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About Statius, the American Classical League Mentoring Program, and upcoming revisions to the Advanced Placement Latin curriculum.Patrick Yaggy's career in education began 25 years ago. Teaching first in Georgia and then later in Arizona, he is well-known within the Latin-teaching community for both his excellence in the classroom and his generous contributions to the profession. He has served as a Board Member of the North American Cambridge Classics Project and as the inaugural Chair of the American Classical League Mentoring Program, he has authored a textbook on the Thebaid of Statius, he has developed resources to complement the teaching of Caesar and Vergil, and he has created hundreds of instructional videos on YouTube. In the spring of 2024, Patrick accepted a position at the College Board, where he now serves as the Director of Assessment for Advanced Placement Latin and World Languages. Recorded in April of 2025.Quintilian is supported by a Bridge Initiative Grant from the Committee for the Promotion of Latin and Greek, a division of the Classical Association of the Middle West and South.Music: "Echo Canyon Instrumental" by Clive RomneyComments or questions about this podcast may be directed to ryangsellers@gmail.com. Thanks for listening! If you're enjoying Quintilian, please leave us a rating and/or a review on your favorite podcast distribution platform.
Crafted in small batches from Ohio soft red winter wheat to emphasize the regional flavor of their agriculture, their flagship whiskey is then aged in new Ohio-made white American oak barrels to round out its mid-western flavor foundations. Ohio soft red winter wheat. Aged a minimum of 3 years in fresh white American oak 92 Points “Exceptional” – Tastings.com / Gold Medal – Beverage Testing Institute / Gold Medal – Wizards of Whisky / Distillery of the Year – Wizards of Whisky. Cheers!
Send us a textWe explore the fascinating journey of Middle West Spirits and its commitment to crafting exceptional whiskey using local grains. The episode delves into the distillation process, history, and unique flavor profiles of their various whiskey expressions while celebrating their innovative spirit and community roots.• Introduction to Middle West Spirits' philosophy • Background on Ryan Lang and his family's distilling legacy • Overview of the distilling and production process • Tasting and review of wheat whiskey, weeder bourbon, and dark pumpernickel rye • Discussion on the double cask collection and innovative finishes • Comparison of different expressions and overall impressions Let's keep the conversation going! Share your thoughts on our latest whiskey adventures or favorite bourbons to sip on.What happens when you mix local Ohio grains, a passion for quality, and a partnership with legendary barrel makers? Find out as we sit down with Ryan Lang, co-founder of Middle West Spirits, to explore their journey from humble beginnings to becoming a renowned name in the world of fine spirits. We'll uncover their dedication to craftsmanship and innovation, highlighted by their unique distillation process and an impressive expansion that includes a towering 55-foot column still. Ryan takes us behind the scenes, sharing stories of milestones and future endeavors that continue to fuel Middle West Spirits' remarkable success.Get ready to experience the exceptional qualities of Middle West Spirits' renowned Dark Pumpernickel Rye. This cast strength rye stands out with its rich, full-bodied character and an intricate aging process involving French tawny port casks. We'll compare its flavor complexity to other notable ryes, discovering what sets it apart in the world of whiskey. And yes, we even navigate a brief technical hiccup mid-podcast—the joys and challenges of broadcasting, right?Join us as we celebrate the camaraderie that good bourbon brings. From tasting the intricate flavors of bourbon and rye to sharing a laugh over a technical snafu, this episode is all about savoring life's moments uncut and unfiltered. We might have hit a snag with Little Steve-O's sign-off due to a copyright issue, but our spirits remain high as we look forward to more good times together. Whether you're a seasoned whiskey enthusiast or just curious, this episode promises a flavorful ride through the world of Middle West Spirits.voice over Whiskey Thief ad for Rosewood bourbon Add for SOFLSupport the showhttps://www.scotchybourbonboys.com
Send us a textCraft distilling in Ohio is thriving, with Midwest Spirits paving the way for unique whiskey flavors. The episode dives deep into the process of aging, blending, and the importance of local agriculture while highlighting upcoming innovations and products. • The evolution of Midwest Spirits through COVID • The significance of understanding international palates • Aging and consistency challenges in whiskey production • Insights into barrel selection and its impact on flavor • Preview of exciting new releases from Midwest SpiritsDiscover the secrets behind the success of Middle West Spirits as we sit down with Ryan Lang, the visionary owner-operator, to uncover how his brand expanded its presence to 45 states and is now venturing into international markets. You'll learn how Ryan navigated the turbulent waters of the COVID-19 pandemic, not just surviving, but thriving by adapting to new market dynamics and expanding his distribution network. Join us as we also explore the unique characteristics that set American whiskeys apart, particularly their sweet, dessert-like profiles that are captivating palates worldwide.Step into the enchanting world of Whiskey where creativity meets tradition. Ryan shares his dedication to crafting full cask strength bourbon series, emphasizing the balance of consistency and creativity in every bottle. We celebrate the launch of innovative product lines while reflecting on the transformative role of automation in whiskey production. From the evolution of whiskey making to the joyous experience of tasting aged bourbons, this chapter is a toast to tradition and innovation coalescing in every sip.Understand the profound artistry in whiskey production from blending to barrel crafting, exploring the intricate dance of variables that influence flavor profiles. We delve into the meticulous care involved in sourcing local grains and managing supplies, highlighting the importance of collaboration with farmers and experts. Finally, we unravel the complexities of aging, from the origin of oak barrels to the unique qualities of Indiana and Ohio bourbons, particularly a standout four-grain whiskey ready to make its mark against industry giants. Join us on this flavorful journey, where complexity meets approachability, promising an unforgettable experience.voice over Whiskey Thief ad for Rosewood bourbon Add for SOFLSupport the showhttps://www.scotchybourbonboys.com
On this episode, Tyler, Dude, and JD sit down to talk about their New Year so far, while dipping into the new Cask Strength offerings from Middle West Spirits fresh off of two of them landing in the top 100 of Fred Minnick's 2024 list. Tune in for all the fun.… on this episode of, The Bourbon Hunters. Do you like buying bourbon gear? Check out our website at https://www.bourbonhunters.com where you can do both with our latest bourbon shirts and our Bourbon Hunter Kenzie Drams. --Tags-- #punkrockandcocktails #thebourbonenthusiast #bourbonhunters #bourbonlover #breakingbourbon #bourbondrinkers #bourbonporn #kentuckystraightbourbon #kentuckybourbon #thebourbonalliance #bourbon #bourbonlife #bourbonlifestyle #bourbonenthusiast #bourbonwhiskey #bourboncountry #deckpour #bourbongram #instabourbon #yourbourbonyourway #yourbourbonroad #blantons #pappyvanwinkle #vodkasucks #bourbonpodcast #columbuspodcast #bourbonneat #smokewagonbourbon #woodinvillewhiskey -- Tags -- the bourbon enthusiast bourbon hunters bourbon lover breaking bourbon bourbon drinkers bourbon porn kentucky straight bourbon kentucky bourbon the bourbon alliance bourbon bourbon life bourbon lifestyle bourbon enthusiast
From new Cask Strength Whiskeys to a mid-week celebration with fried chicken and bubbles at Service Bar, Josh Daily, General Manager at Middle West Spirits, joins us to chat about what's new and what's coming soon at their award-winning craft distillery and restaurant
About Kefalonia, Roman baths, and the search for the real Odysseus. The documentary Odysseus Returns premiered on PBS in August of 2024. The description of the film on the PBS website reads as follows: “An amateur historian, Makis Metaxas, claims he found the bones of Odysseus, the hero of Homer's epic poem, the Odyssey. But the discovery is soon embroiled in controversy, and Makis embarks on his own odyssey to convince the world he is right.” Ismini Miliaresis appears in this documentary, not only as an expert in the field of classical archaeology but also as someone who has a fascinating personal connection to this story. Ismini received a bachelor's degree in civil engineering from The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art. After working as an engineer for several years, she returned to school and completed an M.A. and Ph.D. in Classical Archaeology from the University of Virginia. She has published articles about the Stabian Baths of Pompeii and the Forum Baths of Ostia, and she has taught at such institutions as the American University of Rome, the University of Missouri, and the University of Virginia. Recorded in November of 2024 Quintilian is supported by a Bridge Initiative Grant from the Committee for the Promotion of Latin and Greek, a division of the Classical Association of the Middle West and South. Music: "Echo Canyon Instrumental" by Clive Romney Comments or questions about this podcast may be directed to ryangsellers@gmail.com. Thanks for listening! If you're enjoying Quintilian, please leave us a rating and/or a review on your favorite podcast distribution platform.
Ryan Lang is the founding head distiller and CEO of Middle West Spirits in Columbus, Ohio. Founded in 2008, Middle West Spirits combines a reverence for traditional whiskey-making techniques with innovative practices. In this episode, Ryan discusses his path to starting Middle West Spirits and how his grandfather and some Irish distilleries provided some inspiration for the distillery; the role of Ohio agriculture in Middle West's products; the company's recent expansion; and some of the economic headwinds and market access challenges currently facing craft spirits producers.
About England, the family of Caecilius, and revisions to a classic textbook about the classical world. Caroline Bristow is the Director of the Cambridge School Classics Project. After earning a bachelor's and master's degree in ancient history from the University of Oxford, she worked as a teacher for several years, teaching subjects such as classical civilization, classical Greek, religion, philosophy, and anthropology. She then moved on to become a Classics and Religious Studies Subject Specialist, working closely with the Department of Education to develop subject-specific guidelines and policies. In her role as Director of the Cambridge School Classics Project, a position she has held since 2017, Caroline oversees the Cambridge Latin Course, coordinates teacher support and training, participates in public outreach, and endeavors to make the ancient world accessible to a wide audience of students by advancing Classics pedagogy through research-based methodology. "UK School Latin Course Overhauled to Reflect Diversity of Roman World" - The Guardian, July 10, 2022 Recorded in October of 2024 Quintilian is supported by a Bridge Initiative Grant from the Committee for the Promotion of Latin and Greek, a division of the Classical Association of the Middle West and South. Music: "Echo Canyon Instrumental" by Clive Romney Comments or questions about this podcast may be directed to ryangsellers@gmail.com. Thanks for listening! If you're enjoying Quintilian, please leave us a rating and/or a review on your favorite podcast distribution platform.
Originally recorded in person, with & for our patrons, Will Rose, Elizabeth Clyde, Joshua Noel, and Christian Ashley discuss how they define fantasy, why it is important, the complex relationship Christians have with the genre, and which fantasy stories are our favorites across all media!.What is a fantasy meaning? What is the definition of a fantasy story? What is the difference between fantasy and fiction? Why is Harry Potter a fantasy genre? Is Disney a fantasy genre? Why is LoTR so popular? Is Harry Potter like LoTR? What was twilight based on? What genre is Elder Scrolls? Is The Elder Scrolls the same as Skyrim? Is fantasy anime a genre? What is the plot of The Name of the Wind? What the heck is Kingdom Hearts? Is Kingdom Hearts a spin-off of Final Fantasy? How many Middlewest books are there? We discuss all this and more in this one! Join in the conversation with us on Discord now!.Support our show on Captivate or Patreon, or by purchasing a comfy T-Shirt in our store!.Listen to all of Elizabeth's episodes:https://player.captivate.fm/collection/b4feaf6c-e817-4e86-b6f3-e13c0abc7147.Check out all of our Christian's episodes:https://player.captivate.fm/collection/ebf4b064-0672-47dd-b5a3-0fff5f11b54c.Check out our other episodes with Will:https://player.captivate.fm/collection/4559ab55-4b6a-4432-b0a7-b61540df8803.Don't miss any episodes with Joshua:https://player.captivate.fm/collection/642da9db-496a-40f5-b212-7013d1e211e0Mentioned in this episode:PatreonSupport the show and get plenty of exclusives through Patreon!SG PatreonYou can help support the show on Patreon!Get exclusive access to live recordings, bonus questions, free merch, access to future D&D campaigns, the opportunity to help choose our topics, and much more!SG PatreonAnazao Ministries Podcasts NetworkCheck out all of the AMP Network shows on Apple Podcasts or Spotify!Anazao Ministries Podcasts - AMP NetworkCheck out other shows like this on our podcast network! https://anazao-ministries.captivate.fm/Systematic GeekologyOur show focuses around our favorite fandoms that we discuss from a Christian perspective. We do not try to put Jesus into all our favorite stories, but rather we try to ask the questions the IPs are asking, then addressing those questions from our perspective. We are not all ordained, but we are the Priests to the Geeks, in the sense that we try to serve as mediators between the cultures around our favorite fandoms and our faith communities.
About the Olympics, Athenian demagogues, and the importance of cultivating a love of Latin in local communities. Bob Simmons is an Associate Professor and Chair of Classics at Monmouth College in Monmouth, Illinois. His research interests include Athenian demagogues, political and social conflict in 5th-century Athens, and sports in ancient Greece and Rome. He is the author of Demagogues, Power, and Friendship in Classical Athens: Leaders as Friends in Aristophanes, Euripides, and Xenophon, a book published by Bloomsbury in 2023. Over the course of his career, Bob has received such recognitions as the Award for Excellence in College Teaching from the Classical Association of the Middle West and South, the Outreach Prize from the Society for Classical Studies, and the Charles Humphreys Award for Innovative Pedagogy from the American Classical League. In the summer of 2024, he served as the Co-Director of The Ancient Olympics and Daily Life in Ancient Olympia: A Hands-On History, a National Endowment for the Humanities Summer Institute for K-12 teachers. The other Co-Director of this NEH Institute – friend of the podcast Nathalie Roy. You can learn more about Nathalie and her innovative approach to classical studies in Episode 31 and Episode 3. How Can We Save Latin in our Public High Schools? (Bob's 2019 article for the SCS Blog) Show Me the Money: Pliny, Trajan, and the Iselastic Games (referenced by Bob at the very end of the episode) Recorded in July of 2024 Quintilian is supported by a Bridge Initiative Grant from the Committee for the Promotion of Latin and Greek, a division of the Classical Association of the Middle West and South. Music: "Echo Canyon Instrumental" by Clive Romney Comments or questions about this podcast may be directed to ryangsellers@gmail.com. Thanks for listening! If you're enjoying Quintilian, please leave us a rating and/or a review on your favorite podcast distribution platform.
About Cleopatra's daughter, ancient prosthetic limbs, and the representation of women from antiquity in video games. Jane Draycott is a Lecturer in Classics and Co-Director of the Games and Gaming Lab at the University of Glasgow. Her research interests include the Roman territories of Egypt and Mauretania, science, technology, and medicine in the classical world, and video games set in classical antiquity. She received a B.A. in Archaeology and Ancient History and an M.A. in Ancient History from Cardiff University, a master's degree in Forensic Archaeology and Anthropology from Cranfield University, and a Ph.D. in Classics from the University of Nottingham. Jane is the author of Cleopatra's Daughter: Egyptian Princess, Roman Prisoner, African Queen, a biography first published in the United Kingdom in 2022, and she shares her expertise about Cleopatra's daughter in Episode 3 of Queens of Ancient Egypt, a 2023 television documentary series. Recorded in July of 2024 Quintilian is supported by a Bridge Initiative Grant from the Committee for the Promotion of Latin and Greek, a division of the Classical Association of the Middle West and South. Music: "Echo Canyon Instrumental" by Clive Romney Comments or questions about this podcast may be directed to ryangsellers@gmail.com. Thanks for listening! If you're enjoying Quintilian, please leave us a rating and/or a review on your favorite podcast distribution platform.
On this episode Dude, Brett, Tyler, and JD, travel to Middle West Spirits to record their Dark Pumpernickel Rye barrel pick fthat is coming out in the next few weeks. Find out all about what we chose on this episode of… The Bourbon Hunters. Also, help us become the real deal and keep those testes nice and clean by going to www.manscaped.com and get 20% off your order plus free shipping using the promo code BOURBONHUNTERS. We are pretty excited about this partnership and cannot wait to start spreading the word about Manscaped! Have you thought about supporting our podcast? Do you like buying bourbon gear? Check out our website at https://www.bourbonhunters.com where you can do both with our latest bourbon shirts and our Bourbon Hunter Kenzie Drams. --Tags-- #punkrockandcocktails #thebourbonenthusiast #bourbonhunters #bourbonlover #breakingbourbon #bourbondrinkers #bourbonporn #kentuckystraightbourbon #kentuckybourbon #thebourbonalliance #bourbon #bourbonlife #bourbonlifestyle #bourbonenthusiast #bourbonwhiskey #bourboncountry #deckpour #bourbongram #instabourbon #yourbourbonyourway #yourbourbonroad #blantons #pappyvanwinkle #vodkasucks #bourbonpodcast #columbuspodcast #bourbonneat #smokewagonbourbon #woodinvillewhiskey -- Tags -- the bourbon enthusiast bourbon hunters bourbon lover breaking bourbon bourbon drinkers bourbon porn kentucky straight bourbon kentucky bourbon the bourbon alliance bourbon bourbon life bourbon lifestyle bourbon enthusiast
Joe F*ckin Ansley! A man of many hats! He is the frontman for the NuMetal band Index Case, a ghost hunter, the badass owner of Creative Concrete Designs and, finally, part owner of Middle West or Bust clothing line. Please tune in and listen to Matt and Joe talk about an array of topics on this week's fireside chat!Music:Index Case - Listen Links:Social Media:Twitter: @monstermadpodInstagram: @monstermadnesspodDiscord: https://discord.gg/PCP2ZmyWPETwitch: https://www.twitch.tv/monstermadnesspodFacebook: https://www.facebook.com/monstermadnesspodMerch:Teepublic: http://tee.pub/lic/zpJgzEGy3QAWant to support the show?Ko-Fi: https://ko-fi.com/monstermadnesspodPatreon: https://www.patreon.com/monstermadnessArtwork:Original logo and banner by Ian GrayIllustrations by Phil RoodDig Phil's art? Check out his website: philrood.comHis Ko-fi shop: https://ko-fi.com/philroodHis podcast The Picture Show! : https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-picture-show-with-austin-and-phil-rood/id1523101342Listener Advisory by Jackie SauerFind Jack's work here: https://www.thelastofuspodcast.com/Instagram: @jadedvaderFind Joe Here:https://www.instagram.com/indexjoe515/https://www.instagram.com/creativeconcretedesigns515/https://middlewestorbust.com/https://open.spotify.com/artist/3s7ZC2mCuWy0501EG8G4dY?si=PAMM-kPOTXmIsrheyQGhVgBecome a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/monster-madness--4303842/support.
WELCOME BACK TO IDEAS DON'T BLEED!This week, we're joined once again by Skottie Young (Strange Academy / The Me You Love in the Dark) as we discuss his comics origins, working on Oz and baby variants at Marvel, his upcoming Image Comics series Ain't No Grave, and more!IDB is an all-new weekly podcast presented by Ashcan Press and featuring Matthew Rosenberg, the Supple Boiz, and wonderful guests from the world of comic books!Our theme song is “Where's the Poison” by Summer People.Enjoy!Hello again.I am in Buffalo, New York today to watch the sun go out. I have also covered myself in glow in the dark paint so that in our new, dark world I can become the next sun. I'll let you all know how it goes.Here we are at Part II of our chat with the mighty Skottie Young. If you're not familiar with Skottie's work, you should fix that. You can grab his amazing books like I HATE FAIRYLAND, MIDDLEWEST, BULLY WARS, THE ME YOU LOVE IN THE DARK, TWIG, and even his Marvel comics at your local comic shop or directly from the man himself here. And while you're in a shopping mood, make sure you call your local comic shop and tell them you need a copy of AIN'T NO GRAVE #1. Skottie didn't send it to me, because I think he secretly hates me, but I'm still excited to read it.Also, make sure to sign up for his fun Newsletter full of art and thoughts and whatnot here-NeatToday is Final Order Cutoff for WHAT'S THE FURTHEST PLACE FROM HERE? #18. We made this issue really stupidly large because it is the end of our 3rd arc and we thought it would be cool if you could use it to crush a small person with it.At this point I assume you know the drill. It helps us, and comic shops, and you, if you let your local comic shop know you want a copy today. Please and thank you.It's a fun one. And big. Did I mention that?And that's it for me.Stay safe. Take care of each other. Your new sun wishes you a wonderful new day.-Matthew RosenbergBuffalo, NY 4/8/24 This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit ashcanpress.substack.com
Jim hangs out with Ryan Lang, Owner and CEO of Middle West Spirits of Columbus Ohio. Ryan brings three of their core offerings to sample during this episode. Join in while we taste through the Middle West lineup and talk about the great expansion project underway at Middle West. There are some great whiskey things happening in Ohio these days! Thank you to our sponsors, Blanton's Bourbon Shop and Pints and Barrels. Be sure to check out our private Facebook group, "The Bourbon Roadies" for a great group of bourbon loving people. You will be welcomed with open arms!
America has been a notably hard-working society for most of its history—but has become much less so in recent decades. Labor-force participation, especially among men of prime working age, has fallen to levels not seen since the Great Depression and is particularly low in certain regions of the Middle West and South. The decline of […]
America has been a notably hard-working society for most of its history—but has become much less so in recent decades. Labor-force participation, especially among men of prime working age, has fallen to levels not seen since the Great Depression and is particularly low in certain regions of the Middle West and South. The decline of work has coincided with declining health status and longevity and high levels of drug addiction.Policy analysts and political leaders have offered widely differing explanations for these discouraging trends, from trade policies and globalization to welfare policies, cultural upheavals, and regulatory suppression of economic opportunities. Their ideas for reversing course have important implications not only for national social and economic welfare, but also for partisan politics, as working-class Americans have been shifting significantly from their traditional home in the Democratic Party to the Republican Party.Join us to learn more about this critical topic as Heritage's Christopher DeMuth moderates a conversation with Oren Cass (author of The Once and Future Worker: A Vision for the Renewal of Work in America), Nicholas Eberstadt (author of Men Without Work), Iain Murray (author of The Socialist Temptation), and former U.S. Senator Rick Santorum (author of Blue Collar Conservatives: Recommitting to an America That Works). Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
Jim and Melody travel to Ohio to meet up with a fine group of Bourbon Roadies. This week we hange out with Doug, Mark, Rhett and their better halves. We drink through six different Ohio whiskeys while tasting some of the best Pizza northwest Ohio has to offer. Lots of laughs on this episode. Be sure not to miss it. Thank you to our sponsors, Blanton's Bourbon Shop and Pints and Barrels. Be sure to check out our private Facebook group, "The Bourbon Roadies" for a great group of bourbon loving people. You will be welcomed with open arms!
Hello and welcome back from our week-long break! Our lovely Discord members voted on today's theme, and so we're telling Urban Legends! Today Janey will terrify us with the spooky legend (and bizarre history) of the Jersey Devil, and Max is going to tell us about Detroit's own little red man! Enjoy!Janey's Sources - The Jersey DevilWikipedia Weird New Jersey article New Jersey Haunted Houses article Aspbury Park Press article by Jerry Carino New Jersey history (elementary school lesson plan) The story of Daniel and Titan Leeds, by Brian Regal for The Skeptical Inquirer Rutger's University exhibit “Running with the Jersey Devil” Max's Sources - The Nain Rouge“Folktales and Legends of the Middle West” by Edward McClelland “The World Treasury of Fairy Tales & Folklore: A Family Heirloom of Stories to Inspire & Entertain” by Rose Williamson, Joanna Gilar, and William Gray “The Spirited Afterlife of Detroit's Little Red Demon” by Jessica Leigh Hester for Atlas Obscura “The legend of the legend of Detroit's Nain Rouge: Raising Nain” by Le DeVito “About the Nain Rouge,” from a pro-Nain scholar Support the showCheck out our books (and support local bookstores!) on our Bookshop.org affiliate account!Starting your own podcast with your very cool best friend? Try hosting on Buzzsprout (and get a $20 Amazon gift card!)Want more??Visit our website!Join our Patreon!Shop the merch at TeePublic!If you liked these stories, let us know on our various socials!InstagramTiktokGoodreadsAnd email us at sortofthestory@gmail.com
About Mississippi, the National Spelling Bee, and leaving the field of journalism to become a Latin teacher. Sierra Mannie teaches Latin at Hunter College High School in New York City. Before she began teaching, however, she worked as a writer and journalist, with articles and editorials appearing in such publications as Time Magazine, the Jackson Free Press, and The Hechinger Report. More recently, she has also been a writer for the ABC television game show The Chase. Sierra received a bachelor's degree in Classics and English from the University of Mississippi and a master's degree in education from Hunter College. In 2017, she delivered a TEDx Millsaps College presentation entitled Tempora, Mores, and Other Complaints. Recorded in November of 2023. Quintilian is supported by a Bridge Initiative Grant from the Committee for the Promotion of Latin and Greek, a division of the Classical Association of the Middle West and South. Music: "Echo Canyon Instrumental" by Clive Romney Comments or questions about this podcast may be directed to ryangsellers@gmail.com. Thanks for listening! If you're enjoying Quintilian, please leave us a rating and/or a review on your favorite podcast distribution platform.
About tattoos, great books, and the dark side of the subjunctive. Phuc Tran is the author of "Sigh, Gone: A Misfit's Memoir of Great Books, Punk Rock, and the Fight to Fit In," published by Flatiron Books in 2020. "Sigh, Gone" received the New England Book Award and the Maine Literary Award, and it was also named a Best Book of the Year by Amazon. Phuc received a bachelor's degree from Bard College and a master's degree from the University of Massachusetts-Amherst, and he spent more than 20 years as a high school Latin teacher. In addition to his work as a classicist, writer, teacher, and tattoo artist, Phuc is known for his popular TEDx presentation entitled “Grammar, Identity, and the Dark Side of the Subjunctive.” A resident of Portland, Maine, he is also an occasional contributor to Maine Public Radio. Recorded in November of 2023. Quintilian is supported by a Bridge Initiative Grant from the Committee for the Promotion of Latin and Greek, a division of the Classical Association of the Middle West and South. Music: "Echo Canyon Instrumental" by Clive Romney Comments or questions about this podcast may be directed to ryangsellers@gmail.com. Thanks for listening! If you're enjoying Quintilian, please leave us a rating and/or a review on your favorite podcast distribution platform.
Support the showHalf Bad Productions was founded in 2020 by husband and wife podcasting team, Benjamin Lisser and Isabelle Spotts. Together they write, narrate, compose and produce each podcast from start to finish. Focusing on dark and heartfelt prose and intense and music driven episodes, they strive to create a new caliber of narrative fiction audio dramas. Check out Night Faces and Middle West wherever you listen to your podcasts.
Magda suspects that Father Virgil is keeping a secret. Magda and Woody make a disturbing discovery at The Convent. Support the showHalf Bad Productions was founded in 2020 by husband and wife podcasting team, Benjamin Lisser and Isabelle Spotts. Together they write, narrate, compose and produce each podcast from start to finish. Focusing on dark and heartfelt prose and intense and music driven episodes, they strive to create a new caliber of narrative fiction audio dramas. Check out Night Faces and Middle West wherever you listen to your podcasts.
Magda finds Vincent's parents and warns them that their son may be in danger. The Priest gives Billy a stern reminder. When Magda returns to West Salle she finds help in her search for answers in an unlikely place. Support the showHalf Bad Productions was founded in 2020 by husband and wife podcasting team, Benjamin Lisser and Isabelle Spotts. Together they write, narrate, compose and produce each podcast from start to finish. Focusing on dark and heartfelt prose and intense and music driven episodes, they strive to create a new caliber of narrative fiction audio dramas. Check out Night Faces and Middle West wherever you listen to your podcasts.
It's 6 years later, 1960, and Magda is a young woman living in West Salle. The town has been transformed into the village of the light; the place of the miracle. Magda and her lover escape into the woods but trouble awaits them. Support the showHalf Bad Productions was founded in 2020 by husband and wife podcasting team, Benjamin Lisser and Isabelle Spotts. Together they write, narrate, compose and produce each podcast from start to finish. Focusing on dark and heartfelt prose and intense and music driven episodes, they strive to create a new caliber of narrative fiction audio dramas. Check out Night Faces and Middle West wherever you listen to your podcasts.
Half Bad Productions, the team that brought you the award-winning audio drama, Night Faces, presents Magda: A Night Faces Original Story. Magda is a coming of age story about a young woman in the 1950's who moves to a mysterious new town that claims to be the site of a miracle. When her lover goes missing she must descend into the depths of the town's long kept secrets and challenge those who keep them. Along the way Magda will discover the true meaning of good and evil and her part in it all. Magda is a character origin story. It can be enjoyed as a standalone show or as Season 2 of Night Faces. Support the showHalf Bad Productions was founded in 2020 by husband and wife podcasting team, Benjamin Lisser and Isabelle Spotts. Together they write, narrate, compose and produce each podcast from start to finish. Focusing on dark and heartfelt prose and intense and music driven episodes, they strive to create a new caliber of narrative fiction audio dramas. Check out Night Faces and Middle West wherever you listen to your podcasts.
I get asked all the time: how do you prepare your palate for a whiskey tasting? How do you refine your palate to get better at detecting less obvious flavors? In this episode I cover what I do, and more importantly, what you can do, to improve your ability to taste a whisky. To demonstrate the changes your palate can have, I do a review of Middle West Spirits Straight Wheated Bourbon Whiskey... then I eat jalepenos and do it again. Support the show on Patreon: patreon.com/whiskeynoobs
About Ronnie Ancona, Nava Cohen, John Gruber-Miller, and Mark Pearsall. The American Classical League Merens (Meritus / Merita) Award is intended to recognize educators who are, as the name of the award signifies, deserving of appreciation for their "sustained and distinguished service to the Classics profession generally and to ACL in particular." In 2023, there are four recipients of this award, and in a special episode of the Quintilian podcast, we're going to speak with all of them: Ronnie Ancona, Professor of Classics at Hunter College in New York City and former editor of The Classical Outlook; Nava Cohen, a long-time elementary and middle school teacher in Illinois who is now a Ph.D. candidate at Northwestern University; John Gruber-Miller, a Professor of Classical Studies at Cornell College in Iowa and founding editor of Teaching Classical Languages; and Mark Pearsall, a teacher of both Latin and Greek at Glastonbury High School in Connecticut and one of the original architects of the ALIRA proficiency exam. Recorded in July of 2023. Quintilian is supported by a Bridge Initiative Grant from the Committee for the Promotion of Latin and Greek, a division of the Classical Association of the Middle West and South. Music: "Echo Canyon Instrumental" by Clive Romney Comments or questions about this podcast may be directed to ryangsellers@gmail.com. Thanks for listening! If you're enjoying Quintilian, please leave us a rating and/or a review on your favorite podcast distribution platform.
About Vindolanda, the Via Caledonia, and the fusion of Classics and STEM. Nathalie Roy teaches Latin, Roman Technology, and Classical Mythology at Glasgow Middle School in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. A National Board Certified Teacher, Nathalie received both a bachelor's degree and a master's degree from Louisiana State University. Over the course of her career, she has served in a variety of leadership positions, including State Chair of the Louisiana Junior Classical League and President of the Louisiana Classical Association. In recognition of her innovative work in finding the parallels between classical antiquity and 21st-century STEM education, Nathalie has received grants from such corporations as Lowe's and ExxonMobil, and she has received such recognitions as the 2021 Louisiana State Teacher of the Year Award and the 2023 Cambridge Dedicated Teacher Award. Recorded in July of 2023. Quintilian is supported by a Bridge Initiative Grant from the Committee for the Promotion of Latin and Greek, a division of the Classical Association of the Middle West and South. Music: "Echo Canyon Instrumental" by Clive Romney Comments or questions about this podcast may be directed to ryangsellers@gmail.com. Thanks for listening! If you're enjoying Quintilian, please leave us a rating and/or a review on your favorite podcast distribution platform.
About Cincinnati, Bob Dylan and the classical tradition, and lessons from the fall of the Roman Republic for the American people. Thomas Strunk is an Associate Professor of Classics and Director of the Classics and Philosophy Honors Bachelor of Arts Program at Xavier University in Cincinnati, Ohio. He received a B.A. in Classical Studies and History from Pennsylvania State University and an M.A. and Ph.D. in Classical Studies from Loyola University Chicago. His research interests include Tacitus, Cato the Younger, the politics of the late Roman Republic, and Bob Dylan and the classical tradition. His most recent book is On the Fall of the Roman Republic: Lessons for the American People, published by Anthem Press in 2022. Recorded in July of 2023. Quintilian is supported by a Bridge Initiative Grant from the Committee for the Promotion of Latin and Greek, a division of the Classical Association of the Middle West and South. Music: "Echo Canyon Instrumental" by Clive Romney Comments or questions about this podcast may be directed to ryangsellers@gmail.com. Thanks for listening! If you're enjoying Quintilian, please leave us a rating and/or a review on your favorite podcast distribution platform.
About MovieTalks, detoxing from the textbook, and the challenges involved in coordinating a large program with multiple teachers. Rachel Ash and Keith Toda are two of the Latin teachers at Parkview High School, a large public school in Gwinnett County, Georgia. Rachel earned a B.A. from the University of Oklahoma and an M.A. from the University of Florida. She currently serves as Treasurer of the American Classical League and as State Chair of the Georgia Junior Classical League, and in the past, she has served as Chair of Excellence Through Classics, the ACL division that is dedicated to promoting and supporting elementary, middle school, and introductory classical studies programs. Keith earned a B.A. from the University of California at Los Angeles, an M.A. from the University of Georgia, and an Ed.S. in Instructional Technology from Kennesaw State University. He has served as President of the Georgia Classical Association and as Chair of the American Classical League's Visibility and Advocacy Task Force. He also maintains the Toda-lly Comprehensible Latin blog, a popular repository of instructional resources for teachers who are interested in comprehensible input. This episode was recorded in June of 2023. Quintilian is supported by a Bridge Initiative Grant from the Committee for the Promotion of Latin and Greek, a division of the Classical Association of the Middle West and South. Music: "Echo Canyon Instrumental" by Clive Romney Comments or questions about this podcast may be directed to ryangsellers@gmail.com. Thanks for listening! If you're enjoying Quintilian, please leave us a rating and/or a review on your favorite podcast distribution platform.
About Hawaii, community outreach initiatives, and using hip-hop rhythms to teach grammatical forms. Daniel Harris-McCoy is Associate Professor of Classics and Chair of the Department of Religions and Ancient Civilizations at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. He received his B.A. in Classics from Reed College and Ph.D. in Classical Studies from the University of Pennsylvania. In between, he received a Fulbright Grant to conduct research on comparative philosophy in India. Dr. Harris-McCoy's research generally relates to ancient intellectual history. He has published on a diverse range of topics including ancient architecture, divination, classical reception, and language pedagogy. He has won multiple teaching awards, including the Board of Regents Medal for Teaching Excellence, and he is passionate about mentorship and community outreach. English-Hawaiian Classical Dictionary Toga Beats Arachnetella Calliope's Library This episode was recorded in June of 2023. Quintilian is supported by a Bridge Initiative Grant from the Committee for the Promotion of Latin and Greek, a division of the Classical Association of the Middle West and South. Music: "Echo Canyon Instrumental" by Clive Romney Comments or questions about this podcast may be directed to ryangsellers@gmail.com. Thanks for listening! If you're enjoying Quintilian, please give us a rating and/or a review on your favorite podcast distribution platform.
Himmel's in the Middle East; Hall's in the Middle West. Ah, naval gazing at it's finest!
The discuss the upcoming PCA and some boutique cigars. Could PCA go to New Orleans in 2025? They enjoy the Ramone Bueso Exclusivo and Middle West Oloroso Wheat Whiskey. https://premiumcigars.org/ https://drunkchickencigars.com https://blackbirdcigar.com/ https://halfwheel.com
About Pindar, stealth Latin, and the collection of demographic data about diversity in Classics. Arum Park is an Associate Professor of Classics at the University of Arizona. After earning a B.A. in Classics from Yale University, Arum taught high school Latin in Pennsylvania for three years. She then left the high school classroom to complete an M.A. and Ph.D. in Classics from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Over the course of her career in higher education, she has taught courses on a wide variety of Greek and Latin authors, she has published on Hesiod and Ovid, and she has written and presented extensively on the topic of diversity in the field of classical studies. Her most recent book, "Reciprocity, Truth, and Gender in Pindar and Aeschylus," was published in the spring of 2023 by the University of Michigan Press. DEI Conversation Starters for the Introductory Latin Classroom Uses of Stealth Latin This episode was recorded in June of 2023. Quintilian is supported by a Bridge Initiative Grant from the Committee for the Promotion of Latin and Greek, a division of the Classical Association of the Middle West and South. Music: "Echo Canyon Instrumental" by Clive Romney Comments or questions about this podcast may be directed to ryangsellers@gmail.com. Thanks for listening! If you're enjoying Quintilian, please give us a rating and/or a review on your favorite podcast distribution platform.
Discover the secrets behind the monumental expansion of the Middle West Spirits distillery as Tiny, Roxy, and CT, chat with Ryan Lang, about this one-of-a-kind destination. Get an insider's look at the whiskey-making process, the importance of consistency, and learn how the team effort is essential in creating a unique whiskey experience.Join us as we discuss the challenges faced while scaling up the operation, of the innovative Middle West Spirits, and the differences between stills in Kentucky and the new still in Ohio. We also explore the art of distilling whiskey, the complexities of creating a unique flavor, and the role of experimentation in making a one-of-a-kind whiskey.Finally, we dive into the intriguing world of whiskey aging, and the impact Middle West Spirits going to have on the American whiskey industry. Don't miss this captivating podcast of The Scotchy Bourbon Boys that takes you on a journey through the world of whiskey-making, barrel aging techniques, and the future expansion in the industry. Cheers! Support the showhttps://www.scotchybourbonboys.com
Martelle and Randy get excited about this. Comparing Martelle's Middle West Spirits Arnold Fitness Straight from the Barrel uncut unfiltered 120 proof Rye to Middle West Spirits OHLQ Barrel pick Rye 122 proof and we mix them. It came out Amazing and unfortunately for you I'm the only one who has this. Don't forget to follow us on social media and subscribe to our podcast to stay up-to-date on all things youth culture. Don't forget to join the Buckhorn Lounge on #facebook to carry on the show conversation and get to see the caliber of Randy's Meme game first hand. Show music provided by: This Fires Embrace - Warrior Poets Podbean / Apple Podcast / Google Podcast https://podfollow.com/BuckhornPodcast - Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/2uhj7Vzq8u3SPvB01VqAh7 #whiskey #whisky #bourbon #whiskeygram #cocktails #whiskygram #bourbonwhiskey #whiskylover #whiskeylover #whiskyporn #vodkasucks #drinks #beer #bourbongram #alcohol #whiskeyporn #cheers #bourbonporn #instawhiskey #instawhisky #podcast #liquor #politics #BBQ #comedy #talkshow
Anders talks to Kenzo Shibata about exciting new developments in the Middle-West! New Chicago Mayor Brandon Johnson, the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer Labor Party returning to its roots and much more! Paid Protest: https://secure.actblue.com/donate/paidprotestjune Kenzo's Substack:https://substack.com/@classtime Subscribe to our Patreon to hear the Harold Washington ep and more: https://www.patreon.com/poddamnamerica
It was a tremendous honor & pleasure to interview Richard Rhodes, Pulitzer Prize winning author of The Making of the Atomic BombWe discuss* similarities between AI progress & Manhattan Project (developing a powerful, unprecedented, & potentially apocalyptic technology within an uncertain arms-race situation)* visiting starving former Soviet scientists during fall of Soviet Union* whether Oppenheimer was a spy, & consulting on the Nolan movie* living through WW2 as a child* odds of nuclear war in Ukraine, Taiwan, Pakistan, & North Korea* how the US pulled of such a massive secret wartime scientific & industrial projectWatch on YouTube. Listen on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, or any other podcast platform. Read the full transcript here. Follow me on Twitter for updates on future episodes.Timestamps(0:00:00) - Oppenheimer movie(0:06:22) - Was the bomb inevitable?(0:29:10) - Firebombing vs nuclear vs hydrogen bombs(0:49:44) - Stalin & the Soviet program(1:08:24) - Deterrence, disarmament, North Korea, Taiwan(1:33:12) - Oppenheimer as lab director(1:53:40) - AI progress vs Manhattan Project(1:59:50) - Living through WW2(2:16:45) - Secrecy(2:26:34) - Wisdom & warTranscript(0:00:00) - Oppenheimer movieDwarkesh Patel 0:00:51Today I have the great honor of interviewing Richard Rhodes, who is the Pulitzer Prize-winning author of The Making of the Atomic Bomb, and most recently, the author of Energy, A Human History. I'm really excited about this one. Let's jump in at a current event, which is the fact that there's a new movie about Oppenheimer coming out, which I understand you've been consulted about. What did you think of the trailer? What are your impressions? Richard Rhodes 0:01:22They've really done a good job of things like the Trinity test device, which was the sphere covered with cables of various kinds. I had watched Peaky Blinders, where the actor who's playing Oppenheimer also appeared, and he looked so much like Oppenheimer to start with. Oppenheimer was about six feet tall, he was rail thin, not simply in terms of weight, but in terms of structure. Someone said he could sit in a children's high chair comfortably. But he never weighed more than about 140 pounds and that quality is there in the actor. So who knows? It all depends on how the director decided to tell the story. There are so many aspects of the story that you could never possibly squeeze them into one 2-hour movie. I think that we're waiting for the multi-part series that would really tell a lot more of the story, if not the whole story. But it looks exciting. We'll see. There have been some terrible depictions of Oppenheimer, there've been some terrible depictions of the bomb program. And maybe they'll get this one right. Dwarkesh Patel 0:02:42Yeah, hopefully. It is always great when you get an actor who resembles their role so well. For example, Bryan Cranston who played LBJ, and they have the same physical characteristics of the beady eyes, the big ears. Since we're talking about Oppenheimer, I had one question about him. I understand that there's evidence that's come out that he wasn't directly a communist spy. But is there any possibility that he was leaking information to the Soviets or in some way helping the Soviet program? He was a communist sympathizer, right? Richard Rhodes 0:03:15He had been during the 1930s. But less for the theory than for the practical business of helping Jews escape from Nazi Germany. One of the loves of his life, Jean Tatlock, was also busy working on extracting Jews from Europe during the 30. She was a member of the Communist Party and she, I think, encouraged him to come to meetings. But I don't think there's any possibility whatsoever that he shared information. In fact, he said he read Marx on a train trip between Berkeley and Washington one time and thought it was a bunch of hooey, just ridiculous. He was a very smart man, and he read the book with an eye to its logic, and he didn't think there was much there. He really didn't know anything about human beings and their struggles. He was born into considerable wealth. There were impressionist paintings all over his family apartments in New York City. His father had made a great deal of money cornering the markets on uniform linings for military uniforms during and before the First World War so there was a lot of wealth. I think his income during the war years and before was somewhere around $100,000 a month. And that's a lot of money in the 1930s. So he just lived in his head for most of his early years until he got to Berkeley and discovered that prime students of his were living on cans of god-awful cat food, because they couldn't afford anything else. And once he understood that there was great suffering in the world, he jumped in on it, as he always did when he became interested in something. So all of those things come together. His brother Frank was a member of the party, as was Frank's wife. I think the whole question of Oppenheimer lying to the security people during the Second World War about who approached him and who was trying to get him to sign on to some espionage was primarily an effort to cover up his brother's involvement. Not that his brothers gave away any secrets, I don't think they did. But if the army's security had really understood Frank Oppenheimer's involvement, he probably would have been shipped off to the Aleutians or some other distant place for the duration of the war. And Oppenheimer quite correctly wanted Frank around. He was someone he trusted.(0:06:22) - Was the bomb inevitable?Dwarkesh Patel 0:06:22Let's start talking about The Making of the Bomb. One question I have is — if World War II doesn't happen, is there any possibility that the bomb just never gets developed? Nobody bothers.Richard Rhodes 0:06:34That's really a good question and I've wondered over the years. But the more I look at the sequence of events, the more I think it would have been essentially inevitable, though perhaps not such an accelerated program. The bomb was pushed so hard during the Second World War because we thought the Germans had already started working on one. Nuclear fission had been discovered in Nazi Germany, in Berlin, in 1938, nine months before the beginning of the Second World War in Europe. Technological surveillance was not available during the war. The only way you could find out something was to send in a spy or have a mole or something human. And we didn't have that. So we didn't know where the Germans were, but we knew that the basic physics reaction that could lead to a bomb had been discovered there a year or more before anybody else in the West got started thinking about it. There was that most of all to push the urgency. In your hypothetical there would not have been that urgency. However, as soon as good physicists thought about the reaction that leads to nuclear fission — where a slow room temperature neutron, very little energy, bumps into the nucleus of a uranium-235 atom it would lead to a massive response. Isidore Rabi, one of the great physicists of this era, said it would have been like the moon struck the earth. The reaction was, as physicists say, fiercely exothermic. It puts out a lot more energy than you have to use to get it started. Once they did the numbers on that, and once they figured out how much uranium you would need to have in one place to make a bomb or to make fission get going, and once they were sure that there would be a chain reaction, meaning a couple of neutrons would come out of the reaction from one atom, and those two or three would go on and bump into other Uranium atoms, which would then fission them, and you'd get a geometric exponential. You'd get 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and off of there. For most of our bombs today the initial fission, in 80 generations, leads to a city-busting explosion. And then they had to figure out how much material they would need, and that's something the Germans never really figured out, fortunately for the rest of us. They were still working on the idea that somehow a reactor would be what you would build. When Niels Bohr, the great Danish physicist, escaped from Denmark in 1943 and came to England and then United States, he brought with him a rough sketch that Werner Heisenberg, the leading scientist in the German program, had handed him in the course of trying to find out what Bohr knew about what America was doing. And he showed it to the guys at Los Alamos and Hans Bethe, one of the great Nobel laureate physicists in the group, said — “Are the Germans trying to throw a reactor down on us?” You can make a reactor blow up, we saw that at Chernobyl, but it's not a nuclear explosion on the scale that we're talking about with the bomb. So when a couple of these emigres Jewish physicists from Nazi Germany were whiling away their time in England after they escaped, because they were still technically enemy aliens and therefore could not be introduced to top secret discussions, one of them asked the other — “How much would we need of pure uranium-235, this rare isotope of uranium that chain reacts? How much would we need to make a bomb?” And they did the numbers and they came up with one pound, which was startling to them. Of course, it is more than that. It's about 125 pounds, but that's just a softball. That's not that much material. And then they did the numbers about what it would cost to build a factory to pull this one rare isotope of uranium out of the natural metal, which has several isotopes mixed together. And they figured it wouldn't cost more than it would cost to build a battleship, which is not that much money for a country at war. Certainly the British had plenty of battleships at that point in time. So they put all this together and they wrote a report which they handed through their superior physicists at Manchester University where they were based, who quickly realized how important this was. The United States lagged behind because we were not yet at war, but the British were. London was being bombed in the blitz. So they saw the urgency, first of all, of eating Germany to the punch, second of all of the possibility of building a bomb. In this report, these two scientists wrote that no physical structure came to their minds which could offer protection against a bomb of such ferocious explosive power. This report was from 1940 long before the Manhattan Project even got started. They said in this report, the only way we could think of to protect you against a bomb would be to have a bomb of similar destructive force that could be threatened for use if the other side attacked you. That's deterrence. That's a concept that was developed even before the war began in the United States. You put all those pieces together and you have a situation where you have to build a bomb because whoever builds the first bomb theoretically could prevent you from building more or prevent another country from building any and could dominate the world. And the notion of Adolf Hitler dominating the world, the Third Reich with nuclear weapons, was horrifying. Put all that together and the answer is every country that had the technological infrastructure to even remotely have the possibility of building everything you'd have to build to get the material for a bomb started work on thinking about it as soon as nuclear fusion was announced to the world. France, the Soviet Union, Great Britain, the United States, even Japan. So I think the bomb would have been developed but maybe not so quickly. Dwarkesh Patel 0:14:10In the book you talk that for some reason the Germans thought that the critical mass was something like 10 tons, they had done some miscalculation.Richard Rhodes 0:14:18A reactor. Dwarkesh Patel 0:14:19You also have some interesting stories in the book about how different countries found out the Americans were working on the bomb. For example, the Russians saw that all the top physicists, chemists, and metallurgists were no longer publishing. They had just gone offline and so they figured that something must be going on. I'm not sure if you're aware that while the subject of the Making of the Atomic Bomb in and of itself is incredibly fascinating, this book has become a cult classic in AI. Are you familiar with this? Richard Rhodes 0:14:52No. Dwarkesh Patel 0:14:53The people who are working on AI right now are huge fans of yours. They're the ones who initially recommended the book to me because the way they see the progress in the field reminded them of this book. Because you start off with these initial scientific hints. With deep learning, for example, here's something that can teach itself any function is similar to Szilárd noticing the nuclear chain reaction. In AI there's these scaling laws that say that if you make the model this much bigger, it gets much better at reasoning, at predicting text, and so on. And then you can extrapolate this curve. And you can see we get two more orders of magnitude, and we get to something that looks like human level intelligence. Anyway, a lot of the people who are working in AI have become huge fans of your book because of this reason. They see a lot of analogies in the next few years. They must be at page 400 in their minds of where the Manhattan Project was.Richard Rhodes 0:15:55We must later on talk about unintended consequences. I find the subject absolutely fascinating. I think my next book might be called Unintended Consequences. Dwarkesh Patel 0:16:10You mentioned that a big reason why many of the scientists wanted to work on the bomb, especially the Jewish emigres, was because they're worried about Hitler getting it first. As you mentioned at some point, 1943, 1944, it was becoming obvious that Hitler, the Nazis were not close to the bomb. And I believe that almost none of the scientists quit after they found out that the Nazis weren't close. So why didn't more of them say — “Oh, I guess we were wrong. The Nazis aren't going to get it. We don't need to be working on it.”?Richard Rhodes 0:16:45There was only one who did that, Joseph Rotblat. In May of 1945 when he heard that Germany had been defeated, he packed up and left. General Groves, the imperious Army Corps of Engineers General who ran the entire Manhattan Project, was really upset. He was afraid he'd spill the beans. So he threatened to have him arrested and put in jail. But Rotblat was quite determined not to stay any longer. He was not interested in building bombs to aggrandize the national power of the United States of America, which is perfectly understandable. But why was no one else? Let me tell it in terms of Victor Weisskopf. He was an Austrian theoretical physicist, who, like the others, escaped when the Nazis took over Germany and then Austria and ended up at Los Alamos. Weisskopf wrote later — “There we were in Los Alamos in the midst of the darkest part of our science.” They were working on a weapon of mass destruction, that's pretty dark. He said “Before it had almost seemed like a spiritual quest.” And it's really interesting how different physics was considered before and after the Second World War. Before the war, one of the physicists in America named Louis Alvarez told me when he got his PhD in physics at Berkeley in 1937 and went to cocktail parties, people would ask, “What's your degree in?” He would tell them “Chemistry.” I said, “Louis, why?” He said, “because I don't really have to explain what physics was.” That's how little known this kind of science was at that time. There were only about 1,000 physicists in the whole world in 1900. By the mid-30s, there were a lot more, of course. There'd been a lot of nuclear physics and other kinds of physics done by them. But it was still arcane. And they didn't feel as if they were doing anything mean or dirty or warlike at all. They were just doing pure science. Then nuclear fission came along. It was publicized worldwide. People who've been born since after the Second World War don't realize that it was not a secret at first. The news was published first in a German chemistry journal, Die Naturwissenschaften, and then in the British journal Nature and then in American journals. And there were headlines in the New York Times, the Los Angeles Times, the Chicago Tribune, and all over the world. People had been reading about and thinking about how to get energy out of the atomic nucleus for a long time. It was clear there was a lot there. All you had to do was get a piece of radium and see that it glowed in the dark. This chunk of material just sat there, you didn't plug it into a wall. And if you held it in your hand, it would burn you. So where did that energy come from? The physicists realized it all came from the nucleus of the atom, which is a very small part of the whole thing. The nucleus is 1/100,000th the diameter of the whole atom. Someone in England described it as about the size of a fly in a cathedral. All of the energy that's involved in chemical reactions, comes from the electron cloud that's around the nucleus. But it was clear that the nucleus was the center of powerful forces. But the question was, how do you get them out? The only way that the nucleus had been studied up to 1938 was by bombarding it with protons, which have the same electric charge as the nucleus, positive charge, which means they were repelled by it. So you had to accelerate them to high speeds with various versions of the big machines that we've all become aware of since then. The cyclotron most obviously built in the 30s, but there were others as well. And even then, at best, you could chip a little piece off. You could change an atom one step up or one step down the periodic table. This was the classic transmutation of medieval alchemy sure but it wasn't much, you didn't get much out. So everyone came to think of the nucleus of the atom like a little rock that you really had to hammer hard to get anything to happen with it because it was so small and dense. That's why nuclear fission, with this slow neutron drifting and then the whole thing just goes bang, was so startling to everybody. So startling that when it happened, most of the physicists who would later work on the bomb and others as well, realized that they had missed the reaction that was something they could have staged on a lab bench with the equipment on the shelf. Didn't have to invent anything new. And Louis Alvarez again, this physicist at Berkeley, he said — “I was getting my hair cut. When I read the newspaper, I pulled off the robe and half with my hair cut, ran to my lab, pulled some equipment off the shelf, set it up and there it was.” So he said, “I discovered nuclear fission, but it was two days too late.” And that happened all over. People were just hitting themselves on the head and saying, well, Niels Bohr said, “What fools we've all been.” So this is a good example of how in science, if your model you're working with is wrong it doesn't lead you down the right path. There was only one physicist who really was thinking the right way about the uranium atom and that was Niels Bohr. He wondered, sometime during the 30s, why uranium was the last natural element in the periodic table? What is different about the others that would come later? He visualized the nucleus as a liquid drop. I always like to visualize it as a water-filled balloon. It's wobbly, it's not very stable. The protons in the nucleus are held together by something called the strong force, but they still have the repellent positive electric charge that's trying to push them apart when you get enough of them into a nucleus. It's almost a standoff between the strong force and all the electrical charge. So it is like a wobbly balloon of water. And then you see why a neutron just falling into the nucleus would make it wobble around even more and in one of its configurations, it might take a dumbbell shape. And then you'd have basically two charged atoms just barely connected, trying to push each other apart. And often enough, they went the whole way. When they did that, these two new elements, half the weight of uranium, way down the periodic table, would reconfigure themselves into two separate nuclei. And in doing so, they would release some energy. And that was the energy that came out of the reaction and there was a lot of energy. So Bohr thought about the model in the right way. The chemists who actually discovered nuclear fusion didn't know what they were gonna get. They were just bombarding a solution of uranium nitrate with neutrons thinking, well, maybe we can make a new element, maybe a first man-made element will come out of our work. So when they analyzed the solution after they bombarded it, they found elements halfway down the periodic table. They shouldn't have been there. And they were totally baffled. What is this doing here? Do we contaminate our solution? No. They had been working with a physicist named Lisa Meitner who was a theoretical physicist, an Austrian Jew. She had gotten out of Nazi Germany not long before. But they were still in correspondence with her. So they wrote her a letter. I held that letter in my hand when I visited Berlin and I was in tears. You don't hold history of that scale in your hands very often. And it said in German — “We found this strange reaction in our solution. What are these elements doing there that don't belong there?” And she went for a walk in a little village in Western Sweden with her nephew, Otto Frisch, who was also a nuclear physicist. And they thought about it for a while and they remembered Bohr's model, the wobbly water-filled balloon. And they suddenly saw what could happen. And that's where the news came from, the physics news as opposed to the chemistry news from the guys in Germany that was published in all the Western journals and all the newspapers. And everybody had been talking about, for years, what you could do if you had that kind of energy. A glass of this material would drive the Queen Mary back and forth from New York to London 20 times and so forth, your automobile could run for months. People were thinking about what would be possible if you had that much available energy. And of course, people had thought about reactors. Robert Oppenheimer was a professor at Berkeley and within a week of the news reaching Berkeley, one of his students told me that he had a drawing on the blackboard, a rather bad drawing of both a reactor and a bomb. So again, because the energy was so great, the physics was pretty obvious. Whether it would actually happen depended on some other things like could you make it chain react? But fundamentally, the idea was all there at the very beginning and everybody jumped on it. Dwarkesh Patel 0:27:54The book is actually the best history of World War II I've ever read. It's about the atomic bomb, but it's interspersed with the events that are happening in World War II, which motivate the creation of the bomb or the release of it, why it had to be dropped on Japan given the Japanese response. The first third is about the scientific roots of the physics and it's also the best book I've read about the history of science in the early 20th century and the organization of it. There's some really interesting stuff in there. For example, there was a passage where you talk about how there's a real master apprentice model in early science where if you wanted to learn to do this kind of experimentation, you will go to Amsterdam where the master of it is residing. It's much more individual focused. Richard Rhodes 0:28:58Yeah, the whole European model of graduate study, which is basically the wandering scholar. You could go wherever you wanted to and sign up with whoever was willing to have you sign up. (0:29:10) - Firebombing vs nuclear vs hydrogen bombsDwarkesh Patel 0:29:10But the question I wanted to ask regarding the history you made of World War II in general is — there's one way you can think about the atom bomb which is that it is completely different from any sort of weaponry that has been developed before it. Another way you can think of it is there's a spectrum where on one end you have the thermonuclear bomb, in the middle you have the atom bomb, and on this end you have the firebombing of cities like Hamburg and Dresden and Tokyo. Do you think of these as completely different categories or does it seem like an escalating gradient to you? Richard Rhodes 0:29:47I think until you get to the hydrogen bomb, it's really an escalating gradient. The hydrogen bomb can be made arbitrarily large. The biggest one ever tested was 56 megatons of TNT equivalent. The Soviet tested that. That had a fireball more than five miles in diameter, just the fireball. So that's really an order of magnitude change. But the other one's no and in fact, I think one of the real problems, this has not been much discussed and it should be, when American officials went to Hiroshima and Nagasaki after the war, one of them said later — “I got on a plane in Tokyo. We flew down the long green archipelago of the Japanese home island. When I left Tokyo, it was all gray broken roof tiles from the fire bombing and the other bombings. And then all this greenery. And then when we flew over Hiroshima, it was just gray broken roof tiles again.” So the scale of the bombing with one bomb, in the case of Hiroshima, was not that different from the scale of the fire bombings that had preceded it with tens of thousands of bombs. The difference was it was just one plane. In fact, the people in Hiroshima didn't even bother to go into their bomb shelters because one plane had always just been a weather plane. Coming over to check the weather before the bombers took off. So they didn't see any reason to hide or protect themselves, which was one of the reasons so many people were killed. The guys at Los Alamos had planned on the Japanese being in their bomb shelters. They did everything they could think of to make the bomb as much like ordinary bombing as they could. And for example, it was exploded high enough above ground, roughly 1,800 yards, so that the fireball that would form from this really very small nuclear weapon — by modern standards — 15 kilotons of TNT equivalent, wouldn't touch the ground and stir up dirt and irradiate it and cause massive radioactive fallout. It never did that. They weren't sure there would be any fallout. They thought the plutonium and the bomb over Nagasaki now would just kind of turn into a gas and blow away. That's not exactly what happened. But people don't seem to realize, and it's never been emphasized enough, these first bombs, like all nuclear weapons, were firebombs. Their job was to start mass fires, just exactly like all the six-pound incendiaries that had been destroying every major city in Japan by then. Every major city above 50,000 population had already been burned out. The only reason Hiroshima and Nagasaki were around to be atomic bombed is because they'd been set aside from the target list, because General Groves wanted to know what the damage effects would be. The bomb that was tested in the desert didn't tell you anything. It killed a lot of rabbits, knocked down a lot of cactus, melted some sand, but you couldn't see its effect on buildings and on people. So the bomb was deliberately intended to be as much not like poison gas, for example, because we didn't want the reputation for being like people in the war in Europe during the First World War, where people were killing each other with horrible gasses. We just wanted people to think this was another bombing. So in that sense, it was. Of course, there was radioactivity. And of course, some people were killed by it. But they calculated that the people who would be killed by the irradiation, the neutron radiation from the original fireball, would be close enough to the epicenter of the explosion that they would be killed by the blast or the flash of light, which was 10,000 degrees. The world's worst sunburn. You've seen stories of people walking around with their skin hanging off their arms. I've had sunburns almost that bad, but not over my whole body, obviously, where the skin actually peeled blisters and peels off. That was a sunburn from a 10,000 degree artificial sun. Dwarkesh Patel 0:34:29So that's not the heat, that's just the light? Richard Rhodes 0:34:32Radiant light, radiant heat. 10,000 degrees. But the blast itself only extended out a certain distance, it was fire. And all the nuclear weapons that have ever been designed are basically firebombs. That's important because the military in the United States after the war was not able to figure out how to calculate the effects of this weapon in a reliable way that matched their previous experience. They would only calculate the blast effects of a nuclear weapon when they figured their targets. That's why we had what came to be called overkill. We wanted redundancy, of course, but 60 nuclear weapons on Moscow was way beyond what would be necessary to destroy even that big a city because they were only calculating the blast. But in fact, if you exploded a 300 kiloton nuclear warhead over the Pentagon at 3,000 feet, it would blast all the way out to the capital, which isn't all that far. But if you counted the fire, it would start a mass-fire and then it would reach all the way out to the Beltway and burn everything between the epicenter of the weapon and the Beltway. All organic matter would be totally burned out, leaving nothing but mineral matter, basically. Dwarkesh Patel 0:36:08I want to emphasize two things you said because they really hit me in reading the book and I'm not sure if the audience has fully integrated them. The first is, in the book, the military planners and Groves, they talk about needing to use the bomb sooner rather than later, because they were running out of cities in Japan where there are enough buildings left that it would be worth bombing in the first place, which is insane. An entire country is almost already destroyed from fire bombing alone. And the second thing about the category difference between thermonuclear and atomic bombs. Daniel Ellsberg, the nuclear planner who wrote the Doomsday machine, he talks about, people don't understand that the atom bomb that resulted in the pictures we see of Nagasaki and Hiroshima, that is simply the detonator of a modern nuclear bomb, which is an insane thing to think about. So for example, 10 and 15 kilotons is the Hiroshima Nagasaki and the Tsar Bomba, which was 50 megatons. So more than 1,000 times as much. And that wasn't even as big as they could make it. They kept the uranium tamper off, because they didn't want to destroy all of Siberia. So you could get more than 10,000 times as powerful. Richard Rhodes 0:37:31When Edward Teller, co-inventor of the hydrogen bomb and one of the dark forces in the story, was consulting with our military, just for his own sake, he sat down and calculated, how big could you make a hydrogen bomb? He came up with 1,000 megatons. And then he looked at the effects. 1,000 megatons would be a fireball 10 miles in diameter. And the atmosphere is only 10 miles deep. He figured that it would just be a waste of energy, because it would all blow out into space. Some of it would go laterally, of course, but most of it would just go out into space. So a bomb more than 100 megatons would just be totally a waste of time. Of course, a 100 megatons bomb is also a total waste, because there's no target on Earth big enough to justify that from a military point of view. Robert Oppenheimer, when he had his security clearance questioned and then lifted when he was being punished for having resisted the development of the hydrogen bomb, was asked by the interrogator at this security hearing — “Well, Dr. Oppenheimer, if you'd had a hydrogen bomb for Hiroshima, wouldn't you have used it?” And Oppenheimer said, “No.” The interrogator asked, “Why is that?” He said because the target was too small. I hope that scene is in the film, I'm sure it will be. So after the war, when our bomb planners and some of our scientists went into Hiroshima and Nagasaki, just about as soon as the surrender was signed, what they were interested in was the scale of destruction, of course. And those two cities didn't look that different from the other cities that had been firebombed with small incendiaries and ordinary high explosives. They went home to Washington, the policy makers, with the thought that — “Oh, these bombs are not so destructive after all.” They had been touted as city busters, basically, and they weren't. They didn't completely burn out cities. They were not certainly more destructive than the firebombing campaign, when everything of more than 50,000 population had already been destroyed. That, in turn, influenced the judgment about what we needed to do vis-a-vis the Soviet Union when the Soviets got the bomb in 1949. There was a general sense that, when you could fight a war with nuclear weapons, deterrence or not, you would need quite a few of them to do it right. And the Air Force, once it realized that it could aggrandize its own share of the federal budget by cornering the market and delivering nuclear weapons, very quickly decided that they would only look at the blast effect and not the fire effect. It's like tying one hand behind your back. Most of it was a fire effect. So that's where they came up with numbers like we need 60 of these to take out Moscow. And what the Air Force figured out by the late 1940s is that the more targets, the more bombs. The more bombs, the more planes. The more planes, the biggest share of the budget. So by the mid 1950s, the Air Force commanded 47% of the federal defense budget. And the other branches of services, which had not gone nuclear by then, woke up and said, we'd better find some use for these weapons in our branches of service. So the Army discovered that it needed nuclear weapons, tactical weapons for field use, fired out of cannons. There was even one that was fired out of a shoulder mounted rifle. There was a satchel charge that two men could carry, weighed about 150 pounds, that could be used to dig a ditch so that Soviet tanks couldn't cross into Germany. And of course the Navy by then had been working hard with General Rickover on building a nuclear submarine that could carry ballistic missiles underwater in total security. No way anybody could trace those submarines once they were quiet enough. And a nuclear reactor is very quiet. It just sits there with neutrons running around, making heat. So the other services jumped in and this famous triad, we must have these three different kinds of nuclear weapons, baloney. We would be perfectly safe if we only had our nuclear submarines. And only one or two of those. One nuclear submarine can take out all of Europe or all of the Soviet Union.Dwarkesh Patel 0:42:50Because it has multiple nukes on it? Richard Rhodes 0:42:53Because they have 16 intercontinental ballistic missiles with MIRV warheads, at least three per missile. Dwarkesh Patel 0:43:02Wow. I had a former guest, Richard Hanania, who has a book about foreign policy where he points out that our model of thinking about why countries do the things they do, especially in foreign affairs, is wrong because we think of them as individual rational actors, when in fact it's these competing factions within the government. And in fact, you see this especially in the case of Japan in World War II, there was a great book of Japan leading up to World War II, where they talk about how a branch of the Japanese military, I forget which, needed more oil to continue their campaign in Manchuria so they forced these other branches to escalate. But it's so interesting that the reason we have so many nukes is that the different branches are competing for funding. Richard Rhodes 0:43:50Douhet, the theorist of air power, had been in the trenches in the First World War. Somebody (John Masefield) called the trenches of the First World War, the long grave already dug, because millions of men were killed and the trenches never moved, a foot this way, a foot that way, all this horror. And Douhet came up with the idea that if you could fly over the battlefield to the homeland of the enemy and destroy his capacity to make war, then the people of that country, he theorized, would rise up in rebellion and throw out their leaders and sue for peace. And this became the dream of all the Air Forces of the world, but particularly ours. Until around 1943, it was called the US Army Air Force. The dream of every officer in the Air Force was to get out from under the Army, not just be something that delivers ground support or air support to the Army as it advances, but a power that could actually win wars. And the missing piece had always been the scale of the weaponry they carried. So when the bomb came along, you can see why Curtis LeMay, who ran the strategic air command during the prime years of that force, was pushing for bigger and bigger bombs. Because if a plane got shot down, but the one behind it had a hydrogen bomb, then it would be just almost as effective as the two planes together. So they wanted big bombs. And they went after Oppenheimer because he thought that was a terrible way to go, that there was really no military use for these huge weapons. Furthermore, the United States had more cities than Russia did, than the Soviet Union did. And we were making ourselves a better target by introducing a weapon that could destroy a whole state. I used to live in Connecticut and I saw a map that showed the air pollution that blew up from New York City to Boston. And I thought, well, now if that was fallout, we'd be dead up here in green, lovely Connecticut. That was the scale that it was going to be with these big new weapons. So on the one hand, you had some of the important leaders in the government thinking that these weapons were not the war-winning weapons that the Air Force wanted them and realized they could be. And on the other hand, you had the Air Force cornering the market on nuclear solutions to battles. All because some guy in a trench in World War I was sufficiently horrified and sufficiently theoretical about what was possible with air power. Remember, they were still flying biplanes. When H.G. Wells wrote his novel, The World Set Free in 1913, predicting an atomic war that would lead to world government, he had Air Forces delivering atomic bombs, but he forgot to update his planes. The guys in the back seat, the bombardiers, were sitting in a biplane, open cockpit. And when the pilots had dropped the bomb, they would reach down and pick up H.G. Wells' idea of an atomic bomb and throw it over the side. Which is kind of what was happening in Washington after the war. And it led us to a terribly misleading and unfortunate perspective on how many weapons we needed, which in turn fermented the arms race with the Soviets and just chased off. In the Soviet Union, they had a practical perspective on factories. Every factory was supposed to produce 120% of its target every year. That was considered good Soviet realism. And they did that with their nuclear war weapons. So by the height of the Cold War, they had 75,000 nuclear weapons, and nobody had heard yet of nuclear winter. So if both sides had set off this string of mass traps that we had in our arsenals, it would have been the end of the human world without question. Dwarkesh Patel 0:48:27It raises an interesting question, if the military planners thought that the conventional nuclear weapon was like the fire bombing, would it have been the case that if there wasn't a thermonuclear weapon, that there actually would have been a nuclear war by now because people wouldn't have been thinking of it as this hard red line? Richard Rhodes 0:48:47I don't think so because we're talking about one bomb versus 400, and one plane versus 400 planes and thousands of bombs. That scale was clear. Deterrence was the more important business. Everyone seemed to understand even the spies that the Soviets had connected up to were wholesaling information back to the Soviet Union. There's this comic moment when Truman is sitting with Joseph Stalin at Potsdam, and he tells Stalin, we have a powerful new weapon. And that's as much as he's ready to say about it. And Stalin licks at him and says, “Good, I hope you put it to good use with the Japanese.” Stalin knows exactly what he's talking about. He's seen the design of the fat man type Nagasaki plutonium bomb. He has held it in his hands because they had spies all over the place. (0:49:44) - Stalin & the Soviet programDwarkesh Patel 0:49:44How much longer would it have taken the Soviets to develop the bomb if they didn't have any spies? Richard Rhodes 0:49:49Probably not any longer. Dwarkesh Patel 0:49:51Really? Richard Rhodes 0:49:51When the Soviet Union collapsed in the winter of ‘92, I ran over there as quickly as I could get over there. In this limbo between forming a new kind of government and some of the countries pulling out and becoming independent and so forth, their nuclear scientists, the ones who'd worked on their bombs were free to talk. And I found that out through Yelena Bonner, Andrei Sakharov's widow, who was connected to people I knew. And she said, yeah, come on over. Her secretary, Sasha, who was a geologist about 35 years old became my guide around the country. We went to various apartments. They were retired guys from the bomb program and were living on, as far as I could tell, sac-and-potatoes and some salt. They had government pensions and the money was worth a salt, all of a sudden. I was buying photographs from them, partly because I needed the photographs and partly because 20 bucks was two months' income at that point. So it was easy for me and it helped them. They had first class physicists in the Soviet Union, they do in Russian today. They told me that by 1947, they had a design for a bomb that they said was half the weight and twice the yield of the Fat Man bomb. The Fat Man bomb was the plutonium implosion, right? And it weighed about 9,000 pounds. They had a much smaller and much more deliverable bomb with a yield of about 44 kilotons. Dwarkesh Patel 0:51:41Why was Soviet physics so good?Richard Rhodes 0:51:49The Russian mind? I don't know. They learned all their technology from the French in the 19th century, which is why there's so many French words in Russian. So they got good teachers, the French are superb technicians, they aren't so good at building things, but they're very good at designing things. There's something about Russia, I don't know if it's the language or the education. They do have good education, they did. But I remember asking them when they were working, I said — On the hydrogen bomb, you didn't have any computers yet. We only had really early primitive computers to do the complicated calculations of the hydrodynamics of that explosion. I said, “What did you do?” They said, “Oh, we just used nuclear. We just used theoretical physics.” Which is what we did at Los Alamos. We had guys come in who really knew their math and they would sit there and work it out by hand. And women with old Marchant calculators running numbers. So basically they were just good scientists and they had this new design. Kurchatov who ran the program took Lavrentiy Beria, who ran the NKVD who was put in charge of the program and said — “Look, we can build you a better bomb. You really wanna waste the time to make that much more uranium and plutonium?” And Beria said, “Comrade, I want the American bomb. Give me the American bomb or you and all your families will be camp dust.” I talked to one of the leading scientists in the group and he said, we valued our lives, we valued our families. So we gave them a copy of the plutonium implosion bomb. Dwarkesh Patel 0:53:37Now that you explain this, when the Soviet Union fell, why didn't North Korea, Iran or another country, send a few people to the fallen Soviet Union to recruit a few of the scientists to start their own program? Or buy off their stockpiles or something. Or did they?Richard Rhodes 0:53:59There was some effort by countries in the Middle East to get all the enriched uranium, which they wouldn't sell them. These were responsible scientists. They told me — we worked on the bomb because you had it and we didn't want there to be a monopoly on the part of any country in the world. So patriotically, even though Stalin was in charge of our country, he was a monster. We felt that it was our responsibility to work on these things, even Sakharov. There was a great rush at the end of the Second World War to get hold of German scientists. And about an equal number were grabbed by the Soviets. All of the leading German scientists, like Heisenberg and Hans and others, went west as fast as they could. They didn't want to be captured by the Soviets. But there were some who were. And they helped them work. People have the idea that Los Alamos was where the bomb happened. And it's true that at Los Alamos, we had the team that designed, developed, and built the first actual weapons. But the truth is, the important material for weapons is the uranium or plutonium. One of the scientists in the Manhattan Project told me years later, you can make a pretty high-level nuclear explosion just by taking two subcritical pieces of uranium, putting one on the floor and dropping the other by hand from a height of about six feet. If that's true, then all this business about secret designs and so forth is hogwash. What you really need for a weapon is the critical mass of highly enriched uranium, 90% of uranium-235. If you've got that, there are lots of different ways to make the bomb. We had two totally different ways that we used. The gun on the one hand for uranium, and then because plutonium was so reactive that if you fired up the barrel of a cannon at 3,000 feet per second, it would still melt down before the two pieces made it up. So for that reason, they had to invent an entirely new technology, which was an amazing piece of work. From the Soviet point of view, and I think this is something people don't know either, but it puts the Russian experience into a better context. All the way back in the 30s, since the beginning of the Soviet Union after the First World War, they had been sending over espionage agents connected up to Americans who were willing to work for them to collect industrial technology. They didn't have it when they began their country. It was very much an agricultural country. And in that regard, people still talk about all those damn spies stealing our secrets, we did the same thing with the British back in colonial days. We didn't know how to make a canal that wouldn't drain out through the soil. The British had a certain kind of clay that they would line their canals with, and there were canals all over England, even in the 18th century, that were impervious to the flow of water. And we brought a British engineer at great expense to teach us how to make the lining for the canals that opened up the Middle West and then the West. So they were doing the same thing. And one of those spies was a guy named Harry Gold, who was working all the time for them. He gave them some of the basic technology of Kodak filmmaking, for example. Harry Gold was the connection between David Greenglass and one of the American spies at Los Alamos and the Soviet Union. So it was not different. The model was — never give us something that someone dreamed of that hasn't been tested and you know works. So it would actually be blueprints for factories, not just a patent. And therefore when Beria after the war said, give us the bomb, he meant give me the American bomb because we know that works. I don't trust you guys. Who knows what you'll do. You're probably too stupid anyway. He was that kind of man. So for all of those reasons, they built the second bomb they tested was twice the yield and half the way to the first bomb. In other words, it was their new design. And so it was ours because the technology was something that we knew during the war, but it was too theoretical still to use. You just had to put the core and have a little air gap between the core and the explosives so that the blast wave would have a chance to accelerate through an open gap. And Alvarez couldn't tell me what it was but he said, you can get a lot more destructive force with a hammer if you hit something with it, rather than if you put the head on the hammer and push. And it took me several years before I figured out what he meant. I finally understood he was talking about what's called levitation.Dwarkesh Patel 0:59:41On the topic that the major difficulty in developing a bomb is either the refinement of uranium into U-235 or its transmutation into plutonium, I was actually talking to a physicist in preparation for this conversation. He explained the same thing that if you get two subcritical masses of uranium together, you wouldn't have the full bomb because it would start to tear itself apart without the tamper, but you would still have more than one megaton.Richard Rhodes 1:00:12It would be a few kilotons. Alvarez's model would be a few kilotons, but that's a lot. Dwarkesh Patel 1:00:20Yeah, sorry I meant kiloton. He claimed that one of the reasons why we talk so much about Los Alamos is that at the time the government didn't want other countries to know that if you refine uranium, you've got it. So they were like, oh, we did all this fancy physics work in Los Alamos that you're not gonna get to, so don't even worry about it. I don't know what you make of that theory. That basically it was sort of a way to convince people that Los Alamos was important. Richard Rhodes 1:00:49I think all the physics had been checked out by a lot of different countries by then. It was pretty clear to everybody what you needed to do to get to a bomb. That there was a fast fusion reaction, not a slow fusion reaction, like a reactor. They'd worked that out. So I don't think that's really the problem. But to this day, no one ever talks about the fact that the real problem isn't the design of the weapon. You could make one with wooden boxes if you wanted to. The problem is getting the material. And that's good because it's damned hard to make that stuff. And it's something you can protect. Dwarkesh Patel 1:01:30We also have gotten very lucky, if lucky is the word you want to use. I think you mentioned this in the book at some point, but the laws of physics could have been such that unrefined uranium ore was enough to build a nuclear weapon, right? In some sense, we got lucky that it takes a nation-state level actor to really refine and produce the raw substance. Richard Rhodes 1:01:56Yeah, I was thinking about that this morning on the way over. And all the uranium in the world would already have destroyed itself. Most people have never heard of the living reactors that developed on their own in a bed of uranium ore in Africa about two billion years ago, right? When there was more U-235 in a mass of uranium ore than there is today, because it decays like all radioactive elements. And the French discovered it when they were mining the ore and found this bed that had a totally different set of nuclear characteristics. They were like, what happened? But there were natural reactors in Gabon once upon a time. And they started up because some water, a moderator to make the neutrons slow down, washed its way down through a bed of much more highly enriched uranium ore than we still have today. Maybe 5-10% instead of 3.5 or 1.5, whatever it is now. And they ran for about 100,000 years and then shut themselves down because they had accumulated enough fusion products that the U-235 had been used up. Interestingly, this material never migrated out of the bed of ore. People today who are anti-nuclear say, well, what are we gonna do about the waste? Where are we gonna put all that waste? It's silly. Dwarkesh Patel 1:03:35Shove it in a hole. Richard Rhodes 1:03:36Yeah, basically. That's exactly what we're planning to do. Holes that are deep enough and in beds of material that will hold them long enough for everything to decay back to the original ore. It's not a big problem except politically because nobody wants it in their backyard.Dwarkesh Patel 1:03:53On the topic of the Soviets, one question I had while reading the book was — we negotiated with Stalin at Yalta and we surrendered a large part of Eastern Europe to him under his sphere of influence. And obviously we saw 50 years of immiseration there as a result. Given the fact that only we had the bomb, would it have been possible that we could have just knocked out the Soviet Union or at least prevented so much of the world from succumbing to communism in the aftermath of World War II? Is that a possibility? Richard Rhodes 1:04:30When we say we had the bomb, we had a few partly assembled handmade bombs. It took almost as long to assemble one as the battery life of the batteries that would drive the original charge that would set off the explosion. It was a big bluff. You know, when they closed Berlin in 1948 and we had to supply Berlin by air with coal and food for a whole winter, we moved some B-29s to England. The B-29 being the bomber that had carried the bombs. They were not outfitted for nuclear weapons. They didn't have the same kind of bomb-based structure. The weapons that were dropped in Japan had a single hook that held the entire bomb. So when the bay opened and the hook was released, the thing dropped. And that's very different from dropping whole rows of small bombs that you've seen in the photographs and the film footage. So it was a big bluff on our part. We took some time after the war inevitably to pull everything together. Here was a brand new technology. Here was a brand new weapon. Who was gonna be in charge of it? The military wanted control, Truman wasn't about to give the military control. He'd been an artillery officer in the First World War. He used to say — “No, damn artillery captain is gonna start World War III when I'm president.” I grew up in the same town he lived in so I know his accent. Independence, Missouri. Used to see him at his front steps taking pictures with tourists while he was still president. He used to step out on the porch and let the tourists take photographs. About a half a block from my Methodist church where I went to church. It was interesting. Interestingly, his wife was considered much more socially acceptable than he was. She was from an old family in independence, Missouri. And he was some farmer from way out in Grandview, Missouri, South of Kansas City. Values. Anyway, at the end of the war, there was a great rush from the Soviet side of what was already a zone. There was a Soviet zone, a French zone, British zone and an American zone. Germany was divided up into those zones to grab what's left of the uranium ore that the Germans had stockpiled. And there was evidence that there was a number of barrels of the stuff in a warehouse somewhere in the middle of all of this. And there's a very funny story about how the Russians ran in and grabbed off one site full of uranium ore, this yellow black stuff in what were basically wine barrels. And we at the same night, just before the wall came down between the zones, were running in from the other side, grabbing some other ore and then taking it back to our side. But there was also a good deal of requisitioning of German scientists. And the ones who had gotten away early came West, but there were others who didn't and ended up helping the Soviets. And they were told, look, you help us build the reactors and the uranium separation systems that we need. And we'll let you go home and back to your family, which they did. Early 50s by then, the German scientists who had helped the Russians went home. And I think our people stayed here and brought their families over, I don't know. (1:08:24) - Deterrence, disarmament, North Korea, TaiwanDwarkesh Patel 1:08:24Was there an opportunity after the end of World War II, before the Soviets developed the bomb, for the US to do something where either it somehow enforced a monopoly on having the bomb, or if that wasn't possible, make some sort of credible gesture that, we're eliminating this knowledge, you guys don't work on this, we're all just gonna step back from this. Richard Rhodes 1:08:50We tried both before the war. General Groves, who had the mistaken impression that there was a limited amount of high-grade uranium ore in the world, put together a company that tried to corner the market on all the available supply. For some reason, he didn't realize that a country the size of the Soviet Union is going to have some uranium ore somewhere. And of course it did, in Kazakhstan, rich uranium ore, enough for all the bombs they wanted to build. But he didn't know that, and I frankly don't know why he didn't know that, but I guess uranium's use before the Second World War was basically as a glazing agent for pottery, that famous yellow pottery and orange pottery that people owned in the 1930s, those colors came from uranium, and they're sufficiently radioactive, even to this day, that if you wave a Geiger counter over them, you get some clicks. In fact, there have been places where they've gone in with masks and suits on, grabbed the Mexican pottery and taken it out in a lead-lined case. People have been so worried about it but that was the only use for uranium, to make a particular kind of glass. So once it became clear that there was another use for uranium, a much more important one, Groves tried to corner the world market, and he thought he had. So that was one effort to limit what the Soviet Union could do. Another was to negotiate some kind of agreement between the parties. That was something that really never got off the ground, because the German Secretary of State was an old Southern politician and he didn't trust the Soviets. He went to the first meeting, in Geneva in ‘45 after the war was over, and strutted around and said, well, I got the bomb in my pocket, so let's sit down and talk here. And the Soviet basically said, screw you. We don't care. We're not worried about your bomb. Go home. So that didn't work. Then there was the effort to get the United Nations to start to develop some program of international control. And the program was proposed originally by a committee put together by our State Department that included Robert Oppenheimer, rightly so, because the other members of the committee were industrialists, engineers, government officials, people with various kinds of expertise around the very complicated problems of technology and the science and, of course, the politics, the diplomacy. In a couple of weeks, Oppenheimer taught them the basics of the nuclear physics involved and what he knew about bomb design, which was everything, actually, since he'd run Los Alamos. He was a scientist during the war. And they came up with a plan. People have scoffed ever since at what came to be called the Acheson-Lilienthal plan named after the State Department people. But it's the only plan I think anyone has ever devised that makes real sense as to how you could have international control without a world government. Every country would be open to inspection by any agency that was set up. And the inspections would not be at the convenience of the country. But whenever the inspectors felt they needed to inspect. So what Oppenheimer called an open world. And if you had that, and then if each country then developed its own nuclear industries, nuclear power, medical uses, whatever, then if one country tried clandestinely to begin to build bombs, you would know about it at the time of the next inspection. And then you could try diplomacy. If that didn't work, you could try conventional war. If that wasn't sufficient, then you could start building your bombs too. And at the end of this sequence, which would be long enough, assuming that there were no bombs existing in the world, and the ore was stored in a warehouse somewhere, six months maybe, maybe a year, it would be time for everyone to scale up to deterrence with weapons rather than deterrence without weapons, with only the knowledge. That to me is the answer to the whole thing. And it might have worked. But there were two big problems. One, no country is going to allow a monopoly on a nuclear weapon, at least no major power. So the Russians were not willing to sign on from the beginning. They just couldn't. How could they? We would not have. Two, Sherman assigned a kind of a loudmouth, a wise old Wall Street guy to present this program to the United Nations. And he sat down with Oppenheimer after he and his people had studied and said, where's your army? Somebody starts working on a bomb over there. You've got to go in and take that out, don't you? He said, what would happen if one country started building a bomb? Oppenheimer said, well, that would be an act of war. Meaning then the other countries could begin to escalate as they needed to to protect themselves against one power, trying to overwhelm the rest. Well, Bernard Baruch was the name of the man. He didn't get it. So when he presented his revised version of the Acheson–Lilienthal Plan, which was called the Baruch Plan to the United Nations, he included his army. And he insisted that the United States would not give up its nuclear monopoly until everyone else had signed on. So of course, who's going to sign on to that deal? Dwarkesh Patel 1:15:24I feel he has a point in the sense that — World War II took five years or more. If we find that the Soviets are starting to develop a bomb, it's not like within the six months or a year or whatever, it would take them to start refining the ore. And to the point we found out that they've been refining ore to when we start a war and engage in it, and doing all the diplomacy. By that point, they might already have the bomb. And so we're behind because we dismantled our weapons. We are only starting to develop our weapons once we've exhausted these other avenues. Richard Rhodes 1:16:00Not to develop. Presumably we would have developed. And everybody would have developed anyway. Another way to think of this is as delayed delivery times. Takes about 30 minutes to get an ICBM from Central Missouri to Moscow. That's the time window for doing anything other than starting a nuclear war. So take the warhead off those missiles and move it down the road 10 miles. So then it takes three hours. You've got to put the warhead back on the missiles. If the other side is willing to do this too. And you both can watch and see. We require openness. A word Bohr introduced to this whole thing. In order to make this happen, you can't have secrets. And of course, as time passed on, we developed elaborate surveillance from space, surveillance from planes, and so forth. It would not have worked in 1946 for sure. The surveillance wasn't there. But that system is in place today. The International Atomic Energy Agency has detected systems in air, in space, underwater. They can detect 50 pounds of dynamite exploded in England from Australia with the systems that we have in place. It's technical rather than human resources. But it's there. So it's theoretically possible today to get started on such a program. Except, of course, now, in like 1950, the world is awash in nuclear weapons. Despite the reductions that have occurred since the end of the Cold War, there's still 30,000-40,000 nuclear weapons in the world. Way too many. Dwarkesh Patel 1:18:01Yeah. That's really interesting. What percentage of warheads do you think are accounted for by this organization? If there's 30,000 warheads, what percentage are accounted for? Richard Rhodes 1:18:12All.Dwarkesh Patel 1:18:12Oh. Really? North Korea doesn't have secrets? Richard Rhodes 1:18:13They're allowed to inspect anywhere without having to ask the government for permission. Dwarkesh Patel 1:18:18But presumably not North Korea or something, right? Richard Rhodes 1:18:21North Korea is an exception. But we keep pretty good track of North Korea needless to say. Dwarkesh Patel 1:18:27Are you surprised with how successful non-proliferation has been? The number of countries with nuclear weapons has not gone up for decades. Given the fact, as you were talking about earlier, it's simply a matter of refining or transmuting uranium. Is it surprising that there aren't more countries that have it?Richard Rhodes 1:18:42That's really an interesting part. Again, a part of the story that most people have never really heard. In the 50s, before the development and signing of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, which was 1968 and it took effect in 1970, a lot of countries that you would never have imagined were working on nuclear weapons. Sweden, Norway, Japan, South Korea. They had the technology. They just didn't have the materials. It was kind of dicey about what you should do. But I interviewed some of the Swedish scientists who worked on their bomb and they said, well, we were just talking about making some tactical
This week, Tony and Fingers reviewed the Padrón 50th Anniversary Limited Edition Maduro and Middle West Oloroso Wheat Whiskey. Tony Katz and Fingers Malloy (http://eatdrinksmokeshow.com) host Eat! Drink! Smoke! (http://facebook.com/eatdrinksmoke) recorded live at Blend Bar Cigar (http://blendbarcigar.com) in Indianapolis, IN. Topics this week include; Krispy Kreme is discontinuing its grocery store doughnut line. We review some of their products. We also review Guinness Chocolate Stout Loaf Cake. That's right, Guinness cake. Why there may be no return to ‘normal' for the U.S. used vehicle market. The most annoying people at airport security, according to the TSA. Peanut butter is now a liquid, according to the TSA. All that and much more on episode 231 of Eat Drink Smoke. More information on the Padrón 50th Anniversary Limited Edition Maduro. Size - 6 1/2 x 50 Wrapper - Nicaragua Binder - Nicaragua Filler - Nicaragua Follow Eat! Drink! Smoke! Twitter: https://twitter.com/GoEatDrinkSmoke | @GoEatDrinkSmoke Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/eatdrinksmoke | @eatdrinksmoke IG: https://www.instagram.com/eatdrinksmokepodcast | @EatDrinkSmokePodcast The Podcast is Free! Click Below! On Apple Podcasts (http://bit.ly/eatdrinksmoke) On Amazon Music (https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/09697f78-947d-4008-92f6-18f6b241774a/Eat-Drink-Smoke) On Stitcher (https://www.stitcher.com/show/eat-drink-smoke) On Spotify (https://open.spotify.com/show/6Qf6qSmnpb5ctSMEtaB6lp)
About archaeology, the Villa of the Mysteries, and four seasons at the American Academy in Rome. Sarah Beckmann is the Andrew Heiskell Rome Prize fellow in ancient studies at the American Academy in Rome. Her research project, "The Villa in Late Antiquity: Roman Ideals and Local Identities," explores the Roman villa, not just in respect to the elites who owned these properties, but also in respect to the rural inhabitants and laborers who have traditionally been overlooked by classical scholars. Sarah received a B.A. in Classical Languages from Carleton College and a Ph.D. in the Art and Archaeology of the Mediterranean World from the University of Pennsylvania. Since 2018, she has served as an Assistant Professor of Classics at the University of California, Los Angeles. In addition to her work on the Roman villa, Sarah's research interests include the sculpture of late antiquity and the representation of women and enslaved children in domestic arts. Quintilian is supported by a Bridge Initiative Grant from the Committee for the Promotion of Latin and Greek, a division of the Classical Association of the Middle West and South. Music: "Echo Canyon Instrumental" by Clive Romney Comments or questions about this podcast may be directed to ryangsellers@gmail.com. Thanks for listening!
In this episode of The Comic Book Lair, we look at Middlewest Vol. 3 by Skottie Young, Jorge Corona, Jean-Francois Beaulieu, and Nate Piekos. Published by Image Comics. We also discuss our favorite reads from the week and what we are looking forward to for next week.Please remember to leave us a review, and subscribe to our show! If you enjoyed what you heard, we'd be eternally grateful if you shared it with a friend. Next week we will be Hangin' In The Lair and catching up on all that we have been reading and watching! So jump into our Discord and join the conversation.Show Information:InstagramWebsiteDiscordSupport The Comic Book LairKeep Reading Comics! Cowabunga Nerds!Books Mentioned in this Episode:Eight Billion Genies *The Comic Book Lair crew can get 15% off their order at Coffee and a Comic if you enter code "COMICBOOKLAIR" at checkout.We are really stoked to be able to bring this to our listeners! Frank is awesome and is doing really cool things for us Comic Book fans! Make sure to check out @coffee_and_a_comic on Instagram as well!* **Like the sound of the Comic Book Lair Podcast? Our audio production is provided by RoseKat Audio. Check out RoseKat Audio at rosekataudio.com**
In this episode of The Comic Book Lair, we look at Middlewest Vol. 2 by Skottie Young, Jorge Corona, Jean-Francois Beaulieu, and Nate Piekos. Published by Image Comics. We also discuss our favorite reads from the week and what we are looking forward to for next week.Please remember to leave us a review, and subscribe to our show! If you enjoyed what you heard, we'd be eternally grateful if you shared it with a friend. Next week we will be Hangin' In The Lair and catching up on all that we have been reading and watching! So jump into our Discord and join the conversation.Show Information:InstagramWebsiteDiscordSupport The Comic Book LairKeep Reading Comics! Cowabunga Nerds!Books Mentioned in this Episode:Star WarsWhere Monsters LieCensusQuestedBreath of Shadows*The Comic Book Lair crew can get 15% off their order at Coffee and a Comic if you enter code "COMICBOOKLAIR" at checkout.We are really stoked to be able to bring this to our listeners! Frank is awesome and is doing really cool things for us Comic Book fans! Make sure to check out @coffee_and_a_comic on Instagram as well!* **Like the sound of the Comic Book Lair Podcast? Our audio production is provided by RoseKat Audio. Check out RoseKat Audio at rosekataudio.com**
They fellas finally get a chance to chop it up with the Team from Middle West. If you don't know, you will. They drop in and put the fellas on game with what's happening in THE Ohio State. They talk about what's going in the distillery, what they have for the future and what the industry looks like from their perspective. Stay Black and Keep it Brown. Cheers. Instagram: @dablackandbrownpodcast @my_government_name_is @agbk06 @delvinj33 Twitter: @dablackandbrown Merch: www.bonfire.com/store/dablackandbrown --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/dablackandbrownpodcast/support
In this episode of The Comic Book Lair, we look at Middlewest Vol. 1 by Skottie Young, Jorge Corona, Jean-Francois Beaulieu, and Nate Piekos. Published by Image Comics. We also discuss our favorite reads from the week and what we are looking forward to for next week. Please remember to leave us a review, and subscribe to our show! If you enjoyed what you heard, we'd be eternally grateful if you shared it with a friend. Next week we will be Hangin' In The Lair with our good buddies over at Pull Box Pals (Variant Edition! "Pull Box Lair") and catching up on all that we have been reading and watching! So jump into our Discord and join the conversation.Show Information:InstagramWebsiteDiscordSupport The Comic Book LairKeep Reading Comics! Cowabunga Nerds!Books Mentioned in this Episode:Spy SuperbBlack CloakImmortal SergentLittle Monsters*The Comic Book Lair crew can get 15% off their order at Coffee and a Comic if you enter code "COMICBOOKLAIR" at checkout.We are really stoked to be able to bring this to our listeners! Frank is awesome and is doing really cool things for us Comic Book fans! Make sure to check out @coffee_and_a_comic on Instagram as well!* **Like the sound of the Comic Book Lair Podcast? Our audio production is provided by RoseKat Audio. Check out RoseKat Audio at rosekataudio.com**
This episode is a review of Middle West Spirits' award winning Sherry Cask Finished Bourbon. Middle West Spirits out of Columbus, Ohio, was founded in 2008 and opened for commercial production in 2010. Brandon and Michael discuss tasting notes, break down the bottle, and give their rating. You can find them on Instagram @middlewestspirits and at https://middlewestspirits.com/ Head over to Walk Offs and Whiskey and use promo code "BNB" for 10% off your next purchase! https://walkoffsandwhiskey.com/ Please follow us! Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BarrelsnBarrelsPod/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/barrelsnbarrelspod/ Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9dcmbbjVCuQXC7gTY2yLHg Twitter: https://twitter.com/barrelsnbarrels --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/barrels--barrels-podcast/support
Episode 169!? This week we are giving our thoughts on "Twig Vol. 1", as well as going over some nerd news! Eisner Award-winning I HATE FAIRYLAND and MIDDLEWEST writer SKOTTIE YOUNG and artist KYLE STRAHM (SPREAD UNEARTH) come together for an epic fantasy adventure miniseries! It's the first day of Twig's new job as a journeyer on a JEFF SMITH's Bone-esque quest to save a The Dark Crystal/Labyrinth-style world. Join our hesitant hero for an inspiring and imaginative tale of hope heartache and determination to overcome insurmountable odds! Collects TWIG #1-5 Join our discord and help us build the community! https://discord.gg/EUtHXHjJWF Support The Wednesday Pull List! https://www.patreon.com/wednesdaypull Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
Lucy Hobbs, later Lucy Hobbs Taylor, pursued a career in dentistry before that was recognized as an acceptable vocation for a woman. She got told no a lot, but became a well-respected leader in the field. Research: Kansas Historical Society. “Lucy Hobbs Taylor.” Kansapedia. https://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/lucy-hobbs-taylor/15500 Hannelore T. Loevy, Aletha A. Kowitz, “How the Middle West was won: women enter dentistry.” International Dental Journal. Volume 48, Issue 2, 1998. Pages 89-95. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1875-595X.1998.tb00466.x. EDWARDS, RALPH W. “THE FIRST WOMAN DENTIST LUCY HOBBS TAYLOR, D. D. S. (1833-1910).” Bulletin of the History of Medicine, vol. 25, no. 3, 1951, pp. 277–83. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/44443642. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Lucy Hobbs Taylor". Encyclopedia Britannica, 10 Mar. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lucy-Hobbs-Taylor “The Orphans' Home.” The Western Odd Fellow. (Topeka, Kansas) Nov. 1, 1893. https://www.newspapers.com/image/486410523/?terms=%22lucy%20hobbs%20taylor%22&match=1 “About Women.” Arkansas Democrat. Dec. 9, 1910. https://www.newspapers.com/image/165471168/?terms=%22lucy%20hobbs%20taylor%22&match=1 University of Michigan Sindecuse Museum. “Lucy Beaman Hobbs Taylor.” https://www.sindecusemuseum.org/lucy-beaman-hobbs-taylor “Death of Mrs. Taylor.” Jeffersonian Gazette. Oct. 5, 1910. https://www.newspapers.com/image/71346872/?terms=%22lucy%20hobbs%20taylor%22&match=1 “Real Estate Transfers.” Jeffersonian Gazette. Jan 10, 1906. https://www.newspapers.com/image/71348331/?terms=%22lucy%20hobbs%20taylor%22&match=1 “The Mallet in Dentistry.” Vermont Record. Dec. 22, 1866. https://www.newspapers.com/image/489909413/?terms=%22lucy%20hobbs%22&match=1 “Our Illustrious Rebekahs.” The Western Odd Fellow. Aug. 15, 1895. https://www.newspapers.com/image/486410900/?terms=%22lucy%20hobbs%20taylor%22&match=1 “Resolutions by Dentists.” Lawrence Daily Journal. Sept. 16, 1901. https://www.newspapers.com/image/510842026/?terms=%22lucy%20hobbs%20taylor%22&match=1 https://lloydlibrary.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/The-Eclectic-Medical-Institute-of-Cincinnati-Analysis.pdf https://dentallifeline.org/resources/10-women-in-dentistry-that-have-made-an-impact/#:~:text=Lucy%20Hobbs%20Taylor%3A%20The%20first,Taylor%20(born%20in%201833). “Ellenburch, N.Y.” Burlington Democrat. July 27, 1872. https://www.newspapers.com/image/355391563/?terms=%22lucy%20hobbs%22&match=1 “Valued as a Keepsake.” The Jeffersonian Gazette. Oct. 12, 1910. https://www.newspapers.com/image/71346903/?terms=%22lucy%20hobbs%20taylor%22&match=1 “They Can Pull Teeth.” Chicago Tribune. Sept 7, 1895. https://www.newspapers.com/image/349465126/?terms=%22lucy%20hobbs%20taylor%22&match=1 “Dr. Lucy Hobbs Taylor, 1833-1910: A Lawrence, Kansas Pioneer in the History of Women in Dentistry.” Watkins Museum of History. May 6, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20171202053056/http://www.watkinsmuseum.org/archives/taylor.shtml See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
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