Podcasts about theodoric

Nous sommes à l'été 782. Cela fait dix ans déjà que Francs et Saxons se cherchent, mais aucun camp ne parvient à prendre l'avantage et la guerre est ravageuse. Charlemagne veut absolument étendre son territoire vers l'Est et doit donc écraser toute résistance. Cette année-là, le roi des est informé du soulèvement des peuples aux frontières de son royaume. Ses espions et ses éclaireurs lui apprennent que des Slaves sont entrés en territoire saxon et que Widikund, le chef de ses adversaires, prépare une armée pour lancer une nouvelle offensive. D'après les « Annales royales des Francs », dans la version dite d'Eginhard, on peut lire que le comte Théodoric « donna aux ambassadeurs le conseil de s'enquérir aussi vite que possible, par des espions, du lieu où étaient les Saxons, de ce qui se passait au milieu d'eux, et de les attaquer tous ensemble, si la nature des lieux le permettait. (…) A mauvais préparatifs, mauvaise issue, ajoute l'auteur de la première biographie de Charlemagne, car les Francs, entourés par les Saxons, furent presque tous massacrés (…). Sous quelle forme l'espionnage se pratique-t-il au Moyen Âge ? Quelles sont les moyens militaires, diplomatiques et politiques mis en œuvre ? La dissimulation, l'imposture, la trahison, l'intoxication, relèvent-elles déjà de l'art consommé du renseignement ? Avec nous : Valentin Baricault. Auteur de « L'espionnage au Moyen Âge » ; éd. Passés/Composés. Sujets traités : Charlemagne, roi, Francs, Théodoric, espions, espionnage , Moyen Âge, militaires, Merci pour votre écoute Un Jour dans l'Histoire, c'est également en direct tous les jours de la semaine de 13h15 à 14h30 sur www.rtbf.be/lapremiere Retrouvez tous les épisodes d'Un Jour dans l'Histoire sur notre plateforme Auvio.be :https://auvio.rtbf.be/emission/5936 Intéressés par l'histoire ? Vous pourriez également aimer nos autres podcasts : L'Histoire Continue: https://audmns.com/kSbpELwL'heure H : https://audmns.com/YagLLiKEt sa version à écouter en famille : La Mini Heure H https://audmns.com/YagLLiKAinsi que nos séries historiques :Chili, le Pays de mes Histoires : https://audmns.com/XHbnevhD-Day : https://audmns.com/JWRdPYIJoséphine Baker : https://audmns.com/wCfhoEwLa folle histoire de l'aviation : https://audmns.com/xAWjyWCLes Jeux Olympiques, l'étonnant miroir de notre Histoire : https://audmns.com/ZEIihzZMarguerite, la Voix d'une Résistante : https://audmns.com/zFDehnENapoléon, le crépuscule de l'Aigle : https://audmns.com/DcdnIUnUn Jour dans le Sport : https://audmns.com/xXlkHMHSous le sable des Pyramides : https://audmns.com/rXfVppvN'oubliez pas de vous y abonner pour ne rien manquer.Et si vous avez apprécié ce podcast, n'hésitez pas à nous donner des étoiles ou des commentaires, cela nous aide à le faire connaître plus largement. Distribué par Audiomeans. Visitez audiomeans.fr/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

There's nothing like getting the old one-two, a bacterial sock to the snotlocker followed by an electoral blow to the breadbasket. For treatment we visit the witch doctors of The Firesign Theatre, SNL's "Theodoric of York, Medieval Barber," and that sniffling eejit behind the mic at Infernal Hound Sound. The background music, "Abandoned," comes from Zapsplat. 

¡Vótame en los Premios iVoox 2024! Desde Escandinavia a la antigua Escitia, el pueblo gótico se lanzó en una migración que le llevó a convertirse en uno de los principales actores en la política de un Imperio Romano que cada día tenía mayores problemas. Aliándose con unos, derrotando y asimilando a otros, los godos alcanzaron el limes danubiano divididos en multitud de confederaciones tribales, de las que destacaron Tervingios y Greutungos. Presionados los segundos por el continuo empuje de los jinetes hunos, su confederación se vio disuelta; algunos entraron al servicio de los nuevos señores de la estepa y prosperaron siguiendo las órdenes de Atila; otros desbordaron la frontera romana en busca de una seguridad que cada día le costaba más proporcionar al Imperio. Ya en el siglo V, los restos de la confederación greutunga que se había mantenido a la sombra de los hunos, lograron recuperar su independencia bajo la dirección la dinastía Amala para instalarse en las tierras de Panonia como federados. Enfrentados a otros grupos góticos y germanos, así como a los propios emperadores de Constantinopla, entre esos godos surgirá la figura de Teodorico I el Grande. Fue con él y con las acciones militares que llevaron a su confederación a la conquista de Italia que se pueda dar por concluido el proceso de etnogénesis que engendró a los ostrogodos que dominaron el corazón mismo del desaparecido Imperio Romano de Occidente desde su conquista en el 488 hasta su derrota a manos de los bizantinos de Justiniano I en el 561. Si te gusta el contenido puedes dejar un me gusta y un comentario, así ayudáis al crecimiento del programa. Apoya a El Scriptorium haciéndote fan en iVoox: https://www.ivoox.com/support/1261356 O través de BIZUM: +34 614 23 58 90 Puedes ayudar a mejorar el programa rellenando esta breve encuesta que no te llevará más de cinco minutos: https://forms.gle/ejxSKwyVzcTToEqW6 Sigue a El Scriptorium en: - Twitter: https://twitter.com/ElScriptorium - TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@elscriptorium - Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/scriptoriumpodcast - Telegram: https://t.me/ElScriptorium - Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/elscriptorium/ Contacto: scriptoriumpodcast@protonmail.com Bibliografía: - Wiemer, H.U. (2023). Theodoric the Great. King of the Goths, Ruler of Romans. Yale University Press. - Heather, P. (2003). «Gens and Regnum Among the Ostrogoths». En Regna and Gentes. Brill. - Pohl, W. (2014). «Goths and Huns». In A Companion to Ethnicity in the Ancient Mediterranean. Wiley. - Soto Chica, J. (2020). Los Visigodos: hijos de un dios furioso. Desperta Ferro. - Burns, T. (1984). A History of the Ostrogoths. Indiana University Press. - Halsall, G. (2012). Las migraciones bárbaras y el occidente romano, 376-568. Publicacions de la Universitat de València. Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

Political debates have helped build the American democratic discourse, offering voters direct insights into candidates' positions and personalities. Recent trends, however, suggest a significant shift in how campaigns view these traditional forums of public engagement. Theodoric Meyer from The Washington Post shares how the decline in debate participation across various levels of government has called to question the future of political discourse, changes in media consumption, and electoral dynamics.

Dig into Wednesday’s headlines with Boyd Matheson! Jeff Greenfield joins Boyd to discuss how an “October surprise” could be preeminent and change the presidential showdown. Learn how border politics has become increasingly toxic due to outdated solutions with Fiona Harrigan. Peter Wehner weighs in on the importance of having patriotic love through this election. Theodoric Meyer warns of political debates facing extinction and the future of political discourse and more!

In this episode of the Color of Success Podcast, Dr. Stephanie J. Wong welcomes Theodoric Chew, the co-founder and CEO of Intellect, Asia Pacific's leading integrated mental health care service provider. Theodoric shares his personal journey with mental health, which inspired him to create Intellect—a platform that now serves over 3.5 million members globally. He discusses the challenges and nuances of providing culturally relevant mental health care across different Asian countries, the stigma surrounding mental health in Asia, and the importance of education and access to care. Host: Dr. Stephanie J. Wong Guest: Theodoric Chew, Co-Founder & CEO of Intellect Key Topics: The founding story of Intellect and its mission to revolutionize mental health care in Asia. How Intellect tailors mental health services to different cultural contexts across Asia. The logistical and regulatory challenges of providing mental health care in diverse regions. Strategies for increasing access to mental health services, especially in underprivileged communities. The importance of cultural competency and humility in mental health care. The role of governments, employers, and insurers in expanding mental health services. Theodoric's personal mental health practices as a founder and CEO. How families can play a supportive role in mental health care. Resources Mentioned: Intellect Website Download the Intellect App (Available on App Store and Google Play) Connect with Intellect on LinkedIn Connect with Us: Visit our website for more episodes. Join our community on Instagram and Twitter. Check out Dr. Stephanie J. Wong's memoir Cancel the Filter: Realities of a Psychologist, Podcaster, and Working Mother of Color available on Amazon and wherever books are sold. Call to Action: We'd love to hear your “Cancel the Filter” moments! Share them with us on social media, and don't forget to subscribe to the podcast on your favorite platform to stay updated on future episodes. Thank You for Listening! Your support means the world to us. Please consider leaving a review and sharing this episode with friends who might benefit from it

We venture back into the Asha Logos series called Our Subverted History (found on YouTube) as we attempt to trace the origins of man. The goal: to find out once and for all whether our story is as dark, depraved, drug addled, and predatorial to children as people like Ammon would have us believe, or is there a virtuous, nobility being erased from our history and thereby the very fabric of our identity. Truth is the only path to rediscovering who we are. For all of my friends of differing ethnicities this does NOT leave you out. I bid you the respect that you alone possess the right to seek out your own origins. It is not my story to tell, and would be a great injustice to us both if done so before learning of myself. I will explore my ancestry, you, if so chosen will explore yours, and together as one mankind we'll emerge as confident allies against the malicious forces in this world who pitted man against one another for their petty ends. I respect your nature and I expect that you will respect mine.AWESOME Hot Sauce: https://SemperFryLLC.com Use Code at site for 5% Off qualified purchases (over $22) I handcraft over 30 varieties of Award Winning Artisan, fresh, micro-batch hot sauces. Veteran Owned!Ba'al Busters channel: https://rumble.com/c/BaalBustersTwitter: https://twitter.com/DisguiseLimitsInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/baalbusters/Telegram: https://t.me/BaalBustersStudiosPlease Read Click this GoFundMe: https://www.gofundme.com/f/7vvgt-journey-homeGET COMMERCIAL FREE VIDEOS/PODCASTS and Exclusive Content: Become a Patron.  https://Patreon.com/DisguisetheLimitsMy Clean Source Creatine-HCL Use Coupon Code FANFAVORITE for 5% Offhttps://www.semperfryllc.com/store/p126/CreatineHCL.htmlSigned Copies of my book:https://www.semperfryllc.com/store/p93/Priestcraft%3A_Beyond_Babylon_%28Signed_Copy%29.htmlAmazon version of Priestcraft: Beyond Babylon 8.5x11 Paperback, Hardcover, & Kindle: https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0CNGX53L7/Barnes & Noble: Priestcraft: Beyond Babylon 416 pages, and ebook: https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/book/1144402176KOBO: https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/priestcraft-beyond-babylonBrighteon Store DISCOUNT Link: https://brighteonstore.com/BaalBustersTake Back Your Health NOW! DR PETER GLIDDEN, ND All-Access https://leavebigpharmabehind.com/?via=pgndhealth Add to the Kristos Family Apocalypse Fund: https://GiveSendGo.com/BaalBustersDR MONZO Products: https://drmonzo.kartra.com/page/shopDR MONZO ATB BOOK: https://drmonzo.kartra.com/page/ATBBookUSE CODE: BaalBusters15 for 15% OFF Dr. MONZO's store itemsDr MONZO AzureWell https://www.azurestandard.com/shop/brand/azurewell/2326 and use code BB5 for 5% Off for Life!Get KRATOM HERE: https://klaritykratom.com/?ref=BaalBustersSupport the show and submit questions: https://buymeacoffee.com/BaalBustersHave you tired TRY BLUE? https://tryblue.refr.cc/baalbusters  for 17% Off!SHIRTS & MERCH https://my-store-c960b1.creator-spring.com/THIS CHANNEL IS INDEPENDENT and has no sponsors but YOUBecome a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/ba-al-busters-broadcast--5100262/support.

We continue with the Asha Logos series, Our Subverted History with the betrayal of the Visigoths by the Yaoists/Jews who they took into their kingdom. No Good Deed Goes Unpunished. The Parasite will Kill the Host.Please Read Click this GoFundMe: https://www.gofundme.com/f/7vvgt-journey-homeAWESOME Hot Sauce: https://SemperFryLLC.com Use Code at site for 5% Off qualified purchases (over $22) I handcraft over 30 varieties of Award Winning Artisan, fresh, micro-batch hot sauces. Veteran Owned!Ba'al Busters channel: https://rumble.com/c/BaalBustersTwitter: https://twitter.com/DisguiseLimitsInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/baalbusters/Telegram: https://t.me/BaalBustersStudiosPlease Read Click this GoFundMe: https://www.gofundme.com/f/7vvgt-journey-homeGET COMMERCIAL FREE VIDEOS/PODCASTS and Exclusive Content: Become a Patron. https://Patreon.com/DisguisetheLimitsMy Clean Source Creatine-HCL Use Coupon Code FANFAVORITE for 5% Offhttps://www.semperfryllc.com/store/p126/CreatineHCL.htmlSigned Copies of my book:https://www.semperfryllc.com/store/p93/Priestcraft%3A_Beyond_Babylon_%28Signed_Copy%29.htmlAmazon version of Priestcraft: Beyond Babylon 8.5x11 Paperback, Hardcover, & Kindle: https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0CNGX53L7/Barnes & Noble: Priestcraft: Beyond Babylon 416 pages, and ebook: https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/book/1144402176KOBO: https://www.kobo.com/us/en/ebook/priestcraft-beyond-babylonKristos Family Apocalypse Fund: https://GiveSendGo.com/BaalBustersBrighteon Store DISCOUNT Link: https://brighteonstore.com/BaalBustersTake Back Your Health NOW! DR PETER GLIDDEN, ND All-Access https://leavebigpharmabehind.com/?via=pgndhealthAdd to the Kristos Family Apocalypse Fund: https://GiveSendGo.com/BaalBustersDR MONZO Products: https://drmonzo.kartra.com/page/shopDR MONZO ATB BOOK: https://drmonzo.kartra.com/page/ATBBookUSE CODE: BaalBusters15 for 15% OFF Dr. MONZO's store itemsDr MONZO AzureWell https://www.azurestandard.com/shop/brand/azurewell/2326 and use code BB5 for 5% Off for Life!Get KRATOM HERE: https://klaritykratom.com/?ref=BaalBustersSupport the show and submit questions: https://buymeacoffee.com/BaalBustersHave you tired TRY BLUE? https://tryblue.refr.cc/baalbusters for 17% Off!SHIRTS & MERCH https://my-store-c960b1.creator-spring.com/THIS CHANNEL IS INDEPENDENT and has no sponsors but YOUBecome a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/ba-al-busters-broadcast--5100262/support.

A Roman medical office in southwestern Turkey has us talking medicine. Were the same instruments used for cataracts and hemorrhoids? What kind of insurance did gladiators have anyway? Our contestants are concerned about sanitary conditions, however. With an inevitable shoutout to Theodoric, Barber of York.

The Western Roman Empire was conquered by Odoacer, who styled himself as the "King of Italy." But the leader of the Ostrogoths, a warrior named Theodoric, would challenge Odoacer for supremacy. But were both men just playing into the hands of the Eastern Roman Emperor? Support Noble Blood: — Bonus episodes, stickers, and scripts on Patreon — Noble Blood merch — Order Dana's book, 'Anatomy: A Love Story' and its sequel 'Immortality: A Love Story'See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Fri, 05 Jan 2024 22:30:00 GMT http://relay.fm/rd/225 http://relay.fm/rd/225 Leavings and Learnings 225 Merlin Mann and John Siracusa On the complexities and frustrations around seeking medical help. Especially when it involves more than just finding an egg. On the complexities and frustrations around seeking medical help. Especially when it involves more than just finding an egg. clean 7029 Subtitle: Merlin has a had a lot of hospital.On the complexities and frustrations around seeking medical help. Especially when it involves more than just finding an egg. This episode of Reconcilable Differences is sponsored by: Squarespace: Save 10% off your first purchase of a website or domain using code DIFFS. Links and Show Notes: Things kick off with some TV talk and a consideration of sane and civil ways to watch TV with a partner. In Follow-Up, there's more on this whole chapter markers issue, but honestly it's all a little difficult to follow because of the way time works chronologically. Merlin has been doing a lot of stuff with computers, and John reluctantly admits that at least JSON is better than YAML, but that's not really saying very much. As a main topic, your hosts talk about the complexities and frustrations around seeking medical help—especially when the medical help one needs falls outside the interest, curiosity, or expertise of a given medical professional. And especially when the help you need concerns your brain and doesn't just involve finding an egg and calling it a day. (Recorded on Tuesday, December 19, 2023) Credits Audio Editor: Jim Metzendorf Admin Assistance: Kerry Provenzano Music: Merlin Mann The Suits: Stephen Hackett, Myke Hurley Members-Only Aftershow Timestamps Episode 134: The aftershow starts at 1:20:16 (1 hour, 20 minutes, 16 seconds). Episode 135: The aftershow starts at 1:13:41 (1 hour, 13 minutes, 41 seconds). Episode 136: The aftershow starts at 1:13:10 (1 hour, 13 minutes, 10 seconds). Episode 137: The aftershow starts at 1:29:29 (1 hour, 29 minutes, 29 seconds). Episode 138: The aftershow starts at 1:20:27 (1 hour, 20 minutes, 27 seconds). Episode 140: The aftershow starts at 1:10:03 (1 hour, 10 minutes, 3 seconds). Episode 142: The aftershow starts at 1:08:02 (1 hour, 8 minutes, 2 seconds). Episode 144: The aftershow starts at 1:30:30 (1 hour, 30 minutes, 30 seconds). Episode 144: The aftershow starts at 1:30:30 (1 hour, 30 minutes, 30 seconds). Episode 146: The aftershow starts at 1:24:49 (1 hour, 24 minutes, 49 seconds). Episode 148: The aftershow starts at 1:40:57 (1 hour, 40 minutes, 57 seconds). Episode 148: The aftershow starts at 1:40:57 (1 hour, 40 minutes, 57 seconds). Episode 150: The aftershow starts at 1:16:22 (1 hour, 16 minutes, 22 seconds). Episode 152: The aftershow starts at 1:23:14 (1 hour, 23 minutes, 14 seconds). Episode 154: The aftershow starts at 1:07:32 (1 hour, 7 minutes, 32 seconds). Episode 156: The aftershow starts at 1:36:12 (1 hour, 36 minutes, 12 seconds). Episode 158: The aftershow starts at 1:21:27 (1 hour, 21 minutes, 27 seconds). Episode 160: The aftershow starts at 1:38:59 (1 hour, 38 minutes, 59 seconds). Episode 162: The aftershow starts at 1:34:02 (1 hour, 34 minutes, 2 seconds). Episode 164: The aftershow starts at 1:31:32 (1 hour, 31 minutes, 32 seconds). Episode 166: The aftershow starts at 1:11:54 (1 hour, 11 minutes, 54 seconds). Episode 168: The aftershow starts at 1:34:11 (1 hour, 34 minutes, 11 seconds). Episode 170: The aftershow starts at 1:42:43 (1 hour, 42 minutes, 43 seconds). Episode 172: The aftershow starts at 1:48:33 (1 hour, 48 minutes, 33 seconds). Episode 174: The aftershow starts at 1:18:53 (1 hour, 18 minutes, 53 seconds). Episode 176: The aftershow starts at 1:32:25 (1 hour, 32 minutes, 25 seconds). Episode 178: The aftershow starts at 1:20:18 (1 hour, 20 minutes, 18 seconds). Episode 180: The aftershow starts at 1:34:02 (1 hour, 34 minutes, 2 seconds). Episode 182: The aftershow starts at 1:35:00 (1 hour, 35 minutes, 0 seconds). Episode 184: The aftershow starts at 1:40:54 (1 hour, 40 minutes, 54 seconds). Episode 186: The aftershow starts at 1:22:35 (1 hour, 22 minutes, 35 seconds). Episode 188: The aftershow starts at 1:01:06 (1 hour, 1 minute, 6 seconds). Episode 190: The aftershow starts at 1:18:00 (1 hour, 18 minutes, 0 seconds). Episode 192: The aftershow starts at 1:24:28 (1 hour, 24 minutes, 28 seconds). Episode 194: The aftershow starts at 1:25:19 (1 hour, 25 minutes, 19 seconds). Episode 196: The aftershow starts at 1:35:59 (1 hour, 35 minutes, 59 seconds). Episode 198: The aftershow starts at 1:26:38 (1 hour, 26 minutes, 38 seconds). Episode 200: The aftershow starts at 1:09:51 (1 hour, 9 minutes, 51 seconds). Episode 202: The aftershow starts at 1:47:29 (1 hour, 47 minutes, 29 seconds). Episode 204: The aftershow starts at 1:25:23 (1 hour, 25 minutes, 23 seconds). Episode 206: The aftershow starts at 1:32:32 (1 hour, 32 minutes, 32 seconds). Episode 208: The aftershow starts at 1:31:40 (1 hour, 31 minutes, 40 seconds). Episode 210: The aftershow starts at 1:30:06 (1 hour, 30 minutes, 6 seconds). Episode 212: The aftershow starts at 1:32:13 (1 hour, 32 minutes, 13 seconds). Episode 214: The aftershow starts at 1:20:37 (1 hour, 20 minutes, 37 seconds). Episode 216: The aftershow starts at 1:15:05 (1 hour, 15 minutes, 5 seconds). Episode 218: The aftershow starts at 1:12:35 (1 hour, 12 minutes, 35 seconds). Episode 220: The aftershow starts at 1:17:51 (1 hour, 17 minutes, 51 seconds). Episode 222: The aftershow starts at 1:32:29 (1 hour, 32 minutes, 29 seconds). Get an ad-free version of the show, plus a monthly extended episode. Mr. Show - "Pre-Taped Call-in Show" - YouTube Quote Origin: “The Pun Is the Lowest Form of Wit” “Yes, That Means It Is the Foundation of All Wit” – Quote Investigator® Paul Karason - WikipediaPaul Karason (November 14, 1950 – September 23, 2013) was an American from Bellingham, Washington, whose skin was a purple-blue color. Love Has Won (HBO) Escaping Twin Flames (Netflix) For All Mankind (Apple TV+) George Lucas: “They Rhyme” - YouTube How George Lucas's two Star Wars trilogies call out to each other visually SciPy SciPy signal correlate method The House of J.F. Sebastian Health Record Export iOS app Disney's new robot - YouTube Godzilla (2014) Why'd I take speed for twenty years? Why'd I take speed for twenty years? (Part 2) None of us is as dumb as all of us Pacific Rim review by Merlin MannYou people are gonna feel like such dingalings when you finally realize and accept that this is one of the great films. Luminous: Is it the drug or is it the trip?For all the talk about how psychedelics might transform psychiatric care, there's still a fascinating question at the heart of psychedelic science. Is it the mind-blowing experience that fundamentally changes a person's outlook on life? Or is it the powerful molecules that rewire the brain? "Theodoric of York: Medieval Barber" Bethlem Royal Hosp

Fri, 05 Jan 2024 22:30:00 GMT http://relay.fm/rd/225 http://relay.fm/rd/225 Merlin Mann and John Siracusa On the complexities and frustrations around seeking medical help. Especially when it involves more than just finding an egg. On the complexities and frustrations around seeking medical help. Especially when it involves more than just finding an egg. clean 7029 Subtitle: Merlin has a had a lot of hospital.On the complexities and frustrations around seeking medical help. Especially when it involves more than just finding an egg. This episode of Reconcilable Differences is sponsored by: Squarespace: Save 10% off your first purchase of a website or domain using code DIFFS. Links and Show Notes: Things kick off with some TV talk and a consideration of sane and civil ways to watch TV with a partner. In Follow-Up, there's more on this whole chapter markers issue, but honestly it's all a little difficult to follow because of the way time works chronologically. Merlin has been doing a lot of stuff with computers, and John reluctantly admits that at least JSON is better than YAML, but that's not really saying very much. As a main topic, your hosts talk about the complexities and frustrations around seeking medical help—especially when the medical help one needs falls outside the interest, curiosity, or expertise of a given medical professional. And especially when the help you need concerns your brain and doesn't just involve finding an egg and calling it a day. (Recorded on Tuesday, December 19, 2023) Credits Audio Editor: Jim Metzendorf Admin Assistance: Kerry Provenzano Music: Merlin Mann The Suits: Stephen Hackett, Myke Hurley Members-Only Aftershow Timestamps Episode 134: The aftershow starts at 1:20:16 (1 hour, 20 minutes, 16 seconds). Episode 135: The aftershow starts at 1:13:41 (1 hour, 13 minutes, 41 seconds). Episode 136: The aftershow starts at 1:13:10 (1 hour, 13 minutes, 10 seconds). Episode 137: The aftershow starts at 1:29:29 (1 hour, 29 minutes, 29 seconds). Episode 138: The aftershow starts at 1:20:27 (1 hour, 20 minutes, 27 seconds). Episode 140: The aftershow starts at 1:10:03 (1 hour, 10 minutes, 3 seconds). Episode 142: The aftershow starts at 1:08:02 (1 hour, 8 minutes, 2 seconds). Episode 144: The aftershow starts at 1:30:30 (1 hour, 30 minutes, 30 seconds). Episode 144: The aftershow starts at 1:30:30 (1 hour, 30 minutes, 30 seconds). Episode 146: The aftershow starts at 1:24:49 (1 hour, 24 minutes, 49 seconds). Episode 148: The aftershow starts at 1:40:57 (1 hour, 40 minutes, 57 seconds). Episode 148: The aftershow starts at 1:40:57 (1 hour, 40 minutes, 57 seconds). Episode 150: The aftershow starts at 1:16:22 (1 hour, 16 minutes, 22 seconds). Episode 152: The aftershow starts at 1:23:14 (1 hour, 23 minutes, 14 seconds). Episode 154: The aftershow starts at 1:07:32 (1 hour, 7 minutes, 32 seconds). Episode 156: The aftershow starts at 1:36:12 (1 hour, 36 minutes, 12 seconds). Episode 158: The aftershow starts at 1:21:27 (1 hour, 21 minutes, 27 seconds). Episode 160: The aftershow starts at 1:38:59 (1 hour, 38 minutes, 59 seconds). Episode 162: The aftershow starts at 1:34:02 (1 hour, 34 minutes, 2 seconds). Episode 164: The aftershow starts at 1:31:32 (1 hour, 31 minutes, 32 seconds). Episode 166: The aftershow starts at 1:11:54 (1 hour, 11 minutes, 54 seconds). Episode 168: The aftershow starts at 1:34:11 (1 hour, 34 minutes, 11 seconds). Episode 170: The aftershow starts at 1:42:43 (1 hour, 42 minutes, 43 seconds). Episode 172: The aftershow starts at 1:48:33 (1 hour, 48 minutes, 33 seconds). Episode 174: The aftershow starts at 1:18:53 (1 hour, 18 minutes, 53 seconds). Episode 176: The aftershow starts at 1:32:25 (1 hour, 32 minutes, 25 seconds). Episode 178: The aftershow starts at 1:20:18 (1 hour, 20 minutes, 18 seconds). Episode 180: The aftershow starts at 1:34:02 (1 hour, 34 minutes, 2 seconds). Episode 182: The aftershow starts at 1:35:00 (1 hour, 35 minutes, 0 seconds). Episode 184: The aftershow starts at 1:40:54 (1 hour, 40 minutes, 54 seconds). Episode 186: The aftershow starts at 1:22:35 (1 hour, 22 minutes, 35 seconds). Episode 188: The aftershow starts at 1:01:06 (1 hour, 1 minute, 6 seconds). Episode 190: The aftershow starts at 1:18:00 (1 hour, 18 minutes, 0 seconds). Episode 192: The aftershow starts at 1:24:28 (1 hour, 24 minutes, 28 seconds). Episode 194: The aftershow starts at 1:25:19 (1 hour, 25 minutes, 19 seconds). Episode 196: The aftershow starts at 1:35:59 (1 hour, 35 minutes, 59 seconds). Episode 198: The aftershow starts at 1:26:38 (1 hour, 26 minutes, 38 seconds). Episode 200: The aftershow starts at 1:09:51 (1 hour, 9 minutes, 51 seconds). Episode 202: The aftershow starts at 1:47:29 (1 hour, 47 minutes, 29 seconds). Episode 204: The aftershow starts at 1:25:23 (1 hour, 25 minutes, 23 seconds). Episode 206: The aftershow starts at 1:32:32 (1 hour, 32 minutes, 32 seconds). Episode 208: The aftershow starts at 1:31:40 (1 hour, 31 minutes, 40 seconds). Episode 210: The aftershow starts at 1:30:06 (1 hour, 30 minutes, 6 seconds). Episode 212: The aftershow starts at 1:32:13 (1 hour, 32 minutes, 13 seconds). Episode 214: The aftershow starts at 1:20:37 (1 hour, 20 minutes, 37 seconds). Episode 216: The aftershow starts at 1:15:05 (1 hour, 15 minutes, 5 seconds). Episode 218: The aftershow starts at 1:12:35 (1 hour, 12 minutes, 35 seconds). Episode 220: The aftershow starts at 1:17:51 (1 hour, 17 minutes, 51 seconds). Episode 222: The aftershow starts at 1:32:29 (1 hour, 32 minutes, 29 seconds). Get an ad-free version of the show, plus a monthly extended episode. Mr. Show - "Pre-Taped Call-in Show" - YouTube Quote Origin: “The Pun Is the Lowest Form of Wit” “Yes, That Means It Is the Foundation of All Wit” – Quote Investigator® Paul Karason - WikipediaPaul Karason (November 14, 1950 – September 23, 2013) was an American from Bellingham, Washington, whose skin was a purple-blue color. Love Has Won (HBO) Escaping Twin Flames (Netflix) For All Mankind (Apple TV+) George Lucas: “They Rhyme” - YouTube How George Lucas's two Star Wars trilogies call out to each other visually SciPy SciPy signal correlate method The House of J.F. Sebastian Health Record Export iOS app Disney's new robot - YouTube Godzilla (2014) Why'd I take speed for twenty years? Why'd I take speed for twenty years? (Part 2) None of us is as dumb as all of us Pacific Rim review by Merlin MannYou people are gonna feel like such dingalings when you finally realize and accept that this is one of the great films. Luminous: Is it the drug or is it the trip?For all the talk about how psychedelics might transform psychiatric care, there's still a fascinating question at the heart of psychedelic science. Is it the mind-blowing experience that fundamentally changes a person's outlook on life? Or is it the powerful molecules that rewire the brain? "Theodoric of York: Medieval Barber"

Queen of the Goths 526 to 535 The death of Theodoric brought his youngest daughter Amalasuintha to power, as regent to her son Athalaric. She was the first queen of a post Roman state to openly wield authority, and inherited a realm divided against itself. This episode tells her story. Instagram Sources Support the Show Title Music: "The Britons" by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Additional Music:   "I Walk With Ghosts",  by Scott Buckley | www.scottbuckley.com.au Music promoted by https://www.chosic.com/free-music/all/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/  "The Epic 2"  by Rafael Krux Link: https://filmmusic.io/song/5384-the-epic-2- License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/  Music promoted on https://www.chosic.com/free-music/all/ "Nordic Wist" and "Pippin the Hunchback" by Kevin MacLeod (https://www.incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 4.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ "We Three Celtic Kings" by Alexander Nakarada | https://creatorchords.com Music promoted by https://www.chosic.com/free-music/all/ Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/   Sound effects from freesound.com and https://www.chosic.com/free-music/all/

Retelling History for Bedtime - The Dark Ages, 476-918 by Charles Oman While the history of the Western Roman Empire after the fall may be fascinating to many, to most it's probably so boring that tales of Theodoric, possibly the greatest Germanic king of Italy will be guaranteed to help you get a good night's sleep. Settle down, relax and drift away as tales of Franks, Visigoths and Ostrogoths wash over you in waves of soporific voice over. Story (03:09)  SleepPhones, our perfect partnership In our experience the best way to experience the bedtime stories of Sleepy Time Tales is with some type of headphone or earbud, but they can be cumbersome and uncomfortable. So we've partnered SleepPhones, manufacturers of headphones designed specifically to sleep in! They use a thin speaker fitted to a comfortable headband and have options from the cost effective wired headphones to the convenient Bluetooth model and will work with Sleepy Time Tales to improve your night's sleep. Use the below link to shop, and support Sleepy Time Tales https://sleepytimetales.net/sleepphones Sleepy Time Tales Merch and Stuff I've been putting up a lot of new designs on Teepublic Not all of the designs are Sleepy Time Tales branded, actually most aren't, so you can support the podcast without needing to emblazon the logo on yourself.

We all know about "The Five-Timers Club," which consists of celebrities who have hosted "Saturday Night Live" five times or more, but there is also a more exclusive club that consists of some hosts who are so good, that they actually have recurring characters that show up every time they host. They are characters that the fans love. They have their own catchphrases. They are sometimes just as popular as the cast members' creations. In this episode, Nick looks at some of the most memorable recurring characters created by hosts such as: Dwayne Johnson, Scarlett Johansson, Steve Martin, Tom Hanks, Justin Timberlake, and more. You love "Mr. Short-Term Memory," "The Continental," "Tony Bennett," Theodoric of York," Lexi," and even the controversial "Uncle Roy." In this episode, you will learn the stories of their creations, how many times they appeared on the show, how they were received, and, you'll hear the sketches they appeared in. Some classic and popular characters played by the hosts, not the cast members, are the focus of this "THAT SHOW...". [EP33]

490ish to 526 A whirlwind tour around Europe, checking in on what's been going on in the years up to Theodoric's death. Webpage for this episode Instagram https://darkagespod.com/2023/07/11/2-14-consolidation-and-conversion/ Sources Support the Show Title Music: "The Britons" by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Sound effects from freesound.com

This is part 22 of the Early Church History class. This episode aims to wrap up our early church history class. We'll cover relics and pilgrimage, emperors Zeno and Justinian, as well as the theological battles that continued to rage in the 5th and 6th centuries. Unsurprisingly the christological controversy of the 5th century did not come to an end when the emperor endorsed the Council of Chalcedon of 451 that declared Jesus to have two natures "unconfusedly, unchangeably, indivisibly, and inseparably." In addition to covering the Second Council of Constantinople of 553, we'll also briefly consider how the dual natures doctrine continued to foment division resulting in the Third Council of Constantinople in 681 and the Second Council of Nicea in 787. Listen to this episode on Spotify or Apple Podcasts https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=59zyj9dMH4k&list=PLN9jFDsS3QV2lk3B0I7Pa77hfwKJm1SRI&index=22 —— Links —— More Restitutio resources on Christian history See other classes here Support Restitutio by donating here Join our Restitutio Facebook Group and follow Sean Finnegan on Twitter @RestitutioSF Leave a voice message via SpeakPipe with questions or comments and we may play them out on the air Intro music: Good Vibes by MBB Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0) Free Download / Stream: Music promoted by Audio Library. Who is Sean Finnegan?  Read his bio here —— Notes —— Byzantine Beginnings 293 Diocletian initiated the division between east and west with his tetrarchy. 330 Constantine built a “New Rome” on the cite of old Byzantium, naming it Constantinople. Constantine's mother, Helena, initiated the pilgrimage movement. 381 Egeria wrote a travelogue to her friends that influenced later pilgrimages. Helena also sent Constantine relics of the true cross. 397 Martin of Tours died, leaving behind his cloak, which became a famous relic. Fifth Century Developments Theodosius I (r. 379-392) had outlawed pagan sacrifices and endorsed Trinitarian Christianity as the official religion of the Roman Empire. Arian Germanic tribes moved into the western Roman Empire and began taking territory. 378 Visigoths win at Adrianople. 410 Alaric sacked Rome. 455 Vandals sacked Rome. 476 Odoacer deposes the last Roman Augustus. 493 Theodoric and the Ostrogoths took Italy. Zeno's Henotikon 451 Chalcedon affirmed the dyophysite position (two natures in one person). 488 Byzantine Emperor Zeno attempted to reconcile monophysites and dyophysites by condemning Eutyches and Nestorius and approving Cyril's 12 anathemas (Henotikon). Chalcedon remained controversial with Christianity now split into several groups: Arian Germanic kingdoms, monophysites (Egypt and Ethiopia), Chalcedonian dyophysites (Rome & Constantinople), and Nestorian dyophysites (Syria and Persia). Justinian (482-565) 525 Justinian married Theodora and became co-emperor with Justin. 527 Justinian became the sole emperor. 528 He initiated legal reforms under John the Cappadocian and Tribonian. 532 Nika riots 537 He finished Hagia Sophia, whispering, “O Solomon, I have surpassed you!” 555 He had retaken much of the Roman Empire, including Italy, North Africa, and part of Spain. More Christology Councils 553 Justinian called for the Second Council of Constantinople. Condemned the 3 chapters Condemned Nestorius Condemned Origen of Alexandria 681 Third Council of Constantinople Condemned monotheletism, concluding that Jesus had 2 wills that never conflict. 787 Second Council of Nicaea Iconoclasts were fighting with iconodules. Some considered icons Nestorian while others called them Monophysite. Affirmed veneration of icons. 843 Iconaclasm controversy broke out. Empress Theodora upheld the ruling of Nicaea II. Review In 293, Diocletian split the administration of the Roman Empire into east and west, appointing an Augustus in each. In 330, Constantine founded Constantinople in the old town of Byzantium, making it his administrative capital. While the west fell to Germanic Arians and the Huns, the Roman Empire in the east continued until 1453. Byzantine emperors played barbarian warlords off each other in an attempt to keep them from taking Constantinople. From the fourth century onwards, Byzantines embraced relics and pilgrimages to holy places. Byzantine emperor Justinian made a lasting impact on law via the work of Tribonian to identify, harmonize, and codify Roman law. Justinian succeeded, mostly due to the military genius of Belisarius, to retake northern Africa, Italy, and part of Spain. Justinian built and improved several churches, the most notable of which was his renovation of the Hagia Sophia. In 553, the Second Council of Constantinople condemned three writings critical of Cyril of Alexandria to reunite with the Egyptian and Syrian churches, but ultimately failed. In 681, the Third Council of Constantinople condemned monothelitism, affirming that Christ had two wills. In 787, the Second Council of Nicaea affirmed the veneration of icons, denying icons either were too monophysite or Nestorian.

This is part 19 of the Early Church History class. Even though the Roman Empire chose Nicene Christianity as it's "orthodoxy," subordinationist Christianity continued to exist, especially outside among the Germanic tribes. In this episode, you'll learn about Ulfilas the Missionary to the Goths who not only brought Christianity to these "barbarians," but also made them an alphabet and translated most of the bible into Gothic. Next, we'll briefly survey the major Germanic tribes, including the Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Vandals, Burgundians, Lombards, and finally the Franks. This little known chapter of history when the Arian kingdoms took over the Roman Empire had a massive effects on Europe and North Africa for centuries to come. Listen to this episode on Spotify or Apple Podcasts https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jP9T3V1AWIs&list=PLN9jFDsS3QV2lk3B0I7Pa77hfwKJm1SRI&index=19&t=27s&pp=iAQB —— Links —— See also 494 Early Church History 12: Arius and Alexander of Alexandria and 423 One God 13: The Fourth Century More Restitutio resources on Christian history See other classes here Support Restitutio by donating here Join our Restitutio Facebook Group and follow Sean Finnegan on Twitter @RestitutioSF Leave a voice message via SpeakPipe with questions or comments and we may play them out on the air Intro music: Good Vibes by MBB Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0) Free Download / Stream: Music promoted by Audio Library. Who is Sean Finnegan?  Read his bio here —— Notes —— Ulfilas, Missionary to the Goths 340 Subordinationist bishops ordained Ulfilas bishop to the Visigoths 341-347 lived with the Goths and preached to them Ulfilas translated the Bible into Gothic. Rule of Faith: “I believe in one God the Father, alone ingenerate and invisible, and in his only-begotten Son, our Lord and God, artificer and maker of the whole creation, who has nobody like him–therefore there is one God the Father of all who is also God of our God–and in one Holy Spirit, the power which illuminates and sanctifies, as Christ said after the resurrection to his apostles, and he (i.e. the Spirit) is not God nor our God, but the minister of Christ ... subordinate and obedient in all things to the Son, and the Son subordinate and obedient in all things to his God and Father…”[1] Huns The Huns were a nomadic confederation of Mongolian tribes who began entering Europe in the fourth century. Ammianus Marcellinus described them as utter savages who never bathed or changed their clothes and lived on their horses. Atilla the Hun (r. 434-453) attacked Persia, the Balkans, Constantinople, Gaul, and Italy, terrifying many within the Roman Empire (both East and West). Visigoths Eudoxius, Bishop of Constantinople (r. 360-370) succeeding in establishing communion with Visigoths Eudoxius was an Anomean (Heteroousian) like Eunomius 376 Visigoths petitioned the emperor to enter the Roman Empire. Permission was granted, but local Roman leaders badly mistreated the Visigoths. 377 Visigoths rebelled. 378 Visigoths defeated and killed Emperor Valens at the Battle of Adrianople. 410 Alaric sacked and looted Rome. 418 Visigoths settled in Gaul, then Spain 589 Visigoths converted to Catholicism at the Council of Toledo. Ostrogoths 453 Atilla the Hun died, resulting in rebellion against the Huns. 476 Odoacer removed the last western Roman Augustus from power (Romulus Augustulus). 488-493 Byzantine Emperor Zeno asked Theodoric and Ostrogoths to conquer Italy and rule as his client. 493 Theodoric and Ostrogoths began ruling Italy as Arians over Roman Catholics. 535 Byzantine Emperor Justinian conquered Ostrogoths and retook Italy. Vandals 406 The Vandals crossed into Gaul, then into Spain in 409. Rome instigated the Visigoths (also in Spain) to attack the Vandals. 419 More Vandals came into Spain. 426 Vandals began raiding North Africa. 428 Under Gaiseric, 80,000 Vandals crossed the Strait of Gibraltar. 430 They conquered most of North Africa (Mauretania). Gaiseric was a devoted Arian who pillaged Catholic churches. The Vandals ruled North Africa for a century over the Roman Catholics. 455 They reinvaded Spain and Italy, sacking Rome. 533 Byzantine Emperor Justinian conquered the Vandals and retook North Africa. Burgundians 451 Arian Burgundians fought Atilla the Hun on behalf of Rome. 470 Migrated to Gaul and took Lyons 532 Franks defeated Burgundians, absorbing them. Lombards 568 Audoin the Lombard recruited a massive army made up of several barbarian tribes and invaded Italy. 574 Lombards split Italy into 30+ regions under the command of dukes (duces). Lombard kings were Arian from 6th century until Adaloald in 615 By late 7th century, the Lombards became Roman Catholics. Franks Childeric I (r. 457-481) began uniting Frankish tribes. Clovis I (r. 481-511) killed his rivals and became sole king of the Franks, establishing the Merovingian dynasty, which lasted until 751. Chlotild, the wife of Clovis I, was a Roman Catholic who tried to convince Clovis to become a Christian. 496 In a war with the Alamanni, he was losing and prayed to Christ for military victory. After he won, he and 3,000 from his army converted. Joseph Lynch: “The Franks turned out to be the toughest barbarians.”[2] The Franks flourished until the eighth century and were the ancestors of modern France, Germany, Italy, Holland, and Belgium. Review Subordinationist Bishop Ulfilas went on a mission to preach Christ to the Goths in the middle of the fourth century. Ulfilas invented a Gothic alphabet and translated the Bible into their language, sparking a movement that eventually led to the conversion of most of the Germanic tribes to Arian Christianity. When hordes of fierce Huns migrated West into Europe, Gothic tribes began migrating into the Roman Empire. Under Alaric, the Arian Visigoths conquered much of the Italian peninsula and even sacked Rome in 410 before migrating to Gaul and Spain. In the fifth century, Arian Ostrogoths under Theodoric conquered Italy and established themselves as a ruling class over the Trinitarian Romans there. In the fifth century, Arian Vandals conquered Spain then migrated to North Africa where they ruled for a century until the time of Justinian. In the fifth century, Arian Burgundians conquered and occupied Gaul until the Franks absorbed them in the sixth century. In the sixth century, Arian and Pagan Lombards conquered much of Italy, but converted to Trinitarian Catholicism in the seventh century. In the late fifth century, Clovis I, king of the Franks, converted from paganism to Trinitarian Christianity, eventually extending influence over surrounding Germanic tribes. From the fourth to the seventh centuries, Germanic tribes who held to Arian Christianity invaded and conquered much of the western Roman Empire, but either faced defeat by Justinian or else converted to Roman Catholicism. [1] Auxentius, Letter of Auxentius in R. P. C. Hanson, The Search for a Christian Doctrine of God (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic 2007), 105. [2] Joseph Lynch, Early Christianity (New York: Oxford, 2010), 234.

May 18: Saint John I, Pope and Martyr c. Late Fifth Century–526 Optional Memorial; Liturgical Color: Red The pope is crushed in a secular vice by two worldly masters The early Popes were Roman citizens who retained their birth or baptismal names upon being elected to the See of Peter. Their names perfectly reflect a flourishing Roman culture rather than the Christian subculture which was gradually budding and flowering in its midst. So there are Popes Clement, Linus, Anacletus, Sixtus, Victor, Callixtus, Urban, and Fabian. It sounds like a roll call of Roman senators in white togas seated on the marble benches of the Forum. It is not until 254 that Pope Stephen bears a name from the New Testament and not until 336 does Pope Mark honor an Evangelist. Considering the centrality of Saints John the Evangelist and John the Baptist to the Christian story, it is surprising that five hundred years transpired before today's saint, Pope John I, so honored their memory. A pope is only called the “First” once there's a “Second.” In 533 a man named Mercurius succeeded today's John as Bishop of Rome. Mercurius' birth name was so overtly pagan—honoring the Roman God Mercury—that he chose to honor his martyred predecessor John by adopting his same name. Mercurius thus initiated the venerable tradition of a pope adopting a new name upon his election. At the same time he also retroactively turned Pope John into Pope John I. The flow of the early martyrs' blood had long since ceased by John I's election in 523. There was no emperor or court even left in Rome by 523 for barbarians to attack. The traditional date of the fall of the Western Roman Empire is 476. John I was, then, the pope of a declining, far western outpost of an empire whose central government had been in Constantinople for almost two hundred years by John I's election. Rome was fading. The Empire's long, slow decline in Italy had created a vacuum. Rugged tribes of the North, including the Ostrogoths (Eastern Goths), poured south into the warm valleys and cultured towns of the Italian countryside and saturated Rome itself. The Ostrogoths had called the Italian peninsula home for so long that, by the sixth century, they were part Roman, part barbarian, and part Christian. Borderlands are always a mix. For complex historical reasons, the Ostrogoths and their Italian ruler, Theodoric, were Arians. Their prior isolation in Northern Europe had prohibited them from absorbing the teachings of the fourth-century Councils of Nicea and Constantinople. So the Ostrogoths were unaware that the Church had decisively rejected the Arian heresy, which held that Christ was a god, but not the God. It was amidst these tense political and religious circumstances that poor Pope John I was placed in an impossible situation. John was caught between the Emperor Justin in remote Constantinople, who exercised significant control over Church discipline, and Theodoric, who was standing right at his side, breathing down his neck. Justin had issued an edict ordering the Arians, including the Ostrogoths in Italy, to surrender their churches to the Catholics. Theodoric would have none of it. He was as angry as a hornet. To him, it was the first step toward Constantinople reasserting its control over Italy, something the Ostrogoths would resist to the death. So Theodoric sent Pope John at the head of a large embassy of Roman dignitaries to Constantinople to demand that Justin withdraw the edict. Pope John obediently went. He was greeted in the capital with elaborate ceremony and honored as head of the Church. But he could not, and did not, secure what Theodoric so desired. It was impossible. The edict was binding. When Pope John and his party crossed the Adriatic Sea to return to Rome, they landed at Ravenna. Theodoric, who had heard of Pope John's failure to have the edict rescinded, imprisoned him. And there the Pope died, in Ravenna, perhaps of shock, perhaps of mistreatment. His blood did not run red like the martyrs of old, but he died a victim for Christ nonetheless, unable to simultaneously satisfy two powerful secular masters. John I's mortal remains were returned to Rome. In keeping with the custom for all popes since Pope Leo the Great (440–461), Pope John I was interred in the nave of the Constantinian Basilica of St. Peter. When the new St. Peter's was built in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, John's tomb did not surface nor did any epitaph. But Pope Saint John I is still there, somewhere, under the floor of St. Peter's, arms crossed, facing up, ring on his bony finger, vested in gold, miter crowning his head, as waves of tourists walk on the marble floor above him. He rests in peace, forgotten to but a few. Pope Saint John I, your fidelity to your vocation as Pope led to your death. You were faithful in the face of threats from civil power but did not bend to its will. May all popes look to your example for inspiration in leading the Church.

In this Podcast, Alexander Allison explores the life and legacy of Dr. Theodoric James, the first Black physician from Columbus, Mississippi.

511 to 526 CE "Lying in a featherbed will not bring you fame, nor staying beneath the quilt, and he who uses up his life without achieving fame leaves no more vestige of himself on earth than smoke in the air or foam upon the water." --Dante The last years of Theodoric's reign in Italy saw the erosion of confidence, and increasing internal strife, along with diplomatic reversals abroad. Episode Webpage Support the Show Sources Title Music: "The Britons" by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Sound effects from freesound.com

Containing Matters which are best Discussed with Brandy. Timestamps: introductions, de Camp background (0:00) non-spoiler discussion, historical background (42:02) spoiler summary, discussion (1:12:09) Bibliography: Ashley, Mike and Tymn, Marshall - "Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Weird Fiction Magazines: (Historical Guides to the World's Periodicals and Newspapers)" (1985) Cassiodorus - "The Letters of Cassiodorus" (6. c) https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/18590/pg18590-images.html de Camp, L. Sprague - "Time and Chance: An Autobiography" (1996) Hodgkin, Thomas - "Theodoric the Goth - Barbarian Champion of Civilisation" (1897) https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/20063/pg20063-images.html Hodgkin, Thomas - "Italy and Her Invaders" (1892) https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/_Texts/HODIHI/home.html Nevala-Lee, Alec - "Astounding: John W. Campbell, Isaac Asimov, Robert A. Heinlein, L. Ron Hubbard, and the Golden Age of Science Fiction" (2018) Pringle, David - "The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Science Fiction: The Definitive Illustrated Guide" (1996) Procopius - "The Secret History of the Court of Justinian" (558) https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/12916/pg12916.html Shippey, Tom - "Science Fiction and the Idea of History" in "Hard Reading: Learning from Science Fiction" (2016) Stableford, Brian - "Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia" (2006)

484 to 519 CE Divisions within the church have consequence for Theodoric's relationship with the Emperor. Against my better judgment, this episode is mostly about religion. So, remember when I was talking about Boethius and I mentioned the Acacian Schism, and I said it was just too obscure to get into? Well guess what? Transcript and more Support the show Title Music: "The Britons" by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Sound effects from freesound.com

We pause to take a look at two of the most famous subjects of Theodoric the Great. Transcript for today's show. Support the podcast here. Title Music: "The Britons" by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Sound effects from freesound.com

488 to 493  Theodoric leads his people to Italy, to make war on Odoacer and win for himself a permanent kingdom. Transcript and Maps Here Just Maps Here Support the show Here Title Music: "The Britons" by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Sources: Heather, Peter J. The Restoration of Rome: Barbarian Popes and Imperial Pretenders. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2014. Martindale, J.R. The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Vol. II. vol. 2, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1980. 3 vols. The Internet Archive, https://archive.org/details/prosopography-later-roman-empire/PLRE-II/mode/1up. Wolfram, Herwig. History of the Goths. Translated by Thomas Dunlap, University of California Press, 1990.  

Join us in the fifth installment of our fifth-year anniversary summit recaps where we feature fireside chats with thought leaders and founders across industries sharing their insights on various sectors and trends shaping the future of ASEANnovation. Historically, the rise in massive value creation in Southeast Asia's digital economy has been mainly driven by massive funding into horizontal ecommerce, fintech and logistics platforms. Unlike the US, we haven't seen any full-scale regional B2B enterprise plays yet. But so far, we have seen the early innings of companies targeting this segment that have all raised significant funding rounds in recent months. Why are we seeing such companies raise significant funding during this next wave of innovation in the region? Is this the right time? We tackle these questions and more with Jianfeng Lu, Chairman and Co-Founder of pioneering voice AI solutions platform WIZ.AI, Todd Schweitzer, CEO and Co-Founder of leading open finance platform in Southeast Asia Brankas, and Theodoric Chew, CEO and Co-Founder of Asia's leading mental healthcare company Intellect. The conversation was moderated by Shefali Dodani from Insignia Ventures' investment team and took place on September 23, 2022 and both the episode and transcript have been edited for brevity and clarity. Transcript Timestamps (01:50) Drivers of the Rise of Enterprise in Southeast Asia; (09:42) Evolution of Voice AI Adoption By Enterprise Globally; (13:40) Education and Expansion for Southeast Asia's Open Finance Leader; (18:51) Localization vs Globalization for A Leading Mental Health Care Platform; (24:33) Illustrating Impact for Enterprise Customers; Music: Energetic and Upbeat Rock Background Music For Videos and Workouts The content of this podcast is for informational purposes only, should not be taken as legal, tax, or business advice or be used to evaluate any investment or security, and is not directed at any investors or potential investors in any Insignia Ventures fund. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/oncallinsignia/message

479 to 488 Rocky relations between Theodoric and Zeno lead to ups and downs for the Ostrogoths, along with many diversions and detours in their search for a stable home. Finally, an opportunity arises in Italy, and Theodoric moves boldly in the direction of one last gamble. Maps for this episode. Support the show Title Music: "The Britons" by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Sound effects from freesound.com

c. 460 to 479 CE We welcome to the stage Theodoric, soon to be Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths. In the process we catch up on the overwritten soap opera that was politics in Constantinople in the 470s. It's a wild ride.   Title Music: "The Britons" by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Mike Isaacson: Rome gets sacked ONE TIME, and that's all these people can talk about! [Theme song] Nazi SS UFOsLizards wearing human clothesHinduism's secret codesThese are nazi lies Race and IQ are in genesWarfare keeps the nation cleanWhiteness is an AIDS vaccineThese are nazi lies Hollow earth, white genocideMuslim's rampant femicideShooting suspects named Sam HydeHiter lived and no Jews died Army, navy, and the copsSecret service, special opsThey protect us, not sweatshopsThese are nazi lies Mike: Welcome to another episode of The Nazi Lies Podcast. Today we're talking with Edward Watts, professor of history and Alkaviadis Vassiliadis Endowed Chair in Byzantine Greek History at the University of California San Diego. He's here to talk to us about his book, The Eternal Decline and Fall of Rome: The History of a Dangerous Idea. The book is an extraordinary scholarly endeavor that managed to give a detailed and engaging history of 1700 years of Roman history in under 300 pages. Welcome to the podcast, Dr. Watts. Edward Watts: Thanks so much for having me. It's exciting to be here. Mike: All right. Now, you are one of the rare guests on our show whose book was actually directed at debunking Nazi lies. Tell us what you had in mind when you were writing this book. Edward: So the thing that prompted me to write this book was a recognition that the history of Rome, and in particular the legacy of Rome as it relates to the end of Roman history, was something that was being repeatedly misused across thousands of years to justify doing all sorts of violence and horrible things to people who really in the Roman context had very little to do with the decline of Rome, and in a post-Roman context, had nothing really to do with the challenges that people using the legacy of Rome wanted to try to address. And in particular, what prompted this was the recognition after 2016 of how stories about the classical past and the Roman past were being used on the far right and the sort of fascist fringe as a way of pointing to where they saw to be challenging dynamics and changes, critical changes, in the way that society was functioning. What was happening was people were doing things like using the story of the Gothic migrations in the 4th century AD to talk about the need to do radical things in our society related to immigration. And the discussions were just misusing the Roman past in really aggressive ways as kind of proof for radical ideas that didn't really relate to anything that happened in the past and I think are generally not things that people would be willing to accept in the present. And Rome provides a kind of argument when it's misunderstood,when Roman history is misunderstood, it provides a kind of argument that people are not familiar enough with to be able to refute, that might get people who think that a certain policy is aggressive or inhumane or unnecessary to think twice about whether that policy is something that is a response to a problem that people need to consider. And that's just wrong. It's a wrong way to use Roman history. It's a wrong way to use history altogether. And it's a rhetoric that really needs to be highlighted and pointed to so that people can see how insidious these kinds of comparisons can be. Mike: Okay, so your book discusses the idea of the decline and fall of the Roman Empire, which you say started before any such decline or fall in the late Republic. What was politics like in the Roman Empire before the myth of Rome's decline popped up? Edward: So this is an interesting question because the story of Roman decline actually shows up in some of the very earliest Roman literature that we have. So the very first sort of intact Latin texts that we have from the Roman period are things like the plays of Plautus. In one of the earlier plays of Plautus, he is already making fun of people for saying that Rome is in decline. And he's saying this at a time right after the Roman victory over Hannibal when there is no evidence that Rome is in decline at all. And yet we know that there are politicians who are pushing this idea that the victory over Hannibal has unleashed a kind of moral decline in Rome that is leading to the degeneration of Roman morals and Roman behaviors and Roman social structures in such a fashion that will disrupt the ability of Rome to continue. This is just not something that most people recognized to be true, but what we see when politicians in the third century and second century BC are saying things like this, they aren't particularly interested in describing an objective reality. What they're looking to do is insert ideas into popular discourse, so that people in the context of their society begin to think it might be possible that decline exists. So I think that when we look at Roman history before Roman literature, or before these pieces of Roman literature exist, we really are looking at much later reconstructions. But I think that it's fair to say that even in those reconstructions of stories about things like say, the sixth king of Rome, those stories too focus on how that particular regime was inducing a decline from the proper behaviors of Romans. So I think we could say that there is no before decline. Rome seems always to have been talking about these ideas of decline and worrying about the fact that their society was in decline, even when objectively you would look around and say there is no reason whatsoever that you should be thinking this. Mike: Okay. Now your book argues that this political framing helped politicians shape the politics of the Roman Empire in particular ways. So how did those who pushed this declensionist narrative change the Roman republic? Edward: So in the Roman republic, there are a few things that this narrative is used to do. In the second century, early second century BC, this narrative is used to attack opponents of a politician named Cato. What Cato tried to do was single out people who had been getting particularly wealthy because of the aftermath of Rome's victory in the Second Punic War over Hannibal and then its victories in the eastern Mediterranean against the Greek King, Philip V. And what Cato saw was that this wealth was something that profoundly destabilized society because now there were winners who were doing well economically in a way that the old money establishment couldn't match. And so what he's looking to do is to say that when you look around and you see prosperity of that level in the Roman state, this is a sign that things are actually bad. It's not a sign of things are good. It's a sign that things are deteriorating, and we need to take radical steps to prevent this. And the radical steps that Cato takes, and that he initially gets support for, involves very onerous taxes directed specifically against groups of people that he opposed. He also serves as the person who decides who gets to be in the Roman Senate, and he uses that position to kick out a lot of people on the basis simply of him deciding that they embody some kind of negative trajectory of the Roman State. And there's a reaction to this and Cato eventually is forced to kind of back away from this. As you move later in the second century, the narrative of decline becomes something that first is used to again justify financial policies, and then later, actual violence against officials who are seen as pushing too radical an agenda. And so this becomes a narrative that you can use to destabilize things. It doesn't matter if you're coming from what we would say is the right or the left, the kind of equal opportunity narrative that can be used to get people to question whether the structures in their society are legitimately in keeping with the way the society is supposed to function. Mike: Okay. So a lot of people have this misconception that Rome kind of snapped from being a republic to being governed by an emperor, but that's not really so. What was the imperial administration like and how did it change? Edward: The Roman republic was in many ways a very strong constitutional system that had a lot of things built into it to prevent one individual from taking over. Not only did it have a structure that was based on a kind of balance of power–and the description of that structure was something that influenced the Founding Fathers in the US to create the balances of power that we have–but in Rome, the administrative office that correlated to the presidency actually was a paired magistracy. So there were two consuls who governed together and could in theory check one another. What the decline narrative happened or allows to happen is that these structures begin to be questioned as illegitimate. And you get, starting in the later part of the second century and going all the way through the murder of Julius Caesar in 44 BC, a long set of discussions about how the Constitution is not functioning as it's supposed to, how the interests of everybody are not being represented by the representatives in the Senate and by the sorts of laws that are being put forward in assemblies. And you have a greater sense that there's an emergency, and an emergency that requires people to assent to an individual exercising more power than the structure really permits. And so this idea of decline heightens this sense of emergency and you have cycles every generation or so, where the sense of emergency gets greater and another constitutional structure snaps. Until eventually what you have is an individual in Julius Caesar, who is able to exercise complete and effective control over the direction of politics in the state. Mike: Okay. So for whatever reason, the assassination of Julius Caesar sticks strong in our cultural psyche, but reading your book it seems like assassinating emperors was kind of commonplace? Edward: It depends on the period. Yeah, there are definitely periods where the violent overthrow of emperors are somewhat common. I think with Caesar, what we have is the assassination. We're still when Caesar was assassinated in the final death throes of the Roman republic. And so it takes a while and a really brutal nearly 15-year-long sprawling Civil War for Rome to finally just accept that the republic as a governing structure is not really going to function in the way it had before. And the first emperor is Augustus. The first assassination actually occurs about 75 years after Augustus takes over. The first emperor that's assassinated is Caligula. Then you have moments of really profound peace and stability that are punctuated by these upheavals where, you know, in the year 68 the Emperor Nero commits suicide and this leads to a sprawling civil war in which four emperors take power in the course of a single year. Then things kind of calmed down. There's an assassination in 96, and no more assassinations for almost 100 years. And so you have these moments where the structures of the empire are very stable, but when they break, it breaks very seriously. It's very rare when an emperor is assassinated, that there's only one assassination and things kind of work out after that. And so generally, I think what this suggests is, if you have faith that the Imperial structure is working predictably, it's very, very hard to disrupt that. But if you have a sense that an emperor is not legitimate or is not in power or has taken power violently, there's a very serious risk that that emperor will in turn be overthrown violently, and something very serious could happen, even going so far as resulting in a civil war. Mike: Okay so one of the biggest myths surrounding the Roman Empire is that it fell in 476 AD, and that plunged Europe into the Dark Ages, but this isn't really so. What happened in 476 AD, and how did it become the legendary fall of Rome? Edward: Yes, so 476 AD is one of the greatest non-events in history. Because when we look at our history and our timeline for the fall of Rome, this is the date that stands out to us. But actually in 476, there's not a single person who seems to think that Rome fell on that day. What happens is in the middle part of the fifth century, the eastern empire and the western empire separated in 395. And in the middle part of the fifth century, the western empire has a very serious loss of territory and then a loss of stability within Italy. So that there are, in a sense, kingmakers who run the army and decide whether an emperor should be in power or not. And so you have a number of figurehead emperors, starting really in the 450s and going through 476, who are there, in a couple of cases at certain moments they do exercise real power, but much of the time they're subordinate to military commanders who don't want to be emperor, or in many cases are of barbarian descent and don't think they can make imperial power actually stick, and in 476, Odoacer who was one of these barbarian commanders overthrows an emperor in Italy and says, "We are not going to have an emperor in Italy anymore. Instead, I'm just going to serve as the agent of the eastern emperor in Italy." And for the next 50 years, there are barbarian agents–first Odoacer and then Theodoric–who serve in this constitutional way where they acknowledge the superiority and the authority of the emperor in Constantinople over Italy. And in practice, they're running Italy. But in principle, they are still affirming that they're part of the Roman Empire, the Roman senate is still meeting, Roman law is still used. It's a situation where only when the eastern empire decides that it wants to take Italy back, do you start getting these stories about well, Rome fell in 476 when these barbarians got rid of the last emperor and now it's our obligation to liberate Italians from this occupation by these barbarians. In 476, though, this is not what anyone in Constantinople or in Italy actually thought was going on. Mike: Okay. So both the east and the west of the Roman Empire eventually became Christian. How did this alter the myth of the declining Rome? Edward: So for much of Roman history, there is very much this idea that any problem that you have is a potential sign of the decline of Rome, and if you are particularly motivated, you can say that the problem requires radical solutions to prevent Rome from falling into crisis. But with Christianity, when the Roman Empire becomes Christian, there is no past that you can look back to say, "Well, we were better as a Christian empire in this time." When Constantine converts to Christianity, he's the first Christian emperor. And so it's very natural for opponents to be able to say, "Look, he made everything Christian and now things are going to hell ,and so Christianity is the problem." So what Christians instead say is what actually is going on here is we are creating a new and better Rome, a Rome where the approach to the divine is more sophisticated, it's more likely to work. And so for about 100 years, you have instead of a narrative decline, a narrative of progress where Christians are pushing a notion that by becoming Christian, the Empire is embarking on a new path that is better than it has ever been before. Not everybody accepts this. At the time of Constantine's conversion, probably 90% of the Emperor's still pagan so this would be a very strange argument to them. And by the time you get into the fifth century, you probably are in a majority Christian empire, but like a 50% majority, not like 90% majority. So there is a significant pushback against this. And in moments of crisis, and in particular after the Sack of Rome in 410, there is a very strong pagan reaction to this idea of Christian Roman progress. And Christians have to come up with evermore elaborate explanations for how what looks like decline in any kind of tangible sense that you would look at in the western empire is actually a form of progress. And the most notable production of that line of argument is Augustine's City of God, which says effectively, “Don't worry about this world. There's a better world, a Christian world that really you should be focusing on, and you're getting closer there. So the effect of what's going on in the Roman world doesn't really matter too much for you.” Mike: Okay. Now at one point, there were actually three different polities across Europe and Asia Minor all claiming the inheritance of the Roman Empire. How did this happen? Edward: There are different moments where you see different groups claiming the inheritance of Rome. In the Middle Ages, you have the rise of the Holy Roman Empire, which is a construction of Charlemagne and the papacy around the year 800. And the claim that they make is simply that there is the first empress of the Roman state who takes power all by herself in 797–this is the Empress Irene–and the claim Charlemagne makes as well that eliminates the legitimacy of the Roman Empire and Constantinople because there's no emperor. Therefore because there's no emperor, there's no empire and therefore we can just claim it. Another moment where you see this really become a source of significant conflict is during the Fourth Crusade when the Crusaders attack Constantinople and destroy the central administration of the eastern Roman Empire. After that point, you have the crusaders in Constantinople who claim that they are a Roman state. You have the remains of the Roman state that had been in Constantinople sort of re-consolidating around the city of Nicaea. You have a couple of other people who claim the inheritance of the Roman state inEpirus and Trebizond, and they all kind of fight with each other. And so ultimately, what you see is that the Roman Empire has this tremendous resonance across all of the space that was once Roman. So their empire at its greatest extent went from the Persian Gulf all the way to Scotland. And it went from Spain and the Atlantic coast of Morocco all the way down to the Red Sea. It's massive. And in a lot of those territories after Rome recedes, the legacy of Rome remains. So a lot of people who felt that they could claim the Roman legacy tried to do that, because it gave a kind of added seriousness and a more, a greater echo to these little places that are far away from the center of the world now, places like Britain or places like France or places like Northern Germany. And so you, in a sense, look like you're more important than you are if you can make a claim on the Roman imperial legacy. Mike: Okay. And so how do these would-be empires finally end up collapsing? Edward: So, each in their own way. In the case of the Holy Roman Empire, it actually lasts for very long time. It's created under Charlemagne in 800, and it lasts really until the time of Napoleon. And it collapses because it's sort of dissolved because in Germany there was a fear that Napoleon might actually use the hulk of the Holy Roman Empire and the title of Holy Roman Emperor to claim a kind of ecumenical authority that would go beyond just what he had as emperor of France. The crusader regime in Constantinople is actually reconquered by the Nicene regime in 1261. So the Crusaders take Constantinople in 1204, and then these Roman exiles who set up a kind of Roman Empire in exile in Nicaea reconquer in 1261. And they hold Constantinople for another 200 years until the Ottomans take it in 1453. The other sort of small Roman states are absorbed either by the state in Constantinople or by the Ottomans, but ultimately by the end of the 1460s, everything that had once been part of the Eastern Empire in the Middle Ages is under Ottoman control. Mike: Okay. And so despite all of the polities that could have contended for the inheritance of Rome collapsing, Rome's decline still played a large part in political considerations across what was formerly the Roman Empire but now as an instructive metaphor. How was the decline of the Roman Empire leveraged to influence politics leading into the modern era, and who were the big myth makers? Edward: Yeah, there's a couple of really important thinkers in this light. One is Montesquieu, the French thinker who uses a discussion of Roman history to launch into a much more wide and expansive and influential discussion of political philosophy that centers really on notions of representation and sets some of the groundwork for what actors in the American Revolution and French Revolution believed they were doing. Montesquieu is really, really important in understanding 18th-century political developments. And I think it's impossible really to understand what the American Revolution and the French Revolution thought they were doing without also looking at Montesquieu. But now I think the more influential figure in terms of shaping our ideas about what Roman history looked like and what Roman decline meant is Edward Gibbon. Gibbon is also an 18th-century thinker. When he started writing a history of Rome, he started writing in the 1770s when he believed that there was a firm and stable European political structure of monarchies that could work together and kind of peacefully move the continent forward. And while Gibbon is working on this, of course, you know, the American Revolution happens, and the French Revolution happens, and his whole structure that he was looking to defend and celebrate with his Roman history disappears. And so his Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire becomes a book that is extracted from its historical context. And it seems like it is an objective narrative of what happens. It's not objective at all. What Gibbon is trying to do is compare the failings of one large single imperial structure and the advantages of this kind of multipolar world where everyone is balanced and cooperative. But everybody forgets that that multipolar world even existed because the book comes out after it's gone. So what you have with Gibbon is a narrative that seems to be just an account of Roman history, and a very, very evocative one. I think most of the people now who have Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire on their shelf don't read it. But they know the title. They know the concept. This means that you have a ready-made metaphor for anything that's bothering you. You know, you can talk about the decline and fall of Rome. Just about everybody in the entire world knows that Rome declined and fell. And very few of them know much about why it happened or how it happened or how long it took. And so evoking the decline and fall of Rome allows you to kind of plug in anything, as my friend Hal Drake says, anything that's bothering you at a particular moment, you can plug in and say Rome fell because of X. And if you look at the last 50 years you can see lots and lots and lots of examples of X, lots of different things that bothered people that got plugged into the story of Rome fell because of whatever's bothering me that day. Mike: I am certainly guilty of having a copy of Gibbon on my bookshelf and not having read it. [laughs] So in talking about the modern appropriation of the memory of Rome, you of course talk about Fascist Italy. You reference Claudio Fogu, whom I absolutely love, check out his book The Historic Imaginary. How did Fascists wield the memory of the Roman Empire to justify their regime? Edward: Yeah, it's so, so seductive what is done in the city of Rome in particular. And there's a sense that I think is a very real sense that creating and uncovering and memorializing the imperial center of the Roman Empire makes real the experience of walking through it, and with the right kind of curation can make it feel like you're in a contemporary environment that's linked to that ancient past. And what Mussolini and his architects tried very very hard to do was create this, in a sense, almost Roman imperial Disneyland in the area between the Colosseum and the Capital line. So when we walk there, we see a kind of disembodied and excavated giant park with a large street down the middle running from the Colosseum along the length of the Roman Forum. But that was actually neighborhoods.  Before Mussolini, there were actual houses and shops and restaurants and people living there, and very, very long-standing communities that he removed with this idea that you were in a sense restoring the past and creating a future by removing the present. And I think that's a very good metaphor for what they were up to. What they were trying to do was create an affinity for the fascist present by uncovering this Roman past and getting rid of what they saw as disorder. And the disorder, of course, was real people living their lives in their houses. But the other thing that people, you know, when tourists visit this now, they don't know that history. They don't know that when they walk on the street alongside the Forum, they're actually walking on a street that is a 20th-century street created for Fascist military parades on the ruins of modern, early modern, and medieval houses. They just see this as a way to kind of commune with this Roman past. And the Fascists very much understood that aesthetic and how seductive that aesthetic was. Mike: Okay, so let's circle back to where we started with your motivation for the book. How are people invoking the fall of Rome now, and what are they getting wrong? Edward: I think that we see, again, this temptation to take what's bothering you and attaching it to Rome. And I think even if you just look over the last 50 years, you can almost trace the sorts of things people are anxious about in a modern context based on the things that are advanced for what possibly made Rome fall. So in the 70s and early 80s, there's lots of concern about environmental contamination and the effect that this is going to have on people's lives. And we get the story of Rome fell because of lead poisoning. I mean, it didn't. It's just ridiculous that you would think Rome fell because of lead poisoning when there is no moment that it fell, the place was active and survived for well over 1500 years when it was using lead pipes. There's no evidence whatsoever that this is true. In the 70s, Phyllis Schlafly would go around and say that Rome fell because of liberated women. I think that would be a very big surprise to a lot of Roman women that they were actually liberated, definitely in the 1970's way. In the 80s, and even into the 2010s, you have people like Ben Carson talking about Rome declining because of homosexuality or gay marriage. Again, that has nothing to do with the reality of Rome. There are other places where I think people come a little bit closer to at least talking about things that Romans might acknowledge existed in their society. So when you have Colin Murphy and others in the lead up to the Iraq War talking about the overextension of military power as a factor that can lead to the decline of Rome, yeah, I mean, Rome did have at various moments problems because it was overextended militarily. But most of the time it didn't. To say that the Romans were overextended militarily because they had a large empire ignores the fact that they had that large empire for almost 400 years without losing significant amounts of territory. So comparing Roman military overextension and US military overextension could be a useful exercise, but you have to adjust the comparison for scale. And you have to adjust the comparison to understand that there are political dynamics that mean that places that in the first century BC required military garrisons, in the third century did not. And so you're not overextended because you're in the same place for 400 years. At the beginning, you might need to have an extensive military presence in a place that later you won't. So I think that what we need to do when we think about the use of the legacy of Rome, is think very critically about the kinds of things that Rome can and can't teach us, and think very clearly about the difference between history repeating itself–which I think it doesn't–and history providing us with ideas that can help us understand the present. I think that's where history is particularly useful, and Roman history in particular is useful. Because it's so long, there are so many things that that society deals with, and there are so many things that it deals with successfully as well as fails to deal with capably. All of those things offer us lessons to think with, even if they don't offer us exact parallels. Mike: Okay, so we've talked a bunch about the fabricated history of Rome and the popular memory of Rome. What does the actual history of Rome and fears of Roman decline have to teach us about the present? Edward: I think the biggest thing that we can see is if somebody is claiming that a society is in profound decline and the normal structures of that society need to be suspended so the decline can be fixed, that is a big caution flag. What that means is somebody wants to do something that you otherwise would not agree to let them do. And the justification that they provide should be looked at quite critically, but it also should be considered that, even if they identify something that might or might not be true, the solution they're proposing is not something that you absolutely need to accept. Systems are very robust. Political systems and social systems are very robust and they can deal with crises and they can deal with changes. If someone is saying that our system needs to be suspended or ignored or cast to the side because of a crisis, the first step should be considering whether the crisis is real, and then considering whether it is in fact possible to deal with that crisis and not suspend the constitutional order, and not trample on people's rights, and not take away people's property, and not imprison people. Because in all of these cases that we see Roman politicians introduced this idea of decline to justify something radical, there are other ways to deal with the problem. And sometimes they incite such panic that Romans refuse or forget or just don't consider any alternative. That has really profound and dangerous consequences because the society that suspends normal orders and rights very likely is going to lose those rights and those normal procedures. Mike: All right. Well, Dr. Watts, thank you so much for coming on The Nazi Lies Podcast to talk about the myth of the Roman Empire. The book, again, is The Eternal Decline and Fall of Rome out from Oxford University Press. Thanks again, Dr. Watts. Edward: Thanks a lot. This was great. Mike: If you enjoyed what you heard and want to help pay our guests and transcriptionist, consider subscribing to our Patreon at patreon.com/nazilies or donating to our PayPal at paypal.me/nazilies or CashApp at $nazilies [Theme song]

In this interview with Eric Schmidt, Lexman discusses the Google Crisis and what it means for artificial intelligence.

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On Episode 16 of the Stroke Alert Podcast, Dr. Negar Asdaghi highlights two articles from the May issue of Stroke: “Number of Affected Relatives, Age, Smoking, and Hypertension Prediction Score for Intracranial Aneurysms in Persons With a Family History for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage” and “Endovascular Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke With or Without General Anesthesia.” She also interviews Dr. Patrick Lyden on “The Stroke Preclinical Assessment Network: Rationale, Design, Feasibility, and Stage 1 Results.” Dr. Negar Asdaghi:         Let's start with some questions. 1) How is it that stroke can be cured in rodents but not in humans? 2) Are we wasting time or gaining time with general anesthesia before endovascular thrombectomy? 3) My father had an aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, Doctor. What is my risk of having an aneurysm, and how often should we check for one? We're back here with the Stroke Alert Podcast to tackle the toughest questions in the field because this is the best in Stroke. Stay with us. Dr. Negar Asdaghi:         Welcome back to the May 2022 issue of the Stroke Alert Podcast. My name is Negar Asdaghi. I'm an Associate Professor of Neurology at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and your host for the monthly Stroke Alert Podcast. For the May 2022 issue of Stroke, we have a number of papers that I'd like to highlight. We have seven articles as part of our Focused Update on the topic of neuroimmunology and stroke, organized by our own Stroke editors, Drs. Johannes Boltze and Miguel Perez-Pinzon. We also have an interesting study by Dr. David Saadoun and colleagues from Sorbonne University in Paris, where we learn that in patients with Takayasu disease, how the delay in diagnosis, as defined by the time from symptom onset to the diagnosis being over one year, was significantly associated with development of ischemic cerebrovascular events. In the Comments and Opinions section, we have an interesting study by Dr. Goldenberg and colleagues from University of Toronto on the benefits of GLP-1 receptor agonists for stroke reduction in type 2 diabetes and why should stroke neurologists be familiar with this new class of diabetic medication. Dr. Negar Asdaghi:         Later, in the interview section of the podcast, I have the great honor of interviewing Dr. Patrick Lyden, one of the founding fathers of thrombolytic therapy in stroke, as he walks us through the Stroke Preclinical Assessment Network and what his hopes are for the future of stroke therapy. I also ask him for some advice, and he did tell us about the view from the top, as he truly stands on the shoulder of giants. But first with these two articles. Dr. Negar Asdaghi:         In a landmark population-based study out of Sweden that was published in Brain in 2008, we learned that the odds of development of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage for individuals with one first-degree relative with a prior history of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage was 2.15. For individuals with two affected first-degree relatives, the odds ratio was 51. So, it's not surprising that a great deal of anxiety is caused within a family when a relative has an aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, especially if that family member was young or another member of the family had the same condition before. This scenario is commonly followed by a number of inevitable questions: Should all family members of the affected individual be screened for presence of an intracranial aneurysm? If yes, how often should vascular imaging be performed, and should other aneurysmal risk factors, such as age, sex, smoking, and hypertension, be also considered in the screening decision-making? In this issue of the journal, as part of a derivation-validation study, a group of investigators, led by Dr. Charlotte Zuurbier from University Medical Center at Utrecht Brain Center in the Netherlands, studied the ability of a simple scoring system that was developed in their derivation cohort to predict the presence of an intracranial aneurysm on vascular imaging. Dr. Negar Asdaghi:         They then tested the scoring model in their validation cohort. So, for their development cohort, they used data on 660 persons who were screened at the University Medical Center for presence of an intracranial aneurysm because they had two or more affected first-degree relatives with a prior history of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. The median age of participants at the time of first screening was 40, and 59% were female. Dr. Negar Asdaghi:         So, in this cohort, the investigators simply looked at factors that were independently associated with finding an aneurysm on vascular screening by their multivariate analysis. And they identified the following factors; the first factor was the number of affected relatives. Now, a reminder that all of these people in the cohort had at least two first-degree relatives with an aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. And they found that amongst these people, those that had three or more family members with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage were significantly more likely to have a positive screening test for intracranial aneurysm. The next factor was older age — the older that relative, the more likely their screening imaging was positive for an aneurysm — and the other independent factors were smoking and hypertension. So they created the NASH acronym; N for number of relatives, A for age, S for smoking, and H for hypertension. When assigning points for each of these factors, the NASH scoring system had a C statistics of 0.68 in predicting whether or not someone would have a positive test, which is an intracranial aneurysm. Dr. Negar Asdaghi:         And now a reminder for our listeners that C statistics gives us the probability that a person with a certain condition, in this case, a certain NASH score, will have the outcome of interest, in this case, an aneurysm found by vascular imaging. In general, for C statistics, the closer we get to 1, the more robust is our predictive model. Values over 0.7 indicate that we have a good model, but values over 0.8 indicate a very strong model. So the NASH score, at 0.68, has a reasonably good capability in predicting who will or will not have an intracranial aneurysm if we complete the vascular imaging. But it's not a very strong model, and this should be kept in mind. Let's look at some of their numbers. In their development cohort, the probability of finding an intracranial aneurysm for a person who scored low on NASH, that is a young person who never smoked and is not hypertensive, was only 5%, whereas the probability of finding an intracranial aneurysm in a person who scored high on NASH, that is an older person in their 60s or 70s, with three or more affected relatives, who is hypertensive and a smoker, was 36%. Dr. Negar Asdaghi:         So, then they tested this NASH score in their external validation cohort and found that the likelihood of identifying an aneurysm increased as expected along the range of predicted probabilities of NASH. That is, the higher the score, the more likely to find an aneurysm on screening with vascular imaging. And the C statistics in the validation cohort was slightly lower than the C statistics in the derivation cohort. So, the important lesson we learned from this study is that the risk of having an intracranial aneurysm in a person who has a first-degree family member with a prior history of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage is substantially different depending on their NASH score, and this should be taken into consideration when deciding on screening and counseling various family members of the affected patient or prioritizing who should be screened first in routine practice. Dr. Negar Asdaghi:         The ideal anesthetic management during endovascular therapy is still unknown. A number of studies have compared the different anesthetic options available during thrombectomy, which include general anesthesia, or GA, conscious sedation, use of local anesthesia, and no sedation at all. The main argument for doing endovascular therapy under general anesthesia is that although this procedure will take some precious pre-thrombectomy time, it does result in strict immobility. And that is really ideal in the sense that it improves catheter navigation and interpretation of angiography, in addition to obviously providing a secure airway and, of course, avoiding the need to have to do an emergency intubation in case of procedural complications. The argument against general anesthesia is not only the issue of time but also the risk of hypotension and hemodynamic compromise, especially during induction, and the loss of very valuable neurological examination in a completely sedated patient during the procedure. Dr. Negar Asdaghi:         The question is, does general anesthesia improve or worsen neurological and functional outcomes post-thrombectomy? Several smaller randomized trials have looked at this very question, mainly comparing GA to all other forms of sedation during thrombectomy, but they have yielded inconsistent findings regarding the three-month functional outcome. Dr. Negar Asdaghi:         Some of them showed that patients under GA ended up doing better. Some showed no difference in the overall outcomes. But overall, their pooled analysis suggested that GA might be superior to the competing counterpart, which is the conscious sedation, and associated with better functional outcome. But these centers had highly specialized anesthesia teams, and it's possible that their findings may not be generalizable to routine practice. So, in this issue of the journal, using the Swiss Stroke Registry, Dr. Benjamin Wagner from the Department of Neurology at the University Hospital in Basel and colleagues report on the outcomes of endovascularly treated patients in the Swiss Stroke Registry receiving thrombectomy for an anterior circulation stroke with or without general anesthesia. The primary outcome was disability on the modified Rankin Scale after three months. For this study, they excluded one out of the nine centers in the registry that had lots of missing data on their three-month follow-up. Dr. Negar Asdaghi:         And so, from 2014 to 2017, 1,284 patients across eight stroke centers in the registry were included in this study. Sixty-six percent received thrombectomy under general anesthesia. On baseline comparison, the patients in the GA group were older, had a higher NIH Stroke Scale on admission, had worse preclinical functional status, and more likely to have presented with multi-territorial ischemic stroke. So, many reasons as to why people who underwent general anesthesia would have a worse clinical outcome in this study. So, now let's look at their primary outcome. In the unadjusted model, the three-month modified Rankin Scale was significantly worse in the GA group as compared to the non-GA group, which is obviously expected given the differences in their baseline characteristics. Dr. Negar Asdaghi:         But what was surprising was that the odds of having a higher mRS score was significantly greater still in the adjusted models. They also did propensity score matching analysis, and they found that the NIH Stroke Scale after 24 hours, and the odds of dependency and death and mortality were all higher in the adjusted model in the GA group. They also looked at a number of secondary outcomes and found that door-to-puncture time was longer in the GA group. Dr. Negar Asdaghi:         And also these patients were more likely to be transferred to ICU after treatment as compared to the non-GA treated counterparts. The authors point out that these real-world data are in keeping with the findings from the HERMES meta-analysis, which included over 1,700 endovascularly treated patients, and two previously published large registry data, one from Italy, which included over 4,000 endovascularly treated patients, and one from Germany, including 5,808 patients, all of them showing a worse functional outcome in endovascular therapy if the treatment was performed under general anesthesia, as compared to all other forms of sedation or no sedation at all. Again, these findings are in contrast with the reassuring results of the randomized trials on this topic, specifically in contrast to the AnStroke, SIESTA, and GOLIATH randomized trials, which compare GA to conscious sedation, showing either neutral or positive results in favor of general anesthesia pre-thrombectomy. Dr. Negar Asdaghi:         So, in summary, what we learned from this real-world, observational study is that general anesthesia was associated with worse functional outcome post-endovascular thrombectomy, independent of other confounders, which means that the jury is still out on the ideal form of anesthesia for an individual patient prior to endovascular therapy, and we definitely need larger, multicenter studies on this topic. Dr. Negar Asdaghi:         There are over a thousand experimental treatments that have shown benefit in prevention of neurological disability in animal models of ischemic stroke but have failed to show the same efficacy in human randomized trials. In fact, to date, reperfusion therapies, either in the form of intravenous lytic therapies or endovascular treatments, are the only successful treatments available to improve clinical outcomes in patients who suffer from ischemic stroke, and stroke remains a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. How come stroke can be cured in rodents but not in humans? Are neuroprotective therapies, or as more correctly referred to, the cerebroprotective therapies, the epitome of bench-to-bedside translational research failure? And if this is true, what are the key contributors to the scientific conundrum, and how can this be averted in the future? This is the question that a remarkable group of neuroscientists, led by Dr. Patrick Lyden from University of Southern California, are hoping to answer. Dr. Negar Asdaghi:         In this issue of the journal, these investigators describe the rationale, design, feasibility, and stage 1 results of their multicenter SPAN collaboration, which stands for the Stroke Preclinical Assessment Network. I'm joined today by Professor Lyden himself to discuss this collaboration. Now, Professor Lyden absolutely needs no introduction to our stroke community, but as always, introductions are nice. So, here we go. Dr. Lyden is a Professor of Physiology, Neuroscience, and Neurology at Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, at USC. He has truly been a leader in the field of preclinical and clinical vascular research with over 30 years of experience in conducting studies and randomized trials, including conducting the pivotal NINDS clinical trial that led to the approval of the first treatment for acute ischemic stroke in 1996. Throughout his exemplary career, he has accumulated many accolades and is the recipient of multiple awards and honors, including the prestigious 2019 American Stroke Association William Feinberg Award for Excellence in Clinical Stroke. Good morning, Pat, it's truly an honor to welcome you to our podcast today. Dr. Patrick Lyden:            Thanks, I'm glad to be here. Dr. Negar Asdaghi:         Well, in the era of successful reperfusion therapies, it seems that the new generation of stroke neurologists and interventionalists have their eyes, so to speak, on the clock and are interested in opening the blood vessels and opening them fast. In the age of reperfusion treatments, why do we still need to talk about the role of cerebroprotective treatments? Dr. Patrick Lyden:            Well, not to sound too glib about it, but not everybody gets better after a thrombectomy. So, thrombectomy is good, it's more effective than anything else that we've tried before, but there are a remaining number of patients with a residual disability. Not only that, and from a more scientific standpoint, thrombectomy offers us the opportunity now to combine cerebroprotective therapy with known reperfusion. Remember, before, we didn't know when the artery had opened, but now we do an embolectomy, we know there's reperfusion. It gives us the opportunity to know that we're combining our treatment with reperfusion. Dr. Negar Asdaghi:         So, in the paper, you discussed how hundreds of treatments have been studied and shown efficacy in reducing neurological disability in animal models of stroke, and yet failed in human studies. In your opinion, what were the top two most disappointing studies in terms of clinical failure despite pre-clinical encouraging data? Dr. Patrick Lyden:            Well, the first one I mentioned was personal because it was the first one that I led, and it was a molecule called clomethiazole that I had helped establish the rationale for in my very first grant. So, it was the first trial I led, it was multinational, and, of course, I firmly believed we were going to hit a home run, and we failed. But to the field, the real watershed moment in neuroprotective therapy was the so-called SAINT II Trial. SAINT II was a study of a drug called NXY-059, and it was the first drug that purportedly had satisfied all of the so-called STAIR criteria. The STAIR criteria came out of a roundtable between academics and industry on how to best qualify drugs preclinically before going to human trials. And the idea was, if you were a 10 out of 10 on the STAIR criteria, then you should win when you come to human clinical trials. And the SAINT II Trial, which I was a co-leader, a co-investigator, on, also failed. Dr. Patrick Lyden:            And so many, many, many drugs had failed by that point. Tens of millions, if not a hundred million dollars, had been spent by industry, and SAINT II really caused the field to stop. Industry stopped investing in stroke; academic investment in stroke dried up. NIH funding became more difficult to get after SAINT II, and that really was sort of the really historical low moment in the development of treatment for stroke. Dr. Negar Asdaghi:         I was a resident when SAINT II came out, and I remember that somber feeling. Dr. Patrick Lyden:            It was a sad day. Dr. Negar Asdaghi:         Yeah. So, in the paper, you outline a number of potential causes as to why this translational failure may have occurred. But you highlighted the absence of preclinical scientific rigor as the most responsible source. And you already alluded to this a little bit. Can you please tell us a bit more? Dr. Patrick Lyden:            Absolutely. And first, of course, we have to say that the ideal clinical trial design is not available. We really don't know the absolute best way to test the drugs in human clinical trials. But leave that for another day. Dr. Patrick Lyden:            On the preclinical side, what can we say we're doing wrong? We're not sure, but one thing that has been highlighted over and over is that we don't approach preclinical characterization with as much rigor as we should. What do I mean by that? Animal models recapitulate for us some of the biology of a stroke, but not all. For example, many, many times we test a drug in a young model, an animal that's quite young, corresponding to a late teenager in human terms. Well, that's ridiculous. Stroke occurs in elderly people, and so on. So, the NIH called in a landmark conference for additional rigor, enhanced rigor. And I should mention the STAIR criteria were a first attempt at this. STAIR put out guidelines that said animals should be elderly, the animals should be randomized, et cetera, et cetera. And so that didn't happen. Although the STAIR criteria were out there, very few laboratories really committed to full rigor. And so the NIH funded the Stroke Preclinical Assessment Network, SPAN, to implement every aspect that we could think of that would add the best possible scientific design, the utmost rigor. So, we implemented true blinded assessment, true randomization, complete case ascertainment where we follow every single subject in the study and account for dropouts and subjects that don't complete the treatment, and, most importantly, a proper statistical design with adequate power and very large numbers. And the hypothesis that we're testing is that additional rigor in SPAN will lead to a better positive predictive value when we think about drugs that should go forward for testing in human stroke trials. Dr. Negar Asdaghi:         So, I think you already answered my next question, which was basically, why do you think SPAN is going to achieve what all others have failed to achieve? But I wanted to simplify and repeat what you mentioned. So, in simple terms, what SPAN is trying to do is to bring all preclinical research to a level of scientific rigor that was not necessarily present and make it a multicenter effort. And can you a little bit tell us about the different stages, again, of SPAN? Dr. Patrick Lyden:            Well, I'm not arguing that all preclinical research needs to be done following a SPAN type of model. Where SPAN fits in is at the end of a development project. So, if you want to characterize the cellular and molecular mechanisms, you don't need to do all of this rigor that we're doing. Just study the drug in the lab and do the mechanistic studies that need to be done. If you want to do dose finding, it doesn't need to be done this way. But at the end of that, OK, first we establish the mechanism, that's the first stage. Then we establish the toxicity. Then we establish target engagement. At the end, we are looking for some evidence that the drug will have a beneficial effect on outcomes. And in previous animal models, the only outcome, generally, the most common outcome that was studied, was size of the stroke. But in humans, the FDA does not recognize stroke size as a valid outcome. Dr. Patrick Lyden:            We look at function, most often measured with the Rankin score and the NIH Stroke Scale. So, we had to create a functional outcome, and then we had to study it at multiple laboratories to make sure we could replicate the effect across multiple sites. And we chose what's called a multi-arm, multi-stage (MAMS) statistical design. All the drugs start out in the experiment at the end of the first interim analysis, which is 25% of the sample size. We cull any compounds or treatments that appear futile are removed. Any that appear effective move on. At the end of the second stage, there's more culling. There's a total of four stages, and we're about to enter stage four, by the way. That's starting next week. And in stage four, there will be, at most, two, maybe only one treatment that has appeared non-futile and possibly effective for final characterization. Dr. Negar Asdaghi:         So, really interesting. I just want to highlight two important comments that you mentioned for our listeners again. So this is multi-layer, as you mentioned, multi-arm, multi-stages. It's sort of filter by filter, just ensuring that what we're seeing, the efficacy we're seeing in preclinical studies, will potentially be replicated in clinical studies. And what you mentioned that's very important is outcomes that classically is measured in animal models are infarct volume that are obviously very important but not necessarily may translate to exactly what we look at in clinical studies, which is functional outcomes, modified Rankin score and NIH Stroke Scale. So, with that, I want to then come back to the treatments that are actually being studied as part of SPAN. You have six very different agents as part of SPAN, from tocilizumab to uric acid. Why do you think these therapies will work? Dr. Patrick Lyden:            Well, my job as the PI of the coordinating center is to remain completely agnostic to the treatments. So, everybody's equal, and they all come in on an equal playing field. We actually have a mechanical treatment called remote ischemic conditioning, as well, and then five drugs. And these were selected through a peer review process at NIH. And then we were informed at the coordinating center what drugs we would be studying. Five drugs and one treatment. And then, of course, the challenge to us was to somehow create a blinded, randomized situation. Now, this turned out to be a fascinating, it's more mechanical, but how do you blind when some of the drugs are given orally, some are given intraperitoneally, some are given intravenously, some are given once, some are given multiple times? So, we had to work with the manufacturers and inventors of these drugs and figure out a way to package them, and in the paper, actually, there's a photograph in the appendix that shows we had to find these bottles that were amber-colored and how to load them and lyophilize the drug. Dr. Patrick Lyden:            And it's actually pretty fascinating how we were able to get all of these different, wildly different therapies, as you say, into a paradigm where they could be tested one against another in a truly blinded, truly randomized way. Dr. Negar Asdaghi:         Do you think you can go on record and say which one is your favorite? Dr. Patrick Lyden:            My favorite drug's not even in SPAN. I am truly agnostic because where my heart is, is with a drug that I've been studying in my laboratory completely separately and not part of SPAN. Dr. Negar Asdaghi:         All right, so we don't have a favorite. So, in a recent review article in Stroke, you commented on treatments used by ancient Persians, Greeks, and Romans to remedy the brain affected by stroke and how the future generation of physicians will look back at our current practices of stroke with the same, how you said, awe and bemusement we hold for Galen, Aristotle, and Avicenna. How do you think stroke will be treated in the year 2222? Dr. Patrick Lyden:            Well, first of all, and to be serious for just one moment, 200 years from now, I worry more about the climate than about medicine. And I really believe our biggest efforts need to be spent on saving the planet. But assuming we make it that long, obviously diagnostic methods will be completely different. Using ionizing radiation to scan the body will be laughed at by physicians in the future. There'll be detection technologies that aren't even on our radar yet today. And then treatments will be cellular focused and regionally focused. We give a drug through a vein and it circulates throughout the entire body, and I'm sure physicians in the future will find a way to somehow get treatment into the part of the body that's injured, not the whole body. And then, who knows? All we can say is they will laugh at us in the same way that we laugh at Theodoric the Barber of York. Dr. Negar Asdaghi:         Let's move on from the future to the past. You're arguably one of the founding fathers of reperfusion therapies. You were instrumental in getting intravenous lytic therapy approved in 1996. It literally took the field 20 years for the next treatment to be approved, that's endovascular treatment. If you could go back in time and give your young self an advice on the subject of research, of course, design and execution, what advice would you give yourself? Dr. Patrick Lyden:            Don't listen to old guys. We got a lot of advice from gray-bearded folks back when we were putting together the tPA trial, and fortunately we ignored some very bad advice and did what we imagined was the right thing to do as young, headstrong up-and-comers do. The other thing is, we really believed that by publishing our science very objectively, without editorial comment, we would be listened to. And that was dead wrong. So, the data was printed in the New England Journal in a very neutral tone, and we felt people would read that data and they would start using tPA the day after the publication. And, as you say, it took 20 years for tPA to really gain widespread acceptance, thrombolytic therapy. Today, people view it as standard, but it wasn't that way at the beginning. And I would say to myself and my colleagues at that time, "Don't be afraid to promote a positive result." Yes, it has to be done with the utmost rigor, but once you have a positive result, there will be plenty of people around pretending they know more than you and telling the world why you are wrong. And it's very important to stand up for your science and stand up for your results and say, no, no, no, no, that interpretation is wrong. The data says what we said it says, and this is an effective treatment and should be used, as an example. Dr. Negar Asdaghi:         What a great advice. Just be bold and say it loud and stand up for your science. Pat, it's been a pleasure interviewing you and having you on the podcast. We really look forward to watching your research. Bring, let me say it again, 2222 closer to now. Dr. Patrick Lyden:            Thank you. Glad to be here. Dr. Negar Asdaghi:         Thank you. Dr. Negar Asdaghi:         And this concludes our podcast for the May 2022 issue of Stroke. Please be sure to check out this month's table of contents for the full list of publications, including two articles on quality improvement in stroke and neurohospitalist—inpatient teleneurology, which comes as part of our Advances in Stroke series prepared by our section editors. And as we close our podcast today, let's take a moment and ask ourselves the same question that I asked Dr. Lyden earlier. What is the next frontier in stroke treatment? Past reperfusion therapies, we have to find ways to preserve the neurons and not just the neurons, all components of the brain. So, is the future of stroke therapy cerebroprotection? Ever since the dawn of history, humanity has lived alongside of death with the conscious apprehension that as we age, we lose the very gift of life. But unlike our ancestors, the search for immortality isn't the quest to find a fountain of youth anymore. We learned that death is inevitable, but with medicine, we can reduce illness and suffering to prolong a life worth living, one with a healthy brain. And today we're closer than ever to this modern immortality with cerebroprotection in stroke, as we stay alert with Stroke Alert. Dr. Negar Asdaghi:         This program is copyright of the American Heart Association, 2022. The opinions expressed by speakers in this podcast are their own and not necessarily those of the editors or of the American Heart Association. For more, visit AHAjournals.org.  

May 18: Saint John I, Pope and Martyrc. Late Fifth Century–526Optional Memorial; Liturgical Color: RedThe pope is crushed in a secular vice by two worldly mastersThe early Popes were Roman citizens who retained their birth or baptismal names upon being elected to the See of Peter. Their names perfectly reflect a flourishing Roman culture rather than the Christian subculture which was gradually budding and flowering in its midst. So there are Popes Clement, Linus, Anacletus, Sixtus, Victor, Callixtus, Urban, and Fabian. It sounds like a roll call of Roman senators in white togas seated on the marble benches of the Forum. It is not until 254 that Pope Stephen bears a name from the New Testament and not until 336 does Pope Mark honor an Evangelist.Considering the centrality of Saints John the Evangelist and John the Baptist to the Christian story, it is surprising that five hundred years transpired before today's saint, Pope John I, so honored their memory. A pope is only called the “First” once there's a “Second.” In 533 a man named Mercurius succeeded today's John as Bishop of Rome. Mercurius' birth name was so overtly pagan—honoring the Roman God Mercury—that he chose to honor his martyred predecessor John by adopting his same name. Mercurius thus initiated the venerable tradition of a pope adopting a new name upon his election. At the same time he also retroactively turned Pope John into Pope John I.The flow of the early martyrs' blood had long since ceased by John I's election in 523. There was no emperor or court even left in Rome by 523 for barbarians to attack. The traditional date of the fall of the Western Roman Empire is 476. John I was, then, the pope of a declining, far western outpost of an empire whose central government had been in Constantinople for almost two hundred years by John I's election. Rome was fading.The Empire's long, slow decline in Italy had created a vacuum. Rugged tribes of the North, including the Ostrogoths (Eastern Goths), poured south into the warm valleys and cultured towns of the Italian countryside and saturated Rome itself. The Ostrogoths had called the Italian peninsula home for so long that, by the sixth century, they were part Roman, part barbarian, and part Christian. Borderlands are always a mix. For complex historical reasons, the Ostrogoths and their Italian ruler, Theodoric, were Arians. Their prior isolation in Northern Europe had prohibited them from absorbing the teachings of the fourth-century Councils of Nicea and Constantinople. So the Ostrogoths were unaware that the Church had decisively rejected the Arian heresy, which held that Christ was a god, but not the God.It was amidst these tense political and religious circumstances that poor Pope John I was placed in an impossible situation. John was caught between the Emperor Justin in remote Constantinople, who exercised significant control over Church discipline, and Theodoric, who was standing right at his side, breathing down his neck. Justin had issued an edict ordering the Arians, including the Ostrogoths in Italy, to surrender their churches to the Catholics. Theodoric would have none of it. He was as angry as a hornet. To him, it was the first step toward Constantinople reasserting its control over Italy, something the Ostrogoths would resist to the death. So Theodoric sent Pope John at the head of a large embassy of Roman dignitaries to Constantinople to demand that Justin withdraw the edict. Pope John obediently went. He was greeted in the capital with elaborate ceremony and honored as head of the Church. But he could not, and did not, secure what Theodoric so desired. It was impossible. The edict was binding.When Pope John and his party crossed the Adriatic Sea to return to Rome, they landed at Ravenna. Theodoric, who had heard of Pope John's failure to have the edict rescinded, imprisoned him. And there the Pope died, in Ravenna, perhaps of shock, perhaps of mistreatment. His blood did not run red like the martyrs of old, but he died a victim for Christ nonetheless, unable to simultaneously satisfy two powerful secular masters. John I's mortal remains were returned to Rome. In keeping with the custom for all popes since Pope Leo the Great (440–461), Pope John I was interred in the nave of the Constantinian Basilica of St. Peter. When the new St. Peter's was built in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, John's tomb did not surface nor did any epitaph. But Pope Saint John I is still there, somewhere, under the floor of St. Peter's, arms crossed, facing up, ring on his bony finger, vested in gold, miter crowning his head, as waves of tourists walk on the marble floor above him. He rests in peace, forgotten to but a few.Pope Saint John I, your fidelity to your vocation as Pope led to your death. You were faithful in the face of threats from civil power but did not bend to its will. May all popes look to your example for inspiration in leading the Church.

418 to 456 CE A senator by the name of Eparchius Avitus is dragooned into filling the imperial shoes left behind by the well-aimed brick that took out Petronius Maximus. His life gives a framework for discussing the place of southern Gaul within the Roman empire, and how the Visigoths were settling in.   The full text of Sidonius' letter describing Theodoric.   Sources   Title Music: "The Britons" by Kevin MacLeod (incomptech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/  

With next episode's Charles Martel handing all the boring ruling, there's little for Theodoric IV to do but sit back and get wheeled around in a cart. At the tail end of the episode, we do a deep dive into the daily life of a Frankish peasant. 

In this episode, we have Theodoric Chew, CEO and founder of mental health company Intellect, who's become somewhat a regular of the show. He went on our podcast earlier this year in January, and had a pretty interesting conversation with Samir, our principal, and then we had a Clubhouse session with him and a couple of our other founders, which is also on our podcast. Even if it's our third conversation with him already this year, there's still a lot to unpack as Intellect has been up to a lot lately. Since our first round with them we've since doubled down in their latest round following their graduation from the Y Combinator program Summer 2021 cohort. They've also launched and fully rolled out their digital therapy program for enterprise, now used by more than 20 Fortune 500 companies and tech giants, including ShopBack and Carousell, and their app, which at the time in January was already downloaded or used by a million people in the first six months since launch, it's now doubled to more than 2.5 million users. Transcript Timestamps 00:26 Re-introducing Intellect's Theodoric Chew! 01:27 The YC Experience: Biggest Learnings, Challenges, and Advice for Founders; 05:44 B2C Business: Intellect's top-rated consumer app as a growth channel for their B2B core business, and learnings from reading customer reviews; 09:40 B2B Business: Driving adoption through hyper localization and delivering impact for multinational organizations; 14:55 The science behind Intellect: Scaling programs with on par efficacy to face-to-face intervention; 16:51 Navigating the nuances and increasing competition of being a global mental health care company; 19:55 Updating January 2021's predictions on the future of mental health care and the role of Intellect; 21:58 Rapid Fire Round; About our guest Theodoric Chew is a serial entrepreneur and startup leader. Prior to founding Intellect, he was with Entrepreneur First where he led marketing and growth, and before this, he was with Rakuten as well, after they acquired, the startup Voyagin. The first startup he founded was a digital media platform existisgreat.com which was acquired two years later. Music: Cool Upbeat Background Music For Videos by MorningLightMusic Tags: startup, Southeast Asia, founder, entrepreneurship, business, technology The content of this podcast is for informational purposes only, should not be taken as legal, tax, or business advice or be used to evaluate any investment or security, and is not directed at any investors or potential investors in any Insignia Ventures fund.

With Theodoric, we say goodbye to Ebroin's meddling and hello again to the dynasty that will become the Carolingians. A bit of stability is nice... but at what cost to the Merovingians?As ever, make sure you visit our Wordpress site, and give us a rating if you've enjoyed us. Also follow us on social media. It's just a small way you can help grow our little community!

Back in March we set up our first Clubhouse session with founder-CEOs from three of our portfolio companies that experienced a huge boost in growth over 2020 and talked to them about how they plan on sustaining that growth this year. We got a lot of great insights and we're sharing them on this episode. So in this episode, we have Giacomo Ficari, CEO of Lifepal, Indonesia's leading online insurance marketplace, Theodoric Chew, CEO of Intellect, a Singapore-based mental health technology company with an app that hit a million downloads in its first six months, and Huy Nghiem, CEO of Finhay, Vietnam's leading wealth management platform. This is the second part of the Clubhouse session. For the first part, check out Episode 5. Transcript Timestamps 01:33 Lessons for Lifepal on Managing Hypergrowth from Lazada; 05:55 Building Intellect's mission-driven global team for global scale; 11:23 Finhay's secret sauce and expanding into stock investment; 14:42 What excites the founders and Yinglan about Southeast Asia; Music: Cool Upbeat Background Music For Videos by MorningLightMusic Tags: startup, Southeast Asia, founder, entrepreneurship, business, technology The content of this podcast is for informational purposes only, should not be taken as legal, tax, or business advice or be used to evaluate any investment or security, and is not directed at any investors or potential investors in any Insignia Ventures fund.

Back in March we set up our first Clubhouse session with founder-CEOs from three of our portfolio companies that experienced a huge boost in growth over 2020 and talked to them about how they plan on sustaining that growth this year. We got a lot of great insights and we're sharing them on this episode. So in this episode, we have Giacomo Ficari, CEO of Lifepal, Indonesia's leading online insurance marketplace, Theodoric Chew, CEO of Intellect, a Singapore-based mental health technology company with an app that hit a million downloads in its first six months, and Huy Nghiem, CEO of Finhay, Vietnam's leading wealth management platform. This is the first part of the Clubhouse session. For the second part, check out Episode 6. Transcript Timestamps 01:23 Factors of growth apart from the pandemic in 2020: 07:00 Strategies for sustaining growth from 2020 coming into 2021; 13:04 How fast-growth influenced leadership approach for CEOs; 17:56 Challenges in finding the next product-market fits; Music: Cool Upbeat Background Music For Videos by MorningLightMusic Tags: startup, Southeast Asia, founder, entrepreneurship, business, technology The content of this podcast is for informational purposes only, should not be taken as legal, tax, or business advice or be used to evaluate any investment or security, and is not directed at any investors or potential investors in any Insignia Ventures fund.

Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the form of Christianity adopted by Ostrogoths in the 4th century AD, which they learned from Roman missionaries and from their own contact with the imperial court at Constantinople. This form spread to the Vandals and the Visigoths, who took it into Roman Spain and North Africa, and the Ostrogoths brought it deeper into Italy after the fall of the western Roman empire. Meanwhile, with the Roman empire in the east now firmly committed to the Nicene Creed not the Arian, the Goths and Vandals faced conflict or conversion, as Arianism moved from an orthodox view to being a heresy that would keep followers from heaven and delay the Second Coming for all. The image above is the ceiling mosaic of the Arian Baptistry in Ravenna, commissioned by Theodoric, ruler of the Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy, around the end of the 5th century With Judith Herrin Professor of Late Antique and Byzantine Studies, Emeritus, at King's College London Robin Whelan Lecturer in Mediterranean History at the University of Liverpool And Martin Palmer Visiting Professor in Religion, History and Nature at the University of Winchester Producer: Simon Tillotson

Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the form of Christianity adopted by Ostrogoths in the 4th century AD, which they learned from Roman missionaries and from their own contact with the imperial court at Constantinople. This form spread to the Vandals and the Visigoths, who took it into Roman Spain and North Africa, and the Ostrogoths brought it deeper into Italy after the fall of the western Roman empire. Meanwhile, with the Roman empire in the east now firmly committed to the Nicene Creed not the Arian, the Goths and Vandals faced conflict or conversion, as Arianism moved from an orthodox view to being a heresy that would keep followers from heaven and delay the Second Coming for all. The image above is the ceiling mosaic of the Arian Baptistry in Ravenna, commissioned by Theodoric, ruler of the Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy, around the end of the 5th century With Judith Herrin Professor of Late Antique and Byzantine Studies, Emeritus, at King's College London Robin Whelan Lecturer in Mediterranean History at the University of Liverpool And Martin Palmer Visiting Professor in Religion, History and Nature at the University of Winchester Producer: Simon Tillotson

To kick off another year of calls, we're going to start by talking about a topic that has been getting increasing attention recently -- mental health. With people stuck at home and the stigma associated with availing of mental health care especially in Asia, apps and online platforms have emerged to serve as tools for people to better understand their mental well-being and connect with the right professionals. So to better help us understand the mental health care space, in Asia especially, and how the winds are changing when it comes to the adoption of mental health care services, we're delighted to have oncall mental health company Intellect CEO and founder Theodoric Chew. Intellect is behind the app of the same name that was picked up by Google as one of the best personal growth apps for 2020, and recently reached a million downloads since launching just a few months ago. Download the app on Google Play or the App Store. Transcript Timestamps 01:19 Theo's entrepreneurial journey before Intellect; 03:29 Main challenges of mental health space in Asia; 05:07 Status quo in accessing mental health care in Asia; 06:34 Motivation for starting Intellect; 07:34 Early adopters of Intellect; 08:51 What users are getting out of Intellect that they aren't anywhere else; 09:51 Role of technology for Intellect; 11:05 Backing the science behind Intellect; 12:14 Long-term target users; 13:06 Typical user journey on Intellect app; 14:24 Surprising insights from Intellect app users; 15:36 Mental health care pain points of enterprises and employees; 17:09 Difference between Intellect's enterprise solution and EAPs; 18:37 Adoption of Intellect's enterprise solution; 20:20 Intellect's plans to keep mental health TOM of employers in 2021 21:51 Mental health and Intellect in the next five years; 23:07 Rapid-fire question round; About our guest Theodoric Chew is a serial entrepreneur and startup leader. Prior to founding Intellect, he was with Entrepreneur First where he led marketing and growth, and before this, he was with Rakuten as well, after they acquired, the startup Voyagin. The first startup he founded was a digital media platform existisgreat.com which was acquired two years later. Music Business As Usual by Causmic Manhattan by Dyalla c/o Youtube Studio The content of this podcast is for informational purposes only, should not be taken as legal, tax, or business advice or be used to evaluate any investment or security, and is not directed at any investors or potential investors in any Insignia Ventures fund.

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Ancius Manlius Severinus Boethius rose to high honors under Theodoric the Ostrogoth (ruler of the independent Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy between 493–526), but fell from favor, was tried for treason, wrongly condemned and imprisoned at Ticinum (Pavia). Sentenced to death and to forfeiture of all his property, Boethius was executed by sword, probably in the […]

The Scourge of God descends upon Gaul. Aetius must rally what remains of Western Rome and unite with his nemesis Theodoric of the Visigoths. Together, they will fight Western Rome's last great battle against Attila and his Huns.  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The Scourge of God descends upon Gaul. Aetius must rally what remains of Western Rome and unite with his nemesis Theodoric of the Visigoths. Together, they will fight Western Rome’s last great battle against Attila and his Huns.   When I started this podcast in January 2019 I decided that I wanted to tell the […]

Fifteen days into the month of March, 493 AD, the Germanic Odoacer lies dead on the floor of Ravenna's banquet hall, struck on the head by the sword of Theodoric himself. This time, there were no hired assassins involved. It was a personal murder, and an unexpected one, brought about by cruel treachery and hunger for power. Dedicated to Andrew Couch, a loyal backer on Patreon. Thanks for supporting Medieval! You too can find bonus episodes, early access and other special rewards by becoming a patron: http://www.patreon.com/medievalpodcast Music – Alexander Nakarado

Fifteen days into the month of March, 493 AD, the Germanic Odoacer lies dead on the floor of Ravenna’s banquet hall, struck on the head by the sword of Theodoric himself. This time, there were no hired assassins involved. It was a personal murder, and an unexpected one, brought about by cruel treachery and hunger […]

At the start of this episode, Odoacer becomes the first King of Italy and takes multiple steps to secure his new rule. But it's all for nothing, because in less than two decades, he is attacked, tricked and killed to make way for Theodoric's Ostrogothic Kingdom. Dedicated to Carissa Zeleski. Thanks for supporting Medieval! Music – Alexander Nakarado http://www.patreon.com/medievalpodcast

At the start of this episode, Odoacer becomes the first King of Italy and takes multiple steps to secure his new rule. But it’s all for nothing, because in less than two decades, he is attacked, tricked and killed to make way for Theodoric’s Ostrogothic Kingdom. Dedicated to Carissa Zeleski. Thanks for supporting Medieval! Music […]

This is episode 14 called Ostrogothic interval and Byzantine invasion and in this episode you will learn: SHOW NOTES - The context and political map of Europe and North Africa after the traumatic Battle of Vouillé - What happened right after the Battle of Vouillé: Visigothic retreat led by Gesalic and Ostrogothic aid - The efforts of Theodoric the Great to unite the Goths under one rule to stop Frankish advance - How weak Visigothic rule was in Hispania at that time - How limited Theodoric's influence was over the Visigoths due to the power of the appointed governor, Theudis - The fall of the Balti dynasty and the problems that that caused to the long-term stability of the Visigothic Kingdom - A revival of Roman power in North Africa and Italy under Justinian - Decreasing Visigothic control over Hispania and civil war between Agila and Athanagild - Byzantine conquest of southern Spain due to Justinian's intervention in the civil war and the foundation of the province of Spania - The reemergence of sources on the Suebi: migrations of Romano-Britons and Suebic conversion to Catholicism - How the Visigothic Kingdom was definitely established in Toledo and the election of Liuva I - A depiction of the society of Visigothic Spain, talking about the heterogenous population and social stratification - A reflection on the importance of having a strong system of dynastic succession

The Historians is weekly radio show on Boston's WNTN 1550 AM featuring Boston University professors Loren Samons and Brendan McConville. Tune in Saturday's 8:00am - 9:00am on the radio or stream worldwide at www.wntn1550am.com or check our SoundCloud account!

In North Africa, Fulgentius of Ruspe defends the Nicenes against the return of Arian Persecution. In Gaul, Caesarius of Arles writes the first Western rule for Monastic Women. In Italy, Theodoric seeks to keep the peace between the Arians and the Nicenes. Plus, the Athanasian and Apostles’ Creeds. Links: Page from from the Arian Bible […]

The first episode of the Peril Party a new campaign that takes place during the QuipsnCrits time line that follows Addy after his unfortunate capture at the hands of unknown slave traders. Addy will join new "allies" Zale the Wood Elf Cleric and Theodoric the human Wizard who have been stripped of all gear and treasures forced to survive a cruel new world of confinement, will their path to escape be paved with team work or betrayal?    Follow us for a new on going story where the RULE OF COOL is law and HERO POINTS can change the game. Ambient sounds provided by https://www.ambient-mixer.com/ and the AMAZING artist kLons.   Join us on twitter @Quipsncrits Facebook Quipsncrits Page Rate and subscribe!   

As the conflict between East and West over the Henotikon continues, Pope Felix III needs to deal with Nicenes in North Africa abandoning the faith and the Ostrogoths invading Italy. We also look at the theology of Philoxenus of Mabbug. Links: Photo of coin of Theodoric the Great Information on Philoxenus of Mabbug Check out […]

526-540 From the death of Theodoric the great in 526, through the regency of his daughter Amalasuntha, to the end of the first phase of the Gothic war in 540

493-526 From 493 when Theodoric the Great took contro of the Italian peninsula to his death in 526

476-493 The Italian kingdom of Odoacer (476 – 493) and the takeover by the Goths of Theodoric the Great

The root of Terry is Theodoric which is the “leader of People” and my spirit animal is a Buffalo, and like the Buffalo, I will not run for cover from the conditions or intruders, but rather willing to wait out a storm and protect others.

We take a look at the former Roman Provinces of  Italy and Africa and see what Theodoric’s Ostrogoths and the Vandals, respectively, have been up to in the last century. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Think I'm on safe ground when I say à Those listening to this are mostly likely students of history. Your knowledge of the past is probably more comprehensive than the average person. And of course, the range of knowledge among subscribers to CS spans the gamut from extensive to, well, not so much. Yet still, more than the average.If asked to make a list of the main thinkers of the past; philosophers, theologians, and such like, of Western tradition, we'd get the usual. Socrates, Plato, Aristotle. Seneca, Cicero, Virgil. Clement, Origen, Augustine, Aquinas.A name far less likely to make that list is the subject of this episode.  Though he's not oft mentioned in modern treatments of church and philosophical history, his work was a major contributor to medieval thought, which was the seedbed form which the modern world rose.His full name was Anicius Manlius Torquatus Severinus. But he's known to us simply as Boethius.Born to a Roman senatorial family sometime between 475 & 80 in Italy, Boethius was left an orphan at an early age. He was adopted by another patrician, Memmius Symmachus, who instilled in the young man a love of literature and philosophy.Symmachus made sure Boethius learned the vanishing skill of literacy in Greek. With the split between the Eastern & Western Roman Empires now settled, and the Fall of the Western Empire to the Goths, it seems Greek, primary language of the East, fell to disuse in favor of Latin. In the West, Greek became increasingly the language of scholars and those suspected of lingering loyalty to the East.Nevertheless, Boethius' familiarity with the classics commended him to the new rulers of the West – the Ostrogoths. Their king, Theodoric the Great, appointed the 35 year old Boethius as consul. While the office of consul was technically linked to the ancient Roman Republican Consul, by the 6th C, it was an office far more of image than substance. Still an important position politically, but wielding none of the authority it once had. By Boethius' time, that is the early 6th C, being a senator meant little more than, “This is someone to keep your eye on as a potential future leader.” Being made a consul was like making the finals in the last round of the playoffs. But with an emperor seated on the throne, all rule and authority was concentrated in the royal court. A 5th & 6th C Roman Consul was more a political figurehead; a polite fiction; a nod to the glory of ancient Rome and her amazing feat of world conquest. From Augustus on, the Roman Senate and her consuls steadily lost place to the new imperial bureaucracy. After Augustus, who moved swiftly to relocate and consolidate all power within his executive office, Roman emperors turned to the Prefect of the Praetorian Guard as the new go to guy in executing Imperial policy. By the time of Boethius, that office had evolved into what was called the Magister Officiorum; head of all government and judicial services.When Boethius's term as consul was up, his two sons were appointed co-consuls in his place, one for the West, the other for the East. He was then promoted into the role of Magister Officiorum – the highest administrative position in King Theodoric's court.And that's where the fun begins. à Well, it wasn't so fun for Boethius. I probably ought to say; that's where the political shenanigans and devious machinations began. For it was there, serving Theodoric, that Boethius ran afoul of the ambitions of powerful men.They used Boethius' faith to bring him down.And here we're back to the old Arian-Nicaean Controversy. You see, while Arianism had been debunked and expelled from the Western Church long before all this, it found a home among the Goths of the East; the Ostrogoths, who now ruled what was left of the Western Roman Empire. King Theodoric was an Arian, as were his Ostrogoth pals, many of whom were jealous that an outsider like Boethius had the highest post they could aspire to. Oh, and don't forget that Boethius is fluent in Greek, the language they speak over in the Eastern Empire. Whose Emperor, Justinian I was openly known to aspire to reclaim Italy from Theodoric. Oh, and to add fuel to the fires of controversy & suspicion, those Easterners are also Orthodox, Nicaean Christians, people who've systematically wiped out Arians.Boethius' was doing a stellar job as Magister Officiorum, so they knew they couldn't attack him directly. They went instead after his less well-connected friends, accusing them of conspiring with Justinian in his designs on Italy. They knew Boethius would come to their defense, and that would be enough to cast a pall over his imperial favor. The ruse worked, and Boethius was arrested, hauled off to an estate in Pavia, where he spent a year in confinement, then quietly executed when the news cycle shifted to other more pressing matters. Ha! Today, the news cycle is down to about 5 days. Back then, it was several months.Now, you may be wondering, what does Boethius have to do with CHURCH history? I'm so glad you asked.Boethius' main contribution to history in general and to Church history in particular lies in his impact on the relationship between theology and philosophy. He's regarded by many as the last of the ancient philosophers.Boethius adored the ancient Greeks. It was his life's ambition, to translate the works of Plato and Aristotle into Latin. He died before he was able, but he made a good start. His singular contribution to history is his serving as a bridge between the classical and medieval ages for understanding Aristotelean thought, especially as it regards Aristotle's work in LOGIC. Boethius recast Aristotle's principles in terms that Medieval Europeans could grasp. His work then was foundational to many other theologians and philosophers for hundreds of years. One can argue that without Boethius, Roman Scholasticism, might not have happened, or at least it would have adopted a very different form. Boethius provided much of the vocabulary of medieval theology and philosophy. He's sometimes called “the first scholastic” because in his work titled Opuscula Sacra, written to defend orthodox theology, he applied Aristotelian logic, seeking to harmonize faith & reason – the great task of later Scholastics.But it was during his year of imprisonment in Pavia, as he awaited execution that Boethius wrote his most well-known volume, The Consolation of Philosophy, regarded as the single most influential work on Medieval and early Renaissance Christianity, & the last great Western work of the Classical Period.Written in 523, The Consolation of Philosophy presents a conversation between himself and Lady Philosophy, who's come to console him. It's essentially a theodicy; an examination of the age-old dilemma addressing the challenge posed by the dual proposition of the existence of evil & God's omnipotence and love. A theodicy seeks to answer the question: If the God of the Bible is real, why is there evil in the world; a potent question for a man like Boethius, an innocent man awaiting execution by the wicked.During Lady Philosophy's discourse, subjects like predestination and free will are examined. The Consolation isn't an overtly Gospel centered work. Jesus isn't even mentioned. A rather generic God is assumed; a deity who certainly aligns loosely with The God of Scripture; but a distinctive Christian Trinitarian God isn't defined. For this reason, some historian claim Boethius wasn't a Christian. But that assessment simply doesn't square with the rest of his life, his other writings, or why he was accused of treason. His enemies went after him precisely because his orthodoxy raised Arian suspicion.So, what are we to make of the Consolation's lack of Gospel content? Surely the answer is found in Boethius' intended audience. He wasn't writing to or for Christians, showing them how to link faith and reason. He wrote to convince pagans that real philosophy, the kind that led to a better life, the BEST life, doesn't flow in tandem with paganism. The best life is a moral life, where justice and moderation are virtues. It was no doubt Boethius' hope, once pagans realized pagan religion hindered a better life, they'd investigate Christianity, because at that time in Europe those were the only two options, the only available worldviews: Christianity & Paganism. Take down paganism, and people would move to the only thing left – The Gospel.

The title of this episode is “Barbarians at the Gates – and Everywhere Else”I live on the coast of Southern California in one of the most beautiful places on the planet – Ventura County. The weather is temperate all year round with an average temperature of 70 degrees. The beaches are pristine and most of the time, uncrowded. The County has several prime surf spots. But every so often, usually during the Winter, storms throw up huge waves that trash the shore. Some of these storms are local and wash down huge piles of debris from the hills that then wash up on the beach. Others are far to the south, off the coast of Mexico but they roll up waves that travel North and erode tons of sand, altering the shoreline.In the 5th and 6th Centuries, waves of barbarian invasion from the North and East swept across Europe to alter the political and cultural landscape and prime Europe for the Middle Ages.When Bishop Augustine of Hippo died in 430, the Vandals were laying siege to the city. While the Council of Chalcedon was meeting in 451, Pope Leo negotiated with the Huns to leave Rome unmolested.European history of the 5th and 6th Cs was dominated by the movement of mostly Germanic peoples into the territory of the old Roman Empire. The subsequent displacement and population shifting had a major impact on Christianity in the West. Medieval civilization was a result of this barbarian upheaval coupled with the vestiges of late Roman society and the impact Augustine had on the theology and practice of the Church.The incursion of Germanic tribes into the Roman Empire was just the first of 4 massive waves of migration.The Germans came in the 5th C. The Vars and Slavs swept into the Balkans in the 6th. The Muslims in 7th. And the Vikings in the 8th to 10th Cs.The resulting societal changes created by these invasive migrations had a monumental effect on the Church. We'll take a look now at just the first of these population shifts - the Germanic invasions.The 5th C saw the climax of what was really a long process of mostly controlled immigration by the Germans. They settled land at the Empire's frontier and served in the military. In truth, while the Romans referred to the Germans as barbarians, they often preserved the Empire by filling gaps in the declining population of Roman lands and by manning the legions. It was the Perfect Storm that saw things figuratively go south for Rome. Factors combining to generate this Perfect Storm were à1) The Germans were pressed by invaders out of central Asia,2) Key treaties between the Romans and Germans were broken,3) The warm weather that had seen a population boom in Northern Europe was followed by bitter cold so that the Germans were forced to move South in search of lands to sustain their larger numbers. It didn't help Rome that the Germans now knew Roman military tactics and bore Roman arms.Note to Self: If you don't want your neighbor to take over your house, don't give him the keys and alarm code.Certain dates in the first half of the 5th C are important àIn 410, Alaric, leader of the Western Goths, or Visi-goths, sacked the city of Rome. This was an understandably traumatic event for the Western Empire. His successor, Ataulf, married the Emperor Honorius' sister.In 430, Augustine, attempted to explain Rome's Fall to the Visigoths in his classic work The City of God. He died the year before the Council of Ephesus and the fall of his city, Hippo in N Africa to the Vandals.In 451, Attila and the Huns from central Asia, swept thru Western Europe, then were defeated by an alliance of Romans and Germans led by Aëtius.In 455, Aëtius and Emperor Valentinian III were assassinated, and the Vandals under Gaiseric again sacked Rome.The first contact the Romans had with the Goths came during the reign of the Emperor Decius. During Constantine's reign they became allies and often entered the Legions at elevated ranks. The Visigoths were being pressured from the East by the Huns, and in 376 sought refuge on the Roman side of the Danube. The emperor Valens granted their request, and there began a mass conversion of the Goths to Arianism. Due to mistreatment by Roman governors, they revolted in 378 and killed the Emperor Valens in the famous Battle of Adrianople.   Thus began the real Germanic invasions of the Empire. By 419 The Visigoths had subdued Southern Gaul and all of Spain.As we've noted in previous episodes, when the Goths invaded the Western Empire in the 5th C, for the most part, they came, not as pillaging pagans but as Arian Christians. A Goth Bishop named Theophilus had attended the Council at Nicaea in 325.The missionary who carried the Gospel to the Goths was Ulfilas in the mid to late 4th C. Ulfilas had amazing success in seeing the Germans won to faith for 2 reasons . . .1) Their native religion was in decline. Simply put, their gods seemed rather old and shabby.2) The many German tribes shared a common language.Realizing translating the Bible into German was a key to successful evangelism, Ulfilas spent considerable time on the project before his death. He left the books of Samuel and Kings out of his translation because he figured the Goths à Well, they already knew enough about warfare.In 406 when Rome recalled the Legions from the Rhine to protect Italy, another Germanic tribe called the Vandals poured into Gaul, then SW into Spain, and eventually jumped the Strait of Gibraltar to harass North Africa. Their King Gaiseric led them to Carthage which he conquered in 439 and made the capital of an Arian Vandal kingdom. Gaiseric was intolerant of other forms of the faith. In 455 he sent ships across the Mediterranean to sack Rome.At first, the Donatists in North Africa rejoiced at the coming of the Vandals. Remember they'd been labeled heretics by Rome. But it didn't take long for them to realize that the enemy of my enemy isn't always my friend. The Vandals were not friendly. So in 484, a Donatist-Catholic synod met to try and patch up their theological differences.Catholics were persecuted under some of the Vandal kings in the late 5th and early 6th Cs. It was this persecution that gave the Vandals a bad name far more than any actual acts of “vandalism.” Really, the Vandals were no more barbaric than other Germans.Justinian's famous general, Belisarius, repulsed the Vandals and reoccupied North Africa for the Byzantine Empire in 534.The Visigoths and Vandals were followed up by Suevians, the Burgundians, and the Franks.The Franks were the least mobile of the Germanic tribes. They settled in northern France and expanded their rule from there. They joined several other German tribes along with the Romans to stave off the common threat of the Huns in 451.Of all the German tribes, the Franks were the least inclined to heed the work of Christian missions. They seemed immune to conversion until their king Clovis in the mid 5th C.Clovis's conversion to the Faith was a significant moment in the history of Europe. Since the Vandals, Goths and Burgundians were Arian, it seemed likely Arianism would take over the West. Alone of the Germanic kingdoms, the Franks under Clovis embraced what we call Catholic or Nicean Christianity, the majority faith of his European subjects.In 492, Bishop Avitus of Vienna arranged the marriage of a Burgundian princess named Clotilda to Clovis. Clotilda was a committed Christian of Nicean-flavor. The Royal couple had a son, who was baptized but died while still in his baptismal robes. Clovis, who at that point was still a pagan, loudly declared his gods would not allow such a thing to happen. Later they had another son. This one thrived.Then, in battle with the Alemanni and things not going in his favor, the desperate Clovis asked for the aid of the Christian God. The battle turned in his favor. When the Alemanni were defeated, Clovis submitted to baptism. Bishop Remigius of Rheims performed the rite on Christmas day in 496.The source for all this is a work by Gregory of Tours titled History of the Franks. This book gave the Franks their identity and shaped their understanding of the future they were to have in forging European history.Following his baptism, Clovis was anointed in his role as monarch. This anointing of the king by a bishop became a custom among the Franks. The resulting aura of sacred Christian kingship seemed to justify Frankish control of the Church. Sadly, Clovis's character remained little changed by his official acceptance of Christianity. It seems he adopted the religion as a matter of political expediency, but he didn't receive the Gospel.In 493, Odoacer, the German general who'd forced the abdication of the last Western Roman Emperor a little less than 20 years before, was killed by the Eastern or Ostro-goth king Theodoric. Next to Clovis, Theodoric was the most important ruler of the barbarian kingdoms. Theodoric made Ravenna in Italy his capital. He was an Arian who adopted Byzantine culture. Though he was personally tolerant, his Nicean-Catholic subjects weren't so much. His rule saw the last flowering of late Roman culture in the West. The Ostrogothic kingdom continued until 553, when the Eastern general Belisarius retook much of Italy for the Byzantine Empire.The cultural revival that occurred during the first half of the 6th C  has been called the “Indian Summer of Christian Antiquity.” This period saw a number of influential persons who laid the foundation of Early Medieval society.Boethius was a from a leading Roman family who became a philosopher and statesman in the court of Theodoric. Although loyal, Boethius came under suspicion and Theodoric had him imprisoned and executed. While in prison, Boethius wrote his most famous work, The Consolation of Philosophy. This work is important because it marks the transition from the Church Fathers or what's called Patristics to the Scholastics, who we'll talk more about later.  Through his translations, Boethius handed to the Middle Ages, the ethics and logic of Aristotle. The Scholastics regarded Boethius as the greatest authority in philosophy after Aristotle.Dionysius Exiguus was a Central Asian who came to Rome toward the end of the 5th C. He collected and translated the canons of the Eastern Church into Latin. He also collected the canons and papal decrees of the Western church. His work bore tremendous ecclesiastical authority.But Dionysius had a much wider significance in that he introduced a system of dating based on the Christian era, beginning with the incarnation of Christ. He's the one who came up with the whole BC and AD markers to divide time. Until that time, the secular method of charting the date was determined by the rule of the consuls of Rome and the Empire of Diocletian. Unfortunately, Dionysius miscalculated the date of Jesus' birth, so that according to contemporary reckoning Jesus was born at least 4 BC.This is also the time of Gregory the Great, who'll we'll devote an entire episode to soon.Last in the chronicle we'll include in the list of barbarians invasions is the Lombards. In 568 this Germanic tribe broke through the northern bounds of Justinian's Empire and entered Italy. Gregory the Great turned them back in 593 and secured peace by dividing Italy between Lombard and Imperial land. The Lombards were a factious lot and ruled from 3 centers: The kingdom at Pavia in the north threatened the imperial capital at Ravenna; the duchies of Spoleto and Benevento in central Italy were a danger to Rome and Naples. The Lombards were Arian. Their acceptance of Catholic Christianity did not come until the 7th C.As we wrap up this episode, let's take a look at the effect of the Barbarian Invasions.Augustine wasn't the only one who attempted a literary response to the Germanic invasions. While the sack of Rome in 410 seemed to many the end of the ages, Orosius,  wrote 7 volumes against the Pagans to show that the pre-Christian world suffered no less than the present. The work became a kind of manual for understanding history in the Middle Ages. Orosius gave a central place to the Roman Empire in God's plan. His history placed on the Western mind the idea of the divine role of Roman civilization. Jerome had already interpreted the 4th kingdom of the book of Daniel as Rome and concluded that it was to continue as long as the Church did. Orosius promoted the view that both the Hebrews and Romans played an important part in the salvation of the world.Salvian's work titled On the Divine Government in 440 promoted the historical significance of the Germans. He exaggerated their good characteristics as set over against Roman corruption. He said God used the Germans as the sword of judgment on wicked Rome.Three attitudes prevailed in Europe regarding the barbarian invasions àAugustine held that ultimately, political success or failure make no difference. His focus was on the world to come. In contrast, Orosius said Christianity was the guarantor of the Empire's prosperity. Salvian claimed the Empire was punished for its sins.But an interesting thing happened once the German invaders settled down in the old Roman lands. By and large, they shed either their Arian-flavored faith for Nicean-Catholic Christianity and they adopted the Roman culture – or at least, what was left of it. Over a couple generations they came to identify themselves as Romans rather than as Goths, Franks, Burgundians and Lombards.But even with these adaptations to Roman culture, the old Roman and the new Germanic peoples were divided by language. The Romans spoke Latin, the Germans Goth. Customs of food and dress carried on in many places with the Latins wearing togas while the Germans wore trousers.  Their legal systems differed and laws were applied to the different classes in the same kingdom. It took centuries for the 2 peoples to blend and become the nations of modern Europe. Greco-Roman civilization was based on cities. The Germanic invasions brought a decline to cities. A rural economy developed in the West, accelerating the move to what we've come to associate so centrally with the Middle  Ages - Feudalism. While in the East, cities remained the main fixture of the social organization, in the West, landed estates rose to prominence. Rulers relied on their own lands, so there was a decentralization of government.With a decline in centralized government in the West, the Church took over many of the services once provided by the State, like education. Churches and monasteries were bound to the agricultural economy of the West and profited by a close relationship with local rulers. But one thing that saw the importance and influence of the Church grow substantially at this time was the fracturing that occurred in the political realm. When Western Europe was divided up into hundreds of smaller regions, each with its own ruler, the universal authority of the Church under Rome and the regional bishops provided a continuity that was desperately needed. No secular authority in the West was able to control the Church as an organ of state to the same extent as the Eastern emperors. So in the West, rather than kings ruling in Church affairs, it was the Church that increasingly played an role in political affairs.Once again I want to say thanks to all those who've gone to the CS FB  page and given us a like. The comments have been a blessing.I especially want to say thanks to those who've given the podcast a good review on iTunes. iTunes is the main portal for the podcast and positive reviews go a LONG way in helping promote the podcast.I don't often mention it, but need to occasionally If you'd like to make a donation to keep Communio Sanctorum online, you can use the donate feature on the website. Sanctorum.us podcast on iTunes.