCo will report tomorrow and Delta Air Lines on Thursday, NZT. They start a flood of releases.In Japan, machinery order data for May was weak, but no weaker than expected for that month. They fell -5.6% in May from April, posting their first drop in three months and nearly matching forecasts for a -5.5% contraction. But they were up +7.4% from year ago levels which was better than expected. Analysts suggested that Japanese firms could be delaying spending due to rising energy and raw material prices that have been aggravated by soaring import costs due to a weakening yen.The arguably more important Japanese machine tool order data for June came in a very strong +17% higher than a year ago, maintaining the same strong level as for May.China is successfully pumping bank debt out the door is a rather spectacular way. In June, new yuan loans increased by ¥2.81 tln (+NZ$0.7 tln), a year-on-year increase of +24% taking their total bank debt to ¥205 tln (NZ$50 tln) or 173% of annual economic activity. For perspective, the same ratio in New Zealand is 148% and for the US is just 70%.China isn't shaking its pandemic risks and new lockdowns seem inevitable, keeping supply chain troubles bubbling away.Meanwhile, China has a new and explosive bank-run risk. A large crowd of angry Chinese bank depositors faced off with police on Sunday, some roughed up as they were taken away, in a case that has drawn attention because of earlier attempts to use a COVID-19 tracking app to prevent them from mobilising. Hundreds of people held up banners and chanted slogans on the steps of the branch of China's central bank in the city of Zhengzhou, Henan Province, about 620 km southwest of Beijing. Video taken by a protester shows plainclothes security teams being pelted with water bottles and other objects as they charge the crowd. The protesters are among thousands of customers who opened accounts at six rural banks in Henan and neighbouring Anhui Province that offered higher interest rates. They later found they could not withdraw their funds after media reports that the head of the banks' parent company was on the run and wanted for financial crimes. This is the type of bank run by depositors that Beijing fears.In Holland demonstrations of a different nature where "huge protests" have swept the country triggered by the introduction of laws designed to cut nitrogen and ammonia emissions by -50% by 2030, and by -75% in protected nature reserves known as Natura 2000 areas. The latest demonstrations were sparked by a government announcement in June suggesting some farm closures were inevitable when they released a detailed map showing which areas needed reductions from -12% to -95%.And we should also note that foot & mouth cattle disease has broken out in Indonesia, and travelers from Bali especially are at risk of bringing it back. The risk is much higher for Australia of course, but it is not trivial for us either.The UST 10yr yield starts today back down at 2.99% and an -9 bps fall from yesterday.The price of gold will open today at US$1736/oz which is -US$7 lower than this time yesterday.And oil prices have moved back down -US$1 to just under US$101.50/bbl in the US, while the international Brent price is still just over US$105/bbl.The Kiwi dollar will open today down more than -½c from this time yesterday at 61.3 USc. Against the Australian dollar we are +½c firmer at 90.8 AUc. Against the euro we are unchanged at 60.8 euro cents. That means our TWI-5 starts today at just on 70.4 and a minor -20 bps lower.The bitcoin price has slipped fractionally since this time yesterday and is now at US$20,595 and down +1.4%. Volatility over the past 24 hours has been moderate at +/-2.2%You can find links to the articles mentioned today in our show notes.And get more news affecting the economy in New Zealand from interest.co.nz.Kia ora. I'm David Chaston and we'll do this again tomorrow.

Long Intro   China is one of the world's four ancient civilizations, alongside Mesopotamia, the Indus valley and Egypt. It has a written history dating as far back as the Shang Dynasty, that's around 1600 BC, over 3000 years ago! Now as you can also imagine  you are not getting the full rundown of the entire history of China, it's simply too immense for the overall story we are getting into. The story I want to tell has been termed by scholars, “the century of humiliation” dating 1839 until 1949. During this period China or better called the Qing Dynasty and later Republic of China faced terrible and humiliating subjugation by Western powers and the Empire of Japan.The story we are going to begin today is one of pain and hardship, but it is also a tale of endurance and resilience that created the China we see today.    This is the Fall and Rise of China Podcast I am going to let you in on a little secret, I myself am quite new to the vast history of China. As some of you listeners might already know, I am the writer and narrator of the Pacific War Podcast week by week. I specialize in the Pacific War and Japanese history and I ventured into a journey to explain everything that is the Pacific War of 1937-1945 when I began my personal Channel called the Pacific War Channel on Youtube. Yet when I sat down to begin writing about the history of Tokugawa Japan and how Japan would find itself on a path towards virtual oblivion, I thought to myself, well what about China? This is when I fell down a rabbit hole that is 19th century China. I immediately fell in love with it. I am a westerner, a Canadian, this was knowledge not usually told on my side of the world. So I thought, what are the most important events that made the China we see emerging during the Pacific War, or to be more accurate the Second Sino-Japanese War? I fell upon the first opium war, by the time I read a few books on that, it was the second opium war, then the Taiping Rebellion, the Nian Rebellion, the Boxer rebellion, the list goes on and on. 19th Century China is one of the most fascinating albeit traumatic episodes of human history and has everything to do with the formation of the China we see today. The term a century of humiliation or 100 years of humiliation is how many Chinese historians describe the time period between the First Opium War and the end of the Chinese Civil War. I do not speak the language nor have a full understanding of the culture, I am a lifelong learner and continue to educate myself on the history of one of the most ancient peoples of our world. This will be a long and honestly difficult story to tell, but I welcome you to join me on this journey.   Stating all that I want to begin our journey explaining how the Ming Dynasty fell and the Qing Dynasty rose up.  This episode is the rise of Nurhaci Welcome to the Fall and Rise of China Podcast, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about the history of Asia? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on world war two and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel where I cover the history of China and Japan from the 19th century until the end of the Pacific War.   The Ming-Qing transition is a story filled with drama and corruption, heroes and villains, traitors and martyrs. Peasant rebellions, corrupt politicians and terrifying invaders would eventually collapse what was the Ming dynasty.   The Ming Dynasty was the ruling dynasty of China between 1368 and 1644. It would be the last dynasty to be ruled by Han Chinese. They had overthrown the Mongol led Yuan dynasty of 1271-1368 which fell for a plethora of reasons such as class conflict caused by heavy taxation and ethnic conflicts. During the entire history of China, there is always room for rebellions, and quite a number of Han revolts would occur such as the Red Turban rebellion beginning in 1351. Now amongst these many rebellions taking place there was Zhu Yuanzhang a man born into a impoverished peasant family in Zhongli county, present day Fengyang of Anhui Province. He had 7 older siblings, of which several were sold off by his parents because there was not enough food to go around. When he was 16, a severe drought ruined his family's harvest and this was accompanied by a plague that took the lives of both his parents and all his siblings, save for one brother.  Around this time the Yellow River dykes had flooded causing a widespread famine. More than 7 million people would starve as a result of the drought and famine in central and northern China. The now orphan Zhu would then dedicate his life to become a buddhist monk at the Huangjue Monastery near Fenyang to avoid starvation, which was a common practice of the poor. Then the monastery where he lived was destroyed by an army suppressing a rebellion. I would say enough had been enough for Zhu because this prompted him in 1352 to join a local rebel group associated with the White Lotus Society against the Yuan Dynasty. So he began to live a life as a bandit, stealing from the rich and giving to the poor as it's said. The leader of the rebel group was a man named Guo Zixing who led an attack to capture Haozhou. Zuo became his second in command and took on the name Zhu Yuanzhang. Guo quickly began to see the rising star that was Zhu as a rival, but would eventually die in 1355, leaving Zhu to take leadership of the rebel army. Zhu attacked and captured towns and cities in eastern China and as Zhu did this he also found scholars who could educate him. This allowed Zhu to learn the principles of good governance and soon his abilities were beginning to show. This local rebel group in turn eventually joined the larger Red Turban Army rebels against the Yuan Dynasty. Eventually young Zhu rose through the ranks and would emerge the leader of the rebellion. Zhu early on ordered the scholars in his ranks to portray him as a national leader against the Mongols rathan that just a popular rebel.  In 1356 Zhu's forces captured the strategic city of Nanjing which would become the future capital of the Ming Dynasty. Zhu would then emerge as the national leader against the Mongols, though he had rivals such as Chen Youliang based in Wuchang and Zhang Shicheng based in Pingjiang. Both rivals declared themselves leaders of new dynasties, Chen as emperor of the Han dynasty, Zhang as a prince of the Zhou dynasty. Zhu managed to defeat Chen's naval forces at Lake Poyang in 1363 and Chen would die with the destruction of that fleet. With the conquest of Chen's holdings at Wuhang, Hubei, Hunan and Jiangxi, Zhu soon proclaimed himself a Prince of Wu. Then Zhu was able to capture Zhang Shicheng who committed suicide, after this many rebel groups fell into submission. After continuing the fight against the Yuan and other warlords until 1368 when he then proclaimed himself emperor of the Ming Dynasty adopting the name Hongwu meaning “vastly martial”, though he is more correctly referred to as the Taizu emperor.    Emperor Hongwu sent out his armies to conquer the north while provinces in China submitted to his rule. The northwest was first to fall, followed by the southwest and by 1382 unification would be complete. Under his rule, the Mongol bureaucracy that had dominated the Yuan dynasty were replaced with Han Chinese officials. He re-instituted the imperial Examination, something that had roots going as far back as the Three Kingdoms period. He began major projects such as a long city wall around Nanjing. Now Hongwu was a very paranoid, cruel and even irrational ruler and this would increase as he aged. Upon taking power he immediately transformed the palace guards into a quasi secret police force and began a massive campaign to root out anyone who might threaten his authority. Hongwu set his secret police to work which resulted in a 14 year campaign of terror. In 1380, the prime minister Hu Weiyong was found to be plotting a coup to take the throne, he would be executed alongside 30,000 or so officials. Hongwu would abolish the prime minister and chancellor roles in government. Yet this did not satisfy him and 2 subsequent campaigns would occur resulting in the killing of 70,000 other people ranging from government officials all the way down to servants, your typical new emperor stuff.    Emperor Hongwu began a process of stationing members of his royal family all across the empire. He did after all have 26 sons, wow, and those who survived long enough became princes and were assigned a territory and military to rule. This system he built up would have some dire consequences down the road. Now just because Hongwu had overthrown the Mongol led Yuan dynasty and drove them up north, but this did not mean they were gone. Zhu envisioned early into his reign a border policy where mobile armies along the northern frontier would guard against the Mongol threat. Adding to this he wanted 8 outer garrisons near the steppe and a system of forts and other defensive structures. The inner line of this defense would end up being the  Ming Great Wall, part of the Great Wall of China. Manchuria and parts of outer mongolia remained under the control of Mongols and they held what is called the Northern Yuan dynasty. They too would be conquered by Hongwu's forces and after the emperor's death would be “complacent”, though they would claim to still be the legitimate heirs to the throne. Speaking of heirs to the throne, Hongwu would eventually die and he was succeeded by his 15 year old grandson Zhu Yunwen who would take up the title Jianwen Emperor in 1398.    Now Hongwu had chosen Zhu Yunwen to succeed him, but as is common throughout history, there would be someone else who would vie for the position. Now following somewhat in his grandfather's footsteps, the Jianwen Emperor began his emperorship by trying to limit the power of those who could threaten him, IE: his family. One of the first edicts he would make was for his uncles to remain in their respective territories, while he simultaneously began to effectively reduce their military capabilities. The first uncle he threw proposals at held the largest territory and most powerful military, he was Zhu Di the Prince of Yan and he simply refused the proposals. Then Jianwen arrested one uncle on treason charges, stripped his family of their royal status and exiled them. Jianwen followed this up by doing the same thing to 4 more uncles. Well as you can imagine a rift began to emerge between the families being targeted and that of Jianwen, so the Prince of Yan, Zhu Di who was the eldest surviving uncle and had the most formidable military assumed leadership amongst the targeted families. This prompted Jianwan to appoint several officials to go to current day Beijing where Zhu Di was stationed to stop his uncle from allegedly planning a coup. Zhu Di feinted being ill to illude the officials, but they reported back to the Emperor they thought a coup was about to occur. Thus the emperor gave the order to arrest his uncle at court, but a official at court leaked this information to Zhu Di.   Zhu Di soon began a rebellion against his nephew which led to a 3 year civil war (also known as the Jingnan Rebellion). This all cultivated in the end with Zhu Di personally leading his forces to take the imperial palace in Nanjing. Allegedly, Emperor Jianwen set the imperial palace on fire in his own despair. His body was never located and it is alleged he may have made an escape and went into exile. Zhu Di regardless held a imperial funeral for his nephew and was crowned the new Yongle Emperor which means “perpetual happiness”.    The Reign of Yongle is considered a second founding of the Ming Dynasty because of the enormous amount of achievements made. Nanjing was demoted to a secondary capital and now Beijing was made the main one. Yongle began the construction of the Imperial City and Forbidden City employing hundreds of thousands of workers. He decided to build a treasure fleet in 1403 and from 1405 to 1433 there were 7 maritime expeditions undertaken by the Ming treasure fleet. The ambitious project resulted in the construction of upto almost 3000 ships and expanded the Chinese tributary system to other countries as far as India, the Persian Gulf and east coast of Africa. An entire podcast could be dedicated to the Ming treasure voyages alone.   Yongle would stage 5 giant campaigns against the Mongols and Oirats north of the Great Wall which in turn would lead to more building up of the Great Wall of China throughout the 15th to 16th century. Indeed Emperor Yongle's efforts allowed the empire to be stable and prosperous for a century before it began to weaken. After Yongle the 6th & 8th Emperor of the Ming Dynasty, Emperor Zhengtong and yes you heard that right 6th and 8th allow me to explain. Emperor Zhengtong was encouraged by an influential court eunuch named Wang Zhen to lead a force personally to face off against the Oirats of the Northern Yuan dynasty leaving his half-brother Zhu Qiyu in charge temporarily. The Oirats had begun a 3 pronged invasion of the Ming dynasty At the age of 21, Emperor Zhengtong personally led the battle of Tumu Fortress against the Oirat leader, Esen Taishi. He lost one of the most humiliating battles in Chinese history, some rather ridiculous sources state half a million Ming forces fell to a Oirat cavalry force of just 20,000. Zhengtong was captured by Esen Taishi and held for ransom leading to what is called the Tumu Crisis. In the meantime his brother took the throne as the Jingtai Emperor. Zhengtong would eventually be released in the year of 1450 and return home, only to be put under immediate house arrest by the Jingtai Emperor for 7 years. Jingtai would be succeeded by Zhengtons son as the Chenghua Emperor, but Jingtai stripped him of his royal title and installed his own son as heir. That son died and the Jingtai Emperor would follow soon as the former Zhengtong Emperor led a palace coup against him. The Zhengtong emperor seized the throne and changed his regnal name to Tianshun meaning “obedience to Heaven”, then he demoted Jingtai to the status of a Prince and ruled for around 7 years. So yeah that's how you become Emperor twice apparently.    The Ming Dynasty was a very impressive empire and would be one of the most stable and longest ruling periods in Chinese history. Many enormous achievements were made by the Ming, as I mentioned they built up a large part of the Great Wall of China, the Forbidden City and led 7 massive voyages with the treasure fleet, but there was much much more. They created woodblock color printing and China's first metal movable type printing created by the Ming scholar Hua Sui in 1490. The first book printed using the technique was Zhu Chen Zou Yi. Alongside that the most comprehensible medical book ever written by Li Shizhen in 1578 about traditional Chinese Medicine, Compendium of Materia Medica (Bencao Gangmu). Another book was published during the Ming period and was called “Journey to the West” in 1592 by Wu Cheng'en and is considered one of the 4 great classical novels of Chinese literature. It built upon the accounts of the pilgrimage of the Tang Dynasty's Buddhist monk Xuanzang who traveled to Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent searching for sutras.   The economy of the Ming Dynasty was the largest in the world, following in the steps of the Han and Song periods to become known as one of China's 3 golden ages. With a massive agricultural surplus, porcelain goods and silk led to silver pouring into China. Speaking of porcelain it was one of the most loved exports of the Ming as they had perfected the technique built up during the Tang Dynasty. The blue and white porcelain became extremely popular in Europe. Speaking of Europe, while the Ming made such incredible achievements, one department they did less well in seems to be in terms of scientific discovery. The Ming Dynasty was characterized to be generally conservative and very inward looking, hard to blame them though when they were basically one of if not the pillars of the world. The west and east were not as isolated as one would think and the Ming by no means opened any relatively new relations with the west. For example there is evidence to support that Roman merchants during the reign of Marcus Aurelius had ventured as far as the Han capital city of Luoyang. Yet it would only be much later in history when one particular group made some waves in Ming China and that would be the Portuguese in the 16th century. The first to land on Lintin Island in May of 1513 was the Portuguese explorer Jorge Alvares which was the first time Europeans made contact with China via the sea route around the Cape of Good Hope. Then in 1516, the cousin of the famous Christopher Columbus, Rafael Perestrello became the first known European explorer to land by sea and trade in Guangzhou. The Portuguese would follow this up by attempting an inland delegation in the name of Manuel 1st of Portugal to the court of the Zhengde Emperor. Unfortunately for them the Zhengde Emperor would die in 1521 as they awaited an audience and they ended up being quasi blamed for the Emperor's death and would all be imprisoned for life. Rather hilariously one Simao de Andrade, the brother to the ambassador sent as a delegation, began to rile up the Chinese belief that the Portuguese were trying to kidnap Chinese children, allegedly to cook and eat them. There has been speculations this was all based on the idea Simao was purchasing and or kidnapping chinese children to take them as slaves. Well one thing led to another and the Ming Dynasty found itself enveloped in a small naval battle with the Portuguese naval force of Diogo Calvoin 1521. The Naval battle of Tunmen was the result of the Portuguese sailing up the river to Guangzhou without permission. Allegedly the Portuguese gave a cannon salute when they reached Guangzhou and this friendly gesture was quite alarming to the locals. Well while things were pretty cool for a bit, but then the delegation situation had gone sour at roughly and an edict was made to evict the Portuguese too which the Portuguese refused to comply with. The Portuguese cannons had superior range, but they were easily surrounded by a hoard of ships and the 5 Caravels were forced to use some bad weather to their advantage to flee the scene. By the way the slave purchasing / child kidnapper Simao continued for decades to do business in Xiamen and Ningbo. Eventually he ran into some trouble when he did what he did best, steal children and the locals banded together to slaughter him and those working with him.   Despite this, let's call it minor setback, the Portuguese continued to do limited trade along the Fujian coastline with the help of some rather corrupt local Ming merchants. By 1529 the Portuguese were sending annual trade missions to Shangchuan Island and by the 1550's the Portuguese established firmer feat in Macau where they established a trade colony. The Portuguese even began to help the Chinese fight off the hundreds of pirate ships running havok in the area. They then followed this up by fighting off the Dutch later in the 17th century. This of course would not stop the great Dutch maritime empire from eventually taking over, though the Portuguese found a very lucrative business in becoming middle men when the Japanese were banned from trade with China. The Portuguese would take Chinese silk, hock it for Japanese silver and presto, quite a good hussle.    Things were looking good for the Ming dynasty, but troubles loomed around every corner. One of those corners we hinted to just a bit, that being the Japanese. Japan had stopped sending tribute missions to China in 838 when it was the Tang Dynasty. 6 centuries later, between 1403-1547 the Ming Dynasty was quite powerful and the Japanese shogunate was relatively weak. The founder of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang demanded Japan resume its tributary relationship with China if Japan wanted to trade with China. Japan agreed to recommence the tributary relationship with China believing that the trade would be beneficial and that China's recognition of the shogun as a partner would help to strengthen the shogunate. Thus the tributary relationship continued as of 1403 and it would be almost a century until Japan abandoned it again.   Speaking of Japan, by 1590, Japan's Warring states struggles came to an end when Toyotomi Hideoyosih emerged victorious and unified the nation. Yet soon the ailing leader of Japan, for a platitude of reasons decided to try and invade the Ming Dynasty, but to do so he would need to go through Korea. Historians argue one of the main reasons for the invasion of Korea was so Hideyoshi could keep his troops occupied as he may have feared them returning home would result in another domestic conflict. Hideyoshi did not study his enemy nor the territory his forces would be fighting upon. It really seemed Hideyoshi was in afit of egomania after unifying Japan and became convinced he would be able to conquer China. Now I cannot go into what is collectively known as the Imjin War of 1592-1598, but if you are interested you can check out King's and Generals over at Youtube where they have a few episodes on the event including: Imjin War: Beginning of the Japanese invasion of Korea / Imjin War: Rise of admiral Yi Sun-sin / Noryang Straits 1598.    What you need to know is that Hideyoshi asked, or rather ordered the Joseon Dynasty to allow his forces safe passage to go and invade their allies and protector, the Ming Dynasty. The Koreans gave a prompt no and did not stop Hideyoshi from transporting around 160,000 warriors to Pusan with the intention of marching them through Korea, then Manchuria and straight towards Beijing. This all would see Japan invading and fighting against the Joseon and Ming forces in 2 separate campaigns. Now initially the war went quite well for the Japanese, the Koreans were not prepared and the few thousand Chinese troops dispatched to help them, got stomped around the Yalu river. Well the Ming Emperor Wanli, surprised by the failure of his forces, decided to toss a much larger number of men, very much to the shock of the Japanese. The combined forces of the Ming and Joseon dynasty managed to push the Japanese out of the Korean peninsula. A cool fact of this war by the way was how the Koreans designed these armored warships known as turtle ships which held a ton of firepower. The turtle ships under the command of Admiral Yi Sun-sin out maneuvered the Japanese ships and decimated them, thus thwarting the Japanese from sending anymore troopships over to Korea. In the end the Ming Dynasty had quelled the Japanese challenge at their status as the supreme military power in East Asia and also affirmed that the Ming were willing to protect their tributary states like the Joseon Dynasty.  The Japanese by some estimates lost ⅓ their troops during the first year of the war. The cost of the war came at a steep price, it is estimated around 250-300 thousand died, perhaps 100,000 Japanese, 185,000 Koreans and 29,000 Chinese. And while that is truly horrible, the monetary costs were also quite steep, estimates put it in the range of up to 26,000,000 ounces of silver for the Ming Dynasty. Overall the war was a lose-lose situation for Japan, China and Korea. Yet it seems this war had a side effect that would prove to be one of the many nails that would be smashed into what was to become the Ming Dynasty's coffin. For while this venture played out down south in Korea, its effects rippled back all the way up to the Ming Dynasty's northern realm.   During this time period there were 3 major Jurchen tribes, the Wild Jurchens who lived in the most northern part of Manchuria. The Haixi Jurchens, who lived along the Haixi river and the Jianzhou Jurchen, who lives along the Mudan River in the region of Changbaishan. Jerchen by the way is something like a collective name for these people, their ancestors went by another name, the Manchu. They were semi-nomadic people and  heavily influenced by their neighboring Mongols. A Jianzhou Jurchen named Nurhaci had lost both his father Taksi and grandfather Giocangga, when a rival Jurchen chieftain named Nikan Wailan attacked them at Gure in 1582. Nurhaci demanded that the Ming hand over Nikan Wailan to him for execution, but they refused and went as far as considering to declare Nikan Wailan as new Khan of all the Jurchens, believing this would keep them all divided. It goes without saying Nikan Wailan forces were supported by the Ming. The Ming were utilizing the same strategy that had been done since the ancient times to deal with the peoples of the steppe, foster rivalries amongst the tribes and keep them disunified.    It is said that Nurhaci was a gifted mounted archer from youth, could speak multiple languages, and loved to read Chinese literature such as Shuihu Zhuan “water margin” and Sanguo Yanyi “romance of the 3 kingdoms”.  At the age of 25 Nurhaci avenged his father and grandfather's deaths by defeating Nikan Wailan in battle in 1587 sending him fleeing to the Ming for protection. The Ming would eventually execute him years later, but this would not satisfy Nurhaci. In 1589 the Ming Dynasty appointed Nurhaci as the Paramount Chieftain of the Yalu Region. It seems the Ming Dynasty believed that Nurhaci's tribe was too weak to unify the other tribes and become a threat to them, thus fulfilling their strategy of keeping them disunified.  Then Nurhaci managed to defeat a coalition of over 9 rival tribes, one of which was the Yehe tribe during the battle of Gure. In 1591, Nurhaci had consolidated a large swathe of territory stretching from Fushun to the Yalu River and this provoked the Yehe tribes who sent a force of over 30,000 against him. Nurhaci's men were able to turn back the Yehe menace and while Nurhaci continued to rally tribes under his command,  the Imjin War began.   As the Japanese were invading Korea, the rising Jurchen leader had some limited engagements against the Japanese along the border of Korea and Manchuria. This led Nurhaci to offer assistance to the Ming and Joseon dynasties for the Imjin War effort. But both the Ming and Joseon dynasty's would refuse his offer however, especially the Joseon who stated “to accept such assistance from northern barbarians would be disgraceful”. Now the Imjin War indirectly weakened the Ming Dynasty's position in Manchuria and gave the now rather insulted Jurchen leader Nurhaci an opportunity to expand his influence and territory. Nurhaci began to conquer and consolidate the unrelated tribes surrounding Manchuria. In 1599 Nurhaci had his trusted scholar Erdeni create a system of writing using the traditional Mongolian alphabet that laid out the foundation of what would become the Manchu alphabet. The Manchu as a people by the way are hard to really define and have been referred to as simply Jurchens, Tatars given who is speaking about them and what time period it is. In reality the Manchu is a rather broad umbrella for a few different groups of people in the large area of Manchuria and the term Manchu was chosen specially to create a sort of legitimate ancestry by those who eventually would bear its name.   In 1601 Nurhaci began to develop the Manchu military which became the banner system later on seen in the Qing dynasty. The banners derived from the niru “arrow” , a designation for a small Jurchen hunting band. This led to the organization of cavalry and infantry companies of around 300 men with subdivisions of 75. These units eventually evolved into differing banners, yellow, white, red and blue at first, then this increased to a total of 8 later on. If you have never seen the 8 banner army uniforms from the late Qing Dynasty, I highly recommend googling it. Absolutely awesome to see, unique colors for the armor and everything. Now the banner system was not purely military, it also became the established social hierarchy of what was to be a new state. Its important to note during his unifying efforts, Nurhaci also acquired a vast amount of Han Chinese defectors and with them Ming knowledge and technology such as firearms. A lot of these Han Chinese  would be married to Manchu women to form marriage alliances.The idea behind it was to take the tribe system and use it as building blocks for a military bureaucracy. This in turn also acted as a method of creating an administrative structure of the future Manchu people. Nurhaci built up his new empire's economy via mining and trade and managed to accumulate a lot of silver from tributary missions to the Ming Dynasty.    In 1607 Nurhaci declared himself the Kundulun Khan over what he proclaimed to be the Jin State, named after the former Jurchen led Great Jin Dynasty. Now this was also done to assert divine lineage to the Jin Dynasty of the 12th century and in some ways was an implied challenge towards the Ming Dynasty. Indeed, Nurhaci even began to publicly refer to the Ming Dynasty as merely the “Southern Dynasty”, implying equality with his new state. So it seems the Ming Dynasty had greatly miscalculated Nurhaci and now they had quite a threat bearing down upon them. In 1610 Nurhaci broke relations with the Ming imperial court and in 1618 he demanded they pay him tribute and sent them what is legendary known as the “seven grievances”. This was a list of 7 terrible acts the Ming Dynasty had performed against Nurhaci personally and that of the Manchu people, basically a highlight reel of everything they did to try and stop the tribes from unifying. Smack dab as number 1 by the way was supporting the man who killed Nurhaci's father and grandfather. The seven grievances also acted as a formal declaration of war against the Ming Dynasty. To think one day your financing the murder of some small tribal leaders, next thing you know their offspring has raised a new national peoples to take you out?    A confederacy of Jurchen tribes referred to as the Hulun tribes gradually began to recognize Nurhaci's authority, but some took more convincing so to say. The Jurchen tribes of the Hada, Hoifa, Ula were all defeated and assimilated by 1613, but then there remained one last Jurchen tribe that would not submit and it was one of the most formidable, the Yehe. In 1618 the Yehe leader Gintaisi united with the Ming Dynasty to combat the newly emerged threat that was Nurhaci.    As it would turn out, the flashpoint for the conflict that would ultimately lead to the downfall of the Ming Dynasty would occur at a frontier town in the northeast. The town held one of the 18 key fortresses established by the founder of the Ming, Emperor Hongwu. The first official battle with the Ming Dynasty would occur in Fushun. Fushun was located on the Hun River just east of Shenyang. Nurhaci sent a letter to the Yehe at Fushun stating “If there is a battle then the arrows shot by our soldiers will strike all in sight. If you are hit, you will surely die. Your strength cannot withstand. Even though you die in battle, there is no profit. If you come out and surrender, our soldiers will not enter the city. The soldiers attached to you will be given complete protection. But suppose our soldiers do attack and enter. The old and young inside the city will surely be in jeopardy, your official salaries will be taken away and your ranks will soon be reduced [for losing the battle]... If you submit without fighting I will not change your great doro (guiding principles; Ch., li yi) at all. I will let you live just as you did before. I will promote not only the people with great knowledge and foresight but also many other people, give them daughters in marriage and care for them. I will give you a higher position than you have and treat you like one of my officials of the first degree”.    In addition to being the first official military challenge to the Ming Authority, Fushun was connected to Nurhaci's strategy of assimilating the remaining rival Jurchen tribes such as the Haixi. Fushun also happened to be quite isolated and not as well-protected as the other great fortress cities. Commanding the defenses of Fushun was Li Yong Fang who had around 1200 men under him. Nurhaci would throw 20,000 at the city, but before he did this he sent around 50 men disguised as horse traders into the city. These 50 infiltrators opened the gates to Nurhaci's men who soon poured in. Li Yongfangs was horrified by the scene as several of his subordinates rushed to give their lives facing the invaders. Li Yongfang was captured and brought before Nurhaci who said to him “I know you are a man of many talents and have had many experiences and my state is in search of talent, as we are lacking in capable officials and are looking to employ capable generals. What purpose will your death serve? But if you surrender, you and all you soldiers will be safe”. Li Yong fang agreed to surrender if the people would be spared. Nurhaci honored this promise, in the end around 590 Ming soldiers died during the attack. Li Yongfang soon became a general under Nurhaci and even married one of his granddaughters. Li Yongfang became the first prominent Ming commander to defect and this would set a precedent for many many more. A large reason Ming officials like Li Yongfang defected was because they were not going to be forced to give up their own culture and customs.   After capturing the Fortress of Fushun, Nurhaci left 4000 men to guard it and now turned his attention to another fortress in Qinghecheng or known simply as Qinghe. The outraged Ming Court did not waste any time sending a counter attack to take back Fushun. The Ming dispatched commander Zhang Chengyin with 10,000 men to recapture the city. Zhang led the men and besieged the city, digging trenches and raining hell upon its walls using cannon and firearms. Nurhaci's sons Hung Taiji and Daisan took the force of 4000 men outside the city and to the shock of the besiegers charged directly upon them. It is estimated only 20% of the Ming force survived this devastating attack, and the rest fled or were captured.   The Ming Court was stunned by the loss of Fushun and knew it was not the only Fortress that would be attacked. Thus they dispatched an expeditionary force of 5000 men with 2 commanders, Li Rubai, the commander of Liaodong and Yang Hao the Military affairs commissioner to support the region, beginning with Qinghe. Both men were personally liked by Emperor Wanli, but both also had undergone scandals during the Imjin War when they messed up during a siege battle. With the new reinforcements brought over by the 2 commanders, Qinghe now had a garrison 6400 strong. Before leaving to help other areas, Yang Hao advised the commander of the Qinghe fortress, Zou Chuxian that he should lay an ambush out for the invaders, perhaps in the mountain pass nearby where they could take advantage of Ming firearms. Zou did not heed this and opted instead to remain within the fortress.   The reinforcing of the Qinghe fortress would prove to be fruitless. The defenders fired their cannons, hurled large boulders and logs and tossed hot oil all inflicting heavy casualties upon Nurhaci's men, but despite all of this the besiegers were able to take a corner wall as the defenders were busy loading their cannons. The siege quickly turned into bloody street to street fighting and with it the complete slaughter of the city's forces. Zou and his subordinates perished alongside most within the city. This prompted the Ming court to place a price over Nurhaci's head, 10,000 taels of silver. It is apparent, the Ming were not prepared to face the challenge pressed upon them by someone like Nurhaci. They had failed to anticipate Nurhaci's state-building efforts and now the fruits of his work were bearing witness.   With the fall of Qinghe and the surrounding towns, the Ming Court now dispatched a large force of 100,000 men to attack Nurhaci's forces. Yang Hao formulated the strategy for the grand operation, they would divide into 4 groups of around 30,000 men each and approach Nurhaci's stronghold of Hetu Ala from 4 different directions and surround it. Ma Lin would lead the northern group coming from Kaiyuan. Du Song from the west coming from Fushun. Li Rubo would come from southwest through the Yau Pass. Last, Liu Ting (also known as Big Sword Liu) would come from the Southeast from Kuandian supported by a 13,000 strong Joseon Dynasty Expeditionary force commanded by Gang Hong-rip. Despite all the planning, Yang Hao did not believe their forces had adequate training nor the supplies for the venture.    It is estimated that Nurhaci had around 60,000 men at this time. Nurhaci also had amazing scouts that provided him with great intelligence of the Ming plans and he decided the best course of action was to concentrate all of his forces together and pick off each Ming group one by one. Thus he sent small detachments of around 500 men each to intercept Liu Tin, Ma Lin and Li Rubo to misdirect them, while he would take the main force and smash Du Song, whom he deemed the greatest threat out of the 4 groups. To beat Du Song, Nurhaci snuck 15,000 of his men in the forested mountains near Sarhu for an ambush.   Du Song's force of around 30,000 set forth from Fushun which they had recently recaptured with ease as it was left undefended. Du Song was frustrated by this and wanted to face the enemy and finally found them when he came across the Hun River and saw a Jin force on the other side.    Du Song took 10,000 of his men to cross the river and attack, so that a beachhead could be formed and thus providing adequate room for a safe transfer of the rest of his forces and equipment. So he left behind the other 20,000 men with the war equipment who would follow them once the Jin force were pushed back. When Du Song's men were halfway across the river, Nurhaci sprung a trap. It turns out Nurhaci had ordered his forces to prepare the breaking of dams, and at the moment Du Song's 10,000 men got half way in, well they broke them. The Ming forces in disarray had to flee back from the raging water, abandoning a ton of their equipment. Now Du Song's force had to go from offense to defense, erecting 2 camps on the opposite side of the river frantically.  Those troops Nurhaci snuck in the forested mountains then came down upon the camp that held Du Song  and Nurhaci himself personally led 6 banners to attack the camp as well.   Nurhaci's forces much like that of Ghenghis Khan's, came in with horse backed archers to pelt the defenders. The Ming Musketeers divided themselves into 2-3 rows, taking turns to fire their guns and reload, known as “repeated fire”, basically a more rustic version of what you see during something like the revolutionary wars of America. Some of theses guns by the way are known as Zhuifeng Qiang “windchasing” guns. They are around 5 feet long and shoot fairly large lead bullets. With one of these you can probably hit something within 40 feet away effectively. So you must be thinking, well the Ming Musketeers must have shot the Jin cavalry up like a turkey shoot, but you would be wrong. Interesting little side note here, the bow and arrow historically has trumped firearms honestly until the invention of the repeating rifle and revolver. If you know something about the Aboriginal wars in the America's, it was this innovation that finally allowed militaries to defeat peoples like the Comanche. Until those were invented, horseback archers would be able to get off far too many shots by the time people using firearms could shoot and reload. And thats basically what happened, Nurhaci's horseback archers pelted the Ming Musketeers and began flanking them, until they began to break formation and soon fled. After this Nurhaci besieged the other camp at Jilin Cliff. Soon the Jin's had surrounded the force there and Du Song alongside 2 other generals were killed during the slaughter. It was said that “corpses piled up like a mountain and the fields were drenched in blood”.   Upon hearing that Nurhaci had annihilated the force under Du Song, the inbound force led by Ma Lin coming from a northern position chose to be much more cautious. Ma Lin's 30,000 men soon found the fleeing remnants of Du Song's force and quickly incorporated them into his own force. He then formed 3 camps at Xiangjiayan and fortified them with trenches and cannons. Nurhaci's sent a 1000 men to prod the defenses of the main camp that held Ma Lin's command and also to draw its attention. The 1000 men dismounted and moved forward cautiously, drawing the Ming gunfire their way.   Once Nurhaci had a good idea of the layout of their defenses, he sent in a joint infantry-cavalry assault to make a swift attack upon a weakest point on Ma Lin's camp. The Ming Musketeers could barely get off more than a single volley before the Jin horse riding warriors descended upon them. The front lines were being cut to pieces and soon the entire army's morale broke and several men were routed. Commander Ma Lin barely escaped with his life and many of his officers died in a nearby river turning it quote “crimson with their blood”.  The other 2 camps fell in a similar fashion. Thus Nurhaci had just annihilated 2 out of the 4 incoming armies and took some 4000 of his forces to Hetu Ala to recuperate their strength.    Yang Hao saw the absolute mayhem occurring and ordered the remaining forces to retreat and regroup, but the force coming in from the east led by Big Sword Liu Ting never got the orders. Now unlike his colleagues, Liu Ting was actually having some success against some Jin expeditionary parties. The 13,000 Joseon Expeditionary force was with Liu Ting consisting of 10,000 Musketeers and 3000 archers were proving themselves very capable warriors. He managed to capture a few fortresses, killed 2 Jin generals and inflicted a few thousand casualties. Nurhaci then decided to do something rather cunning: he slipped some saboteurs into Liu Ting's army. These saboteurs pretended to be messengers from Du Song, stating his force was already besieging Hetu Ala and desperately needed assistance for the final victory. Liu Ting proceeded to respond by increasing his army's speed to rush to Hetu Ala. Because of the increased speed they were going, Liu Ting's force became very stretched out and now there were practically 2 divided groups. Around 18 miles from Hetu Ala, Liu Ting's frontal force was ambushed in the Abudali Pass. This allowed 2 of Nurhaci's son's Daisan and Hong Taiji to both make cavalry charges one after the other into the front of Liu Ting's force. These back to back charges inflicted heavy casualties, and they soon managed to surround the Ming force, exacting an estimated 10,000 casualties upon them. It also claimed the life of Liu Ting who was said to go down killing several Jin with him, must have been waving around a pretty big sword. By the way I tried quite hard to find out how the nickname came about and failed to find anything concrete, if anyone knows let me know perhaps by commenting on one of my Youtube episodes!   The Korean Musketeers performed quite well, but the archers, it is alleged, fired without arrowheads, because the Joseon Dynasty intended to keep a neutrality with the newly emerged Jin people. The Joseon Musketeers were eventually overwhelmed by the Jin cavalry, because they lacked spearmen in their formations to thwart off the charges, something they would improve upon later down the road.  Gang Hong-rip ended up surrendering the remaining 4500 of his forces. Those who survived later captivity were eventually allowed to return to their homeland. Gang Hong-rip was proficient in the Jurchen language and was held hostage. Interestingly, once the battle was won and done, Nurhaci went back to Hetu Ala to celebrate and one of the first things he did afterwards was send a message to the King of the Joseon Dynasty asking why they sent an expeditionary force to aid the Mings. The king tried to play it cool and sent a letter of congratulations for the victory, but made sure not to write anything that recognized the Jin state. It seemed the Joseon dynasty was now stuck between the Ming-Jin conflict and this would hold dire consequences later.    Li Rubo had received the message to retreat from Yang Hao, so he was able to avoid disaster, losing around 1000 troops before getting out to safety. Overall it is estimated that the Ming lost some 45,000 troops, 28,000 horses and a ton of war equipment. The Jin claimed to have only lost 200 men, but better estimations put them at losing around 5000. The Ming Court was rocked by this loss and ordered the arrest of Yang Hao, sending the Embroidered Uniform Guard after him; those are essentially the Emperor's secret police. Li Rubo was impeached, because there were rumors he had only survived because he had a personal relationship with Nurhaci. Li Rubo would commit suicide before his trial and Yang Hao would rot in prison for almost a decade before being executed.   I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me.  Nurhaci did not stop after defeating the 4 armies, he continued to raise hell by capturing Kaiyuan, Tieling and Xicheng without breaking much of a sweat. Hell Nurhaci was said to have braved a hail of arrows when he personally led the assault on the east wall of Xicheng. Over in Chahar, some of Nurhaci's subjects were defeated at Guangning and this would lead to ongoing troubles between the Jin and Chahar mongols for 15 years. Now Xicheng was the last bastion of Nurhaci's Yehe Jurchen rivals, so now he looked towards more empire building activities. Alongside his advisors they began to plan the conquest of Shenyang and perhaps to establish a new Jin Capital in its place. 

Our major school charity, the Pfrang Association, is a non-profit charity organization with the intention of providing funds aimed at helping underprivileged children in Jiangsu and Anhui Province to attain an education. Join NIS Secondary Teacher and Pfrang Association President, Mr. Andy Romero, as we discuss Pfrang's history, mission, and their amazing upcoming annual charity event, the Pfrang Gala.

Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov arrived in China's Huangshan City, Anhui Province, on March 30 to attend the Third Foreign Ministers' Meeting on the Afghan Issue. https://ept.ms/3DFFi0V 

Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi has held talks with visiting Philippine Foreign Secretary Teodoro Locsin in Anhui Province.

As an early curator at the Academy Art Museum, Henry Coe's artistic roots in Talbot County go back quite a ways.  Tim and Marie talked with Henry about his history as an artist and the evolutions of plein air art becoming a competition.   "I received a BA in English from Roanoke College and an MFA in painting from Maryland Institute College of Art. I began painting seriously on the eastern shore of Maryland while working as curator in Easton at The Academy of Arts and teaching at Chesapeake College. I was drawn to the low horizon and the big sky: a Dutch landscape quality of light reflected off of the water and back into the clouds. I spent seven months painting in China through a Maryland "sister state" relation with Anhui Province and accompanied a Maryland State Arts Council exhibit which included my work to Kanagawa Prefecture in Japan. I have done three artist's residencies in France and made many other painting visits there. Since 2016 I have participated in numerous plein air events, several times in Plein Air Easton. Over the years I have shown regularly in galleries in Chicago, Houston and Baltimore. I work in oils on a large and small scale and prefer to work en plein air as much as possible. I like to paint the lengthening shadows and lowering light that occur toward the end of day or the softer light of early morning. Ideally, I want my work to have a sense of light traveling through air in space. Having a palpable sense of air in a painting is important to me. The light and shadow define the mundane objects of a landscape I see as disappearing:  family farms or the "rural industrial" look that was once representative of many small towns. I have worked primarily in the Mid-Atlantic region, coastal Maine, Texas and western France."   Follow Henry Coe: Official Site Facebook Instagram   Follow Plein Air Easton: Official SiteFacebookInstagramYouTube   To inquire about being a guest or sponsoring the Plein Air Easton Podcast, send us an email at info@pleinaireaston.com.   This episode is sponsored by JFM Enterprises, providing distinctive ready-made and custom frames & mouldings to the trade since 1974.   Music in this episode was generously provided by Blue Dot Sessions.

Tu & Lei take the first few moments of the show to talk about VW's battery systems factory investment in Anhui Province and move on from there to also talk about NIO's announcement about their Iron Lithium hybrid battery.They then discuss the highs and (current) lows of China Evergrande New Energy Vehicle group and what they expect may result from the parent's debt struggles. They then move on to discuss how Faraday Future has gone from a startup on the brink to one that seems fairly well capitalized and close to getting their flagship product, the FF91 finally on the road.

  The start of a new series where we will be providing you with all the crypto market updates on a consistent basis throughout the weekdays.  0:00 - Introduction 0:50 - Crypto Price Update, ETH 2.0, Taproot 5:00 - Bear markets are a great opportunity to buy 5:35- New York Giants Star Saquon Barkley will take all future Endorsement Money in Bitcoin   8:30 - Over $500 million in crypto seized by U.K. police over past few weeks amid money-laundering crackdown 11:13 - Australia Faces Big Choices on Crypto Regulation   12:34 - Vexchange V2   17:00 - Is Coinbase Stock A Buy Right Now As Bitcoin Hits $33,000   18:39 - China's Anhui Province Shuts Down Crypto Mining   Resources    https://finance.yahoo.com/news/york-giants-star-saquon-barkley-192620710.html https://finance.yahoo.com/m/d3bc05a1-a98c-38bf-9397-8c8fe07de839/over-500-million-in-crypto.html https://www.marketwatch.com/story/over-500-million-in-crypto-seized-by-u-k-police-over-past-few-weeks-amid-money-laundering-crackdown-11626286779?siteid=yhoof2 https://finance.yahoo.com/news/australia-faces-big-choices-crypto-180836320.html https://twitter.com/VexchangeIO/status/1414606736397377540 https://medium.com/@raleigh_ca/introducing-vexchange-2-6153a9369c1 https://finance.yahoo.com/m/d2de0791-3318-3f3d-a9dc-51c1462c360b/is-coinbase-stock-a-buy-right.html https://www.investors.com/research/coinbase-coin-stock-buy-now/?src=A00220 https://finance.yahoo.com/news/again-fud-china-anhui-province-112305932.html

Tuesday, June 29, 2021 - Today we begin a three-part series titled “Chinese Adoptees: Not Abandoned or Alone.” Annie Prafcke is a journalist who was born in Wuhu, Anhui Province in the People's Republic of China. She was adopted at six months old and raised in Fargo. In part one, “A Journey Home,” she explores her own identity as well as the complex identities of three other adopted Chinese women. ~~~ The Greetings Tour is a nationwide mural project that's been on the road since 2015. Muralist Victor Ving and photographer Lisa Beggs are currently in North Dakota, preparing a postcard-style mural on the side of a Fargo building. So far, they've created over 50 murals in 24 states.

This episode will provide a broad analysis of existing and emerging opportunities in China's Anhui Province which is strategically located in Central China. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/vithiyapathy-purushothama/message

This episode will provide a broad analysis of existing and emerging investment opportunities in China's Anhui Province which is located in central China. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/vithiyapathy-purushothama/message

This episode will briefly describe Anhui province which is alphabetically the first province of China. As well as this is the place, where I am currently living with all the experience that I gain from Anhui province it's my pleasure to introduce Anhui province to you all with the detailed analysis. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/vithiyapathy-purushothama/message

China's Anhui Province is a national pilot site for technology innovation projects, Hefei, its capital city is the first city to be designated as pilot site for science and technology innovation. In this episode, we will analyse about science and technology education as well as cutting edge technologies of Anhui province. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/vithiyapathy-purushothama/message

我于1995年年底在密歇根州立大学（MSU）毕业后，第二年由于大学同班同学在密歇根的森林里聚会，顺道回了一趟母校，此后的二十一年就未再有这样的机会。我的导师今年5月退休，学生们相约在6月初给他举办一次退休晚会，于是我又借机回校了。1990年我准备到美国留学时，MSU并不是第一选择。录取我的学校中我的第一选择是布朗大学。但是那一年教委发布新的留学政策，故意刁难，护照没能及时办下来，布朗大学校方答复不能推迟入学，只好放弃了。给我全额奖学金的还有MSU、匹兹堡大学、塔夫茨大学、纽约州立大学石溪分校，都很通情达理地允许推迟到第二年冬季入学，反而不知道该选择哪一所好。那时候可不像现在可以在网上狂搜一番信息，可资参考的只有申请入学时校方寄来的宣传册，还有一本外文书店影印的、台湾出的美国大学专业排名，里面生化专业的排名MSU居然进了前十名，也不知是谁评的、哪个年代的事。写信向已在匹兹堡大学就读两年的学姐请教，回信也是含糊其辞：这些学校都差不多，去哪一所都不错。2006年，《MSU校友杂志》（MSU Alumni Magazine）采访我，问我为什么最终选择到MSU，我回答说：“因为它的分子和细胞生物学很强。而且，宣传册上的校园风景照看上去很吸引人。MSU对我来说就是一座象牙塔。我在MSU的5年度过了我一生最美好的时光。” 现在重返校园，依然觉得校园比风景照更美。本科生已经放假，空荡荡的校园变成了一个大公园。红杉河（Red Cedar River）穿越校园，把校园分成了两半，一边是实验室、教室、宿舍、体育场，一边是行政楼、图书馆、国际中心、活动中心（Union）、书店，河流成了校园生活不可分割的一部分，上学时经常要穿越，从不同的桥梁经过，风光也不同。但我现在看到的风光，和二十多年前看到的并没有什么差别。行政楼前河边草地上，还是一群群野鸭、大雁、松鼠在或坐或躺的学生们之间穿梭、讨食，被养得胖乎乎的。作为学校象征的钟楼、斯巴达人像、图书馆、橄榄球场、篮球馆还是那个样子，我当年工作过的生化大楼，住过的欧文研究生公寓、斯巴达村，玩过的沃顿表演中心、月季园、园艺系展览花园、树木园、森林，消费过的冰淇淋店（有40多种口味）、学生书店、北京快餐、花生酒桶酒吧、塔可钟墨西哥快餐店、麦当劳（和别的麦当劳不同，墙壁涂成了绿色和白色——MSU的代表色），也都还在。中国人口头上爱讲文化传统，中国大学更喜欢乱拜祖宗硬把自己搞成百年老校甚至千年学府，而实际上中国大学对历史传承的重视还远不如美国大学。中国大学的校园，几年不去就面貌全非了，不能像现在这样，走在熟悉的道路上，看着熟悉的景象，仿佛回到了二十多年前，不至于让自己成为陌生人。变化当然也有。最大的变化是新建了一个现代美术馆，回旋加速器也正在大幅度扩建。还有一些小的变化，例如生化系改叫了生化与分子生物学系，系里的教授只有几个还认识，原来的实验室也早已易主——不过实验室里我使用过的实验台、通风橱、黑板，甚至挂钟，都还没换。我正在当年日夜奋战的实验台前感慨，在实验室里干活的一个中国留学生认出我来，过来和“师兄”合影，其实我们并非一个导师，而且相差一代了。我们这一代留学生初到美国时感受到的巨大反差，是现在的留学生难以理解的。首先是财务的自由。说一个学生有财务自由似乎很可笑，但是要知道我在国内上大学时父母一个月给的生活费是40～80元人民币（刚入学时是40元，毕业时因物价上涨也跟着涨到80元人民币），每一顿饭菜都要精打细算，而MSU给的奖学金扣除了学费后，一个月拿到手还有一千美元，这百倍的差距，让人顿时有了成为大富豪的幻觉，至少生活有了基本保障，不用再担心吃了这顿没下顿了。由于中美有税法协议，中国留学生的奖学金不用交所得税，手头比美国学生还宽裕。其次是思想的自由。国内上学时前三年要上政治课，虽然大部分都逃掉了，但是考试是逃不掉的，而每周半天的政治学习也是逃不了的。毕业那年因情况特殊更是集中学习、检讨、交代思想根源。到了美国，自然没有人要控制你的思想、言论。在MSU读书期间互联网兴起，我开始在网上发言、建网站，从不用担心会被FBI请喝茶。第三是生活的自由。单身一人在海外，没有养家糊口的压力，没有七大姑八大姨的骚扰，学校里的人际关系简单，特别是在一个只有几个人的小实验室，没有竞争，其乐融融。博士生课程轻松，大部分时间都泡在实验室，而且可以自己安排作息，中午才去实验室，待到半夜离开，生化实验通常有两三小时等待时间，还可乘机去图书馆翻阅藏书、学校电影院看电影、沃顿中心听音乐会，日子过得逍遥自在。有这三大自由，所以我认为在MSU的5年度过了我一生最美好的时光。当然这段时光并不是用来享受的。我的学术训练在那5年开始和完成。在导师退休晚会上，每个学生送给导师一段话，我写的是：“我刚到美国的时候，虽然毕业于中国一所顶尖大学，但对科学的性质几乎一无所知。是扎克言传身教地教我什么是科学和怎么做研究。帮助中国公众理解科学现在成了我的工作，因此在美国一个实验室点燃的火炬已传到了中国。扎克是一个激励人心的导师！”（When I came to the US, although graduating from a top university of China, I knew little about the nature of science. It was Zach that taught me what science is and how research works, both by his words and actions. Now it has become my job to help the Chinese public to understand science, so the torch, ignited in an American lab, has been passed to China. Zach is such an inspiring mentor!） 这么说并非夸张。在中国科技大学的五年，在课堂上学了很多科学知识，受到了数理思维训练，所以我们戏称之为南七技校（南七是中国科大所在的地名），但并没有受到科学方法、科学思想、科学精神的教育和训练，反而受到了伪科学思潮的影响。上世纪80年代中国社会、中国高校普遍迷信“特异功能”，中国科大是重灾区：不少教师、包括著名教授沉迷于研究特异功能，有一届的全国特异功能大会就是在中国科大召开的；校园里常有“大师”来办班教气功，甚至还在大礼堂做“带功报告”，把台下众多师生催眠得手舞足蹈。在这样的氛围中，我在低年级时也是很相信特异功能、气功的，到高年级时不信了，成了少数的怀疑派，那也是自学的结果（主要是看了国外一些科学哲学著作和否定神秘现象的研究），跟学校教育没有关系。现在国内高校的情形要比当时好，但也未必有根本的改观。在我离开中国科大以后，那里还出了一个信佛的校长，宣扬量子力学验证了佛学，其名言是：“科学家千辛万苦爬到山顶时，佛学大师已经在此等候多时了！”这几天这个前校长又在讲“禅定”、“体验真气”、“打通中脉”、“神经元细胞每分钟更换一百万个”，有这种反科学的科技大学校长，怎么指望学生懂科学呢？ 我到了美国以后，从导师那里学会了怎么设计对照实验、控制实验变量、分析实验结果、提出假说和模型，才对科学、科研的实质有了深刻的理解和切身的体验；每周一次的实验室会议，更是一次批判性思维锻炼。这就是小实验室的好处，几乎天天与导师有交流、受熏陶，有时他甚至还手把手教我做实验。系里每周还有一次报告会，主要是请校外教授来讲，在开阔眼界的同时，也体会到了在国内难以想像的学术自由和平等。偶尔会有诺贝尔奖获得者到系里做报告，从没觉得他们高高在上，他们讲完了一样有听众举手提出疑问。不像现在，经常见到国外诺贝尔奖获得者成群结队去中国大学捞钱，享受着师生们天神般的崇拜。 我以前曾经说过，中国大学现在像公司，我们那个时候则像集中营。在集中营里生活，和朝夕相处的同学们有感情，对学校则没有，从没想过要特地回去看看，去了也只会觉得那是个陌生的地方。美国大学则是象牙塔，在走向社会，饱经沧桑之后，象牙塔里的生活更让人怀念，虽然那种纯洁的日子已一去不复返，在心中却显得越来越神圣。 2017.6.9. 附：2006年《MSU校友杂志》的采访 斯巴达人简介（注：斯巴达人为密歇根州立大学象征） 方是民：学术道德警察 《MSU校友杂志》（MSU Alumni Magazine）2006年秋季刊 中国高等教育已被伪科学、造假和不端行为所困扰，直到有一位密歇根州立大学（MSU）校友决定对此做一点事情。2000年，在圣地亚哥生活的1995年博士方是民开始在其有关中国文化和文学的网站新语丝上揭露肇事者。这个网站逐渐成为了为学术道德而战的旗舰，并受到媒体的广泛报道，其中包括国际期刊《科学》和《自然》。“因为许多中国报刊都上网了，我能够轻易地获得中国的信息，”以方舟子为笔名的方解释说，“我们至今已揭露了500多起案例。我想形势正在好转。”在这些案例中，包括教授伪造履历，窃取别人的研究成果，剽窃文章和书籍，有些还捏造研究成果。起初中国官方对此反应缓慢，反而去屏蔽是民的网站。“但是现在中国政府至少承认确实有问题……并发布了几项规章，”目前在北京担任科学作家和专栏作家的是民评论说。是民出生于福建省沿海小城云霄，毕业于安徽合肥的中国科学技术大学（USTC）。该校当时有个绰号叫“美国培训中心”（United States Training Center），因为其毕业生毕业后将到美国深造。于是，是民选择了MSU，因为它的分子和细胞生物学很强。“而且，宣传册上的校园风景照看上去很吸引人。”他补充说，“MSU对我来说就是一座象牙塔。我在MSU的5年度过了我一生最美好的时光。我的导师扎卡里·伯顿博士是个好老师、好朋友。”他和同学王朝晖一起在MSU创建了中文诗歌小组。1995年，MSU音乐博士生加里·纳什为是民的一首诗《最后的恋曲》谱曲。“我的朋友罗舒冬在她的毕业演唱会上演唱了这首歌，”是民回忆说，“那是我在MSU最感自豪的一刻。” SPARTAN PROFILESFANG SHI-MIN: ACADEMIC INTEGRITY COP Fall 2006 MSU Alumni Magazine Higher education in China has been beset by pseudoscience, fraud and misconduct, until an MSU alumnus decided to do something about it. Fang Shi-Min, Ph. D. '95, living in San Diego in 2000, began exposing the offenders in his personal web site about Chinese culture and literature, New Threads (xys.org). The site eventually became the flagship in the fight for academic integrity and received widespread coverage from the media, including the international journals Science and Nature. “I could easily get information from China because many newspapers and magazines were online,” explains Fang, who used the pseudonym Fang Zhouzi. “We have exposed more than 500 cases so far. I think the situation is getting better.” Among them were professors who falsified resumes, who claimed credit for research they did not conduct, who plagiarized articles and books, and in some cases, who faked research. At first Chinese officials were slow to react, choosing instead to block Shi-Ming's web site. “But now, the Chinese government at least admits there are problems . . . and has issued several regulations,” notes Shi-Ming, currently working in Beijing as a science writer and columnist. A native of Yunxiao, a coastal town in Fujian Province, Shi-Ming graduated from the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, Anhui Province, a school that was nicknamed “United States Training Center” because graduates pursued further degrees in the U.S. Accordingly, Shi-Ming chose MSU because of its strength in molecular and cell biology. “Also, the pictures of campus scenery in the brochures looked very attractive.” He adds,“MSU is an ivory tower to me. My five-year stay at MSU was the best time in my life. My mentor, Dr. Zachary Burton, is a good teacher and friend.” He and fellow student Zhaohui Wang co-founded a Chinese Poetry Group. In 1995, Gary Nash, a doctoral music student at MSU, composed a song based on one of his poems, The Last Love Song. “It was sung by my friend Shudong Luo at her graduation recital,” recalls Shi-Ming.“That's one of my proudest moments at MSU.”

我于1995年年底在密歇根州立大学（MSU）毕业后，第二年由于大学同班同学在密歇根的森林里聚会，顺道回了一趟母校，此后的二十一年就未再有这样的机会。我的导师今年5月退休，学生们相约在6月初给他举办一次退休晚会，于是我又借机回校了。1990年我准备到美国留学时，MSU并不是第一选择。录取我的学校中我的第一选择是布朗大学。但是那一年教委发布新的留学政策，故意刁难，护照没能及时办下来，布朗大学校方答复不能推迟入学，只好放弃了。给我全额奖学金的还有MSU、匹兹堡大学、塔夫茨大学、纽约州立大学石溪分校，都很通情达理地允许推迟到第二年冬季入学，反而不知道该选择哪一所好。那时候可不像现在可以在网上狂搜一番信息，可资参考的只有申请入学时校方寄来的宣传册，还有一本外文书店影印的、台湾出的美国大学专业排名，里面生化专业的排名MSU居然进了前十名，也不知是谁评的、哪个年代的事。写信向已在匹兹堡大学就读两年的学姐请教，回信也是含糊其辞：这些学校都差不多，去哪一所都不错。2006年，《MSU校友杂志》（MSU Alumni Magazine）采访我，问我为什么最终选择到MSU，我回答说：“因为它的分子和细胞生物学很强。而且，宣传册上的校园风景照看上去很吸引人。MSU对我来说就是一座象牙塔。我在MSU的5年度过了我一生最美好的时光。” 现在重返校园，依然觉得校园比风景照更美。本科生已经放假，空荡荡的校园变成了一个大公园。红杉河（Red Cedar River）穿越校园，把校园分成了两半，一边是实验室、教室、宿舍、体育场，一边是行政楼、图书馆、国际中心、活动中心（Union）、书店，河流成了校园生活不可分割的一部分，上学时经常要穿越，从不同的桥梁经过，风光也不同。但我现在看到的风光，和二十多年前看到的并没有什么差别。行政楼前河边草地上，还是一群群野鸭、大雁、松鼠在或坐或躺的学生们之间穿梭、讨食，被养得胖乎乎的。作为学校象征的钟楼、斯巴达人像、图书馆、橄榄球场、篮球馆还是那个样子，我当年工作过的生化大楼，住过的欧文研究生公寓、斯巴达村，玩过的沃顿表演中心、月季园、园艺系展览花园、树木园、森林，消费过的冰淇淋店（有40多种口味）、学生书店、北京快餐、花生酒桶酒吧、塔可钟墨西哥快餐店、麦当劳（和别的麦当劳不同，墙壁涂成了绿色和白色——MSU的代表色），也都还在。中国人口头上爱讲文化传统，中国大学更喜欢乱拜祖宗硬把自己搞成百年老校甚至千年学府，而实际上中国大学对历史传承的重视还远不如美国大学。中国大学的校园，几年不去就面貌全非了，不能像现在这样，走在熟悉的道路上，看着熟悉的景象，仿佛回到了二十多年前，不至于让自己成为陌生人。变化当然也有。最大的变化是新建了一个现代美术馆，回旋加速器也正在大幅度扩建。还有一些小的变化，例如生化系改叫了生化与分子生物学系，系里的教授只有几个还认识，原来的实验室也早已易主——不过实验室里我使用过的实验台、通风橱、黑板，甚至挂钟，都还没换。我正在当年日夜奋战的实验台前感慨，在实验室里干活的一个中国留学生认出我来，过来和“师兄”合影，其实我们并非一个导师，而且相差一代了。我们这一代留学生初到美国时感受到的巨大反差，是现在的留学生难以理解的。首先是财务的自由。说一个学生有财务自由似乎很可笑，但是要知道我在国内上大学时父母一个月给的生活费是40～80元人民币（刚入学时是40元，毕业时因物价上涨也跟着涨到80元人民币），每一顿饭菜都要精打细算，而MSU给的奖学金扣除了学费后，一个月拿到手还有一千美元，这百倍的差距，让人顿时有了成为大富豪的幻觉，至少生活有了基本保障，不用再担心吃了这顿没下顿了。由于中美有税法协议，中国留学生的奖学金不用交所得税，手头比美国学生还宽裕。其次是思想的自由。国内上学时前三年要上政治课，虽然大部分都逃掉了，但是考试是逃不掉的，而每周半天的政治学习也是逃不了的。毕业那年因情况特殊更是集中学习、检讨、交代思想根源。到了美国，自然没有人要控制你的思想、言论。在MSU读书期间互联网兴起，我开始在网上发言、建网站，从不用担心会被FBI请喝茶。第三是生活的自由。单身一人在海外，没有养家糊口的压力，没有七大姑八大姨的骚扰，学校里的人际关系简单，特别是在一个只有几个人的小实验室，没有竞争，其乐融融。博士生课程轻松，大部分时间都泡在实验室，而且可以自己安排作息，中午才去实验室，待到半夜离开，生化实验通常有两三小时等待时间，还可乘机去图书馆翻阅藏书、学校电影院看电影、沃顿中心听音乐会，日子过得逍遥自在。有这三大自由，所以我认为在MSU的5年度过了我一生最美好的时光。当然这段时光并不是用来享受的。我的学术训练在那5年开始和完成。在导师退休晚会上，每个学生送给导师一段话，我写的是：“我刚到美国的时候，虽然毕业于中国一所顶尖大学，但对科学的性质几乎一无所知。是扎克言传身教地教我什么是科学和怎么做研究。帮助中国公众理解科学现在成了我的工作，因此在美国一个实验室点燃的火炬已传到了中国。扎克是一个激励人心的导师！”（When I came to the US, although graduating from a top university of China, I knew little about the nature of science. It was Zach that taught me what science is and how research works, both by his words and actions. Now it has become my job to help the Chinese public to understand science, so the torch, ignited in an American lab, has been passed to China. Zach is such an inspiring mentor!） 这么说并非夸张。在中国科技大学的五年，在课堂上学了很多科学知识，受到了数理思维训练，所以我们戏称之为南七技校（南七是中国科大所在的地名），但并没有受到科学方法、科学思想、科学精神的教育和训练，反而受到了伪科学思潮的影响。上世纪80年代中国社会、中国高校普遍迷信“特异功能”，中国科大是重灾区：不少教师、包括著名教授沉迷于研究特异功能，有一届的全国特异功能大会就是在中国科大召开的；校园里常有“大师”来办班教气功，甚至还在大礼堂做“带功报告”，把台下众多师生催眠得手舞足蹈。在这样的氛围中，我在低年级时也是很相信特异功能、气功的，到高年级时不信了，成了少数的怀疑派，那也是自学的结果（主要是看了国外一些科学哲学著作和否定神秘现象的研究），跟学校教育没有关系。现在国内高校的情形要比当时好，但也未必有根本的改观。在我离开中国科大以后，那里还出了一个信佛的校长，宣扬量子力学验证了佛学，其名言是：“科学家千辛万苦爬到山顶时，佛学大师已经在此等候多时了！”这几天这个前校长又在讲“禅定”、“体验真气”、“打通中脉”、“神经元细胞每分钟更换一百万个”，有这种反科学的科技大学校长，怎么指望学生懂科学呢？ 我到了美国以后，从导师那里学会了怎么设计对照实验、控制实验变量、分析实验结果、提出假说和模型，才对科学、科研的实质有了深刻的理解和切身的体验；每周一次的实验室会议，更是一次批判性思维锻炼。这就是小实验室的好处，几乎天天与导师有交流、受熏陶，有时他甚至还手把手教我做实验。系里每周还有一次报告会，主要是请校外教授来讲，在开阔眼界的同时，也体会到了在国内难以想像的学术自由和平等。偶尔会有诺贝尔奖获得者到系里做报告，从没觉得他们高高在上，他们讲完了一样有听众举手提出疑问。不像现在，经常见到国外诺贝尔奖获得者成群结队去中国大学捞钱，享受着师生们天神般的崇拜。 我以前曾经说过，中国大学现在像公司，我们那个时候则像集中营。在集中营里生活，和朝夕相处的同学们有感情，对学校则没有，从没想过要特地回去看看，去了也只会觉得那是个陌生的地方。美国大学则是象牙塔，在走向社会，饱经沧桑之后，象牙塔里的生活更让人怀念，虽然那种纯洁的日子已一去不复返，在心中却显得越来越神圣。 2017.6.9. 附：2006年《MSU校友杂志》的采访 斯巴达人简介（注：斯巴达人为密歇根州立大学象征） 方是民：学术道德警察 《MSU校友杂志》（MSU Alumni Magazine）2006年秋季刊 中国高等教育已被伪科学、造假和不端行为所困扰，直到有一位密歇根州立大学（MSU）校友决定对此做一点事情。2000年，在圣地亚哥生活的1995年博士方是民开始在其有关中国文化和文学的网站新语丝上揭露肇事者。这个网站逐渐成为了为学术道德而战的旗舰，并受到媒体的广泛报道，其中包括国际期刊《科学》和《自然》。“因为许多中国报刊都上网了，我能够轻易地获得中国的信息，”以方舟子为笔名的方解释说，“我们至今已揭露了500多起案例。我想形势正在好转。”在这些案例中，包括教授伪造履历，窃取别人的研究成果，剽窃文章和书籍，有些还捏造研究成果。起初中国官方对此反应缓慢，反而去屏蔽是民的网站。“但是现在中国政府至少承认确实有问题……并发布了几项规章，”目前在北京担任科学作家和专栏作家的是民评论说。是民出生于福建省沿海小城云霄，毕业于安徽合肥的中国科学技术大学（USTC）。该校当时有个绰号叫“美国培训中心”（United States Training Center），因为其毕业生毕业后将到美国深造。于是，是民选择了MSU，因为它的分子和细胞生物学很强。“而且，宣传册上的校园风景照看上去很吸引人。”他补充说，“MSU对我来说就是一座象牙塔。我在MSU的5年度过了我一生最美好的时光。我的导师扎卡里·伯顿博士是个好老师、好朋友。”他和同学王朝晖一起在MSU创建了中文诗歌小组。1995年，MSU音乐博士生加里·纳什为是民的一首诗《最后的恋曲》谱曲。“我的朋友罗舒冬在她的毕业演唱会上演唱了这首歌，”是民回忆说，“那是我在MSU最感自豪的一刻。” SPARTAN PROFILESFANG SHI-MIN: ACADEMIC INTEGRITY COP Fall 2006 MSU Alumni Magazine Higher education in China has been beset by pseudoscience, fraud and misconduct, until an MSU alumnus decided to do something about it. Fang Shi-Min, Ph. D. '95, living in San Diego in 2000, began exposing the offenders in his personal web site about Chinese culture and literature, New Threads (xys.org). The site eventually became the flagship in the fight for academic integrity and received widespread coverage from the media, including the international journals Science and Nature. “I could easily get information from China because many newspapers and magazines were online,” explains Fang, who used the pseudonym Fang Zhouzi. “We have exposed more than 500 cases so far. I think the situation is getting better.” Among them were professors who falsified resumes, who claimed credit for research they did not conduct, who plagiarized articles and books, and in some cases, who faked research. At first Chinese officials were slow to react, choosing instead to block Shi-Ming's web site. “But now, the Chinese government at least admits there are problems . . . and has issued several regulations,” notes Shi-Ming, currently working in Beijing as a science writer and columnist. A native of Yunxiao, a coastal town in Fujian Province, Shi-Ming graduated from the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, Anhui Province, a school that was nicknamed “United States Training Center” because graduates pursued further degrees in the U.S. Accordingly, Shi-Ming chose MSU because of its strength in molecular and cell biology. “Also, the pictures of campus scenery in the brochures looked very attractive.” He adds,“MSU is an ivory tower to me. My five-year stay at MSU was the best time in my life. My mentor, Dr. Zachary Burton, is a good teacher and friend.” He and fellow student Zhaohui Wang co-founded a Chinese Poetry Group. In 1995, Gary Nash, a doctoral music student at MSU, composed a song based on one of his poems, The Last Love Song. “It was sung by my friend Shudong Luo at her graduation recital,” recalls Shi-Ming.“That's one of my proudest moments at MSU.”

我于1995年年底在密歇根州立大学（MSU）毕业后，第二年由于大学同班同学在密歇根的森林里聚会，顺道回了一趟母校，此后的二十一年就未再有这样的机会。我的导师今年5月退休，学生们相约在6月初给他举办一次退休晚会，于是我又借机回校了。1990年我准备到美国留学时，MSU并不是第一选择。录取我的学校中我的第一选择是布朗大学。但是那一年教委发布新的留学政策，故意刁难，护照没能及时办下来，布朗大学校方答复不能推迟入学，只好放弃了。给我全额奖学金的还有MSU、匹兹堡大学、塔夫茨大学、纽约州立大学石溪分校，都很通情达理地允许推迟到第二年冬季入学，反而不知道该选择哪一所好。那时候可不像现在可以在网上狂搜一番信息，可资参考的只有申请入学时校方寄来的宣传册，还有一本外文书店影印的、台湾出的美国大学专业排名，里面生化专业的排名MSU居然进了前十名，也不知是谁评的、哪个年代的事。写信向已在匹兹堡大学就读两年的学姐请教，回信也是含糊其辞：这些学校都差不多，去哪一所都不错。2006年，《MSU校友杂志》（MSU Alumni Magazine）采访我，问我为什么最终选择到MSU，我回答说：“因为它的分子和细胞生物学很强。而且，宣传册上的校园风景照看上去很吸引人。MSU对我来说就是一座象牙塔。我在MSU的5年度过了我一生最美好的时光。” 现在重返校园，依然觉得校园比风景照更美。本科生已经放假，空荡荡的校园变成了一个大公园。红杉河（Red Cedar River）穿越校园，把校园分成了两半，一边是实验室、教室、宿舍、体育场，一边是行政楼、图书馆、国际中心、活动中心（Union）、书店，河流成了校园生活不可分割的一部分，上学时经常要穿越，从不同的桥梁经过，风光也不同。但我现在看到的风光，和二十多年前看到的并没有什么差别。行政楼前河边草地上，还是一群群野鸭、大雁、松鼠在或坐或躺的学生们之间穿梭、讨食，被养得胖乎乎的。作为学校象征的钟楼、斯巴达人像、图书馆、橄榄球场、篮球馆还是那个样子，我当年工作过的生化大楼，住过的欧文研究生公寓、斯巴达村，玩过的沃顿表演中心、月季园、园艺系展览花园、树木园、森林，消费过的冰淇淋店（有40多种口味）、学生书店、北京快餐、花生酒桶酒吧、塔可钟墨西哥快餐店、麦当劳（和别的麦当劳不同，墙壁涂成了绿色和白色——MSU的代表色），也都还在。中国人口头上爱讲文化传统，中国大学更喜欢乱拜祖宗硬把自己搞成百年老校甚至千年学府，而实际上中国大学对历史传承的重视还远不如美国大学。中国大学的校园，几年不去就面貌全非了，不能像现在这样，走在熟悉的道路上，看着熟悉的景象，仿佛回到了二十多年前，不至于让自己成为陌生人。变化当然也有。最大的变化是新建了一个现代美术馆，回旋加速器也正在大幅度扩建。还有一些小的变化，例如生化系改叫了生化与分子生物学系，系里的教授只有几个还认识，原来的实验室也早已易主——不过实验室里我使用过的实验台、通风橱、黑板，甚至挂钟，都还没换。我正在当年日夜奋战的实验台前感慨，在实验室里干活的一个中国留学生认出我来，过来和“师兄”合影，其实我们并非一个导师，而且相差一代了。我们这一代留学生初到美国时感受到的巨大反差，是现在的留学生难以理解的。首先是财务的自由。说一个学生有财务自由似乎很可笑，但是要知道我在国内上大学时父母一个月给的生活费是40～80元人民币（刚入学时是40元，毕业时因物价上涨也跟着涨到80元人民币），每一顿饭菜都要精打细算，而MSU给的奖学金扣除了学费后，一个月拿到手还有一千美元，这百倍的差距，让人顿时有了成为大富豪的幻觉，至少生活有了基本保障，不用再担心吃了这顿没下顿了。由于中美有税法协议，中国留学生的奖学金不用交所得税，手头比美国学生还宽裕。其次是思想的自由。国内上学时前三年要上政治课，虽然大部分都逃掉了，但是考试是逃不掉的，而每周半天的政治学习也是逃不了的。毕业那年因情况特殊更是集中学习、检讨、交代思想根源。到了美国，自然没有人要控制你的思想、言论。在MSU读书期间互联网兴起，我开始在网上发言、建网站，从不用担心会被FBI请喝茶。第三是生活的自由。单身一人在海外，没有养家糊口的压力，没有七大姑八大姨的骚扰，学校里的人际关系简单，特别是在一个只有几个人的小实验室，没有竞争，其乐融融。博士生课程轻松，大部分时间都泡在实验室，而且可以自己安排作息，中午才去实验室，待到半夜离开，生化实验通常有两三小时等待时间，还可乘机去图书馆翻阅藏书、学校电影院看电影、沃顿中心听音乐会，日子过得逍遥自在。有这三大自由，所以我认为在MSU的5年度过了我一生最美好的时光。当然这段时光并不是用来享受的。我的学术训练在那5年开始和完成。在导师退休晚会上，每个学生送给导师一段话，我写的是：“我刚到美国的时候，虽然毕业于中国一所顶尖大学，但对科学的性质几乎一无所知。是扎克言传身教地教我什么是科学和怎么做研究。帮助中国公众理解科学现在成了我的工作，因此在美国一个实验室点燃的火炬已传到了中国。扎克是一个激励人心的导师！”（When I came to the US, although graduating from a top university of China, I knew little about the nature of science. It was Zach that taught me what science is and how research works, both by his words and actions. Now it has become my job to help the Chinese public to understand science, so the torch, ignited in an American lab, has been passed to China. Zach is such an inspiring mentor!） 这么说并非夸张。在中国科技大学的五年，在课堂上学了很多科学知识，受到了数理思维训练，所以我们戏称之为南七技校（南七是中国科大所在的地名），但并没有受到科学方法、科学思想、科学精神的教育和训练，反而受到了伪科学思潮的影响。上世纪80年代中国社会、中国高校普遍迷信“特异功能”，中国科大是重灾区：不少教师、包括著名教授沉迷于研究特异功能，有一届的全国特异功能大会就是在中国科大召开的；校园里常有“大师”来办班教气功，甚至还在大礼堂做“带功报告”，把台下众多师生催眠得手舞足蹈。在这样的氛围中，我在低年级时也是很相信特异功能、气功的，到高年级时不信了，成了少数的怀疑派，那也是自学的结果（主要是看了国外一些科学哲学著作和否定神秘现象的研究），跟学校教育没有关系。现在国内高校的情形要比当时好，但也未必有根本的改观。在我离开中国科大以后，那里还出了一个信佛的校长，宣扬量子力学验证了佛学，其名言是：“科学家千辛万苦爬到山顶时，佛学大师已经在此等候多时了！”这几天这个前校长又在讲“禅定”、“体验真气”、“打通中脉”、“神经元细胞每分钟更换一百万个”，有这种反科学的科技大学校长，怎么指望学生懂科学呢？ 我到了美国以后，从导师那里学会了怎么设计对照实验、控制实验变量、分析实验结果、提出假说和模型，才对科学、科研的实质有了深刻的理解和切身的体验；每周一次的实验室会议，更是一次批判性思维锻炼。这就是小实验室的好处，几乎天天与导师有交流、受熏陶，有时他甚至还手把手教我做实验。系里每周还有一次报告会，主要是请校外教授来讲，在开阔眼界的同时，也体会到了在国内难以想像的学术自由和平等。偶尔会有诺贝尔奖获得者到系里做报告，从没觉得他们高高在上，他们讲完了一样有听众举手提出疑问。不像现在，经常见到国外诺贝尔奖获得者成群结队去中国大学捞钱，享受着师生们天神般的崇拜。 我以前曾经说过，中国大学现在像公司，我们那个时候则像集中营。在集中营里生活，和朝夕相处的同学们有感情，对学校则没有，从没想过要特地回去看看，去了也只会觉得那是个陌生的地方。美国大学则是象牙塔，在走向社会，饱经沧桑之后，象牙塔里的生活更让人怀念，虽然那种纯洁的日子已一去不复返，在心中却显得越来越神圣。 2017.6.9. 附：2006年《MSU校友杂志》的采访 斯巴达人简介（注：斯巴达人为密歇根州立大学象征） 方是民：学术道德警察 《MSU校友杂志》（MSU Alumni Magazine）2006年秋季刊 中国高等教育已被伪科学、造假和不端行为所困扰，直到有一位密歇根州立大学（MSU）校友决定对此做一点事情。2000年，在圣地亚哥生活的1995年博士方是民开始在其有关中国文化和文学的网站新语丝上揭露肇事者。这个网站逐渐成为了为学术道德而战的旗舰，并受到媒体的广泛报道，其中包括国际期刊《科学》和《自然》。“因为许多中国报刊都上网了，我能够轻易地获得中国的信息，”以方舟子为笔名的方解释说，“我们至今已揭露了500多起案例。我想形势正在好转。”在这些案例中，包括教授伪造履历，窃取别人的研究成果，剽窃文章和书籍，有些还捏造研究成果。起初中国官方对此反应缓慢，反而去屏蔽是民的网站。“但是现在中国政府至少承认确实有问题……并发布了几项规章，”目前在北京担任科学作家和专栏作家的是民评论说。是民出生于福建省沿海小城云霄，毕业于安徽合肥的中国科学技术大学（USTC）。该校当时有个绰号叫“美国培训中心”（United States Training Center），因为其毕业生毕业后将到美国深造。于是，是民选择了MSU，因为它的分子和细胞生物学很强。“而且，宣传册上的校园风景照看上去很吸引人。”他补充说，“MSU对我来说就是一座象牙塔。我在MSU的5年度过了我一生最美好的时光。我的导师扎卡里·伯顿博士是个好老师、好朋友。”他和同学王朝晖一起在MSU创建了中文诗歌小组。1995年，MSU音乐博士生加里·纳什为是民的一首诗《最后的恋曲》谱曲。“我的朋友罗舒冬在她的毕业演唱会上演唱了这首歌，”是民回忆说，“那是我在MSU最感自豪的一刻。” SPARTAN PROFILESFANG SHI-MIN: ACADEMIC INTEGRITY COP Fall 2006 MSU Alumni Magazine Higher education in China has been beset by pseudoscience, fraud and misconduct, until an MSU alumnus decided to do something about it. Fang Shi-Min, Ph. D. '95, living in San Diego in 2000, began exposing the offenders in his personal web site about Chinese culture and literature, New Threads (xys.org). The site eventually became the flagship in the fight for academic integrity and received widespread coverage from the media, including the international journals Science and Nature. “I could easily get information from China because many newspapers and magazines were online,” explains Fang, who used the pseudonym Fang Zhouzi. “We have exposed more than 500 cases so far. I think the situation is getting better.” Among them were professors who falsified resumes, who claimed credit for research they did not conduct, who plagiarized articles and books, and in some cases, who faked research. At first Chinese officials were slow to react, choosing instead to block Shi-Ming's web site. “But now, the Chinese government at least admits there are problems . . . and has issued several regulations,” notes Shi-Ming, currently working in Beijing as a science writer and columnist. A native of Yunxiao, a coastal town in Fujian Province, Shi-Ming graduated from the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, Anhui Province, a school that was nicknamed “United States Training Center” because graduates pursued further degrees in the U.S. Accordingly, Shi-Ming chose MSU because of its strength in molecular and cell biology. “Also, the pictures of campus scenery in the brochures looked very attractive.” He adds,“MSU is an ivory tower to me. My five-year stay at MSU was the best time in my life. My mentor, Dr. Zachary Burton, is a good teacher and friend.” He and fellow student Zhaohui Wang co-founded a Chinese Poetry Group. In 1995, Gary Nash, a doctoral music student at MSU, composed a song based on one of his poems, The Last Love Song. “It was sung by my friend Shudong Luo at her graduation recital,” recalls Shi-Ming.“That's one of my proudest moments at MSU.”

Yang Yi is a Chinese editor, a broadcaster, and one of the trailblazers in the new world of podcasting in China. He is the host of two podcasts, a culture-themed show called "Left-Right", and a show called "Go! LIVE" where he invites reporters in China to share their eperiences in journalism. And he is also co-founder of the "JustPod" company, which currently produces four original and three branded podcasts. Yi and I discuss his personal experiences of growing up with broadcast media in China, and he makes some great observations about China's media landscape from the 1990s to today. While our interview was recorded many weeks before the coronavirus outbreak, some of the things we discuss will resonate with anyone observing how the issue is being handled in the Chinese and Western media. Yang Yi's object: A radio of course. Yang Yi's favourite WeChat sticker: This esoteric one of Jiang Zemin. You may need to listen to the episode for more information about this one!(Add @oscar10877 on WeChat to join the Group and see the original sticker) Yang Yi: The original radio made in the Soviet Union that he used to listen to as a child growing up in Anhui Province. Yang Yi: His hometown of Huáinán, nowadays most famous for the Piano House building. Yang Yi: His “JustPod” podcasting company, and two of the podcasts he personally hosts: “Left-Right” and “Go! LIVE”. Yang Yi: Two of the American storytelling podcasts that he referenced in our discussion: “This American Life” and “Serial”. Yi believes China is still waiting for its “Serial moment” that will allow podcasts to achieve mainstream popularity in China. Yang Yi: There are a couple of storytelling shows breaking through in the China podcast space at the moment. The most famous of these is 故事FM. Yang Yi: The overwhelmingly most popular podcasting host and distributor in China is Ximalaya (喜马拉雅). Yang Yi's favourite China fact: The Confucian concept of 中庸之一 (Zhōngyōng zhīyī - Doctrine of the Mean). Yang Yi's favourite word or phrase in Chinese: 好吧 (Hǎo ba), which means something like, “well... alright then”. That's in contrast to 好的 (Hǎo de) which is a more emphatic way of saying yes or OK. If Yang Yi left China, he would miss the efficiency of life, including the Shanghai metro system. The thing that surprises Yang Yi about modern life in China is the advancement of video production apps like 抖音 (Dǒuyīn - Tiktok). Yang Yi's favourite place to eat: The 大肠汤 (Dàcháng tāng - Pig's large intestine soup) restaurant around the corner from his home. Yang Yi's best recent purchase: The book "The Fifth Risk" by Michael Lewis. Yang Yi's favourite song to sing at KTV (karaoke): 最炫民族风 (Zuì xuàn mínzú fēng - The Most Dazzling Folk Style) by 凤凰传奇 (Fènghuáng chuánqí - Phoenix Legend). Yang Yi's favourite China-related information source: 财新传媒 (Cáixīn Media). Yang Yi's selfie with Oscar.

Yang Yi is a Chinese editor, a broadcaster, and one of the trailblazers in the new world of podcasting in China. He is the host of two podcasts, a culture-themed show called "Left-Right", and a show called "Go! LIVE" where he invites reporters in China to share their eperiences in journalism. And he is also co-founder of the "JustPod" company, which currently produces four original and three branded podcasts. Yi and I discuss his personal experiences of growing up with broadcast media in China, and he makes some great observations about China's media landscape from the 1990s to today. While our interview was recorded many weeks before the coronavirus outbreak, some of the things we discuss will resonate with anyone observing how the issue is being handled in the Chinese and Western media. Yang Yi's object: A radio of course. Yang Yi's favourite WeChat sticker: This esoteric one of Jiang Zemin. You may need to listen to the episode for more information about this one!(Add @oscar10877 on WeChat to join the Group and see the original sticker) Yang Yi: The original radio made in the Soviet Union that he used to listen to as a child growing up in Anhui Province. Yang Yi: His hometown of Huáinán, nowadays most famous for the Piano House building. Yang Yi: His “JustPod” podcasting company, and two of the podcasts he personally hosts: “Left-Right” and “Go! LIVE”. Yang Yi: Two of the American storytelling podcasts that he referenced in our discussion: “This American Life” and “Serial”. Yi believes China is still waiting for its “Serial moment” that will allow podcasts to achieve mainstream popularity in China. Yang Yi: There are a couple of storytelling shows breaking through in the China podcast space at the moment. The most famous of these is 故事FM. Yang Yi: The overwhelmingly most popular podcasting host and distributor in China is Ximalaya (喜马拉雅). Yang Yi's favourite China fact: The Confucian concept of 中庸之一 (Zhōngyōng zhīyī - Doctrine of the Mean). Yang Yi's favourite word or phrase in Chinese: 好吧 (Hǎo ba), which means something like, “well... alright then”. That's in contrast to 好的 (Hǎo de) which is a more emphatic way of saying yes or OK. If Yang Yi left China, he would miss the efficiency of life, including the Shanghai metro system. The thing that surprises Yang Yi about modern life in China is the advancement of video production apps like 抖音 (Dǒuyīn - Tiktok). Yang Yi's favourite place to eat: The 大肠汤 (Dàcháng tāng - Pig's large intestine soup) restaurant around the corner from his home. Yang Yi's best recent purchase: The book "The Fifth Risk" by Michael Lewis. Yang Yi's favourite song to sing at KTV (karaoke): 最炫民族风 (Zuì xuàn mínzú fēng - The Most Dazzling Folk Style) by 凤凰传奇 (Fènghuáng chuánqí - Phoenix Legend). Yang Yi's favourite China-related information source: 财新传媒 (Cáixīn Media). Yang Yi's selfie with Oscar.

ARVEL BIRD is a classically trained as a violinist compositions whose performances encompass an extraordinary love of diversity—from traditional Celtic tunes and bluegrass standards to his contemporary Native American and Celtic rock orchestrations. His performances have been called “Braveheart Meets Last of the Mohicans ... at Woodstock.” Arvel toured worldwide with Glen Campbell for six years and also worked with Loretta Lynn, Tom T. Hall, Ray Price, Louise Mandrell, and Clay Walker. His newest and most vibrant instrumental release ‘Animal Totems' is a tribute to the endangered species of the world. CICADA RHYTHM is the sound of Juilliard-trained bassist Andrea DeMarcus and rootsy guitarist Dave Kirslis. Born and raised in Georgia, the duo merges both traditional and contemporary Americana sounds along with topical lyrics, which often touched upon modern issues like environmentalism. On their latest album ‘Everywhere I Go' out on New West Records, upsized their sound considerably with new members filling their lineup and a louder set of influences propelling their sound forward. Special Guests: ZHOU FAMILY BAND ( 周 家 班 ) plays traditional wind and percussion music which accompany birth and death celebrations of the people of Central-Eastern China for more than 600 years. Coming from Lingbi, Anhui Province, part of the Central Plain area which formed the cradle of Chinese civilization, the Zhou family have been musicians for seven generations, and are bearers of a tradition that represents the finest of Chinese folk music

Welcome to the sixth installment of the Caixin-Sinica Business Brief, a weekly podcast that brings you the most important business stories of the week from China's top source for business and financial news. Produced by Kaiser Kuo of our Sinica Podcast, it includes a business news roundup, conversations with Caixin reporters and editors, and a selection of complete stories from the news, read by Kaiser and Sinica rotating co-host Ada Shen. This week, we look at some of the big numbers from the Belt and Road Forum, which concluded after two days of clear skies in Beijing. We hear about "combustible ice," a source of methane gas that can be found in permafrost and under seabeds. We look at Alibaba's earning results, which owe at least some of their shine to the tremendous penetration that mobile payment platform Alipay is making. We then speak with Caixin Global editor Doug Young about the state of mobile payments in China, and with Caixin macroeconomics reporter Fran Wang about some of the macro numbers for April. We also bring you five complete stories: China Unicom admits to huge falsification of revenues in Shaanxi Province. Chinese smartphone brands are faring very well in the fast-growing Indian smartphone market. Ant Financial plans to seek a massive loan for a planned acquisition of MoneyGram. A massive algae bloom in Yunnan's Erhai Lake is hurting tourism and agriculture in the region. Poor practices of supposed conservation workers threaten a 600-year-old early Ming heritage site in Anhui Province.   We'd love to hear your feedback on this new product. Please send any comments and suggestions to sinica@supchina.com.

2017-05-01 Special EnglishThis is Special English. I'm Mark Griffiths in Beijing. Here is the news.More than 3,100 government officials have been held to account for the poor implementation of pollution control measures. Environmental problems have been uncovered in all seven provincial level regions included in the environmental inspections by the central authorities. Inspectors have conducted their month-long reviews in Beijing, Shanghai and Chongqing municipalities as well as in other provinces since late November. The performance audits exposed more than 15,000 violations.The inspection reports featured the complaint that governments have not focused enough attention on the environment. The failure has resulted in worsening air and water quality in some areas. In one case, Gansu province in northwest China made plans to control air pollution, but inspectors found that it had not fully implemented the measures. The province has failed to meet its air pollution reduction targets for 2014 and 2015. Inspectors also found a lack of assessment in Beijing, where seven districts failed to meet targets for 2014. The municipality did not release information or punish the officials responsible. This is Special English.China's manned submarine Jiaolong has gone through a dive simulation in Hainan Province to prepare for a deep descent in the South China Sea.The submarine stayed underwater for 18 minutes in the drill before returning to its support ship. The crew completed tasks including underwater training, practical operation and emergency escape.The ship's forthcoming South China Sea dive is part of the second stage of China's 38th ocean scientific expedition. The expedition will last for around four months.Officials say the drill was necessary to test the equipment and personnel. Currently the Jiaolong's "technological status" is stable and the cooperation among various departments is smooth.The submarine completed a deep-sea operation in the northwestern Indian Ocean earlier this year. It will also conduct surveys in the Yap Trench and the Mariana Trench.Named after a mythical dragon, the Jiaolong reached its deepest depth of 7,062 meters in the Mariana Trench in June 2012. You're listening to Special English. I'm Mark Griffiths in Beijing.China has begun a series of changes to the rules regarding permanent residence for foreign nationals in the country.A plan has been issued by the Ministry of Public Security. The "foreigner's permanent residence card" will be renamed as the "foreigner's permanent residence identity card".Similar to the identity cards used by Chinese citizens, foreigners' identity information will be embedded in the chips on the machine-readable cards. The information will be shared by railways, airlines, insurance agencies, hotels and banks.The old version cannot be read by machines, and foreigners often face difficulty in identity authentication. The reform aims to provide foreigners with easier access to public services.The new card can be obtained at the original registration authority, while the old version can still be used until the expiry date. Related technical work is expected to be finished by June, and then foreigners can apply for the new cards.Last year, 1,600 foreign nationals became permanent residents of China, an increase of 160 percent over the previous year. This is Special English.China is aiming to increase the scale of its cloud computing industry by more than 2.5 times from 2015 levels by 2019.According to a new government plan, the scale of the cloud computing industry will be expanded to 430 billion yuan, roughly 62 billion U.S. dollars, by 2019. The action plan was issued by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology.Other targets include making breakthroughs in core technology, increasing cloud computing in manufacturing and government affairs, and strengthening the global influence of Chinese cloud computing companies.The ministry expects that two to three Chinese cloud computing companies will lead the global market within three years. It says cloud computing should be a strong support for China's manufacturing and Internet industries and help other social and economic sectors.The ministry pledged to enhance cloud computing network security and improve security regulation and relevant laws, as many users from key industries are still hesitating due to safety concerns.In the next three years, China will help boost cloud computing technology and encourage local governments to work with leading cloud computing companies to build public service platforms.You're listening to Special English. I'm Mark Griffiths in Beijing.Chinese search engine Baidu has succeeded in using artificial intelligence to reconnect a man with his family 27 years after he was abducted.The company is working with a charity group dedicated to connecting missing children and their families. Baidu uses its cross-age facial recognition program to analyze pictures of abducted children and identifies potential matches through the comparison of selected facial features. The missing children's pictures were uploaded by the victims and their birth families. Thirty-three-year-old victim Fu Gui was born in Chongqing Municipality in western China. He was abducted in 1990 and later transferred to Fujian Province in southeastern China. He registered in 2009, and his birth family did the same in early 2017.Baidu's facial recognition program was able to draw up a short list of potential identities for the man from pictures uploaded to the site, and a DNA test later verified the correct match.Baidu has around 200 million sample pictures that it uses to improve the sensitivity and accuracy of its facial recognition program, which can be over 99 percent accurate.Baidu's founder and CEO Robin Li says artificial intelligence systems, including facial recognition, could be used to help find missing children. The company has suggested that there should be a central database with missing children's information installed. You're listening to Special English. I'm Mark Griffiths in Beijing. You can access the program by logging on to crienglish.com. You can also find us on our Apple Podcast. Now the news continues.Psychologists at the University of Manchester in Britain have revealed that they have come up with a new way of helping people overcome their fear of spiders.Dr. Warren Mansell says rather than encouraging arachnophobias to face their spider fears, which is the current approach of many therapists, giving people control over how much they approach or avoid what they are afraid of is more likely to help.Mansell based his findings on a theory known as Perceptual Control Theory. The study was published in Journal of Anxiety Disorders.People with a fear of spiders sat in front of a screen and they themselves were able to control how close or distant the spider would appear.He said Perceptual Control Theory predicts that it is vital for a client to have control over their experience of important elements of the environment including the sources of threat. He said control itself is pivotal for health and well-being.The team recruited a large sample of people with high levels of spider fear and asked them to list their reasons for avoiding spiders but also their reasons for approaching spiders.After completing a simple task, people reported avoiding spiders less in their everyday lives two weeks later, despite their fear, and without any prompting to do so.You're listening to Special English. I'm Mark Griffiths in Beijing.A new study suggests that when Coffea arabica plants were subjected to even short-duration heat waves, they became unable to produce flowers and fruit. This means there would be no coffee beans and no coffee to drink.Researchers from the United States investigated how leaf age and heat duration affected Coffea arabica's recovery from heat stress during greenhouse testing. The study found that the younger "expanding" leaves were particularly slow to recover compared to mature leaves, and that none of the plants that endured the simulated heat waves produced any flowers or fruit.Coffea arabica is the dominant coffee-plant species on the globe. It grows in 80 countries in four continents in the tropics, accounting for 65 percent of the commercial production of the 9 billion kilograms of coffee consumed globally each year.The findings emphasized how sensitive Coffea arabica is to temperature. The leaf temperature is higher than the surrounding air temperature, which is a realistic result of global climate change.This is Special English.A British researcher says governments worldwide should invest in global approaches to learn how carbon capture and storage works, which is a realistic way of reducing carbon emissions. That's according to a commentary published online recently by the journal Nature Energy.David Reiner from the University of Cambridge, author of the commentary, said that like many new technologies, it is only possible to learn what works and what doesn't by building and testing demonstration projects at scale. He argues that by giving up on carbon capture and storage instead of working together to develop a global "portfolio" of projects, countries are turning their backs on a key part of a low-carbon future.Reiner says carbon capture and storage works by separating the carbon dioxide emitted by coal and gas power plants, transporting it and then storing it underground so that the carbon dioxide cannot escape into the atmosphere.However, the technologies have fallen out of favor with private and public sector funders in recent years. Corporations and governments worldwide, including most recently the UK, are abandoning the same technology they championed just a few years ago.The researcher says there are several reasons why carbon capture and storage seems to have fallen out of favor with both private and public sector funders, including costs, commercial pressure and timescales, as well as a lack of international cooperation.You're listening to Special English. I'm Mark Griffiths in Beijing.A special edition of the "Ukraine-China" magazine has been launched to mark the 25th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Ukraine. The magazine features celebration remarks by the leaders of the two countries, as well as expert opinions on the historical path and the current state of China-Ukraine friendly relations.The publications highlight topics including the strategic partnership between China and Ukraine, interregional cooperation, trade and economic relations, as well as collaboration in science and education.The "Ukraine-China" magazine was first published in 1999 by the Kiev-based Institute of Oriental Studies. It was previously issued on an irregular basis, and became a periodical this year.This is Special English.An exhibition featuring conventional craftsmanship in Anhui Province has opened to the public at Beijing's Palace Museum.The exhibition showcases 85 works by 20 successors of national intangible cultural heritage from the eastern Chinese Province. The items on display include ink stones, ink and brush pens, lacquer ware and bamboo carvings. In ancient times, most calligraphy supplies used by Chinese emperors came from Huangshan city in the province. The Palace Museum and the city government launched a workshop last year, aiming to promote the craftsmanship and tourism development in the city.Mount Huangshan is a UNESCO World Natural Heritage site. It is known for its elegant architecture and high-quality green and black tea.That is the end of this edition of Special English. To freshen up your memory, I'm going to read one of the news items again at normal speed. Please listen carefully.（全文见周六微信。）

This is Special English. I&`&m Mark Griffiths in Beijing. Here is the news.Chinese lawmakers have called for stricter management of traditional Chinese medicine production.During panel deliberations recently, legislators discussed a draft law on Traditional Chinese Medicine, tabled for a third reading at the bimonthly session of the National People&`&s Congress Standing Committee. The legislators agreed that the quality and safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine materials should be ensured with improved regulations.Legislator Jia Chunmei said during the discussion that bad materials lead to ineffective treatments, and cause people to mistrust Traditional Chinese Medicine.Legislators applauded the draft as it stresses enhanced supervision over farms producing Chinese medicine materials, adding that growth hormones used for herb cultivation should be brought under control.Legislator Zhang Boli said the overuse of growth hormones will sacrifice quality for quantity.Meanwhile, legislators urged specific rules that clarify the civil and criminal responsibilities of those who violate the Traditional Chinese Medicine law. This is Special English.Anhui Province in eastern China will be the first in the country to drop the Public English Test System, an English proficiency test for Chinese students. The province will stop using the system this year and more areas will follow suit.China plans to finally combine the two most popular English proficiency tests into one by 2020. China has around 300 million English learners who often have to take multiple, overlapping English tests. The Ministry of education has revealed that a new English proficiency evaluation system will be put into use this year and may be put forward across China by 2020.The new system will correspond with international standards and set nine grades for testers ranging from elementary school graduates to English majors and exceptional talents.You&`&re listening to Special English. I&`&m Mark Griffiths in Beijing.Facebook is taking new measures to curb the spread of fake news on its huge and influential social network. Focusing on the worst offenders, Facebook will partner with outside fact-checkers and news organizations to sort honest news reports from made-up stories that play on people&`&s passions and preconceived notions.Facebook will make it easier for users to report fake news, in only two steps when they see it. If enough people report a story as fake, Facebook will pass it to third-party fact-checking organizations that are part of the nonprofit Poynter Institute&`&s International Fact-Checking Network.Five fact-checking and news organizations are working with Facebook on this, including ABC News and The Associated Press, and the group is likely to expand.Stories that failed the fact check won&`&t be removed from Facebook, but they&`&ll be publicly flagged as "disputed", which will force them to appear lower down in people&`&s news feeds. Users will be able to click on a link to learn why that is. And if people decide they want to share the story with friends anyway, they can, but they&`&ll get another warning.This is Special English.German officials are stepping up their criticism of Facebook, saying the social network is doing too little to stop hate speech and could face stiff fines unless it deletes illegal content faster.In an interview published recently, Justice Minister Heiko Maas said his ministry was checking whether it would be possible to make social networking sites legally liable for illegal posts.Maas told media that if other measures fail to work, they have to think about fines in the end, and that would be a strong incentive to act quickly.Germany has seen a sharp increase in vitriolic posts on social media in recent years amid a heated public debate over the influx of more than a million migrants since the start of 2015.The country has laws against speech deemed to be racist, defamatory or inciting violence, a response to Germany&`&s Nazi legacy. But authorities have struggled with the deluge of often anonymous postings on foreign-owned websites.Facebook, based in California in the United States, says it takes the issue seriously and has hundreds of contractors reviewing posts at a Berlin office. But it is reported that staff members there complain of inconsistent rules and overwork.You&`&re listening to Special English. I&`&m Mark Griffiths in Beijing.The United Nations children&`&s fund and its partners have kicked off a mass measles vaccination drive, aiming to vaccinate 54,000 children under 10 years of age in southern Somalia.The United Nations Children&`&s Fund, UNICEF, says the vaccination drive follows a serious of outbreaks in southern Somalia.A UNICEF representative in Somalia says measles is one of the most deadly vaccine-preventable diseases but sadly, it is far from being the only one in Somalia.Many of the children suspected of suffering from measles in Kismayo had not been vaccinated against the disease, although there are 16 free vaccination posts in the area.The U.N. agency has supported the swift delivery of 55,000 doses of measles vaccine to the area along with Vitamin A supplementation to boost immunity. The vaccines are funded by the Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance, and Japan.According to UNICEF, measles is a key indicator of the strength of a country&`&s immunization systems. Somalia has one of the lowest immunization rates in the world. Measles is a highly contagious viral disease and a leading cause of death among young children in Somalia.This is Special English.U.S. researchers have found that a low-dose of aspirin may inhibit the normal function of blood platelets and reduce their ability to up-regulate a protein which plays an important role in cancer cell proliferation and survival. The mechanism means that low-dose aspirin, or "baby aspirin", may have some benefits in helping cancer prevention, especially colon cancer, in addition to protection against cardiovascular disease. The researchers from Oregon State University say the benefit of aspirin may be due to its effect on blood cells called platelets, rather than acting directly on tumor cells.Early cancer cells live in what&`&s actually a pretty hostile environment, where the immune system regularly attacks and attempts to eliminate them. Platelets can play a protective role for those early cancer cells. Inhibition with aspirin appears to interfere with that process.For the first time, the study shows the ability of platelets to regulate cancer cells.The anti-cancer benefit of aspirin occurs at very low doses. Higher doses are used to treat inflammation, headaches or pain. The new findings have enabled doctors to use low doses of aspirin, to minimize the risk of inner bleeding. Inner bleeding is a serious concern with any anti-platelet medication. You&`&re listening to Special English. I&`&m Mark Griffiths in Beijing. You can access the program by logging on to newsplusradio.cn. You can also find us on our Apple Podcast. If you have any comments or suggestions, please let us know by e-mailing us at mansuyingyu@cri.com.cn. That&`&s mansuyingyu@cri.com.cn. Now the news continues.French car maker Renault has opened China&`&s first experimental zone for self-driving cars in the central Chinese city of Wuhan.An electric autonomous driving, or AD, car by Renault has started operating on a 2-kilometer-long lakeside road in the Sino-French Wuhan Ecological Demonstration City.Visitors are allowed to experience the autonomous vehicle in the zone, which was jointly built by Renault and its Chinese cooperation partner, the Dongfeng Company.Autonomous systems can make car travel safer and passengers less stressed. It will make driving more enjoyable in tedious conditions, including traffic congestion.The Renault Group plans to gradually introduce the "eyes off" technology in its core range of vehicles by 2020. Drivers are also expected to be able to take advantage of in-car connectivity safely when conditions and the law permit.You&`&re listening to Special English. I&`&m Mark Griffiths in Beijing.Babies born with congenital Zika virus infection may develop microcephaly, or abnormal smallness of the head, months after birth.The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention published its latest Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. The report described 13 infants in Brazil with congenital Zika virus infection who did not have microcephaly at birth, but experienced slowed head growth as early as five months after birth.Among the infants, 11 later developed microcephaly.Congenital Zika virus infection without microcephaly at birth has been reported previously.However, this is the first series of infants with laboratory evidence of congenital Zika virus infection documented to have poor head growth with microcephaly developing after birth.The new findings have raised the alarm for the seemingly healthy babies born to mothers who were infected with the Zika virus worldwide.This is Special English.A report has found that Australia&`&s use of illegal methamphetamines including ice is at an all-time high.Odyssey House, one of Australia&`&s largest drug rehabilitation organizations based in Melbourne released its annual report recently. It said the number of people who admitted to amphetamine use went up 53 percent in 2016.The report said that half of the amphetamine users in Australia were seeking help for their addiction while heroin and opium use went down 45 percent last year.The report says the growth in ice addiction was proof that the Australian government needed to increase long-term funding to fight ice addiction.The report found that two thirds of Australian drug users last year were over the age of 30, with users reporting their first intoxication at a much earlier age than a decade ago.You&`&re listening to Special English. I&`&m Mark Griffiths in Beijing.The surgeon who created the life-saving Heimlich maneuver for choking died in Cincinnati in the United States recently. Dr. Henry Heimlich died of a heart attack at the age of 96.Heimlich&`&s son, Phil Heimlich, said his father was a great man who saved many lives, and he will be missed not only by his family but by all of humanity.Dr. Heimlich was director of surgery at the Jewish Hospital in Cincinnati in 1974 when he devised his treatment to reverse choking that made his name a household word in the United States.Rescuers using the procedure abruptly squeeze a victim&`&s abdomen, pushing in and above the navel with the fist to create a flow of air from the lungs. The flow of air can then push objects out of the windpipe and prevent suffocation.The maneuver has saved the lives of thousands in the United States alone. It earned Dr. Heimlich several awards and worldwide recognition. The maneuver was adopted by public health authorities, airlines and restaurant associations across the world.This is Special English.Lights, baubles and other decorations are often used to decorate Christmas trees in Australia during the festive season, but one local woman was shocked to find a tiger snake playing the part of the tinsel.After spotting the stowaway snake wrapped around the tree in her home, the woman called a professional snake handler Barry Goldsmith who happily relocated the "moving decoration".Goldsmith&`&s photo of the slippery critter went viral on Australia&`&s social media overnight. He told the Australian Broadcasting Corporation that he&`&d never seen anything quite like it.He said that although he has found snakes around the base of Christmas trees in amongst the presents in the past, he has never found one up inside a Christmas tree.Goldsmith said it is a one-off thing, like lightning striking, and it&`&s not going to happen again for sure, not this year.（全文见周六微信。）

更多内容及完整文稿请关注我们10.6日的微信：英语环球 NEWSPlus Most Chinese people believe that eating isn't just about good food; it's also a social ritual that brings people closer together and helps create harmony within the family. Cooking isn't just a way of processing different ingredients, but also a reflection of local lifestyle and values. Hui cuisine is one such culinary tradition. Originating in today's Anhui Province, in central China, the dishes of this cuisine are prepared with a precise selection of ingredients, cooking times and temperatures so that textures, colours and flavours are balanced throughout any meal. Our reporter Qian Shan-ming has more. Reporter: One of the eight culinary traditions of China, Hui cuisine doesn't refer to Anhui Province dishes as many people mistakenly think but food from Huizhou. Huizhou is based in today's Huangshan City in Anhui Province. It was a historic region in southeastern China, first established in the Song Dynasty more than a millennium ago. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it became one of China's most important economic and cultural centers. In the same period, Hui merchants became one of the ten most powerful merchant groups in China, and had a strong influence in the country's business circles for about 300 years. It is said that more than 70 percent of the male population in Huizhou back then were engaged in business of some sort, and Hui merchants topped all other merchant groups across China in terms of their number, economic power and the spectrum of their trading activities. Their footprints could be found nationwide, and there was even a saying that said: "there is no town without a Hui merchant." Its economic prosperity at the same time spawned a flourishing Hui culture which was reflected in every aspect of local life in the late feudal period with its Hui-style architecture, commercialism, the patriarchal clan system, Neo-Confucianism, Hui Opera and Hui cuisine. 'Smelly mandarin fish' is a famous Hui dish which came out of Hui commercialism. Like many fermented foods, the dish assaults the nose but definitely pleases the palate. Anhui's geographical location is perfect for gathering raw ingredients �C as it is surrounded by mountains and water. That's why the local chefs try to insist on using fresh ingredients and simple cooking methods which mean the dishes maintain the original flavors of the ingredients. So if this is the case, why would a Hui chef use fermented fish instead of fresh for this dish? Food expert Xuan Guolin explains. "Mandarin fish is not a local product of Huizhou and was, in fact, introduced into the local cuisine by Hui merchants when they came back from their business trips. Back then, merchants had to rely on primitive modes of transport to carry their goods, and trips could take 5 to 7 days or even longer. In these days before refrigeration technology it was essential to find ways to preserve perishable foods like this fish �C so the merchants would slather it with salt so it would keep on the long trek back to Huizhou. When they got home and found the fish had acquired a peculiar smell, they decided to give it a try anyway and bingo, once braised, it tasted great. The taste eventually caught on. " The fermented mandarin fish shares a pungency similar to blue cheese or stinky tofu, but once you get past the first impressions, you'll be rewarded with a braised flavor that's highly addictive. It's said that the best time to eat this dish is when the peach blossoms bloom. This is the season when the small river shrimp hatch, become the Mandarin fish's main food source and hence its predator's flavour. Taste, colour and temperature are all of equal importance in the dishes served up by Hui chefs. Foods are prepared in accordance with tradition-bound principles where the use of high, medium or low heat are concerned, and depend on the characteristics of the ingredients and the objective of the flavors. Hui chefs traditionally have to master all of the Chinese cooking techniques. Once they have the full skill set, they can prepare ingredients in many different ways, which gives nuances of taste which to many are instantly recognisable as belonging to the 'Hui cuisine' tradition. And it's not all about a delicate mastery of skills. Hui chefs have to get used to getting a workout -- this strong, savory cuisine demands cooking with heavy woks over huge, hot flames. Wok cooking is a true test of stamina and dexterity and apprentice chefs are trained by tossing sand over and over in a wok. Huohou wei, or "the flavor of the flame", is essential to Hui cuisine, giving dishes a smoky flavor that can be identified in the nostrils of people sitting at the next table. Huizhou people like their foods to be stewed, simmered or steamed to keep the ingredients' original taste and nutrition; while frying and stir-frying techniques are less frequently used. Some typical Hui dishes are cooked by simmering over a mild heat for more than 10 hours. As Chen Zheng, an expert on Hui culture, explains, this cooking style is closely related to the life values of ancient Huizhou society. "Confucianism has strongly influenced Huizhou people's attitudes towards life��they tend to stay humble; and emphasise self-improvement and cultivation of virtues; because of this they habitually tend to be relaxed in nature, and peaceful as well. These life attitudes are also reflected in their cooking philosophy, as they prefer to gently simmer and stew foods slowly so they keep their original flavors and nutrition." Traditionally, Huizhou people enjoy their winters by sitting around a fire pit with a large pot over the flame, stewing varieties of ingredients that are ideal for fighting the cold.

At the train stations in Shenyang, Chongqing, Guangzhou and Xian, all major railway hubs in China, four phone-booth-like pavilions have been set up. Instead of being used to make phone calls, they are designed to record videos. Established by China Central Television, these pavilions are for homebound travelers to record their Spring Festival blessing inside. Once recorded, the videos will be selected by the TV station and broadcast nationwide. In some cases these video blessings may reach home eariler than the travelers do. People walking into the red booth may initially appear shy or nervous in front of the video camera. But eventually, they speak their minds and reveal their deep emotions. Liang Kelei and his family lives in Xi'an, capital city of Shaanxi Province. He sent this message from the railway station in Xi'an to his daughter who's not coming home this year. "My name is Liang Kelei and my hometown is in Shanxi. The person I miss the most is my daughter. She goes to college in Anhui Province. I want to tell her: I miss you so much. " Some people got into the telephone boothes to express their hopes and aspirations for the coming year, like Luo Jiancheng, and Zhang Tao. "I have made a new plan for myself. I want to change my work environment. Last year, I didn't meet the requirement to expand the scale of production as the factory manager; for the coming year, I will learn more. " "My baby boy starting to walk is the most memorable moment for me this past year. I will never forget how he toddles. Next year, I wish for him to grow healthy and happy and for everyone to have a happy family!" Amongst the hustle and bustle of the train stations, love and friendship is the pervasive theme of the Spring Festival, a holiday that hinges on togetherness. Hu Qi, a migrant worker told his family this before he boarded the train. "At the beginning of each year, I leave home with a dream; at the end of each year, I come back with love. I want to thank my family and friends. Because of you, while away from home, I am stronger."