Podcasts about Suma

Episodio 11 de Largo Aliento de 2025: Hemos estado hablando del crecimiento económico y las circunstancias que lo han permitido a lo largo de la historia, pero hoy haremos énfasis en el concepto de suma cero. ¿Qué implica este fenómeno? Que lo que uno solo aprovecha, como la tierra, impide que alguien más lo haga. Y si bien todavía existe la suma cero en ciertas formas, se trata de una idea arcaica que nada tiene que ver con la economía actual.

LA SPORTIVA PRODIGIO: CUATRO ZAPATILLAS TRAIL RUNNING Y MONTAÑA Comparativa por Mayayo en Radio Trail¿Cual es la tuya?En el vasto catálogo de La Sportiva, la familia Prodigio actúa como un oasis de comodidad para corredores veteranos que buscan reconciliar kilómetros infinitos con ligereza y protección. Es la línea para andar o correr largo pero ligeros, pensada para ultras y largas travesías, donde el confort y la eficiencia son más importantes que nunca.La Sportiva Prodigio representa la apuesta maximalista de la marca italiana, con media suelas generosas y geometrías diseñadas para ahorrar energía sin perder el ADN técnico que tanto aprecian los montañeros de raza. Vamos ahora con una panorámica de las cuatro hermanas y sus diferencias• La Prodigio original lanzada en 2024 es la versión “todo terreno”, pensada para ultras donde la comodidad prima y cada gramo cuenta lo justo.• A su lado, la Prodigio Pro cuyo videoanálisis podeis ver en nuestro canal youtube.com/moxigeno lleva la propuesta a un nivel más competitivo: menos peso, más reactividad y una cubierta de punto para un ajuste casi de calcetín, ideal para quien exprime segundos en carrera. Y para quienes exploran más allá del crono,• la Prodigio Hike GTX se presenta como la hermana híbrida: una zapatilla/bota de caña media con membrana Gore-Tex Invisible Fit, capaz de enfrentarse a lluvia y barro sin perder la ligereza y fluidez en la marcha rápida.• La Sportiva prodigio max es la versión maximalista para ultras, que sube hasta 37mm en talón, la más alta de las cuatro hermanasLa saga La Sportiva Prodigio marca un antes y un después en la casa italiana: Suma ya cuatro versiones del concepto base lanzado en 2024. Desde el ultra corredor que persigue podios, al aventurero que devora kilómetros con mochila, La Sportiva ofrece este 2025 una Prodigio para cada espíritu montañero...y para 2026 tiene previsto un nuevo paso adelante en su pilar base. LA SPORTIVA PRODIGIO 2: Avance ya en web, por MayayoLA SPORTIVA PRODIGIO: CONCLUSIÓNEn definitiva, el desarrollo de la saga La Sportiva Prodigio desde 2024 y especialmente esta flamante La Sportiva Prodigio Max confirma que La Sportiva ha sabido escuchar a los corredores de ultra distancia, lanzando un modelo que será referencia en 2025 para quienes buscan devorar kilómetros con seguridad y estilo italiano. Si eres corremontes, aquí te dejamos las cuatro hermanas Prodigio  2025 de forma que te ayude a elegir la que te vaya mejor escuchando nuestro especial de radio #carrerasdemontaña #radiotrailConviértete en un seguidor de este podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/radio-trail-carreras-de-montana-mayayo--4373839/support.

Šiemet nuo elektroninių cigarečių jau mirė du paaugliai. Sveikatos specialistai atvirai kalba apie cheminę ataką ir sunkumus nustatyti, kas apskritai buvo vartota. Politikai ir vėl prabilo apie visišką elektroninių cigarečių draudimą, tačiau kritikai sako, kad draudimai tik dar labiau skatina garinimo priemonių ieškoti socialiniuose tinkluose ir vartoti nežinia ką.Kaip išsaugoti vaikų gyvybes?Laidoje dalyvauja Seimo nariai Saulius Čaplinskas, Jurgita Sejonienė, Remigijus Žemaitaitis,europarlamentaras Aurelijus Veryga ir Laisvės partijos narė Morgana Danielė.Ved. Liepa Želnienė

This episode of The Leader's Kitbag is a little different. It's a direct response to a brilliant question I received from Suma on TikTok about accountability, specifically, what to do when things fall through the cracks and your colleagues perceive you as not being accountable. In this episode, you'll learn: What accountability really means, and why it's about everything we do The power of a genuine, no-excuses apology Why context matters, and how to offer it without deflecting How to ask what I can do to fix this, and really mean it The critical step we often skip: learning and adapting Whether you've been in this situation before or want to be ready for when it inevitably happens, this episode is packed with practical tips you can use immediately. If this episode resonated with you, you'll love my Leader's Kitbag email series. Each week, I'll send you one high-impact leadership insight, along with tools, tips, and strategies to help you lead with confidence and clarity. There's no spam, just proven tactics and insight to help you be a great leader. Join The Leaders Kitbag email community here and get practical leadership support delivered straight to your inbox. Until next time, lead on.

LA SPORTIVA PRODIGIO: CUATRO ZAPATILLAS TRAIL RUNNING Y MONTAÑA Comparativa por Mayayo Radio ¿Cual es la tuya? En el vasto catálogo de La Sportiva, la familia Prodigio actúa como un oasis de comodidad para corredores veteranos que buscan reconciliar kilómetros infinitos con ligereza y protección. Es la línea para andar o correr largo pero ligeros, pensada para ultras y largas travesías, donde el confort y la eficiencia son más importantes que nunca. La Sportiva Prodigio representa la apuesta maximalista de la marca italiana, con media suelas generosas y geometrías diseñadas para ahorrar energía sin perder el ADN técnico que tanto aprecian los montañeros de raza. Vamos ahora con una panorámica de las cuatro hermanas y sus diferencias • La Prodigio original lanzada en 2024 es la versión “todo terreno”, pensada para ultras donde la comodidad prima y cada gramo cuenta lo justo. • A su lado, la Prodigio Pro cuyo videoanálisis podeis ver en nuestro canal youtube.com/moxigeno lleva la propuesta a un nivel más competitivo: menos peso, más reactividad y una cubierta de punto para un ajuste casi de calcetín, ideal para quien exprime segundos en carrera. Y para quienes exploran más allá del crono, • la Prodigio Hike GTX se presenta como la hermana híbrida: una zapatilla/bota de caña media con membrana Gore-Tex Invisible Fit, capaz de enfrentarse a lluvia y barro sin perder la ligereza y fluidez en la marcha rápida. • La Sportiva prodigio max es la versión maximalista para ultras, que sube hasta 37mm en talón, la más alta de las cuatro hermanas La saga La Sportiva Prodigio marca un antes y un después en la casa italiana: Suma ya cuatro versiones del concepto base lanzado en 2024. Desde el ultra corredor que persigue podios, al aventurero que devora kilómetros con mochila, La Sportiva ofrece este 2025 una Prodigio para cada espíritu montañero...y para 2026 tiene previsto un nuevo paso adelante en su pilar base. LA SPORTIVA PRODIGIO 2: Avance ya en web, por Mayayo LA SPORTIVA PRODIGIO: CONCLUSIÓN En definitiva, el desarrollo de la saga La Sportiva Prodigio desde 2024 y especialmente esta flamante La Sportiva Prodigio Max confirma que La Sportiva ha sabido escuchar a los corredores de ultra distancia, lanzando un modelo que será referencia en 2025 para quienes buscan devorar kilómetros con seguridad y estilo italiano. Si eres corremontes, aquí te dejamos las cuatro hermanas Prodigio 2025 de forma que te ayude a elegir la que te vaya mejor escuchando nuestro especial de radio #carrerasdemontaña #radiotrail

Chihuahua sigue siendo el estado más afectado por dicho padecimiento con más de 3 mil casos acumulados hasta el lunes 14 de julio y 68 confirmados tan sólo en los últimos dos días.

En las próximas horas se estaría firmando el contrato entre Portugal y Colombia para la producción de pasaportes en el país.

Ruth Nina se ratificó y justificó sus declaraciones, en las cuales señaló que el día de las elecciones se contarán muertos y no votos. Es más, dijo que está dispuesta a responder ante la justicia y desafió a las autoridades que la encarcelen a ver si eso suma o resta votos, en particular al MAS.“Si encarcelada Ruth Nina le va a sumar votos al gobierno, al MAS, o le va a sumar el voto a Samuel y a Tuto, quienes han gritado a los cuatro vientos mediante sus diputados, senadores que me encarcelen, que se la jueguen ahora. Que se la jueguen encarcelando a Ruth Nina, a ver si les suma votos o les resta votos para perder su personería jurídica”, manifestó la dirigente en La Mañana en Directo de ERBOL.

¿Quieres avanzar con velocidad real? Entonces necesitas cortar el ruido. En este episodio de la serie “12 Semanas Para Reventarla”, te explico cómo eliminar distracciones, hacer limpieza en tu agenda y crear un filtro que te ayude a tomar decisiones más inteligentes. Esto no es solo productividad. Es una estrategia brutal para recuperar tu tiempo, tu energía y tu enfoque. Y en ventas, eso vale oro. Dale play, elimina lo que no suma… y reventa con intención.

Más detalles en T13.cl

El Ayuntamiento de Rincón de la Victoria se ha unido nuevamente a la campaña de concienciación medioambiental `Aquí salvamos tortugas´. Un año más, el municipio forma parte de esta iniciativa nacional promovida por la Fundación Oceanogràfic, que tiene como objetivo informar y sensibilizar sobre la presencia de tortugas marinas en las costas del Mediterráneo y la importancia de su conservación. La campaña ya está presente en Rincón de la Victoria a través de cartelería visible instalada en distintos puntos del municipio, dirigida tanto a residentes como visitantes, que informan cómo actuar en caso de avistamiento de tortugas marinas, recomendando contactar con el 112 para activar la red de varamientos. El concejal de Sostenibilidad Medioambiental, Borja Ortiz (PP), ha señalado que “la iniciativa busca concienciar a la población sobre la necesidad de seguir un protocolo de actuación, ya que cada vez es más frecuente que las tortugas bobas elijan nuestras playas para anidar”. Por su parte, el alcalde de Rincón de la Victoria, Francisco Salado (PP), ha subrayado “la importancia de apoyar campañas como esta, que contribuyen a divulgar y concienciar sobre la conservación de una especie marina amenazada por factores como la contaminación, la pérdida de hábitat o la acción humana, que entre todos podemos prevenir”. En esta misma línea, el concejal de Playas, Sergio Díaz (PP), ha destacado que “a través de estas campañas aprendemos sobre la biología de las tortugas marinas, cómo identificar sus rastros en la arena durante la época de anidación, y qué pasos seguir si encontramos un ejemplar en peligro”. La campaña ‘Aquí salvamos tortugas’ comenzó en 2019 en la Comunidad Valenciana de la mano de la Fundación Oceanogràfic y ha ido creciendo, uniéndose la Fundación Azul Marino y la Fundación Palma Aquarium y ampliándose a las Islas Baleares y la Región de Murcia, hasta hace dos veranos, que se unió el Acuario de Sevilla con la participación de las localidades de Andalucía. Este año son ya más de 100 municipios los adheridos a la campaña. Esta acción cuenta además con la colaboración de la Junta de Andalucía y la Federación Andaluza de Municipios y Provincias (FAMP), y es posible gracias al compromiso de los ayuntamientos participantes que, como Rincón de la Victoria, trabajan para promover la concienciación medioambiental y la protección de la fauna marina.

Un intenso olor a quemado, unido a una neblina en el ambiente ha sorprendido esta mañana a los vecinos de Alicante y Murcia. No se trataba de ningún una situación en la Región, sino de humo procedente del incendio que afecta al bajo Ebro en Tarragona. Un humo que ha empeorado la calidad del aire en varios puntos de la comunidad.Antonia Baeza, profesora de ingeniería química de la Universidad de Murcia, investigadora del grupo Calidad del Aire y miembro del Observatorio de la Movilidad del Ayuntamiento de Murcia explica que este humo puede ser tóxico para algunos colectivos porque además llega en un momento en el que hay mucho ozono en el ambiente de la Región debido a la alta radiación solar y considera que se deberían adoptar medidas propias de un aviso por contaminación, como por ejemplo el uso de mascarillas entre la población vulnerable.

Marcos Juni (Creador de Drink Suma+) Business Plan.mp3

Las redes complejas son clave para entender cómo funcionan los sistemas interconectados y cómo, a partir de relaciones aparentemente sencillas, emergen características que van más allá de sus componentes individuales. Con Ernesto Estrada, Profesor de Investigación en el Instituto de Física Interdisciplinaria y Sistemas Complejos (IFISC), exploramos cómo estas estructuras matemáticas aparecen y determinan el comportamiento de elementos tan diversos como el cerebro, las redes sociales o los ecosistemas naturales.

Imagina lo que pudo haber gastado el hombre más rico del mundo en su matrimonio si la fiesta duró más de una semana. Mantente al día con los últimos de 'El Bueno, la Mala y el Feo'. ¡Suscríbete para no perderte ningún episodio!Ayúdanos a crecer dejándonos un review ¡Tu opinión es muy importante para nosotros!¿Conoces a alguien que amaría este episodio? ¡Compárteselo por WhatsApp, por texto, por Facebook, y ayúdanos a correr la voz!Escúchanos en Uforia App, Apple Podcasts, Spotify, y el canal de YouTube de Uforia Podcasts, o donde sea que escuchas tus podcasts.'El Bueno, la Mala y el Feo' es un podcast de Uforia Podcasts, la plataforma de audio de TelevisaUnivision.

Sheinbaum rechaza criminalización de migrantes tras apertura de la cárcel  Alcatraz de CaimanesPolicía abate a hombre armado tras toma de rehén en gimnasio de GAMAtaque con dron ucraniano deja 3 muertos en planta industrial rusaMás información en nuestro podcast

Xavier Vidal-Folch reflexiona sobre los movimientos del PP tanteando cómo respiran los socios del Gobierno

El fiscal Damián Campos pasó por el aire de Radio 5 y brindó detalles del violento robo que se desarrolló en la vecina localidad de Intendente Alvear.

Guionista de teatro e televisão, atriz, encenadora, professora de Interpretação, a atividade profissional de Mafalda Santos estende-se até à escrita.O terceiro romance de Mafalda chama-se “Aquilo que o Sono Esconde”, e foi editado pela Suma de Letras, no início deste ano. Este é um thriller-surrealista, um termo que a própria inventou porque sentia que não havia outro que descrevesse os seus livros. No podcast “Ponto Final, Parágrafo”, fala do bloqueio de escrita que teve, de como os temas do sono e dos sonhos entraram no universo deste livro, e de como uma história verídica de luta contra uma seguradora inspirou esta obra.Depois de vários meses de promoção do livro, com inúmeros encontros com leitores, apresentações e feiras do livro, a autora conta que se apercebeu de que, inconscientemente, quis manipular o leitor na leitura deste livro ao lhe apresentar um personagem principal horrível, sem competências sociais básicas, e, mesmo assim, colocar o leitor do lado de Jaime, torcendo, mesmo por ele.Considera apoiar o podcast no Patreon: patreon.com/pontofinalparagrafoContacto do podcast: ⁠⁠pontofinalparagrafo.fm@gmail.com⁠⁠Segue o Ponto Final, Parágrafo nas redes sociais: Instagram, Twitter e FacebookProdução, apresentação e edição: Magda CruzGenérico: Nuno ViegasLogótipo: Gonçalo Pinto com fotografia de João Pedro Morais

Registros de sedes políticas, empresas públicas y domicilios particulares de ex altos cargos; dos exsecretarios de organización del PSOE y un exasesor de transportes envueltos en una oscura trama de adjudicaciones de obras públicas. Nada que no hayamos oído ya en los últimos 40 años. En Crónica 24/7, te ofrecemos los sonidos de la corrupción desde los años 80.

Registros de sedes políticas, empresas públicas y domicilios particulares de ex altos cargos; dos exsecretarios de organización del PSOE y un exasesor de transportes envueltos en una oscura trama de adjudicaciones de obras públicas. Nada que no hayamos oído ya en los últimos 40 años. En Crónica 24/7, te ofrecemos los sonidos de la corrupción desde los años 80.

Con foco en la transformación cultural y la inteligencia artificial generativa, Oracle nombra a Sofia Guidotti como nueva Managing Director para Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, Bolivia y Perú, impulsando una nueva etapa de compromiso con la transformación y la innovación en Sudamérica.

Emergencia en 55 municipios de Oaxaca por impacto de Erick Diputados aprueban colección de 20 monedas de plataPapa León XIV exige medidas firmes contra abusos sexualesMás información en nuestro podcast

En 2024 se tramitaron 643.000 bajas por problemas de salud mental, mientras que en 2022 se podrían haber evitado 170.000 casos de depresión asociados a malas condiciones laborales, según el último estudio elaborado por los Ministerios de Trabajo y Sanidad. El periodista Enrique Aparicio, quien ha sufrido en propia piel lo que es un trastorno derivado del trabajo, cuenta que lleva seis años trabajando con diferentes profesionales: "Muchas cosas que he trabajado con ellos son totalmente sociales, con el trabajo, con las expectativas de futuro derivadas de eso".Aparicio lo resume en una "precariedad cronificada". De una inestabilidad que ahora se suma el problema de la vivienda, a pesar de tener un trabajo más o menos estable. Apunta a un "neoliberalismo salvaje" que mide nuestro valor humano prácticamente en términos de productividad: "Llevamos ya ese neoliberalismo dentro. La autoexplotación, el no desconectar, todo ello va socavando la calidad de vida y perturba el equilibrio mental". Y, ¿Cómo rompemos esas estructuras establecidas? El periodista señala que los poderes públicos tienen que hacer políticas decididas en ese sentido: "Subir el salario mínimo interprofesional o reducir la jornada laboral son medidas de salud mental", concluye.Escuchar audio

Mesa del análisis, con Esther Palomera, Fernando Garea y Ángel Munárriz

Mesa del análisis, con Esther Palomera, Fernando Garea y Ángel Munárriz

Escuche esta y más noticias de LA PATRIA Radio de lunes a viernes por los 1540 AM de Radio Cóndor en Manizales y en www.lapatria.com, encuentre videos de las transmisiones en nuestro Facebook Live: www.facebook.com/lapatria.manizales/videos

En medio de la actual guerra entre Israel e Irán que comenzó el pasado viernes, el vicecanciller de Irán, Saeed Khatibzadeh, le advirtió a Estados Unidos que no se una a los ataques israelíes contra su territorio.

Escuche esta y más noticias de LA PATRIA Radio de lunes a viernes por los 1540 AM de Radio Cóndor en Manizales y en www.lapatria.com, encuentre videos de las transmisiones en nuestro Facebook Live: www.facebook.com/lapatria.manizales/videos

Manuel, Natalia y Román Lozinski arman el ranking más polémico: ¿Qué los pone celosos? Desde likes en redes hasta "amigos inseparables", descubren qué les hace hervir la sangre. ¡Las confesiones más honestas (y divertidas) sobre inseguridades! ¿Celos sanos o tóxicos? Román sorprende con sus límites radicales, mientras Natalia y Manuel debaten situaciones cotidianas. Un episodio para reír, reflexionar y decir: "¡A mí también me pasa!"

Sheinbaum informa al Congreso su viaje a la Cumbre del G-7 Anuncian reloj de la cuenta regresiva para el Mundial 2026 Siguen 30 incendios forestales activos en el país

Escuche esta y más noticias de LA PATRIA Radio de lunes a viernes por los 1540 AM de Radio Cóndor en Manizales y en www.lapatria.com, encuentre videos de las transmisiones en nuestro Facebook Live: www.facebook.com/lapatria.manizales/videos

En entrevista para MVS Noticias con Ana Francisca Vega, Angela Molina, colaboradora de MVS Noticias, habló sobre Laureano, el árbol que podría vencer a la inmobiliaria. Vecinos de la Benito Juárez piden declararlo patrimonio natural para evitar que sea talado por una constructora. "Exactamente hace un año, el 13 de junio de 2024, fue que se declaró patrimonio natural este árbol que mencionas, Eugenio, igual en la alcaldía Benito Juárez, y que fue una lucha de meses, o sea fueron ocho meses", dijo.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Colima ordena suspender  navegación a embarcaciones menoresBrugada se suma a condena expresada por SheinbaumONU exige liberar a cinco activistas indígenas condenadosMás información en nuestro Podcast

🎙️ Estimados oyentes y mecenas: En este episodio he querido acercarles, de manera concisa y accesible, al pensamiento de Maurice Merleau-Ponty, destacando su concepción de la percepción como núcleo de nuestra relación con el mundo. Espero que este recorrido contribuya a una mejor comprensión de su filosofía y despierte en ustedes el deseo de profundizar en su obra. Agradezco sinceramente su apoyo, que hace posible la continuidad de este espacio de reflexión y divulgación. Les invito a compartir sus comentarios y opiniones, que enriquecen este proyecto común. 📗ÍNDICE *. Resúmenes. 1. LAS RELACIONES MUNDANAS. 2. LA LIBERTAD CONDICIONADA. AQUÍ https://go.ivoox.com/rf/140832026 puedes escuchar una introducción al Existencialismo. Audio recomendado de la semana: Suma contra Gentiles - En Dios no cabe la adición de una diferencia específica. https://go.ivoox.com/rf/83761727 🎼Música de la época: 📀 Sintonía: Sinfonía n.º 5, op. 74 – Malcolm Arnold, estrenada el 1 de octubre de 1961. 🎨Imagen: Maurice Merleau-Ponty (Rochefort-sur-Mer, 15 de marzo de 1908​-París, 3 de mayo de 1961) fue un filósofo fenomenólogo francés, fuertemente influido por Edmund Husserl. 👍Pulsen un Me Gusta y colaboren a partir de 2,99 €/mes si se lo pueden permitir para asegurar la permanencia del programa ¡Muchas gracias a todos!

Fiscalía suma nueva causa penal contra Claudio Orrego tras informe de Contraloría que detectó irregularidades en dineros de campaña by El Líbero

Resumen de noticias de la mañana de LA NACION del 4 de junio de 2025 

De 'Un libro, una hora'  en la radio a la publicación de  'Cien libros, una vida"  (Aguilar) . Nuestro bibliotecario Antonio Martínez Asensio presenta su libro con cien títulos que le han marcado en Hoy por Hoy. No repite ningún autor o autora y los ha dividido en cuatro grupos: 'Los clasicazos", "los clásicos modernos", "Serán clásicos" y "Mis lecturas más personales" . Es una guía literaria o una macro lista vital del mejor contador de libros de este país. De los 100 le hemos obligado ha donarno los tres que para él son los más importantes en su vida lectora y nos ha dejado : 'El soldado de porcelana' de Horacio Vázquez Rial (Verticales de Bolsillo) , 'Los seres felices' de Marcos Giralt Torrente (Anagrama) y  'Mentira' de Enrique de Hériz (Edhasa) .  Además, en su función de bibliotecario radiofónico nos dejó los  libros que le inspiró  la actualidad de la semana:  'Solenoide' de Mircea Cartarescu (Impedimenta) , 'Los memorables' de Lidia Jorge (La umbría y la solana),  'Un polaco en la corte del Rey Juan Carlos" de Manuel Vázquez Montalbán (Alfaguara), 'La democracia amenazada' de Jesús A. Martínez (Cátedra) y 'Como los ricos saquean el planeta y cómo impedírselo' de Hervé Kemppf, ilustrado por Juan Méndez (Garbuix Books) . por útimo dejó el libro que nos contará en 'Un libro , una hora'  'Vuelo nocturno' de Antoine de Saint-Exupéry (Anaya) . El empleado de la Biblioteca de Hoy por Hoy Pepe Rubio nos trajo las novedades: 'Valentina' de María Zabay (Suma) y  'La toffana' de Vanessa Monfort (Espasa). Pascual Donate volvió a rescatar un libro perdido en la redacción de la SER y, ojo, encontró uno de sexo:  'Sexamor' de Silvia Sanz (Aguilar) . Y finalmente las donaciones de los oyentes: 'Cuerpos y almas' de Maxence Van Der Meersch (DeBolsillo),  'Mujer de rojo  sobre fondo gris' de Miguel Delibes (Destino)  , 'Celia lo que dice' y 'Celia en la revolución' de Elena Fortún (Renacimiento)

El equipo de austin le saca un punto al lider de la conferencia del Oeste, Vancouver, donde ninguno de los dos se hicieron daño dejando el marcador 0-0.La afición sigue dudando del ataque del equipo a pesar de que se jugó un mejor fútbol a comparación de los últimos partidos

Anksčiau nei su federacijos vadovais ar rinktinės treneriais Jonas Valančiūnas susitiko su Jonu Miklovu ir Karoliu Tiškevičiumi. Jūsų dėmesiui – atviras, nuoširdus ir betarpiškas pokalbis su Lietuvos rinktinės kapitonu. Pokalbio partneriai: - Boozt.com švenčia 3 metų gimtadienį Lietuvoje! Šia proga beveik visam asortimentui taikomos nuo 30% iki 50% nuolaidos! O jei rasite prekių be nuolaidų – pasinaudokite mūsų kodu BASKETNEWS30, kuris suteiks 30% nuolaidą viskam! Kodas galioja perkant bent už 69 Eur, iki gegužės 31 d., nuolaida nesumuojama su kitomis nuolaidomis ir kodais. – Oficialu - tik Telia 5G veikia net 95 % Lietuvos, faktas. Tik dabar užsisakęs Telia 5G internetą namams išsirink dovaną: Samsung Galaxy planšetę arba išmanų žiedą RingConn. Ir mėgaukis numeris vienas greičiausiu Telia mobiliuoju ryšiu visoje Lietuvoje. Ryšių reguliavimo tarnybos 2025-05-07 duomenys, tikėtinos operatorių 5G tinklų aprėptys teritorijoje procentais pagal silpną signalo lygį. Daugiau informacijos: https://www.rrt.lt/judriojo-rysio-tinklu-tiketinos-aprepties-zonos/. Ryšių reguliavimo tarnybos 2025 m. mobiliojo ryšio greičio matavimų duomenimis „Telia“ mobilus ryšys yra greičiausias Lietuvoje. Daugiau informacijos: https://matavimai.rrt.lt/. Temos: Ilgai lauktas svečias (0:00); Tėtis Jonas sūnaus rungtynėse Estijoje (2:13); Kaip garsi pavardė spaudžia vaikus (5:58); Konlfliktas su Pačėsu ir būsimas pokalbis su Kurtinaičiu (11:45); Buzelio sprendimas ir kas jei nelieka Pačėso? (23:38); Kodėl Buzelis mums toks svarbus? (32:08); Neregėta Buzelio koncentracija (40:38); Jono bendravimas su Buzeliais (47:18); Jono pažadai dėl žaidimo Europoje, karjeros NBA pabaiga ir skausmai (50:30); Mainai į Sakramentą ir žaidimas su Domu ir Kleiza (55:48); Pačėso aktyvumas internete (1:04:58); Sumažėjęs JV vaidmuo ir Sabonio sveikata (1:06:34); Priekaištai praeities rinktinėms – pagrįsti ir ne (1:12:17); Filipinuose užpykęs Sėkla ir jo skambutis Valančiūnui (1:23:00); Aukštaitijoje siautėjanti meška (1:26:33); Laikas išsiaiškinti su Pačėsu (1:28:00).

Carlos Antonio Vélez, en sus Palabras Mayores del 14 de mayo de 2025, habló de la Selección Colombia, de la convocatoria que tendría Kevin Mier y de los trabajos que hará el equipo nacional en Medellín, antes de concentrarse en Barranquilla. Vélez se refirió a las criticas que ha recibido Carlo Ancelotti en Brasil. Carlos Antonio mencionó los nuevos reconocimiento de Luis Díaz en Europa y analizó los "fracasos" de James Rodríguez.

Mientras trabajaba como mecánico en los años 30, un joven afroamericano llamado Garrett Morgan notó los frecuentes accidentes en las intersecciones viales. En vez de quedarse indiferente, inventó un semáforo de tres luces. Su diseño fue adoptado en todo el país, salvando innumerables vidas. Morgan nunca buscó fama; solo vio una necesidad y decidió actuar. Muchas veces creemos que solo las decisiones grandes definen nuestras vidas. Pero es en la obediencia diaria, en las acciones pequeñas, donde se forja el carácter y el propósito. En la Biblia, vemos cómo una viuda usó su última harina para alimentar al profeta Elías, o cómo un niño ofreció cinco panes y dos peces. Por lo tanto, ningún acto guiado por fe es insignificante. De modo que, no subestimes tu obediencia hoy. Puede parecer pequeña, rutinaria o silenciosa, pero Dios la ve y la multiplicará para Su gloria. Así que, vive con intención. Escoge servir, perdonar, ayudar o perseverar. Tus decisiones diarias son semillas que Dios hará crecer. La Biblia dice en Zacarías 4:10: “Porque los que menospreciaron el día de las pequeñeces se alegrarán” (RV1960).

Last time we spoke about the Battle for the Great Wall of China. In 1933, the Kwantung Army faced logistical struggles and sought political deals with Chinese warlords to seize North China. Despite capturing key areas, chaos reigned as their unauthorized operations defied Tokyo's orders. When Emperor Hirohito demanded a withdrawal, the army reluctantly complied, derailing a coup attempt. Though peace talks followed, distrust persisted, and rogue Japanese commanders plotted fresh offensives. The Tanggu truce was anything but fair to China. The Japanese followed it up with continuous negotiations aimed at slicing more and more out of China. By 1935 North China was practically annexed if but all in official terms. The Japanese seized postal rights, train rights, airline rights, set up puppets to police a new demilitarized zone and seemed never appeased fully. Yet they did not only have their eye on Northern China.    #149 Incidents in North China: Operation Chahar Welcome to the Fall and Rise of China Podcast, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about the history of Asia? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on history of asia and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel where I cover the history of China and Japan from the 19th century until the end of the Pacific War. May 1935, marked the peak of Sino-Japanese efforts at reconciliation. Yet this quickly fell apart in June as the Kwantung Army continued to encroach in North China. More specifically they began to look at Chahar province. Between January and May of 1935 some 50 instances of anti-Japanese violence had broken out in North China and behind these outbursts seemed to be Yu Xuecheng, the chairman of Hubei's provincial Government. He was not alone in his efforts as many KMT members, generals in the Central Army and Blue Shirt Society also had helping hands to play. The Japanese were particularly infuriated by incessant attacks from the bandit army led by Sun Yungqin and the assassinations of two pro-Japanese figures operating in Tientsin, Pai Yuhuan and Hu Enpu. Even with th support of the Kwantung Army, maintaining law and order in the demilitarized region established by the Tanggu Trace proved a serious undertaking. The Nanjing government tried exploit the situation, encouraging Sun Yungqin's bandits to create chaos in the demilitarized region. Sun Yungqin's bandit frequently crossed the Great Wall into Rehe in raids. Each time the Kwantung Army attempted to catch them as they fled into the demilitarized region. They particularly liked to do so in the Zunhua district where the official He Xiaoyi supplied the bandits with munitions and provisions. On May 17th, the Kwantung Army was fed up and elected to cross the Great Wall to crush Sun Yungqin once and for all. The Japanese army attache at Peiping, Major Takahasi Tan, notified the Chinese authorities of this decision, claiming the Kwantung Army had the authority to do so under certain provisions within the Tanggu agreement. Beginning on May 20th, the Sugihara Mixed Brigade began its hunt and claimed to have uncovered evidence that Yu Xuecheng had helped guide Sun Yingqin's bandits away from their force. The Japanese also argued the bandits were operating in Manchuria and were calling themselves the “Northeastern Patriotic Volunteers” led by General He Yingqing, the current chairman of the Peiping Branch Military Council.  The bandits were said to have been completely crushed within 5 days by a single brigade. The Japanese also forced the resignation of Yu Xuecheng who refused to organize an anti-chiang kai-shek movement. Shortly before the operation launched, two pro-Japanese newspaper publishers, secretly supported by the Japanese Special Service Agency were assassinated in Tientsin. On May 2nd, Hu Enpu of the Kuochuan pao “national rights” was shot in bed at the Peiyang Hotel in the Japanese concession. That same night, Pai Yuhuan of Chen Pa was murdered in his home. Consul General Kawagoe reported to Tokyo, Hu Enpu and Pai Yuhuan were performing a mission through their newspapers to arouse anti-chiang Kai-shek sentiment in North China. As stated by Kawagoe "Hu and Pai did not have a particularly close personal relationship, but they were regarded with extreme suspicion by the Chinese. Since they were assassinated on the same night, we immediately suspected there was some political intrigue behind these crimes."   Japanese police looked into the matter and discovered the criminals had used a car bearing the plate number 1063 which was owned by Shen Qucheng who was a resident of the Japanese concession. Many suspects were interrogated, and given what they were saying, the Japanese suspected the man behind the assassinations was General Yang Hu, the peace preservation commissioners of Shanghai and an alleged member of the Blue Shirt Society. The Japanese also believed Yang Hu was hiding in the French concessions in Shanghai. In protest of this, the Japanese invoked the Boxer Protocol and Tanggu Truce: “1) The Sun incident and the assassinations of the pro-Japan, proManchukuo newspaperpublishers violated the North China [T'angku] Cease-fire Agreement of May 1933. The North China Cease-fire Agreement stipulated that China would not take any action disturbing the peac e on either side of a line from Lut'ai to Paoti and T'ungchou. The above provision extends to all of China and should of course be applied to any defiant deeds of Chines e officials that threaten the peac e in the Peiping-Tientsin region. The Sun incident and the assassinations of Pai and Hu are clearly contrary to the above agreement.  2) The official note exchanged by China and Japan upon the return of Tientsin in 1902 is applicabl e to the murder of Pai Yühuan. This note stated: "In the event a Chines e national who is employed by a foreign army is accused of disobeying the law, the commander of the army that employs the said Chines e national, in order that the matter may be decided in the most suitable manner has the option of punishing him personally or voluntarily delivering him to the appropriate Chinese authorities. Your government must agree to this arrangement.” Since Pai, as already stated, was in the employ of the Japanese army, his murder is clearly a deed which violates the above note."  Thus the Japanese invoked the right that the commander of the Tientsin garrison had the authority to maintain security and try any criminals. Because the Japanese Army claimed it had authority to conduct investigations, trials and deal punishment within two miles of the Peiping-Shanhaigaun rail line it insisted to do so given the recent events. This actually distorted some of the specifics of the Tanggu Treaty, thus the Japanese were on loose grounds. On May 25th, Tokyo HQ was forewarned of the actions the Kwantung Army would undertake in North China. So Tokyo sent Colonel Sakai Takashi the Tientsin army chief of staff and attache Takahasi Tan called upon Yu Qiaqi, the secretary general of the Political affairs council and General He Yingqin. In fact Sakai backed this up with a threatening public statement: “The execution of anti-Manchukuo plots under the direction of the Chinese authorities, assistance to the "Chinese Patriotic Volunteer Forces," and various acts of terrorism directed against Japan are destructive of the cease-fire agreement. The headquarters for these crimes are in Tientsin and Peiping. Should this state of affairs continue, it will become necessary to incorporate the above two cities in the demilitarized zone. The murders of Hu and Pai are violations of the provisions of the Boxer Settlement and a challenge to Japan. If similar acts hereafter occur, Japan will, on the basis of its treaty rights, be forced to consider what action is necessary for the defense of its rights”. Additionally, Sakai demanded the withdrawal of all KMT aligned units, Blue Shirt Society members, the Political Training Corps of the Peiping Branch Military Council and the 3rd Regiment Military Police from North China. He also wanted Yu Xuecheng dismissed as chairman of Hubei. The next day in a move to intimidate Yu Xuecheng, the Tientsin Army deployed armored vehicles, artillery and machine guns directly in front of his official residence. It seemed now the Japanese sought to incorporate all of Hubei into the new demilitarized region. To make this happen, Sakai had independently put forward these demands, but they were recognized as an ultimatum from Japan, one for which for now had no deadline.  Chiang Kai-Shek, Wang Jingwei, Huang Fu and He Yingqin conferred over the situation and chose to informally talk with the Japanese while they kept the press quiet on the matter. The Chinese took their time, so to pressure them further, the Kwantung Army deployed a infantry battalion and one cavalry brigade at Shanhaiguan, while the Kawaguchi detachment concentrated around Gubeikou and two air force squadrons were brought over to Jinzhou. The Tientsin Army readied two battalions at Tientsin and Tangshan, both prepared to advance to Peiping at a moments notice. After sending numerous orders not to escalate things, Tokyo HQ sent Colonel Kita Seiichi, the chief of its China desk to demand the Kwantung Army not use anymore force. Meanwhile the Imperial Japanese Navy, under the fear of Anglo-American intervention avoided escalating the situation, but kept the 3rd fleet on full alert.  Under immense pressure the Chinese buckled. At 6pm on June 10th, He Yingqin orally advised Major Takahashi that Nanjing would issue a directive ordered the immediate withdrawal of local KMT organs from Hubei; that the 51st NRA Army would depart by rail from Hubei between June 11th and 25th; that the end and 25th NRA divisions of the Central Army would also depart Hubei and that the KMT would issue a directive prohibiting anti-japanese activities throughout China. It was an incredibly embarrassing act and became known as the He-Umezu agreement. Under its provisions the Japanese had expelled the Central Army from North China, Yu Xuecheng's forces, all anti-Japanese organizations of any sort and all anti-Japanese officials were removed. The Japanese had heavily capitalized on the assassinations in Tientsin, however other incidents enabled our good friend Doihara to cause further mayhem.  Following the Tanggu truce, Song Queyuan's 29th Army, consisting of the 37th, 38th and 132nd divisions had been deployed throughout Chahar with his headquarters based at Kalgan. His troops understandably displayed a lot of anti-japanese attitude and behaviors. Like a broken record, it was only a matter of time until an incident organically presented itself. One of the first ones broke out in Changpei. According to the Japanese, so get your grains of salt ready, a group of 8 led by staff officer Kawaguchi Kiyotake of the Tientsin garrison and Ikeda Katsumi of the consulate at Kalga and planned an excursion to Inner Mongolia late October 1934. After completing all the necessary paperwork and procedures, such as securing visas and giving advance notice to the Chinese officials in the areas they would voyage, the Japanese departed Kalgan for Tolun on October 27th. Upon entering Changpei's south gate they were suddenly stopped by troops under Song Queyuans 132nd division alongside some Peace Preservation Corps men. Their commanding officer punched Ikeda as the rest of the party were threatened with Dao swords and rifles. After 40 minutes a Chinese security officer showed up to allow them all to pass through the South Gate.  The Japanese foreign Ministry and Army were obviously outraged by this incident. The vice Consul at Kalgan, Hashimoto Masayasu complained to the chief of staff of the 132nd division and Major Takahasi at Peiping lodged an official complaint with Song Queyuan. On November 25th, Song Queyuan ordered the general commanding the 132nd division, Chao Tengyu, to apologize and dismissed the officer who punched Ikeda. Song Queyuan then guaranteed safe travel for all Japanese throughout Chahar, without any inspection of their possession and he promised to withdraw his troops west of the Great Wall. All of this because a guy was punched, you can really get the sense the Chinese were walking on eggshells. In late 1934, a large contingent of Song Queyuan's cavalry had deployed to the area around Fengning in Rehe. They were defending strategic positions and establishing large peace preservation corps. The Kwantung Army repeatedly demanded they withdraw from the area and the Chinese had made promises as to such by December 31st. Rather than comply, the Chinese launched an offensive and captured 40 Manchukuo militiamen. Song Queyuan rewarded his men with a bounty of 300 silver yuan and ordered the arms of the enemy by handed to the district government of Kuyuan.  On January 17th, the Kwantung Army moved the Nagami detachment of the IJA 8th Division from Chengde to launch a punitive expedition against Song Queyuan's forces in the Kuyuan area. On the 20th the Peiping Branch Military Council informed the Kwantung Army Song Queyuan was already withdrawing his men. Thus the Nagami detachment who had advanced as far as Tat'an turned around for the Great Wall on the 22nd, when they were suddenly attacked by Song Queyuan's troops near Hungnit'an. The Kwantung Army were outraged by what they were calling the first incident in western Rehe. The so-called incident would be resolved on February 2nd nar Ta'an when Zhang Yueting acting on behalf of the NRA 37th division and Major General Tani Hisao on behalf of the IJA 7th division agreed to the following terms: “1) In the future China will strictly prohibit actions that antagonize the Japanese army and will neither move troops into Manchukuo nor adopt a threatening attitude toward Manchukuo. The Chinese will completely suspend their current spying activities, such as scouting the movements of the Kwantung Army.  2) If China violates the above pledges in the future, the Japanese  army will act independently and firmly, but the responsibility will be borne by the Chinese . If the Chinese forces increase their military strength or contemplate strengthening their fortifications, the Japanese army will regard these moves as hostile acts.  3) China is to have the government of Kuyuan district return all arms confiscated (from the Manchukuo militia and turn them over to the Japanese army at Nanweitzu by February 7.  4) The outcome of this conference will be jointly announced on February 4. In particular, the Chinese should be careful that in making their announcement they do not distort the contents of the agreement or engage in counterpropaganda”. Can you imagine there was a second incident at Changpei? 4 members of the Japanese Special Services Agency based out of Abga, some 40 miles northwest of Tolun had come to the same southgate around 4pm on June 5th, traveling to Kalgan. There they were detained by units of the 132nd division who refused to recognize their identification papers. They were apparently held without proper bedding or food, threatened with Dao swords and bayonets. The Japanese claimed it was all done under orders from Song Queyuan's chief of staff and that their officials were interrogated by the chief of military police at Changpei. On June 11th, Lt Colonel Matsui Gennosuke, the head of the Japanese Special Service Agency at Kalgan, demanded an apology from Song Queyuan and for the men responsible to be punished and for further guarantees for safe travel. Matsui also insinuated that unless Song Queyuan severed ties to Nanjing and became Pro-Japanese he might suffer the same fate that had befallen Yu Xuecheng. Clearly the Kwantung Army was looking to remove Song Queyuan's army from Chahar province. There were two major reasons for such a thing, so they could better protect the northwestern flank of Manchukuo and to support Prince De who was attempting a campaign to make Inner Mongolia independent from China.  On June 11th the Kwantung Army directed the Mukden Special Service Agency chief of staff, our old buddy, Doihara, currently in Peiping, to confer with the army attache there and with the Tientsin garrison. They were to push for Song Queyuan's army to be withdrawn south of the Yellow River as rapidly as possible. Tokyo HQ always keeping a close eye on their troublesome Kwantung Officers dispatch this notice to Doihara "Although we desire the evacuation of Song Queyuan's army from Chahar province, we disagree that we should, at this time, demand its withdrawal south of the Yellow River. Rather, its transfer to the Peiping-Hankow Railway line would be advisable." On June 13th, the General Staff advised the Kwantung Army the same message. The General staff then ordered every detachment in North China to act discreetly "If we shun excessive publicity at this time, we should, in view of the present situation, be able to achieve practical results without publicity." Since they were already getting their way in Hubei, Tokyo HQ did not want to risk rocking the boat in Chahar concurrently.  Then came a second western Rehe incident, according to the Chengde Special Service Agency, "On June 11, when a party led by a senior official of Fengning hsien was about to enter the town of Tungchatzu [in Manchukuo, about eight kilometers north of Tushihk'ou], it was attacked by rifle fire from Sung Che-yuan's troops stationed at Tushihk'ou. The next day, June 12, a member of the border police force in Hsiaoch'ang [in Manchukuo, about fifteen kilometers north of Tushihk'ou] was also fired upon by the same troops of Sung in the vicinity of Hsiaoch'ang."  On June 17th, the Kwantung Army General Minami Jiro met with the Tientsin Army chief of staff Sakai and the Special Service Agency chief at Kalgan, Matsui for a full report on the incident. After reviewing it, Minami drafted a policy to guide the Kwantung Army:  “The withdrawal of Sung Che-yuan's army will worsen the confusion in the Peiping-Tientsin region. This incident should be handled separately from the North China problem and should be negotiated locally with Sung Che-yuan. Our demands will be limited to the following:  1) withdrawal of the troops invading Manchukuo, together with their advance unit at Tolun;  2) removal of the forces back to the Kalgan area;  3) an apology by Sung Che-yuan;  4) punishment of those directly responsible for the Changpei incident; and  5) prohibition of anti-Japanese actions in the future.” The Chinese realized they needed to reach a quick settlement with the Kwantung Army. On the 18th He Yingqin met with Consul General Suma over in Nanjing. Suma was presented with a set of harsh demands from the Kwantung Army and that same day reported to the Executive Yuan he had decided to relieve Song Queyuan of his posts as governor and commander of the 29th Army. He then appointed as acting governor and provincial commissioner of civil affairs, Qin Dechun, who would take the 132nd division implicated in the Changpei incident south. The message was relayed to the Japanese military attache in Nanjing, Lt Colonel Amamiya Tatsumi. The man who relayed the message was Vice Foreign Minister Tang Yujen who also stated this "In view of the fact that China has moved voluntarily to dismiss Sung Che-yuan, to transfer his army, and to punish those responsible, we request that we not be confronted with an ultimatum in the form of various demands from the Kwantung Army with a deadline for reply." On June 19th, Nanjing officially implemented the promises made by He Yingqin and Tang Yujen and in turn the Kwantung Army wired Doihara in Peiping to stand down and wait to see if the Chinese did what they said they would. Doihara was probably disappointed he could not perform his 100th false flag operation he must have been cooking up. For any of you who watch my Youtube content, I used clips from the Chinese WW2 Drama series “Young Marshal” that depicts Doihara hilariously. You can check it out in my long format documentary on the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, its meme gold Doihara's clips, freaking out and smashing phones and such.  At 10 pm on June 23rd, Doihara, alongside Matsui and Takahasi visited Qin Dechen at his residence to negotiate a final understanding. There Doihara demanded China implement several measures to promote better relations with Japan such as withdrawing Song Queyuan's army southwest; give an apology for the Changpei incident; punish all those responsible; dissolve all the anti-japanese organizations in the region; ban Chinese immigration into Inner Mongolia; cease any oppressive actions against Mongolians and cooperate and encourage trade between Manchukuo, Inner Mongolia, North China; and appoint more Japanese military and political advisers. Just a laundry list he had worked up. So Qin Dechen apologized for the Changpei incident, stated they were already withdrawing Song Queyuan's men and dissolving all the anti-japanese organizations. Now he was orally agreeing to all of this, but he refused to put it in writing, prior to receiving the greenlight from Nanjing. Doihara understood and gave him time to talk to his government. The next day however another incident occurred, this time near Tuxukou. There a contingent of Song Queyuan's withdrawing troops fired upon Manchukuo police forces and in response the Tolun Special Service Agency dispatched a Mongolian unit led by Li Shuxin. It was not really much of an incident, just a minor confrontation all things given, so the Kwantung Army told Doihara to deal with Qin Dechen in private about it.On June 27th, Qin Dechen sent a formal reply to Doihara's demands in what became known as the Qin-Doihara agreement. It conformed with all the demands, seeing Song Queyuan's troops depart southwest while the security of Chahar was entrusted to two peace preservation units. One unit was responsible for the Chinese population, the other over the Mongolian. On August 28th, Song Queyuan was appointed garrison commander over the Peiping-Tientsin region with his 29th division joining Chao Tengyu's 132nd division and Liu Juming's 2nd division. Thus after the He-Umezu and Qin-Doihara agreements the Japanese had now expanded their influence into both Hubei and Chahar. 1935 saw a wave of incidents break out in the demilitarized region, prompting the Japanese to go into numerous negotiations with the Chinese to clamp down on anything they didn't like. Then on October 4th, Japan unleashed a document titled  “Concerning Policy towards China”: “The goal of our foreign policy is the development of East Asia and the maintenance of the security of East Asia through the cooperative concert of Japan, Manchukuo, and China, with Japan as the nucleus; this is likewise the objective of our policy toward China. To realize this objective on the basis of the outline below, the central and regional authorities of China must, by fair and just means, adjust their relations with Japan and Manchukuo so as to bring about an environment favorable to the establishment of basic relations between Japan, Manchukuo, and China.  1) China should adopt a good neighbor policy toward Japan, thoroughly suppress anti-Japanese activities, and abandon its policy of reliance on Europe and the United States. It should put this policy into practice and as a matter of course cooperate with Imperial Japan on practical problems.  2) Although China must eventually extend formal recognition to Manchukuo, until then it must recognize de facto the independence of Manchukuo and abandon its anti-Manchukuo policy. At least in North China, which borders on Manchukuo, the Chinese should promote economic and cultural cooperation with Manchukuo.  3) In view of the Communist threat emanating from Outer Mongolia and posing a common menace to Japan, Manchukuo, and China, China should cooperate in measures aimed at eliminating this menace from the region bordering Outer Mongolia.  4) When the above points have been put into effect and we recognize the good faith of China concerning friendly cooperation with Japan and Manchukuo, we shall first conclude comprehensive agreements on friendly cooperative relations between China and Japan, and thereafter draw up the agreement needed for regulating new relations between Japan, Manchukuo, and China” To this Chiang Kai-Shek replied could not recognize Manchukuo but that his government would do whatever it could peacefully to maintain economic activity between the people north and south of the Great Wall. He also stated no other country on earth was more concerned with the Communist menace in Mongolia than China. All of the appeasement efforts had brought Wang Jingwei to his boiling point and on August 8th he departed for Shanghai as he and his entire cabinet resigned. Chiang Kai-Shek personally came over and asked Wang Jingwei to withdraw his resignation given he offered him further support, and Wang Jingwei relented. Then on the morning of November 1st, after attending a meeting, Wang Jingwei was shot by a Chinese reporter for the Chenkuang Press, a company notably associated with Chiang Kai-Shek. Rumors spread the assassination attempt was inspired by anti-japanese elements such as Generals Yang Qi and Tang Shengzhi. With Wang Jingwei in the hospital, Chiang Kai-Shek was forced to take a larger role with the North China situation. Then Wang Jingwei departed for Europe seeking better medical care and wired his resignation on November 29th. Thus Chiang Kai-Shek succeeded him as president of the Executive Yuan and the coalition between him and Wang Jingwei had officially ended. With Chiang Kai-Shek now the only funnel from which action could be directed, the Japanese sent Ambassador Ariyoshi to China to persuade Chiang Kai-Shek to grant some form of autonomy for North China. By this point autonomy for North China had become part of Japan's national policy. Chiang Kai-Shek in response to this growing threat went to Taiyuan, the capital of Shanxi, to meet with Yan Xishan. There he proposed that if Yan Xishan could unite the Northern Warlords, Chiang Kai-Shek would appoint him chairman of the political affairs council, with added authority over finances and diplomacy. Chiang Kai-Shek urged him to come attend the 6th plenum of the Kuomintang Central Executive Committee scheduled for November 1st. At this time Yan Xishan's Shanxi was struggling financially so he reconciled with Chiang Kai-Shek. To this effect Chiang Kai-Shek sent his vice chief of the Army General Staff Xing Pin to tour the north trying to persuade those like Song Queyuan and Han Fuju to not support the North China autonomy movement. The Japanese interpreted these efforts to thwart the autonomy movement as the underlying cause of all the anti-japanese incidents breaking out continuously. To this the Nanjing government disclaimed no responsibility and insisted they were doing everything the Japanese asked of them.  The Japanese began a massive campaign aimed at all the important leaders in North China. One man they managed to gain influence over was Yin Jukeng who on November 25th at Tungzhou, announced the inauguration of the East Hubei Anti-Communist Autonomous Council, claiming autonomy for the entire demilitarized region. Yin Jukeng's council consisted of 9 members whereupon he was chairman and took charge of foreign relations and military affairs. As you can imagine Nanjing immediately labeled him a traitor and ordered his arrest. Chiang Kai-Shek then rapidly sent word to the Japanese an official response to their “Concerning Policy towards China” document:  “To satisfy the various demands from the Japanese side, there should first of all be established in Hopei province an autonomous political administration; ultimately, this administration should be similar to that governing the southwestern region. Whether or not this administration should be extended to other regions will be determined after the results in Hopei have been ascertained.  1) Although the campaign to wipe out the Communists is progressing, the Communist bandits have fled toward Kansu. Since this raises the danger that the Communists may spread into Inner Mongolia, the defense against the Communists in North China should be conducted jointly.  2) Certain aspects of the new monetary system are not suited to North China, and appropriate modifications will be made in this respect.  3) Efforts are to be made to harmonize economic interchange among the people on both sides of the Great Wall.  4) To meet the special needs of the region, the local administration should be given authority to enable it to exercise suitable control over financial matters in North China.  5) Pending issues are to be settled locally in a rational manner.  6) The aim will be to employ talented people to carry out the above tasks and to establish an ideal government.” Chiang Kai-Shek dispatched He Yingqin to reign in the situation at Peiping, but upon his arrival he believed the situation was beyond his control. He Yingqin reported that it was his belief the only way for Nanjing to retain some degree of authority in the region was to create a new political organ to do so. Thus on December 11th, the Nationalist government established the Hubei-Chahar Political Council chaired by Song Queyuan. Song Queyuan declared the new council would assume all responsibility for administering Hubei and Chahar and promised  "to respect the wishes of the people, endeavor in particular to relieve the economic distress of the region, and maintain the peace of East Asia on the basis of Sino-Japanese amity."  Thus within all this madness now two autonomous regimes co-existed in North China. The East Hubei Anti-Communist Autonomous Council would administer 22 prefectures while the Hubei-Chahar Political Council would administer Hubei, Chahar, Peiping and Tientsin. As you might imagine, relations between these two councils was complex and ambiguous. The 22 prefectures the former administered were under the jurisdiction of the other. One was a Japanese puppet, the other was controlled by Nanjing who refused to recognize the other. Japan immediately exploited their newfound chaotic gains in North China. In May of 1936 the 2000 troops of the Tientsin garrison army was boosted to 5600 led by General Tashiro Kan'ichiro. This was done under the guise it was to defend against communists and protect Japanese citizens. The position of the commander of the Tientsin garrison was officially promoted to encompass full responsibility for the situation in North China, exactly the same as the Kwantung Army's role over Manchukuo. Thuse both the Kwantung Army and what was henceforth called the China Garrison had clearly defined roles. One would be responsible for Manchukuo, the other over North China. Japan had neutralized Rehe, Chahar and Hubei, all of whom would fall directly under their influence. But was Japan satisfied?  I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. Its not always through military means that nations can encroach upon other nations. Japan was showcasing how it could bully away parts of China through threats alone it was working miracles. How long could Chiang Kai-Shek carry on like this? Would it be Japan or his own people that would hang him for losing China?

Rivers have been on my mind recently with some recent buzzy arrivals on their power (from Elif Shafak to non-fiction Robert Macfarlane). Join me with author Suma Subramaniam and illustrator Tara Anand to discuss their beautiful picture book My Name Is Long As a River. Inspired by Suma's own heritage, the story celebrates the deep connections between names, family history, and cultural identity. Together, Suma and Tara share how rivers, poetry, and personal memory shaped this tribute to the power of knowing where we come from.Listen now on iTunes,Spotify or wherever you get your podcasts, and if you enjoyed this, PLEASE SHARE THE EPISODE WITH A FRIEND!Rivers have been on my mind recently with some recent buzzy arrivals on their power (from Elif Shafak to non-fiction Robert Macfarlane). Join me with author Suma Subramaniam and illustrator Tara Anand to discuss their beautiful picture book My Name Is Long As a River. Inspired by Suma's own heritage, the story celebrates the deep connections between names, family history, and cultural identity. Together, Suma and Tara share how rivers, poetry, and personal memory shaped this tribute to the power of knowing where we come from.Listen now on iTunes, Spotify or wherever you get your podcasts, and if you enjoyed this, PLEASE SHARE THE EPISODE WITH A FRIEND! Suma SubramaniamTara Anand, photographed by Brittany OxleySHOWNOTES for Ep. 98:Connect with Suma through her website And with Tara Anand hereBooks and other stuff we discussed on the show:Martyr! by Kaveh AkbarTerry Pratchett's Discworld booksTishani Doshi's poetry collection A God at the DoorThe Covenant of Water by Abraham VergheseAmar Chitra Katha comicsMalgudi Days by R.K. NarayanSupport the show via Patreon!Questions? Comments? Get in touch @theindianeditpodcast on Instagram! Want to talk gardens? Follow me @readyourgardenSpecial thanks to Soumya Saksham, Sudipta Biswas and the team at The Media Tribe for audio-post production!

Last time we spoke about Operation Nekka, the Invasion of Rehe Province. In 1932, the Kwantung Army eyed Rehe province as vital for Manchukuo's success. General Tang Yulin, ruling Rehe, initially favored Japanese interests due to economic ties, particularly in opium. Tensions escalated after a Japanese civilian was abducted, prompting military actions that led to skirmishes in Shanhaiguan. Amidst growing conflict, Zhang Xueliang mobilized forces against Tang, who eventually conceded. As Japan prepared for invasion, both sides strategized, with Chiang Kai-Shek reluctant to engage directly, fearing Japanese influence over his rivals. Operation Nekka commenced, showcasing the Kwantung Army's efficiency as they swiftly routed Chinese forces in Rehe. By March 4th, key passes were captured, but fierce resistance emerged. General Nishi faced counterattacks, leading to strategic retreats. Meanwhile, Chiang Kai-Shek struggled with internal conflicts while managing the Japanese threat. As the Kwantung Army pushed beyond the Great Wall, logistical issues arose, prompting political maneuvers to secure local warlord alliances. However, plans faltered when Zhang Qingyao, a potential ally, was assassinated.   #147 The Battle for the Great Wall of China Welcome to the Fall and Rise of China Podcast, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about the history of Asia? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on history of asia and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel where I cover the history of China and Japan from the 19th century until the end of the Pacific War. Thus in the previous episode, Operation Nekka had been unleashed. The Kwangtung Army tossed 2 divisions into Rehe province with the intent of forcing its annexation into Manchukuo. They were under strict orders to not extend operations past the Great Wall of China. However they believed it was necessary to seize the main gateways along the Great Wall of China to establish their new borders, and in order to do so this absolutely required going past them. Yet military operations were not the only means to secure their goals. The Japanese forces faced significant logistical challenges, including a shortage of troops, having advanced into Rehe with only 20,000 men. Even the most resolute general in the Kwantung Army doubted that their military strength could prevail against the vast numbers of Chinese troops in the plains of Hubei. As a result, they needed to supplement their military efforts with political strategies targeting regional warlords. The tactic of bribing local elites had proven highly effective during the pacification of Manchuria, and there was no reason to think it wouldn't work in North China as well. All of these actions were carried out without any oversight from Tokyo headquarters.   On February 13, 1933, Itagaki Seishiro, who was then the head of the Mukden Special Service Agency, was transferred to the General Staff without any formal announcement of his promotion. He took up a position in Tientsin specifically to initiate political maneuvers in eastern Hubei, leading to the establishment of the Tientsin Special Service Agency. Initially, this agency sought to engage various competing warlords in North China, including Duan Qirui, Wu Peifu, and Sun Chuanfang, but eventually focused on Zhang Qingyao. Zhang had previously been a protégé of Duan Qirui, serving as the civil and military governor of Henan province. He had fought against Zhang Zuolin in 1925 before shifting his allegiance to Wu Peifu. During the second phase of the Northern Expedition, Zhang Qingyao again battled Zhang Zuolin, who was then in control of the National Pacification Army. After the Northern Expedition concluded, he allied with Yan Xishan's forces in Shanxi. So yeah it would seem he was not a man of principles nor loyalties of any kind. The Tientsin Special Service Agency initially aimed to approach Zhang Qingyao in hopes that he could orchestrate a coup d'état against Chiang Kai-Shek. They also hoped to persuade other figures such as Song Queyuan, Zhang Zuoxiang, Fang Chenwu, Xu Yusan, Zhang Tingshu, Sun Tienying, and Feng Zhanhai to join in. If successful, this could lead to a swift takeover of North China as they were advancing towards Peiping after taking the Great Wall. However, on May 7, Zhang Qingyao was assassinated, completely derailing their plans. With Zhang Qingyao dead, the agency concentrated their efforts instead to instigate riots in the Peiping-Tientsin region. They also began encouraging and propping up new political organizations that sought to form an independent northern regime. One scheme they were performing was to form a committee composed of Northern Warlords headed by Lu Zengyu, a banker who had studied in Japan. The idea was to form an anti-Chiang Kai-Shek coalition to carve out north china. The agency received a significant amount of funds to make ends meet. Itagaki alone would spend over 50,000 yen to try and bring about an anti-Chiang regime in the north. Some sources indicated over 3 billion yen being allocated to the IJA to be dished out to various Chinese warlords and elites in the form of bribes.  Meanwhile operations in the district east of the Luan River saw attacks formed against the Xumenzhai and Lengkou gateways. On April 1st, the Kwantung Army issued Order 491, seeing the Iwata detachment of the IJA 6th Division storm through the Xumenzhai gate and succeed in securing a supply route behind the great wall to help with the assaults against the other gateways in the region. By April 10th, the IJA 6th Division was making steady progress against the Lengkou gate. The next day they stormed through and captured Qienqangying, pursuing the retreating Chinese to the banks of the Luan River. Meanwhile the IJA 8th Division were facing a much more difficult situation. On the 12th, they captured Xifengkou, but their assault against Quehlingkou was going nowhere. After repeated assaults, the Chinese finally retreated, allowing the Japanese to focus on Taitouying. Thus from the 10th to the 23rd the gateways in northeastern Hubei were all falling into Japanese hands. The Kawahara Brigade was well on its way towards Nantienmen. The Operations within the Great Wall area had been fully authorized by Generals Nishi and Sakamoto. However there still existed limits upon the operations. For example, Operations order 495 issued by General Muto given on the 11th stated "Without specific orders, pursuit by the main force of ground troops is to be limited to the line connecting Hotung, Chiench'angying, and T'ait'ouying; but air units are to be limited to the Luan River."  Meanwhile the Special Service Agency in Tientsin had reported that Zhang Qingyao would stage a coup on the 21st and this prompted Song Queyuans troops to prevent the Central Army forces from fleeing towards Peiping. The Agency requested that the Kwantung Army not return to the Great Wall and instead perform a feint attack towards Peiping and Tientsin to scare the Chinese. As the plot was reaching its climax, on the 18th the Kwantung Army chief of staff, General Koiso Kuniaki issued a order for the 8th Division to strike in full force against the Gubeikou area. The Kwantung Army's plan was to bomb Miyun while launching their feint attack in combination with an all out effort to break Gubeikou. However on the night of the 18th, all of these plans changed dramatically. Suddenly General Muto issued Operations Order 498, hastily ordering all forces to withdraw to the Great Wall. Emperor Hirohito had decided to put his foot down. In Tokyo the emperor asked the vice chief of the General Staff, Lieutenant-General Mazaki Jinzaburö, "Has the Kwantung Army withdrawn from the Luan River line?" The vice chief retired from the imperial presence with a sense of guilt and wrote a confidential letter to the commander of the Kwantung Army. It was personally carried by Infantry Captain Katö [Michio] of the General Staff, who on April 19 arrived at the capital [of Manchukuo] bearing an imperial rescript. The vice chief also cabled to the chief of staff of the Kwantung Army a highly confidential dispatch, the main point of which stated, "Withdraw your troops immediately, or an imperial command will be issued." Thereupon the chief of staff of the Kwantung Army directed staff officer Endò Saburò to draft the withdrawal order. Thus as a result, the Kwantung Army began a withdrawal on the 21st, the same day the Peiping coup was to be unleashed. Those around Emperor Hirohito at this time have gone on the record to state it seemed to them, the emperor had hesitated heavily on issuing the withdrawal order. His motivations for giving the order are simply, the Kwantung Army had gone against his decrees, it was an identical situation to what had happened at Mukden in 1931. The Kwantung Army had no choice but to submit to what essentially was him “asking them to stop”. With that, operations east of the Luan River were over, for now. The order was certainly a critical blow to the Agency in Tientsin. How did they react? They doubled down on the coup effort. Likewise Koiso did not stop the 8th Division operation at Gubeikou. Instead the 8th Division was given orders "to maintain a menacing attitude toward hostile forces in North China." In accordance, the 3800 man Kawahara Brigade on direct orders from General Nishi, launched an attack against two Central Army Divisions numbered nearly 30,000 men stationed at Nantienmen. After a brutal week of battle the Kawahara Brigade seized the town. Meanwhile a battalion of 280 men led by Colonel Shimmura Eijiro attacked a central army force around 4000 strong at Xinglong. They suffered a 38% rate of casualties by the night of the 27th. The Battalion was nearly annihilated when suddenly the Chinese withdrew enabling the Japanese to slip by. Meanwhile the Piping coup did not materialize as planned on the 21st. Instead a secondary coup was initiated by Zhang Zuoxiang on the 26, but this misfired greatly. Reports began to emerge that troops led by Zhang Tingxu, Sun Tienying, Feng Zhanhai and Xu Yusan were willing to rebel in response to the failed coup attempts, but this proved completely false. A report issued on the 30th stated troops under Fang Chenwu were rebelling against Chiang Kai-Shek. However in reality Fang Chenwu only advanced his force north on May 10th and it was to join the anti-Japanese forces.  From mid April to mid May, the United States, Britain, France and Germany finally entered the fray in North China. It was an extremely chaotic situation for everyone. The Japanese military in Tokyo had no control nor idea what the Kwantung Army was doing, so when they tried to explain their actions to the international community, they continuously were walking over rakes. All the talk from Tokyo seemed incomprehensible to the other great powers. The Chinese were clamouring the entire time for a ceasefire agreement, but lacked the means to force the Japanese to do so. Japan had left the League of Nations, thus was extremely isolated and insecure in regards to foreign relations. Thus if a nation like Britain or the US had actually put their foot down, the Japanese more than likely would have backed off. Another element to this debacle was the stance of the Imperial Japanese Navy, who had made it adamantly clear they had zero intention of fighting off the British or Americans because of their unruly siblings within the Army. However, both Britain and America were too preoccupied with internal strife, mostly the result of the Great Depression, to devote considerable effort to the crisis in China. The League of Nations remained completely useless during the North China incident, similarly to how they were useless with the Manchurian incident. The Lytton Commission had performed an on the spot inquiry, and it did play a role in establishing a ceasefire by the time of the Shanghai incident, but did nothing to really help China. China had begun appealing to the League when Shanhaiguan was attacked and this prompted the nations of the league to rapidly agree to the Lytton Commission report's recommendations. In turn this led Matsuoka Yosuke to walk out on the league. With Japan out of the League, Wellington Koo proposed harsh sanctions upon Japan in response to their invasion of Rehe province. Yet they did nothing. China would continuously make pleas, but it was to no avail.  Rather than rely upon the League, the Chinese began secret talks with Japanese officials aiming first for a ceasefire. Tang Erho, Lee Shuzheng and Wang Komin attempted talks, but failed. Then Chen Yi the political vice minister of military affairs, secretly spoke with Nemoto Hiroshi, an army attache at the Shanghai legation on April 27th. They established negotiations with Nemoto speaking on behalf of the Kwantung Army and Chen Yi on behalf of Ho Yingqin. The Chinese were clearly more eager than the Japanese for a ceasefire, but the Japanese no longer had a rationale to continue their operation. Regardless the Japanese took the victors stance and demanded the Chinese withdraw from the battlefield as a prerequisite to further Japanese advances. In the first meeting, Nemoto told Chen that the Kwantung Army had already withdrawn from the area east of the Luan River to give Ho Yingqin an opportunity to consider a ceasefire. He described the action as a friendly gesture and suggested the Chinese reciprocate it by withdrawing their troops. Chen countered this by claiming Ho Yingqin had shown his own sincerity at the battle of Nantienmen by ordering his troops to withdraw to a second line of defense, hoping this would allow the Japanese to pull away from Nantienmen. However by May 1st, the Japanese claimed they had captured and secured Nantienmen, so Nemoto informed Chen the Chinese forces north of the Great Wall should withdraw to a line connecting Miyun, Pinkou, Yutien and the Luan River. On May 2nd, the Chinese sent a reply to this, completely ignoring the line idea and instead referred to the recent battle at Xinglong and explained the local commander there was eager for a victory and refused to withdraw despite being asked twice to do so. The Chinese also notified Nemoto that a Political affairs council headed by Huang Fu was being established at Peiping, and it should be through that body that further negotiations were held. The Japanese welcomed this development. Just as it seemed the Shanghai talks were paving a way to a ceasefire, the leadership of the Kwantung Army abandoned their political maneuvers in favor of a settlement. On April 30th the Tientsin Special Service Agency insisted to their Japanese colleagues, the Chinese were just buying time and not sincere in their actions. That same day the Army General Staff and Foreign Ministry suddenly refused to initiate a ceasefire on the grounds the Chinese had agreed to an armistice only to save face. Lt Colonel Nagatsu Sahishige, the army attache at Peiping urged the 8th Division to rapidly strike southwards as far as Miyun to annihilate He Yingqin's planned counteroffensive. Such an action would immediately threaten the Peiping-Tientsin region. To push the envelope, the Japanese could toss a new Division into the mix and force further negotiations when the Chinese withdrew south of Miyun. Clearly the Japanese had their eyes set on Miyun now. As such General Nishi was secretly told to capture it without any direction from Tokyo HQ, nor from most of the Kwantung Army leadership. The Operations department of the Kwantung Army also independently elected to move troops east of the Luan River again. They argued "the enemy again advances east of the Luan River and persists in its defiant attitude. Therefore we must again deal them a crushing blow." The IJA 6th Division had been evacuated to the Great Wall back on April 23rd and along the way were closely pursued by Chinese forces. General Sakamoto sent a plan to the Kwantung Army headquarters "to again drive the enemy west of the Luan River,". A lot of chaos was reigning within the Japanese military because they were in echo chambers and not relaying information to another. When the Kwantung Army Operations department suddenly proposed a new advance east of the Luan River, on May 2nd a heated exchange took place between them and the Kwantung Army Intelligence Section: “INTELLIGENCE SECTION: The defiant attitude of the enemy is a matter of degree. While it is indisputable that some of their forces continue defiant, their main force is still stationed west of the Luan River. Therefore, a defiant attitude on the part of the enemy is not sufficient reason to deal them a crushing blow. The Kwantung Army withdrew from the Luan River line only ten days ago. As we understand it, the purpose was to comply with the imperial wish. If the army begins operations on a flimsy pretext at this time, inviting intervention by the central leadership, how can the honor of the commander in chief be maintained? What we should now attack are rather the enemy forces facing the 8th Division. For this, we should employ additional strength. By dealing a severe blow to the Chinese Central Army forces in this area, we can threaten Peiping and the operation should be all the more effective.  OPERATIONS SECTION: Due to the limitations of our supply capacity, we cannot use more than a certain level of forces against the enemy facing the 8th Division. Since the enemy east of the Luan River maintains a defiant attitude, they must be punished regardless of their strength.  INTELLIGENCE SECTION: Since the seizure of Nant'ienmen the 8th Division lacks the capability of pursuing the enemy. This is an unavoidable consequence of the small strength of its force from the outset of the operation. Isn't the First [Operations] Section uncertain that the enemy can be defeated even by the main force of the 8th Division, and doesn't it intend ultimately to deploy the 6th Division southward in concert with action by the 8th Division? If this is the case, it is understandable, and this section is not necessarily against it.   OPERATIONS SECTION: That is not what this section is considering.  INTELLIGENCE SECTION: In that case, there is no clear justification for launching the operation. The objective of the operation must be plainly spelled out to all concerned, from His Majesty at the top down to the lowest private. There must not be the slightest doubt about it.” After this conversation the Intelligence department debated amongst themselves before relaying another response at midnight, ultimately not approving it. The next day the Operations department sent a telegram to the negotiations team in Peiping: “1) Under present conditions, the Kwantung Army has no intention of accepting a cease-fire proposal for the time being, particularly because there are signs suggesting intervention by third countries in the matter.  2) Previously the Kwantung Army suggested the Miyun-Yiit'ienLuan River line as the retreat line for the Chinese army; but this did not mean it was to be their front line after a cease-fire. It rather indicated a line to which the Chinese army should immediately and voluntarily retreat as evidence of their sincerity. In other words, a cease-fire cannot be negotiated until they retreat to this line and abandon their provocative attitude, and until this is confirmed by the Kwantung Army. Their mere retreat to the indicated line, in today's circumstances, is not sufficient reason for us to respond to the cease-fire proposal. According to Peking telegram 483 [not identified], it appears that the intentions of our army have been somewhat misunderstood. Even if the Chinese retreat to the indicated line and display the sincerity of their intentions, we may possibly demand a retreat line farther south. We believe negotiations in this region should be handled by the central leadership in Tokyo rather than by the Kwantung Army. Act on this understanding.”   So after this message, the Intelligence department accused the Operations department of trying to find any excuse to renew the advance and sent a wire to Nemoto on April 29th "If the Chinese suddenly perceive their mistake, . . . we will not make war for the fun of it." However the Intelligence department was suddenly overruled by Colonel Kita who cabled the negotiators that the Operations department now had full approval from Kwantung Army vice chief of staff Okamura Yasuji. When General Muto received this notice he questioned "This draft order, states that the enemy has moved into the region east of the Luan River and is showing a provocative attitude. I did not receive such a report from the Second [Intelligence] Section before my departure from Hsinching. Does this mean there has been a subsequent change in the situation?" After being informed more so, Muto simply stated he wished to wait until the chief of staff could speak to him. Obviously Muto was getting wet feet and did not want to perform any actions not in accordance with Tokyo HQ, as Emperor Hirohito had put his foot down.  On May 3rd, General Koiso and Operations Department staff officer Endo Saburo spoke with Muto, indicating they had approval of Tokyo HQ general staff and even the Emperor. So Muto relented for a second advance and issued Order 503 on May 3rd to the IJA 6th and 8th Divisions. Now the Army General Staff were dragged into the Kwantung Army's debacle fully. So they drew up an emergency draft plan for measures in North China. To this aim:  “Through continuing pressure by the military might of the Kwantung Army, applied in concert with various political measures in North China, the Chinese forces in North China are to be compelled to make a substantia] surrender or to dissolve, thereby resulting in the withdrawal of the Chinese army along the China-Manchukuo border and in the establishment of peace in this area”.  Added to this the General Staff suggested a large counteroffensive be driven along the Great Wall and a formal truce agreement should be concluded once three conditions had been met: “(a) that Chinese forces had retreated voluntarily south and west of a line connecting Hsuanhua, Shunyi, Sanho, Yüt'ien, Luanchou, and Lot'ing; (b) that anti-Japanese activities had been controlled; and (c) that the preceding had been verified by the Japanese army”. Under immense pressure from the renewed Japanese advance, the Chinese government on May 3rd, had pushed for a new body to tackle the North China situation. That was the Peiping Political Affairs Council. It was composed of 22 members, headed by Huang Fu. Huang Fu was notably a pro-Japanese official, having been a graduate of the Tokyo Land Survey department training institute and had served early as a minister of foreign affairs. Since China had zero faith anymore in the League of Nations and believed if they failed to resolve the North China issue, this all might see a new civil war break out between Chiang Kai-Shek and Wang Jingwei. Thus everyone felt the time for active resistance was over and they must place all their effort into negotiations. Chiang Kai-Shek placed a great amount of authority upon Huang Fu and trusted the man. Huang Fu began his new task by speaking with all the political and financial leaders from both sides of the conflict to see how a real ceasefire could be met through dealmaking.  Meanwhile on May 6th the IJA 6th Division unleashed a new offensive south of the Great Wall and were followed by the 8th Division on the 11th. General Muto at this time made public statements blaming the Chinese for the renewed hostilities, making it seem the Japanese had intended to stay within the Great Wall area. The 6th Division swept across the sector east of the Luan River and by the 11th the Chinese defensive line collapsed. On the 12th the 6th Division crossed the Luan River, pursuing Yu Xuechengs 51st Army. In turn this threatened He Yingqin's main force who were facing the 8th Division. In the previous battles, Yu Xuechengs men had performed quite poorly and now even under direct command of He Yingqin were proving themselves helpless against the 6th division. Additionally Itagaki's agency over in Tientsin were using radio facilities to dispatch false directives from Chinese high command, ordering the forces to retreat from the front battle line. Two to three Chinese divisions were neutralized by these fake radio messages and in turn the Chinese became very demoralized at their lines. The 8th division had driven into the Gubeikou area on the 11th and it took them only a day to dislodge the Chinese from their line near Xuxiachen. By the 13th Xuxiachen had fallen completely. On the 11th and 12th, Japanese aircraft began flying over Peiping, as a demonstration of the terror they could deliver to the city at any moment. These developments altogether were pushing the Chinese civilians to demand of their politicians and generals that they appease the Japanese. Huang Fu proposed to Nemoto on the 12th that all Chinese troops could be withdrawn from Miyun to a line extending from Shunyi to Yutien and Tangshan. This was an enormous concession and nearly mirrored the line the Japanese had demanded.  The Japanese however, rejected the concession. To make matters worse for the Chinese, He Yingqin had been notified of the large concession proposal in advance and expected the Japanese to take it. Thus he had refrained from operating in strength at Miyun and did not significantly defend the path towards Peiping. It was the belief of the Japanese commanders, if they performed a full-scale attack towards Peiping now, He Yingqin would have no choice but to withdraw towards Shunyi. With this in mind the Japanese made a proposal on the 14th:  “1) According to the reports of the Peiping military attaché, the 8th Division should be prepared to advance in a single sweep to the southern limit of Miyun, if it is deemed necessary. Preparations for this attack should be expedited.  2) In conjunction with the above, front-line aircraft should take actions implying that a major Japanese offensive is about to begin.  3) In Tokyo, it should be announced publicly, in liaison with the Foreign Ministry, that the security of Jehol province cannot be guaranteed as long as the Chinese army remains in Miyun. Furthermore, every so often Japanese aircraft should make demonstration flights over the Shunyi-T'ungchou area.” Confronted with this, the Chinese were pretty screwed. The Chinese negotiations team were frantically searching for any way to force a ceasefire. Then the secretary of the Shanghai legation, Suma Yakichiro showed up to Peiping, which the Chinese viewed as a golden opportunity. The Chinese complained to him that the Kwantung Army had resumed their offensive and that a political agency in Tientsin were trying to enact coups. Suma bluntly told them the Japanese actions were backed fully by Tokyo and despite the Chinese belief that this was false or that Japan was facing a major financial deficit, this was all untrue.  While the dialogue continued to go nowhere, the 6th division had pursued the Chinese forces to the vicinity of Fengjun. Muto believed this had gone to far so he issued orders on May 13th limiting operations to the area north of a line connecting Miyun, Pingkou, Fegjun and Yungping. Now the 6th and 8th divisions were to assemble around Xuxiachen and Zunhua. Two days later he issued this statement to the public "If the Chinese army immediately abandons its hitherto provocative attitude and withdraws some distance from the border, our army will quickly return to the line of the Great Wall and pursue its regular task of maintaining security in Manchukuo." Likewise Muto ordered the Tientsin group to inform the Chinese that the Kwantung Army would return to the Great Wall if the Chinese forces retreated to the Shunyi-Yutien-Tangshan line. Nemoto forwarded all of this to Chen Yi. On May 15th He Yingqin ordered the withdrawal of the Chinese forces to a line between Malanyu, Linnantsang and Pamencheng.  With what seemed a imminent ceasefire at hand, the Kwantung Army HQ ordered the 6th and 8th divisions to take up positions strategically favorable for the negotiations to finally begin in ernest. On the 17th a draft ceasefire plan was drawn up. It envisioned the withdrawal of the Chinese forces to the Shunyi-Yutien-Tangshan line and in return the Japanese would pull back to the Great Wall area. Huang Fu was on his way back to Peiping from Shanghai for probably the 10th time in two weeks, when the Japanese captured Fengjun and Zhunhua, routing the Chinese across the Qi Canal to the right bank of the Pai River. The 6th Division then advanced towards Yutien and Xumenchen as the 8th division stood around Xuxiachn. When the Chinese began retreating from Miyun on May 18th, the 8th division suddenly converged upon Miyun. Muto was of course delighted by their new advantageous position and even briefly began talking to his colleagues about the prospect of just marching upon Peiping. Instead he decided to sweep through Miyun, Pingku and the Qi Canal, going even further west than he had stated he would back on the 13th.  With these new orders in hand, the 6th Division quickly captured Qixien on the 19th and further pursued retreating Chinese forces to Sanho. The 8th Division entered Miyun and two days later began advancing to Huaijou. By the 23rd Huaijou had fallen as the 6th Division reached the Qi Canal. These advances threatened the Peiping-Tientsin region. Both Japanese divisions halted on the 25th as the ceasefire was issued. With that last strike Muto felt he had significantly increased their poker hand going forward. Meanwhile Itagaki's team at Tientsin were still trying to bring about a coup. In tandem with the 8th Divisions attack on Miyun, the agency tried to engineer a revolt by the militia troops led by Song Queyuan, Fang Chenwu, Sun Tienying, amongst others. The idea was for these forces to occupy Peiping while wrecking havoc upon the Chinese central army within th region. The agency had attempting recruiting Wu Peifu, but the old jade marshal was unwilling, so they turned to this former protege, the chairman of Hubei, Yu Xuecheng. However he also declined. Yu Xuecheng was also approached by Hu Hanmin, looking to form an anti-Chiang Kai-Shek campaign in cooperation with Han Fuqu and Feng Yuxiang. To this Yu Xuecheng declined as well. Itagaki kept searching for disgruntled warlords, and then turned to Li Qiashan and Xu Yusan. Xu Yusan was a former ally to Feng Yuxiang with a history of anti-Chiang Kai-Shek actions. If they got the backing of his personal army, roughly 10,000 men strong at Tangshan they could do some real damage. On May 16th Xu Yusan declared independence and took up the Manchukuo 5 color flag in direct opposition to the Kuomintang. He began issuing the slogan “Hubi for the people of Hubei” as his army marched west along the Peiping-Shanhaiguan railway. His force reached the vicinity of Tangu whereupon they had increased to 30,000 and rumors emerged they would occupy Tientsin. This began a mass panic. . . for literally a day. His army collapsed into nothing more than a rabble as now had the stomach to actually fight their fellow countrymen.  Despite this grand failure, the Tientsin group continued with other plots. At 8 pm on May 19th, a Peiping bound train from Tangu, carrying Chinese soldiers was bombed around Tientsin station. The Japanese love bombing trains as we all know. This resulted in small incidents involving Japanese and Chinese officials, giving precedent for 600 Japanese troops led by Lt General Nakamura Kotaro to reinforce Tientsin on May 23rd. There were a few other incidents were supposedly Chinese agents were tossing grenades at Japanese officials. One of these officials was Major Mori Takeshi of the Japanese Army General Staff who was working in Tientsin. However the grenade thrown at him was a dud, and before the Japanese could seize it, some local Chinese grabbed it, finding a stamp on it bearing “Tokyo Artillery Arsenal”, oops.  These numerous incidents influenced the Chinese who feared Japan was trying to force an invasion into North China. To these rumors, He Yingqin insisted they mount a proper defense of Peiping, but many were arguing they had to further retreat. Meanwhile the Tientsin agency was told to stop performing incidents and instead secure northern warlords to their future cause. I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. The battle for the Great Wall of China was coming to a bitter end for the Chinese forces. The Japanese were using every deceptive measure to edge further and further into China proper. It seemed clear to the Chinese, nothing would stop Japanese encroachment upon their nation, while the rest of the world simply watched on doing nothing.