Podcasts about nuno gon

Competing in a Future World of Infinite Intelligence Navigation: Intro From Knowledge Workers to Judgment Workers The AI-Native Company: Org, Hiring, Culture The Human Element: Are We Underestimating It? Scenarios Our Take Conclusion Our co-hosts: Bertrand Schmitt, Entrepreneur in Residence at Red River West, co-founder of App Annie / Data.ai, business angel, advisor to startups and VC funds, @bschmitt Nuno Goncalves Pedro, Investor, Managing Partner, Founder at Chamaeleon, @ngpedro Our show:   Tech DECIPHERED brings you the Entrepreneur and Investor views on Big Tech, VC and Start-up news, opinion pieces and research. We decipher their meaning, and add inside knowledge and context. Being nerds, we also discuss the latest gadgets and pop culture news Subscribe To Our Podcast Nuno Gonçalves Pedro Introduction Welcome to episode 79 of Tech DECIPHERED. Today, we take a leap into the big unknown. This is a thesis episode, not your classic analysis, in-depth sharing episode. The big idea for this episode is that we may be approaching the cognitive age, and how would one, or how would a company compete in a world of infinite intelligence? The big idea, again, is that intelligence, which has been mostly scarce and expensive for all of human history, might become abundant and cheap. If that happens, what happens to work, what happens to companies, what happens to society? This episode will be really framing a lot of these discussions. From knowledge workers to judgment workers, addressing the AI native company and how does that change, going into the human element and whether or not we’re underestimating it, and finally, ending up going into scenarios, feasible scenarios of a future where, well, intelligence is abundant. Intelligence is quasi-infinite or infinite itself.Bertrand Schmitt Yes. Big questions for this episode 79. From Knowledge Workers to Judgment Workers We can start with from knowledge workers to judgment workers. Let’s go back first to how came the knowledge worker. It’s a 20th-century invention from Peter Drucker in 1959. The idea here is that that category might be splitting. The production of knowledge itself is on its way to being commoditized by AI. However, our perspective is that judgment around production of knowledge is not disappearing and is staying for a bit control managed by humans. What’s your take on this, Nuno? Do you agree with this split?Nuno Gonçalves Pedro I think it’s a little bit more profound than that. It’s not just judgment. Definitely, human judgment will be needed. We’ve seen agents perform all sorts of funny things in the wrong way when left alone to their own devices. Even some very well-known AI researchers coming forward and saying, “Hey, I tried to use this myself, and actually I messed up some of my systems,” or “I messed some of my code. I messed up some of my flows for a period of time.” I think just having human-in-the-loop from a judgment standpoint will be needed for a significant amount of time. That is something you can’t just delegate into machines, into algorithms, et cetera. The second part is, ultimately, there needs to be contextualization, and that contextualization, I think, comes from two forms. One from actual data, where the machine, I think, at some point will catch up, or the machines will catch up. The algorithms, at some point, on the data analysis will get better and better and have probably the closest to the truth that you can get, minus all the biases that are in the data, just to be clear, because data has a ton of biases. We’ve looked at this in the past and discussed it at prior episodes. But maybe on that, I think the machine has a chance to catch up, or the machines have a chance to catch up, so there’s less of distinctiveness from the human standpoint. But then, on just the attributes, the ability when you’re judging some situation, you’re in the middle of the situation. You’re judging the person and how it’s acting, in some ways, a lot of the things that end up happening, end up happening because there’s human interaction. There’s someone on the other side. I see how they’re delivering the message, how they’re implicating. We’ll talk about it later in the context of the organization and what changes in companies. I don’t think it’s just judgment. I think there’s a little bit more than that. One of the reasons I went to the dark side of management early on in my career from being an engineer was Peter Drucker and this notion of the knowledge worker, which he later on reemphasized with the publishing of his book, which for me was seminal and defined a lot of my career in life, the post-capitalist society, which is this notion that information rich and information poor is going to be the key distinctiveness that will happen in the world. The two big camps, information rich, information poor, which links back to this invention of the term knowledge worker, that knowledge is going to be key in some ways. I think that’s what we’ve seen for the last decades. Again, I think judgment is not going anywhere, but I think it’s beyond judgment. There’s elements of humanity and involvement that won’t go away anytime soon, where human-in-the-loop are particularly critical. We’ll discuss later some scenarios, but for me, that’s my stick in the ground. I think human-in-the-loop is going to be critical for many decades to come.Bertrand Schmitt While we are talking about all of this, and we share some possible scenarios, there is always that question. This is moving so fast right now. If you think about AI 10 years ago, AI 5 years ago, AI with the launch of ChatGPT 3, and then AI the past 2 years, now we have agents that are running at scale. Things are moving very fast. I can tell you, me in 6 months, the change has been pretty dramatic in terms of what I can use AI for. There is always that question that whatever we are thinking about cannot just be connected to what we were able to do 6 months ago or even today, we have to think and project ourselves at least in the next 6–12 months. Of course, we can go beyond that, and we will do that with some future scenarios, but it’s a very fast-moving, and it’s not clear yet where are the limits.Nuno Gonçalves Pedro I think that’s a very fair point. Let me try to analyze things that I don’t think will change anytime soon for the next few years. Agreed with you that many things will change, and we’ll have a lot better tools, platforms out there. That will be difficult to predict what exactly won’t change. I think there’s elements of humanity, and some of them do relate to judgment, like having good or bad taste, having a view on it, on whether something looks good or bad. Obviously, all of this sometimes is subjective, but some of it may not be as subjective as people think it is. The elements of contextualization. I think a little bit going back to what we did at Chamaeleon ourselves, where we built this platform, Mantis, and the objective of building Mantis was not really to replace us, was that it was a core augmentation layer in some ways that we would use investment or investor judgment as humans in the loop to systematize pattern recognition and a variety of other things, but that Mantis would really elevate all that judgment, not just in terms of timing, us being more productive, but also in terms of the quality of the decisions we’re making. Think of it as a little bit like having our human judgment in the context of operating Chamaeleon at a higher altitude, where we are more aware of the things that are happening and how they actually happen. The ability to really get to the data pieces and then make decisions on top of that that generate the needed alpha in our case for investors. What I mean by this is I think there’s always going to be core elements of humanity that I do think are going to be difficult for the machines to replace. For example, the taste piece people are like, “I can figure out what’s the taste in the market.” Yeah, but that’s mainstream. That doesn’t identify what’s the next big thing, which normally doesn’t start from mainstream. It starts from something else. It could start from opinion leaders and influencers. It could start by someone having a different way of addressing a problem and having a solution that hasn’t been thought through. For example, elements of creativity, I think, in human judgment and in human operations is something that I feel the machine will still have difficulty to replace.Bertrand Schmitt Let’s not forget how today current algorithms are working by feeding them enormous quantity of data, actually as much data as we can find. Finding more data is becoming a limitation these days. What it means is that it’s very hard for AI to think beyond its training data. There is some level of logic that’s being added, but at the same time, take the launch of the iPhone. What was the opinion before launch? Is that no, it doesn’t make sense. Not enough battery life, no keyboard, no this, no that. If you just base your analysis on what’s written out there, what’s being sold out there, you would just say, “It’s going to fail.” AI might really follow that more generic advice and perspective because that’s what in the training data and that’s what they’re in volume. It’s, of course, raising a lot of questions of, how do you improve the quality of the training data? How do you separate the weed from the chaff? There are a lot of questions there, and obviously, it will get better over time. But it’s still a critical part of how it’s working today. It won’t be that easy to change. I really like your point regarding Mantis, and I will say in general, platforms that you build with AI or leveraging AI capacity. Because when we say knowledge production is going to disappear, but we’ll keep judgment, it will be a different type of judgment because the quantity and quality of knowledge we will have in front of us to build our judgment will be very different. If suddenly we have for free the work of 10 interns or 5 junior analysts or whatever, and you can run that on nearly anything you do in life or at work, it’s completely dramatic. Your judgment was not used to be exercised so often because often you were missing quality data to have a judgment. Before it was a lot of finger in the wind and trying to smell something, but you didn’t have enough to make a serious analysis. Except if you are working as a strategy consultant, as you used to do, Nuno. That part is actually quite interesting. That the judgment itself will be exercised much more often and hopefully on the base of much more in-depth analysis for a lot of things. We will work very differently.Nuno Gonçalves Pedro We will go in-depth, faster and more fact-based, more data-based along the way. The question some of you might have right now is, is there some judgment that’s going to go away? Is there some judgment? We seem to be defining that there’s this organization, we’ll talk about it later, that goes from doers more into deciders. I think there’s some nuances to that, so I’ll just hit pause on that. In terms of judgment, obviously, there’s judgment that has been hidden over the years under the pretense of being wisdom, but it’s actually not wisdom. It’s just repetitive tasking, and it’s rules-based for the most. There’s a lot of judgment done, in particular in the white-collar space, that you could say it’s just reps. People have been doing it all along like that, and so therefore to say, “I’ve done it before like this, so I’ll do it the same way.” There’s actually no best in class, no analysis, no nothing. It’s just, “I’ve done it like that before.” I think that type of judgment will disappear because, again, algorithms will be as good, if not much better at that. They’ll be better at figuring out, actually, this would be the better way to do this. That’s how you play it forward. Then the question is, if there are fundamental, wise people in the organization, people that can really take that more complex elements of judgment, how do you go from the world we have today, which is a world of apprenticeship, where people come out of college, they go and work, and they learn their way, and therefore, hopefully over time, some of them, not all of them, we know that, but some of them will develop that wisdom to be great decision makers 15, 20 years down the road? How do we do that in a world that now is saying, “I don’t need people out of college because I can do it myself, and I can do individual contributor, and I can have agents doing the work that would require some manifestation of management in the middle.” Basically, “I don’t need this stuff. I don’t need you.” It’s a little bit the story we’re in. How do you create then this apprenticeship? How do we create then wisdom? My two cents on that is that wisdom, because of what we were just discussing and what, for example, myself and Bertrand was just saying, because of more often interactions with more data-stressed information and insights, what will happen is people will get better through their own reps in whatever form they’re doing, in day-to-day life, in internships, et cetera. In some ways, that will create the accelerated growth. It’s a little bit the interactions with agents and the interactions with our beloved AI algorithms that will create that growth over time and maybe not as much with other people. That still leaves the question around social interactions, but that’s probably the way this gets sorted. Apprenticeship gets sorted through the machine and the human having more interactions in effect.Bertrand Schmitt I agree with you because when we talk about apprenticeship, in some ways a lot of time was wasted on stuff that were not that important. But in a way, that was the price you had to pay in order to be there when people make the big decision to try to get some wisdom from that one hour of interactions that’s really useful and make a difference out of your full week. But the rest of your full week was just basic stuff that you had to do like a machine in a way. Why not let a machine do that? That, for me, is a big question. You could argue there is a transition period where it could be hard. For instance, if you can work hand in hand with AI smartly while you are doing your 4, 5 years of universities, you could graduate with a very different knowledge, perspective, judgment, skill set than anyone who graduated 5 years ago. I think that part will require a question around, “How do you change education?” You see what I mean? If you keep education the same way, expecting that the output is someone that should go now into 5 years of apprenticeship, that’s not going to work because companies will be, “No apprenticeship anymore.” On the contrary, you have to come much more knowledgeable and ready to use the tools. The tools are so efficient that the bar pretty high. You need to come already very well-grounded. If the education is not doing their job, that will be trouble. That part for me, I think is often forgotten. In some ways, the new-found importance of universities as a place to, and not just universities, the trade to really deliver people who are ready for the workforce. If on the business side, the expectation can change, of course, you have to change the education on the other side. My worry probably right now is that it doesn’t look like universities are in touch with what businesses are looking for, businesses are working on. Of course, that’s very worrisome because the cost of university has increased very significantly. It’s not clear quality of education has improved at all. If anything, it could be the opposite. It’s pretty scary. Of course, it’s going to raise a lot of questions. How much is education worth in that type of situation? Maybe another point because we talk a lot about apprenticeship, how this stuff was useful, but at the same time, if we go back in time, not long ago in the ’50s, if you wanted to be a developer, for instance, ’50s, ’60s, the job was very different. There was barely any programmation language out there. You had to use punch cards. Your time truly spent doing the coding was very limited. Once you had your stuff working, then, the debugging was a total nightmare. My point is that no one is looking back to that time saying, “You know what? It was great. It was a great way to learn and to do an apprenticeship for 5 years. To do that crappy job of punching cards for the boss.” There was little value in this. Guess what? Everyone is happy it’s not being done anymore by anyone. I think we also have to see what AI is bringing in a similar way is that everyone’s job is going to become quite different. There are a lot of big parts of the job who are not going to look back with fondness. Just looking back as, “Wow, that was very machine-like type of job. I’m glad I’m done with it.” People will want to jump directly to the next step. You don’t need to go to the punch card phase to be able to be a good developer for the past 40 years. I guess it will be the same with AI.Nuno Gonçalves Pedro I think so. The difficulty we have as humans is to also visualize dramatically different scenarios and landscapes, professionally. It’s difficult for us to anticipate what are the jobs of the future. Jobs have changed a lot in the last few decades, not even the last century. What people do, the migration initially from the agricultural society to then the industrial society to then the services society, and in some ways, the shift within the services industry, and now we’re seeing another shift, so we can’t really anticipate what those jobs look like. Back to your point on education, because I think that’s a very important point. If you’re right now an undergraduate student or a postgraduate student, for that matter, and you’re not figuring out your own mechanisms of learning outside of your syllabus, outside of what your professors are telling you, et cetera, you’re going to face very difficult times. If you’re not right now using all these AI tools proficiently, all these cycles of vibe coding, co-working, et cetera, with agents in the mix, you’re going to have a really tough time. If you’re not at this point in time as proficient as someone like myself or Bertrand, and given that we’re nerds, we’re relatively proficient with a lot of these tools that are out there. On top of it, some of us have our own platforms in-house. If you’re not as proficient as we are with those tools, you’re going to have a very difficult time because then people like us won’t need you. I think that’s the sad truth. It’s like at some point, if you’re not needed, you’re not needed. Then again, you may find something else that’s more interesting for you to do. Start your own company, go join a new exciting job doing whatever it is that you need to do next, et cetera. But again, I think the bar is very high. If you’re in college right now, again, undergrad, postgraduate, this is the time of transition. This is the worst time. It’s not the best time, it’s the worst time. Because education and all these institutions haven’t adapted to it yet. You need to adapt. You need to adapt. You need to adapt. If you don’t, you’re going to pay for it, not just in the loans you need to repay, but also in terms of actually having difficulty finding your career path in those first few critical years.Bertrand Schmitt You need to be especially proactive when you’re facing this type of period where businesses are adapting as fast as they can because they all know it’s going to be survival of the fittest very quickly. Universities typically are working on a very different pace, and it’s pretty guaranteed they are not going to have adapted as fast as businesses. In time of big dramatic change, it will be trouble. It will be trouble. Yes, you will have not fun. Not saying it was part of the deal when you sign up for that loan and decided to go for university. But that’s life. There has been issues before. It’s not the first time. You have to do something about it. You talk about your perspective about, “Hey, why do we need you if you are not already fluent and very efficient with these tools and stuff?” The truth, in some ways, it’s even worse than that. Each time we spend with someone who is not efficient with all of this is less time we spend with the tools that are already providing magic for us.Nuno Gonçalves Pedro Exactly.Bertrand Schmitt It’s a very big choice of, “Hey, do I spend more time training this person?” Do I just… there is an opportunity cost. Or, do I spend more time staying at light speed? Why do I slow down to do something else in the hope that maybe I will get to return versus the light speed I’m already on? It’s a lot of tension. Again, it’s certainly new. But if we want to look back, I think you talk about the switch from agriculture and society, industrial society, and now the service industry. The reality is that, yes, we have made dramatic changes in the past before. 140 years ago, we were 90% agricultural society in Europe, in the US, 90% of us. Today, it’s what? 2%. So my point is that that’s a normal evolution. There is no progress without change. Sometimes the rate of change is soft, and sometimes you have a step function. Now it’s a step function, and it’s also a pretty fast step function. Before, it could take decades to get new stuff being put in place, to have electricity come up, this or that. Now we see that the rate of investment in AI is insane, way beyond anything we have seen before. Two, in a way, a lot of the architecture behind the scene was already there to support an even faster transition. What’s new might be the pace of the transition, how unnatural it might look. But at the same time, if you put yourself in the shoes of someone who lived 150 years ago, I mean, this was also a dramatic change for them. From horses to cars to planes to rockets, pretty big change, maybe even bigger change.Nuno Gonçalves Pedro Maybe the silver lining, just to bookend this section, is one, there will be new roles. There are a lot of things we can’t anticipate. There will be new roles, there will be new jobs being created, and new things that we can’t really quite grasp yet. The second part is that the rules are changing, and they’re changing, I would say, in general, for the better. If you are a decision-maker or an organization, and you still have your job, you’re probably making more important decisions with more data, with more tooling around you, with less red tape, hopefully over time. I know that will not hold true for all the big corporations out there that are listening to us, but it is starting to happen. Things are making an impact on how decision-making is made. There’s less and less red tape along the way in certain organizations. There are more and more fact-based discussions happening as we move along. The silver lining is better jobs, more jobs, different jobs in the future, hopefully as well. Secondly, the second part of the silver line is that the jobs that exist today, hopefully, will be more interesting, certainly on the knowledge space and on this judgment space that we’re now introducing as part of this episode. The AI-Native Company: Org, Hiring, Culture Switching gears, maybe to how does that shift? How does the company of the future look like? How does an AI native company look like? I feel there are a lot of discussions on, “Oh, you only need one person to run everything.” Let’s not go to that level. We’ve had a couple of episodes where we focused on AI as your co-founder and a couple of other elements that you guys can go back to. Let’s focus on a more evolutionary view of what’s happening to organizations, and maybe start with the org structure. In general, we should see more flat organizations where mid-level managers have to justify their pay in some ways because middle management are routers. They are normally routing tasks. It’s sometimes aggregating it, synthesizing it, and pulling it back up. Guess what? AI and agents in general are very good at that. The synthesis piece, et cetera, is not as well needed. One could say there are several elements of middle management that are valuable, like the coaching of people, the creation of apprentices, and the accountability that comes with some of middle management. But lo and behold, most of middle management is seen as a little bit of a thin line that doesn’t need to necessarily exist. I feel we’re moving into a world of smaller teams, more senior teams, where there’s more judgment at the top, where you’ll have people that both do a mix of what we used to call management in its new form, but also a lot of individual contribution. If you’re not used to that, if you’re not used anymore to be an individual in the future, again, and if you’re a very senior in an organization, maybe this is the right time to either reinvent yourself, find some other job that doesn’t require as much of that, which we’ll have plenty of those jobs for the next few decades, or maybe retire. I’ve actually, shockingly enough, seen people who have said, “You know what? This thing is changing too fast, too dramatically. My industry is changing quite aggressively right now. I’m about to retire in a couple of years. I’m just going to retire now.” I’ve literally met two people who have done that. Again, there’s nothing wrong about it. I think we’re, again, going through a step function and a huge shift, but figuring out where you fit in this new model of organizations, more senior at the top, smaller teams, more of a mix of individual contribution with management than ever was done before.Bertrand Schmitt I agree with you. In some ways, I’m not surprised that some people might say, “You know what? It’s now time to retire.” I feel a bit sad, maybe because it means you don’t like to keep reinventing yourself and changing your habits and thinking about new stuff. You were a creature of habits, I would say, if that’s your conclusion. But everyone is entitled to their own opinion, obviously, and a way of life. I guess that’s what happened, again, at regular times in the past in terms of big change. What I can see is that the rise of, you can call it the full-stack individual, someone who will have multiple roles inside the team. Before, you had to really separate the role. Especially in the US, there is such a clear separation between every role you can have in a company. Let’s take a tech company. You will have people doing design, people doing different types of designs, people doing front-end development, back-end development, and operations. You see step-by-step hyper-specialization. I have seen that, and it’s true that the level of complexity you had to deal with at some point requires some level of hyper-specialization because it will take you 6, 12 months in order to be really, really strong on a specific topic, a specific language. God forbid, trying to go deep into something that you had no real experience into. But I feel with AI, it’s a big change, actually. It’s the opportunity to go beyond that. It’s the opportunity to do more, to touch more. You can combine designing and shipping code, product managing and shipping code, being an analyst and deploying. Of course, we have to think how it works because putting a marketer shipping code to production, maybe that will get you into trouble. But I think that there must be some change. We see it changing dramatically, how fast we can get into something, something different from what we are used to. I think it would be crazy not to take that opportunity to dramatically change the scope of many positions and put an end to that hyper-specialization. I think for me, in some ways, hyper-specialization was bad. There is only so much you want to be a specialist in because a lot of things, a lot of opportunities are actually coming from the mixing of many different ideas, many different perspectives, and you lose if you go to hyper-specialization.Nuno Gonçalves Pedro I don’t think the age that is coming is the age of the generalist. I think it’s going to be the age of the multispecialist. We’re going to go into an age of multispecialization, which is a little bit, we’ve mentioned it as well in the past, what Amazon defines as an athlete or T-shaped or pie-shaped people, people that have on top an amazing ability to do general management, strategy, managing teams, et cetera, then have spikes. Spikes into business development, corporate development, product management, whatever it is. With AI and with agents, the development of those spikes, as we’ve been discussing in this episode, will actually be easier. It’s almost like a given. If you want to go deeper and deeper into a certain area, you can go much faster. I think that level of multispecialization is going to be really cool to observe. I’m not sure we’ve had an age of multispecialization over the years. Maybe people would point out, well, the Da Vinci example, people that are great across very different areas. Maybe that’s an example of multispecialization. But honestly, from my perspective, this is going to be an exciting time because of that, because you’ll have people who, instead of being just focused on this area of sales, and I only do that, they can actually and should actually do a lot of other things. So the work, as we were talking before, can be more interesting. More demanding as well, because the judgments you need to make are more complex. The context you need to actually gain needs to be gained much faster. At a level of magnitude, you haven’t been able to do it before. Talk about information overload. But actually, ultimately, the roles can be a lot more interesting, a lot more exciting, because I can jump around. If I’m an investor, in this case, we have two investors on this conversation. But if I’m an investor, one of the things that we start looking at is actually not just looking at a startup as, is this startup doing something in AI or not? Is it AI-enabled or not? Is it an AI platform or not? But actually, more fundamentally, is this an AI native startup? Meaning, organizationally, culturally, is this the company that’s already in the AI age? How is the team working? How are they defining things? It’s not just that they only have two or three people. It’s like, what are those two or three people doing? How are they doing it? What cadence are they doing it on? What tools are they using? How are they making decisions? I feel we’re still actually relatively early on that track. It’s very interesting because we’ve had all these companies raising mega rounds. First round out, we invested in one of them, but there have been many frontier labs out there raising a ton of money. But a lot of them don’t have a fundamentally different way of doing business. Of organizing themselves, of how they do the day-to-day. Although they’re working on cutting-edge stuff, with very notable exceptions, they’re actually not using it themselves. They’re not actually shifting how they do stuff themselves.Bertrand Schmitt For me, that’s very interesting because in the past, I used to be quite conservative on how you manage and run a company in the sense that if you’re already in tech, if you are already on the cutting edge of what technology can deliver, and this and that, don’t waste time trying to invent a new org structure. Just focus on delivering something great, amazing, and be great at technologies. That’s already your huge differentiator. At the time, there was no real reason to innovate on the team organization. I have seen so many teams that tried to innovate, and it was just catastrophic because there was not much to innovate on, because we had decades of optimization that we could leverage. There was no reason to invent. But here it’s very different. There is a dramatic shift in how you can organize differently a company. I don’t think there are any blueprints yet on what’s the best way to do it because it’s too new. But at the same time, I would feel very bad to invest or support a company that first is not focused on AI or AI-enabled, but at the same time is not trying to innovate on the team itself. Because if you don’t do that, you’re going to get killed by someone who is going to innovate better than you on not just the product, but on the org as well.Nuno Gonçalves Pedro Indeed. The shifts are pretty substantial. If you look, for example, just at hiring, what do you hire for? Certainly, there’s this element of the multispecialized orchestrator, which normally will be someone with quite a lot of wisdom and expertise. It doesn’t necessarily mean someone who’s old, but someone who has the ability to work with all the AI tooling and platforms out there and be an orchestrator of agents. Why do they make judgments, make decisions, move stuff forward really, really, really quickly? Again, those jobs are going to be the best jobs. The second part, I think that is very interesting, around hiring, is you’re going to skew towards the elements that are potentially either very aligned with the use of AI tooling and platform, AI expertise, or being AI native, or someone who’s used to using AI. That’s one side of the fence. On the other side, you’re going to actually be optimizing to hire people that have the characteristics that will be difficult for AI to replace immediately, like taste and the notion of fundamental accountability and notion of implications, the notion of how you affect change in organizations, how you affect change in individuals, the elements of coaching, and beyond coaching. You’ll be optimizing for those kinds of hires as well. Then, last but not least, for me, I feel that there is a momentum already happening. I think it will happen even more, which is the tendency to under-hire rather than over-hire. The moment of the good old days of blitz scaling, “Oh, let me go and hire 300 people to scale my go-to-market and just land grab market.” Now, that’s not how it’s going to work. People are going to try and first get the efficiencies in-house with top talent and see if there’s, at the end, the need to hire more people or not, rather than the other way around. I think the issue here is a little bit of what we alluded to before in this episode. There is a tax on individuals. If you hire more people, you’ll have to manage people, you’ll have to work with them, et cetera. If I don’t need to, I might as well work with the agents that the tools and platforms that I use give me access to. Because that’s a world that’s much more efficient, right?Bertrand Schmitt I’m in total agreement with you on this. It’s definitely raising way more questions than before because, again, on one side, you have the product, the technology used to build products that are completely different. At the same time, all of this is also enabling new ways to design organizations and to scale differently, especially in a world where, as we have seen in 3, 6, and 12 months, stuff that you thought were impossible are suddenly becoming possible. So you’re, “Hey, I’m going to scale and burn a shitload of money for 6 months before I know if there is any return.” Versus, “You know what? Maybe I just wait 6 months. The AI has improved enough so that we don’t need this new team. We don’t need these people to do stuff.” Because actually, if you just wait 6 months, we will have stuff coming for free from either new AI models or new AI tools or this or that. If you remember, we used to say that in mobile, things were going three times as fast as on the web in terms of pace of innovation and speed of development and stuff. I mean, with AI, it’s 5X mobile.Nuno Gonçalves Pedro Maybe even more. Yes, well.Bertrand Schmitt Maybe even more, maybe 10X. Every assumption around blitz scaling or scaling in general was based on past assumptions. It’s not based on how is the industry evolving today. Might make more sense for you to really grow your agents and spend more money on more tokens. I remember, of course, Jensen is selling his business interest, but he was saying, “Hey, for each one of my 450K engineers, he better spend 250K in tokens a year.” I’m not saying it’s the right way to say it, but I think there is some truth in it, and that would be something to think about. Have we maxed out the token usage per employee? I’m not talking in a stupid way because token maxing and wasting money has no value and is as stupid as it gets. But if you are truly getting a return on these tokens, can you use more? Can you generate more? Can you create more loops so that one engineer manages not just 10 agents, but 50 agents, but 200 agents? I think that’s the big question. We’re trying to add more people. More people means more management, more issues, more this, more that. That would be a fair question. Another piece of the puzzle is how do you build in a way your… I don’t know if it’s a digital twin, but more like the digital version of your companies represented by agents. How do you make sure that everything you do as a business is truly captured, is truly leveraged so that your agents are getting better and better? Not just because the model gets better, but because you are putting more data into it, because it has more opportunity to learn, and as a result, gets better at your specific business.Nuno Gonçalves Pedro The next big thing is culture. How does culture change? I think the biggest shift that I see is, why would you do meetings all the time?Bertrand Schmitt Yes.Nuno Gonçalves Pedro At least at Chamaeleon, we have a very small team, just by the way. We have a very small team at Chamaeleon. We’ve reduced by way more than 50% the time we spend on meetings between each other across the board, one-on-ones, partner meetings, et cetera. I think we’re really pushing to be more and more asynchronous. There’s stuff you can process via message. I was just asking one of my colleagues, “Can you just send me that prompt for that so I can just do that on CoWork?” Or “Can I just go on Mantis and do this? Can you tell me the cycle?” Or vice versa. Basically, it’s a little bit like you’re just going to do it. I don’t need to meet. I don’t need to meet all the time. There are some things where we still need to meet and interact, and we need to brainstorm at times, and we need to go to a different level of abstraction on the top end. Then on the lower end, there might be things that are a little bit more specific and governance-related and operational-related that we need to agree on that are more sticky. But otherwise, the culture is going to be biased towards build. “Go and do it,” rather than, “Let’s do a meeting.”Bertrand Schmitt Yes.Nuno Gonçalves Pedro Async is the thing. I’m more and more like we have a couple of interns this summer. “Can we async this?” They’re like, “What does that mean?” “Can we make this interaction asynchronous?” Because synchronous interactions for me are very expensive. Can you send me something that I can process, and then I can send it back to you? We don’t waste time on you giving me context and whatever. Then I’m not ready quite yet because I need to process it. Maybe I’m in between two meetings that I’m actually thinking about other things in my mind.” Again, I feel that shifts how stuff is done. One, build rather than meeting. Two, asynchronous versus synchronous. In some way, millennials had it right when they shifted a lot to messaging and stuff like that. Let’s do more asynchronous rather than synchronous, those two elements from just an operating model of the company are significant. Maybe this is a good time for me just to put one parenthesis because there’s this thing that’s bugging me as we’re talking here. Everyone who is listening to us at this point in time might be saying, “Cool, but I work for this large organization. We’re just now…” Everything we’re saying here is contextualized by time. We’re giving you extreme situations. We’re looking into the future. Some companies that we’re talking about might be doing this already as we speak. Some of them might be in the process of doing this and might in the next couple of months be doing it like we are describing it here. Some of them might take years to get there. Then again, some of the companies that might take years might actually be destroyed in between or meanwhile, and be disrupted. Some of them might not because they’re in very legacy businesses, and it’s fine, and it’s okay. Again, don’t take everything that Bertrand and I are saying today as this is gospel, and it’s going to happen tomorrow, and why the hell are we not doing it? We think that aspirationally, this is where you should be moving to as an organization, whatever size you’re at. Speed will matter, as we discussed before, but not everyone, obviously, is going to move as fast as we’re describing it here.Bertrand Schmitt Yes. Me, for instance, take inspiration often with what some of the AI labs, frontier AI labs, are doing, the way they are working, especially in OpenAI and Anthropic. They are clearly at the top of the spear in terms of what is it that you can do because they have access to models we don’t have access to, because they have unlimited tokens they can use for tasks. They hire people who are, of course, 100% on AI. They are the best example of what is achievable if you have the top minds, if you have the latest models, if you have unlimited tokens. From there, you can take that for our needs and for our situation, and others in industries that are not as advanced. Definitely, you have some time. But as you say, things are moving fast, things are changing. Wall Street is going to expect better returns because when we discuss all of this, the conclusion is that you should be able to do more with less. That’s as real as it gets at some point. By the way, that’s what you see. You see better performance, a better business performance right now. So even if you might not get disrupted, you’d better start there. For some, it might take more time, and they might still be fine.Nuno Gonçalves Pedro Maybe to bookend this section, clearly what we’re saying is organizations are going to change. Their MOs are going to change, the structures are going to change. There are elements of what we discussed before in terms of judgment that are fundamental to this. The ability that in some ways, one would say a lot of the technique of getting solutions out there, even in brainstorming or problem-solving, is going to get democratized. The algorithms are able to do that. On the other hand, having points of view and having wisdom is not necessarily democratized, necessarily by the machines. It can be facilitated, it can be more productive in achieving that level of wisdom, but wisdom still will matter at the end of the day. We’re not saying that’s out of the question. Actually, that’s going to be the asset. People who have fundamental wisdom that can come to the table and frame things. We see this even today in prompt engineering, on just creating prompts. The better your prompt is, the better the outcome is going to be, the result that you get from the algorithms. That’s not going to change, in my opinion, anytime soon. That UI interaction piece is not going to change anytime soon. Again, if you’re an organization thinking through organizational structure, culture, if you’re thinking through hiring, these are some of the elements that we think will give you an opportunity, but I would actually go one step further. On the positive side, I would say, they give you arbitrage. If you’re able to move faster than your competitors and really adapt your org faster, you’ll reap the benefits faster as well. That’s what many still say and relate to as the word innovation. That’s how innovation gets accelerated. I think there’s a huge opportunity right now for arbitrage. If you move fast, experiment, experiment on new org structures, experiment with talent, you’ll know that some of them will work well, some of them will fail miserably, so you can’t experiment on literally everything. On the other side, I think the doomsday scenario is if you don’t, if you’re on the other side and your competitor is outpacing you on trying these different organizational models, structure, hiring models, and operating models, they’ll potentially just disrupt you. They’ll do stuff that you thought you had the moat on, and lo and behold, you don’t anymore. Sometimes it comes just from org, just from injection of people with a different MRO, different operating model.Bertrand Schmitt The Human Element: Are We Underestimating It? Maybe we can move to our next section about the human elements. Are we underestimating it or are we overestimating it? The three things that are a big part of the human elements, emotion, creativity, and synthesis. Is it just soft skills, replaceable part? On the contrary, is it the durable part now that we have automated intelligence?Nuno Gonçalves Pedro I’ll start with emotion first because I think it’s probably the easiest of all the ones you’ve mentioned. Emotion is key. Many of you listening to us will know this. The way you deliver a certain message, the emotion that you have when you deliver it, just in and of itself, this could be a sentence, it’s something verbal, et cetera. Makes a difference between the person or the people on the other side actually adopting it or actually just resisting it. Emotion is critical. It’s what runs the world. Everyone talks about a bunch of things, but emotion is a currency that is still naturally human. It will be, I feel, difficult for these AI tools and platforms to recreate it fully until there’s some literally very high-definition manifestation of them as avatars or some physical manifestation of them as robots and all that stuff. It will take a while for that emotion to be manifested. Emotion, I think, is still something that we as humans have as a moat, and it’s critical. As you mentioned before, I was a strategy management consultant at McKinsey, and getting people to action is actually 80% about the delivery, communication, the emotion that you surround the project itself, more than sometimes the truth. It’s great to have the truth and to have something that is similar to the truth in terms of analysis, but in some ways, that’s not what really moves change. Change is moved by, I would argue, a significant amount of emotion and alignment on emotions.Bertrand Schmitt You could argue that’s something that most politicians have perfectly understood. If you look at most campaigns these days, everything on emotions, maybe the tagline might be one word. It’s interesting when you see from that perspective that actually it’s very little on facts, very little on all of this, but more about emotion. You could argue it’s the same for businesses in the future? That’s a fair question. I think creativity is another one that’s quite important. At the same time, it’s not so easy because I must say I’m quite amazed when I’m looking for creativity from AI, either to generate the image, to generate video, to generate audio, or to generate text. AI can be pretty creative. I still think you need to control its creativity; you need to understand what’s good, what’s bad, what’s quality, but at the same time, I can see even in creative tasks, AI can be a very strong partner. I’m talking about any creative task, like invent a name for a product, let’s brainstorm the mission for the company. AI can actually be doing a pretty impressive job. That’s the type of job where you will hire experts, where you will use some of the best people in your team to help you for days. We say, “You can do quite a lot.” It’s an interesting one because I think there is some unique human creativity, and at the same time, AI can be pretty strong at creative task as well.Nuno Gonçalves Pedro I agree. In particular, if it represents benchmarking, if it represents repetition, if it represents seeing the world and then coming up with something that presents itself as creative, to be honest, it can actually outpace humans. If it’s like genuine light bulb moments of creativity, angles that haven’t been tried before, certainly not in the same way, I think humans still have the advantage. To your point, I agree. This is not a humans-win situation. On the previous one, on emotion, still, part of it is because, also on emotion, there are exchanges. You and I might be looking at each other, and from the facial expressions and the reactions, where you judge that for AI to get there, it’s going to take a long time. There’s going to be a lot of very complex algorithmic stuff put into that for AI to be able to create synthetic emotional behaviors, but creativity, I agree with you. There are a lot more nuances to it today, where AI does have significant advantages at the end of the day. Synthesis depends. Synthesis, I feel, if we’re talking about holding a bunch of messy assumptions, contextualized inputs with different layers of data adjacent to them and then trying to create and form one coherent, fully accountable point of view that you stake something on, like a decision, a company, a business unit, whatever, I think humans have the advantage. Part of it is the complexity of what we have today with generative, pre-trained transformers, today with GPTs, where the hallucination comes through, where it’s really more statistical analysis. Over time, maybe synthesis will be a forte for AI. Right now, I think we still have that ability to really be the ultimate decision-makers and judge-makers and have that wisdom put at the table to make those decisions. Honestly, models are very good on balancing both sides, so ended up, as we say in Portuguese, neither fish nor meat. It’s to balance both sides’ answers. That’s not helpful in most cases. When you’re in a difficult position where, for example, the future of a company, company is almost dying, what do you do? I’m not sure your AI algorithms that are going to give you a great solution. Because it will give you a median or average solution, which likely will lead you to a median or average outcome, which in this case would be failure. Again, on synthesis, there are some areas of advantage for human beings. If you are looking for clearly synthesized perspectives on certain elements that are maybe less edge-focused, they’re more than the normal part of the normal distribution, then probably AI agents are brilliant at that. All the tools we have today are pretty good at that, and I think they’ll just get better over time. That’s how I see synthesis.Bertrand Schmitt I think a lot of improvements will come with a better fine-tuning of agents to what’s special about your company. Because if you just take a general agent, there is only so much. It can understand your industry, your company, and your way of working. I think that part of making sure your agents are finely trained, finely tuned on your own business, so that they can give you a really well-calibrated feedback, will have a lot of importance.Nuno Gonçalves Pedro I think that’s absolutely spot on. Maybe to end it, what is definitely different about humanity? Definitely, emotion, as we discussed, some pieces of synthesis. Creativity, maybe the light bulb creativity, not the more repeatable creativity, the one that you can put and encapsulate into processes in some ways. There are elements of us being physical, which robots can’t still recreate. That’s definitely an advantage. The embodied, we’re embodied. That’s obviously a huge advantage. With that also comes advantages because we have to interpret each other, and we have to see the complexities in physicality that land to it. Is human and the human element categorical difference? If we’re having a more philosophical discussion around this, I think it is. I think it will be for at least the foreseeable future and maybe decades to come, even in whatever scenarios we’ll discuss, which is our next section, scenarios.Bertrand Schmitt I would say projecting beyond 10 years is always pretty hard on this because, again, some of the improvements we are talking about we can imagine based on how it has evolved, but at the same time, there will be disruptions in AI. Stuff that we take for granted in terms of weakness, especially, might not be there in a few years from now. Either because it has been solved through brute force or because the field will have made significant change and improvements and discoveries, making some of our points moot. If we talk about embodiment, obviously, robots are coming. How fast, how cheap? That will be a big question. Right now, they’re not very smart. They’re usually very specialized. The more we move to a more general form factor, humanoid form factor, the more I think it will change. Also, another piece of the puzzle is that we have the assumption of agents having trouble to convince humans and stuff. At some point, we keep assuming that humans in the loop. If we’re talking about agents convincing another agent, not having embodiment might be even more efficient. That will be another perspective. Going forward, we will have not just agents we control who are doing a job and scanning the job, but agents truly interacting with other agents. You have agents controlled by one person, one team in your company, working either together or maybe not confrontationally, but trying to think and having different perspectives with another agent, controlled by other teams. I don’t think we have seen much of that now. We have seen mostly agents that are controlled by one team doing one job in one direction. Not multiple teams agents working together, or against or in parallel with another team agent. I think we will see some interesting things coming out of that.Nuno Gonçalves Pedro Scenarios Switching to scenarios, we love our two-by-twos. We haven’t done one in a while. This time it’s a two by two. We have four scenarios. I think on one axis, we would have potentially the capabilities of AI. One side would be more incremental. The other side would be the extreme full AGI. I’ll define it in a bit so that we can at least have a little bit of a definitional view on what the AGI is. Then the other axis would be how gains are distributed, concentrated versus broad. Obviously, if they’re very concentrated, it’s more unequal. It only goes to a few companies, a few people, a few individuals. If it’s broad, it’s much more dispersed through society, et cetera. AGI, just to try to define it, the formal definition of it is that it’s a hypothetical AI that matches or exceeds human capabilities across virtually all cognitive and practical tasks. In some ways, AGI can learn, reason, and adapt to novel situations across any domain. Then there are several mutations on this, but there’s one notion, or rather, there are three notions that normally are across a lot of these definitions. One is generalization, ability to seamlessly transfer knowledge from one domain to another without needing retraining, which is a very impressive skill that we humans still seemingly have. Autonomy in agency, the capacity to operate independently, set goals, plan and execute complex tasks. I think AI is their issue with agents to a lot of that extent. Then, last but not least, human parity, performing economically valuable work at or above the level of a typical human knowledge worker. If you listen to one of our last episodes, you’ll realize that Bertrand and I have slightly different views on AGI, and if it’s already here or not. I think, definitionally, maybe we have slightly different views on what the definition actually is. For me, maybe AGI is a little bit more what some would call superintelligence and generalized superintelligence. Strict to census, Bertrand is more connecting to AGI as in its prime definition. It behaves as well or better than a human thing. Maybe that’s what’s leading us to differences on whether AGI has arrived or not.Bertrand Schmitt Personally, I will have a different scale where I will put AGI, as you just said, in some ways, relatively similar in performance to your average human being. On top of it, it’s able to touch different domains that most humans are not able to do. Usually, there is some level of specializations where in AI, it can be more generic. I will put ASI, Artificial Superintelligence, as clearly the step beyond. Something that, on any dimension you pick, it’s able to beat a human expert. From my perspective, I think we already discussed that, but we are at AGI already. We have AI that can do way better, not just way better, but at least as well as humans on many topics, sometimes better. Yes, there are some topics that are not for AI yet. Embodiment, for instance, to flock with your humanoid robot in 2026. For me, we are partially there or fully there in AGI. If we take the stricter definition, ASI, we are definitely not there, but my guess is that it’s moving quite fast. We might be there in a few years from now. I don’t think we are talking about multi-decades. It’s 5 years, maybe 10. Of course, there are questions because people will say, for instance, “Hey, how do you become truly super-intelligent when all your training is based on human data?” That’s not an easy one because how do you train on that? To be way better, not just a bit better, but way better. Maybe I’m going on a tangent, but some are looking at AI learning from AI, AI being taught from AI, AI fighting with AI, AI challenging AI. The same way we saw this AlphaGo moment where AI was not trained anymore, like in chess with human moves, but has been trained to play against itself. That’s when it reached superintelligence in Go. It reached superintelligence by playing against itself and basically letting go of that human baggage, if you want, and going to the next level. What I found interesting in that, actually, first, that’s what happened, but two, there was some analysis that the average level of Go players and the top players went up after AlphaGo because AlphaGo, in a way, opened doors that humans didn’t believe were open in front of them, or they didn’t see them. They didn’t see these doors, so they didn’t bother to open them. AI opened new doors, but interestingly enough, humans improved after that, thanks to AI. You see what I mean? It was an interesting, okay, that self-learning from AI was the way to go beyond the current level of human knowledge and human expertise, but at the same time, humans were able to follow up. It was not like suddenly humans are totally useless crap. They improved. Did they still beat AI? Maybe not, but it was definitely also helpful.Nuno Gonçalves Pedro Back to our scenarios. We’re going to take the definitional extreme just for argument’s sake for scenarios. We’re going to talk about maybe what you were saying, ASI rather than full AGI, but like ASI. Again, artificial superintelligence as the extreme on the one hand. Let me talk about maybe the first scenario that would come to mind. Maybe we can call it the plateau scenario. All of this was great, but it was all smoke and mirrors. They were great at some cognition stuff. They’re a great tool. At some point, they’re going to hit a wall. Hallucinations are never going to be a thing of the past. We can’t fully trust them on really hardcore stuff. We’ll gain productivity enhancements. We’ll keep gaining those productivity enhancements, but at some point in time, we really won’t reach ASI. We really will be stuck with what we have. It’s a little bit like we get the next big thing, the next big spreadsheet, the next big internet, but it’s not going to change the whole world beyond just productivity, enhancements, and amazing tools that we have available to us that makes us much better. In that scenario, the winners will continue being fast adopters, probably small and medium businesses, because there won’t be a push for maximum speed either, so they’ll catch up at some point. Then AI native companies will be better companies than other companies, but not necessarily overall disruptors across the board. It’s not necessarily a new species of companies. It’s just companies that are a little bit better at doing stuff, which we also saw during the internet phenomenon and that first big push forward and then bubble, where we had some companies that were fundamentally different on how they operated. It took us another couple of decades for companies to be more and more digitally native along the way. Basically interesting, but it’s boring. It’s like, cool, we got tools, we got promised the world. What are the implications? All these companies that are worth trillions and trillions of dollars are not worth trillions and trillions of dollars. Because at some point we’ll face competition, commoditization. It will just be tools and platforms. They will not unlock that next stage. Therefore, this will have been a bubble, and likely it would be a hard landing to that bubble. That’s the implication.Bertrand Schmitt I would just say that, yes, I agree with you, but I would just say overall, even if it stopped today in terms of quality improvement, speed or stuff, or it barely improves, I still think we will have 10 years of madness just to leverage everything that we have today.Nuno Gonçalves Pedro Understood, Bertrand. This is a scenario. I understand, but maybe we’re going to hit a wall, and we’re going to hit that wall next year, or we’re going to hit that wall in 2 years or whatever.Bertrand Schmitt Possibly. I’m just saying we still have 10 years of goodness from that big push in AI we experienced the past few years.Nuno Gonçalves Pedro Absolutely. Agreed, but it’s boring.Bertrand Schmitt It’s boring. It’s a plateau.Nuno Gonçalves Pedro It’s a plateau. The second one is more of something that we have AI, but humans in the loop are going to be critical along the way. The judgment work that we described earlier in the episode is going to be critical to everything that happens. It’s, I would call it the augmentation scenario. The AI will be a great augmentation tool for humans, but humans will never really quite stop being in the loop. Some of the gains that AI has are broadly distributed in society and in the startup, big corporation and small medium business world. Everyone will have access to them. We humans, are still very important. We have all these augmentation things, and AI is mostly benign. There will be a couple of issues, but honestly, at the end of the day, we’re just better. We’re better, faster, more data-driven, more factually current. We’re doing stuff faster, but humans

Neste episódio falamos do famoso e infame processo dos Távoras, em meados do séc. XVIII, durante o reinado de D. José, onde a mais alta aristocracia portuguesa foi condenada à pena de morte. Tentamos compreender o que motivou o processo, como se desenrolou e as suas consequências.Sugestões de leitura:1. Nuno Gonçalo Monteiro - D. José. Na Sombra do Marquês de Pombal. Temas & Debates, 2025.2. Guilherme G. de Oliveira Santos, Leandro Correira, Roberto Carlos Reis - O processo dos Távoras. A revisão - instauração, depoimentos e sentenças. Caleidoscópio, 2017.3. Vista do Patiblo que se vio na Prasa de Belem a 13 de Janeyro de 1759, c. 1760, Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal: http://purl.pt/11565-----Obrigado aos patronos do podcast:André Silva, Bruno Figueira, Cláudio Batista, Gustavo Fonseca, Isabel Yglesias de Oliveira, Joana Figueira, NBisme, Oliver Doerfler, Sara Esteves, Sofia Carvalho;Alexandre Carvalho, Andre Oliveira, Carlos Andrade, Carlos Castro, Civiforum, Lda., Cláudia Conceição, Daniel Murta, Domingos Ferreira, Francisco C, Hugo Picciochi, Jorge Filipe, José Beleza, Luís André Agostinho, Miguel Cunha, Patrícia Gomes, Pedro Almada, Pedro Alves, Pedro Ferreira, Rui Roque, Tiago Pereira, Vera Costa;Adriana Vazão, Ana Gonçalves, André Abrantes, António Farelo, António J. R. Neto, Bruno Luis, Carlos Ribeiro, Carlos Ribeiro, Carolina  Batista, Catarina Ferreira, Clara Camacho, Cláudia Brandão, César, Diogo Camoes, Diogo Freitas, Fábio Videira Santos, Francisco Castro, Frederico Patinha, Gn, Goncalo Castro, GusRo, Hugo Palma, Hugo Vieira, Igor Silva, Joao Godinho, Joel José Ginga, Johnniedee, Jorge Manuel, João Barbosa, João Canto, João Carlos Braga Simões, João Diamantino, João Ferreira, João Félix, João Mendes, Liam Brockey, Luis Colaço, lvlheadwrecker, Mafalda Trindade, Marcos, Miguel Brito, Miguel Gama, Miguel Gonçalves Tomé, Miguel Oliveira, Miguel Salgado, Nuno Carvalho, Nuno Esteves, Nuno Moreira, Nuno Silva, Orlando Silva, Parte Cóccix, Paulo Guerreiro, Paulo Ramirez, Paulo Ruivo, Paulo Silva, Pedro Barros, Pedro Oliveira, Pedro Sebastião, Ricardo Pinho, Ricardo Santos, Rodrigo Candeias, Rui Magalhães, Rui Rodrigues, Simão, Simão Ribeiro, Thomas Ferreira, Tiago Matias, Tiago Sequeira, Tomás Matos Pires, Vitor Couto, Zé Teixeira.-----Ouve e gosta do podcast?Se quiser apoiar o Falando de História, contribuindo para a sua manutenção, pode fazê-lo via Patreon: https://patreon.com/falandodehistoria-----Música: "Hidden Agenda” de Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com); Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 4.0 License, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0.Edição de Marco António.

Hugo Soares, líder parlamentar do PSD, e Teresa Leal Coelho, ex-vice-presidente do PSD, defendem que não há guerra interna. Nuno Gonçalo Poças, colunista do Observador, fala em falta de liderança e de um eleitorado órfão. Mariana Vieira da Silva - ex-ministra do PS, diz que Passos Coelho tinha apenas um objetivo: marcar a agenda. O que quer afinal do ex-Primeiro-Ministro? E como se pode interpretar as suas críticas crescentes a Luís Montenegro?See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

O DUCENTÉSIMO QUINQUAGÉSIMO NONO EPISÓDIO do Podcast Dar Voz a esQrever 

Fernando Alvim recebe Nuno Gonçalo Poças, autor do livro "Águas de Bacalhau".See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

No programa desta semana, o convidado Nuno Gonçalo Poças apresenta a sua teoria sobre a dificuldade, patente em várias pessoas, em compreender o que apelida de "regras não escritas sobre como andar de transportes públicos": "No metro, há sempre a regra de deixar as pessoas sair primeiro, antes de entrar. Mas não está escrito. Então vira um fenómeno". Luís Pedro Nunes fala sobre a epidemia da trend 'Rocinha', com Luana do Bem a criticar a impossibilidade de uma alimentação saudável, enquanto se tenta perder peso. Já José de Pina, depois de voltar a atacar a cerimónia dos Óscares, mostra-se chocado com a notícia da escola que dividiu os alunos por refeições: "Como é que um diretor de uma instituição consegue normalizar um espetáculo destes?". Com moderação de Pedro Boucherie Mendes, o Irritações foi emitido a 20 de março, na SIC Radical. * A sinopse deste episódio foi criada com o apoio de IASee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Esta semana, temos na estante a única experiência literária do grande provocador da canção francesa: Serge Gainsbourg, com a novela “Evgueni Sokolov”; lemos duas vozes críticas da situação do país: o jornalista Gustavo Sampaio no livro “Negócios no Poder” e o colunista Nuno Gonçalo Poças em “Águas de Bacalhau - Do advento da Geringonça à ascenção do Chega”; e temos ainda os dois primeiros títulos de uma nova colecção de clássicos: “A Vida de Lazarilho de Tormes”, de autor anónimo, e “Robinson Crusoe”, de Daniel Defoe.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Base das Lajes foi usada para violar o Direito Internacional e deixar Portugal em posição frágil, diz Eunice Lourenço. Nuno Gonçalo Poças acredita que utilização da base militar açoreana é secundária.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Infrastructure was passé…uncool. Difficult to get dollars from Private Equity and Growth funds, and almost impossible to get a VC fund interested. Now?! Now, it's cool. Infrastructure seems to be having a Renaissance, a full on Rebirth, not just fueled by commercial interests (e.g. advent of AI), but also by industrial policy and geopolitical considerations. In this episode of Tech Deciphered, we explore what's cool in the infrastructure spaces, including mega trends in semiconductors, energy, networking & connectivity, manufacturing Navigation: Intro We're back to building things Why now: the 5 forces behind the renaissance Semiconductors: compute is the new oil Networking & connectivity: digital highways get rebuilt Energy: rebuilding the power stack (not just renewables) Manufacturing: the return of “atoms + bits” Wrap: what it means for startups, incumbents, and investors Conclusion Our co-hosts: Bertrand Schmitt, Entrepreneur in Residence at Red River West, co-founder of App Annie / Data.ai, business angel, advisor to startups and VC funds, @bschmitt Nuno Goncalves Pedro, Investor, Managing Partner, Founder at Chamaeleon, @ngpedro Our show: Tech DECIPHERED brings you the Entrepreneur and Investor views on Big Tech, VC and Start-up news, opinion pieces and research. We decipher their meaning, and add inside knowledge and context. Being nerds, we also discuss the latest gadgets and pop culture news Subscribe To Our Podcast Nuno Gonçalves Pedro Introduction Welcome to episode 73 of Tech Deciphered, Infrastructure, the Rebirth or Renaissance. Infrastructure was passé, it wasn’t cool, but all of a sudden now everyone’s talking about network, talking about compute and semiconductors, talking about logistics, talking about energy. What gives? What’s happened? It was impossible in the past to get any funds, venture capital, even, to be honest, some private equity funds or growth funds interested in some of these areas, but now all of a sudden everyone thinks it’s cool. The infrastructure seems to be having a renaissance, a full-on rebirth. In this episode, we will explore in which cool ways the infrastructure spaces are moving and what’s leading to it. We will deep dive into the forces that are leading us to this. We will deep dive into semiconductors, networking and connectivity, energy, manufacturing, and then we’ll wrap up. Bertrand, so infrastructure is cool now. Bertrand Schmitt We're back to building things Yes. I thought software was going to eat the world. I cannot believe it was then, maybe even 15 years ago, from Andreessen, that quote about software eating the world. I guess it’s an eternal balance. Sometimes you go ahead of yourself, you build a lot of software stack, and at some point, you need the hardware to run this software stack, and there is only so much the bits can do in a world of atoms. Nuno Gonçalves Pedro Obviously, we’ve gone through some of this before. I think what we’re going through right now is AI is eating the world, and because AI is eating the world, it’s driving a lot of this infrastructure building that we need. We don’t have enough energy to be consumed by all these big data centers and hyperscalers. We need to be innovative around network as well because of the consumption in terms of network bandwidth that is linked to that consumption as well. In some ways, it’s not software eating the world, AI is eating the world. Because AI is eating the world, we need to rethink everything around infrastructure and infrastructure becoming cool again. Bertrand Schmitt There is something deeper in this. It’s that the past 10, even 15 years were all about SaaS before AI. SaaS, interestingly enough, was very energy-efficient. When I say SaaS, I mean cloud computing at large. What I mean by energy-efficient is that actually cloud computing help make energy use more efficient because instead of companies having their own separate data centers in many locations, sometimes poorly run from an industrial perspective, replace their own privately run data center with data center run by the super scalers, the hyperscalers of the world. These data centers were run much better in terms of how you manage the coolings, the energy efficiency, the rack density, all of this stuff. Actually, the cloud revolution didn’t increase the use of electricity. The cloud revolution was actually a replacement from your private data center to the hyperscaler data center, which was energy efficient. That’s why we didn’t, even if we are always talking about that growth of cloud computing, we were never feeling the pinch in term of electricity. As you say, we say it all changed because with AI, it was not a simple “Replacement” of locally run infrastructure to a hyperscaler run infrastructure. It was truly adding on top of an existing infrastructure, a new computing infrastructure in a way out of nowhere. Not just any computing infrastructure, an energy infrastructure that was really, really voracious in term of energy use. Nuno Gonçalves Pedro There was one other effect. Obviously, we’ve discussed before, we are in a bubble. We won’t go too much into that today. But the previous big bubble in tech, which is in the late ’90s, there was a lot of infrastructure built. We thought the internet was going to take over back then. It didn’t take over immediately, but there was a lot of network connectivity, bandwidth built back in the day. Companies imploded because of that as well, or had to restructure and go in their chapter 11. A lot of the big telco companies had their own issues back then, etc., but a lot of infrastructure was built back then for this advent of the internet, which would then take a long time to come. In some ways, to your point, there was a lot of latent supply that was built that was around that for a while wasn’t used, but then it was. Now it’s been used, and now we need new stuff. That’s why I feel now we’re having the new moment of infrastructure, new moment of moving forward, aligned a little bit with what you just said around cloud computing and the advent of SaaS, but also around the fact that we had a lot of buildup back in the late ’90s, early ’90s, which we’re now still reaping the benefits on in today’s world. Bertrand Schmitt Yeah, that’s actually a great point because what was built in the late ’90s, there was a lot of fibre that was built. Laying out the fibre either across countries, inside countries. This fibre, interestingly enough, you could just change the computing on both sides of the fibre, the routing, the modems, and upgrade the capacity of the fibre. But the fibre was the same in between. The big investment, CapEx investment, was really lying down that fibre, but then you could really upgrade easily. Even if both ends of the fibre were either using very old infrastructure from the ’90s or were actually dark and not being put to use, step by step, it was being put to use, equipment was replaced, and step by step, you could keep using more and more of this fibre. It was a very interesting development, as you say, because it could be expanded over the years, where if we talk about GPUs, use for AI, GPUs, the interesting part is actually it’s totally the opposite. After a few years, it’s useless. Some like Google, will argue that they can depreciate over 5, 6 years, even some GPUs. But at the end of the day, the difference in perf and energy efficiency of the GPUs means that if you are energy constrained, you just want to replace the old one even as young as three-year-old. You have to look at Nvidia increasing spec, generation after generation. It’s pretty insane. It’s usually at least 3X year over year in term of performance. Nuno Gonçalves Pedro At this moment in time, it’s very clear that it’s happening. Why now: the 5 forces behind the renaissance Maybe let’s deep dive into why it’s happening now. What are the key forces around this? We’ve identified, I think, five forces that are particularly vital that lead to the world we’re in right now. One we’ve already talked about, which is AI, the demand shock and everything that’s happened because of AI. Data centers drive power demand, drive grid upgrades, drive innovative ways of getting energy, drive chips, drive networking, drive cooling, drive manufacturing, drive all the things that we’re going to talk in just a bit. One second element that we could probably highlight in terms of the forces that are behind this is obviously where we are in terms of cost curves around technology. Obviously, a lot of things are becoming much cheaper. The simulation of physical behaviours has become a lot more cheap, which in itself, this becomes almost a vicious cycle in of itself, then drives the adoption of more and more AI and stuff. But anyway, the simulation is becoming more and more accessible, so you can do a lot of simulation with digital twins and other things off the real world before you go into the real world. Robotics itself is becoming, obviously, cheaper. Hardware, a lot of the hardware is becoming cheaper. Computer has become cheaper as well. Obviously, there’s a lot of cost curves that have aligned that, and that’s maybe the second force that I would highlight. Obviously, funds are catching up. We’ll leave that a little bit to the end. We’ll do a wrap-up and talk a little bit about the implications to investors. But there’s a lot of capital out there, some capital related to industrial policy, other capital related to private initiative, private equity, growth funds, even venture capital, to be honest, and a few other elements on that. That would be a third force that I would highlight. Bertrand Schmitt Yes. Interestingly enough, in terms of capital use, and we’ll talk more about this, but some firms, if we are talking about energy investment, it was very difficult to invest if you are not investing in green energy. Now I think more and more firms and banks are willing to invest or support different type of energy infrastructure, not just, “Green energy.” That’s an interesting development because at some point it became near impossible to invest more in gas development, in oil development in the US or in most Western countries. At least in the US, this is dramatically changing the framework. Nuno Gonçalves Pedro Maybe to add the two last forces that I think we see behind the renaissance of what’s happening in infrastructure. They go hand in hand. One is the geopolitics of the world right now. Obviously, the world was global flat, and now it’s becoming increasingly siloed, so people are playing it to their own interests. There’s a lot of replication of infrastructure as well because people want to be autonomous, and they want to drive their own ability to serve end consumers, businesses, etc., in terms of data centers and everything else. That ability has led to things like, for example, chips shortage. The fact that there are semiconductors, there are shortages across the board, like memory shortages, where everything is packed up until 2027 of 2028. A lot of the memory that was being produced is already spoken for, which is shocking. There’s obviously generation of supply chain fragilities, obviously, some of it because of policies, for example, in the US with tariffs, etc, security of energy, etc. Then the last force directly linked to the geopolitics is the opposite of it, which is the policy as an accelerant, so to speak, as something that is accelerating development, where because of those silos, individual countries, as part their industrial policy, then want to put capital behind their local ecosystems, their local companies, so that their local companies and their local systems are for sure the winners, or at least, at the very least, serve their own local markets. I think that’s true of a lot of the things we’re seeing, for example, in the US with the Chips Act, for semiconductors, with IGA, IRA, and other elements of what we’ve seen in terms of practices, policies that have been implemented even in Europe, China, and other parts of the world. Bertrand Schmitt Talking about chips shortages, it’s pretty insane what has been happening with memory. Just the past few weeks, I have seen a close to 3X increase in price in memory prices in a matter of weeks. Apparently, it started with a huge order from OpenAI. Apparently, they have tried to corner the memory market. Interestingly enough, it has flat-footed the entire industry, and that includes Google, that includes Microsoft. There are rumours of their teams now having moved to South Korea, so they are closer to the action in terms of memory factories and memory decision-making. There are rumours of execs who got fired because they didn’t prepare for this type of eventuality or didn’t lock in some of the supply chain because that memory was initially for AI, but obviously, it impacts everything because factories making memories, you have to plan years in advance to build memories. You cannot open new lines of manufacturing like this. All factories that are going to open, we know when they are going to open because they’ve been built up for years. There is no extra capacity suddenly. At the very best, you can change a bit your line of production from one type of memory to another type. But that’s probably about it. Nuno Gonçalves Pedro Just to be clear, all these transformations we’re seeing isn’t to say just hardware is back, right? It’s not just hardware. There’s physicality. The buildings are coming back, right? It’s full stack. Software is here. That’s why everything is happening. Policy is here. Finance is here. It’s a little bit like the name of the movie, right? Everything everywhere all at once. Everything’s happening. It was in some ways driven by the upper stacks, by the app layers, by the platform layers. But now we need new infrastructure. We need more infrastructure. We need it very, very quickly. We need it today. We’re already lacking in it. Semiconductors: compute is the new oil Maybe that’s a good segue into the first piece of the whole infrastructure thing that’s driving now the most valuable company in the world, NVIDIA, which is semiconductors. Semiconductors are driving compute. Semis are the foundation of infrastructure as a compute. Everyone needs it for every thing, for every activity, not just for compute, but even for sensors, for actuators, everything else. That’s the beginning of it all. Semiconductor is one of the key pieces around the infrastructure stack that’s being built at scale at this moment in time. Bertrand Schmitt Yes. What’s interesting is that if we look at the market gap of Semis versus software as a service, cloud companies, there has been a widening gap the past year. I forgot the exact numbers, but we were talking about plus 20, 25% for Semis in term of market gap and minus 5, minus 10 for SaaS companies. That’s another trend that’s happening. Why is this happening? One, because semiconductors are core to the AI build-up, you cannot go around without them. But two, it’s also raising a lot of questions about the durability of the SaaS, a software-as-a-service business model. Because if suddenly we have better AI, and that’s all everyone is talking about to justify the investment in AI, that it keeps getting better, and it keeps improving, and it’s going to replace your engineers, your software engineers. Then maybe all of this moat that software companies built up over the years or decades, sometimes, might unravel under the pressure of newly coded, newly built, cheaper alternatives built from the ground up with AI support. It’s not just that, yes, semiconductors are doing great. It’s also as a result of that AI underlying trend that software is doing worse right now. Nuno Gonçalves Pedro At the end of the day, this foundational piece of infrastructure, semiconductor, is obviously getting manifest to many things, fabrication, manufacturing, packaging, materials, equipment. Everything’s being driven, ASML, etc. There are all these different players around the world that are having skyrocket valuations now, it’s because they’re all part of the value chain. Just to be very, very clear, there’s two elements of this that I think are very important for us to remember at this point in time. One, it’s the entire value chains are being shifted. It’s not just the chips that basically lead to computing in the strict sense of it. It’s like chips, for example, that drive, for example, network switching. We’re going to talk about networking a bit, but you need chips to drive better network switching. That’s getting revolutionised as well. For example, we have an investment in that space, a company called the eridu.ai, and they’re revolutionising one of the pieces around that stack. Second part of the puzzle, so obviously, besides the holistic view of the world that’s changing in terms of value change, the second piece of the puzzle is, as we discussed before, there’s industrial policy. We already mentioned the CHIPS Act, which is something, for example, that has been done in the US, which I think is 52 billion in incentives across a variety of things, grants, loans, and other mechanisms to incentivise players to scale capacity quick and to scale capacity locally in the US. One of the effects of that now is obviously we had the TSMC, US expansion with a factory here in the US. We have other levels of expansion going on with Intel, Samsung, and others that are happening as we speak. Again, it’s this two by two. It’s market forces that drive the need for fundamental shifts in the value chain. On the other industrial policy and actual money put forward by states, by governments, by entities that want to revolutionise their own local markets. Bertrand Schmitt Yes. When you talk about networking, it makes me think about what NVIDIA did more than six years ago when they acquired Mellanox. At the time, it was largest acquisition for NVIDIA in 2019, and it was networking for the data center. Not networking across data center, but inside the data center, and basically making sure that your GPUs, the different computers, can talk as fast as possible between each of them. I think that’s one piece of the puzzle that a lot of companies are missing, by the way, about NVIDIA is that they are truly providing full systems. They are not just providing a GPU. Some of their competitors are just providing GPUs. But NVIDIA can provide you the full rack. Now, they move to liquid-cool computing as well. They design their systems with liquid cooling in mind. They have a very different approach in the industry. It’s a systematic system-level approach to how do you optimize your data center. Quite frankly, that’s a bit hard to beat. Nuno Gonçalves Pedro For those listening, you’d be like, this is all very different. Semiconductors, networking, energy, manufacturing, this is all different. Then all of a sudden, as Bertrand is saying, well, there are some players that are acting across the stack. Then you see in the same sentence, you’re talking about nuclear power in Microsoft or nuclear power in Google, and you’re like, what happened? Why are these guys in the same sentence? It’s like they’re tech companies. Why are they talking about energy? It’s the nature of that. These ecosystems need to go hand in hand. The value chains are very deep. For you to actually reap the benefits of more and more, for example, semiconductor availability, you have to have better and better networking connectivity, and you have to have more and more energy at lower and lower costs, and all of that. All these things are intrinsically linked. That’s why you see all these big tech companies working across stack, NVIDIA being a great example of that in trying to create truly a systems approach to the world, as Bertrand was mentioning. Networking & connectivity: digital highways get rebuilt On the networking and connectivity side, as we said, we had a lot of fibre that was put down, etc, but there’s still more build-out needs to be done. 5G in terms of its densification is still happening. We’re now starting to talk, obviously, about 6G. I’m not sure most telcos are very happy about that because they just have been doing all this CapEx and all this deployment into 5G, and now people already started talking about 6G and what’s next. Obviously, data center interconnect is quite important, and all the hubbing that needs to happen around data centers is very, very important. We are seeing a lot movements around connectivity that are particularly important. Network gear and the emergence of players like Broadcom in terms of the semiconductor side of the fence, obviously, Cisco, Juniper, Arista, and others that are very much present in this space. As I said, we made an investment on the semiconductor side of networking as well, realizing that there’s still a lot of bottlenecks happening there. But obviously, the networking and connectivity stack still needs to be built at all levels within the data centers, outside of the data centers in terms of last mile, across the board in terms of fibre. We’re seeing a lot of movements still around the space. It’s what connects everything. At the end of the day, if there’s too much latency in these systems, if the bandwidths are not high enough, then we’re going to have huge bottlenecks that are going to be put at the table by a networking providers. Obviously, that doesn’t help anyone. If there’s a button like anywhere, it doesn’t work. All of this doesn’t work. Bertrand Schmitt Yes. Interestingly enough, I know we said for this episode, we not talk too much about space, but when you talk about 6G, it make me think about, of course, Starlink. That’s really your last mile delivery that’s being built as well. It’s a massive investment. We’re talking about thousands of satellites that are interconnected between each other through laser system. This is changing dramatically how companies can operate, how individuals can operate. For companies, you can have great connectivity from anywhere in the world. For military, it’s the same. For individuals, suddenly, you won’t have dead space, wide zones. This is also a part of changing how we could do things. It’s quite important even in the development of AI because, yes, you can have AI at the edge, but that interconnect to the rest of the system is quite critical. Having that availability of a network link, high-quality network link from anywhere is a great combo. Nuno Gonçalves Pedro Then you start seeing regions of the world that want to differentiate to attract digital nomads by saying, “We have submarine cables that come and hub through us, and therefore, our connectivity is amazing.” I was just in Madeira, and they were talking about that in Portugal. One of the islands of Portugal. We have some Marine cables. You have great connectivity. We’re getting into that discussion where people are like, I don’t care. I mean, I don’t know. I assume I have decent connectivity. People actually care about decent connectivity. This discussion is not just happening at corporate level, at enterprise level? Etc. Even consumers, even people that want to work remotely or be based somewhere else in the world. It’s like, This is important Where is there a great connectivity for me so that I can have access to the services I need? Etc. Everyone becomes aware of everything. We had a cloud flare mishap more recently that the CEO had to jump online and explain deeply, technically and deeply, what happened. Because we’re in their heads. If Cloudflare goes down, there’s a lot of websites that don’t work. All of this, I think, is now becoming du jour rather than just an afterthought. Maybe we’ll think about that in the future. Bertrand Schmitt Totally. I think your life is being changed for network connectivity, so life of individuals, companies. I mean, everything. Look at airlines and ships and cruise ships. Now is the advent of satellite connectivity. It’s dramatically changing our experience. Nuno Gonçalves Pedro Indeed. Energy: rebuilding the power stack (not just renewables) Moving maybe to energy. We’ve talked about energy quite a bit in the past. Maybe we start with the one that we didn’t talk as much, although we did mention it, which was, let’s call it the fossil infrastructure, what’s happening around there. Everyone was saying, it’s all going to be renewables and green. We’ve had a shift of power, geopolitics. Honestly, I the writing was on the wall that we needed a lot more energy creation. It wasn’t either or. We needed other sources to be as efficient as possible. Obviously, we see a lot of work happening around there that many would have thought, Well, all this infrastructure doesn’t matter anymore. Now we’re seeing LNG terminals, pipelines, petrochemical capacity being pushed up, a lot of stuff happening around markets in terms of export, and not only around export, but also around overall distribution and increases and improvements so that there’s less leakage, distribution of energy, etc. In some ways, people say, it’s controversial, but it’s like we don’t have enough energy to spare. We’re already behind, so we need as much as we can. We need to figure out the way to really extract as much as we can from even natural resources, which In many people’s mind, it’s almost like blasphemous to talk about, but it is where we are. Obviously, there’s a lot of renaissance also happening on the fossil infrastructure basis, so to speak. Bertrand Schmitt Personally, I’m ecstatic that there is a renaissance going regarding what is called fossil infrastructure. Oil and gas, it’s critical to humanity well-being. You never had growth of countries without energy growth and nothing else can come close. Nuclear could come close, but it takes decades to deploy. I think it’s great. It’s great for developed economies so that they do better, they can expand faster. It’s great for third-world countries who have no realistic other choice. I really don’t know what happened the past 10, 15 years and why this was suddenly blasphemous. But I’m glad that, strangely, thanks to AI, we are back to a more rational mindset about energy and making sure we get efficient energy where we can. Obviously, nuclear is getting a second act. Nuno Gonçalves Pedro I know you would be. We’ve been talking about for a long time, and you’ve been talking about it in particular for a very long time. Bertrand Schmitt Yes, definitely. It’s been one area of interest of mine for 25 years. I don’t know. I’ve been shocked about what happened in Europe, that willingness destruction of energy infrastructure, especially in Germany. Just a few months ago, they keep destroying on live TV some nuclear station in perfect working condition and replacing them with coal. I’m not sure there is a better definition of insanity at this stage. It looks like it’s only the Germans going that hardcore for some reason, but at least the French have stopped their program of decommissioning. America, it seems to be doing the same, so it’s great. On top of it, there are new generations that could be put to use. The Chinese are building up a very large nuclear reactor program, more than 100 reactors in construction for the next 10 years. I think everybody has to catch up because at some point, this is the most efficient energy solution. Especially if you don’t build crazy constraints around the construction of these nuclear reactors. If we are rational about permits, about energy, about safety, there are great things we could be doing with nuclear. That might be one of the only solution if we want to be competitive, because when energy prices go down like crazy, like in China, they will do once they have reach delivery of their significant build-up of nuclear reactors, we better be ready to have similar options from a cost perspective. Nuno Gonçalves Pedro From the outside, at the very least, nuclear seems to be probably in the energy one of the areas that’s more being innovated at this moment in time. You have startups in the space, you have a lot really money going into it, not just your classic industrial development. That’s very exciting. Moving maybe to the carbonization and what’s happening. The CCUS, and for those who don’t know what it is, carbon capture, utilization, and storage. There’s a lot of stuff happening around that space. That’s the area that deals with the ability to capture CO₂ emissions from industrial sources and/or the atmosphere and preventing their release. There’s a lot of things happening in that space. There’s also a lot of things happening around hydrogen and geothermal and really creating the ability to storage or to store, rather, energy that then can be put back into the grids at the right time. There’s a lot of interesting pieces happening around this. There’s some startup movement in the space. It’s been a long time coming, the reuse of a lot of these industrial sources. Not sure it’s as much on the news as nuclear, and oil and gas, but certainly there’s a lot of exciting things happening there. Bertrand Schmitt I’m a bit more dubious here, but I think geothermal makes sense if it’s available at reasonable price. I don’t think hydrogen technology has proven its value. Concerning carbon capture, I’m not sure how much it’s really going to provide in terms of energy needs, but why not? Nuno Gonçalves Pedro Fuels niche, again, from the outside, we’re not energy experts, but certainly, there are movements in the space. We’ll see what’s happening. One area where there’s definitely a lot of movement is this notion of grid and storage. On the one hand, that transmission needs to be built out. It needs to be better. We’ve had issues of blackouts in the US. We’ve had issues of blackouts all around the world, almost. Portugal as well, for a significant part of the time. The ability to work around transmission lines, transformers, substations, the modernization of some of this infrastructure, and the move forward of it is pretty critical. But at the other end, there’s the edge. Then, on the edge, you have the ability to store. We should have, better mechanisms to store energy that are less leaky in terms of energy storage. Obviously, there’s a lot of movement around that. Some of it driven just by commercial stuff, like Tesla a lot with their storage stuff, etc. Some of it really driven at scale by energy players that have the interest that, for example, some of the storage starts happening closer to the consumption as well. But there’s a lot of exciting things happening in that space, and that is a transformative space. In some ways, the bottleneck of energy is also around transmission and then ultimately the access to energy by homes, by businesses, by industries, etc. Bertrand Schmitt I would say some of the blackout are truly man-made. If I pick on California, for instance. That’s the logical conclusion of the regulatory system in place in California. On one side, you limit price that energy supplier can sell. The utility company can sell, too. On the other side, you force them to decommission the most energy-efficient and least expensive energy source. That means you cap the revenues, you make the cost increase. What is the result? The result is you cannot invest anymore to support a grid and to support transmission. That’s 100% obvious. That’s what happened, at least in many places. The solution is stop crazy regulations that makes no economic sense whatsoever. Then, strangely enough, you can invest again in transmission, in maintenance, and all I love this stuff. Maybe another piece, if we pick in California, if you authorize building construction in areas where fires are easy, that’s also a very costly to support from utility perspective, because then you are creating more risk. You are forced buy the state to connect these new constructions to the grid. You have more maintenance. If it fails, you can create fire. If you create fire, you have to pay billions of fees. I just want to highlight that some of this is not a technological issue, is not per se an investment issue, but it’s simply the result of very bad regulations. I hope that some will learn, and some change will be made so that utilities can do their job better. Nuno Gonçalves Pedro Then last, but not the least, on the energy side, energy is becoming more and more digitally defined in some ways. It’s like the analogy to networks that they’ve become more, and more software defined, where you have, at the edge is things like smart meters. There’s a lot of things you can do around the key elements of the business model, like dynamic pricing and other elements. Demand response, one of the areas that I invested in, I invest in a company called Omconnect that’s now merged with what used to be Google Nest. Where to deploy that ability to do demand response and also pass it to consumers so that consumers can reduce their consumption at times where is the least price effective or the less green or the less good for the energy companies to produce energy. We have other things that are happening, which are interesting. Obviously, we have a lot more electric vehicles in cars, etc. These are also elements of storage. They don’t look like elements of storage, but the car has electricity in it once you charge it. Once it’s charged, what do you do with it? Could you do something else? Like the whole reverse charging piece that we also see now today in mobile devices and other edge devices, so to speak. That also changes the architecture of what we’re seeing around the space. With AI, there’s a lot of elements that change around the value chain. The ability to do forecasting, the ability to have, for example, virtual power plans because of just designated storage out there, etc. Interesting times happening. Not sure all utilities around the world, all energy providers around the world are innovating at the same pace and in the same way. But certainly just looking at the industry and talking to a lot of players that are CEOs of some of these companies. That are leading innovation for some of these companies, there’s definitely a lot more happening now in the last few years than maybe over the last few decades. Very exciting times. Bertrand Schmitt I think there are two interesting points in what you say. Talking about EVs, for instance, a Cybertruck is able to send electricity back to your home if your home is able to receive electricity from that source. Usually, you have some changes to make to the meter system, to your panel. That’s one great way to potentially use your car battery. Another piece of the puzzle is that, strangely enough, most strangely enough, there has been a big push to EV, but at the same time, there has not been a push to provide more electricity. But if you replace cars that use gasoline by electric vehicles that use electricity, you need to deliver more electricity. It doesn’t require a PhD to get that. But, strangely enough, nothing was done. Nuno Gonçalves Pedro Apparently, it does. Bertrand Schmitt I remember that study in France where they say that, if people were all to switch to EV, we will need 10 more nuclear reactors just on the way from Paris to Nice to the Côte d’Azur, the French Rivière, in order to provide electricity to the cars going there during the summer vacation. But I mean, guess what? No nuclear plant is being built along the way. Good luck charging your vehicles. I think that’s another limit that has been happening to the grid is more electric vehicles that require charging when the related infrastructure has not been upgraded to support more. Actually, it has quite the opposite. In many cases, we had situation of nuclear reactors closing down, so other facilities closing down. Obviously, the end result is an increase in price of electricity, at least in some states and countries that have not sold that fully out. Nuno Gonçalves Pedro Manufacturing: the return of “atoms + bits” Moving to manufacturing and what’s happening around manufacturing, manufacturing technology. There’s maybe the case to be made that manufacturing is getting replatformed, right? It’s getting redefined. Some of it is very obvious, and it’s already been ongoing for a couple of decades, which is the advent of and more and more either robotic augmented factories or just fully roboticized factories, where there’s very little presence of human beings. There’s elements of that. There’s the element of software definition on top of it, like simulation. A lot of automation is going on. A lot of AI has been applied to some lines in terms of vision, safety. We have an investment in a company called Sauter Analytics that is very focused on that from the perspective of employees and when they’re still humans in the loop, so to speak, and the ability to really figure out when people are at risk and other elements of what’s happening occurring from that. But there’s more than that. There’s a little bit of a renaissance in and of itself. Factories are, initially, if we go back a couple of decades ago, factories were, and manufacturing was very much defined from the setup. Now it’s difficult to innovate, it’s difficult to shift the line, it’s difficult to change how things are done in the line. With the advent of new factories that have less legacy, that have more flexible systems, not only in terms of software, but also in terms of hardware and robotics, it allows us to, for example, change and shift lines much more easily to different functions, which will hopefully, over time, not only reduce dramatically the cost of production. But also increase dramatically the yield, it increases dramatically the production itself. A lot of cool stuff happening in that space. Bertrand Schmitt It’s exciting to see that. One thing this current administration in the US has been betting on is not just hoping for construction renaissance. Especially on the factory side, up of factories, but their mindset was two things. One, should I force more companies to build locally because it would be cheaper? Two, increase output and supply of energy so that running factories here in the US would be cheaper than anywhere else. Maybe not cheaper than China, but certainly we get is cheaper than Europe. But three, it’s also the belief that thanks to AI, we will be able to have more efficient factories. There is always that question, do Americans to still keep making clothes, for instance, in factories. That used to be the case maybe 50 years ago, but this move to China, this move to Bangladesh, this move to different places. That’s not the goal. But it can make sense that indeed there is ability, thanks to robots and AI, to have more automated factories, and these factories could be run more efficiently, and as a result, it would be priced-competitive, even if run in the US. When you want to think about it, that has been, for instance, the South Korean playbook. More automated factories, robotics, all of this, because that was the only way to compete against China, which has a near infinite or used to have a near infinite supply of cheaper labour. I think that all of this combined can make a lot of sense. In a way, it’s probably creating a perfect storm. Maybe another piece of the puzzle this administration has been working on pretty hard is simplifying all the permitting process. Because a big chunk of the problem is that if your permitting is very complex, very expensive, what take two years to build become four years, five years, 10 years. The investment mass is not the same in that situation. I think that’s a very important part of the puzzle. It’s use this opportunity to reduce regulatory state, make sure that things are more efficient. Also, things are less at risk of bribery and fraud because all these regulations, there might be ways around. I think it’s quite critical to really be careful about this. Maybe last piece of the puzzle is the way accounting works. There are new rules now in 2026 in the US where you can fully depreciate your CapEx much faster than before. That’s a big win for manufacturing in the US. Suddenly, you can depreciate much faster some of your CapEx investment in manufacturing. Nuno Gonçalves Pedro Just going back to a point you made and then moving it forward, even China, with being now probably the country in the world with the highest rate of innovation and take up of industrial robots. Because of demographic issues a little bit what led Japan the first place to be one of the real big innovators around robots in general. The fact that demographics, you’re having an aging population, less and less children. How are you going to replace all these people? Moving that into big winners, who becomes a big winner in a space where manufacturing is fundamentally changing? Obviously, there’s the big four of robots, which is ABB, FANUC, KUKA, and Yaskawa. Epson, I think, is now in there, although it’s not considered one of the big four. Kawasaki, Denso, Universal Robots. There’s a really big robotics, industrial robotic companies in the space from different origins, FANUC and Yaskawa, and Epson from Japan, KUKA from Germany, ABB from Switzerland, Sweden. A lot of now emerging companies from China, and what’s happening in that space is quite interesting. On the other hand, also, other winners will include players that will be integrators that will build some of the rest of the infrastructure that goes into manufacturing, the Siemens of the world, the Schneider’s, the Rockwell’s that will lead to fundamental industrial automation. Some big winners in there that whose names are well known, so probably not a huge amount of surprises there. There’s movements. As I said, we’re still going to see the big Chinese players emerging in the world. There are startups that are innovating around a lot of the edges that are significant in this space. We’ll see if this is a space that will just be continued to be dominated by the big foreign robotics and by a couple of others and by the big integrators or not. Bertrand Schmitt I think you are right to remind about China because China has been moving very fast in robotics. Some Chinese companies are world-class in their use of robotics. You have this strange mix of some older industries where robotics might not be so much put to use and typically state-owned, versus some private companies, typically some tech companies that are reconverting into hardware in some situation. That went all in terms of robotics use and their demonstrations, an example of what’s happening in China. Definitely, the Chinese are not resting. Everyone smart enough is playing that game from the Americans, the Chinese, Japanese, the South Koreans. Nuno Gonçalves Pedro Exciting things are manufacturing, and maybe to bring it all together, what does it mean for all the big players out there? If we talk with startups and talk about startups, we didn’t mention a ton of startups today, right? Maybe incumbent wind across the board. But on a more serious note, we did mention a few. For example, in nuclear energy, there’s a lot of startups that have been, some of them, incredibly well-funded at this moment in time. Wrap: what it means for startups, incumbents, and investors There might be some big disruptions that will come out of startups, for example, in that space. On the chipset side, we talked about the big gorillas, the NVIDIAs, AMDs, Intel, etc., of the world. But we didn’t quite talk about the fact that there’s a lot of innovation, again, happening on the edges with new players going after very large niches, be it in networking and switching. Be it in compute and other areas that will need different, more specialized solutions. Potentially in terms of compute or in terms of semiconductor deployments. I think there’s still some opportunities there, maybe not to be the winner takes all thing, but certainly around a lot of very significant niches that might grow very fast. Manufacturing, we mentioned the same. Some of the incumbents seem to be in the driving seat. We’ll see what happens if some startups will come in and take some of the momentum there, probably less likely. There are spaces where the value chains are very tightly built around the OEMs and then the suppliers overall, classically the tier one suppliers across value chains. Maybe there is some startup investment play. We certainly have played in the couple of the spaces. I mentioned already some of them today, but this is maybe where the incumbents have it all to lose. It’s more for them to lose rather than for the startups to win just because of the scale of what needs to be done and what needs to be deployed. Bertrand Schmitt I know. That’s interesting point. I think some players in energy production, for instance, are moving very fast and behaving not only like startups. Usually, it’s independent energy suppliers who are not kept by too much regulations that get moved faster. Utility companies, as we just discussed, have more constraints. I would like to say that if you take semiconductor space, there has been quite a lot of startup activities way more than usual, and there have been some incredible success. Just a few weeks ago, Rock got more or less acquired. Now, you have to play games. It’s not an outright acquisition, but $20 billion for an IP licensing agreement that’s close to an acquisition. That’s an incredible success for a company. Started maybe 10 years ago. You have another Cerebras, one of the competitor valued, I believe, quite a lot in similar range. I think there is definitely some activity. It’s definitely a different game compared to your software startup in terms of investment. But as we have seen with AI in general, the need for investment might be larger these days. Yes, it might be either traditional players if they can move fast enough, to be frank, because some of them, when you have decades of being run as a slow-moving company, it’s hard to change things. At the same time, it looks like VCs are getting bigger. Wall Street is getting more ready to finance some of these companies. I think there will be opportunities for startups, but definitely different types of startups in terms of profile. Nuno Gonçalves Pedro Exactly. From an investor standpoint, I think on the VC side, at least our core belief is that it’s more niche. It’s more around big niches that need to be fundamentally disrupted or solutions that require fundamental interoperability and integration where the incumbents have no motivation to do it. Things that are a little bit more either packaging on the semiconductor side or other elements of actual interoperability. Even at the software layer side that feeds into infrastructure. If you’re a growth investor, a private equity investor, there’s other plays that are available to you. A lot of these projects need to be funded and need to be scaled. Now we’re seeing projects being funded even for a very large, we mentioned it in one of the previous episodes, for a very large tech companies. When Meta, for example, is going to the market to get funding for data centers, etc. There’s projects to be funded there because just the quantum and scale of some of these projects, either because of financial interest for specifically the tech companies or for other reasons, but they need to be funded by the market. There’s other place right now, certainly if you’re a larger private equity growth investor, and you want to come into the market and do projects. Even public-private financing is now available for a lot of things. Definitely, there’s a lot of things emanating that require a lot of funding, even for large-scale projects. Which means the advent of some of these projects and where realization is hopefully more of a given than in other circumstances, because there’s actual commercial capital behind it and private capital behind it to fuel it as well, not just industrial policy and money from governments. Bertrand Schmitt There was this quite incredible stat. I guess everyone heard about that incredible growth in GDP in Q3 in the US at 4.4%. Apparently, half of that growth, so around 2.2% point, has been coming from AI and related infrastructure investment. That’s pretty massive. Half of your GDP growth coming from something that was not there three years ago or there, but not at this intensity of investment. That’s the numbers we are talking about. I’m hearing that there is a good chance that in 2026, we’re talking about five, even potentially 6% GDP growth. Again, half of it potentially coming from AI and all the related infrastructure growth that’s coming with AI. As a conclusion for this episode on infrastructure, as we just said, it’s not just AI, it’s a whole stack, and it’s manufacturing in general as well. Definitely in the US, in China, there is a lot going on. As we have seen, computing needs connectivity, networks, need power, energy and grid, and all of this needs production capacity and manufacturing. Manufacturing can benefit from AI as well. That way the loop is fully going back on itself. Infrastructure is the next big thing. It’s an opportunity, probably more for incumbents, but certainly, as usual, with such big growth opportunities for startups as well. Thank you, Nuno. Nuno Gonçalves Pedro Thank you, Bertrand.

O que pode acontecer depois dos ataques dos Estados Unidos à Venezuela? "E o Vencedor É..." especial com análise de Bruno Cardoso Reis, Nuno Gonçalo Poças e Gonçalo Dorotea Cevada.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

De hoje a domingo, Alcobaça recebe um festival de humor. Nuno Gonçalves, da organização, destaca que "Portugal não tinha ainda nada do género". E o objetivo é repetir no próximo ano. De hoje a domingo, Alcobaça recebe um festival de humor. Nuno Gonçalves, da organização, destaca que "Portugal não tinha ainda nada do género". E o objetivo é repetir no próximo ano. Ainda há bilhetes.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Nuno Gonçalves, membro dos The Gift e organizador/ curador da Maratona de Bandas de Alcobaça junta-se a Surma para nos dar a antevisão perfeita do Festival.

Nesta edição despedimo-nos de Robert Redford, eterno galã de Hollywood, e que deixa uma marca inonfundível no mundo do cinema independente.O Pedro Andrade e a Marta Campos fazem ainda a revisão da noite dos Emmys, que consagrou a série "The Studio", da Apple TV Plus, e a minissérie da Netflix, "Adolescência".Hollywood Express com Patrícia Pereira, Marta Campos, Pedro Andrade, Filipa Galrão,Nuno Gonçalo e Mário Rui.

Investigadores da Universidade de Lisboa estão envolvidos num projecto para reduzir o tamanho de espectógrafos para usar em satélites.

Patrick Wilson e Vera Farmiga voltam a juntar-se para o derradeira capítulo da saga "The Conjuring". Inspirado na história real de Ed e Lorraine Warren, este filme é para os amantes do paranormal. A Marta Campos está de volta e traz-lhe as novidades do cinema. O Pedro Andrade conta-lhe ainda o que pode ver na televisão.Hollywood Express com Patrícia Pereira, Marta Campos, Pedro Andrade, Nuno Gonçalo e Mário Rui.

"Maus Exemplos" é o programa de autor de Pedro Saavedra e Rui Miguel, com entrevistas “a quem já falhou”.

Pedro Tadeu é jornalista desde 1983 e tem uma longa carreira na imprensa, rádio e televisão. Foi subdirector do Diário de Notícias (de 2010 a 2014), diretor de várias publicações, incluindo o jornal *24horas* e a agência de fotografia Global Imagens. Actualmente, é comentador político na CNN Portugal, colunista no *Diário de Notícias* e apresenta também o programa *Panfletos* na Antena 1, além de um podcast, *Os Comentadores*. Participa também -- e foi a razão do meu convite -- no programa *Radicais Livres* da Antena 1, com Jaime Nogueira Pinto.  _______________ Post sobre as alterações ao regime de mecenas: https://www.patreon.com/posts/122073158/ Inscreva-se ou ofereça o Curso de Pensamento Crítico: https://bit.ly/cursopcritic Pós-graduação em «Pensamento Crítico para Tomada de Decisão» no ISCTE Executive Education: https://bit.ly/PC_ISCTE _______________ Índice: (0:00) (3:36) Introdução ao episódio (6:47) Porquê o comunismo? (21:05) A disciplina que diferencia os partidos comunistas do resto da esquerda radical | Como funciona o PCP | Maoismo (37:22) Relação com a Igreja | Como a esquerda vê o Estado (45:55) Porque é que o comunismo deu sempre em totalitarismo e culto da personalidade? (1:04:20) A força do capitalismo | Previsão de Samuelson (1:14:04) Comunidade à parte. | Comparação com a igreja primitiva  (1:18:51) Marxismo vs comunismo  | Entrevista ao Público de Svetlana Aleksievitch, autora do livro ‘O fim do Homem Soviético' (1:23:41) Comunismo vs capitalismo (1:29:41) Quem era Stalin? Check dn partido racista (1:37:36) Há futuro para o Comunismo? (1:41:05) As novas esquerdas identitárias Livro recomendado: A Verdade e a Mentira na Revolução de Abril, de Álvaro Cunhal _______________ Esta conversa foi editada por: Hugo Oliveira ______________ Obrigado aos mecenas do podcast: Francisco Hermenegildo, Ricardo Evangelista, Henrique Pais João Baltazar, Salvador Cunha, Abilio Silva, Tiago Leite, Carlos Martins, Galaró family, Corto Lemos, Miguel Marques, Nuno Costa, Nuno e Ana, João Ribeiro, Helder Miranda, Pedro Lima Ferreira, Cesar Carpinteiro, Luis Fernambuco, Fernando Nunes, Manuel Canelas, Tiago Gonçalves, Carlos Pires, João Domingues, Hélio Bragança da Silva, Sandra Ferreira , Paulo Encarnação , BFDC, António Mexia Santos, Luís Guido, Bruno Heleno Tomás Costa, João Saro, Daniel Correia, Rita Mateus, António Padilha, Tiago Queiroz, Carmen Camacho, João Nelas, Francisco Fonseca, Rafael Santos, Andreia Esteves, Ana Teresa Mota, ARUNE BHURALAL, Mário Lourenço, RB, Maria Pimentel, Luis, Geoffrey Marcelino, Alberto Alcalde, António Rocha Pinto, Ruben de Bragança, João Vieira dos Santos, David Teixeira Alves, Armindo Martins , Carlos Nobre, Bernardo Vidal Pimentel, António Oliveira, Paulo Barros, Nuno Brites, Lígia Violas, Tiago Sequeira, Zé da Radio, João Morais, André Gamito, Diogo Costa, Pedro Ribeiro, Bernardo Cortez Vasco Sá Pinto, David , Tiago Pires, Mafalda Pratas, Joana Margarida Alves Martins, Luis Marques, João Raimundo, Francisco Arantes, Mariana Barosa, Nuno Gonçalves, Pedro Rebelo, Miguel Palhas, Ricardo Duarte, Duarte , Tomás Félix, Vasco Lima, Francisco Vasconcelos, Telmo , José Oliveira Pratas, Jose Pedroso, João Diogo Silva, Joao Diogo, José Proença, João Crispim, João Pinho , Afonso Martins, Robertt Valente, João Barbosa, Renato Mendes, Maria Francisca Couto, Antonio Albuquerque, Ana Sousa Amorim, Francisco Santos, Lara Luís, Manuel Martins, Macaco Quitado, Paulo Ferreira, Diogo Rombo, Francisco Manuel Reis, Bruno Lamas, Daniel Almeida, Patrícia Esquível , Diogo Silva, Luis Gomes, Cesar Correia, Cristiano Tavares, Pedro Gaspar, Gil Batista Marinho, Maria Oliveira, João Pereira, Rui Vilao, João Ferreira, Wedge, José Losa, Hélder Moreira, André Abrantes, Henrique Vieira, João Farinha, Manuel Botelho da Silva, João Diamantino, Ana Rita Laureano, Pedro L, Nuno Malvar, Joel, Rui Antunes7, Tomás Saraiva, Cloé Leal de Magalhães, Joao Barbosa, paulo matos, Fábio Monteiro, Tiago Stock, Beatriz Bagulho, Pedro Bravo, Antonio Loureiro, Hugo Ramos, Inês Inocêncio, Telmo Gomes, Sérgio Nunes, Tiago Pedroso, Teresa Pimentel, Rita Noronha, miguel farracho, José Fangueiro, Zé, Margarida Correia-Neves, Bruno Pinto Vitorino, João Lopes, Joana Pereirinha, Gonçalo Baptista, Dario Rodrigues, tati lima, Pedro On The Road, Catarina Fonseca, JC Pacheco, Sofia Ferreira, Inês Ribeiro, Miguel Jacinto, Tiago Agostinho, Margarida Costa Almeida, Helena Pinheiro, Rui Martins, Fábio Videira Santos, Tomás Lucena, João Freitas, Ricardo Sousa, RJ, Francisco Seabra Guimarães, Carlos Branco, David Palhota, Carlos Castro, Alexandre Alves, Cláudia Gomes Batista, Ana Leal, Ricardo Trindade, Luís Machado, Andrzej Stuart-Thompson, Diego Goulart, Filipa Portela, Paulo Rafael, Paloma Nunes, Marta Mendonca, Teresa Painho, Duarte Cameirão, Rodrigo Silva, José Alberto Gomes, Joao Gama, Cristina Loureiro, Tiago Gama, Tiago Rodrigues, Miguel Duarte, Ana Cantanhede, Artur Castro Freire, Rui Passos Rocha, Pedro Costa Antunes, Sofia Almeida, Ricardo Andrade Guimarães, Daniel Pais, Miguel Bastos, Luís Santos

Ricardo Luz entrevista Nuno Gonçalo Poças, advogado, colunista no jornal "Observador" e autor de vários livros, entre os quais "Presos por um Fio – Portugal e as FP-25 de Abril". Assistir no Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g86X7o0K7_I

Steven Braekeveldt served until November 2024 as CEO of Continental Europe Ageas (a multinational insurance group) and CEO of Ageas Portugal. He has a quite impressive career: with degrees in Law and Economics, a teaching background, and decades of leadership roles across continents—from Hong Kong to Mexico, Singapore, Belgium, and Portugal. -> Apoie este podcast e faça parte da comunidade de mecenas do 45 Graus em: 45grauspodcast.com -> Inscreva-se ou ofereça o Curso de Pensamento Crítico: https://bit.ly/cursopcritic _______________ Index: (0:00) Introduction (2:37) Coming to Portugal | Why is working in Insurance more interesting than we think? (9:28) Why do many companies in PT still don't treat sustainability seriously? (14:20) Portuguese culture | Long-term planning | Hierarchy | Hegel's dialectics | delegating (24:41) Finding one's purpose | challenges of retirement | teambuildings (34:18) The art of changing perspective; finding the good in setbacks (36:31) With a demanding job, how to find headspace to read | finding creativity | Multidisciplinarity and finding intersections  (46:38) Why you should reply to all emails every day | Again headspace (53:34) Telluric radiation Recommended book: For Those I Loved Capa, Martin Gray ______________ Esta conversa foi editada por: Hugo Oliveira ______________ Obrigado aos mecenas do podcast: Francisco Hermenegildo, Ricardo Evangelista, Henrique Pais João Baltazar, Salvador Cunha, Abilio Silva, Tiago Leite, Carlos Martins, Galaró family, Corto Lemos, Miguel Marques, Nuno Costa, Nuno e Ana, João Ribeiro, Helder Miranda, Pedro Lima Ferreira, Cesar Carpinteiro, Luis Fernambuco, Fernando Nunes, Manuel Canelas, Tiago Gonçalves, Carlos Pires, João Domingues, Hélio Bragança da Silva, Sandra Ferreira , Paulo Encarnação , BFDC, António Mexia Santos, Luís Guido, Bruno Heleno Tomás Costa, João Saro, Daniel Correia, Rita Mateus, António Padilha, Tiago Queiroz, Carmen Camacho, João Nelas, Francisco Fonseca, Rafael Santos, Andreia Esteves, Ana Teresa Mota, ARUNE BHURALAL, Mário Lourenço, RB, Maria Pimentel, Luis, Geoffrey Marcelino, Alberto Alcalde, António Rocha Pinto, Ruben de Bragança, João Vieira dos Santos, David Teixeira Alves, Armindo Martins , Carlos Nobre, Bernardo Vidal Pimentel, António Oliveira, Paulo Barros, Nuno Brites, Lígia Violas, Tiago Sequeira, Zé da Radio, João Morais, André Gamito, Diogo Costa, Pedro Ribeiro, Bernardo Cortez Vasco Sá Pinto, David , Tiago Pires, Mafalda Pratas, Joana Margarida Alves Martins, Luis Marques, João Raimundo, Francisco Arantes, Mariana Barosa, Nuno Gonçalves, Pedro Rebelo, Miguel Palhas, Ricardo Duarte, Duarte , Tomás Félix, Vasco Lima, Francisco Vasconcelos, Telmo , José Oliveira Pratas, Jose Pedroso, João Diogo Silva, Joao Diogo, José Proença, João Crispim, João Pinho , Afonso Martins, Robertt Valente, João Barbosa, Renato Mendes, Maria Francisca Couto, Antonio Albuquerque, Ana Sousa Amorim, Francisco Santos, Lara Luís, Manuel Martins, Macaco Quitado, Paulo Ferreira, Diogo Rombo, Francisco Manuel Reis, Bruno Lamas, Daniel Almeida, Patrícia Esquível , Diogo Silva, Luis Gomes, Cesar Correia, Cristiano Tavares, Pedro Gaspar, Gil Batista Marinho, Maria Oliveira, João Pereira, Rui Vilao, João Ferreira, Wedge, José Losa, Hélder Moreira, André Abrantes, Henrique Vieira, João Farinha, Manuel Botelho da Silva, João Diamantino, Ana Rita Laureano, Pedro L, Nuno Malvar, Joel, Rui Antunes7, Tomás Saraiva, Cloé Leal de Magalhães, Joao Barbosa, paulo matos, Fábio Monteiro, Tiago Stock, Beatriz Bagulho, Pedro Bravo, Antonio Loureiro, Hugo Ramos, Inês Inocêncio, Telmo Gomes, Sérgio Nunes, Tiago Pedroso, Teresa Pimentel, Rita Noronha, miguel farracho, José Fangueiro, Zé, Margarida Correia-Neves, Bruno Pinto Vitorino, João Lopes, Joana Pereirinha, Gonçalo Baptista, Dario Rodrigues, tati lima, Pedro On The Road, Catarina Fonseca, JC Pacheco, Sofia Ferreira, Inês Ribeiro, Miguel Jacinto, Tiago Agostinho, Margarida Costa Almeida, Helena Pinheiro, Rui Martins, Fábio Videira Santos, Tomás Lucena, João Freitas, Ricardo Sousa, RJ, Francisco Seabra Guimarães, Carlos Branco, David Palhota, Carlos Castro, Alexandre Alves, Cláudia Gomes Batista, Ana Leal, Ricardo Trindade, Luís Machado, Andrzej Stuart-Thompson, Diego Goulart, Filipa Portela, Paulo Rafael, Paloma Nunes, Marta Mendonca, Teresa Painho, Duarte Cameirão, Rodrigo Silva, José Alberto Gomes, Joao Gama, Cristina Loureiro, Tiago Gama, Tiago Rodrigues, Miguel Duarte, Ana Cantanhede, Artur Castro Freire, Rui Passos Rocha, Pedro Costa Antunes, Sofia Almeida, Ricardo Andrade Guimarães, Daniel Pais, Miguel Bastos, Luís Santos  

João Miguel Tavares é licenciado em Ciências da Comunicação pela Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Foi jornalista do Diário de Notícias e fundador da revista Time Out. É atualmente colunista do Público, comentador do "Governo Sombra" e coautor do programa "E o Resto É História" na rádio Observador.  -> Apoie este podcast e faça parte da comunidade de mecenas do 45 Graus em: 45grauspodcast.com -> Inscreva-se ou ofereça o Curso de Pensamento Crítico: https://bit.ly/cursopcritic -> Artigo na revista Sábado. _______________ Índice: (0:00) Introdução (2:33) Estamos a viver uma revolução nos media? (39:16) Crise da autoridade dos media | “legacy media” (39:16) “Porque se parecem os jornais todos uns com os outros?” (45010) Como lidar com temas difíceis (minorias, imigração, etc) (1:04:22) Discurso do Chega sobre os ciganos | Andrew Sullivan (1:15:37) O que esperar no futuro? Livro recomendado: The Storytelling Animal, Jonathan Gottschall ______________ Esta conversa foi editada por: Hugo Oliveira ______________ Obrigado aos mecenas do podcast: Francisco Hermenegildo, Ricardo Evangelista, Henrique Pais João Baltazar, Salvador Cunha, Abilio Silva, Tiago Leite, Carlos Martins, Galaró family, Corto Lemos, Miguel Marques, Nuno Costa, Nuno e Ana, João Ribeiro, Helder Miranda, Pedro Lima Ferreira, Cesar Carpinteiro, Luis Fernambuco, Fernando Nunes, Manuel Canelas, Tiago Gonçalves, Carlos Pires, João Domingues, Hélio Bragança da Silva, Sandra Ferreira , Paulo Encarnação , BFDC, António Mexia Santos, Luís Guido, Bruno Heleno Tomás Costa, João Saro, Daniel Correia, Rita Mateus, António Padilha, Tiago Queiroz, Carmen Camacho, João Nelas, Francisco Fonseca, Rafael Santos, Andreia Esteves, Ana Teresa Mota, ARUNE BHURALAL, Mário Lourenço, RB, Maria Pimentel, Luis, Geoffrey Marcelino, Alberto Alcalde, António Rocha Pinto, Ruben de Bragança, João Vieira dos Santos, David Teixeira Alves, Armindo Martins , Carlos Nobre, Bernardo Vidal Pimentel, António Oliveira, Paulo Barros, Nuno Brites, Lígia Violas, Tiago Sequeira, Zé da Radio, João Morais, André Gamito, Diogo Costa, Pedro Ribeiro, Bernardo Cortez Vasco Sá Pinto, David , Tiago Pires, Mafalda Pratas, Joana Margarida Alves Martins, Luis Marques, João Raimundo, Francisco Arantes, Mariana Barosa, Nuno Gonçalves, Pedro Rebelo, Miguel Palhas, Ricardo Duarte, Duarte , Tomás Félix, Vasco Lima, Francisco Vasconcelos, Telmo , José Oliveira Pratas, Jose Pedroso, João Diogo Silva, Joao Diogo, José Proença, João Crispim, João Pinho , Afonso Martins, Robertt Valente, João Barbosa, Renato Mendes, Maria Francisca Couto, Antonio Albuquerque, Ana Sousa Amorim, Francisco Santos, Lara Luís, Manuel Martins, Macaco Quitado, Paulo Ferreira, Diogo Rombo, Francisco Manuel Reis, Bruno Lamas, Daniel Almeida, Patrícia Esquível , Diogo Silva, Luis Gomes, Cesar Correia, Cristiano Tavares, Pedro Gaspar, Gil Batista Marinho, Maria Oliveira, João Pereira, Rui Vilao, João Ferreira, Wedge, José Losa, Hélder Moreira, André Abrantes, Henrique Vieira, João Farinha, Manuel Botelho da Silva, João Diamantino, Ana Rita Laureano, Pedro L, Nuno Malvar, Joel, Rui Antunes7, Tomás Saraiva, Cloé Leal de Magalhães, Joao Barbosa, paulo matos, Fábio Monteiro, Tiago Stock, Beatriz Bagulho, Pedro Bravo, Antonio Loureiro, Hugo Ramos, Inês Inocêncio, Telmo Gomes, Sérgio Nunes, Tiago Pedroso, Teresa Pimentel, Rita Noronha, miguel farracho, José Fangueiro, Zé, Margarida Correia-Neves, Bruno Pinto Vitorino, João Lopes, Joana Pereirinha, Gonçalo Baptista, Dario Rodrigues, tati lima, Pedro On The Road, Catarina Fonseca, JC Pacheco, Sofia Ferreira, Inês Ribeiro, Miguel Jacinto, Tiago Agostinho, Margarida Costa Almeida, Helena Pinheiro, Rui Martins, Fábio Videira Santos, Tomás Lucena, João Freitas, Ricardo Sousa, RJ, Francisco Seabra Guimarães, Carlos Branco, David Palhota, Carlos Castro, Alexandre Alves, Cláudia Gomes Batista, Ana Leal, Ricardo Trindade, Luís Machado, Andrzej Stuart-Thompson, Diego Goulart, Filipa Portela, Paulo Rafael, Paloma Nunes, Marta Mendonca, Teresa Painho, Duarte Cameirão, Rodrigo Silva, José Alberto Gomes, Joao Gama, Cristina Loureiro, Tiago Gama, Tiago Rodrigues, Miguel Duarte, Ana Cantanhede, Artur Castro Freire, Rui Passos Rocha, Pedro Costa Antunes, Sofia Almeida, Ricardo Andrade Guimarães, Daniel Pais, Miguel Bastos, Luís Santos  

No primeiro episódio deste ano, converso com João Nuno Gonçalo. Falamos sobre como lidar com críticas, sobre a paixão pelo palco e sobre o conteúdo que se faz hoje em dia. Mais sobre o João Nuno em https://www.instagram.com/joaonunogoncalo/ —————————————————— 00:00 - Introdução 00:54 - Guerra no mundo: resolvido 03:21 - Como lidar com pessoas sem humor? 08:30 - Críticas que magoam... 12:34 - O conteúdo de hoje em dia 21:03 - Vender a alma ao negócio 24:19 - A paixão pelo palco 38:29 - Escrever para vídeo VS. escrever para stand-up 42:05 - Conclusão

In this episode of the Wise Decision Maker Show, Dr. Gleb Tsipursky speaks to Nuno Gonçalves, former Global VP of Talent Management at Nike, who talks about why we need to use peer-reviewed research to inform hybrid work.You can learn about Nike at https://www.nike.com/

O 45 Graus está de férias, por isso não há episódios novos. É uma boa altura para re-publicar alguns dos melhores episódios das últimas temporadas (os mais ouvidos e que mais feedback tiveram dos ouvintes). Este, um regresso da Raquel Vaz-Pinto ao podcast, é um belo exemplo disso; e, com este tema, é um episódio que -- feliz ou infelizmente -- vai manter-se actual ainda por muito tempo. A quem não teve oportunidade de ouvir na altura, espero que gostem! Raquel Vaz-Pinto é Investigadora do Instituto Português de Relações Internacionais (IPRI) da Universidade Nova de Lisboa e Prof. Auxiliar Convidada da Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas da mesma Universidade, onde lecciona as disciplinas de Estudos Asiáticos e História das Relações Internacionais. Foi consultora do Conselho de Administração da Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian de 2020 a 2022 e Presidente da Associação Portuguesa de Ciência Política de 2012 a 2016. Autora de vários artigos e livros entre os quais A Grande Muralha e o Legado de Tiananmen, a China e os Direitos Humanos editado pela Tinta-da-China e Os Portugueses e o Mundo editado pela Fundação Francisco Manuel dos Santos.  Os seus interesses de investigação são Política Externa e Estratégia Chinesa; os EUA e o Indo-Pacífico; e Liderança e Estratégia. É analista residente de política internacional da SIC e da TSF. Actualmente, está a terminar um livro, que será publicado pela Tinta-da-china, sobre os desafios colocados pela China às democracias liberais europeias, incluindo a portuguesa. -> Apoie este podcast e faça parte da comunidade de mecenas do 45 Graus em: 45grauspodcast.com -> Inscreva-se aqui nas sessões de setembro e outubro dos workshops de Pensamento Crítico, módulo "Desinformação e Números que Enganam. _______________ Índice (com timestamps): (0:00) Introdução ​(9:47) O que mudou na rivalidade CN-EUA desde o nosso episódio de 2018? | Wolf warrior diplomacy | Os diplomatas chineses mal-comportados | Índia | Quad (30:18) A política externa dos EUA em relação à China começou por ser complacente e tornou-se demasiado agressiva? | Artigo de John Mearsheimer | Estratégia dos G7 em relação à CN: do decoupling ao de-risking | Matérias primas críticas e terras raras (e aqui) (42:10) Já podemos falar de uma Guerra Fria entre EUA e CN? | A Armadilha de Tucídides (Livro: História da Guerra do Peloponeso)| Houve uma crença exagerada no Ocidente nos efeitos da abertura económica? | Como os manuais de economia americanos sobrevalorizam a economia da URSS | Frase atribuída a Deng Xiaoping: «Hide your strength, bide your time» (55:26) Comparação China vs URSS | O papel da ideologia na guerra fria vs na nova ‘ordem chinesa' | Aumento do autoritarismo do regime chinês | Digital Dictators | Cimeira da Ásia Central, sem a Rússia | Nova política externa defendida pelo SPD alemão | A nova ambição da China para o Ártico (1:18:37) O que esperar do futuro -- e o que fazer para evitar uma escalada do conflito? | Tese do ‘peak China' | O problema demográfico da china (e os telefonemas aos recém-casados) | Livro: Leftover Women, de Leta Hong Fincher | Episódio com Hu Jintao no congresso do CCP | European Critical Raw Materials Act | A integração económica é um garante de que não ocorre uma guerra ou é, pelo contrário, uma fonte permanente de tensões? _______________ Obrigado aos mecenas do podcast: Francisco Hermenegildo, Ricardo Evangelista, Henrique Pais João Baltazar, Salvador Cunha, Abilio Silva, Tiago Leite, Carlos Martins, Galaró family, Corto Lemos, Miguel Marques, Nuno Costa, Nuno e Ana, João Ribeiro, Helder Miranda, Pedro Lima Ferreira, Cesar Carpinteiro, Luis Fernambuco, Fernando Nunes, Manuel Canelas, Tiago Gonçalves, Carlos Pires, João Domingues, Hélio Bragança da Silva, Sandra Ferreira , Paulo Encarnação , BFDC, António Mexia Santos, Luís Guido, Bruno Heleno Tomás Costa, João Saro, Daniel Correia, Rita Mateus, António Padilha, Tiago Queiroz, Carmen Camacho, João Nelas, Francisco Fonseca, Rafael Santos, Andreia Esteves, Ana Teresa Mota, ARUNE BHURALAL, Mário Lourenço, RB, Maria Pimentel, Luis, Geoffrey Marcelino, Alberto Alcalde, António Rocha Pinto, Ruben de Bragança, João Vieira dos Santos, David Teixeira Alves, Armindo Martins , Carlos Nobre, Bernardo Vidal Pimentel, António Oliveira, Paulo Barros, Nuno Brites, Lígia Violas, Tiago Sequeira, Zé da Radio, João Morais, André Gamito, Diogo Costa, Pedro Ribeiro, Bernardo Cortez Vasco Sá Pinto, David , Tiago Pires, Mafalda Pratas, Joana Margarida Alves Martins, Luis Marques, João Raimundo, Francisco Arantes, Mariana Barosa, Nuno Gonçalves, Pedro Rebelo, Miguel Palhas, Ricardo Duarte, Duarte , Tomás Félix, Vasco Lima, Francisco Vasconcelos, Telmo , José Oliveira Pratas, Jose Pedroso, João Diogo Silva, Joao Diogo, José Proença, João Crispim, João Pinho , Afonso Martins, Robertt Valente, João Barbosa, Renato Mendes, Maria Francisca Couto, Antonio Albuquerque, Ana Sousa Amorim, Francisco Santos, Lara Luís, Manuel Martins, Macaco Quitado, Paulo Ferreira, Diogo Rombo, Francisco Manuel Reis, Bruno Lamas, Daniel Almeida, Patrícia Esquível , Diogo Silva, Luis Gomes, Cesar Correia, Cristiano Tavares, Pedro Gaspar, Gil Batista Marinho, Maria Oliveira, João Pereira, Rui Vilao, João Ferreira, Wedge, José Losa, Hélder Moreira, André Abrantes, Henrique Vieira, João Farinha, Manuel Botelho da Silva, João Diamantino, Ana Rita Laureano, Pedro L, Nuno Malvar, Joel, Rui Antunes7, Tomás Saraiva, Cloé Leal de Magalhães, Joao Barbosa, paulo matos, Fábio Monteiro, Tiago Stock, Beatriz Bagulho, Pedro Bravo, Antonio Loureiro, Hugo Ramos, Inês Inocêncio, Telmo Gomes, Sérgio Nunes, Tiago Pedroso, Teresa Pimentel, Rita Noronha, miguel farracho, José Fangueiro, Zé, Margarida Correia-Neves, Bruno Pinto Vitorino, João Lopes, Joana Pereirinha, Gonçalo Baptista, Dario Rodrigues, tati lima, Pedro On The Road, Catarina Fonseca, JC Pacheco, Sofia Ferreira, Inês Ribeiro, Miguel Jacinto, Tiago Agostinho, Margarida Costa Almeida, Helena Pinheiro, Rui Martins, Fábio Videira Santos, Tomás Lucena, João Freitas, Ricardo Sousa, RJ, Francisco Seabra Guimarães, Carlos Branco, David Palhota, Carlos Castro, Alexandre Alves, Cláudia Gomes Batista, Ana Leal, Ricardo Trindade, Luís Machado, Andrzej Stuart-Thompson, Diego Goulart, Filipa Portela, Paulo Rafael, Paloma Nunes, Marta Mendonca, Teresa Painho, Duarte Cameirão, Rodrigo Silva, José Alberto Gomes, Joao Gama, Cristina Loureiro, Tiago Gama, Tiago Rodrigues, Miguel Duarte, Ana Cantanhede, Artur Castro Freire, Rui Passos Rocha, Pedro Costa Antunes, Sofia Almeida, Ricardo Andrade Guimarães, Daniel Pais, Miguel Bastos, Luís Santos _______________ Esta conversa foi editada por: Hugo Oliveira  

António Filipe Pimentel foi professor universitário de História da Arte na Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra durante grande parte da carreira. Especializou-se fundamentalmente na arte barroca portuguesa, com uma tese de mestrado sobre o Palácio de Mafra. Fez depois o doutoramento sobre o Paço Real de Coimbra, ou seja, o edifício onde no século XVI ficou definitivamente instalada a Universidade. Até que, de maneira mais ou menos imprevisível, deu o salto para funções mais executivas -- primeiro como Pró-Reitor da UC e depois na gestão de museus. Começou com uma passagem breve como director do Museu Grão Vasco, em Viseu, e foi depois durante quase 10 anos director do MNAA, onde fez uma série de transformações. Mais recentemente, desde 2021, é diretor do Museu Calouste Gulbenkian. -> Apoie este podcast e faça parte da comunidade de mecenas em 45grauspodcast.com -> Registe-se para ser avisado(a) de futuras edições dos workshops de Pensamento Crítico: https://forms.sendpulse.com/7e62c1e4f5 _______________ Índice: (0:00) Introdução (4:44) Entrada na História da Arte, o Palácio de Mafra e D. João V. | Criação do Patriarcado de Lisboa. Sebastião César de Meneses | | João Frederico Ludovice (arquitecto de Mafra) | Arte antiga vs arte contemporânea | Criatividade na arte antiga | Terramoto de 1755. Manuel da Maia (31:55) Obras que se perderam no Terramoto de 1755? | Exposição Encomenda Prodigiosa  (35:06) Porque faltam grandes artistas na nossa História? | Nuno Gonçalves e os painéis de Sao Vicente | Rogier van der Weyden | Jan van Eyck | Auto-retrato de Dürer (44:49) Universidade de Coimbra e o Paço Real. Debate sobre se os reis portugueses foram coroados. Serenata na Sé Nova (53:49) Quando as sociedades não conseguem construir conhecimento: a história obelisco da Praça de S. Pedro em Roma. | SMulticamaraorolla  (59:08) Período no Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga (MNAA). | Parcerias com museus internacionais | Exposição ComingOut | Ideia para uma exposição que misturasse obras reais e reproduções. Museu Nacional de Escultura em Valladolid |  (1:26:07) Campanha “Vamos pôr o Sequeira no lugar certo” | Que impacto teve nos museus o aumento do turismo? (1:39:48) Os museus deviam ter mais autonomia para gerir a sua coleção? (1:51:53) Museu Gulbenkian _______________ Este é um episódio…especial, porque o convidado é…meu pai. Na nossa conversa, acabei, por isso, por seguir um encadeamento mais biográfico do que é normal noutros episódios.  Começámos por falar sobre o que é especial na História da Arte, em particular, na arte antiga. Isto levou-nos ao Palácio de Mafra e o reinado de D. João V., que foi o tema da tese de mestrado (na altura em que as teses de mestrado eram um trabalho de anos…!).  E levou-nos também à incrível quantidade (e qualidade) de obras que se perderam naquela altura , com o Terramoto de 1755 — e às razões para haver tão poucos artistas geniais na nossa História em comparação com outros países (com honrosas mas também misteriosas excepções, como Nuno Gonçalves, autor dos Painéis de São Vicente). Falámos também da Universidade de Coimbra, que foi o tema da tese de doutoramento do meu pai (mais concretamente, o Paço Real, que é edifício onde a Universidade está instalada desde o século XVI).  E, claro, falámos sobre o papel dos museus na cultura e na sociedade, em particular do período de quase 10 anos que esteve à frente do MNAA, um período em que o museu ganhou uma nova notoriedade. Isto aconteceu graças a várias iniciativas que deram nas vistas, como foi o caso da campanha “Vamos pôr o Sequeira no lugar certo”, um “crowdfunding” que permitiu adquirir para a colecção do museu o quadro “A Adoração dos Magos”, de Domingos Sequeira (outro dos raros génios portugueses). Participaram na campanha 171 entidades e 15 mil particulares. No final, falámos também de aspectos institucionais da gestão de museus, como a falta de autonomia que os museus públicos ainda têm em Portugal (um problema ue tem paralelos com outras instituições como as escolas, que já aqui discuti várias vezes). _______________ Esta conversa foi editada por: DBF Estúdio

Esta semana falamos da União de Kalmar, de 1397, e da origem etimológica e disseminação da palavra monção. Sugestões da semana 1. António Costa Pinto, Nuno Gonçalo Monteiro (orgs) - História cultural contemporânea. Portugal, 1808-2000. Lisboa: Objectiva, 2024. 2. Fernanda Rodrigues e Pedro Pinto (coord.) - Tombo da Vila de Sesimbra. Sesimbra: Câmara Municipal, 2024, 2 vols. ---- Obrigado aos patronos do podcast: Andrea Barbosa, Bruno Ricardo Neves Figueira, Cláudio Batista, Isabel Yglesias de Oliveira, Joana Figueira, NBisme, Oliver Doerfler; Alessandro Averchi, Alexandre Carvalho, Daniel Murta, David Fernandes, Francisco, Francisco, Hugo Picciochi, João Cancela, João Pedro Tuna Moura Guedes, Jorge Filipe, Manuel Prates, Patrícia Gomes, Pedro Almada, Pedro Alves, Pedro Ferreira, Rui Roque, Vera Costa; Adriana Vazão, André Abrantes, André Chambel, Andre Mano, André Marques, André Silva, António Farelo, António Silva , Beatriz Oliveira, Carlos Castro, Catarina Ferreira, Diogo Freitas, Fábio Videira Santos, Filipe Paula, Gn, Hugo Vieira, João Barbosa, João Canto, João Carlos Braga Simões, João Diamantino, João Félix, João Ferreira, Joel José Ginga, José, José Santos, Luis, Miguel Gama, Miguel Gonçalves Tomé, Miguel Oliveira, Nuno Carvalho, Nuno Esteves, Pedro Cardoso, Pedro L, Pedro Oliveira, Pedro Simões, Ricardo Pinho, Ricardo Santos, Rúben Marques Freitas, Rui Rodrigues, Simão Ribeiro, Sofia Silva, Thomas Ferreira, Tiago Matias, Tiago Sequeira, tope steffi. ----- Ouve e gosta do podcast? Se quiser apoiar o Falando de História, contribuindo para a sua manutenção, pode fazê-lo via Patreon: https://patreon.com/falandodehistoria ----- Música: "Hidden Agenda” de Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com); Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 4.0 License, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 Edição de Marco António.

(Veja também no Youtube.) Teresa Oliveira é coach profissional há quase 20 anos, credenciada pela International Coaching Federation. É co-fundadora da Outsight e docente na Formação de Executivos da Católica Lisbon School of Business and Economics.  -> Apoie este podcast e faça parte da comunidade de mecenas do 45 Graus em: 45grauspodcast.com -> Inscreva-se aqui no módulo 3 dos workshops de Pensamento Crítico: «Decidir Melhor».  _______________ Índice: (5:09) O que é o Coaching Profissional, e porque é que hoje em dia parece que há coaches de todo o tipo por todo o lado? International Coaching Federation | O que torna o coaching útil?  (17:17) Como funciona o coaching na prática? Quem é o cliente do coach: a pessoa ou a empresa? Que tipo de objetivos são trabalhados? Coaching vs formação. | Princípio de Peter | O trabalho do coach é essencialmente fazer perguntas? | Diferentes perfis de coachees  (44:56) A personalidade ajuda a explicar os nossos comportamentos? Importância da literacia emocional e a popularidade nas empresas das ferramentas de traços de personalidade | MBTI | Hogan Personality Inventory | Big Five |  (1:03:30) Burnout | Burnout da empatia | Técnica do sim-não-sim | Segurança psicológica | Os três níveis de empatia | Declarações polémicas do ministro holandês Dijsselbloem em 2017 (1:16:24) Como têm evoluído os desafios das empresas? | Quando é trabalho não para coach, mas para psicoterapeuta? Livros recomendados: Being Wrong: Adventures in the Margin of Error - Kathryn Schulz | On Being Certain: Believing You Are Right Even When You're Not - Robert A. Burton | When I Say No, I Feel Guilty - Manuel J. Smith | An Everyone Culture: Becoming a Deliberately Developmental Organization - Robert Kegan | The Science of Evil - Simon Baron-Cohen | What Got You Here Won't Get You There - Marshall Goldsmith _______________ Nos últimos tempos, a palavra coach e o termo coaching têm estado cada vez mais associados, para muitos de nós, a charlatanice. Graças às redes sociais -- que nos dão acesso a tudo o que queremos e o que não queremos -- e a humoristas como a Joana Marques, parece que todos os dias surge alguém a chamar-se coach astrológico -- ou algo do género --, com um discurso que parece retirado de um sketch dos Gato Fedorento e a prometer-nos as mudanças mais incríveis na nossa vida.  Tenho-me rido muito com alguns destes casos, mas a verdade é que existe também, há décadas, um coaching que é feito de feito de forma séria e que é muito usado, nomeadamente nas empresas, com resultados comprovados (aliás, é a boa fama desse coaching que estes novos coaches tentam aproveitar quando se intitulam dessa forma).  Um coach profissional é alguém sobretudo em empresas e com quem tem funções de liderança, de gestores intermédios para cima, para maximizar o potencial dos indivíduos, desde melhorar determinados aspectos do seu desempenho, o trabalho em equipa e até o bem-estar. A principal vantagem do coaching face a outras abordagens é que é um acompanhamento muito mais próximo e individualizado da pessoa, o que permite, agir com mais impacto. Isso mesmo é comprovado pela investigação académica nesta área, apesar de ser ainda relativamente recente, a qual mostra um impacto positivo quer no desempenho das organizações quer na satisfação individual das pessoas. Foi por isso — para defender o bom nome deste coaching e explicar como funciona na prática — que decidi desafiar para vir ao 45 Graus uma coach profissional que conheço há muito tempo, de quem gosto muito e cujo trabalho é muito respeitado nesta área.  Na nossa conversa, tentei compreender melhor o que é o coaching profissional, os princípios éticos que o diferenciam, que aspectos do comportamento das pessoas trabalha e como funciona o processo de coaching individual na prática.  Isto levou-nos a falar de vários exemplos concretos da experiência da Teresa como coach, seja os desafios mais comuns nas organizações, as as mudanças comportamentais em que mais tem trabalhado e como elas são, muitas vezes, difíceis de fazer para as pessoas. Pelo caminho, falámos de testes de personalidade, de burnout, da diferença entre coaching e psicoterapia -- e muito mais! ______________ Obrigado aos mecenas do podcast: Francisco Hermenegildo, Ricardo Evangelista, Henrique Pais João Baltazar, Salvador Cunha, Abilio Silva, Tiago Leite, Carlos Martins, Galaró family, Corto Lemos, Miguel Marques, Nuno Costa, Nuno e Ana, João Ribeiro, Helder Miranda, Pedro Lima Ferreira, Cesar Carpinteiro, Luis Fernambuco, Fernando Nunes, Manuel Canelas, Tiago Gonçalves, Carlos Pires, João Domingues, Hélio Bragança da Silva, Sandra Ferreira , Paulo Encarnação , BFDC, António Mexia Santos, Luís Guido, Bruno Heleno Tomás Costa, João Saro, Daniel Correia, Rita Mateus, António Padilha, Tiago Queiroz, Carmen Camacho, João Nelas, Francisco Fonseca, Rafael Santos, Andreia Esteves, Ana Teresa Mota, ARUNE BHURALAL, Mário Lourenço, RB, Maria Pimentel, Luis, Geoffrey Marcelino, Alberto Alcalde, António Rocha Pinto, Ruben de Bragança, João Vieira dos Santos, David Teixeira Alves, Armindo Martins , Carlos Nobre, Bernardo Vidal Pimentel, António Oliveira, Paulo Barros, Nuno Brites, Lígia Violas, Tiago Sequeira, Zé da Radio, João Morais, André Gamito, Diogo Costa, Pedro Ribeiro, Bernardo Cortez Vasco Sá Pinto, David , Tiago Pires, Mafalda Pratas, Joana Margarida Alves Martins, Luis Marques, João Raimundo, Francisco Arantes, Mariana Barosa, Nuno Gonçalves, Pedro Rebelo, Miguel Palhas, Ricardo Duarte, Duarte , Tomás Félix, Vasco Lima, Francisco Vasconcelos, Telmo , José Oliveira Pratas, Jose Pedroso, João Diogo Silva, Joao Diogo, José Proença, João Crispim, João Pinho , Afonso Martins, Robertt Valente, João Barbosa, Renato Mendes, Maria Francisca Couto, Antonio Albuquerque, Ana Sousa Amorim, Francisco Santos, Lara Luís, Manuel Martins, Macaco Quitado, Paulo Ferreira, Diogo Rombo, Francisco Manuel Reis, Bruno Lamas, Daniel Almeida, Patrícia Esquível , Diogo Silva, Luis Gomes, Cesar Correia, Cristiano Tavares, Pedro Gaspar, Gil Batista Marinho, Maria Oliveira, João Pereira, Rui Vilao, João Ferreira, Wedge, José Losa, Hélder Moreira, André Abrantes, Henrique Vieira, João Farinha, Manuel Botelho da Silva, João Diamantino, Ana Rita Laureano, Pedro L, Nuno Malvar, Joel, Rui Antunes7, Tomás Saraiva, Cloé Leal de Magalhães, Joao Barbosa, paulo matos, Fábio Monteiro, Tiago Stock, Beatriz Bagulho, Pedro Bravo, Antonio Loureiro, Hugo Ramos, Inês Inocêncio, Telmo Gomes, Sérgio Nunes, Tiago Pedroso, Teresa Pimentel, Rita Noronha, miguel farracho, José Fangueiro, Zé, Margarida Correia-Neves, Bruno Pinto Vitorino, João Lopes, Joana Pereirinha, Gonçalo Baptista, Dario Rodrigues, tati lima, Pedro On The Road, Catarina Fonseca, JC Pacheco, Sofia Ferreira, Inês Ribeiro, Miguel Jacinto, Tiago Agostinho, Margarida Costa Almeida, Helena Pinheiro, Rui Martins, Fábio Videira Santos, Tomás Lucena, João Freitas, Ricardo Sousa, RJ, Francisco Seabra Guimarães, Carlos Branco, David Palhota, Carlos Castro, Alexandre Alves, Cláudia Gomes Batista, Ana Leal, Ricardo Trindade, Luís Machado, Andrzej Stuart-Thompson, Diego Goulart, Filipa Portela, Paulo Rafael, Paloma Nunes, Marta Mendonca, Teresa Painho, Duarte Cameirão, Rodrigo Silva, José Alberto Gomes, Joao Gama, Cristina Loureiro, Tiago Gama, Tiago Rodrigues, Miguel Duarte, Ana Cantanhede, Artur Castro Freire, Rui Passos Rocha, Pedro Costa Antunes, Sofia Almeida, Ricardo Andrade Guimarães, Daniel Pais, Miguel Bastos, Luís Santos _______________ Esta conversa foi editada por: Hugo Oliveira _______________ Bio: Teresa Oliveira iniciou sua carreira na aprendizagem de adultos, onde percebeu a importância de estar nos contextos certos para otimizar o potencial humano. Motivada pelas mudanças e oportunidades do século XXI, optou por uma carreira independente focada no desenvolvimento organizacional, lideranças e equipes, utilizando o coaching profissional para efetivar mudanças rápidas e eficazes. Com mais de 2500 horas de experiência em coaching, Teresa é uma Professional Certified Coach pela International Coaching Federation e possui um diploma de Master Practitioner in Systemic Team Coaching. Co-fundadora da Outsight e docente na Católica Lisbon School of Business and Economics, ela também tem uma formação em Terapia Gestalt, além de ser licenciada em Sociologia, mestre em Políticas e Gestão de Recursos Humanos e doutorada em Economia da Inovação pelo ISCTE.  

(Versão audio, com edição mais fina. Veja versão em vídeo no episódio à parte no Spotify ou no Youtube.) Teresa Oliveira é coach profissional há quase 20 anos, credenciada pela International Coaching Federation. É co-fundadora da Outsight e docente na Formação de Executivos da Católica Lisbon School of Business and Economics.  -> Apoie este podcast e faça parte da comunidade de mecenas do 45 Graus em: 45grauspodcast.com -> Inscreva-se aqui no módulo 3 dos workshops de Pensamento Crítico: «Decidir Melhor».  _______________ Índice: (5:09) O que é o Coaching Profissional, e porque é que hoje em dia parece que há coaches de todo o tipo por todo o lado? International Coaching Federation | O que torna o coaching útil?  (17:17) Como funciona o coaching na prática? Quem é o cliente do coach: a pessoa ou a empresa? Que tipo de objetivos são trabalhados? Coaching vs formação. | Princípio de Peter | O trabalho do coach é essencialmente fazer perguntas? | Diferentes perfis de coachees  (44:56) A personalidade ajuda a explicar os nossos comportamentos? Importância da literacia emocional e a popularidade nas empresas das ferramentas de traços de personalidade | MBTI | Hogan Personality Inventory | Big Five |  (1:03:30) Burnout | Burnout da empatia | Técnica do sim-não-sim | Segurança psicológica | Os três níveis de empatia | Declarações polémicas do ministro holandês Dijsselbloem em 2017 (1:16:24) Como têm evoluído os desafios das empresas? | Quando é trabalho não para coach, mas para psicoterapeuta? Livros recomendados: Being Wrong: Adventures in the Margin of Error - Kathryn Schulz | On Being Certain: Believing You Are Right Even When You're Not - Robert A. Burton | When I Say No, I Feel Guilty - Manuel J. Smith | An Everyone Culture: Becoming a Deliberately Developmental Organization - Robert Kegan | The Science of Evil - Simon Baron-Cohen | What Got You Here Won't Get You There - Marshall Goldsmith _______________ Nos últimos tempos, a palavra coach e o termo coaching têm estado cada vez mais associados, para muitos de nós, a charlatanice. Graças às redes sociais -- que nos dão acesso a tudo o que queremos e o que não queremos -- e a humoristas como a Joana Marques, parece que todos os dias surge alguém a chamar-se coach astrológico -- ou algo do género --, com um discurso que parece retirado de um sketch dos Gato Fedorento e a prometer-nos as mudanças mais incríveis na nossa vida.  Tenho-me rido muito com alguns destes casos, mas a verdade é que existe também, há décadas, um coaching que é feito de feito de forma séria e que é muito usado, nomeadamente nas empresas, com resultados comprovados (aliás, é a boa fama desse coaching que estes novos coaches tentam aproveitar quando se intitulam dessa forma).  Um coach profissional é alguém sobretudo em empresas e com quem tem funções de liderança, de gestores intermédios para cima, para maximizar o potencial dos indivíduos, desde melhorar determinados aspectos do seu desempenho, o trabalho em equipa e até o bem-estar. A principal vantagem do coaching face a outras abordagens é que é um acompanhamento muito mais próximo e individualizado da pessoa, o que permite, agir com mais impacto. Isso mesmo é comprovado pela investigação académica nesta área, apesar de ser ainda relativamente recente, a qual mostra um impacto positivo quer no desempenho das organizações quer na satisfação individual das pessoas. Foi por isso — para defender o bom nome deste coaching e explicar como funciona na prática — que decidi desafiar para vir ao 45 Graus uma coach profissional que conheço há muito tempo, de quem gosto muito e cujo trabalho é muito respeitado nesta área.  Na nossa conversa, tentei compreender melhor o que é o coaching profissional, os princípios éticos que o diferenciam, que aspectos do comportamento das pessoas trabalha e como funciona o processo de coaching individual na prática.  Isto levou-nos a falar de vários exemplos concretos da experiência da Teresa como coach, seja os desafios mais comuns nas organizações, as as mudanças comportamentais em que mais tem trabalhado e como elas são, muitas vezes, difíceis de fazer para as pessoas. Pelo caminho, falámos de testes de personalidade, de burnout, da diferença entre coaching e psicoterapia -- e muito mais! ______________ Obrigado aos mecenas do podcast: Francisco Hermenegildo, Ricardo Evangelista, Henrique Pais João Baltazar, Salvador Cunha, Abilio Silva, Tiago Leite, Carlos Martins, Galaró family, Corto Lemos, Miguel Marques, Nuno Costa, Nuno e Ana, João Ribeiro, Helder Miranda, Pedro Lima Ferreira, Cesar Carpinteiro, Luis Fernambuco, Fernando Nunes, Manuel Canelas, Tiago Gonçalves, Carlos Pires, João Domingues, Hélio Bragança da Silva, Sandra Ferreira , Paulo Encarnação , BFDC, António Mexia Santos, Luís Guido, Bruno Heleno Tomás Costa, João Saro, Daniel Correia, Rita Mateus, António Padilha, Tiago Queiroz, Carmen Camacho, João Nelas, Francisco Fonseca, Rafael Santos, Andreia Esteves, Ana Teresa Mota, ARUNE BHURALAL, Mário Lourenço, RB, Maria Pimentel, Luis, Geoffrey Marcelino, Alberto Alcalde, António Rocha Pinto, Ruben de Bragança, João Vieira dos Santos, David Teixeira Alves, Armindo Martins , Carlos Nobre, Bernardo Vidal Pimentel, António Oliveira, Paulo Barros, Nuno Brites, Lígia Violas, Tiago Sequeira, Zé da Radio, João Morais, André Gamito, Diogo Costa, Pedro Ribeiro, Bernardo Cortez Vasco Sá Pinto, David , Tiago Pires, Mafalda Pratas, Joana Margarida Alves Martins, Luis Marques, João Raimundo, Francisco Arantes, Mariana Barosa, Nuno Gonçalves, Pedro Rebelo, Miguel Palhas, Ricardo Duarte, Duarte , Tomás Félix, Vasco Lima, Francisco Vasconcelos, Telmo , José Oliveira Pratas, Jose Pedroso, João Diogo Silva, Joao Diogo, José Proença, João Crispim, João Pinho , Afonso Martins, Robertt Valente, João Barbosa, Renato Mendes, Maria Francisca Couto, Antonio Albuquerque, Ana Sousa Amorim, Francisco Santos, Lara Luís, Manuel Martins, Macaco Quitado, Paulo Ferreira, Diogo Rombo, Francisco Manuel Reis, Bruno Lamas, Daniel Almeida, Patrícia Esquível , Diogo Silva, Luis Gomes, Cesar Correia, Cristiano Tavares, Pedro Gaspar, Gil Batista Marinho, Maria Oliveira, João Pereira, Rui Vilao, João Ferreira, Wedge, José Losa, Hélder Moreira, André Abrantes, Henrique Vieira, João Farinha, Manuel Botelho da Silva, João Diamantino, Ana Rita Laureano, Pedro L, Nuno Malvar, Joel, Rui Antunes7, Tomás Saraiva, Cloé Leal de Magalhães, Joao Barbosa, paulo matos, Fábio Monteiro, Tiago Stock, Beatriz Bagulho, Pedro Bravo, Antonio Loureiro, Hugo Ramos, Inês Inocêncio, Telmo Gomes, Sérgio Nunes, Tiago Pedroso, Teresa Pimentel, Rita Noronha, miguel farracho, José Fangueiro, Zé, Margarida Correia-Neves, Bruno Pinto Vitorino, João Lopes, Joana Pereirinha, Gonçalo Baptista, Dario Rodrigues, tati lima, Pedro On The Road, Catarina Fonseca, JC Pacheco, Sofia Ferreira, Inês Ribeiro, Miguel Jacinto, Tiago Agostinho, Margarida Costa Almeida, Helena Pinheiro, Rui Martins, Fábio Videira Santos, Tomás Lucena, João Freitas, Ricardo Sousa, RJ, Francisco Seabra Guimarães, Carlos Branco, David Palhota, Carlos Castro, Alexandre Alves, Cláudia Gomes Batista, Ana Leal, Ricardo Trindade, Luís Machado, Andrzej Stuart-Thompson, Diego Goulart, Filipa Portela, Paulo Rafael, Paloma Nunes, Marta Mendonca, Teresa Painho, Duarte Cameirão, Rodrigo Silva, José Alberto Gomes, Joao Gama, Cristina Loureiro, Tiago Gama, Tiago Rodrigues, Miguel Duarte, Ana Cantanhede, Artur Castro Freire, Rui Passos Rocha, Pedro Costa Antunes, Sofia Almeida, Ricardo Andrade Guimarães, Daniel Pais, Miguel Bastos, Luís Santos _______________ Esta conversa foi editada por: Hugo Oliveira _______________ Bio: Teresa Oliveira iniciou sua carreira na aprendizagem de adultos, onde percebeu a importância de estar nos contextos certos para otimizar o potencial humano. Motivada pelas mudanças e oportunidades do século XXI, optou por uma carreira independente focada no desenvolvimento organizacional, lideranças e equipes, utilizando o coaching profissional para efetivar mudanças rápidas e eficazes. Com mais de 2500 horas de experiência em coaching, Teresa é uma Professional Certified Coach pela International Coaching Federation e possui um diploma de Master Practitioner in Systemic Team Coaching. Co-fundadora da Outsight e docente na Católica Lisbon School of Business and Economics, ela também tem uma formação em Terapia Gestalt, além de ser licenciada em Sociologia, mestre em Políticas e Gestão de Recursos Humanos e doutorada em Economia da Inovação pelo ISCTE.  

O 45 Graus agora também em vídeo -- veja no Youtube! Catarina Barreiros dedica-se de corpo e alma à causa da sustentabilidade e de uma vida com menos desperdício. Tem formação em arquitectura e começou por trabalhar na área do marketing, até que, em 2018, decidiu começar a falar de sustentabilidade na sua página de instagram. A página foi crescendo e chegando a cada vez mais gente -- são hoje mais de 100 mil seguidores. Pelo caminho, a Catarina lançou também, juntamente com o marido, a loja Do Zero, à qual se juntam também um podcast (Do Zero), um evento anual sobre sustentabilidade (o Cidade do -- Zero, adivinharam!) e ainda a Norm, uma marca portuguesa de roupa interior menstrual reutilizável feita de materiais com a mínima pegada ambiental.  -> Apoie este podcast e faça parte da comunidade de mecenas do 45 Graus em: 45grauspodcast.com -> Inscreva-se aqui no módulo 3 dos workshops de Pensamento Crítico: «Decidir Melhor». -> Registe-se aqui para ser avisado(a) de futuras edições dos workshops. _______________ Índice: (2:56) O que cabe na Sustentabilidade? | Projecto Drawdown. Relatório IPCC. | Desperdício. | Desperdiçarmos menos se usássemos roupa igual todos os dias? (20:08) Alimentação de base vegetal. EAT-Lancet Report | Estudo sobre impacto da carne vermelha  (25:45) É realista deixarmos de ter carro próprio? (33:40) Consumismo | Como evitar o excesso de brinquedos nas crianças de hoje? | Importância da comunidade | O consumismo afecta mais as mulheres? Notícia dos dois pivots. A relação de muitos homens com o futebol (50:44) É preciso não julgar quem não pode largar o carro. Importância de investir na ferrovia.  (58:23) Porque parece mal, culturalmente, não comermos carne?  (1:09:35) O que atrai os teus seguidores para a tua página de Instagram? (1:13:43) Acção política. | O que achas de movimentos como a Climáximo? | Comissões de Cidadãos do projecto Os 230 (1:34:18) Que papel podemos esperar das empresas na transição climática? | Devia haver um imposto sobre as carnes vermelhas?  _______________ No episódio de hoje, converso sobre sustentabilidade com a Catarina Barreiros, alguém que se tem dedicado nos últimos anos de corpo e alma a esta causa.  A Catarina tem formação em arquitectura e começou por trabalhar na área do marketing, até que, em 2018, decidiu começar a falar de sustentabilidade na sua página de Instagram. A página foi crescendo e tem hoje já mais 100 mil seguidores. Pelo caminho, a Catarina lançou também, juntamente com o marido, a loja Do Zero, à qual se juntam também um podcast (Do Zero), um evento anual sobre sustentabilidade (o Cidade do -- Zero, adivinharam!) e ainda a Norm, uma marca portuguesa de roupa interior menstrual reutilizável e sustentável.  Discutimos a sustentabilidade nas suas várias vertentes -- desde os comportamentos individuais à acção colectiva. Começámos por falar sobre o que dizem os principais estudos nesta área sobre sobre os nossos comportamentos menos amigos do ambiente, desde o desperdício, a nossa dieta demasiado carnívora, a nossa dependência do carro ou o nosso consumismo desenfreado (que alimenta uma indústria que polui o planeta e contribui para as alterações climáticas). Falámos também dos aspectos sociais e culturais que, em muitos casos, tornam muito difícil alterarmos estes comportamentos. Sendo que a acção individual é importante, mas a verdade é que dificilmente haverá alterações a sério sem intervenção cívica e política. Por isso, perguntei também à Catarina qual é a maneira certa para intervir enquanto cidadãos e a opinião dela do que têm feito alguns dos principais actores, desde os movimentos ambientalistas, o poder político e as empresas.  ______________ Obrigado aos mecenas do podcast: Francisco Hermenegildo, Ricardo Evangelista, Henrique Pais João Baltazar, Salvador Cunha, Abilio Silva, Tiago Leite, Carlos Martins, Galaró family, Corto Lemos, Miguel Marques, Nuno Costa, Nuno e Ana, João Ribeiro, Helder Miranda, Pedro Lima Ferreira, Cesar Carpinteiro, Luis Fernambuco, Fernando Nunes, Manuel Canelas, Tiago Gonçalves, Carlos Pires, João Domingues, Hélio Bragança da Silva, Sandra Ferreira , Paulo Encarnação , BFDC, António Mexia Santos, Luís Guido, Bruno Heleno Tomás Costa, João Saro, Daniel Correia, Rita Mateus, António Padilha, Tiago Queiroz, Carmen Camacho, João Nelas, Francisco Fonseca, Rafael Santos, Andreia Esteves, Ana Teresa Mota, ARUNE BHURALAL, Mário Lourenço, RB, Maria Pimentel, Luis, Geoffrey Marcelino, Alberto Alcalde, António Rocha Pinto, Ruben de Bragança, João Vieira dos Santos, David Teixeira Alves, Armindo Martins , Carlos Nobre, Bernardo Vidal Pimentel, António Oliveira, Paulo Barros, Nuno Brites, Lígia Violas, Tiago Sequeira, Zé da Radio, João Morais, André Gamito, Diogo Costa, Pedro Ribeiro, Bernardo Cortez Vasco Sá Pinto, David , Tiago Pires, Mafalda Pratas, Joana Margarida Alves Martins, Luis Marques, João Raimundo, Francisco Arantes, Mariana Barosa, Nuno Gonçalves, Pedro Rebelo, Miguel Palhas, Ricardo Duarte, Duarte , Tomás Félix, Vasco Lima, Francisco Vasconcelos, Telmo , José Oliveira Pratas, Jose Pedroso, João Diogo Silva, Joao Diogo, José Proença, João Crispim, João Pinho , Afonso Martins, Robertt Valente, João Barbosa, Renato Mendes, Maria Francisca Couto, Antonio Albuquerque, Ana Sousa Amorim, Francisco Santos, Lara Luís, Manuel Martins, Macaco Quitado, Paulo Ferreira, Diogo Rombo, Francisco Manuel Reis, Bruno Lamas, Daniel Almeida, Patrícia Esquível , Diogo Silva, Luis Gomes, Cesar Correia, Cristiano Tavares, Pedro Gaspar, Gil Batista Marinho, Maria Oliveira, João Pereira, Rui Vilao, João Ferreira, Wedge, José Losa, Hélder Moreira, André Abrantes, Henrique Vieira, João Farinha, Manuel Botelho da Silva, João Diamantino, Ana Rita Laureano, Pedro L, Nuno Malvar, Joel, Rui Antunes7, Tomás Saraiva, Cloé Leal de Magalhães, Joao Barbosa, paulo matos, Fábio Monteiro, Tiago Stock, Beatriz Bagulho, Pedro Bravo, Antonio Loureiro, Hugo Ramos, Inês Inocêncio, Telmo Gomes, Sérgio Nunes, Tiago Pedroso, Teresa Pimentel, Rita Noronha, miguel farracho, José Fangueiro, Zé, Margarida Correia-Neves, Bruno Pinto Vitorino, João Lopes, Joana Pereirinha, Gonçalo Baptista, Dario Rodrigues, tati lima, Pedro On The Road, Catarina Fonseca, JC Pacheco, Sofia Ferreira, Inês Ribeiro, Miguel Jacinto, Tiago Agostinho, Margarida Costa Almeida, Helena Pinheiro, Rui Martins, Fábio Videira Santos, Tomás Lucena, João Freitas, Ricardo Sousa, RJ, Francisco Seabra Guimarães, Carlos Branco, David Palhota, Carlos Castro, Alexandre Alves, Cláudia Gomes Batista, Ana Leal, Ricardo Trindade, Luís Machado, Andrzej Stuart-Thompson, Diego Goulart, Filipa Portela, Paulo Rafael, Paloma Nunes, Marta Mendonca, Teresa Painho, Duarte Cameirão, Rodrigo Silva, José Alberto Gomes, Joao Gama, Cristina Loureiro, Tiago Gama, Tiago Rodrigues, Miguel Duarte, Ana Cantanhede, Artur Castro Freire, Rui Passos Rocha, Pedro Costa Antunes, Sofia Almeida, Ricardo Andrade Guimarães, Daniel Pais, Miguel Bastos, Luís Santos _______________ Esta conversa foi editada por: Hugo Oliveira

Tom Chatfield is a British author and tech philosopher, interested in improving our experiences and understanding of technology. He is the author of several books on good thinking in today's tech-dominated world, including “Critical Thinking” and “How to Think”. He also teaches these skills to diverse audiences, ranging from schools to corporate boardrooms, and he has recently designed a successful online course on Critical Thinking for the Economist education. His most recent book is Wise Animals, an exploration of the co-evolution of humanity and technology—and the lessons our deep past may hold for the present. He's also an experienced Chair, Non-Executive Director, advisor and speaker across the private and public sectors.  -> Inscreva-se aqui no módulo 3 dos workshops de Pensamento Crítico: «Decidir Melhor». Registe-se aqui para ser avisado(a) de futuras edições dos workshops. _______________ Índice: (3:00) Introduction in English (5:06) How did you end up writing about critical thinking and technology? | Is critical thinking a soft or a hard skill? | Heuristics and biases (work of Daniel Kahnemen and Amos Trvsersky) | The art of knowing when to seek ‘cognitive reinforcements' | Why communicating nuances and uncertainties is so hard today. | Arguments when our basic assumptions differ | Why critical thinking is not about being always right. | The importance of challenging our assumptions. (32:46) Why asking questions is the best way to dispute arguments. | The importance of creating trust to have open discussions. | Useful tricks to improve collective decision-making: pre-mortems; obligation to dissent; Oxford-style debates | How much of corporate work today runs around sending and replying to emails | The Amazon memo | ask religious schools | The importance of thinking before talking: book Robert Poynton - Do Pause: You Are Not A To Do List (47:45) Difference between teaching critical thinking to 12 year olds and corporate audiences? | The ubiquity of business jargon | Richard Feynman and the power of questions | Why did SpaceX give up on “catching” falling fairings? | Thomas Kuhn on paradigm shifts | Richard Feynman On The Folly Of Crafting Precise Definitions (1:09:06) New book: Wise Animals: How Technology Has Made Us What We Are | Impact of mass interactive media on democracy. | impact of social media on social health. Book by Jonathan Haidt: The Anxious Generation _______________ Today we're diving into an enlightening conversation with Tom Chatfield, a British author and tech philosopher. Tom is the author of several books on good thinking in today's tech-dominated world, including “Critical Thinking” and “How to Think”. He also teaches these skills to diverse audiences, ranging from schools to corporate boardrooms, and he has recently designed a successful online course on Critical Thinking for the Economist education. In his most recent book, Wise Animals, Tom explores our relationship with technology, examining the lessons that our ancestral past may hold for our present challenges.  In this thought-provoking conversation with Tom, we discussed his advice for how to think more critically in today's complex world. We talked about strategies to combat the influence of cognitive biases in our mind, as popularized by thinkers like the late Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, and the importance (and difficulty) of challenging our own assumptions. We also discussed the importance of creating trust in order to be able to have open conversations, and some techniques for deep discussions and good decision making in all contexts.  In the final part, we turned our focus to Tom's latest book, which explores our relationship with technology, and I asked his view on two big impacts technology is currently having in society: the destabilizing effect of mass interactive media on traditional democratic structures, exacerbating polarization and eroding public trust in institutions; and the troubling rise of what many experts refer to as an “Epidemic of Mental Illness” among children and teenagers, driven by pervasive social media use.  ______________ Obrigado aos mecenas do podcast: Francisco Hermenegildo, Ricardo Evangelista, Henrique Pais João Baltazar, Salvador Cunha, Abilio Silva, Tiago Leite, Carlos Martins, Galaró family, Corto Lemos, Miguel Marques, Nuno Costa, Nuno e Ana, João Ribeiro, Helder Miranda, Pedro Lima Ferreira, Cesar Carpinteiro, Luis Fernambuco, Fernando Nunes, Manuel Canelas, Tiago Gonçalves, Carlos Pires, João Domingues, Hélio Bragança da Silva, Sandra Ferreira , Paulo Encarnação , BFDC, António Mexia Santos, Luís Guido, Bruno Heleno Tomás Costa, João Saro, Daniel Correia, Rita Mateus, António Padilha, Tiago Queiroz, Carmen Camacho, João Nelas, Francisco Fonseca, Rafael Santos, Andreia Esteves, Ana Teresa Mota, ARUNE BHURALAL, Mário Lourenço, RB, Maria Pimentel, Luis, Geoffrey Marcelino, Alberto Alcalde, António Rocha Pinto, Ruben de Bragança, João Vieira dos Santos, David Teixeira Alves, Armindo Martins , Carlos Nobre, Bernardo Vidal Pimentel, António Oliveira, Paulo Barros, Nuno Brites, Lígia Violas, Tiago Sequeira, Zé da Radio, João Morais, André Gamito, Diogo Costa, Pedro Ribeiro, Bernardo Cortez Vasco Sá Pinto, David , Tiago Pires, Mafalda Pratas, Joana Margarida Alves Martins, Luis Marques, João Raimundo, Francisco Arantes, Mariana Barosa, Nuno Gonçalves, Pedro Rebelo, Miguel Palhas, Ricardo Duarte, Duarte , Tomás Félix, Vasco Lima, Francisco Vasconcelos, Telmo , José Oliveira Pratas, Jose Pedroso, João Diogo Silva, Joao Diogo, José Proença, João Crispim, João Pinho , Afonso Martins, Robertt Valente, João Barbosa, Renato Mendes, Maria Francisca Couto, Antonio Albuquerque, Ana Sousa Amorim, Francisco Santos, Lara Luís, Manuel Martins, Macaco Quitado, Paulo Ferreira, Diogo Rombo, Francisco Manuel Reis, Bruno Lamas, Daniel Almeida, Patrícia Esquível , Diogo Silva, Luis Gomes, Cesar Correia, Cristiano Tavares, Pedro Gaspar, Gil Batista Marinho, Maria Oliveira, João Pereira, Rui Vilao, João Ferreira, Wedge, José Losa, Hélder Moreira, André Abrantes, Henrique Vieira, João Farinha, Manuel Botelho da Silva, João Diamantino, Ana Rita Laureano, Pedro L, Nuno Malvar, Joel, Rui Antunes7, Tomás Saraiva, Cloé Leal de Magalhães, Joao Barbosa, paulo matos, Fábio Monteiro, Tiago Stock, Beatriz Bagulho, Pedro Bravo, Antonio Loureiro, Hugo Ramos, Inês Inocêncio, Telmo Gomes, Sérgio Nunes, Tiago Pedroso, Teresa Pimentel, Rita Noronha, miguel farracho, José Fangueiro, Zé, Margarida Correia-Neves, Bruno Pinto Vitorino, João Lopes, Joana Pereirinha, Gonçalo Baptista, Dario Rodrigues, tati lima, Pedro On The Road, Catarina Fonseca, JC Pacheco, Sofia Ferreira, Inês Ribeiro, Miguel Jacinto, Tiago Agostinho, Margarida Costa Almeida, Helena Pinheiro, Rui Martins, Fábio Videira Santos, Tomás Lucena, João Freitas, Ricardo Sousa, RJ, Francisco Seabra Guimarães, Carlos Branco, David Palhota, Carlos Castro, Alexandre Alves, Cláudia Gomes Batista, Ana Leal, Ricardo Trindade, Luís Machado, Andrzej Stuart-Thompson, Diego Goulart, Filipa Portela, Paulo Rafael, Paloma Nunes, Marta Mendonca, Teresa Painho, Duarte Cameirão, Rodrigo Silva, José Alberto Gomes, Joao Gama, Cristina Loureiro, Tiago Gama, Tiago Rodrigues, Miguel Duarte, Ana Cantanhede, Artur Castro Freire, Rui Passos Rocha, Pedro Costa Antunes, Sofia Almeida, Ricardo Andrade Guimarães, Daniel Pais, Miguel Bastos, Luís Santos _______________ Esta conversa foi editada por: Hugo Oliveira _______________ Bio: Tom Chatfield is a British author and tech philosopher, interested in improving our experiences and understanding of technology. His most recent book is Wise Animals, an exploration of the co-evolution of humanity and technology—and the lessons our deep past may hold for the present. His recent work around future skills and technology includes designing and presenting the Economist‘s new business course Critical Thinking: Problem-solving and decision-making in a complex world. Tom's non-fiction books exploring digital culture, including How To Thrive in the Digital Age (Pan Macmillan) and Live This Book! (Penguin), have appeared in over thirty languages. His bestselling critical thinking textbooks and online courses, developed in partnership with SAGE Publishing, are used in schools and universities across the world. He's also an experienced Chair, Non-Executive Director, advisor and speaker across the private and public sectors. Topics he's written about recently include the ethics of AI, what it means to think well, technology in deep time and the philosophy of fake news.

Vicente Valentim é cientista político na Universidade de Oxford. O seu doutoramento em ciência política, pelo Instituto Universitário Europeu, valeu-lhe vários prémios, incluindo o prémio Jean Blondel para a melhor tese em ciência política e relações internacionais escrita numa universidade europeia. O seu trabalho estuda o que os cidadãos consideram aceitável fazer numa democracia, de onde essas percepções vêm e como mudam. Os seus artigos foram publicados em várias das mais prestigiadas revistas académicas internacionais. O seu primeiro livro, acerca da normalização da direita radical, sairá em 2024 em inglês (“The Normalization of the Radical Right”, Oxford University Press) e em português (“O Fim da Vergonha—Como a Direita Radical se Normalizou”, publicado pela Gradiva a 16 de abril). Mais informação acerca do seu trabalho pode ser encontrada em www.vicentevalentim.com. -> Inscreva-se aqui no módulo 3 dos workshops de Pensamento Crítico: «Decidir Melhor». / Registe-se aqui para ser avisado(a) de futuras edições dos workshops. _______________ Índice: (6:21) Explicação do convidado para o crescimento da direita radical | E o voto de protesto? | Quando existem preferências de direita radical no eleitorado, mas são pouco expressadas porque há estigma social sobre essas ideias (e a normalização, quando deixa de haver)| significado duplo do termo «normalização» (23:45) O que é preciso para desbloquear o estigma? | O caso português: André Ventura enquanto empreendedor político. | Podcast Vitor Matos  (34:39) De onde surge o desfasamento inicial na sociedade entre as normas sociais e as crenças de algumas pessoas? | Só gostamos do populista do nosso país? | Sondagens pos eleitorais em 2022 que mediram transferência de votos | Como medir se quem vota nestes partidos tem mesmo crenças de direita radical?  (56:29) Que papel têm as redes sociais? | estudo ataques terroristas alemanha (1:13:43) Outros temas em que se passe um fenómeno semelhante a este? | Há cientistas políticos de direita radical? (1:20:19) Como devem os partidos da direita democrática lidar com estes partidos? Livro recomendado: Meio Sol Amarelo, de Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie _______________ Desde as eleições de 10 de março, com o incrível crescimento do Chega, que meio mundo -- que é como quem diz, um mundo inteiro menos 18%! -- anda a puxar pela cabeça a tentar encontrar as causas que expliquem aquele resultado e, em particular, o facto de o partido ter conseguido, em menos de 5 anos, multiplicar por mais de 13 o seu resultado. Mas este debate sobre o caso português entronca noutra discussão, muito mais ampla -- as causas da ascensão da direita radical nas democracias ocidentais. Este é um tema sobre o qual muita investigação tem sido produzida e muito tem sido escrito nos últimos anos, incluindo por pessoas pouco relevantes, como este que vos está a falar(!), mas também vinda por pessoas que valem mesmo a pena ler e ouvir.  Uma dessas pessoas é o convidado deste episódio: Vicente Valentim. E a sua investigação ajuda-nos também, como vão ver, a compreender melhor o caso português. O Vicente é cientista político na Universidade de Oxford e dedica-se a estudar o papel das normas sociais no comportamento dos cidadãos em democracia.  No seu doutoramento -- que recebeu vários prémios -- debruçou-se em particular sobre o estigma social que existia na maioria das democracias em torno das ideias de direita radical, e o modo como esse estigma se tem desfeito nos últimos anos. Ao estudar a evolução das normas sociais, o Vicente acabou por desencobrir uma causa até aí inexplorada para o rápido crescimento eleitoral destes partidos. Segundo ele, a verdade é que as ideias que associamos à direita radical já tinham, anteriormente, apoio entre o eleitorado, só que o estigma social que pendia sobre estas ideias  impedia que fossem expressadas. O resultado é que quem tinha essas ideias não tinha noção do seu apoio real. E o mesmo se aplica aos que, se soubessem, gostariam de aproveitar esse filão eleitoral.  É esta espécie de “reserva de apoio pré existente”, argumenta o Vicente, que explica que estes partidos tenham conseguido crescer tão rapidamente um pouco por todas as democracias -- e agora também em Portugal. Com o crescimento destes partidos, o estigma sobre estas ideias acaba por desfazer-se, e elas passam a ser defendidas abertamente no espaço público, num processo de “normalização”.  Este é o termo que dá nome ao primeiro livro do Vicente, que sairá em português já no dia 16 de abril, chamado “O Fim da Vergonha—Como a Direita Radical se Normalizou”. E foi também o tema de uma conferência recente que o Vicente deu em Lisboa, à qual eu assisti, e que me levou a convidá-lo para o 45 Graus.  Na nossa conversa, comecei por tentar perceber melhor a explicação do convidado para o crescimento da direita radical. Discutimos como ela contrasta com outra explicação muito ouvida, em particular, por cá, nas últimas semanas: a de que este é sobretudo um voto de protesto em relação ao estado do sistema político (i.e. um voto não ideológico). E falámos também de uma outra explicação, relacionada, para o crescimento tão rápido e tão transversal destes partidos: o surgimento das redes sociais, e o modo como vieram alterar drasticamente a nossa relação com a política.  A explicação do Vicente contrasta também com as explicações de fundo mais prevalentes na investigação da ciência política, que vê a ascensão da direita radical como consequência da insatisfação de muitos eleitores com mudanças ocorridas nas últimas décadas quer na economia (globalização, automação, aumento das desigualdades) e na sociedade (com a imigração, mudanças de costumes e tensões identitárias). Estas são duas explicações que abordo em detalhe no livro «Política a 45 Graus». Mas, como digo durante a nossa conversa, não me parecem suficientes para explicar a rapidez do crescimento destes partidos (falta-lhes, pelo menos, o impacto das redes sociais e também a explicação que o Vicente propõe). Por outro lado, também não as acho de todo irrelevantes, creio que constituem  claramente uma parte importante desta história.  Este foi um episódio muito interessante. Como vão perceber, fez-me olhar para este tema com outros olhos. Mas é também um episódio que provavelmente vos vai dar luta, porque foi uma conversa intensa e exploratória e porque o tema é complexo, com uma série de causas possíveis.  ______________ Obrigado aos mecenas do podcast: Francisco Hermenegildo, Ricardo Evangelista, Henrique Pais João Baltazar, Salvador Cunha, Abilio Silva, Tiago Leite, Carlos Martins, Galaró family, Corto Lemos, Miguel Marques, Nuno Costa, Nuno e Ana, João Ribeiro, Helder Miranda, Pedro Lima Ferreira, Cesar Carpinteiro, Luis Fernambuco, Fernando Nunes, Manuel Canelas, Tiago Gonçalves, Carlos Pires, João Domingues, Hélio Bragança da Silva, Sandra Ferreira , Paulo Encarnação , BFDC, António Mexia Santos, Luís Guido, Bruno Heleno Tomás Costa, João Saro, Daniel Correia, Rita Mateus, António Padilha, Tiago Queiroz, Carmen Camacho, João Nelas, Francisco Fonseca, Rafael Santos, Andreia Esteves, Ana Teresa Mota, ARUNE BHURALAL, Mário Lourenço, RB, Maria Pimentel, Luis, Geoffrey Marcelino, Alberto Alcalde, António Rocha Pinto, Ruben de Bragança, João Vieira dos Santos, David Teixeira Alves, Armindo Martins , Carlos Nobre, Bernardo Vidal Pimentel, António Oliveira, Paulo Barros, Nuno Brites, Lígia Violas, Tiago Sequeira, Zé da Radio, João Morais, André Gamito, Diogo Costa, Pedro Ribeiro, Bernardo Cortez Vasco Sá Pinto, David , Tiago Pires, Mafalda Pratas, Joana Margarida Alves Martins, Luis Marques, João Raimundo, Francisco Arantes, Mariana Barosa, Nuno Gonçalves, Pedro Rebelo, Miguel Palhas, Ricardo Duarte, Duarte , Tomás Félix, Vasco Lima, Francisco Vasconcelos, Telmo , José Oliveira Pratas, Jose Pedroso, João Diogo Silva, Joao Diogo, José Proença, João Crispim, João Pinho , Afonso Martins, Robertt Valente, João Barbosa, Renato Mendes, Maria Francisca Couto, Antonio Albuquerque, Ana Sousa Amorim, Francisco Santos, Lara Luís, Manuel Martins, Macaco Quitado, Paulo Ferreira, Diogo Rombo, Francisco Manuel Reis, Bruno Lamas, Daniel Almeida, Patrícia Esquível , Diogo Silva, Luis Gomes, Cesar Correia, Cristiano Tavares, Pedro Gaspar, Gil Batista Marinho, Maria Oliveira, João Pereira, Rui Vilao, João Ferreira, Wedge, José Losa, Hélder Moreira, André Abrantes, Henrique Vieira, João Farinha, Manuel Botelho da Silva, João Diamantino, Ana Rita Laureano, Pedro L, Nuno Malvar, Joel, Rui Antunes7, Tomás Saraiva, Cloé Leal de Magalhães, Joao Barbosa, paulo matos, Fábio Monteiro, Tiago Stock, Beatriz Bagulho, Pedro Bravo, Antonio Loureiro, Hugo Ramos, Inês Inocêncio, Telmo Gomes, Sérgio Nunes, Tiago Pedroso, Teresa Pimentel, Rita Noronha, miguel farracho, José Fangueiro, Zé, Margarida Correia-Neves, Bruno Pinto Vitorino, João Lopes, Joana Pereirinha, Gonçalo Baptista, Dario Rodrigues, tati lima, Pedro On The Road, Catarina Fonseca, JC Pacheco, Sofia Ferreira, Inês Ribeiro, Miguel Jacinto, Tiago Agostinho, Margarida Costa Almeida, Helena Pinheiro, Rui Martins, Fábio Videira Santos, Tomás Lucena, João Freitas, Ricardo Sousa, RJ, Francisco Seabra Guimarães, Carlos Branco, David Palhota, Carlos Castro, Alexandre Alves, Cláudia Gomes Batista, Ana Leal, Ricardo Trindade, Luís Machado, Andrzej Stuart-Thompson, Diego Goulart, Filipa Portela, Paulo Rafael, Paloma Nunes, Marta Mendonca, Teresa Painho, Duarte Cameirão, Rodrigo Silva, José Alberto Gomes, Joao Gama, Cristina Loureiro, Tiago Gama, Tiago Rodrigues, Miguel Duarte, Ana Cantanhede, Artur Castro Freire, Rui Passos Rocha, Pedro Costa Antunes, Sofia Almeida, Ricardo Andrade Guimarães, Daniel Pais, Miguel Bastos, Luís Santos _______________ Esta conversa foi editada por: Hugo Oliveira

Luís Guimarãis é doutorado em Fusão Nuclear pelo Instituto Superior Técnico, onde foi investigador durante vários anos. Actualmente é sénior data Scientist numa empresa de telecomunicações e professor convidado na NOVA SBE. É ainda colunista na CNN e co-fundador do polo português da WePlanet, uma organização ambientalista que defende soluções baseadas na Ciência para as alterações climáticas e a biodiversidade, e que se destaca pela defesa do nuclear. -> Ouve o Teorias da Conspiração aqui _______________ Índice: (4:48) A enorme dimensão do desafio da Transição Energética | Electricidade vs energia | Vaclav Smil e as quatro indústrias essenciais do Mundo moderno. | Our World in Data | Processo de Haber-Bosch | Associação WePlanet |  (18:29) Como se resolve a Transição Climática? Conter o Aquecimento Global em 1.5º já é impossível? | TED talk: Are we the last generation — or the first sustainable one? | Compromisso da COP28 sobre o nuclear | Energia hídrica | Energia geotérmica  (27:41) Energia Nuclear (de fissão) | Que países estão a construir reactores? | Livro: The Population Bomb, de Paul R. Ehrlich | Acidente de Three Mile Island | Argumentos contra: riscos, custo, demora a construir | Plano Messmer | Complexo de Cassandra | Reactores modulares. | Previsões da AIE (1:13:03) Como lidar com os resíduos nucleares? Vídeos Youtube (um, dois) | Reactor com 2 mil milhões de anos | Terrapower (1:22:22) Problemas / desafios das renováveis: intermitência, baterias, matérias-primas | Potencial do nuclear: curto prazo vs longo prazo (1:34:32) Vamos ter nuclear de fusão? Livros recomendados: Vaclav Smil (The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim) _______________ No último episódio, com o João Pedro Gouveia prometi-vos que ia publicar vários episódios sobre temas relacionados com ambiente e transição climática. Vão ser uns 4 ou 5 no total, cobrindo diferentes aspectos, desde o desafio da transição energética aos nossos hábitos individuais. Vou lançá-los ao longo dos próximos meses, intercalando com outros temas (para não vos cansar!). No episódio de hoje, vamos abordar um tema que me tinha deixado a pensar no episódio anterior: energia nuclear. Especificamente: qual é o papel do nuclear (de fissão) na transição energética?  Quem não esteja familiarizado com o debate sobre o nuclear ficaria surpreendido com a polarização e tribalismo das opiniões (que faz lembrar algumas discussões políticas mais fracturantes!). De um lado, há quem diga “nuclear nunca”, ou no máximo muito pouco, seja porque é perigoso ou porque é mais caro (pelo custo de construir um reactor) do que as renováveis -- e é nestas que está a solução. Do outro lado, estão os defensores do nuclear, que argumentam que é, na verdade, a fonte de energia segura de todas e a fonte de energia limpa (i.e. que não produz CO2) mais testada e mais fiável -- pelo deve ter um papel igual ou até superior às renováveis na transição energética.  O convidado deste episódio, Luís Guimarãis, está assumidamente neste último campo.  Pessoalmente, devo dizer -- e os ouvintes mais antigos sabem disso -- que sempre tive uma visão benévola em relação ao nuclear, e sempre me pareceu precipitado descartar um soldado com este potencial numa luta contra o tempo e em várias frentes como é a transição climática. No entanto, ao longo da nossa conversa procurei, como de costume, também desafiar as opiniões do convidado; até porque eu próprio, na investigação que fiz, fui percebendo que persistem ainda muitas incógnitas, quer sobre o nuclear quer sobre as renováveis. Começámos por falar da enorme dimensão do desafio da Transição Climática que temos pela frente; falámos de vários tipos de energia, da fóssil às renováveis, passando pela hídrica e a geotérmica; e, claro, o grosso da nossa conversa foi dedicada ao papel que o nuclear deve ter na transição energética. Falámos da História do nuclear, das principais vantagens e também dos argumentos contra mais comuns, desde os riscos, o custo e o tempo que demora em construir um reactor ao desafio de lidar com os resíduos. No final, visto que o Luís trabalhou nessa área, perguntei-lhe também sobre o potencial do nuclear de fusão, a alternativa risco zero e ainda mais poderosa ao nuclear de fissão que parece há décadas adiada, mas que tem tido alguns progressos promissores nos últimos anos. ______________ Obrigado aos mecenas do podcast: Francisco Hermenegildo, Ricardo Evangelista, Henrique Pais João Baltazar, Salvador Cunha, Abilio Silva, Tiago Leite, Carlos Martins, Galaró family, Corto Lemos, Miguel Marques, Nuno Costa, Nuno e Ana, João Ribeiro, Helder Miranda, Pedro Lima Ferreira, Cesar Carpinteiro, Luis Fernambuco, Fernando Nunes, Manuel Canelas, Tiago Gonçalves, Carlos Pires, João Domingues, Hélio Bragança da Silva, Sandra Ferreira , Paulo Encarnação , BFDC, António Mexia Santos, Luís Guido, Bruno Heleno Tomás Costa, João Saro, Daniel Correia, Rita Mateus, António Padilha, Tiago Queiroz, Carmen Camacho, João Nelas, Francisco Fonseca, Rafael Santos, Andreia Esteves, Ana Teresa Mota, ARUNE BHURALAL, Mário Lourenço, RB, Maria Pimentel, Luis, Geoffrey Marcelino, Alberto Alcalde, António Rocha Pinto, Ruben de Bragança, João Vieira dos Santos, David Teixeira Alves, Armindo Martins , Carlos Nobre, Bernardo Vidal Pimentel, António Oliveira, Paulo Barros, Nuno Brites, Lígia Violas, Tiago Sequeira, Zé da Radio, João Morais, André Gamito, Diogo Costa, Pedro Ribeiro, Bernardo Cortez Vasco Sá Pinto, David , Tiago Pires, Mafalda Pratas, Joana Margarida Alves Martins, Luis Marques, João Raimundo, Francisco Arantes, Mariana Barosa, Nuno Gonçalves, Pedro Rebelo, Miguel Palhas, Ricardo Duarte, Duarte , Tomás Félix, Vasco Lima, Francisco Vasconcelos, Telmo , José Oliveira Pratas, Jose Pedroso, João Diogo Silva, Joao Diogo, José Proença, João Crispim, João Pinho , Afonso Martins, Robertt Valente, João Barbosa, Renato Mendes, Maria Francisca Couto, Antonio Albuquerque, Ana Sousa Amorim, Francisco Santos, Lara Luís, Manuel Martins, Macaco Quitado, Paulo Ferreira, Diogo Rombo, Francisco Manuel Reis, Bruno Lamas, Daniel Almeida, Patrícia Esquível , Diogo Silva, Luis Gomes, Cesar Correia, Cristiano Tavares, Pedro Gaspar, Gil Batista Marinho, Maria Oliveira, João Pereira, Rui Vilao, João Ferreira, Wedge, José Losa, Hélder Moreira, André Abrantes, Henrique Vieira, João Farinha, Manuel Botelho da Silva, João Diamantino, Ana Rita Laureano, Pedro L, Nuno Malvar, Joel, Rui Antunes7, Tomás Saraiva, Cloé Leal de Magalhães, Joao Barbosa, paulo matos, Fábio Monteiro, Tiago Stock, Beatriz Bagulho, Pedro Bravo, Antonio Loureiro, Hugo Ramos, Inês Inocêncio, Telmo Gomes, Sérgio Nunes, Tiago Pedroso, Teresa Pimentel, Rita Noronha, miguel farracho, José Fangueiro, Zé, Margarida Correia-Neves, Bruno Pinto Vitorino, João Lopes, Joana Pereirinha, Gonçalo Baptista, Dario Rodrigues, tati lima, Pedro On The Road, Catarina Fonseca, JC Pacheco, Sofia Ferreira, Inês Ribeiro, Miguel Jacinto, Tiago Agostinho, Margarida Costa Almeida, Helena Pinheiro, Rui Martins, Fábio Videira Santos, Tomás Lucena, João Freitas, Ricardo Sousa, RJ, Francisco Seabra Guimarães, Carlos Branco, David Palhota, Carlos Castro, Alexandre Alves, Cláudia Gomes Batista, Ana Leal, Ricardo Trindade, Luís Machado, Andrzej Stuart-Thompson, Diego Goulart, Filipa Portela, Paulo Rafael, Paloma Nunes, Marta Mendonca, Teresa Painho, Duarte Cameirão, Rodrigo Silva, José Alberto Gomes, Joao Gama, Cristina Loureiro, Tiago Gama, Tiago Rodrigues, Miguel Duarte, Ana Cantanhede, Artur Castro Freire, Rui Passos Rocha, Pedro Costa Antunes, Sofia Almeida, Ricardo Andrade Guimarães, Daniel Pais, Miguel Bastos, Luís Santos _______________ Esta conversa foi editada por: Hugo Oliveira  

João Pedro Gouveia é engenheiro do ambiente e doutorado em Alterações Climáticas e Políticas de Desenvolvimento Sustentável pela FCT-NOVA, onde lidera o FireFly Energy Lab. É responsável por vários projetos nacionais e internacionais ligados à  sustentabilidade e à eficiência energética. Em particular -- e foi essa a razão por que o convidei -- é o único investigador português ligado ao Project Drawdown. -> Apoie este podcast e faça parte da comunidade de mecenas do 45 Graus em: 45grauspodcast.com _______________ Índice: (7:06) Efeitos das Alterações Climáticas (AC). Distribuição geográfica do aquecimento global.  (14:15) Quão grande é o desafio que temos pela frente? Evolução das emissões globais. | COP.  (26:19) Projecto Drawdown: soluções com mais impacto. | Porque a solução com maior impacto é diminuir o desperdício alimentar? Nr 2: dieta de origem vegetal (1:03:08) O outro lado da equação: captura de carbono. Importância da reflorestação (1:07:41) Quais os sectores mais difíceis de descarbonizar? | Energia solar e eólica. energia das ondas (1:14:58) Devemos contar com o nuclear? | Potencial do hidrogénio | Potencial das soluções de geoengenharia. (1:31:25) Questão filosófica de fundo. (1:34:52) O desafio da pobreza energética em Portugal e a relação com a transição climática. _______________ Nos últimos anos, fala-se cada vez mais de alterações climáticas: desde a política (dos baldes de tinta à COP, conferência do clima das Nações Unidas) à nossa vida privada, com a sustentabilidade e os carros eléctricos hoje na ordem do dia.  E, no entanto, se olharmos para um gráfico das emissões globais de gases de efeito-estufa, elas continuam basicamente em máximos históricos. Este paradoxo mostra bem a complexidade do desafio climático que enfrentamos, possivelmente o maior da nossa geração.  E eu próprio tenho sentido que tenho desvalorizado este tema. É que, embora vá acompanhando a discussão, sinto muitas vezes que me falta ainda conhecimento para ter uma opinião formada sobre várias questões. Por exemplo: Quão difícil vai ser o desafio de limitar o aquecimento global a 2º, como ficou estabelecido no Acordo de Paris. Muito difícil ou já impossível? E quais são as melhores soluções. Que tipos de energia limpa têm maior potencial? Qual o papel dos Estados? E o que podemos fazer nós próprios através das nossas escolhas privadas? Não ser capaz de dar uma resposta a estas perguntas, e a outras, era algo que me andava a irritar cada vez mais nos últimos tempos. E é claramente uma lacuna no 45 Graus. Até agora, apenas arranhei a superfície deste tópico, com um episódio já bem antigo com Filipe Duarte Santos (ep 24). Está por isso mais do que na altura de rectificar isto, e conto dedicar vários episódios ao tema. Para abrir esta série, estava à procura de alguém que pudesse dar uma visão abrangente das diferentes soluções de que vamos ouvindo falar, e que vão desde a aposta em fontes de energia limpa à mudança de hábitos de consumo e até à chamada ‘justiça climática' que tanta tinta tem feito correr (pun intended). Andei à procura algum tempo, recebi várias recomendações, até que alguém me falou do convidado deste episódio. João Pedro Gouveia é engenheiro do ambiente e doutorado em Alterações Climáticas e Políticas de Desenvolvimento Sustentável pela FCT-NOVA. O João Pedro não é apenas um académico; é um actor ativo na busca por soluções práticas, liderando o FireFly Energy Lab e contribuindo para projetos de renome tanto nacionais quanto internacionais. Em particular -- e foi essa a razão por que o convidei -- é o único investigador português ligado ao Project Drawdown. Drawdown refere-se ao momento futuro (espera-se!) em que os níveis de concentração de gases com efeito de estufa na atmosfera não só param de subir como começam a diminuir de forma continuada. O projecto procura investigar as soluções mais viáveis para conseguirmos alcançar este momento. O projecto reúne uma rede global de cientistas que avaliaram e compararam as diferentes tecnologias e práticas com maior impacto na redução das concentrações de gases com efeito de estufa na atmosfera. O resultado é um ranking das soluções com mais impacto.  Segundo as palavras desta equipa, a missão do Drawdown é ajudar o mundo a travar as alterações climáticas – “da forma mais rápida, segura e equitativa possível”. Éstas três palavras não foram escolhidas por acaso, pois dão uma ideia da filosofia por trás do Drawdown: i) Rápida traduz-se numa preferência por soluções e tecnologias que já existam e possam ser implementadas já, em detrimento de soluções ainda numa fase incipiente ou que até possam vir a ter grande potencial mas sejam ainda muito incertas (como algumas tecnologias); ii) Segura traduz-se em colocar em 2º plano tecnologias que possam acarretem riscos, como é o caso do nuclear e de algumas soluções de geoengenharia. iii) Equitativa traduz uma preocupação que vai para lá do âmbito habitual destes projectos não só com as soluções, mas também com assegurar que, por exemplo, não afecta o direito dos países emergentes ao desenvolvimento. Neste episódio, discutimos esta filosofia do Drawdown e as principais soluções que propõe. Digo-vos já que vão ficar surpreendidos com a lista - que podem encontrar na descrição do episódio -- porque a 1ª relacionada com energia (a eólica) surge só na 6ª posição! Isto mostra bem a análise pouco convencional -- mas interessante -- da equipa do Drawdown. Para além das soluções mais bem classificadas (que não vou dizer para não vos estragar a surpresa), falámos do papel das renováveis, como a solar e a eólica, mas também a energia das ondas -- e do nuclear, uma energia limpa mas em que o Drawdown classifica muito em baixo (talvez o tópico da nossa conversa em que fiquei menos convencido). Falámos também do potencial do hidrogéneo como alternativa às baterias para armazenar energia eléctrica. Falámos ainda das indústrias em que vai ser mesmo difícil, quase impossível,  descarbonizar completamente, o que implica que para além de reduzir as emissões teremos de aumentar a captura de carbono, por exemplo via reflorestação. Aqui discutimos também sobre algumas soluções mais criativas de geoengenharia (que inclui remoção de dióxido de carbono da atmosfera e métodos para diminuir a entrada de radiação solar na Terra) No final da nossa conversa, falámos brevemente sobre o desafio da pobreza energética em Portugal, uma área relacionada com o desafio climático em que o João Pedro tem estado muito activo e em que há muito a fazer.  ______________ Obrigado aos mecenas do podcast: Francisco Hermenegildo, Ricardo Evangelista, Henrique Pais João Baltazar, Salvador Cunha, Abilio Silva, Tiago Leite, Carlos Martins, Galaró family, Corto Lemos, Miguel Marques, Nuno Costa, Nuno e Ana, João Ribeiro, Helder Miranda, Pedro Lima Ferreira, Cesar Carpinteiro, Luis Fernambuco, Fernando Nunes, Manuel Canelas, Tiago Gonçalves, Carlos Pires, João Domingues, Hélio Bragança da Silva, Sandra Ferreira , Paulo Encarnação , BFDC, António Mexia Santos, Luís Guido, Bruno Heleno Tomás Costa, João Saro, Daniel Correia, Rita Mateus, António Padilha, Tiago Queiroz, Carmen Camacho, João Nelas, Francisco Fonseca, Rafael Santos, Andreia Esteves, Ana Teresa Mota, ARUNE BHURALAL, Mário Lourenço, RB, Maria Pimentel, Luis, Geoffrey Marcelino, Alberto Alcalde, António Rocha Pinto, Ruben de Bragança, João Vieira dos Santos, David Teixeira Alves, Armindo Martins , Carlos Nobre, Bernardo Vidal Pimentel, António Oliveira, Paulo Barros, Nuno Brites, Lígia Violas, Tiago Sequeira, Zé da Radio, João Morais, André Gamito, Diogo Costa, Pedro Ribeiro, Bernardo Cortez Vasco Sá Pinto, David , Tiago Pires, Mafalda Pratas, Joana Margarida Alves Martins, Luis Marques, João Raimundo, Francisco Arantes, Mariana Barosa, Nuno Gonçalves, Pedro Rebelo, Miguel Palhas, Ricardo Duarte, Duarte , Tomás Félix, Vasco Lima, Francisco Vasconcelos, Telmo , José Oliveira Pratas, Jose Pedroso, João Diogo Silva, Joao Diogo, José Proença, João Crispim, João Pinho , Afonso Martins, Robertt Valente, João Barbosa, Renato Mendes, Maria Francisca Couto, Antonio Albuquerque, Ana Sousa Amorim, Francisco Santos, Lara Luís, Manuel Martins, Macaco Quitado, Paulo Ferreira, Diogo Rombo, Francisco Manuel Reis, Bruno Lamas, Daniel Almeida, Patrícia Esquível , Diogo Silva, Luis Gomes, Cesar Correia, Cristiano Tavares, Pedro Gaspar, Gil Batista Marinho, Maria Oliveira, João Pereira, Rui Vilao, João Ferreira, Wedge, José Losa, Hélder Moreira, André Abrantes, Henrique Vieira, João Farinha, Manuel Botelho da Silva, João Diamantino, Ana Rita Laureano, Pedro L, Nuno Malvar, Joel, Rui Antunes7, Tomás Saraiva, Cloé Leal de Magalhães, Joao Barbosa, paulo matos, Fábio Monteiro, Tiago Stock, Beatriz Bagulho, Pedro Bravo, Antonio Loureiro, Hugo Ramos, Inês Inocêncio, Telmo Gomes, Sérgio Nunes, Tiago Pedroso, Teresa Pimentel, Rita Noronha, miguel farracho, José Fangueiro, Zé, Margarida Correia-Neves, Bruno Pinto Vitorino, João Lopes, Joana Pereirinha, Gonçalo Baptista, Dario Rodrigues, tati lima, Pedro On The Road, Catarina Fonseca, JC Pacheco, Sofia Ferreira, Inês Ribeiro, Miguel Jacinto, Tiago Agostinho, Margarida Costa Almeida, Helena Pinheiro, Rui Martins, Fábio Videira Santos, Tomás Lucena, João Freitas, Ricardo Sousa, RJ, Francisco Seabra Guimarães, Carlos Branco, David Palhota, Carlos Castro, Alexandre Alves, Cláudia Gomes Batista, Ana Leal, Ricardo Trindade, Luís Machado, Andrzej Stuart-Thompson, Diego Goulart, Filipa Portela, Paulo Rafael, Paloma Nunes, Marta Mendonca, Teresa Painho, Duarte Cameirão, Rodrigo Silva, José Alberto Gomes, Joao Gama, Cristina Loureiro, Tiago Gama, Tiago Rodrigues, Miguel Duarte, Ana Cantanhede, Artur Castro Freire, Rui Passos Rocha, Pedro Costa Antunes, Sofia Almeida, Ricardo Andrade Guimarães, Daniel Pais, Miguel Bastos, Luís Santos _______________ Esta conversa foi editada por: Hugo Oliveira

António Tavares é doutorado e investigador na área da Administração Pública e do Poder Local. Doutorou-se em Administração Pública na Florida State University (EUA) e é actualmente professor associado com agregação na Universidade do Minho. Colabora também em programas de formação executiva para a Administração Pública, nomeadamente os programas CADAP e FORGEP. A nossa conversa partiu do ensaio "Administração Pública Portuguesa" que publicou em 2019 através da Fundação Francisco Manuel dos Santos. -> Apoie este podcast e faça parte da comunidade de mecenas do 45 Graus em 45grauspodcast.com -> Veja aqui mais informações sobre os workshops de Pensamento Crítico. _______________ Índice: (6:05) INÍCIO - Porque se fala tanto de política e tão pouco de Administração Pública (AP)? «Politics: Who Gets What, When, How», de Harold Lasswell. (16:01) Qual deve ser a relação entre o poder político e a AP? Série «Sim Senhor Ministro». | Leis que mudaram a AP nos EUA e UK (Northcote Trevelyan Report; Pendleton Act) | O que justifica a protecção do emprego no Estado? | Porque é tão politizada a gestão intermédia na AP? Livro Patrícia Silva «Jobs for the Boys?» | O problema da legislação excessiva (e.g Decreto lei 82/2019 de 27 de junho; Great Hanoi Rat Massacre) | Nuno Ferreira da Cruz | O nosso modelo de relação Governo-AP é inspirado no britânico? | CRESAP | O absurdo que é a falta de um corpo técnico nos ministérios, tendo em vez disso boys do partido | A falta de analistas de políticas públicas em PT. (1:01:42) Meritocracia no Estado. | A avaliação de desempenho na AP está condenada a não funcionar? As quotas. O caso dos EUA. | A importância de ter funcionários independentes: exemplo do telefonema de Trump nas eleições de 2020 | O Aumento da burocracia no Estado: o resultado de um casamento perverso entre o direito e a gestão  (1:20:04) O problema da perda de capacidade da AP nos últimos anos. | Privatizações: boas ou más? A má experiência da Nova Zelândia vs o bom exemplo, em Portugal, das PPPs hospitalares | O problema de termos uma AP envelhecida. | Temos funcionários públicos a mais ou a menos? (1:41:36) O problema da falta de avaliação das políticas públicas em PT (1:45:51) Livro do convidado no prelo: «Municipal Amalgamation Reforms in Europe» _______________ Há já algum tempo que queria fazer um episódio sobre Administração Pública. Sobretudo desde o episódio 139, há precisamente um ano, no qual o convidado foi Bo Rothstein, um dos investigadores mundiais mais reputados sobre qualidade da governação.  Na altura, falámos sobre como, para um país ter uma boa governação, é necessário não apenas uma democracia de qualidade e bons políticos, mas também instituições públicas dotadas de técnicos competentes e imparciais. Ou seja, para termos boas políticas públicas é essencial termos também uma Administração Pública (no sentido mais amplo) capaz -- para, desde logo, ajudar os decisores políticos a desenhar as melhores políticas (porque quem lá está tem provavelmente muito mais conhecimento do que um ministro que, tipicamente, não dura sequer um mandato na pasta) e, segundo, uma AP que consiga implementar essas mesmas políticas de uma forma eficaz e imparcial (ou seja, para a população em geral e não apenas o eleitorado do partido do poder).  A verdade, no entanto, é que tendemos a desvalorizar esta condição necessária da boa governação. Falamos muito de política e políticas públicas -- as melhores medidas para atingir este ou aquele fim --, mas discutimos pouco a estrutura que terá de implementá-las; e o 45 Graus não era excepção nesta tendência -- até agora. Bem sei que a AP parece um tema pouco sexy (menos do que o que se passa nas empresas privadas, e muito menos do que a actualidade política, sempre sumarenta), mas acreditem que este episódio vai valer a pena.  Depois de alguma pesquisa por convidados para discutir este tema (inclusive com várias sugestões de ouvintes e amigos, a quem agradeço), acabei por decidir trazer alguém de fora da AP, que pudesse ter uma perspectiva simultaneamente ampla e distanciada. Definido este critério, o nome do convidado, António Tavares, era a escolha óbvia. O António é autor de vasta investigação nesta área e escreveu um ensaio chamado precisamente "Administração Pública Portuguesa", publicado em 2019 pela Fundação Francisco Manuel dos Santos. Esta foi, como vão ver, uma conversa muito esclarecedora e que nos faz pensar. E é, ao mesmo tempo, um episódio que desafia pré concepções ideológicas sobre a AP -- de ambos os lados.  Por um lado, discutimos as lacunas da AP em relação ao que se passa em muitas áreas do privado: desde disposições anacrónicas, como o facto de ser quase impossível ser despedido de um emprego público, à praga das jobs for the boys/girls e à dificuldade que persiste em implementar um sistema de avaliação de desempenho que funcione.  Mas falámos também sobre como é importante capacitamos a nossa AP, se queremos, lá está, políticas públicas melhores e mais eficazes. Um aspecto essencial que em Portugal tem faltado desde sempre é a capacidade para analisar a eficácia das políticas públicas. Mas há aspectos que se têm mesmo deteriorado nas últimas décadas, como a perda de prestígio da função pública, o envelhecimento do corpo de funcionários públicos e o gap crescente de competências para o sector privado em muitas áreas mais complexas. Estas tendências manifestam-se já de forma visível, seja na diminuição da motivação dos professores seja nos casos em que o Estado acaba a assinar contratos de concessão ou privatização em que sai prejudicado. (E as privatizações, já agora, são, precisamente, uma área em que, como vão ver, a opinião do convidado desafia dogmas ideológicos dos dois sentidos). Espero que gostem.  ______________ Obrigado aos mecenas do podcast: Francisco Hermenegildo, Ricardo Evangelista, Henrique Pais João Baltazar, Salvador Cunha, Abilio Silva, Tiago Leite, Carlos Martins, Galaró family, Corto Lemos, Miguel Marques, Nuno Costa, Nuno e Ana, João Ribeiro, Helder Miranda, Pedro Lima Ferreira, Cesar Carpinteiro, Luis Fernambuco, Fernando Nunes, Manuel Canelas, Tiago Gonçalves, Carlos Pires, João Domingues, Hélio Bragança da Silva, Sandra Ferreira , Paulo Encarnação , BFDC, António Mexia Santos, Luís Guido, Bruno Heleno Tomás Costa, João Saro, Daniel Correia, Rita Mateus, António Padilha, Tiago Queiroz, Carmen Camacho, João Nelas, Francisco Fonseca, Rafael Santos, Andreia Esteves, Ana Teresa Mota, ARUNE BHURALAL, Mário Lourenço, RB, Maria Pimentel, Luis, Geoffrey Marcelino, Alberto Alcalde, António Rocha Pinto, Ruben de Bragança, João Vieira dos Santos, David Teixeira Alves, Armindo Martins , Carlos Nobre, Bernardo Vidal Pimentel, António Oliveira, Paulo Barros, Nuno Brites, Lígia Violas, Tiago Sequeira, Zé da Radio, João Morais, André Gamito, Diogo Costa, Pedro Ribeiro, Bernardo Cortez Vasco Sá Pinto, David , Tiago Pires, Mafalda Pratas, Joana Margarida Alves Martins, Luis Marques, João Raimundo, Francisco Arantes, Mariana Barosa, Nuno Gonçalves, Pedro Rebelo, Miguel Palhas, Ricardo Duarte, Duarte , Tomás Félix, Vasco Lima, Francisco Vasconcelos, Telmo , José Oliveira Pratas, Jose Pedroso, João Diogo Silva, Joao Diogo, José Proença, João Crispim, João Pinho , Afonso Martins, Robertt Valente, João Barbosa, Renato Mendes, Maria Francisca Couto, Antonio Albuquerque, Ana Sousa Amorim, Francisco Santos, Lara Luís, Manuel Martins, Macaco Quitado, Paulo Ferreira, Diogo Rombo, Francisco Manuel Reis, Bruno Lamas, Daniel Almeida, Patrícia Esquível , Diogo Silva, Luis Gomes, Cesar Correia, Cristiano Tavares, Pedro Gaspar, Gil Batista Marinho, Maria Oliveira, João Pereira, Rui Vilao, João Ferreira, Wedge, José Losa, Hélder Moreira, André Abrantes, Henrique Vieira, João Farinha, Manuel Botelho da Silva, João Diamantino, Ana Rita Laureano, Pedro L, Nuno Malvar, Joel, Rui Antunes7, Tomás Saraiva, Cloé Leal de Magalhães, Joao Barbosa, paulo matos, Fábio Monteiro, Tiago Stock, Beatriz Bagulho, Pedro Bravo, Antonio Loureiro, Hugo Ramos, Inês Inocêncio, Telmo Gomes, Sérgio Nunes, Tiago Pedroso, Teresa Pimentel, Rita Noronha, miguel farracho, José Fangueiro, Zé, Margarida Correia-Neves, Bruno Pinto Vitorino, João Lopes, Joana Pereirinha, Gonçalo Baptista, Dario Rodrigues, tati lima, Pedro On The Road, Catarina Fonseca, JC Pacheco, Sofia Ferreira, Inês Ribeiro, Miguel Jacinto, Tiago Agostinho, Margarida Costa Almeida, Helena Pinheiro, Rui Martins, Fábio Videira Santos, Tomás Lucena, João Freitas, Ricardo Sousa, RJ, Francisco Seabra Guimarães, Carlos Branco, David Palhota, Carlos Castro, Alexandre Alves, Cláudia Gomes Batista, Ana Leal, Ricardo Trindade, Luís Machado, Andrzej Stuart-Thompson, Diego Goulart, Filipa Portela, Paulo Rafael, Paloma Nunes, Marta Mendonca, Teresa Painho, Duarte Cameirão, Rodrigo Silva, José Alberto Gomes, Joao Gama, Cristina Loureiro, Tiago Gama, Tiago Rodrigues, Miguel Duarte, Ana Cantanhede, Artur Castro Freire, Rui Passos Rocha, Pedro Costa Antunes, Sofia Almeida, Ricardo Andrade Guimarães, Daniel Pais, Miguel Bastos, Luís Santos _______________ Esta conversa foi editada por: Hugo Oliveira _______________ Bio: António Tavares é doutorado e investigador na área da Administração Pública e do Poder Local. É professor associado com agregação na Escola de Economia e Gestão da Universidade do Minho, sendo membro do Centro de Investigação em Ciência Política. Doutorou-se em Administração Pública pela Reubin O'D. Askew School of Public Administration and Policy da Florida State University (EUA). Desde julho de 2015, ocupa igualmente o cargo de adjunct associate professor na Unidade Operacional de Governação Eletrónica da Universidade das Nações Unidas (UNU-EGOV). Ao longo da sua carreira, publicou mais de trinta artigos em periódicos científicos internacionais nas áreas de ciência política e administração pública, além de vários capítulos de livros e a coedição do livro "A Reforma do Poder Local em Portugal". Entre 2014 e 2019, foi coeditor da revista Urban Affairs Review, afiliada à secção de Urban Politics da American Political Science Association. É também autor do ensaio "Administração Pública Portuguesa" (2019) e colabora em programas de formação executiva para a Administração Pública, nomeadamente os programas CADAP e FORGEP.  

O Nuno Gonçalves saiu de Portugal em 2010 e nos 2 primeiros anos da experiência dividiu-se entre Alemanha e Irlanda. Em 2012 chegou a Inglaterra onde criou raízes, formou família e onde se vê no futuro. Uma aprendizagem.

João e Luís Batalha são criadores do site Fermat's Library, uma plataforma para comentar e discutir artigos académicos, que tem dado que falar internacionalmente. O Luís é físico de formação, pelo I.S. Técnico, e o João estudou Ciência da Computação no MIT, nos EUA. -> Apoie este podcast e faça parte da comunidade de mecenas do 45 Graus em: 45grauspodcast.com ->Inscreva-se aqui nas novas sessões do workshop de Pensamento Crítico, módulo As Causas das Coisas (explicações). _______________ Índice: (5:51) Fermat's Library | Porque os papers tem este formato? Preprint (Arxiv) | Paper de Ian Goodfellow  (20:29) O que explica o crescente interesse das pessoas por Ciência? Huberman Lab (podcast) (26:53) Vantagens de trabalhar em equipa. | Y Combinator e o nº ideal de founders (argumento para preferir dois ou mais; investigação que contraria esta tese) | História da Dropbox (31:31) Paper 1: Enrico Fermi e a explosão Trinity | Estimativas de Fermi | Tweet do Luís sobre a explosão em Beirute (36:27) Paper 2: The Silurian hypothesis | Paradoxo de Fermi | Esferas de Dyson. | Andy Weir (autor) | A descoberta do pai e filho Alvarez sobre a extinção dos dinossauros (56:18) Paper 3: Technological Requirements for Terraforming Mars | Notícia do NYT de 1907 sobre vida inteligente em Marte | Paralelo entre exploração espacial e os Descobrimentos. | Tweet de Elon Musk sobre este paper (1:08:42) Como criar uma Ciência mais aberta? O exemplo da Física | John Ioannidis. Lei de Goodhart.  (1:16:38) Potencial do Machine Learning na Ciência. Post de Terence Tao (matemático) (1:29:01) Ida ao Lex Fridman podcast | Hot Ones show _______________ Certo dia (que na verdade já foi há uns 2 anos), ao percorrer no meu telemóvel o feed de podcasts, apareceu-me um episódio do Lex Fridman -- um dos podcast mais ouvidos nos Estados Unidos -- com um apelido que me chamou a atenção, porque denunciava ADN português: Batalha. Os convidados desse episódio eram os irmãos Luís e João Batalha, co-fundadores do site Fermat's Library, uma plataforma para comentar e discutir artigos académicos que criaram juntamente com outro dois amigos, Micael Oliveira e Tymor Hamamsy. A Fermat's library disponibiliza um enorme manancial de artigos (“papers”, na gíria académica), de áreas como a Física, ciências da computação ou Biologia, e permite aos utilizadores fazerem anotações, consultarem as notas deixadas por outros e discutirem entre o conteúdo (no fundo, é uma espécie de clube de leitura de papers académicos) Na altura, achei o projecto deles ultra interessante, gostei da prestação deles no episódio e fiquei com muita vontade de convidá-los para o 45 Graus. Como eles vivem nos EUA, acabou por demorar algum tempo a conciliarmos agendas, mas como vão ver valeu bem a pena a espera. O Luís é físico de formação, pelo Técnico, e o João estudou Ciência da Computação no MIT, nos EUA. São também, com Micael Oliveira, fundadores da Amplemarket, uma empresa de software de vendas impulsionado por inteligência artificial (e que é na verdade o trabalho principal deles). Em paralelo, vão mantendo a Fermat's Library. Fazem-no sobretudo por gosto, mas também, como vão perceber, com alguns objetivos ambiciosos em termso de impacto na Ciência.  Ao longo da nossa conversa, começámos por falar, claro, deste projecto: desde a origem, ao modo como funciona, as áreas com maior nº de papers e também como estes anos lhes têm mostrado que existe um interesse crescente de muitas pessoas pela ciência. Para além do site, o Luís, o João e o Micael fazem também muita divulgação através do Twitter, onde a conta da Fermat's tem uns impressionantes quase 750 mil seguidores! Para perceber na prática como funciona o processo de anotação e discussão de artigos na Fermat's, pedi aos convidados que trouxessem três papers especialmente interessantes para discutirmos (podem os links para os artigos na Fermat's na descrição do episódio):  Começámos por falar de um artigo do icónico físico Enrico Fermi sobre a Experiência "Trinity", o primeiro teste nuclear da história, em que ele conseguiu estimar de maneira rápida mas incrivelmente precisa a energia da bomba. Artigo sobre a chamada «hipótese Siluriana», a possibilidade de a nossa civilização não ser a primeira civilização avançada a ter existido na Terra. Ou seja, e ter havido outra que o tempo tenha apagado (sei que isto parece ciência alternativa, mas vão ver que está longe de sê-lo).  E um paper que explora os requisitos tecnológicos para a tornar Marte habitável, um tema muito na ordem do dia. Como é fácil de ver, este seria um desafio ultra complexo mas, segundo os autores, não impossível. Mais para o final da conversa, discutimos também algumas vias para criar uma Ciência mais aberta, aprendendo com o que já se faz na Física, e do potencial do Machine Learning para gerar novo conhecimento científico.  ______________ Obrigado aos mecenas do podcast: Francisco Hermenegildo, Ricardo Evangelista, Henrique Pais João Baltazar, Salvador Cunha, Abilio Silva, Tiago Leite, Carlos Martins, Galaró family, Corto Lemos, Miguel Marques, Nuno Costa, Nuno e Ana, João Ribeiro, Helder Miranda, Pedro Lima Ferreira, Cesar Carpinteiro, Luis Fernambuco, Fernando Nunes, Manuel Canelas, Tiago Gonçalves, Carlos Pires, João Domingues, Hélio Bragança da Silva, Sandra Ferreira , Paulo Encarnação , BFDC, António Mexia Santos, Luís Guido, Bruno Heleno Tomás Costa, João Saro, Daniel Correia, Rita Mateus, António Padilha, Tiago Queiroz, Carmen Camacho, João Nelas, Francisco Fonseca, Rafael Santos, Andreia Esteves, Ana Teresa Mota, ARUNE BHURALAL, Mário Lourenço, RB, Maria Pimentel, Luis, Geoffrey Marcelino, Alberto Alcalde, António Rocha Pinto, Ruben de Bragança, João Vieira dos Santos, David Teixeira Alves, Armindo Martins , Carlos Nobre, Bernardo Vidal Pimentel, António Oliveira, Paulo Barros, Nuno Brites, Lígia Violas, Tiago Sequeira, Zé da Radio, João Morais, André Gamito, Diogo Costa, Pedro Ribeiro, Bernardo Cortez Vasco Sá Pinto, David , Tiago Pires, Mafalda Pratas, Joana Margarida Alves Martins, Luis Marques, João Raimundo, Francisco Arantes, Mariana Barosa, Nuno Gonçalves, Pedro Rebelo, Miguel Palhas, Ricardo Duarte, Duarte , Tomás Félix, Vasco Lima, Francisco Vasconcelos, Telmo , José Oliveira Pratas, Jose Pedroso, João Diogo Silva, Joao Diogo, José Proença, João Crispim, João Pinho , Afonso Martins, Robertt Valente, João Barbosa, Renato Mendes, Maria Francisca Couto, Antonio Albuquerque, Ana Sousa Amorim, Francisco Santos, Lara Luís, Manuel Martins, Macaco Quitado, Paulo Ferreira, Diogo Rombo, Francisco Manuel Reis, Bruno Lamas, Daniel Almeida, Patrícia Esquível , Diogo Silva, Luis Gomes, Cesar Correia, Cristiano Tavares, Pedro Gaspar, Gil Batista Marinho, Maria Oliveira, João Pereira, Rui Vilao, João Ferreira, Wedge, José Losa, Hélder Moreira, André Abrantes, Henrique Vieira, João Farinha, Manuel Botelho da Silva, João Diamantino, Ana Rita Laureano, Pedro L, Nuno Malvar, Joel, Rui Antunes7, Tomás Saraiva, Cloé Leal de Magalhães, Joao Barbosa, paulo matos, Fábio Monteiro, Tiago Stock, Beatriz Bagulho, Pedro Bravo, Antonio Loureiro, Hugo Ramos, Inês Inocêncio, Telmo Gomes, Sérgio Nunes, Tiago Pedroso, Teresa Pimentel, Rita Noronha, miguel farracho, José Fangueiro, Zé, Margarida Correia-Neves, Bruno Pinto Vitorino, João Lopes, Joana Pereirinha, Gonçalo Baptista, Dario Rodrigues, tati lima, Pedro On The Road, Catarina Fonseca, JC Pacheco, Sofia Ferreira, Inês Ribeiro, Miguel Jacinto, Tiago Agostinho, Margarida Costa Almeida, Helena Pinheiro, Rui Martins, Fábio Videira Santos, Tomás Lucena, João Freitas, Ricardo Sousa, RJ, Francisco Seabra Guimarães, Carlos Branco, David Palhota, Carlos Castro, Alexandre Alves, Cláudia Gomes Batista, Ana Leal, Ricardo Trindade, Luís Machado, Andrzej Stuart-Thompson, Diego Goulart, Filipa Portela, Paulo Rafael, Paloma Nunes, Marta Mendonca, Teresa Painho, Duarte Cameirão, Rodrigo Silva, José Alberto Gomes, Joao Gama, Cristina Loureiro, Tiago Gama, Tiago Rodrigues, Miguel Duarte, Ana Cantanhede, Artur Castro Freire, Rui Passos Rocha, Pedro Costa Antunes, Sofia Almeida, Ricardo Andrade Guimarães, Daniel Pais, Miguel Bastos, Luís Santos _______________ Esta conversa foi editada por: Hugo Oliveira

Gregório Duvivier (Rio de Janeiro, 1986) é actor, humorista, escritor e guionista. Começou a sua carreira no cinema e no teatro e, a partir de 2012, destacou-se como um dos criadores dos sketches do colectivo Porta dos Fundos (que foi também o que o deu a conhecer em Portugal). É também escritor e poeta, com vários livros publicados, entre os quais um livro de sonetos com que começamos a conversa. -> Apoie este podcast e faça parte da comunidade de mecenas do 45 Graus em: 45grauspodcast.com -> Veja aqui para mais informações e como se inscrever nos workshops de Pensamento Crítico. _______________ Índice: (05:12) Livro de Sonetos (08:32) Programa Greg News | O humor substitui o jornalismo no escrutínio ao poder político? (22:42) A atracção no público que a genuinidade do humorista gera é idêntica à da genuinidade de políticos como Bolsonaro? | O sucesso de Lula (29:24) As melhores piadas são que transmitem algo de verdadeiro? | Há lugar para humor sobre temas tabu? | Crítica ao humor que é apenas ‘crowd pleaser' | Citação de G.K. Chesterton: “Humor can get in under the door while seriousness is still fumbling at the handle.” (49:47) Como fazer humor político sem perder a graça — de Bolsonaro a Lula? Animus jocandi  (55:35) O humor político funciona mais como contra-poder ou como paliativo entre camaradas? | podcast Mamilos (1:06:38) Polarização no Brasil | Caso da nomeação para o Supremo Tribunal | Desigualdade e racismo estrutural no Brasil | Críticas da ala progressista pela capa revista aborto (1:28:06) Porque o humor irónico não funciona no Brasil? Como a nossa percepção do humor é indissociável do humorista | Caso da piada sobre judeus de Danilo Gentili _______________ Gregório Duvivier é hoje uma das principais figuras da cultura brasileira actual, mas não é fácil defini-lo, pois é, ao mesmo tempo, actor, humorista, guionista e escritor. Iniciou a sua carreira no cinema e no teatro e, a partir de 2012, destacou-se como um dos criadores dos sketches do colectivo Porta dos Fundos (que foi também o que o deu a conhecer em Portugal). Nos últimos anos, tem-se dedicado também à escrita, seja enquanto colunista seja como autor, com vários livros publicados, de diferentes estilos, da comédia à poesia. Na nossa conversa, falámos de muita coisa, mas andámos sempre a oscilar entre dois terrenos: uma discussão meio filosófica sobre humor (ao estilo das que já ouviram aqui com convidados humoristas anteriores) e uma conversa sobre a situação política do Brasil nos últimos anos. Sendo que, na verdade, a maior parte do tempo estivemos algures na intersecção entre estes dois terrenos, porque o talk show satírico a que o convidado tem dado a cara nos últimos anos, Greg News (disponível na HBO e no Youtube), habita precisamente esse espaço difícil de definir: é um programa de humor, mas com opinião (visível seja no combate ao bolsonarismo, pela democracia, seja na defesa de uma agenda de esquerda que o Gregório não esconde).  Entre as questões que abordámos na nossa conversa estão, do lado do humor: a relação entre a nossa moralidade e a nossa capacidade para rir de algo. Que lugar existe para humor sobre temas tabu? E será que as melhores piadas transmitem algo de verdadeiro (algo em que ainda não tínhamos pensado)? Nessa linha, podemos falar de um dever do humorista em desafiar o público? A propósito do Greg News, perguntei ao Gregório quão desafiante tem sido fazer um programa de humor com opinião -- quer na era Bolsonaro quer agora com Lula? Será que, no Brasil e não só, este tipo de programas estão a substituir o jornalismo no escrutínio ao poder político? Segundo o convidado, a autenticidade do humorista é tem ajudado a atrair público dos media tradicionais para estes programas. Ora, numa era de perda de confiança nas instituições, será essa mesma genuinidade que também explica o sucesso de políticos como Bolsonaro ou Javier Milei, na Argentina?  Do lado da política, falámos sobre a polarização do debate na sociedade brasileira, sobre a opinião do convidado sobre Lula e sobre como lidar com a desigualdade e racismo estrutural no Brasil sem embarcar num identitarismo desbragado. ______________ Obrigado aos mecenas do podcast: Francisco Hermenegildo, Ricardo Evangelista, Henrique Pais João Baltazar, Salvador Cunha, Abilio Silva, Tiago Leite, Carlos Martins, Galaró family, Corto Lemos, Miguel Marques, Nuno Costa, Nuno e Ana, João Ribeiro, Helder Miranda, Pedro Lima Ferreira, Cesar Carpinteiro, Luis Fernambuco, Fernando Nunes, Manuel Canelas, Tiago Gonçalves, Carlos Pires, João Domingues, Hélio Bragança da Silva, Sandra Ferreira , Paulo Encarnação , BFDC, António Mexia Santos, Luís Guido, Bruno Heleno Tomás Costa, João Saro, Daniel Correia, Rita Mateus, António Padilha, Tiago Queiroz, Carmen Camacho, João Nelas, Francisco Fonseca, Rafael Santos, Andreia Esteves, Ana Teresa Mota, ARUNE BHURALAL, Mário Lourenço, RB, Maria Pimentel, Luis, Geoffrey Marcelino, Alberto Alcalde, António Rocha Pinto, Ruben de Bragança, João Vieira dos Santos, David Teixeira Alves, Armindo Martins , Carlos Nobre, Bernardo Vidal Pimentel, António Oliveira, Paulo Barros, Nuno Brites, Lígia Violas, Tiago Sequeira, Zé da Radio, João Morais, André Gamito, Diogo Costa, Pedro Ribeiro, Bernardo Cortez Vasco Sá Pinto, David , Tiago Pires, Mafalda Pratas, Joana Margarida Alves Martins, Luis Marques, João Raimundo, Francisco Arantes, Mariana Barosa, Nuno Gonçalves, Pedro Rebelo, Miguel Palhas, Ricardo Duarte, Duarte , Tomás Félix, Vasco Lima, Francisco Vasconcelos, Telmo , José Oliveira Pratas, Jose Pedroso, João Diogo Silva, Joao Diogo, José Proença, João Crispim, João Pinho , Afonso Martins, Robertt Valente, João Barbosa, Renato Mendes, Maria Francisca Couto, Antonio Albuquerque, Ana Sousa Amorim, Francisco Santos, Lara Luís, Manuel Martins, Macaco Quitado, Paulo Ferreira, Diogo Rombo, Francisco Manuel Reis, Bruno Lamas, Daniel Almeida, Patrícia Esquível , Diogo Silva, Luis Gomes, Cesar Correia, Cristiano Tavares, Pedro Gaspar, Gil Batista Marinho, Maria Oliveira, João Pereira, Rui Vilao, João Ferreira, Wedge, José Losa, Hélder Moreira, André Abrantes, Henrique Vieira, João Farinha, Manuel Botelho da Silva, João Diamantino, Ana Rita Laureano, Pedro L, Nuno Malvar, Joel, Rui Antunes7, Tomás Saraiva, Cloé Leal de Magalhães, Joao Barbosa, paulo matos, Fábio Monteiro, Tiago Stock, Beatriz Bagulho, Pedro Bravo, Antonio Loureiro, Hugo Ramos, Inês Inocêncio, Telmo Gomes, Sérgio Nunes, Tiago Pedroso, Teresa Pimentel, Rita Noronha, miguel farracho, José Fangueiro, Zé, Margarida Correia-Neves, Bruno Pinto Vitorino, João Lopes, Joana Pereirinha, Gonçalo Baptista, Dario Rodrigues, tati lima, Pedro On The Road, Catarina Fonseca, JC Pacheco, Sofia Ferreira, Inês Ribeiro, Miguel Jacinto, Tiago Agostinho, Margarida Costa Almeida, Helena Pinheiro, Rui Martins, Fábio Videira Santos, Tomás Lucena, João Freitas, Ricardo Sousa, RJ, Francisco Seabra Guimarães, Carlos Branco, David Palhota, Carlos Castro, Alexandre Alves, Cláudia Gomes Batista, Ana Leal, Ricardo Trindade, Luís Machado, Andrzej Stuart-Thompson, Diego Goulart, Filipa Portela, Paulo Rafael, Paloma Nunes, Marta Mendonca, Teresa Painho, Duarte Cameirão, Rodrigo Silva, José Alberto Gomes, Joao Gama, Cristina Loureiro, Tiago Gama, Tiago Rodrigues, Miguel Duarte, Ana Cantanhede, Artur Castro Freire, Rui Passos Rocha, Pedro Costa Antunes, Sofia Almeida, Ricardo Andrade Guimarães, Daniel Pais, Miguel Bastos, Luís Santos _______________ Esta conversa foi editada por: Hugo Oliveira

Lídia Jorge é uma das mais internacionais escritoras portuguesas. A sua obra de ficção conta com dezenas de títulos, incluindo os romances O Dia dos Prodígios (1980) -- o primeiro livro --, A Costa dos Murmúrios (1988), O Vento Assobiando nas Gruas (2002) e, mais recentemente, Misericórdia (2022). A sua escrita destaca-se pela originalidade, diversidade de temas (com atenção às mudanças sociais e políticas por que passa o mundo e o país) e por um estilo inconfundível. Os seus livros estão publicados em diversas línguas e têm sido amplamente premiados, quer em Portugal quer no estrangeiro.  -> Ouve A Queda de Ingonish aqui. _______________ Índice: (3:32) Misericórdia: de onde veio o livro e o que explica a recepção que tem tido? (18:13) Como a literatura nos prepara para enfrentar os grandes desafios. Livro: Se Isto é um Homem de Primo Levi | Como a literatura nos ajuda a compreender os outros | Alain de Bottom: a literatura transmite-nos bondade, sabedoria e sanidade  (35:59) Qual a diferença entre a literatura e outras formas de Arte? Le Livre à venir, de Maurice Blanchot (38:29) Literatura vs cinema e séries? | Filósofo Byung-Chul Han (45:13) Os escritores, ao contrário dos cientistas, fazem os seus melhores trabalhos quando são mais velhos? (49:23) Perguntas do público. Livro Ver O Invisível. Sobre Kandinsky, de Michel Henry. Carlos Fuentes e a Literatura como “estrela de três pontas” | Importância dos editores _______________ (Esta conversa foi gravada ao vivo durante o Festival Utopia, em Braga, um evento organizado pela The Book Company. Realizado entre 2 e 12 de novembro, o festival contou com o apoio da Câmara Municipal de Lisboa e o Festival Literário 5L. Para os interessados, recomendo visitar o site do festival e seguir as suas redes sociais. O Utopia já tem data de regresso: novembro de 2024, novamente em Braga.) Foi um privilégio gravar este episódio com Lídia Jorge, uma das mais internacionais entre os escritores portugueses, autora de obras marcantes como "O Dia dos Prodígios", "A Costa dos Murmúrios" e "O Vento Assobiando nas Gruas". Na nossa conversa, falámos sobre o seu romance mais recente, "Misericórdia", e sobre o papel da literatura na sociedade e na nossa vida.  Em apenas um ano, ”Misericórdia" ganhou inúmeros prémios (que eu enumero no início da conversa) e tornou-se já uma obra de referência. A obra narra o último ano de vida de uma mulher idosa num lar de terceira idade. Inspirado num pedido da mãe da autora (em quem a personagem principal é inspirada), o livro apresenta personagens ricas e complexas, que desafiam visões da terceira idade e da vida nos lares como desinteressantes. É um livro simultaneamente sobre a natureza humana - universal - e sobre o desafio actual (para os próprios e para quem cuida deles) de lidar com a longevidade nas sociedades pós-industriais. E, conjuntamente, deve ser isto que explica o sucesso que tem tido. Para quem ainda não leu o livro, um pequeno aviso: embora discutamos alguns detalhes da obra, não revelamos nada que possa diminuir o prazer da leitura. Além disso, a nossa conversa estendeu-se para temas mais amplos, sobre o papel da literatura (tal como outras formas de arte) em fazer-nos olhar o mundo, os outros e nós próprios de forma diferente.  A visão de Lídia Jorge sobre este aspecto foi particularmente enriquecedora. No final, abrimos espaço para perguntas do público, e escolhi incluir a última pergunta (a cujo autor agradeço), pois encaixa bem nos temas que abordámos durante a conversa. ______________ Obrigado aos mecenas do podcast: Francisco Hermenegildo, Ricardo Evangelista, Henrique Pais João Baltazar, Salvador Cunha, Abilio Silva, Tiago Leite, Carlos Martins, Galaró family, Corto Lemos, Miguel Marques, Nuno Costa, Nuno e Ana, João Ribeiro, Helder Miranda, Pedro Lima Ferreira, Cesar Carpinteiro, Luis Fernambuco, Fernando Nunes, Manuel Canelas, Tiago Gonçalves, Carlos Pires, João Domingues, Hélio Bragança da Silva, Sandra Ferreira , Paulo Encarnação , BFDC, António Mexia Santos, Luís Guido, Bruno Heleno Tomás Costa, João Saro, Daniel Correia, Rita Mateus, António Padilha, Tiago Queiroz, Carmen Camacho, João Nelas, Francisco Fonseca, Rafael Santos, Andreia Esteves, Ana Teresa Mota, ARUNE BHURALAL, Mário Lourenço, RB, Maria Pimentel, Luis, Geoffrey Marcelino, Alberto Alcalde, António Rocha Pinto, Ruben de Bragança, João Vieira dos Santos, David Teixeira Alves, Armindo Martins , Carlos Nobre, Bernardo Vidal Pimentel, António Oliveira, Paulo Barros, Nuno Brites, Lígia Violas, Tiago Sequeira, Zé da Radio, João Morais, André Gamito, Diogo Costa, Pedro Ribeiro, Bernardo Cortez Vasco Sá Pinto, David , Tiago Pires, Mafalda Pratas, Joana Margarida Alves Martins, Luis Marques, João Raimundo, Francisco Arantes, Mariana Barosa, Nuno Gonçalves, Pedro Rebelo, Miguel Palhas, Ricardo Duarte, Duarte , Tomás Félix, Vasco Lima, Francisco Vasconcelos, Telmo , José Oliveira Pratas, Jose Pedroso, João Diogo Silva, Joao Diogo, José Proença, João Crispim, João Pinho , Afonso Martins, Robertt Valente, João Barbosa, Renato Mendes, Maria Francisca Couto, Antonio Albuquerque, Ana Sousa Amorim, Francisco Santos, Lara Luís, Manuel Martins, Macaco Quitado, Paulo Ferreira, Diogo Rombo, Francisco Manuel Reis, Bruno Lamas, Daniel Almeida, Patrícia Esquível , Diogo Silva, Luis Gomes, Cesar Correia, Cristiano Tavares, Pedro Gaspar, Gil Batista Marinho, Maria Oliveira, João Pereira, Rui Vilao, João Ferreira, Wedge, José Losa, Hélder Moreira, André Abrantes, Henrique Vieira, João Farinha, Manuel Botelho da Silva, João Diamantino, Ana Rita Laureano, Pedro L, Nuno Malvar, Joel, Rui Antunes7, Tomás Saraiva, Cloé Leal de Magalhães, Joao Barbosa, paulo matos, Fábio Monteiro, Tiago Stock, Beatriz Bagulho, Pedro Bravo, Antonio Loureiro, Hugo Ramos, Inês Inocêncio, Telmo Gomes, Sérgio Nunes, Tiago Pedroso, Teresa Pimentel, Rita Noronha, miguel farracho, José Fangueiro, Zé, Margarida Correia-Neves, Bruno Pinto Vitorino, João Lopes, Joana Pereirinha, Gonçalo Baptista, Dario Rodrigues, tati lima, Pedro On The Road, Catarina Fonseca, JC Pacheco, Sofia Ferreira, Inês Ribeiro, Miguel Jacinto, Tiago Agostinho, Margarida Costa Almeida, Helena Pinheiro, Rui Martins, Fábio Videira Santos, Tomás Lucena, João Freitas, Ricardo Sousa, RJ, Francisco Seabra Guimarães, Carlos Branco, David Palhota, Carlos Castro, Alexandre Alves, Cláudia Gomes Batista, Ana Leal, Ricardo Trindade, Luís Machado, Andrzej Stuart-Thompson, Diego Goulart, Filipa Portela, Paulo Rafael, Paloma Nunes, Marta Mendonca, Teresa Painho, Duarte Cameirão, Rodrigo Silva, José Alberto Gomes, Joao Gama, Cristina Loureiro, Tiago Gama, Tiago Rodrigues, Miguel Duarte, Ana Cantanhede, Artur Castro Freire, Rui Passos Rocha, Pedro Costa Antunes, Sofia Almeida, Ricardo Andrade Guimarães, Daniel Pais, Miguel Bastos, Luís Santos _______________ Esta conversa foi editada por: Hugo Oliveira

Pedro Santa-Clara é professor e empreendedor. É professor catedrático de Finanças na Nova School of Business and Economics desde 2007, depois de ter passado pela Universidade da Califórnia, nos EUA. Em 2012 liderou a construção do novo campus da Nova SBE em Carcavelos. O ‘bichinho' dos projectos picou e, desde então, lançou as escolas 42 em Lisboa e no Porto, e o centro TUMO em Coimbra, o primeiro na Península Ibérica.  -> Apoie este podcast e faça parte da comunidade de mecenas do 45 Graus em: 45grauspodcast.com _______________ Índice: (4:07) Porque precisamos de um novo modelo de aprendizagem? | Jean Piaget | Como a tecnologia veio permitir escalar modelos. | Impactos na escola tradicional (pública) | Livro "Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!", de Richard Feynman | Importância da colaboração | Aprender a aprender (metacompetência) | Que importância tem o background (socioecónomico e não só) no sucesso dos alunos? | ted talk kahn (33:02) Impacto nas universidades. (39:11) Como conseguiste levar em frente projectos deste tipo no nosso país? | Vamos desperdiçar o PRR?  (50:25) Um repto para Portugal mudar de curso. Livro recomendado: A Invenção da Natureza - As Aventuras de Alexander von Humboldt, de Andrea Wulf _______________ A educação é um tema que me interessa muito, como sabem -- e que já abordei várias vezes no 45 Graus, em alguns dos episódios mais marcantes (o episódio número 121, com José Pacheco, é um dos que mais me falam). E não é para menos. O ensino é uma área que está hoje em grande mudança, impulsionada por um certo descontentamento com a escola tradicional e também pela revolução tecnológica. Entre os muitos projectos que têm surgido globalmente, há dois particularmente inovadores e que já chegaram a Portugal: a escola 42 e o TUMO. E ambos têm um denominador comum no nosso país: Pedro Santa-Clara, professor e empreendedor e o convidado do episódio de hoje. O convidado é Professor Catedrático de Finanças na Nova School of Business and Economics desde 2007, depois de ter passado pela Universidade da Califórnia, nos EUA. Seria, por isso, apenas um académico normal, não fosse a sua carreira ter tido uma viragem radical em 2012, quando liderou a construção do novo campus da Nova SBE em Carcavelos e a campanha de financiamento que arrecadou 54 milhões de euros.  O ‘bichinho' dos projectos picou e, no início de 2019, o Pedro lançou a Shaken Not Stirred, uma empresa dedicada a projetos inovadores na área da educação. Em 2020, trouxe para Portugal a “42”, uma escola de programação muito peculiar, que surgiu em França em 2013 e já está hoje em mais de 25 países.  Mais recentemente, trouxe para Portugal outro modelo de aprendizagem inovador, o centro de tecnologias criativas “TUMO”, um projeto educativo gratuito e complementar ao ensino formal e visa capacitar os jovens para tirarem partido dos desafios e oportunidades da sociedade do futuro. Foi inaugurado há cerca de um mês, em Coimbra, o primeiro espaço TUMO da Península Ibérica.  Para além destes projectos, o Pedro é também fundador da Miles in the Sky, uma startup também focada em educação. Neste episódio, conversei com Pedro sobre a revolução em curso no ensino. Falámos sobre como a tecnologia está a revolucionar a aprendizagem -- permitindo dar escala a modelos inovadores de educação (como estes e não só) -- e discutimos as características-chave destes novos modelos, como a importância do trabalho colaborativo e a ênfase em “aprender a aprender”, em detrimento da memorização. Abordamos também o impacto dessas inovações no ensino tradicional e o que podemos esperar para o futuro das universidades. Mas não só sobre educação que é interessante ouvir o Pedro. Estes projectos e o do novo campus da Nova SBE têm em comum serem grandes iniciativas de cariz social bem-sucedidas em Portugal — algo que, infelizmente, ainda não é propriamente comum. Por isso, não podia deixá-lo passar pelo 45 Graus sem lhe perguntar o que foi diferente nestes casos. Por outras palavras: o que é preciso para levar em diante iniciativas deste tipo no nosso país? ______________ Obrigado aos mecenas do podcast: Francisco Hermenegildo, Ricardo Evangelista, Henrique Pais João Baltazar, Salvador Cunha, Abilio Silva, Tiago Leite, Carlos Martins, Galaró family, Corto Lemos, Miguel Marques, Nuno Costa, Nuno e Ana, João Ribeiro, Helder Miranda, Pedro Lima Ferreira, Cesar Carpinteiro, Luis Fernambuco, Fernando Nunes, Manuel Canelas, Tiago Gonçalves, Carlos Pires, João Domingues, Hélio Bragança da Silva, Sandra Ferreira , Paulo Encarnação , BFDC, António Mexia Santos, Luís Guido, Bruno Heleno Tomás Costa, João Saro, Daniel Correia, Rita Mateus, António Padilha, Tiago Queiroz, Carmen Camacho, João Nelas, Francisco Fonseca, Rafael Santos, Andreia Esteves, Ana Teresa Mota, ARUNE BHURALAL, Mário Lourenço, RB, Maria Pimentel, Luis, Geoffrey Marcelino, Alberto Alcalde, António Rocha Pinto, Ruben de Bragança, João Vieira dos Santos, David Teixeira Alves, Armindo Martins , Carlos Nobre, Bernardo Vidal Pimentel, António Oliveira, Paulo Barros, Nuno Brites, Lígia Violas, Tiago Sequeira, Zé da Radio, João Morais, André Gamito, Diogo Costa, Pedro Ribeiro, Bernardo Cortez Vasco Sá Pinto, David , Tiago Pires, Mafalda Pratas, Joana Margarida Alves Martins, Luis Marques, João Raimundo, Francisco Arantes, Mariana Barosa, Nuno Gonçalves, Pedro Rebelo, Miguel Palhas, Ricardo Duarte, Duarte , Tomás Félix, Vasco Lima, Francisco Vasconcelos, Telmo , José Oliveira Pratas, Jose Pedroso, João Diogo Silva, Joao Diogo, José Proença, João Crispim, João Pinho , Afonso Martins, Robertt Valente, João Barbosa, Renato Mendes, Maria Francisca Couto, Antonio Albuquerque, Ana Sousa Amorim, Francisco Santos, Lara Luís, Manuel Martins, Macaco Quitado, Paulo Ferreira, Diogo Rombo, Francisco Manuel Reis, Bruno Lamas, Daniel Almeida, Patrícia Esquível , Diogo Silva, Luis Gomes, Cesar Correia, Cristiano Tavares, Pedro Gaspar, Gil Batista Marinho, Maria Oliveira, João Pereira, Rui Vilao, João Ferreira, Wedge, José Losa, Hélder Moreira, André Abrantes, Henrique Vieira, João Farinha, Manuel Botelho da Silva, João Diamantino, Ana Rita Laureano, Pedro L, Nuno Malvar, Joel, Rui Antunes7, Tomás Saraiva, Cloé Leal de Magalhães, Joao Barbosa, paulo matos, Fábio Monteiro, Tiago Stock, Beatriz Bagulho, Pedro Bravo, Antonio Loureiro, Hugo Ramos, Inês Inocêncio, Telmo Gomes, Sérgio Nunes, Tiago Pedroso, Teresa Pimentel, Rita Noronha, miguel farracho, José Fangueiro, Zé, Margarida Correia-Neves, Bruno Pinto Vitorino, João Lopes, Joana Pereirinha, Gonçalo Baptista, Dario Rodrigues, tati lima, Pedro On The Road, Catarina Fonseca, JC Pacheco, Sofia Ferreira, Inês Ribeiro, Miguel Jacinto, Tiago Agostinho, Margarida Costa Almeida, Helena Pinheiro, Rui Martins, Fábio Videira Santos, Tomás Lucena, João Freitas, Ricardo Sousa, RJ, Francisco Seabra Guimarães, Carlos Branco, David Palhota, Carlos Castro, Alexandre Alves, Cláudia Gomes Batista, Ana Leal, Ricardo Trindade, Luís Machado, Andrzej Stuart-Thompson, Diego Goulart, Filipa Portela, Paulo Rafael, Paloma Nunes, Marta Mendonca, Teresa Painho, Duarte Cameirão, Rodrigo Silva, José Alberto Gomes, Joao Gama, Cristina Loureiro, Tiago Gama, Tiago Rodrigues, Miguel Duarte, Ana Cantanhede, Artur Castro Freire, Rui Passos Rocha, Pedro Costa Antunes, Sofia Almeida, Ricardo Andrade Guimarães, Daniel Pais, Miguel Bastos, Luís Santos _______________ Esta conversa foi editada por: Hugo Oliveira  

Manuel Cargaleiro é pintor e ceramista e um dos mais conceituados e internacionais artistas plásticos portugueses. Nascido em 1927, encantou-se pela cerâmica ainda em pequeno. No princípio dos anos 50, começou a participar em mostras e exposições em Portugal. Estudou posteriormente em Itália e França, onde foi uma figura de proa da chamada ‘Escola de Paris'. Em Paris, onde vive ainda parte do tempo, foi representado pela famosa Galeria Albert Loeb e é hoje pela galeria Helene Bailly. Na capital francesa, decorou (por duas vezes) uma das estações centrais do metro. Tem também fundações e museus espalhados por Portugal (Castelo Branco) e Itália. -> Apoie este podcast e faça parte da comunidade de mecenas do 45 Graus em: 45grauspodcast.com -> Registe-se aqui para ser avisado(a) de futuras edições dos workshops. _______________ Índice: O que leva alguém a tornar-se artista?  O que procura transmitir com a sua arte? Max Ernst Como foi ser vizinho de Picasso? Quanto da inspiração do artista vem do inconsciente? Formas de convocar a criatividade?  Quanto do talento é inato? A importância de usar a cor certa | Jaime Murteira | Monet  Como devemos apreciar uma obra de arte?  Onde acaba o artesanato e começa a arte? | As mantas de retalho da Mãe  Como evoluiu a sua arte ao longo do tempo? A importância da curiosidade e de ler muito para criar algo de diferente O que é especial na cerâmica? | Cerâmica de Iznik (Turquia) | Terapia com jovens toxicodependentes com barro É verdade que “um quadro nunca está terminado; é apenas abandonado”? _______________ No final da temporada passada, antes da pausa de verão, publiquei, se bem se lembram, um episódio em que respondia a algumas perguntas enviadas por vocês. Uma delas questionava porque é que não tenho abordado muito o tema Arte no podcast. Na altura, tentei explicar porque abordava menos a arte, mas a verdade é que fiquei ‘picado' pela pergunta… Porque não, realmente, trazer um artista ao podcast, mas para uma conversa “à 45 Graus”, em vez das entrevistas de vida que habitualmente fazem em programas de cultura? Entretanto, já há algum tempo que Manuel Cargaleiro, o convidado deste episódio, era um tema de conversa recorrente com o meu amigo Luís Plácido Santos, que é seu amigo. Eu já gostava dos quadros de Cargaleiro, mas o que me chamou a atenção nas conversas com o Luís foi um artista de 96 anos (quase 97) não só manter-se no activo como ter ainda a disposição para fazer novos amigos, mesmo com 60 anos menos do que ele!  Como estava a pensar trazer um artista ao 45 Graus, dei por mim a pensar, porque não Cargaleiro? O Luís, simpaticamente, fez a ponte, e o resto… é história -- ou, neste caso, conversa. Manuel Cargaleiro é pintor e ceramista e um dos nossos mais conceituados e internacionais artistas plásticos. Nascido em 1927, encantou-se pela cerâmica ainda em pequeno, e no princípio dos anos 50, começou a participar em mostras e exposições em Portugal. Posteriormente, estudou em Itália e França, onde foi uma figura de proa da chamada ‘Escola de Paris'. Em Paris, onde vive ainda parte do tempo, foi representado pela famosa Galeria Albert Loeb e está hoje na galeria Helene Bailly. A sua obra está também em espaços públicos em Portugal e em França — na capital francesa uma das estações centrais do metro foi duas vezes decorada por si. Cargaleiro tem também fundações e museus espalhados por Portugal (Castelo Branco) e Itália. Na nossa conversa, falámos sobre a vida e obra do convidado, dos mistérios da inspiração e da criatividade na arte e de arte em geral. Estes temas entrecruzam-se, e fomos avançando e regressando aos assuntos; por isso desta vez deixo na descrição do episódio apenas a lista de tópicos que abordámos, sem os marcadores de tempo habituais.  Comecei por perguntar a Cargaleiro o que leva alguém a tornar-se artista? Daí, falámos da sua obra, de como foi ser vizinho de um Picasso já consagrado (e porque nunca chegou a meter conversa com ele!), dae hábitos de trabalho e do papel do inconsciente na criatividade. Falámos também de arte concreta: como é que um artista decide, por exemplo, as cores certas para usar num quadro? Neste ponto, Cargaleiro citou o pintor francês Monet, fundador do impressionismo. E é curioso, porque é justamente de Monet o quadro (‘O lago Waterlily com a ponte japonesa') que é o postal mais vendido na loja de recordações de um dos principais museus do Mundo, o Metropolitan Museum em Nova Iorque. Não será por acaso… Perguntei-lhe também como devemos nós, público, apreciar uma obra de arte, e sobre o que distingue um objecto artístico de simples artesanato. Esta pergunta veio a propósito de umas mantas de retalho que a Mãe de Cargaleiro tecia, sem qualquer pretensão, mas muito originais, que ele mais tarde divulgou e tornou famosas.  Falámos também de outras formas de arte e do seu interesse original pela cerâmica. No final, perguntei-lhe se partilha da angústia perfeccionista de tantos pintores ao longo da história em dar uma obra por terminada.  Ao longo desta conversa com Manuel Cargaleiro, embora tenhamos falado da sua vida e obra, tentei seguir (para voltar à minha resposta à pergunta do ouvinte) a abordagem de sempre no 45 Graus -- neste caso: falar do tema, Arte, de uma perspectiva ampla e tentando tirar da experiência do convidado alguns princípios gerais.  No caso de Cargaleiro, ouvindo-o descrever o seu percurso, houve sobretudo dois aspectos que me chamaram a atenção como tendo provavelmente contribuído muito para o carácter criativo e inovador da sua obra. O primeiro, o facto de, em miúdo, ter passado horas a fio a observar a flora da zona em que vivia, a absorver todo o detalhe a cambiantes de cores da natureza -- que a comuns mortais como eu passam completamente ao lado. O 2º aspecto que, suspeito, ajudou muito a torná-lo um artista diferenciador é o facto de ter sido sempre (e continuar a ser) alguém imensamente curioso: ao longo da vida, leu avidamente sobre diferentes assuntos (muito para lá da pintura e da cerâmica) e deu-se sempre com todo o tipo de gente, sempre disposto a conhecer pessoas novas. Esta curiosidade e diversificação de interesses está mais do que provada que está associada à criatividade (se tiverem interesse, recomendo o livro Range de David Epstein) e suspeito que a obra de Cargaleiro vive também muito disso. ______________ Obrigado aos mecenas do podcast: Francisco Hermenegildo, Ricardo Evangelista, Henrique Pais João Baltazar, Salvador Cunha, Abilio Silva, Tiago Leite, Carlos Martins, Galaró family, Corto Lemos, Miguel Marques, Nuno Costa, Nuno e Ana, João Ribeiro, Helder Miranda, Pedro Lima Ferreira, Cesar Carpinteiro, Luis Fernambuco, Fernando Nunes, Manuel Canelas, Tiago Gonçalves, Carlos Pires, João Domingues, Hélio Bragança da Silva, Sandra Ferreira , Paulo Encarnação , BFDC, António Mexia Santos, Luís Guido, Bruno Heleno Tomás Costa, João Saro, Daniel Correia, Rita Mateus, António Padilha, Tiago Queiroz, Carmen Camacho, João Nelas, Francisco Fonseca, Rafael Santos, Andreia Esteves, Ana Teresa Mota, ARUNE BHURALAL, Mário Lourenço, RB, Maria Pimentel, Luis, Geoffrey Marcelino, Alberto Alcalde, António Rocha Pinto, Ruben de Bragança, João Vieira dos Santos, David Teixeira Alves, Armindo Martins , Carlos Nobre, Bernardo Vidal Pimentel, António Oliveira, Paulo Barros, Nuno Brites, Lígia Violas, Tiago Sequeira, Zé da Radio, João Morais, André Gamito, Diogo Costa, Pedro Ribeiro, Bernardo Cortez Vasco Sá Pinto, David , Tiago Pires, Mafalda Pratas, Joana Margarida Alves Martins, Luis Marques, João Raimundo, Francisco Arantes, Mariana Barosa, Nuno Gonçalves, Pedro Rebelo, Miguel Palhas, Ricardo Duarte, Duarte , Tomás Félix, Vasco Lima, Francisco Vasconcelos, Telmo , José Oliveira Pratas, Jose Pedroso, João Diogo Silva, Joao Diogo, José Proença, João Crispim, João Pinho , Afonso Martins, Robertt Valente, João Barbosa, Renato Mendes, Maria Francisca Couto, Antonio Albuquerque, Ana Sousa Amorim, Francisco Santos, Lara Luís, Manuel Martins, Macaco Quitado, Paulo Ferreira, Diogo Rombo, Francisco Manuel Reis, Bruno Lamas, Daniel Almeida, Patrícia Esquível , Diogo Silva, Luis Gomes, Cesar Correia, Cristiano Tavares, Pedro Gaspar, Gil Batista Marinho, Maria Oliveira, João Pereira, Rui Vilao, João Ferreira, Wedge, José Losa, Hélder Moreira, André Abrantes, Henrique Vieira, João Farinha, Manuel Botelho da Silva, João Diamantino, Ana Rita Laureano, Pedro L, Nuno Malvar, Joel, Rui Antunes7, Tomás Saraiva, Cloé Leal de Magalhães, Joao Barbosa, paulo matos, Fábio Monteiro, Tiago Stock, Beatriz Bagulho, Pedro Bravo, Antonio Loureiro, Hugo Ramos, Inês Inocêncio, Telmo Gomes, Sérgio Nunes, Tiago Pedroso, Teresa Pimentel, Rita Noronha, miguel farracho, José Fangueiro, Zé, Margarida Correia-Neves, Bruno Pinto Vitorino, João Lopes, Joana Pereirinha, Gonçalo Baptista, Dario Rodrigues, tati lima, Pedro On The Road, Catarina Fonseca, JC Pacheco, Sofia Ferreira, Inês Ribeiro, Miguel Jacinto, Tiago Agostinho, Margarida Costa Almeida, Helena Pinheiro, Rui Martins, Fábio Videira Santos, Tomás Lucena, João Freitas, Ricardo Sousa, RJ, Francisco Seabra Guimarães, Carlos Branco, David Palhota, Carlos Castro, Alexandre Alves, Cláudia Gomes Batista, Ana Leal, Ricardo Trindade, Luís Machado, Andrzej Stuart-Thompson, Diego Goulart, Filipa Portela, Paulo Rafael, Paloma Nunes, Marta Mendonca, Teresa Painho, Duarte Cameirão, Rodrigo Silva, José Alberto Gomes, Joao Gama, Cristina Loureiro, Tiago Gama, Tiago Rodrigues, Miguel Duarte, Ana Cantanhede, Artur Castro Freire, Rui Passos Rocha, Pedro Costa Antunes, Sofia Almeida, Ricardo Andrade Guimarães, Daniel Pais, Miguel Bastos, Luís Santos _______________ Esta conversa foi editada por: Hugo Oliveira

Teresa Paiva é médica neurologista e a maior referência portuguesa em medicina do sono. É doutorada em Neurologia e, para além de uma vastíssima investigação científica nesta área, tem também prática clínica, no CENC — Centro de Medicina do Sono, onde é  diretora clínica. Falámos a propósito do seu livro mais recente, ‘O Meu Sono e Eu — Mitos e Factos', publicado este ano pela Livros Horizonte.  -> Apoie este podcast e faça parte da comunidade de mecenas do 45 Graus em: 45grauspodcast.com -> Registe-se aqui para ser avisado(a) de futuras edições dos workshops de Pensamento Crítico. _______________ Índice (com timestamps): (3:50) Porque dormem os seres-vivos? Como dormem os lagartos? E os polvos? Sono bifásico na Idade Média (19:08) Ritmo circadiano e cronotipos | É verdade que há diferentes cronotipos? | Desafios de ser noctívago | Cronotipo vs atraso de fase | A importância da exposição à luz solar. (33:06) Sesta — como fazer? | Quais são os processos biológicos no corpo que regulam o sono? (40:24) Que erros andamos a cometer que nos fazem dormir mal? | Porque dormimos menos que os chimpanzés? | É possível recuperar sono perdido?  (45:14) O Mundo de hoje vive numa epidemia de falta de sono — particularmente em Portugal? | ‘Sleep patterns in Portugal', tese de Cátia Reis | Estudo impacto da falta de sono no PIB | Ou será que dormimos menos mas melhor do que antigamente? (56:19) Fases do sono: REM e não-REM? | Pintainhos sono REM | Porque sonho mais nas férias? | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7839702/ (1:10:52) Para que servem os sonhos? | Apesar das diferenças culturais e individuais, temos todos sonhos parecidos | Porque nos esquecemos dos sonhos? (1:14:30) “Sleep hacks” — algum vale a pena? | Suplementos? Benzodiazepina (Xanax) | Neuromodulação não invasiva como terapia para a insónia (1:27:47) Doenças do sono: insónias, apneias, doenças do movimento, sonambulismo, terrores noturnos, epilepsia, transtornos do sono REM, alterações circadianas.  _______________ O acto de dormir é tão essencial quanto comer ou respirar, e, no entanto, tantas vezes o subestimamos ou relegamos para segundo plano nas nossas vidas agitadas. Quem nunca disse: "Dormirei quando estiver morto"? Mas a verdade é que o sono é fundamental para a nossa saúde física e mental e é um dos pilares do nosso bem-estar. Talvez até alguns de vocês, ao ouvirem este episódio, estejam a pensar em quantas horas de sono conseguiram na noite anterior ou quantas gostariam de ter tido. Para nos ajudar a compreender melhor a Ciência do Sono, convidei a médica Teresa Paiva, a grande referência portuguesa na medicina do sono (e alguém que, como digo na introdução, há muito queria trazer ao 45 Graus). A convidada tem uma vastíssima investigação nesta área e uma extensa prática clínica. Falámos a propósito do seu livro mais recente, 'O Meu Sono e Eu — Mitos e Factos'. Na nossa conversa, começámos pela intrigante questão de por que dormem os seres vivos, incluindo animais tão distantes de nós evolutivamente, como os polvos; e mergulhámos nos ritmos circadianos, incluindo o estranho hábito medieval de dormir dois sonos, acordando de madrugada para voltar a deitar-se umas horas depois, e os desafios - estes contemporâneos - de ser um noctívago num mundo dominado pelos matutinos. Exploramos também os prós e contras da sesta e os erros mais comuns que cometemos, e que comprometem a quantidade e a qualidade do nosso sono. Ou será que a maior causa da nossa falta de sono não somos nós, mas antes um problema maior, estrutural dos tempos actuais: uma “epidemia” de falta de sono causada pelo acelerar da economia e pela overdose de estímulos? As estatísticas sugerem que isto é uma realidade, no Mundo desenvolvido e particularmente em Portugal. A convidada defende esta tese, e certamente que no mundo ideal a maioria de nós dormiria mais horas por noite. Mas tentei também fazer um pouco de advogado do diabo em relação a este tema (como já estão habituados no 45 Graus). Sendo o sono uma necessidade tão básica, fico com algumas dúvidas se é possível uma privação de sono tão sistémica. De seguida, voltando à ciência do sono propriamente dita, desvendámos os mistérios das fases do sono e o fascinante mundo dos sonhos. E para aqueles que procuram formas de otimizar o sono, perguntei à convidada a sua opinião sobre os populares 'sleep hacks' e até que ponto eles realmente funcionam. ______________ Obrigado aos mecenas do podcast: Francisco Hermenegildo, Ricardo Evangelista, Henrique Pais João Baltazar, Salvador Cunha, Abilio Silva, Tiago Leite, Carlos Martins, Galaró family, Corto Lemos, Miguel Marques, Nuno Costa, Nuno e Ana, João Ribeiro, Helder Miranda, Pedro Lima Ferreira, Cesar Carpinteiro, Luis Fernambuco, Fernando Nunes, Manuel Canelas, Tiago Gonçalves, Carlos Pires, João Domingues, Hélio Bragança da Silva, Sandra Ferreira , Paulo Encarnação , BFDC, António Mexia Santos, Luís Guido, Bruno Heleno Tomás Costa, João Saro, Daniel Correia, Rita Mateus, António Padilha, Tiago Queiroz, Carmen Camacho, João Nelas, Francisco Fonseca, Rafael Santos, Andreia Esteves, Ana Teresa Mota, ARUNE BHURALAL, Mário Lourenço, RB, Maria Pimentel, Luis, Geoffrey Marcelino, Alberto Alcalde, António Rocha Pinto, Ruben de Bragança, João Vieira dos Santos, David Teixeira Alves, Armindo Martins , Carlos Nobre, Bernardo Vidal Pimentel, António Oliveira, Paulo Barros, Nuno Brites, Lígia Violas, Tiago Sequeira, Zé da Radio, João Morais, André Gamito, Diogo Costa, Pedro Ribeiro, Bernardo Cortez Vasco Sá Pinto, David , Tiago Pires, Mafalda Pratas, Joana Margarida Alves Martins, Luis Marques, João Raimundo, Francisco Arantes, Mariana Barosa, Nuno Gonçalves, Pedro Rebelo, Miguel Palhas, Ricardo Duarte, Duarte , Tomás Félix, Vasco Lima, Francisco Vasconcelos, Telmo , José Oliveira Pratas, Jose Pedroso, João Diogo Silva, Joao Diogo, José Proença, João Crispim, João Pinho , Afonso Martins, Robertt Valente, João Barbosa, Renato Mendes, Maria Francisca Couto, Antonio Albuquerque, Ana Sousa Amorim, Francisco Santos, Lara Luís, Manuel Martins, Macaco Quitado, Paulo Ferreira, Diogo Rombo, Francisco Manuel Reis, Bruno Lamas, Daniel Almeida, Patrícia Esquível , Diogo Silva, Luis Gomes, Cesar Correia, Cristiano Tavares, Pedro Gaspar, Gil Batista Marinho, Maria Oliveira, João Pereira, Rui Vilao, João Ferreira, Wedge, José Losa, Hélder Moreira, André Abrantes, Henrique Vieira, João Farinha, Manuel Botelho da Silva, João Diamantino, Ana Rita Laureano, Pedro L, Nuno Malvar, Joel, Rui Antunes7, Tomás Saraiva, Cloé Leal de Magalhães, Joao Barbosa, paulo matos, Fábio Monteiro, Tiago Stock, Beatriz Bagulho, Pedro Bravo, Antonio Loureiro, Hugo Ramos, Inês Inocêncio, Telmo Gomes, Sérgio Nunes, Tiago Pedroso, Teresa Pimentel, Rita Noronha, miguel farracho, José Fangueiro, Zé, Margarida Correia-Neves, Bruno Pinto Vitorino, João Lopes, Joana Pereirinha, Gonçalo Baptista, Dario Rodrigues, tati lima, Pedro On The Road, Catarina Fonseca, JC Pacheco, Sofia Ferreira, Inês Ribeiro, Miguel Jacinto, Tiago Agostinho, Margarida Costa Almeida, Helena Pinheiro, Rui Martins, Fábio Videira Santos, Tomás Lucena, João Freitas, Ricardo Sousa, RJ, Francisco Seabra Guimarães, Carlos Branco, David Palhota, Carlos Castro, Alexandre Alves, Cláudia Gomes Batista, Ana Leal, Ricardo Trindade, Luís Machado, Andrzej Stuart-Thompson, Diego Goulart, Filipa Portela, Paulo Rafael, Paloma Nunes, Marta Mendonca, Teresa Painho, Duarte Cameirão, Rodrigo Silva, José Alberto Gomes, Joao Gama, Cristina Loureiro, Tiago Gama, Tiago Rodrigues, Miguel Duarte, Ana Cantanhede, Artur Castro Freire, Rui Passos Rocha, Pedro Costa Antunes, Sofia Almeida, Ricardo Andrade Guimarães, Daniel Pais, Miguel Bastos, Luís Santos _______________ Esta conversa foi editada por: Hugo Oliveira _______________ Bio: Teresa Paiva nasceu em Lisboa em 1945. Formou-se em Medicina em 1969, é médica neurologista e a maior referência portuguesa em medicina do sono. Há 45 anos que ajuda os outros a dormir e a entender a sua relação com o sono. O seu trabalho foi por diversas vezes premiado e colabora regularmente em ensaios clínicos com especialistas de todo o mundo. Coordenou vários projetos científicos nacionais e internacionais nesta matéria. É autora e coautora de várias obras e artigos científicos sobre o sono e é responsável pelo primeiro mestrado em sono a nível mundial. Atualmente, é diretora clínica do CENC — Centro de Medicina do Sono.