POPULARITY
2 episodes with NNK
2 episodes with NNK
2 episodes with NNK
"Das Ganze ist mehr als die Summe seiner Teile" ist ein Satz, der auf ein Zitat von Aristoteles zurück geht und eine gute Einführung in das wissenschaftliche Konzept der Emergenz bietet. Und genau darum geht es in dieser Podcastfolge. Emergenz beschreibt dabei ein beobachtbares Phänomen, bei dem sich durch das Zusammenspiel bestimmter Elemente eine neue übergeordnete Ebene bilden kann, die z.B. Eigenschaften aufweist, die die einzelnen Elemente selbst nicht aufweisen oder die sich auch nicht direkt auf die Eigenschaften der einzelnen Teile zurückführen lassen. Im Endeffekt also, dass das Ganze zwar aus seinen Einzelteilen zusammengesetzt ist, aber auch darüber hinaus geht. In der Podcastfolge erfahrt ihr, was Emergenz mit dem ICH zu tun hat und warum das Prinzip der Emergenz wichtig ist, um den Prozess der Informationsverarbeitung nachvollziehen zu können und wie die vier Stufen der Informationsverarbeitung aussehen. In dieser Folge erwähnte Links: Der neue Podcast von Johanna Llin: Schul-REIFE - Leichter lernen + glücklicher wachsen Bei Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/@Schul-REIFE Mehr zum Gruppenaustausch rund um NNK und Metahormonix: https://limonenpfeffer.de/forum Blick in die Gruppe: https://limonenpfeffer.coachy.net Mehr Infos zum Thema Entwicklung: Evogralis
In dieser Podcastfolge arbeitet sich Lina mit euch an die Funktionsweise von Informationen. Denn die Mechanismen hinter dem Empfangen von Informationen zeigen deutlich, warum ein Mangel an Informationen nicht immer durch mehr Informationen ausgeglichen werden kann. Die meisten Menschen haben das Gefühl, dass die Lösung ihrer Probleme darin liegt, dass sie das vermeintlich Fehlende einfach auffüllen müssen, bzw. das Richtige einfach noch nicht gefunden wurde. Das gilt auch für Informationen. Dabei wird sich selten mit den genauen, dahinter liegende Mechanismen beschäftigt. Obwohl sich gerade darin zahlreiche Gründe verstecken, warum es mit den Informationen nicht so klappt, wie es eigentlich sollte. In dieser Folge erwähnte Links: Der neue Podcast von Johanna Llin: Schul-REIFE - Leichter lernen + glücklicher wachsen Bei Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/@Schul-REIFE Mehr zum Gruppenaustausch rund um NNK und Metahormonix: https://limonenpfeffer.de/forum Blick in die Gruppe: https://limonenpfeffer.coachy.net Katias Text zum System: Biologische Heilkybernetik - Die Systematik hinter der Behandlung Mehr Infos zur Entwicklung: Evogralis
In dieser Podcastfolge spricht Lina mit euch über Informationen. Denn wenn es um Informationsverarbeitung geht, dann spielen Informationen natürlich eine große Rolle. Schließlich ist Informationsverarbeitung im Endeffekt ja so etwas, wie Informationen für sich nutzbar zu machen. Doch was genau sind eigentlich Informationen? Warum spielen sie für uns eine so große Rolle? Wo befinden sich Informationen und wann sind Informationen eigentlich relevant? Um all diese Fragen und noch einiges mehr geht es in dieser Folge. In dieser Folge erwähnte Links: Mehr zum Gruppenaustausch rund um NNK und Metahormonix: https://limonenpfeffer.de/forum Blick in die Gruppe: https://limonenpfeffer.coachy.net Mehr Infos zur Entwicklung: Evogralis Der neue Podcast von Johanna Llin: Schul-REIFE - Leichter lernen + glücklicher wachsen Bei Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/@Schul-REIFE
In this episode, we go back to the border town of Bihac, in Bosnia, to see how the solidarity network No Name Kitchen (NNK) supports People on the Move there. In Part 2 of this miniseries on Bosnia, we'll near more from NNK's volunteers in Bosnia, and also from the refugees/migrants/People on the Move who are trapped in the Balkan country. ---Get in touch--- Twitter: @FleetCivil Mastodon: @civilfleet@kolektiva.social Bluesky: @thecivilfleet.bsky.social Instagram: thecivilfleet info@civilfleet.com civilfleet.com Support: ko-fi.com/civilfleet ---Show Notes--- For more on No Name Kitchen, see their website here: nonamekitchen.org Follow NNK on Twitter via @NoNameKitchen1 Follow them on Instagram: @no_name_kitchen And listen to episodes 58 Part 2, 51, 41, and 6 of The Civil Fleet Podcast. Want to know where Bihac is exactly? Check out this map: tinyurl.com/34txjd3d Ben mentions border guards forcing people-on-the-move to stay inside hot cars as a form of punishment. For more on this practice, see this story by Lighthouse Reports: lighthousereports.com/investigation/europes-black-sites/ And check out Episode 34 of The Civil Fleet Podcast with Klaas van Dijken, one of the co-founders of Lighthouse Reports Check out a film called Shadow Game for more on the term the game: shadowgame.eu/en/film/
In April, I went to Bihac, a small town in Bosnia near the border with Croatia, to see how the solidarity network No Name Kitchen (NNK) supports People on the Move there. In this episode, NNK's volunteers in Bihac will tell us how they provide first aid, food and clothing to the People on the Move there, and how they document border violence. We'll also talk with a few of the people trapped in Bosnia, who'll tell us about their journeys to the Balkan country, and the abuses they have faced from border guards at the edge of Fortress Europe. ---Get in touch--- Twitter: @FleetCivil Mastodon: @civilfleet@kolektiva.social Bluesky: @thecivilfleet.bsky.social Instagram: thecivilfleet info@civilfleet.com civilfleet.com Support: ko-fi.com/civilfleet ---Show Notes--- For more on No Name Kitchen, see their website here: nonamekitchen.org Follow NNK on Twitter via @NoNameKitchen1 Follow them on Instagram: @no_name_kitchen And listen to episodes 58 Part 2, 51, 41, and 6 of The Civil Fleet Podcast. Want to know where Bihac is exactly? Check out this map: tinyurl.com/34txjd3d Joe mentions the IWGB union. For more on them, check them out here: iwgb.org.uk Joe also mentions Sea-Watch, one of the bigger refugee rescue groups operating in the Mediterranean. For more on them, see: sea-watch.org And check out episodes 54, 43, 22, 7, and 1 of The Civil Fleet Podcast for more on Sea-Watch, too. You can read Joe's article on the Chinese person he meet in Bosnia, here: nonamekitchen.org/a-new-friend-in-the-field-people-from-china-in-the-balkans-seeking-for-a-better-life/
In dieser Podcastfolge spricht Lina über die Bedeutung des Prozesses der Informationsverarbeitung für euch und eure Gesundheit. Bei Informationsverarbeitung geht es wie der Name schon sagt, darum Informationen wirklich zur Verarbeiten. Das klingt sehr einfach und sollte es eigentlich auch sein. Ein funktionaler und effektiver Prozess der Informationsverarbeitung ergibt sich allerdings aus einer gut abgelaufenen Entwicklung und daran hapert es oft. Um zu zeigen, wie es aussieht, wenn Informationsverarbeitung im Erwachsenenalter nicht optimal oder fast gar nicht stattfindet und was das Ganze mit Gesundheit zu tun hat, berichtet Lina in dieser Folge aus persönlicher Erfahrung. In dieser Folge erwähnte Links: Mehr zu Gruppe und Tipps für NNK und Therapie-Anfänger: https://limonenpfeffer.de/forum Blick in die Gruppe: https://limonenpfeffer.coachy.net Gutscheincode: FORUMSTART624 (bis einschließlich 8.6. 5 € Rabatt auf das Abonnement) Mehr Infos zur Entwicklung: Evogralis Der neue Podcast von Johanna Llin: Schul-REIFE - Leichter lernen + glücklicher wachsen Bei Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/@Schul-REIFE
Episode 131 January 4, 2024 On the Needles 2:14 ALL KNITTING LINKS GO TO RAVELRY UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED. Please visit our Instagram page @craftcookreadrepeat for non-Rav photos and info Roam by Dawn Barker, Rainbow Peak Yarns super sock in Luminosity II (Lula Faye Fibre) Ilha by Orlane Sucche, SugarPlum Circus sock in Scorpio Christmas is the New Black by Anneh Fletcher, Lollipop Yarn Quintessential in We Need a Little Christmas (started December 2022, yarn 2016)-- DONE!! Zemy's 2023 advent by Tricia Weatherston, Sincere Sheep Coastal in Firsts (made here club 2021) – so close!! Gingerbread House Socks by Helen Stewart, NNK hand dyed yarns DK 8 ply sock in Gingerbread House– DONE!! Make gnome mistake by Sarah Schira, christmas tree in snow by Jeannette Murphy, Cascade Yarns Heritage Sock in Snow, Porter Wool Co Fingering in Huntress– DONE! And DONE! Snow Matter What by Sarah Schira, christmas tree in snow by Jeannette Murphy, Cascade Yarns Heritage Sock in Snow, Porter Wool Co Fingering in Huntress– DONE! Montage Hat by Helen Stewart, Three Irish Girls Springvale DK in Atlantis– DONE! ADVENTuresome Wrap by Ambah O'Brien, Canon Hand Dyes Victorian Gothic Advent set Weather or Knot Scarf by Scott Rohr , HolstGarn Coast in Butterfly, Black, Charcoal, Silver Grey, Wisteria, Freesia, Passion Flower 15,639 yards in 43 projects view details On the Easel 21:08 Field Guide series? Nate's big painting Q1 project Calendar SOLD OUT! Thank you to all who purchased one! 23 Podcast paintings ~100 other paintings and sketches for 2023 On the Table 26:41 Polenta Lasagna With Spinach and Herby Ricotta Recipe - NYT Cooking Rustic Cauliflower and Tomato Gratin from the Wimpy Vegetarian Whipped feta with honey from Dinner a Love Story The one I used is for paid subscribers only but this one from It's Not Complicated is pretty close Gado gado– Ali Slagle idea, peanut sauce from East by Meera Sodha Flourless Sea Salt brownies from Skinnytaste Simple New empanada press 2023 WINS: temple lunches, teaching my boys how to cook, leaning into lentils, kale, & quinoa. On the Nightstand 35:49 We are now a Bookshop.org affiliate! You can visit our shop to find books we've talked about or click on the links below. The books are supplied by local independent bookstores and a percentage goes to us at no cost to you! Faking Christmas by Kerry Winfrey Murder at Midnight by Katharine Schellman U is for Undertow by Sue Grafton (audio) The Death I Gave Him by Em X. Liu (audio) System Collapse by Martha Wells So Late in the Day by Claire Keegan Iron Flame by Rebecca Yarros Bookshops and Bonedust by Travis Baldree Second Best by David Foenkinos, trans by Megan Jones Queen Hereafter by Isabelle Schuler Menewood by Nicola Griffith Heaven and Earth Grocery Store by James McBride (audio) Goodreads: 190 books The Book of More Delights by Ross Gay Grimoire Girl by Hilarie Burton Morgan Winter's Tale by Mark Helprin Cacophony of Bone; Circle of a Year by Kerri ni Dochartaigh I keep track in my analog planner–84 books in 2023! On the Horizon 1:03:46 On the Needles 2023 Knitting 3 sweaters with yarn from pre-2022 stash3 full sweaters: 2022, 2023 x2 (stitches) Top: 2022 Baby sweater: 2023 Charity– hats and knitted knockers ✔ Quarterly knit from deep stash ✔1st: joshua tree beanie, yoth yarn 2015 (feb) 2nd: socks, yarntini stripe 2009 (may) 3rd: sockhead slouch, swoonish walker twist 2010 (aug) 4th: montage hat, 3IG springvale dk 2010 (dec) Kits Cross stitch Bracelet Xmas- figures or 12 days 2024 Repeat knitting stuff– pre2022 sweaters Kits Cross stitch Bracelet Xmas- figures or 12 days Lobsters in sweaters! Weather or Knot scarf On the Easel 2023 23 podcast illustrations Over 100 sketches, paintings, etc. Gallery stuff didn't sell, but I'll keep trying. 2024 Big Q1 project Field guides? Follow mu curiosity & hopefully a fall Open Studio! On the Table 2023 New ingredients: preserved lemon? ✔ What else? Make homemade gnocchi ✔ Temple lunches were a success. Taught the boys some cooking basics. 2024 Entertaining Using recipes from substack Keep exploring kale, lentils, quinoa, and beans (aka fiber & plant protein) Continue temple lunches! On the Nightstand 2023 Storygraph challenges: 5/10 reads the world, 7/10 genre Argentina: Eartheater Trinidad & Tobago: Mermaid of Black Conch Columbia: Love in the Time of Cholera Nigeria: A Spell of Good Things Norway: Aliss by the Fire Contemporary Fiction with disability: Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow Fantasy novel by AOC: The world we make Mystery by woman: world of curiosities Non fiction start up: Place at the Nayarit Sapphic romance: a restless Truth Kids book: Echo West Portal Books Irish Book Subscription Foster by Claire Keegan Trespasses by Louise Kennedy Kala by Colin Walsh I actually aimed to read a little less if it meant painting more. 2024 Storygraph again Irish bookclub again Tacoma library extreme reader challenge (Cortney loves the structure of this list!) Also, it's okay to DNF a book.
In this episode, we speak with Sergio from No Name Kitchen. He tells how the group supports people on the move along the Balkan route, and the types of violence they experience along the European Union's edges. Sergio also talks to us about No Name Kitchen's Bloody Borders report, and of the horrific levels of abuse suffered at European borders. --Get in touch--- Twitter: @FleetCivil Mastodon: @civilfleet@kolektiva.social Instagram: thecivilfleet info@civilfleet.com civilfleet.com Support: ko-fi.com/civilfleet ---Show Notes--- For more No Name Kitchen, visit: nonamekitchen.org Follow them on Twitter here: twitter.com/NoNameKitchen1 Read NNK's Bloody Borders Report here: tinyurl.com/27ss86b8 If you'd like to volunteer with NNK, see here: nonamekitchen.org/volunteer/ Check out Sergio's awesome NNK jumper here: nonamekitchen.org/shop/ Check out episodes 6 (Irina) and 41 (with Barbara) of The Civil Fleet Podcast for more on NNK. Episode 6 is here tinyurl.com/mrx2twad and episode 41 is here: tinyurl.com/yn8z2duk Want to know where Ceuta is? See this Google Map: tinyurl.com/yftbf79v Never heard of Šid? Here it is in Serbia: http://tinyurl.com/3j53k8r3 According to the UN's International Organisation for Migration (IOM), at least 974 people died in the central Mediterranean in 2023, and at least 1,372 are missing. 17,025 people were intercepted at sea and returned to Libya. Watch the Emergency NGO video Ben mentions in the episode here: tinyurl.com/2d78v54z Sergio mentions the Border Violence Monitoring Network (BVMN). For more on them, check out episode 8 of The Civil Fleet Podcast here: tinyurl.com/2p8v39s4. And see their website here: borderviolence.eu Sergio mentions Lighthouse Reports. For more on them, see here: https://www.lighthousereports.com. And, check out episode 34 of The Civil Fleet Podcast: tinyurl.com/3bez9u9c We very briefly mention the situation for people on the move at the Belarus border. For more on that, check out episode 33 of The Civil Fleet Podcast: tinyurl.com/2mkrwepe Ben makes yet another reference to the works of Noam Chomsky in this episode when he talks about ‘worthy' and ‘unworthy victims.' For more on that, read about it here: chomsky.info/consent01, or listen to it here: tinyurl.com/muttcnmw.
Episode 130 December 7, 2023 On the Needles 0.46 ALL KNITTING LINKS GO TO RAVELRY UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED. Please visit our Instagram page @craftcookreadrepeat for non-Rav photos and info Roam by Dawn Barker, Rainbow Peak Yarns super sock in Luminosity II (Lula Faye Fibre) Ilha by Orlane Sucche, SugarPlum Circus sock in Scorpio named after the art of basket weaving art from the Portuguese village Ilha. Easy Satan Devil Horns by Kitty McKay, Madelinetosh Tosh Sport in Scarlet– DONE!! Christmas is the New Black by Anneh Fletcher, Lollipop Yarn Quintessential in We Need a Little Christmas (started December 2022, yarn 2016) Zemy's 2023 advent by Tricia Weatherston, Sincere Sheep Coastal in Firsts (made here club 2021) Snow Matter What by Sarah Schira Make gnome mistake by Sarah Schira, christmas tree in snow by Jeannette Murphy, Cascade Yarns Heritage Sock in Snow, Porter Wool Co Fingering in Huntress Gingerbread House Socks by Helen Stewart, NNK hand dyed yarns DK 8 ply sock in Gingerbread House On the Easel 12:23 Botticelli's Drawings! Gouachevember wrap Birds in December with Blueshine Art 2024 Calendar On the Table 18:47 vegetarian cassoulet – smitten kitchen Leeks, carrots, celery, white beans, diced tomatoes, tomato paste, breadcrumbs Quinoa Tacos (EASY Crockpot Recipe!) - Chelsea's Messy Apron Quinoa, black beans, tomatoes, corn, enchilada sauce, taco seasoning Julia Turshen class– easy “deviled” eggs Cranberry Whiskey Sours (also no or low alcohol) Spiced Mulled Wine Pork + Pineapple Bites (SJ) Smoky White Bean & Pimentón Dip (SJ) Kinda Deviled Eggs (SV) Stromboli with no-nitrate meats, roasted bell pepper, & cheese & pre-made Lamonica dough. Quinoa Crunch with Zatar seasoning Northern Spy's Kale Salad Stewed Garam Masala Lentils with Buttery Shrimp Creamy Coconut Curried Green Lentils Greek Chicken loaf based on this inspiration On the Nightstand 36:03 We are now a Bookshop.org affiliate! You can visit our shop to find books we've talked about or click on the links below. The books are supplied by local independent bookstores and a percentage goes to us at no cost to you! 10 Things That Never Happened by Alexis Hall A Merry Little Meet Cute by Julie Murphy and Sierra Simone The Christmas Appeal by Janice Hallett The Christmas Murder Game by Alexandra Benedict A Death in Tokyo by Keigo Higashino, trans by Giles Murphy (audio) The Water Outlaws by S. L. Huang The Spare Man by Mary Robinette Kowal Happiness Falls by Angie Kim Vaster Wilds by Lauren Groff Alias Emma by Ava Glass Shark Heart; a love story by Emily Habeck
Entre Šid y Subotica, dos ciudades serbias que hacen frontera con Croacia y Hungría, la ruta de los Balcanes es el escenario donde a diario los refugiados, en su mayoría procedentes de Siria y Afganistán, se enfrentan a la violencia física y las llamadas devoluciones en caliente, organizadas por la Unión Europea. Un reportaje de Marta Moreno, corresponsal de RFI en los Balcanes. Se escuchan los trenes que cruzan las vías que conectan Serbia con Croacia, junto al municipio serbio de Šid. Madina Husseini tenía seis años cuando este mismo tren la arrolló en 2017, debido a una devolución en caliente a manos de la policía croata. Una sentencia confirmada el pasado mayo por el Tribunal de Estrasburgo, y que deja en evidencia la violencia policial que ejerce la Unión Europea en sus fronteras para evitar la entrada de refugiados en territorio Schengen.“Casos de violencia”Philippine Vagany es miembro de la ONG NoNameKitchen (NNK), una de las pocas organizaciones sobre el terreno que registra la violencia en las fronteras: “Nosotros registramos muchos casos de devoluciones en caliente a manos de la policía croata, pero también existen casos de violencia ejercida por la policía serbia contra aquellos que intentan cruzar sus fronteras. Normalmente es violencia verbal, pero también violencia física”, explica.La externalización de fronteras de la Unión Europea a través de partidas millonarias a terceros países ha creado una situación de violencia constante contra las personas que llegan a las puertas de Europa. Bulgaria supone la principal puerta de entrada en la ruta de los Balcanes y recibe 320 millones de euros de la Comisión Europea para "reforzar sus fronteras exteriores con medidas de vigilancia en el cruce entre Bulgaria y Turquía".HumillacionesAsadullah llegó a Bulgaria huyendo del régimen talibán, y ha sufrido más de 10 devoluciones en caliente en esta misma frontera. La última fue a finales de julio: “Cuando la policía nos atrapó, empezaron a pegarnos. Nos quitaron toda nuestra ropa, también nuestros zapatos. Nos vimos obligados a andar descalzos. Nos devolvieron a Turquía y nos dijeron que no podíamos volver a Bulgaria”, cuenta.Philippine es testigo diario de historias como las de Asadullah: “La violencia de la policía búlgara ha sido registrada por nosotros muchísimas veces. Existen muchos casos de extrema humillación por parte de la policía, que llega a devolver a la gente al otro lado de la frontera sin ropa alguna”, comenta.Los casos de Madina y Asadullah no son aislados. El pasado año se registraron más de 5.000 devoluciones en caliente sólo en la frontera entre Turquía y Bulgaria. Una cifra que, según las organizaciones sobre el terreno como NNK, ha ido en aumento en los últimos dos años.This show is part of the Spreaker Prime Network, if you are interested in advertising on this podcast, contact us at https://www.spreaker.com/show/3279340/advertisement
On this episode, my guest is Barbara from No Name Kitchen, an independent movement working alongside the Balkans and the Mediterranean routes to promote humanitarian aid and political action for those who suffer the difficulties of extreme journeys and violent push-backs.Their actions include medical care, distributions of food and clothes, legal support and the denunciation of abuses at the borders, where thousands of human beings keep suffering violence, fatigue and sickness during their migratory processes.No Name Kitchen was born in Belgrade by winter 2017 when a group of volunteers started cooking in Belgrade alongside the thousands of people who were fending for themselves after the closure of the Hungarian frontier. Since then, NNK supports those who suffer the lack of safe and legal pathways, collecting testimonies and denouncing the systematic use of institutional violence at the borders.Show NotesNo Name Kitchen: What's in a Name?Social Media as a Tool for OrganizingThe KitcheneersIt's a Border Crisis, not a Migration CrisisWhy do People Seek Asylum in EuropeHow the EU is Breaking its Own LawsBorder Violence in the BalkansWhat are Pushbacks?The Silence of Big-Name NGOsFrom Hospitality to Hostility: A Story in KladusaMigrants as Puppets in Political WarsThe EU's Racist Immigration ActionsThe Lives of NNK's Guests After the BorderHomeworkNo Name Kitchen Website - Facebook - Instagram - TwitterVolunteer w/ No Name KitchenLatitude Adjustment Program Podcast episode w/ No Name KitchenTranscript[00:00:00] Chris: Welcome, Barbara, to the End of Tourism Podcast. Thank you for joining us on behalf of No Name Kitchen. [00:00:07] Barbara: Thank you very much, Chris.[00:00:10] Chris: I'd love it if we could start off with you telling us where you find yourself today, both geographically and perhaps emotionally as well. What does the world look like for you?[00:00:21] Barbara: So, actually in a very interesting place because I am visiting one friend who was living with me in Bosnia, who's one of the persons that started with me and developed with me the project of No Name Kitchen in Bosnia. And so I'm visiting her that we didn't see her for the last four years because we're all the time very busy with our lives and with our different projects.So I'm here with her these days with plan to head to Croatia next week. Because the political context changed in the borders a little bit in the last month and now there are people on the move in that are passing through Rijeka, this one Croatian city, and I want to go to see the situation there.And then maybe, if I find the time, I will also head Kladusa and Bihac that are the border areas of Bosnia where I used to live in the past and where I spend a lot of time with my life there. [00:01:14] Chris: Mm. Interesting. And you're from Spain originally, is that correct? [00:01:18] Barbara: Yeah, I'm from Spain and normally I, I spend the most of the time in Spain in the last years because sometimes you need a break from the border. Emotionally I feel very well as well because I'm with my friend who is a brilliant person and I adore her. She was a perfect colleague you know, when you're at the border, the life is very tough. You see a lot of people suffering.But having her as a colleague, it was beautiful thing because we gave too much support to each other. [00:01:44] Chris: What a blessing. What a blessing. Mm. [00:01:47] Barbara: I was very lucky. [00:01:49] Chris: Well, I know that a lot of the work that No Name Kitchen does is based in the Balkans and as well in Ceuta in Spain. And we'll come to those regions momentarily.But I'd like to ask you first why no name Kitchen? Why a kitchen without a name? [00:02:07] Barbara: It's a very nice story because No Name Kitchen was born in a very informal way. You know, it is not actually an organization. It's a movement of people. And there are different organizations registered in different countries, but itself No Name Kitchen is a movement of people helping people. And in 2017, so let's make a little bit of context. In 2016, European Union sent money to Turkey to close the border of the Balkans. Yeah. So, in the beginning of 2017, in the winter, many people found themselves in Serbia. They were trying to migrate to go to some country in Europe, and then they found themselves in Serbia with the borders of European Union closed. And many people like were activists that went to Greece to help people on the move because they knew the situation or what was happening since 2015.You probably remember in 2015 all this amount of people that were going from Turkey to somewhere in Europe to ask for asylum, to seek international protection. So many people were in Greece helping. They got information that in the city center of Belgrade, which is the capital city of Serbia, they were like more than 1000 people, mainly from Afghanistan at that moment, many of them minors with no parents, living in the old train station in a very bad conditions. And the weather was horrible. It was super cold. It was probably one of the coldest winters of the last years. So they just went there. They got some food from an organization. They went there and they saw a horrible situation where no one of the big institutional organizations were helping.So then, they, with these posts that they had and asking for, help in social media, in their own social media, people start sending money and they start cooking right away. So, then they found this group of activists from many countries found themselves cooking every day and also together with people on the move and distributing food every day, every night.And then one day, they were like, this seems like an organization. We actually are kind of organization. And then one guy, one from Afghanistan, he wrote on the wall with a spray kitchen. No, because it's like, we have a kitchen, we have an organization, but we have no name. And then it's the same guy.He wrote "No Name," and then it was like, "No Name Kitchen." And it just stay like this. I think it's amazing. It's a very pure name and it really shows what is the way No Name Kitchen movement works. Its informal way of people cooperating and doing things together and helping each other.[00:04:31] Chris: And so in that context, it was a spontaneous organization of people, or how did they, I mean, obviously people heard about this, but how did they come to organize together? [00:04:41] Barbara: Social media is most instant thing, right? So, they opened this facebook profile, and then they say, what is going on. Some journalists started going there because these activists started talking about the situation. So, journalism and photojournalists went there and start showing the images. Mm-hmm. Oh, because it was really like minus 20 degrees and things like that. And people were living in the old train station and were using this wood from the old train station that has this liquid that is toxic.So it was pretty awful. And also at the same time, the activists start hearing all these stories about the pushbacks, which is, yeah, something I would keep denouncing, since then, that is when people try to enter European Union, police will push them back to Serbia with violence, which is totally illegal.So yeah, it was just people that were in Greece trying to help people in Greece. Finally, everybody knows everybody in this activist world, and if you don't know anyone, then you contact someone and then this person will tell you, "Ah, there is this group of people doing that."Maybe you're interested. And then with the Facebook, they started to ask for donations. They started to call for more people to go and help because the situation was a big emergency and needed more, more people. Some other people will give interviews on newspapers, for example. I was not there at the moment. I arrived some months later. And how I met No Name Kitchen is because one girl told her situation to one Spanish newspaper. I read this interview. I found like amazing what they're doing. I found them on the social media and I contacted No Name Kitchen. And then I head to Belgrade few months after. So yeah, spontaneously. [00:06:11] Chris: Within the kitchens themselves, if we can call it that, within the No Name Kitchens, what kind of people end up showing up?Are these people who are already a part of the No name Kitchen Network? Or are they local people as well? [00:06:24] Barbara: Well, we call ourselves "kitcheners." It's many different kind of people. Like really it's, it's people. People want to help. People are good, despite all the politics that surround us, there is a lot of beautiful people in this world, and they can be someone who is. Retired and he was a lawyer in his life and now he finished his work and he's 66 years old and he wants to do something and he goes to Serbia and he spends there two months. He can be someone that's 22 years old and is doing an internship for the university and decided instead of doing a very easy internship, they will come with us and face what is really the situation in Europe? It's a very wide movement of people. Some of them can come to the borders and we have a policy of minimum one month cause it makes everything easier for the work, right? But then also a kitchener is a person that is in his home or her hometown gathering beautiful clothes to send to the border so people can dress nicely and is a person that is making some event in her or his town to raise money to share, to send to the activities. And there's really a lot of people, because many people are good and many people wanna help. They understand we cannot really be living in this Europe that they are making for us, the politicians. No, we need a more human place to live. Yeah. It's true. As you mentioned before, that is more people from the south of Europe and Germany also, not so much from the north of Europe.[00:07:45] Chris: Speaking of the issues in the Balkans, in between Serbia and Turkey and Greece, of course. Perhaps for our listeners, if you could, perhaps there's a way of summarizing briefly the main issues that are arising in Southern Europe regarding these immigration crises.Why is this happening? What are the major positions of the European Union, of organizations like No Name Kitchen, and what does that dynamic look like? From a distance, [00:08:15] Barbara: So first, I wanted to tell you in No Name Kitchen we don't say "migration crisis" because there are not really so many people who are migrating.So the crisis has been it's a border crisis, a political crisis. It's a humanitarian crisis. There are not so many migrants. And if the borders will be open, all this mess will not be happening. Right? So we don't call it migration crisis. So, basically according to the European Union law, if you wanna apply for asylum, if you come from a country that is in war or a country with a dictatorship, that when you complain about something or you can see yourself in jail from a country in conflict or whatever or you're from LGBTQ++ if you wanna apply for asylum is very, very few chances that you can get any visa to travel to Europe. So imagine you're in Syria, you're in Afghanistan, you're in Iraq, you're in Morocco, and you wanna apply for asylum to come to Europe or to get any visa that will allow you to come to Europe by plane.It's very, very, very few chances that they will give you any visa to come. But the European Union law also says that if you're in the European Union soil and you apply for asylum and you apply for international protection, it's your right that the country where you are, it starts a procedure to see and to understand if you really need this protection, which long legal procedure.And it takes a while. Yeah. So that basically is one of the main reasons why people are seeing themselves crossing borders in irregular manners and seeing themselves risking their lives as it just happened now from Libya, this shipwreck in Greece. So people are coming from Libya to Italy and now.A lot of people have died and others are in centers in Greece now. So this is the main point why people will cross the borders in irregular manners. But then there is a problem and it's like European Union is not following its own rules. So then when a person arrives in, for example, let's say Greece, let's say Bulgaria, I say this because they are more in the south, let's say Croatia or Hungary, countries that are bordered with other their countries, the people arrived there and then when they tried to apply for asylum, the most of common thing that can happen to them. And what we've been denouncing since the very beginning because people were explaining to us and we saw it was something very systematically. And it's something that is happening on a daily basis is that police take them back to this other country, which means a pushback. We call this a "pushback."And many times these pushbacks, which are illegal according to the European Union law, come with a lot of violence. Many times the police will steal the things from the people on the move. And many times they take, for example, their shoes when it's winter and then people to walk in the snow in the winter without shoes until they arrive to a safe place.So this is basically why people are crossing borders in this ways. Then another question that is very common, why a person will not stay, for example, in Bosnia, will not stay in Serbia, in North Macedonia, which are safe countries, which are very nice countries. Yeah. So, the problem is that if you look to the numbers, there are very few people, that get asylum there.So, there is people that tried too because it's like, okay, I'm in a safe place. There's no work here, and it's a beautiful place. But then if you look to the numbers, there are very, very, very few people every year that can access asylum. And while also you're waiting for your asylum to proceed, normally they keep you in those camps that really don't have the basic conditions to really have a decent life. I mean, these refugee camps, transit camps; it depends how they them in each country. [00:11:54] Chris: Wow. Thank you. And the major sites that no-name Kitchen operates in include Ceuta in Spain, which surprisingly, is actually on the African mainland. Mm-hmm. As well as in the Balkans in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Patras, Greece. [00:12:13] Barbara: Patras has just finished. Right. Basically many people are not going anymore to Greece as before because in Greek, the polices became very tough against people who are migrating. So, many times people are forced to be in detention centers, like in detention camps while they apply for asylum, while they wait for the asylum to proceed. It's like really a jail. Mm-hmm. So now many people go through Bulgaria and then Serbia.So in Greece there are not so many people anymore as it used to be. And we just close few weeks ago. But we're always open that there are more people start coming to Greece that we can reopen any project there. Okay. [00:12:47] Chris: And these other sites then in Ceuta as well as Serbia, Bosnia, and Bulgaria, these places are so important for No Name Kitchen in part because this is essentially where the movement of people flows through?[00:13:01] Barbara: We are basically in the borders because we do many things, not every day. We share food, clean clothes, provide tools that people can have hot showers, because also the many people don't have access to water. We have a health project that if someone needs a paid treatment because it's like, for example, dentist or for the eyes.And then in the hospital they don't wanna to give any of these treatments and we pay for the private doctors and so on. So it's many activities that we do every day about spending time with people in the movement, listening and spending and sharing our stories. But then all this also bring us to see how much their rights are attacked all the time.So then the aim is to denounce. The aim is that we don't need not to give this charity because there will be justice and then people don't need anymore. So the aim is to denounce what is happening all the time. So, in the place where we're is basically border areas. Mm-hmm. The border areas is where you can see how Europe is really not respecting the human rights.And because quite tough places, there is not so many movements on these areas. So for example, the humanitarian aid is pretty much criminalized. So normally police will disturb you just because you're giving jackets to people. Mm. So it's are places that are strategically for denouncing. And since it just started in Serbia, first it started in Belgrade, but three months after the team moved to Sid, which is in the border with Croatia because many people were there. And it was a point where you could really denounce on the pushbacks from Croatia. So then, all the other projects have been going very much together with the idea of reporting the border violence.Yeah. Mm. And in Ceuta, Spain, which is bordered with Morocco. It's like another border for people because even if it's a Spain, people are not allowed to take a ferry very easily to the mainland, it's very difficult. So there is a lot of bureaucratic problems in the middle, like barriers that are being pushed to the people, so then they don't have the chance to cross legally to the mainland.So many people also risk their life there. And at the same time, sometimes there are pushbacks from Ceuta to Morocco. We've denounced the pushbacks of minors and actually together with other organizations from Spain. And actually the former delegate of the government got investigated for that. And they are under, I dunno how you say in English, like invest. [00:15:27] Chris: Investigations. [00:15:29] Barbara: Yeah. So basically border areas are very much important for what we wanna denounce. Mm. And now we're starting operating in Ventimiglia, Italy, which even inside of Italy is very near France.And we visited the place there and then we saw how there are also pushbacks from France. So this is another place that it could, it could be interesting to denounce, because many, many times people would think like, ah, but this is happening there in Croatia and Serbia you know, like, Serbia is not European Union, so people sometimes think that when we are talking about the pushbacks and all this violence, like very far from us, and it's difficult to make people understand that it's actually with the money that comes from the European Union. That means that if you are from the European Union or you're working here and paying taxes here, your taxes are used to pay to torture people, basically.No. Mm wow. So it's also nice to be inside of Europe to show how this violence is systematic in the different borders. [00:16:23] Chris: Right. And in the context of these pushbacks I imagine they're happening in all different contexts and circumstances. Could you give us a little bit of an idea of what that looks like?I mean, I imagine a few different things. I imagine that people are in detention centers, people are in refugee camps. I imagine that in some instances people are simply on the street and then perhaps in others trying to get a meal. [00:16:51] Barbara: I mean, we don't see the pushbacks. Pushbacks are hidden. And also we are at the other side of the borders. We only can meet people after they got pushed-back.. Yeah. Mm. Okay. So for example, you're in Serbia and this person tells you, like, I just been pushback from Hungary.We're not in the border area. You cannot be at the border. We're in different towns near the border areas. Ok. So a pushback is like a person tries to cross the border in different ways. For example, walking the forest, hidden. It's very common.So these are the stories that people tell to us. And then at some points, police see them in maybe in Hungary or maybe in Bulgaria, or maybe in Croatia. Those are all European Union countries. And then either the police or it can be also neighbors that they believe they're patriots, they'll call the police.Mm-hmm. You can see the people on the move walking and then the police will can arrive there and can take the people back to the border by cars. Many times they need to sign papers that they don't know what is written on these papers. Many times they get lied by the police telling, like, if you sign this paper, you can access to asylum.And actually you're signing a paper that is making you a punishment for something or you're signing that you want to really go back to the other countries, so, you're signing something that you don't know. Many times people get put into detention places. It's very common in Bulgaria and in Croatia for example.And then when they leave these detention places, they are told that they need to pay for their days they've been sleeping there for the accommodation on the food, which is like normally according to what people explain to us, accommodation on food are awful. Many times, not even enough food. And many times we're talking that those are children or very young people, as well.And then police will take them to the border and then force them to come back to the country that is not European Union, which means maybe Bosnia, maybe Serbia, or maybe Turkey if they're in Bulgaria. And many times this comes with very huge violence. As you can see in our websites, we speak often about this. No Name Kitchen created one Network that is called Border Violence Monitoring Network. Border Violence Monitoring Network. Now we are not anymore part of it since last month, because we will report in other ways by ourselves and with other different partners. But there you can find all the testimonies we've been gathering since 2017.And it's how the people describe to us what happens to them. Many times, you can't really see, because many times the people describe to you one situation and then they show you their back and in their back you see the marks of the batons or the marks of sticks or things like that, so it's very obvious to see that the person is injured. Many times people can come with blood or with bruises in their faces because the police did them in their faces. Wow. And then other of the things that is very common is to steal their belongings. So like this, you make more difficult for them to continue their trip because then they take their phones, their clothes, money.So then if you see yourself, for example, in Serbia, again with no phone, with no money, with no shoes, with no basic clothes, then you cannot continue your trip. You need to find a way to get money again. You need to find, like, for example, that your family sends to you and then you can buy another phone and then you can buy new shoes.So you can continue, at some point, your way to try to ask for international protection to some European Union country. Wow. Wow. [00:20:11] Chris: I guess there's this aspect of the state that seems so deeply involved in the suppression and repression of these movements, especially from asylum seekers, right?Mm-hmm. And I think this is something that you hear about quite a bit in many parts of the world where there are these border crises, right? In regards to people who live in the borderlands who are for whatever reason against the movement or flows of people in this regard against asylum seekers in this obviously ends up or can end up with not just hostility, but violence, racism, et cetera.And I'm also curious about the possibility of hospitality in these contexts. And certainly no name kitchen appears to take on that role and that responsibility quite a bit. And it's one of the main themes of this podcast, as well, is hospitality. And I'm reminded of this story that, some years ago and at the beginning of the war in Syria around 2015, 2016, I heard a rumor that Syrian refugees were hiding in the abandoned houses in my grandparents' villages in northern Greece, right on the border with North Macedonia in the daytime and waiting until night to cross the border, mostly to avoid capture and persecution at the hands of either Greek or Macedonian authorities. And last year I was visiting my grandmother there. She confirmed the story and said that this 85 year old woman, she left her house in the daytime, in the same village, with trays and trays of food and jars of water to offer these travelers before they moved along.Since no name Kitchen relies largely on donations, I'm wondering about this notion of old time hospitality as opposed to the kind of industrial hospitality we hear about or we see in the hotels. One of the themes of this season is also about what kind of old time hospitality still exists in Europe, and I'm wondering what you and your team might have seen in this regard?[00:22:29] Barbara: so, this is a very interesting question because things have changed so much during the years, and basically because the authorities have criminalized so much. The people on the move in general, like being a migrant is like being a criminal according to general speech from the politicians, which comes from the European Union. Mm-hmm. And at the same time, it's being criminalized. The help. Humanitarian help is being criminalized. So imagine for example, I wanna tell you the story in Bosnia, because Bosnia is the project where I spent the most of my time in the last years. When I arrived in Bosnia, in Kladusa, that is in the north of Bosnia near Croatia. It was middle of 2018 and people will be very nice. And then people will be very nice with people on the move. So people on the move did not have a place where to stay cause there was no camp created there. And the mayor of the town say that they can use this field and stay. So there was a field. And then like independent organizations or independent movements like No Name Kitchen or others will be building tents, will be providing blankets and showers and so on, because the institutional organizations were doing pretty much nothing.And at the moment, they were like around 1000 people. There, it was already very difficult to cross and there were already a lot of pushbacks, so it was really difficult to cross. And some people stayed there for two years. So imagine how many wow pushbacks can it be that people can stay there up to two years.And the local people were also very nice. They will go to this camp, which is called... to this field. And will bring food, will bring clothes, will spend their cooking together, time with people because they were, lot of families, a lot of children from Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Morocco.And so. So it was actually very nice to see. And also from our side with the local people. Local people really welcome us very nicely, because they knew that we are going there to help and they were actually very worried to see all these people in the move suffering so much. You know, because also, it's very hard for them.You have to understand that in Bosnia was a very bad, cruel war, not so long time ago. Right. When you see yourself, that you need to see how children are walking in the night pretty much cold because they were just pushed back with their families. And then you see people with bruises in their faces and things like that.It is also very hard for the Bosnian people. Mm-hmm. But despite that, they were very welcoming and very nice. When the months start passing, the police start criminalizing the humanitarian aids. So, that means that, for example, there was this family that had some people in the move living in their place for free and then the police put them a fine of like, it was like 1000-2000 thousand Euro, which is lot of money for Bosnian income.Then if you have a bar and people can enter your bar, police will go to disturb you. So then in many bars, it started to be written and which is very sad to say and to imagine, but this happens, "migrants not allowed," in the door. Mm, [00:25:23] Chris: because the local people were also being harassed or under threat as a result.[00:25:28] Barbara: So the police will disturb very much the owners of the bars, right. ...where they welcomed people on the move. And then with the time also, because there are many places that do not accept people on the move. Then if you accept people on the move, many people will be there because there is not so many places anymore where they can spend the day.Like, having a coffee, being a pretty woman. So the criminalization of the people on the move started, like actually when the money from European Union came and then a camp was built, finally. A lot of money came. The institutional organizations obviously took over this money to build the camp, and then this speech started because there were like fights, who is going to manage the camps and so on. Then, for example, as it happens everywhere, because this is not exclusively in Kladusa, as it happens everywhere, whenever there are any elections, migrants are used for getting votes. No. So, for example, in 2020 after the lockdown, which was already a very hard period, there were elections in the north of Bosnia, and then the politicians used the migrants for their speech.And a lot of hate speech was spread. So, and even was local people would organize themselves to go and beat migrants. So, it changed from being super nice to the thought that these people are not good. European Union keeps exposing these people. European Union authorities send a lot of money to the borders to keep these people out of the European Union.So something might be wrong with them. European Union feels with the right to beat these people in their faces. To push them back and also with violence. So maybe these people are not so worth it. So, it's like how all these actions that come from all these European Indian countries are dehumanizing people.In a very bad way. Also, people will complain like, "ah, because the people are not clean," and of course they're not clean because the authorities cut the access to water, so they main access to water so you can have a proper shower was cut for a while. Things like that. So it seems very much from the moment that everybody was super welcoming to the opposite.And this is very much related with the speech that EU sends to the people who are trying to seek asylum. [00:27:33] Chris: Mm. So you think that this change in the way that people perceive these people on the move and the flows of people, it comes from the top down that it's a diffusion of EU based, state-based, language that then gets diffused as it rolls down the pyramid as it makes its way into social media, for example.[00:27:59] Barbara: Yeah, sure. The thing is that if the main authority, the main one is sending millions of euros and they say always, you can listen to Ursula von der Leyen for example, who is the president of the European Commission. She will say like, we're sending money to fight mafias of human trafficking.We're sending money to reinforce the borders, to protect our borders. You need to protect our borders because someone wants to attack the border, right? Mm-hmm. You're getting this work protection, right? Are we protecting from a six year old child from Syria? We're protecting from this actually. So, but when you're using these speech, you're making the people understand that we need to get protected from them.So that means these people are dangerous, right? Mm-hmm. And you're telling this. You're sending millions of euros every year to protect the borders and to fight against human trafficking mafias. This is what they say. It's not me. So, of course, a person who is sitting on her house and knows that some people that in her town, there is 800 people, for example, walking that she doesn't know, she would believe like, "ah, these people are dangerous" because what you, what what this woman who has authorities telling the television openly.Right? [00:29:08] Chris: I had an interview with Fiore Longo, who's a representative of Survival International, one of the oldest NGOs in Europe, in the world. And in that interview, she spoke at length about how the major NGOs in the conservation world, World Wildlife Fund, African Parks, and the rest of them, were essentially collaborating with state governments in Africa in order to push indigenous people off their traditional lands, in order to create national parks or national reserves or ecotourism organizations or companies. And I'm curious within the context of the border crises in Europe, how No Name Kitchen sees these much larger NGOs, the ones that I imagine getting money from governments and also helping to change government policy. [00:30:08] Barbara: We, as No Name Kitchen movement do not get any money from the European Union nor from governments. Why? Because if you as European commission are sending these millions of euros to "protect borders," how they say. To close the borders, while you are allowing the pushbacks because the pushbacks are being denounced.We brought this information to the European Parliament. It is there. It's not a secret. Everybody knows this happening. So, if you ask a European commission are sending all these big amounts of money, but then this European commission is sending also lots of money to these people that are rejected and that are abused at the borders, to create camps for them.Yeah, you can imagine how much this European Commission cares these people and how much nice might be these camps. Those camps are catastrophic, horrible. And many people have a lot of scabies. Many people have diseases from bedbugs and come to us actually to ask for cure because they are ignored.So the big institutional organizations, and I don't gonna say names because I'm talking on behalf of No Name Kitchen are many times inside of these camps and are getting money to manage these camps, which many times are like this. And sometimes there is no bedsheet at all. It's just this old, dirty mattress, what people can find when they entering the camp. And so you are getting these huge millions of money from the European Union and then you are keeping quiet about the abuses at the borders, what is this?Everybody can know which organizations they are because actually information is there. And normally they have these big advertisements showing people also, this is something that makes me very angry, because as I tell you, they are people. They're in different circumstances that we're, right now. They're same like you, and they were in their country, living a normal life until something happen.But they don't like to see themselves in this situation. Imagine that you are like now and then a war starts there, and then you need to see yourself asking for shoes, asking for food. This is catastrophe. This is very complicated. This is really difficult for them. But then they get these advertisements on the TV showing people like, "hi, these poor refugees, they need our help. Look these poor children, how much they need our help." But also you're kinda dehumanizing them a little bit. No, because you're showing them as these poor people that didn't know how to do the things by themselves when actually people on the move, in general, they are the bravest people I have ever met.Cause really this journey is something that you really, really need to be a brave person because the most of people will not do the journey. They stay in a calm area closer to their countries. And then they show them like these poor people, like if they will really not have power to change their situation and it's never like this.But then they make these advertisements, obviously. They not only get money from the European Union, but also from donors that with all their good intention want to support these poor people in their refugee camps. For example, Greece put this rule in 2020. This refugee camp, it was at the detention center, but like really like a jail of maximum security. That you really cannot leave this place. So if there is this government making these rules that against the human rights, keeping people into detention center, that's because you're applying for a asylum.But your asylum is, is being analyzed. Why, EU as an institutional organization are supposed to work for the human rights are supporting this and supporting these decisions from the government and then the government will say, "okay, now this kind of organization cannot be anymore in the camps." Then you don't denounce this publicly. You keep quiet about the situation inside of the camps. So are we really here for the people's rights? Or you're here because of your money.[00:33:37] Chris: Wow. And I'm curious about this notion of open borders in the context of tourism as well. Right. Because tourism operates largely on this notion of open borders. Those who can fly, those who can travel, those who have the right passports can go wherever they want.Although you have to go through customs, you have to go through security when you go to a new country, of course, and usually there's limits on how long you can stay and things like that. Generally, the pro-immigration movements there is also very much this kind of discourse, this fight for open borders in terms of asylum seekers and essentially making it easier to create that kind of hospitality that's needed for people in flight, people in exile.And so I'm curious about the dynamic between the two. Right? In a lot of places in southern Europe especially, you see graffiti that says, "migrants, welcome. Tourists, go home." Right? And so I'm curious what you think of these two major avenues or channels of movement in the world between tourism and then the movement of people in flight or in exile.[00:34:56] Barbara: Mm-hmm. Yeah, actually tourism is seen as a very positive thing. And then we already know that actually the reason doesn't necessarily need to be positive.It can make very expensive, your city. If we talk about some countries in the world, it can bring you some pedophiles too; misuse and abuse children. You know, like tourism can bring many good things, many bad things, like everything in life. No. Right. We always say that we don't cross borders, borders crossed us, separate us.So in Spain, for example. I say Spain because it's my country and we also operate there. To listen like, "ah, because we need more children because you know, like birth rate is pretty low," and it's true that we are not having so many children anymore. And we young people and then this and that, but then we have all these people who are, have migrated already, who are living in Spain from different countries, and who are young people that will be ready to study and to get education and to start working pretty fast because we are talking about people who are maybe like teenagers. And so, but the system doesn't try to help them. Doesn't really put any effort. You know, in a Spain, there is one term that is "MENA," to speak about people who have migrated, who are children. So, they normally the fastest called the MENA just to dehumanize one person, because you're using just these letters, you know, MENA means like "Menor Extranjera, Non-Acompanado" (Unaccompanied Underage Foreigner). So you're using just this term look out children, you know, so it's a way of criminalizing them and at the same time, there are no proper initiatives to integrate these people to the system, for example. Then at the same time, we have a lot of tourism and now we have this digital nomad visa.Hmm. So look, in order you get the digital nomad visa, you need to have a pretty high income. Yeah. Right. So, that means that actually this, okay, " these people come to my town and then they'll have a lot of money." But yeah, they can make very expensive here your city. I don't know if you've seen both in Libson and in Medellin there is already protest against digital nomads because they're making everything expensive. Also in Medellin, it seems that prositution Increases, so rich people are abusing people who are poor, women, of course, who are poor.And it raise the prostitution according to what I read and what I report because I also write about these kind of things with colleagues that I interviewed. So yeah, I know, like for example, it's not open borders. Open borders. Last year we were telling, that if we will allow the people who are in the Balkans to enter European Union and to ask for asylum, and also we're asking those of Europe to respect their own law.We're not asking for something very big. We're telling them respect your own law and your own international agreements and respect the human rights. Yeah. Which is basic. We always told like if these people who were in the Balkans were not so much, really, not so much would enter, there would not be crisis anymore.All this s**t would not be happening. And last year we could see when Ukrainian war started and selling millions of people who arriving into European Union countries and could get a house very fast. The children could go to study in short time. They could get integrated into the system in very few times.So this means that we are being racist because why we can host, I don't know how many millions of people born in Ukraine and keeping the war in Ukraine and we cannot host some thousand people who come from Syria, Iraq, or Afghanistan. This is racism, basically. Mm-hmm. Because in the Balkans, you find families who are three years in the Balkans, who have children. Three years without going to school.People who are getting themselves poor. You know, people when they left, it's not so easy to do this, this trip. It's very expensive. It's very hard. They have a business, for example, in Afghanistan, and then they go threatened by the Talibans or the one that the children are taken by the talibans to fight whatever.And then they say, okay, let's sell our business. Let's sell our house, our lands. They call this money and let's go to search for the future for our family. Then, they see themselves three years and the children don't go to school, that they cannot work, that they spend all their money every day. Cause there is no way to really find a job or get an income.So finally, this is racism. All this difference between a person comes from Ukraine and a person that is coming from Syria. [00:39:20] Chris: Wow. In regards to the relationships that are built between the Kitcheners of No Name Kitchen and the asylum seekers, do any of those friendships end up developing once those people have found a place to settle, a place to stay?[00:39:41] Barbara: Yeah, yeah, of course. It's true that now, it's not so easy to be spend time together because the police is really much disturbing you because you're giving a jacket to someone. So, it doesn't allow you to spend so much time anymore, together. But in general, what we promote in No Name Kitchen and what is very important for us, that we are really together.No, because we are people. All of us, we are people, just in different circumstances. We're actually all of us migrants. Some of them are local people as well, that are supporting us. Cause many local people support our activities. Maybe not always so active because finance is very tired to be every day in your own hometown doing these things.I'm facing all these challenges. For us it's very important to create networks of trust and mutual understanding. So, it's not only you are helping someone. No, no, it is not about this. It's about, you are there, you are learning with a, with a person. We are spending time with a person.It's amazing for me being volunteer with No Name Kitchen is amazing because you can learn so much. You can meet so much amazing people. And I tell you that I'm here with a colleague that she was with me in Bosnia. And then next week, some friends who live in different European countries are gonna come to visit us. One is originally from Syria. The other originally from Pakistan. Mm-hmm. They're gonna come here to visit because now they are already have made their lives. One is living in France. The other is living in the Netherlands. They have their papers, everything, so now they can travel freely around European Union.So this is very, very, very important for us. And actually these networks are very valuable because maybe some person arrives later to some country and then this person has already friends in this country. Mm. [00:41:16] Chris: Right. And in some instances, some of the people do end up returning, or maybe not returning is the right word, but reuniting with No Name Kitchen and other places to help perhaps serve those on the move for a time.[00:41:30] Barbara: Yeah. Like taking papers in Europe, it takes very long, so it's not so easy. And we started only in 2017. So many of the people that we know, they're still on the way to get papers. Really long process. No, but for example, there is this friend of me who is from Iran and I met him in Kladusa, in Bosnia, and now he's living in France.And the other day he wrote me. He was with two colleagues of me that he also met them in Bosnia and he was visiting them and the newborn baby they have been. And he would really like to come to volunteer with No Name Kitchen because now he has documents that he could. But at same time, because of the working conditions finally in this racist work, sometimes cannot be the same for everybody.Right. So he doesn't have the chance to just get one whole month to come. But at some point, yeah, he's thinking about coming. It can be difficult cause then I tell you that police sometimes are chasing people who are not white. So, sometimes it can be difficult, but at the same time. But yeah. Well the idea is like many of our friends now at some point will start not getting, or are getting documents. So, this is a network of people with people and for people. Mm [00:42:31] Chris: mm Amazing. Yeah. It does remind me of the philosophies and practices of mutual aid, (of apoyo mutuo). [00:42:38] Barbara: But it's very important. The other day I was telling to my therapist because I go to the therapy because of the stress.Yeah. So, we're talking about. And last time I was on the field and then she was telling like, yeah, " who helps you when you're helping?" It's like no, you cannot imagine like people on the move have really tried to help you, as well.You know? Like they cannot help us with that distribution. They can help us giving a lot of support. For example, when I was living in Bosnia and I had like a free day, I would go to my friends, to their squats. They had a very warm stove there. And I would be as there, they would cook for me, know, we would be playing board games, we would be laughing and that was my holiday.And for me that was a great moment, where to spend my free day, with them, and they would be taking care of me because they knew I was very stressed and they wanted me to be spoiled one day.[00:43:28] Chris: It's beautiful. Really beautiful. Yeah. The kind of hospitality that can arise in times of conflict, right? Mm-hmm. And so in a time of border crises seems to exist in so many parts of the world, so few people at least in my purview or my understanding actually know about these border crises or understand the complexity around them.And so I'm curious what kind of advice you might have for people who are either critical of immigration or people who want to understand the issues more deeply, and of course those who support asylum secrets. [00:44:16] Barbara: Yeah, I mean finally we're in the era of information, right? So if you wanna get information, good information, because you need to identify the misinformation sources.If you wanna get good information, there is a lot. So yes, please get informed and also go with people that have migrating and talk to them. Cause you'll meet them and you'll spend a lot of time with them and then you'll see how are their stories behind. And also, I really recommend people to get more information about this because I cannot believe that in the 21st century we are using the money of our taxes to pay for torture.This is just insane because this is torture, really, what is happening at the borders of the European Union. And I guess many people in European Union countries do not want their taxes to be spent like this. But at the same time, they don't get informed about this. There are so many sources of information. From us in our social media, we keep informing on a daily basis about the different things that are happening always. But in general, there are very good newspapers all over in different languages where you can get good information and also go to people and talk to people. [00:45:21] Chris: Yeah. It's I mean, go to people and talk to the people. The people that you know, you would perhaps not even talk to, just criticize, without having anything to do with.Right. And that most of those people that have an incredible unwillingness, like they're willing to criticize, but they're not willing to go and talk to the people who they're criticizing. Right. And it's really interesting because as you were talking about earlier, you know, Lisbon and Medellin and the backlash against digital nomads and things like that.This is happening as well in Oaxaca although against tourists in general. Some people ask me like, well, what do we do? And, and I say, well, why don't you go talk to the tourists? Ask them why they're here. Ask them what their life is like, because there's this image, this single or singular image of the tourist and it's a caricature, it's a stereotype, and it says that all tourists are exactly the same. They come for the same reasons. They do the same things. And they have nothing to do with us, right? They're totally the opposite of who we are and all of this stuff.And it's very, very similar to the way that people especially people who speak poorly of immigrants or people on the move also view this and just this unwillingness to speak with the other, right. Hmm. So much to consider. My plate is full with all you've offered today. And I'm deeply grateful to have been on the receiving end of your words today. I'm curious, Barbara how might our listeners get involved in No Name Kitchen?How might they find out more and follow your work online. [00:47:05] Barbara: Yeah, welcome everybody. We have Instagram, Facebook, YouTube and Twitter. And also now we started some months ago in TikTok. But yeah, we're on social media and also we try very much to always report everything we know, so people on the move know that they can rely on us if they want to denounce something publicly. And here we are for that. Welcome everybody to follow our task and to get to know more about the situation at the borders.[00:47:31] Chris: Thank you so much. On behalf of our listeners, it's been an honor to speak with you and, and to really get a deeper perspective onto these notions of exile and immigration and borders and border crises happening in the world now. So I'm really grateful for your willingness to speak with us today and to be able to add that layer to the conversation. [00:47:53] Barbara: Thanks very much to you for, invite us, for, invite me, for give voice to the situation and everybody welcome to follow what we do.Thank you very much. [00:48:01] Chris: Thank you, Barbara. Take care. [00:48:04] Barbara: Take care. Bye. Get full access to ⌘ Chris Christou ⌘ at chrischristou.substack.com/subscribe
Entre Šid y Subotica, dos ciudades serbias que hacen frontera con Croacia y Hungría, la ruta de los Balcanes es el escenario donde a diario los refugiados, en su mayoría procedentes de Siria y Afganistán, se enfrentan a la violencia física y las llamadas devoluciones en caliente, organizadas por la Unión Europea. Un reportaje de Marta Moreno, corresponsal de RFI en los Balcanes. Se escuchan los trenes que cruzan las vías que conectan Serbia con Croacia, junto al municipio serbio de Šid. Madina Husseini tenía seis años cuando este mismo tren la arrolló en 2017, debido a una devolución en caliente a manos de la policía croata. Una sentencia confirmada el pasado mayo por el Tribunal de Estrasburgo, y que deja en evidencia la violencia policial que ejerce la Unión Europea en sus fronteras para evitar la entrada de refugiados en territorio Schengen.“Casos de violencia”Philippine Vagany es miembro de la ONG NoNameKitchen (NNK), una de las pocas organizaciones sobre el terreno que registra la violencia en las fronteras: “Nosotros registramos muchos casos de devoluciones en caliente a manos de la policía croata, pero también existen casos de violencia ejercida por la policía serbia contra aquellos que intentan cruzar sus fronteras. Normalmente es violencia verbal, pero también violencia física”, explica.La externalización de fronteras de la Unión Europea a través de partidas millonarias a terceros países ha creado una situación de violencia constante contra las personas que llegan a las puertas de Europa. Bulgaria supone la principal puerta de entrada en la ruta de los Balcanes y recibe 320 millones de euros de la Comisión Europea para "reforzar sus fronteras exteriores con medidas de vigilancia en el cruce entre Bulgaria y Turquía".HumillacionesAsadullah llegó a Bulgaria huyendo del régimen talibán, y ha sufrido más de 10 devoluciones en caliente en esta misma frontera. La última fue a finales de julio: “Cuando la policía nos atrapó, empezaron a pegarnos. Nos quitaron toda nuestra ropa, también nuestros zapatos. Nos vimos obligados a andar descalzos. Nos devolvieron a Turquía y nos dijeron que no podíamos volver a Bulgaria”, cuenta.Philippine es testigo diario de historias como las de Asadullah: “La violencia de la policía búlgara ha sido registrada por nosotros muchísimas veces. Existen muchos casos de extrema humillación por parte de la policía, que llega a devolver a la gente al otro lado de la frontera sin ropa alguna”, comenta.Los casos de Madina y Asadullah no son aislados. El pasado año se registraron más de 5.000 devoluciones en caliente sólo en la frontera entre Turquía y Bulgaria. Una cifra que, según las organizaciones sobre el terreno como NNK, ha ido en aumento en los últimos dos años.
Entre Šid y Subotica, dos ciudades serbias que hacen frontera con Croacia y Hungría, la ruta de los Balcanes es el escenario donde a diario los refugiados, en su mayoría procedentes de Siria y Afganistán, se enfrentan a la violencia física y las llamadas devoluciones en caliente, organizadas por la Unión Europea. Un reportaje de Marta Moreno, corresponsal de RFI en los Balcanes. Se escuchan los trenes que cruzan las vías que conectan Serbia con Croacia, junto al municipio serbio de Šid. Madina Husseini tenía seis años cuando este mismo tren la arrolló en 2017, debido a una devolución en caliente a manos de la policía croata. Una sentencia confirmada el pasado mayo por el Tribunal de Estrasburgo, y que deja en evidencia la violencia policial que ejerce la Unión Europea en sus fronteras para evitar la entrada de refugiados en territorio Schengen.“Casos de violencia”Philippine Vagany es miembro de la ONG NoNameKitchen (NNK), una de las pocas organizaciones sobre el terreno que registra la violencia en las fronteras: “Nosotros registramos muchos casos de devoluciones en caliente a manos de la policía croata, pero también existen casos de violencia ejercida por la policía serbia contra aquellos que intentan cruzar sus fronteras. Normalmente es violencia verbal, pero también violencia física”, explica.La externalización de fronteras de la Unión Europea a través de partidas millonarias a terceros países ha creado una situación de violencia constante contra las personas que llegan a las puertas de Europa. Bulgaria supone la principal puerta de entrada en la ruta de los Balcanes y recibe 320 millones de euros de la Comisión Europea para "reforzar sus fronteras exteriores con medidas de vigilancia en el cruce entre Bulgaria y Turquía".HumillacionesAsadullah llegó a Bulgaria huyendo del régimen talibán, y ha sufrido más de 10 devoluciones en caliente en esta misma frontera. La última fue a finales de julio: “Cuando la policía nos atrapó, empezaron a pegarnos. Nos quitaron toda nuestra ropa, también nuestros zapatos. Nos vimos obligados a andar descalzos. Nos devolvieron a Turquía y nos dijeron que no podíamos volver a Bulgaria”, cuenta.Philippine es testigo diario de historias como las de Asadullah: “La violencia de la policía búlgara ha sido registrada por nosotros muchísimas veces. Existen muchos casos de extrema humillación por parte de la policía, que llega a devolver a la gente al otro lado de la frontera sin ropa alguna”, comenta.Los casos de Madina y Asadullah no son aislados. El pasado año se registraron más de 5.000 devoluciones en caliente sólo en la frontera entre Turquía y Bulgaria. Una cifra que, según las organizaciones sobre el terreno como NNK, ha ido en aumento en los últimos dos años.This show is part of the Spreaker Prime Network, if you are interested in advertising on this podcast, contact us at https://www.spreaker.com/show/3279343/advertisement
Entre Šid y Subotica, dos ciudades serbias que hacen frontera con Croacia y Hungría, la ruta de los Balcanes es el escenario donde a diario los refugiados, en su mayoría procedentes de Siria y Afganistán, se enfrentan a la violencia física y las llamadas devoluciones en caliente, organizadas por la Unión Europea. Un reportaje de Marta Moreno, corresponsal de RFI en los Balcanes. Se escuchan los trenes que cruzan las vías que conectan Serbia con Croacia, junto al municipio serbio de Šid. Madina Husseini tenía seis años cuando este mismo tren la arrolló en 2017, debido a una devolución en caliente a manos de la policía croata. Una sentencia confirmada el pasado mayo por el Tribunal de Estrasburgo, y que deja en evidencia la violencia policial que ejerce la Unión Europea en sus fronteras para evitar la entrada de refugiados en territorio Schengen.“Casos de violencia”Philippine Vagany es miembro de la ONG NoNameKitchen (NNK), una de las pocas organizaciones sobre el terreno que registra la violencia en las fronteras: “Nosotros registramos muchos casos de devoluciones en caliente a manos de la policía croata, pero también existen casos de violencia ejercida por la policía serbia contra aquellos que intentan cruzar sus fronteras. Normalmente es violencia verbal, pero también violencia física”, explica.La externalización de fronteras de la Unión Europea a través de partidas millonarias a terceros países ha creado una situación de violencia constante contra las personas que llegan a las puertas de Europa. Bulgaria supone la principal puerta de entrada en la ruta de los Balcanes y recibe 320 millones de euros de la Comisión Europea para "reforzar sus fronteras exteriores con medidas de vigilancia en el cruce entre Bulgaria y Turquía".HumillacionesAsadullah llegó a Bulgaria huyendo del régimen talibán, y ha sufrido más de 10 devoluciones en caliente en esta misma frontera. La última fue a finales de julio: “Cuando la policía nos atrapó, empezaron a pegarnos. Nos quitaron toda nuestra ropa, también nuestros zapatos. Nos vimos obligados a andar descalzos. Nos devolvieron a Turquía y nos dijeron que no podíamos volver a Bulgaria”, cuenta.Philippine es testigo diario de historias como las de Asadullah: “La violencia de la policía búlgara ha sido registrada por nosotros muchísimas veces. Existen muchos casos de extrema humillación por parte de la policía, que llega a devolver a la gente al otro lado de la frontera sin ropa alguna”, comenta.Los casos de Madina y Asadullah no son aislados. El pasado año se registraron más de 5.000 devoluciones en caliente sólo en la frontera entre Turquía y Bulgaria. Una cifra que, según las organizaciones sobre el terreno como NNK, ha ido en aumento en los últimos dos años.
Entre Šid y Subotica, dos ciudades serbias que hacen frontera con Croacia y Hungría, la ruta de los Balcanes es el escenario donde a diario los refugiados, en su mayoría procedentes de Siria y Afganistán, se enfrentan a la violencia física y las llamadas devoluciones en caliente, organizadas por la Unión Europea. Un reportaje de Marta Moreno, corresponsal de RFI en los Balcanes. Se escuchan los trenes que cruzan las vías que conectan Serbia con Croacia, junto al municipio serbio de Šid. Madina Husseini tenía seis años cuando este mismo tren la arrolló en 2017, debido a una devolución en caliente a manos de la policía croata. Una sentencia confirmada el pasado mayo por el Tribunal de Estrasburgo, y que deja en evidencia la violencia policial que ejerce la Unión Europea en sus fronteras para evitar la entrada de refugiados en territorio Schengen.“Casos de violencia”Philippine Vagany es miembro de la ONG NoNameKitchen (NNK), una de las pocas organizaciones sobre el terreno que registra la violencia en las fronteras: “Nosotros registramos muchos casos de devoluciones en caliente a manos de la policía croata, pero también existen casos de violencia ejercida por la policía serbia contra aquellos que intentan cruzar sus fronteras. Normalmente es violencia verbal, pero también violencia física”, explica.La externalización de fronteras de la Unión Europea a través de partidas millonarias a terceros países ha creado una situación de violencia constante contra las personas que llegan a las puertas de Europa. Bulgaria supone la principal puerta de entrada en la ruta de los Balcanes y recibe 320 millones de euros de la Comisión Europea para "reforzar sus fronteras exteriores con medidas de vigilancia en el cruce entre Bulgaria y Turquía".HumillacionesAsadullah llegó a Bulgaria huyendo del régimen talibán, y ha sufrido más de 10 devoluciones en caliente en esta misma frontera. La última fue a finales de julio: “Cuando la policía nos atrapó, empezaron a pegarnos. Nos quitaron toda nuestra ropa, también nuestros zapatos. Nos vimos obligados a andar descalzos. Nos devolvieron a Turquía y nos dijeron que no podíamos volver a Bulgaria”, cuenta.Philippine es testigo diario de historias como las de Asadullah: “La violencia de la policía búlgara ha sido registrada por nosotros muchísimas veces. Existen muchos casos de extrema humillación por parte de la policía, que llega a devolver a la gente al otro lado de la frontera sin ropa alguna”, comenta.Los casos de Madina y Asadullah no son aislados. El pasado año se registraron más de 5.000 devoluciones en caliente sólo en la frontera entre Turquía y Bulgaria. Una cifra que, según las organizaciones sobre el terreno como NNK, ha ido en aumento en los últimos dos años.This show is part of the Spreaker Prime Network, if you are interested in advertising on this podcast, contact us at https://www.spreaker.com/show/4064350/advertisement
Entre Šid y Subotica, dos ciudades serbias que hacen frontera con Croacia y Hungría, la ruta de los Balcanes es el escenario donde a diario los refugiados, en su mayoría procedentes de Siria y Afganistán, se enfrentan a la violencia física y las llamadas devoluciones en caliente, organizadas por la Unión Europea. Un reportaje de Marta Moreno, corresponsal de RFI en los Balcanes. Se escuchan los trenes que cruzan las vías que conectan Serbia con Croacia, junto al municipio serbio de Šid. Madina Husseini tenía seis años cuando este mismo tren la arrolló en 2017, debido a una devolución en caliente a manos de la policía croata. Una sentencia confirmada el pasado mayo por el Tribunal de Estrasburgo, y que deja en evidencia la violencia policial que ejerce la Unión Europea en sus fronteras para evitar la entrada de refugiados en territorio Schengen.“Casos de violencia”Philippine Vagany es miembro de la ONG NoNameKitchen (NNK), una de las pocas organizaciones sobre el terreno que registra la violencia en las fronteras: “Nosotros registramos muchos casos de devoluciones en caliente a manos de la policía croata, pero también existen casos de violencia ejercida por la policía serbia contra aquellos que intentan cruzar sus fronteras. Normalmente es violencia verbal, pero también violencia física”, explica.La externalización de fronteras de la Unión Europea a través de partidas millonarias a terceros países ha creado una situación de violencia constante contra las personas que llegan a las puertas de Europa. Bulgaria supone la principal puerta de entrada en la ruta de los Balcanes y recibe 320 millones de euros de la Comisión Europea para "reforzar sus fronteras exteriores con medidas de vigilancia en el cruce entre Bulgaria y Turquía".HumillacionesAsadullah llegó a Bulgaria huyendo del régimen talibán, y ha sufrido más de 10 devoluciones en caliente en esta misma frontera. La última fue a finales de julio: “Cuando la policía nos atrapó, empezaron a pegarnos. Nos quitaron toda nuestra ropa, también nuestros zapatos. Nos vimos obligados a andar descalzos. Nos devolvieron a Turquía y nos dijeron que no podíamos volver a Bulgaria”, cuenta.Philippine es testigo diario de historias como las de Asadullah: “La violencia de la policía búlgara ha sido registrada por nosotros muchísimas veces. Existen muchos casos de extrema humillación por parte de la policía, que llega a devolver a la gente al otro lado de la frontera sin ropa alguna”, comenta.Los casos de Madina y Asadullah no son aislados. El pasado año se registraron más de 5.000 devoluciones en caliente sólo en la frontera entre Turquía y Bulgaria. Una cifra que, según las organizaciones sobre el terreno como NNK, ha ido en aumento en los últimos dos años.This show is part of the Spreaker Prime Network, if you are interested in advertising on this podcast, contact us at https://www.spreaker.com/show/4231678/advertisement
Nach einer kurzen Sommerpause ist der Hormonconnection Podcast zurück in der mittlerweile vierten Staffel. Und wie könnte diese Staffel besser starten als mit einem Interview mit Katia Trost, Begründerin des Podcasts und der Methode, auf der dieser Podcast basiert. Gemeinsam sprechen Katia Trost und Lina John über die verschiedenen Formen seinen Weg in die Gesundheit zu beginnen, über Selbsthilfetools und ihren Nutzen und über ihre eigenen Wege und warum es so wichtig ist, sich seinen Themen zu stellen. Natürlich gibt es auch ein kleines Update darüber, womit Katia sich die letzten Monate beschäftigt hat und was in Zukunft so alles geplant ist. Shownotes: Und es gibt einen Sommer-Sale auf die Produkte! Vom 4.7. - 11.7.23 0:00 Uhr bekommt ihr: 30 % auf alle Selbstanwenderprodukte mit dem Code "ANWENDER30" (dazu zählen z.B. die NNK, Metahormonix, Was Kinder brauchen und die Hautkur) 10 % auf Metahormonix Coach mit dem Code "MMCOACH10" 20 % auf "Warum die Schulmedizin nicht heilen kann" mit dem Code "WARUM20" Die Produkte findet ihr alle unter: https://elopage.com/s/Metahormonix Und es gibt auch etwas Neues: Bis zum 14.7.23 ist das Bundle zu den Kursen "Evogralis-Methode" im Presale! Du sparst 200 Euro auf das Kurspaket. https://elopage.com/s/Metahormonix/die-evogralis-methode-bundle Bis zum 14.7.23 ist das Bundle aus allen 3 Kursen der Reihe "Ganzheitlichen Heilen" im Presale für -15 % (anstatt der regulären -10 %). Hier sparst du aktuell mehr rund 600 Euro. https://elopage.com/s/Metahormonix/ganzheitlich-heilen-super-bundle Und es gibt nun ein Nebennierenkur-Bundle aus den NNK 1+2. Beim Kauf dieses Bundles bekommst du als Bonus eine "Inspirationen für das Nebennierenkur konforme Grillen". https://elopage.com/s/Metahormonix/nebennierenkur-1-2-bundle/payment Übersicht zu Evogralis und integraler Medizin
A majomhimlőről is beszélt az NNK osztályvezetője.
Munkatársunk az NNK-tól kapott értelmezhetetlen diagramról és ömlesztett számokról beszélt a Klubrádióban.
A berry vine found in Asia proves useful in combating lung cancer Okayama University (Japan), August 17, 2021 Lung cancer is known to be the most fatal form of cancer. Chemicals like 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) found in tobacco are usually the main culprits behind smoking-related lung cancer causing cancer biologists to actively explore targeted treatments. Now, a research group led by Associate Professor ARIMOTO-KOBAYASHI Sakae at Okayama University has reported the potential of a berry-producing vine, Vitis coignetiae Pulliat (colloquially known as Yamabudo in Japan), against lung cancer in mice. The team has previously shown that juice extracted from the Yamabudo fruit and 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (DBQ), a chemical found within it, have protective effects against skin cancer. Thus, in this study the potential of both these chemicals was investigated. Mice were first treated with NNK to establish lung cancer models and tumors that subsequently developed within their lungs were assessed. After 30 weeks, mice given Yamabudo juice or DBQ showed greatly reduced tumor size. To understand the mechanism of Yamabudo further, human lung cancer cells were employed. NNK induces cancer by facilitating a chemical change in the DNA structure, known as DNA methylation. To mimic this process, cells were exposed to MNNG (a chemical that artificially induces DNA methylation) and the effects of Yamabudo were studied. Indeed, cells that were treated with Yamabudo juice or DBQ showed lower levels of DNA methylation. The DNA methylation induced by NNK also plays a role in mutating the DNA, making all exposed cells susceptible to cancer. The methylated forms of DNA tend to form large complexes which can undergo damage more easily. Therefore, NNK-induced mutations were analyzed next to see if Yamabudo also plays a protective role in this regard. The number of NNK-induced mutations was, in fact, found to be considerably reduced by Yamabudo juice or DBQ. Yamabudo thus mitigated lung cancer by repairing the DNA damage caused by toxins. Lastly, the team also assessed biological pathways which typically help cancer cells proliferate. While all such pathways were active in the lung cancer cells, treatment with Yamabudo showed a dampening of these cancer-facilitating signals. “Stimulation of repair of alkyl DNA adducts and suppressed growth signaling pathways are potential anti-tumorigenic targets of Yamabudo juice and DBQ in NNK-induced lung tumorigenesis,” conclude the researchers. Given the broad range of tumor-suppressing properties Yamabudo displays, it is one herbal medicine that should be explored further in lung cancer research. Background Yamabudo: Vitis coignetiae Pulliat, also known as crimson glory vine or “Yamabudo” in Japan, is a berry-producing vine that grows primarily in East Asia. The juice extracted from Yamabudo berries comprises several chemical compounds that have medicinal properties. While its protective properties against skin cancer have briefly been shown before, this is the first study that explores the potential of Yamabudo in lung cancer. DNA methylation: DNA methylation is a natural chemical process intended to regulate proper functioning of our genes. A chemical group known as the “methyl” group is usually bound onto specific regions of the DNA as a mechanism to prevent genes from being turned on when not in use. However, certain toxins and other external factors can also induce DNA methylation which sometimes prevents important genes (such as those that suppress cancer) from being active. Unfortunately, the methylated forms of DNA are passed on when cells replicate. DNA methylation thereby also abets the spread of cancer. Controlling DNA methylation is an important strategy in keeping certain cancers in check. Vitamin D may protect against young-onset colorectal cancer Dana Farber Cancer Institute, August 17, 2021 Consuming higher amounts of Vitamin D – mainly from dietary sources – may help protect against developing young-onset colorectal cancer or precancerous colon polyps, according to the first study to show such an association. The study, recently published online in the journal Gastroenterology, by scientists from Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and other institutions, could potentially lead to recommendations for higher vitamin D intake as an inexpensive complement to screening tests as a colorectal cancer prevention strategy for adults younger than age 50. While the overall incidence of colorectal cancer has been declining, cases have been increasing in younger adults – a worrisome trend that has yet to be explained. The authors of the study, including senior co-authors Kimmie Ng, MD, MPH, of Dana-Farber, and Edward Giovannucci, MD, DSc., of the T.H. Chan School, noted that vitamin D intake from food sources such as fish, mushrooms, eggs, and milk has decreased in the past several decades. There is growing evidence of an association between vitamin D and risk of colorectal cancer mortality. However, prior to the current study, no research has examined whether total vitamin D intake is associated with the risk of young-onset colorectal cancer. “Vitamin D has known activity against colorectal cancer in laboratory studies. Because vitamin D deficiency has been steadily increasing over the past few years, we wondered whether this could be contributing to the rising rates of colorectal cancer in young individuals,” said Ng, director of the Young-Onset Colorectal Cancer Center at Dana-Farber. “We found that total vitamin D intake of 300 IU per day or more – roughly equivalent to three 8-oz. glasses of milk – was associated with an approximately 50% lower risk of developing young-onset colorectal cancer.” The results of the study were obtained by calculating the total vitamin D intake – both from dietary sources and supplements – of 94,205 women participating in the Nurses' Health Study II (NHS II). This study is a prospective cohort study of nurses aged 25 to 42 years that began in 1989. The women are followed every two years by questionnaires on demographics, diet and lifestyle factors, and medical and other health-related information. The researchers focused on a primary endpoint – young-onset colorectal cancer, diagnosed before 50 years of age. They also asked on a follow-up questionnaire whether they had had a colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy where colorectal polyps (which may be precursors to colorectal cancer) were found. During the period from 1991 to 2015 the researchers documented 111 cases of young-onset colorectal cancer and 3,317 colorectal polyps. Analysis showed that higher total vitamin D intake was associated with a significantly reduced risk of early-onset colorectal cancer. The same link was found between higher vitamin D intake and risk of colon polyps detected before age 50. The association was stronger for dietary vitamin D – principally from dairy products – than from vitamin D supplements. The study authors said that finding could be due to chance or to unknown factors that are not yet understood. Interestingly, the researchers didn't find a significant association between total vitamin D intake and risk of colorectal cancer diagnosed after age 50. The findings were not able to explain this inconsistency, and the scientists said further research in a larger sample is necessary to determine if the protective effect of vitamin D is actually stronger in young-onset colorectal cancer. In any case, the investigators concluded that higher total vitamin D intake is associated with decreased risks of young-onset colorectal cancer and precursors (polyps). “Our results further support that vitamin D may be important in younger adults for health and possibly colorectal cancer prevention,” said Ng. “It is critical to understand the risk factors that are associated with young-onset colorectal cancer so that we can make informed recommendations about diet and lifestyle, as well as identify high risk individuals to target for earlier screening.” The study was funded by grants from the U.S. National Institutes of Health and the Department of Defense; by the American Cancer Society Mentored Research Scholar Grant; and by the Project P Fund. Ng's disclosures include research funding from Pharmavite, Revolution Medicines, Janssen, and Evergrande Group; Advisory boards for Array Biopharma, Seattle Genetics, and BiomX; and consulting for X-Biotix Therapeutics. Lack of exercise and poor nutrition could increase the risk of diseases like dementia Kings College London, August 17, 2021 New research from the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN) at King's College London has found that both diet and exercise can influence the risk of cognitive decline (CD) and dementia by potentially influencing hippocampal neurogenesis (the process by which the brain produces new brain cells) long before their onset. The study, published in Alzheimer's & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association, suggests that altered neurogenesis in the brain could potentially represent an early biomarker for both CD and dementia. The investigation studied how the blood of participants with and without CD and dementia could influence hippocampal neurogenesis in laboratory settings and whether diet and exercise were important factors. Specifically, blood samples of 418 French adults over the age of 65 were collected 12-years prior to CD and dementia diagnosis and tested on human hippocampal stems cells. Additionally, information on each participant's sociodemographic, lifestyle, and clinical data were collected and incidence cognition status and dementia were measured every 2 to 3 years over a 12-year period. Over the course of the study, the researchers established that 12 years prior to diagnosis, both CD and Alzheimer's were associated with levels of neural stem cell death. The team also found that exercise, nutrition, vitamin D levels, carotenoid and lipid levels are all associated with the rate at which cells die off. Furthermore, physical activity and nutrition were key factors that then also determined CD status. Specifically, researchers found that reduced physical activity and increased malnutrition both increased cell death which in turn increased the risk for future CD. While previous studies have established that diet and exercise have some protective effects against CD and dementia, these roles have been poorly understood at the neurobiological level. To date, studies on animals have shown how diet and exercise can directly influence hippocampal neurogenesis, potentially explaining how exercise and diet may biologically exert their effects, but this study sheds further light on this in the context of a human model. Doctor Sandrine Thuret, the study's lead investigator from King's IoPPN said “Our study has demonstrated not only that there are individual markers of hippocampal neurogenesis associated with CD and dementia 12 years later, but also that there is some degree of specificity with respect to diagnoses of dementia subtypes. “Specifically, if an individual displays an increase in their levels of cell death during differentiation (when neural stem cells are becoming neurons), we can look at this as a potential warning sign of CD. Conversely, a decrease in levels of cell death during proliferation (the process by which a single cell divides into a pair) and reduced hippocampal progenitor cell integrity could be viewed as a predictor for Alzheimer's Disease and Vascular dementia, respectively.” According to Alzheimer's Research UK, there were a total of 525,315 people living with a dementia diagnosis in the UK in 2020[1]. Rates of cognitive decline and dementia are expected to triple in prevalence by 2040. Dr Andrea du Preez, the study's first author from King's IoPPN said, “While more work is undoubtedly needed to fully understand how diet and exercise might modulate hippocampal neurogenesis, our findings may represent an effective early preventative strategy against CD and dementia.” Acupuncture improves symptoms of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome compared to sham treatment China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, August 17, 2021 A multicenter randomized trial showed that 20 sessions of acupuncture over 8 weeks resulted in greater improvement in symptoms of moderate to severe chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) compared with sham therapy. Treatment effects endured over 24 weeks follow up. The findings are published in Annals of Internal Medicine. CP/CPPS manifests discomfort or pain in the pelvic region for at least 3 of the previous 6 months without evidence of infection. Lower urinary tract symptoms, psychological issues, and sexual dysfunction may also be involved. Men with CP/CPPS may have a poor quality of life due to the many neuropsychophysiologic pathophysiology factors associated with the disorder, such as inflammation in the prostate, anxiety and stress, and dyssynergic voiding. Antibiotics, a-blockers, and anti-inflammatories are the mainstays of treatment in clinical practice, but they have limited effectiveness and are associated with adverse events with long-term use. Acupuncture has shown promise as an alternative treatment, but high-quality evidence is scarce. Researchers from the China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences randomly assigned 440 male participants (220 in each group) to either 8 weeks of acupuncture or sham therapy to assess the long-term efficacy of acupuncture for improving symptoms of CP/CPPS. The treatment was considered effective if participants achieved a clinically important reduction of at least 6 points from baseline on the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index at weeks 8 and 32. Ascertainment of sustained efficacy required the between-group difference to be statistically significant at both time points. The researchers found that compared with the sham acupuncture group, larger proportions of participants in the acupuncture group reported marked or moderate improvements in symptoms at all assessment points. No significant difference was found in changes in International Index of Erectile Function 5 score at all assessment time points or in peak and average urinary flow rates at week 8. No serious adverse events were reported in either group. According to the researchers, these findings show long-term efficacy of acupuncture and provide high-quality evidence for clinical practice and guideline recommendations. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) decreases amyloid beta-induced neurotoxicity by decreasing neuroinflammation through regulation of microglial polarization Yunnan University (CHina), August 16, 2021 According to news reporting originating in Yunnan, People's Republic of China, research stated, “Although the cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is still controversial, it is generally accepted that neuroinflammation plays a key role in AD pathogenesis. Thus, regulating the polarization of microglia will help in recovering from AD since microglia can be polarized into classical M1 and alternative M2 phenotypes, M1 microglia leading to neuroinflammation and M2 microglia acting as anti-inflammatory effectors.” Financial support for this research came from National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC). The news reporters obtained a quote from the research from Yunnan University, “Our previous study demonstrated that eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), an essential n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, may modulate glial cell activity and functions, but it is not clear whether EPA plays a role in microglial polarization. Here, we aimed to test the hypothesis that EPA may regulate the polarization of microglia and subsequently alleviate neuroinflammation and neuronal damage. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed an EPA -supplemented diet or a palm oil -supplemented diet for 42 days. On day 28 of diet feeding, the mice received a single intracerebroventricular injection of beta-peptide fragment 1-42(A beta(1-42)) or saline. The polarization of M1 and M2 microglia was evaluated by western blot using the respective markers. Changes in inflammatory cytokine mRNA levels were examined using real-time PCR. Neurological deficits were analysed using the Morris water maze and TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) assays. EPA supplementation effectively reversed the increasing trend of M1 microglial markers and the decreased expression of M2 microglial markers in the hippocampus mediated by A beta(1-42) and normalized the A beta-induced upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines and the downregulation of anti-inflammatory factors. Consistent with these findings, EPA significantly improved cognitive function and inhibited apoptotic neuronal death in the hippocampus.” According to the news reporters, the research concluded: “These results demonstrated that EPA appears to have potential effects on regulating microglial polarization, which contributes to alleviating neuroinflammation and may have beneficial effects for preventing and treating AD.” This research has been peer-reviewed. Yoga and meditation improve mind-body health and stress resilience University of Southern California August 19, 2021 Many people report positive health effects from practicing yoga and meditation, and experience both mental and physical benefits from these practices. However, we still have much to learn about how exactly these practices affect mind-body health. A new research article published in Frontiers in Human Neuroscience investigates the effects of yoga and meditation on brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), the activity on the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) effects and inflammatory markers. By studying the participants of an intensive 3-month yoga and meditation retreat, the researchers found that the practices positively impacted BDNF signaling, the cortisol awakening response (CAR) and immunological markers, and in addition improved subjective wellbeing. In this study, the retreat participants were assessed before and after participating in a 3-month yoga and meditation retreat that involved daily meditation and Isha yoga, accompanied by a vegetarian diet. The yogic practices consisted of physical postures, controlled breathing practices, and seated meditations during which the participants focused on mantra repetition, breath, emptying the mind and bodily sensation. The researchers measured psychometric measures, brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), circadian salivary cortisol levels, as well as pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. They also collected data on psychometric variables including mindfulness, absorption, depression and anxiety, and investigated the relationship between psychological improvements and biological changes. The data showed that participation in the retreat was associated with decreases in both self-reported anxiety and depression as well as increases in mindfulness. The research team observed increases in the plasma levels of BDNF, a neuromodulator that plays an important role in learning, memory and the regulation of complex processes such as inflammation, immunity, mood regulation, stress response and metabolism. They also observed increases in the magnitude of the cortisol awakening response (CAR) which is part of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPA), suggesting improved stress resilience. Moreover, there was a decrease in inflammatory processes caused by an increase of the anti-inflammatory cytokine Interleukin-10 and a reduction of the pro-inflammatory cytokine Interleukin-12 after the retreat. "It is likely that at least some of the significant improvements in both HPA axis functioning as exemplified by the CAR as well as neuroimmunologic functioning as exemplified by increases in BDNF levels and alterations in cytokines were due to the intensive meditation practice involved in this retreat," says corresponding author Dr Baruch Rael Cahn (University of Southern California, USA). The research team hypothesize that the pattern of biological findings observed in their study is linked to enhanced resilience and wellbeing. "The observed increased BDNF signaling possibly related to enhanced neurogenesis and/or neuroplasticity, increased CAR likely related to enhanced alertness and readiness for mind-body engagement, and increased anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines possibly indicating enhanced immunological readiness," explains Dr Cahn. "An intriguing possible link between the effects on BDNF and the CAR is hippocampal functional integrity, since increased BDNF levels due to physical exercise has previously been shown to relate with hippocampal neurogenesis and likely relate to its positive effects on well-being and depression." In the light of previous studies of the positive effects of meditation on mental fitness, autonomic homeostasis and inflammatory status, the researchers think that their findings are related to the meditative practices that the retreat participants engaged in. However, they suggest that some of the observed changes may also be related to the physical aspects of the retreat - yoga practice and diet - and that the observed change patterns are a reflection of wellbeing and mind-body integration. The next step will be to conduct further research in order to clarify the extent to which the positive changes on mind-body wellness and stress resilience are related to the yoga and meditation practices respectively, and to account for other possible contextual factors such as social dynamics, diet and the impact of the teacher. "To our knowledge, our study is the first to examine a broad range of pro- and anti-inflammatory markers in a healthy population before and after a yoga-meditation intervention. Our findings justify further studies of yoga and meditation retreats assessing for the replicability, specificity and long-term implications of these findings," concludes Dr Cahn.
Volume 11, Issue 22 of Oncotarget reported that the goal of this study was to explore the involvement of mi RNAs in beneficial effects exerted by physical activity in breast cancer prevention. The levels of extracellular mi RNAs were evaluated in blood plasma before and after structured exercise by means of microarray analysis of 1,900 mi RNAs identifying mostly modulated mi RNAs. The different expressions of two mi RNAs involved in breast cancer progression, i. e. up-regulation of mi R-206 and down-regulation of anti-miR-30c, were the most striking effects induced by exercise. The biological effects of these mi RNAs were investigated in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. The evaluation of these mi RNAs in the blood can be used as non-invasive biomarkers for breast cancer prevention. Dr. Alessandra Pulliero from the Department of Health Sciences at The University of Genoa said, "The relevance of structured exercise for public health has been addressed by the World Health Organization, and its lack is estimated to be the main risk factor for 21–25% of breast and colon cancer cases, 27% of diabetes cases, and 30% of ischemic heart disease cases." Breast cancer survivors engaging in structured exercise increase the drainage of lymph from their upper limbs, thereby decreasing the side effects of mastectomy, significantly lowering their risk of cancer relapse and improving their immune functions. Structured exercise improves insulin resistance, reduces hyperinsulinaemia and reduces the risk for diabetes, which could explain the link between increased structured exercise and reduced risk for these cancers. Recent findings indicate that women with a history of breast cancer who engage in more than 9 metabolic equivalent h/week of structured exercise after a breast cancer diagnosis had a significantly lower risk of death or breast cancer recurrence than women who were physically inactive. Incubation of MCF-7 estrogen-responsive breast cancer cells and MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer cells treated with post-exercise serum, from both healthy volunteers and operated cancer patients resulted in a reduction of breast cancer cell viability in comparison with breast cancer cells incubated with pre-exercise sera. Accordingly, the authors analyzed circulating mi RNAs expression profiles before and after structured exercise and evaluated their potential anti-cancer properties in breast cancer cells. The Pulliero Research Team concluded in their Oncotarget Research Article, "this study provides evidence that miRNA modulation is a specific molecular mechanism through which structured exercise exerts preventive effects against cancer. The possibility of using these two miRNAs for breast cancer prevention is of interest. MicroRNA as delivered by lipid nanoparticles has been already been effective in mice in preventing NNK induced lung cancer [46]. However, insofar no similar experiments exist as far as concern breast cancer prevention. Moreover, the evaluation of miR-206 and anti-miR-30c levels in the blood of breast cancer patients could be useful as non-invasive biomarkers in guiding future strategies for cancer prevention." DOI - https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.27609 Full text - https://www.oncotarget.com/article/27609/text/ Correspondence to - Alessandra Pulliero - alessandra.pulliero@unige.it About Oncotarget Oncotarget is a weekly, peer-reviewed, open-access biomedical journal covering research on all aspects of oncology. To learn more about Oncotarget, please visit https://www.oncotarget.com or connect with: SoundCloud - https://soundcloud.com/oncotarget Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/Oncotarget/ Twitter - https://twitter.com/oncotarget LinkedIn - https://www.linkedin.com/company/oncotarget Pinterest - https://www.pinterest.com/oncotarget/ Reddit - https://www.reddit.com/user/Oncotarget/ Oncotarget is published by Impact Journals, LLC please visit http://www.ImpactJournals.com or connect with @ImpactJrnls
Medizinische Fakultät - Digitale Hochschulschriften der LMU - Teil 12/19
Neben den anerkannten Risikofaktoren Alkohol und Rauchen gewinnt die individuelle Suszeptibilität, als zusätzlicher Risikofaktor für die Entwicklung von Kopf-Hals-Tumoren zunehmend an Bedeutung. Eine genetische Disposition zur DNA-Instabilität oder präformierte Defizite im Bereiche der DNA-Reparaturmechanismen begünstigen das Auftreten und die Persistenz kritischer Mutationen. Durch diese „endogenen“ Risikofaktoren wird eine Tumorenstehung begünstigt, so dass manche Personen, bei gleicher Expositionsstärke und -dauer gegenüber exogenen kanzerogenen Einflüssen, leichter ein Karzinom entwickeln, als andere. In der vorliegenden Arbeit sollte untersucht werden, ob Unterschiede in der Mutagensensitivität und/oder der DNA-Reparaturkapazität zwischen einer Versuchsgruppe aus Patienten mit einem Karzinom des oberen Aerodigestivtraktes und einer gesunden Probantengruppe feststellbar sind. Die beiden Gruppen wurden nach Geschlecht, Alter, Tabak- und Alkoholkonsum abgeglichen. Das Kollektiv der Karzinompatienten umfasste 20 Personen, die an einem oropharyngealen Karzinom erkrankt waren. Der Kontrollgruppe gehörten ebenfalls 20 Personen an, die jedoch alle frei von einem Tumorleiden waren. Perioperativ wurden zur Testung jeweils 20 Schleimhautproben gewonnen. an Lymphozyten standen aus beiden Gruppen jeweils 15 Proben zur Verfügung. Die anerkannt karzinogenen Inhaltsstoffe des Tabakrauchs Benzo[a]pyren, BPDE, NDEA, NNN, NNK, NDEA wurden als Testsubstanzen verwendet, um Schäden an der DNA zu induzieren. MNNG und die Lösungssubstanz DMSO dienten als Positiv- und Negativkontrolle. Schleimhautzellen und Lymphozyten wurden jeweils für 60 Minuten mit den genannten Fremdstoffen inkubiert. Der Reparaturversuch wurde ausschließlich mit NDEA durchgeführt. Nach Auswaschung des Fremdstoffes wurde den Schleimhautzellen 15 und 30 Minuten und den Lymphozyten 15, 30 und 60 Minuten Zeit zur Reparatur entstandener DNA-Schäden gewährt. Zur quantitativen Darstellung der fremdstoffinduzierten DNA-Schädigungen und Reparaturleistung wurde der Comet Assay benutzt. Alle getesteten Substanzen zeigten im Vergleich zur Kontrollsubstanz DMSO ein signifikantes Schädigungsniveau. Die Ergebnisse der Versuche zur Mutagensensitivität zeigten eine signifikant höhere Schädigung der Schleimhautzellen der Tumorgruppe durch NNN. In den weiteren Versuchen zur Mutagensensitivität konnte durch keine weitere Substanz, weder in Schleimhautzellen, noch in Lymphozyten, eine Schädigung ausgelöst werden, die einen signifikanten Unterschied zwischen Tumor- und Kontrollgruppe aufzeigt. Für Schleimhautzellen und Lymphozyten konnte ein Ansteigen der DRC im zeitlichen Verlauf von 0 bis 30, bzw. 0 bis 60 Minuten erfasst werden. Ein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen Versuchs- und Kontrollgruppe bestand nicht. Alle benutzen Testsubstanzen verursachen nachweisbare DNA-Schäden in unterschiedlicher Stärke und Homogenität. Sowohl in Lymphozyten, als auch Epithelzellen fand unter den eingesetzten In-vitro-Bedingungen eine zeitabhängige zunehmende Reparatur der geschädigten DNA statt. In der statistischen Auswertung der Ergebnisse konnte ausschließlich für das Agens NNN (p = 0,04) eine erhöhte Sensitivität der Schleimhautzellen von Karzinompatienten nachgewiesen werden. Zur Bestätigung dieses Ergebnisses müssen weitere Versuche folgen. Insgesamt ließ sich die Hypothese einer unterschiedlichen Mutagensensitivität und DNA-Reparaturkapazität beim Vergleich von Patienten mit einem Karzinom des Kopf-Hals-Bereiches und in der Population der vorliegenden Arbeit nicht bestätigen.
Medizinische Fakultät - Digitale Hochschulschriften der LMU - Teil 12/19
Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die konzentrationsabhängige Metabolisierung des tabakspezifischen Nitrosamins 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanon (NNK) in den Mikrosomen von Lunge und Leber des Menschen zu charakterisieren. Es wurden kommerziell erhältliche gepoolte Mikrosomen verwendet um vergleichbare Ergebnisse in den verschiedenen Ansätzen zu erzielen. Die Mikrosomen wurden bei einer Proteinkonzentration von 0,2 mg/mL 20 min mit [5-3H]-NNK inkubiert. Zur Bestimmung der Kinetik kamen je 16 Konzentrationen von 0,006 bis 499 µM zum Einsatz. Die Charakterisierung des NNK-Metabolismus mit spezifischen Hemmstoffen für Cytochrom P450 (CYP) Isoenzyme, α-Naphthoflavon (NF; CYP 1A1/2), 8-Methoxypsoralen (MOP; CYP 2A6/13), Chlorzoxazon (CZ; CYP 2E1) und Troleandomycin (TAO; CYP 3A4/5) alleine und in Kombination aller 4 Stoffe, erfolgte bei 46 nM und 49 µM NNK und Hemmstoffkonzentrationen von 1, 5, 10, 25 und 50 µM. Der Einfluss von Nicotin und seines Hauptmetaboliten Cotinin wurde bei den gleichen NNK-Konzentrationen mit einem 300- bzw. 3000-fachen Überschuss der Alkaloide geprüft. Art und Menge der entstandenen Metaboliten wurde durch Hochdruckflüssigkeitschromatographie (HPLC) mit on-line Radioaktivitätsdetektion ermittelt. Durch Einsatz eines neuen Detektors mit vier hintereinander liegenden Messzellen und integrierten Additionsverfahren gelang es die Nachweisgrenze gegenüber handelsüblichen Detektoren um den Faktor 10 zu senken. Die Zuordnung der Metaboliten erfolgte durch Co-Chromatographie von Referenzsubstanzen, die durch UV-Detektion bei 245 nm bestimmt wurden. In Humanlebermikrosomen wurden 5 NNK-Metaboliten nachgewiesen, das Reduktionsprodukt 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), die Produkte der α-Methylenhydroxylierung von NNK und NNAL, 4-Oxo-4-(3-pyridyl)-butansäure (Ketosäure) und 4-Hydroxy-4-(3-pyridyl)-butansäure (Hydroxysäure), das Produkt der α-Methylhydroxylierung von NNK, 4-Hydroxy-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanon (HPB) und das N-Oxidationsprodukt von NNK, das NNK-N-Oxid. Humane Lungenmikrosomen bildeten die gleichen Metaboliten außer HPB. Die Umsätze konnten für alle Metaboliten über den gesamten Konzentrationsbereich von 6 nM bis 500 µM einer Reaktionskinetik nach Michaelis-Menten angepasst werden. Bei Anpassung nur im niedrigen, nanomolaren Bereich ergaben sich für alle Metaboliten außer Ketosäure und HPB km- und Vmax-Werte, die um 2 bis 3 Größenordnungen niedriger lagen als die Werte, die für den gesamten Konzentrationsbereich erhalten wurden. Dabei änderte sich die katalytische Effizienz, der Quotient aus Vmax/km-Werten nur geringfügig. Die Hemmstoffe wirkten in Lebermikrosomen stärker als in Lungenmikrosomen. Bei keinem der Hemmversuche konnte jedoch selbst unter Verwendung der höchsten Konzentration eine vollständige Hemmung der NNK-Verstoffwechslung durch α-Hydroxylierung und N-Oxidation erzielt werden. Die CYP-Inhibitoren hatten erwartungsgemäß nur einen geringen Einfluss auf die NNK-Reduktion zu NNAL. In der Leber wurde die HPB-Bildung am stärksten gehemmt, gefolgt von der NNK-N-Oxidation, der Bildung von Ketosäure und der Bildung von Hydroxysäure. In Lungenmikrosomen war die Hemmung der NNK-N-Oxidation am stärksten ausgeprägt. Die größten Unterschiede zwischen der nano- und der mikromolaren NNK-Konzentration zeigte sich in Lebermikrosomen bei Einsatz von NF mit mäßiger bis starker Hemmung aller Stoffwechselwege bei 46 nM NNK und keiner Hemmung bis z.T. leichter Steigerung des Metabolismus bei 49 µM NNK. Auffällige Unterschiede auch bei TAO in Leber und Lunge und bei CZ in der Leber zeigen, dass sich Versuche mit bisher verwendeten hohen NNK-Konzentrationen nur bedingt auf niedrigere Konzentrationen übertragen lassen. Die in früheren Untersuchungen gezeigte Hemmung des NNK-Stoffwechsels konnte bei der mikromolaren NNK-Konzentration für die α-Hydroxylierung von NNK in Lungen- und Lebermikrosomen bestätigt werden. In der Leber wurde auch die NNK-N-Oxidation deutlich gehemmt. Überraschend war die Hemmung der Reduktion von NNK zu NNAL in Lungen- und Lebermikrosomen. All diese Effekte gingen bei Einsatz der nanomolaren NNK-Konzentration verloren. Es ist deshalb fraglich, ob unter realen Bedingungen bei Rauchern der NNK-Stoffwechsel durch die Tabakalkaloide beeinflusst wird. Die vorliegenden Untersuchungen zeigen, dass die bei Verwendung unrealistisch hoher Konzentrationen von Fremdstoffen in vitro erzielten Ergebnisse nicht ohne weiteres auf die tatsächliche Belastungssituation des Menschen durch Umwelt, Nahrung und Genuss von Tabakwaren zu übertragen sind.
William is joined by Thomas, Glenn and James. Later, Dave joins to talk about MotY. They talk about Syndicate Black Ops, Dual Reality, Visage, GraviNULL, Dogfight, Cry of Fear, Prison Island, NNK, and more…
William is joined by Dave Traeger and Aaron. Later, DJ Ready and Raven from NNK join for an interview. They talk about Return to Church, Jailbreak!, Coven, The Rising, Tension, SHIFT, Visage, Galactopticon, Flesh, HL2: Wars, Eternal Silence and more…
Medizinische Fakultät - Digitale Hochschulschriften der LMU - Teil 11/19
Das Oropharynxkarzinom steht in Deutschland mit einem Anteil von 3,3% an allen bösartigen Neubil¬dungen bei Männern an der siebten Stelle der Krebsneuerkrankungen. Der jahrelange Gebrauch von Tabakwaren ist ein wichtiger Risikofaktor, der durch gleichzeitige Anwendung hochprozentiger Alko¬holika multipliziert wird. In vielen westeuropäischen Industrieländern konnte eine Zunahme von Inzi¬denz und Mortalität festgestellt werden, dagegen weist Schweden die niedrigste Inzidenzrate auf. Eine mögliche Erklärung dafür wird im geringeren Anteil an Rauchern vermutet. Ein Viertel der schwe¬dischen Männer verwendet Tabak in Form des Schwedischen Kautabaks, der als Snus bekannt ist. Die tabakspezifischen Nitrosamine N'-Nitrosonornicotin (NNN) und 4 (Methylnitrosamino) 1-(3 pyri¬dyl)-1-butanon (NNK) erzeugen im Tierversuch nicht nur Tumoren im Ösophagus bzw. Lunge, Leber und Pankreas, sondern bei gemeinsamer Gabe auch in der Mundhöhle. Beide Substanzen unterliegen einer metabolischen Aktivierung, die über reaktive Zwischenstufen zu einer Pyridyloxobutylierung der DNA führen. Unter saurer Hydrolyse spalten diese Addukte 4-Hydroxy-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanon (HPB) ab, das nach Derivatisierung mittels Gaschromatographie/Massenspektrometrie (GC-MS) nachgewie¬sen werden kann. Die Zielsetzungen der Studien mit männlichen Wistarratten waren die Bestimmung der Dosis-Wirkungs-Beziehung für die Bildung HPB-freisetzender Addukte in den Zielorganen Lunge und Leber, ausgelöst durch die Gabe von NNK und ihre Modulation durch Ethanol. Des Weiteren sollten protektive Effekte ausgewählter antioxidativer Substanzen auf die Entstehung der DNA-Addukte beur¬teilt werden. Der Vorversuch ergab, dass die 2- bis 4-wöchige Zufuhr von 1, 3 und 5 ppm NNK über das Trink¬wasser in Lunge und Leber der Ratten ausreichend hohe Konzentrationen HPB-freisetzender DNA-Addukten für die GC-MS-Bestimmung erzeugte. Für den Interaktionsversuch von NNK und Ethanol erhielten die Ratten über 4 Wochen 1 oder 5 ppm NNK alleine oder in Kombination mit 10% Ethanol über das Trinkwasser. NNK erzeugte in der Lunge doppelt so hohe HPB-Adduktwerte als in der Leber. Die 5fach höhere NNK-Konzentration führte nur zu einer Verdoppelung der Adduktkonzentrationen, eine Bestätigung für die in der Literatur berichtete Sättigung der Adduktbildung durch NNK. Die Alkoholzufuhr verminderte die Wasseraufnahme und damit die NNK-Dosis um etwa ein Drittel. Die Extrapolation auf die höhere NNK-Dosis bei alleiniger NNK-Gabe zeigt, dass die HPB-Adduktlevel in der Leber unter dem Einfluss von Ethanol deutlich geringer ausfielen. Dies spricht für eine kompetitive Hemmung der NNK-Aktivierung über CYP2E1 durch Ethanol in der Leber. Die Hemmung des Leberstoffwechsels führt zu einer höheren Verfügbar¬keit von NNK für die Lunge, in der leicht erhöhte HPB-Adduktlevel gefunden wurden. Der Chemopräventionsversuch diente der Untersuchung des Einflusses antioxidativer Substanzen auf die Schädigung der DNA in Leber- und Lungengewebe von Ratten durch 5 ppm NNK und die gemeinsame Gabe von 5 ppm NNK und 10% Ethanol 4 Wochen über das Trinkwasser. Die 5-wöchige Zufuhr der antioxidativen Substanzen über das Futter begann bereits 1 Woche vor der NNK- und Ethanolgabe in Konzentrationen von 7 g/kg Ellagsäure, 3 g/kg Chlorophyllin oder 10 g/kg Vitamin E. Bei alleiniger NNK-Gabe reduzierten alle drei Substanzen in der Reihenfolge Chlorophyllin (-41%, p Vitamin E ( 33%, p Ellagsäure (-22%; n.s.) die HPB-Addukte in der Leber. In der Lunge reduzierte nur Vitamin E signifikant die HPB-Adduktlevel (-25%, p
Medizinische Fakultät - Digitale Hochschulschriften der LMU - Teil 09/19
Die beiden tabakspezifischen Nitrosamine (TSNA) 4 (Methylnitrosamino) 1-(3 pyridyl)-1-butanon (NNK) und N'-Nitrosonornicotin (NNN) sind kanzerogene Inhaltstoffe des Tabakrauchs. NNK erzeugt im Tierversuch vor allem Tumoren in Lunge, Leber, Bauchspeicheldrüse und der Nasenhöhle. NNN führt dagegen zu Ösophagustumoren, aber auch zu Tumoren der Nasenhöhle. Unter metabolischer Aktivierung bilden beide TSNA eine reaktive Zwischenstufe, die mit Biomolekülen reagiert und nach Hydrolyse 4-Hydroxy-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanon (HPB) abspaltet. Nach Extraktion und Derivatisierung kann das HPB mit hoher Nachweisempfindlichkeit mittels Gaschromatographie/Massenspektrometrie (GC/MS) bestimmt werden. Eine andere Quelle für diese Addukte stellt das Myosmin dar. Zwar ist es auch ein Nebenbestandteil der Alkaloidfraktion des Tabaks, aber unabhängig davon kommt es in einer Vielzahl von Nahrungsmitteln vor und kann in Plasma und Speichel des Menschen nachgewiesen werden. Myosmin bildet im sauren Milieu durch Nitrosierung bzw. Peroxidierung ebenfalls HPB-Addukte. Ähnliche Bedingungen liegen in der unteren Speiseröhre bei einer Refluxerkrankung vor. Bei einem Teil der Patienten kommt es zu einer Metaplasie der Speiseröhrenschleimhaut, dem Barrett-Ösophagus, der ein Präkanzerose darstellt, und aus dem sich pro Jahr bei 1-2% der Patienten ein ösophageales Adenokarzinoms (EAC) entwickelt. Das EAC zeigt vor allem in westlichen Industriestaaten eine stark steigende Inzidenzrate. Hauptrisikofaktoren für die Entstehung eines EAC sind neben dem Barrett-Ösophagus das männliche Geschlecht, Übergewicht und eine gemüse-/obstarme Ernährung bzw. der übermäßige Verzehr von tierischen Fetten. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Untersuchung der Rolle von HPB-abspaltenden DNA-Addukten in Biopsien der unteren Speiseröhre für das Krankheitsbild, insbesondere der Sequenz Reflux, gastroösophageale Refluxkrankheit (GERD), Barrett, EAC und der mögliche Beitrag des Rauchens und der Myosminbelastung durch die Ernährung. Im Rahmen einer endoskopischen Untersuchung erhielten wir von nüchternen Patienten zwei Biopsien der Ösophagusschleimhaut oral and aboral der magennahen Läsion für die Bestimmung der DNA-Addukte und eine Blutprobe zur Bestimmung der Myosmin- und Cotininkonzentration. Zusätzlich wurden die Teilnehmer gebeten einen Fragebogen zu Lebens- und Ernährungsgewohnheiten auszufüllen. Vorrangiges Ziel war zunächst die Verbesserung der bestehenden analytischen Methoden. Bei der Bestimmung der Plasmakonzentration der Nicotinoide konnte durch Verwendung einer Mischpolymer-Festphase der Zeit- und Materialaufwand deutlich reduziert werden. Insgesamt nahmen 92 Patienten an der Studie teil, wobei von 84 Teilnehmern auch die HPB-Addukte und Plasmakonzentrationen bestimmt werden konnten. Die Konzentration der HPB-Addukte in Schleimhautbiopsien der unteren Speiseröhre war mit 4,75 pmol/mg deutlich höher als zuvor berichtete Adduktlevel von Gewebeproben, die im Rahmen von Autopsien gewonnen worden waren und auch untere Schichten der Ösophaguswand einschlossen. Insgesamt ergab sich keine Abhängigkeit der Adduktkonzentration vom Geschlecht oder Rauchstatus. In der Sequenz Reflux, GERD, Barrett, EAC zeigten Patienten mit Reflux eine deutliche Tendenz zu höheren Werten. Bei Patienten, die häufig unter Sodbrennen leiden, war die Konzentration der HPB-Addukte gegenüber symptomfreien Patienten signifikant erhöht. Diese Ergebnisse stützen die Hypothese der Bildung von HPB-Addukten aus Myosmin in der unteren Speiseröhre. Hinsichtlich der Ernährungsgewohnheiten zeigten sich wenige Auffälligkeiten. Lediglich bei häufigem Verzehr von scharfen Speisen und nusshaltigen Lebensmitteln und bei regelmäßigem Alkoholkonsum zeigte sich eine Tendenz zu höheren Adduktwerten. Beim Milchkonsum verhielt es sich umgekehrt, der häufigere Verzehr führte zu einer Erniedrigung der HPB-Konzentration an der DNA. Die Myosminkonzentration im Plasma der nüchternen Patienten hatte aufgrund der anzunehmenden kurzen Halbwertszeit von Myosmin nur eine geringe Aussagekraft. Es bestand keine Korrelation mit den HPB-Addukten und auch keine Abhängigkeit vom Rauchstatus, während regelmäßiger Alkoholkonsum die Konzentration von Myosmin signifikant erhöhte.
Medizinische Fakultät - Digitale Hochschulschriften der LMU - Teil 05/19
Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Genotoxizität des Tabakalkaloids Myosmin mit Hilfe des Comet-Assays in der humanen Ösophagus-Adenokarzinomzelllinie OE33. Der Comet-Assay weist in seiner alkalischen Form Einzel- und Doppelstrangbrüche der DNA, sowie alkalilabile Stellen und DNA-Fragmente, die bei der Excisionsreparatur entstehen nach. Als wichtigster Risikofaktor für die Entstehung von Adenokarzinomen im Ösophagus gilt der Barrett-Ösophagus, bei dem es durch Reflux von Säure und Duodenalinhalten aus dem Magen zu Entzündungen kommt. Um die so im Ösophagus auftretenden Bedingungen abzubilden, wurden die OE33-Zellen zum einen bei sauren pH-Werten mit Myosmin allein oder gleichzeitig mit Myosmin und verschiedenen reaktiven Spezies behandelt. Dies führte zu einer Steigerung der durch Myosmin verursachten, im Comet-Assay nachweisbaren DNA-Schäden. Außerdem konnte gezeigt werden, dass Myosmin die Reparatur methylierter DNA in OE33-Zellen hemmt. Die genotoxische Wirkung von Myosmin beruht wahrscheinlich auf der Induktion von 4-Hydroxy-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanon (HPB) freisetzenden DNA-Addukten. Diese Addukte werden außerdem von den als kanzerogen für den Menschen eingestuften Tabakspezifischen Nitrosaminen 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanon (NNK) und Nitrosonornicotin (NNN) verursacht. Myosmin kann zum einen zu NNN nitrosiert werden, das nach metabolischer Aktivierung HBP-Addukte verursachen kann. Darüber hinaus kann es durch Nitrosierung bzw. Peroxidierung aber auch direkt zu reaktiven Metaboliten umgesetzt werden, die HPB-Addukte bilden.
1 Contrary to established metabolic pattern, a recent investigation of NNK metabolism produced in rat urine higher levels of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1- butanone (NNK) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyri dyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) than their N-oxides, suggesting that reconversion of N-oxides could occur after urine formation. 2 To verify the possible role of bacteria in the reduction of NNK-N-oxide and NNAL-N-oxide to their respective parent compounds, NNK and NNAL, in smokers with urinary tract infection (UTI), the N-oxides were isolated from the urine of rats treated with 5-3HNNK and individually incubated at 37°C with ten bacterial species in sterile human urine under different pH regimens. After incubation with the bacteria, aliquots of culture media were analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with radiochemical detection. 3 Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis possessed varying capacity to regenerate NNK and NNAL from their N- oxides while others showed no detectable reductive capability within 24 h. 4 This result constitutes the first experimental evidence that in tobacco users with concomitant UTI, bacterial regeneration of the procarcinogenic NNK and NNAL from their N-oxides could occur in the bladder leading to increased carcinogen burden in these individuals.
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