Podcasts about Livorno

In questo episodio facciamo un viaggio da Roma - capitale d'Italia - a Cumiana, il piccolo paese del Piemonte in cui sono cresciuta. Impariamo a riconoscere regioni, province, comuni e frazioni, e scopriamo perché in Italia tutto è un po' come una lasagna: a strati! Un episodio utile per orientarsi in Italia, ma anche per esplorare la lingua e la cultura partendo dal territorio.Parliamo di: Italia “politica”: cosa significa e come si differenzia dall'Italia fisicaCom'è divisa e governata l'Italia: regioni, province, comuni, frazioniChe cos'è un capoluogo? differenza tra capoluogo di provincia e di regioneRegioni a statuto speciale: Sardegna, Sicilia, Trentino-Alto Adige, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Valle d'AostaViaggio da Roma a Cumiana: città, paesi, dialetti e paesaggiLuoghi che cito: RomaToscana (regione)Siena, Arezzo, Pisa, Livorno (città e capoluoghi di provincia)Emilia Romagna (regione)Bologna, Modena, Parma (città)MonferratoCumiana e AllivellatoriLINK UTILI:Il mio audio libro: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠STORIE DI VITALIA⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Le trascrizioni sono nell'Area membri “Il Caffè”: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠CLICCA QUI PER ISCRIVERTI!⁠⁠⁠⁠

Delta Engine Fire on Orlando Tarmac is today's lead story on Wednesday Travel and Cruise Industry Podcast, April 23, 2023 with Chillie Falls LIVE from Livorno, Italy. Also today, P&O Cancels Cruise Day Before Embarkation; Outbreaks Still Reported To CDC; 84 Year Old Medevaced; Residential Ship The World in Drydock; Bliss Solo Specials; MSC To Develop 2nd Island; Prices Up Sharply In Rome; and lots more LIVE at 10 AM EDT. Music 1 songs Business Soul-Prod CLICK for video feed #wednesdaytravelandcruiseindustrypodcast #travelandcruiseindustrynews #podcast #cruisenews #travelnews #cruise #travel #chilliescruises #chilliefalls #whill_us Thanks for visiting my channel. NYTimes The Daily, the flagship NYT podcast with a massive audience. "Vacationing In The Time Of Covid" https://nyti.ms/3QuRwOS To access the Travel and Cruise Industry News Podcast; https://cms.megaphone.fm/channel/trav... or go to https://accessadventure.net/ To subscribe: http://bit.ly/chi-fal I appreciate super chats or any other donation to support my channel. For your convenience, please visit: https://paypal.me/chillie9264?locale.... Chillie's Cruise Schedule: https://www.accessadventure.net/chillies-trip-calendar/ For your mobility needs, contact me, Whill.inc/US, at (844) 699-4455 use SRN 11137 or call Scootaround at 1.888.441.7575. Use SRN 11137. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/ChilliesCruises Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/chillie.falls X: https://x.com/ChillieFalls Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Marco Ferrari"Il partigiano che divenne imperatore"Laterza Editoriwww.laterza.itUn fantasma si aggira per l'Europa e per l'Africa. È il fantasma di un uomo che guida le Brigate internazionali in Spagna e poi attraversa i deserti del Sudan. Un fantasma che diventa imperatore d'Etiopia per conto di Hailé Selassié e guida i partigiani abissini contro i fascisti italiani. Questofantasma ha un nome, Ilio Barontini, e questa è la sua storia.Questo libro racconta una storia vera e dimenticata. Una storia in cui si respira l'odore acre del Novecento e che potrebbe uscire dalle pagine di Graham Greene. Siamo nel 1938, Ilio Barontini, comunista livornese, ha combattuto nella guerra di Spagna tanto da diventare l'eroe della battaglia di Guadalajara.A Parigi viene scelto dai servizi segreti francesi e britannici per una missione rischiosissima: organizzare le forze partigiane abissine che devono resistere alla conquista fascista. Infatti, Mussolini aveva conquistato con l'uso dell'iprite i villaggi e le città più importanti, la ferrovia Addis Abeba-Gibuti e le principali vie di comunicazione, ma una parte considerevole del territorio era ancora in mano agli arbegnuoc, i patrioti etiopi. Barontini – assieme ad Anton Ukmar, ex ferroviere sloveno di Gorizia conosciuto in Spagna, e a Bruno Rolla, comunista spezzino –formò un esercito di oltre 250 mila uomini composto da piccole formazioni mobili e venne nominato dal Negus viceimperatore di Abissinia. Dotato dello scettro imperiale, il comunista di Livorno tenne a bada i vari ras, portò a termine missioni importanti e pubblicò un giornale bilingue, “La voce degli Abissini”, tanto da diventare una leggenda.La missione terminò nel giugno 1940, quando i tre antifascisti italiani intrapresero la via del ritorno tra malattie e assalti di predoni. Si ritrovarono miracolosamente vivi a Khartum dove scattarono l'unica fotografia che li ritrae insieme.Marco Ferrari, giornalista e scrittore spezzino, ha esordito nella narrativa nel 1988 con il romanzo Tirreno (Editori Riuniti), a cui hanno fatto seguito: I sogni di Tristan,Grand Hotel Oceano eTi ricordi Glauber per Sellerio; La vera storia del mitico undici per Ponte alle Grazie; Cuore Atlantico e Morire a Clipperton per Mursia; Le nuvole di Timor per Cavallo di Ferro; Sirenate per Il Melangolo; Un tango per il duceper Voland; Rosalia Montmasson. L'angelo dei Mille per Mondadori.Con Arrigo Petacco ha firmato Ho sparato a Garibaldi e Caporetto per Mondadori e con Marino Magliani Sporca faccenda, mezzala Morettini per Atlantide. Per Laterza è autore di: Mare verticale. Dalle Cinque Terre a Bocca di Magra; L'incredibile storia di António Salazar, il dittatore che morì due volte; Ahi, Sudamerica! Oriundi, tango e fútbol; Alla rivoluzione sulla Due Cavalli. con Ritorno a Lisbona 50 anni dopo.IL POSTO DELLE PAROLEascoltare fa pensarewww.ilpostodelleparole.itDiventa un supporter di questo podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/il-posto-delle-parole--1487855/support.

Genovasta kuului alkuviikosta yllättäviä uutisia, kun seuralegendat Alberico Evani sekä Attilio Lombardo palasivat Sampdoriaan vuosikymmenien tauon jälkeen - tällä kertaa valmentajina.* Sampdoria (1:11)* Rimini, Varese & Livorno (22:24)* Signor Nessuno (47:10)* Fritto Misto (52:10)Italopodcastin jaksoissa Kimmo Kantolan vakiovieraana on italialaisen jalkapallon ekspertti Mitri Pakkanen.  Jakso nauhoitettu ke 9.4.  Seuraa Instagramissa: https://www.instagram.com/seinakolmannelle/ (@seinakolmannelle) X:ssä: x.com/SKolmannelle

Creare studenti-atleti capaci al tempo stesso di districarsi tra le mischie dei libri e schiacciare il pallone (rigorosamente ovale, ma un po' più appuntito rispetto a quello da rugby….) in touchdown!È l'obiettivo della prima “Italian Flag&Football Academy” che sta per prendere il via a Cecina, in provincia di Livorno. L'intento è riproporre in Italia il modello delle high-school e delle università americane, in cui formazione accademica e sport sono fortemente integrati, per permettere si spera in un futuro prossimo a ragazzi e ragazze di andare a cogliere opportunità di crescita e formazione negli States a partire dal proprio talento sportivo.Ne parliamo oggi a Olympia con Bart Iaccarino, coach dei Cecina Trappers e promotore dell'iniziativa, e con Giorgio Tavecchio, l'unico italiano ad aver giocato - nel ruolo di kicker - nella National Football League americana, dopo aver vissuto e studiato negli Stati Uniti.La regia della puntata è di Valeria Bernardi

Scene da film poliziesco anni '70 sulla variante Aurelia all'uscita della galleria sud di San Vincenzo vicino Livorno. Due furgoni portavalori sono stati assaltati nel tardo pomeriggio di venerdì 28 marzo da una banda armata.

Simone Lenzi"Malcomune"Inclusione, resilienza e una beata minchia negli enti locali.Linkiesta Bookswww.linkiesta.itUn Assessore alla Cultura di una città di provincia racconta il suo incontro con i misteriosi e complessi ingranaggi della macchina amministrativa, con i dipendenti comunali e gli artisti che ogni giorno postulano aiuti pubblici per i loro progetti. Fra mostre di successo, festival e una comprovata dedizione alla causa, guadagnatosi così la stima e il rispetto della città, tutto andrebbe per il meglio se, dopo aver visto una statua alla Biennale di Venezia, l'Assessore non commettesse l'unico errore davvero imperdonabile per un politico: dire, per una volta, quel che pensa davvero. Comincia così l'inevitabile discesa in quell'inferno tragicomico che i giusti e buoni del centrosinistra sono sempre pronti a spalancare per tutti quelli come lui.Simone Lenzi è scrittore, sceneggiatore, saggista, e frontman della storica band indie Virginiana Miller, con i quali ha vinto una Targa Tenco e un David di Donatello, Dal suo romanzo “La Generazione” (Dalai editore), Paolo Virzì ha tratto il film “Tutti i santi giorni”. Ha pubblicato libri per Laterza, Rizzoli e Marsilio. Dal 2019 al 2024 si è dedicato al suo lavoro di Assessore alla Cultura del Comune di Livorno. Per Linkiesta torna ora alle stampe con questo irriverente memoir.acquista qui il libro:https://store.linkiesta.it/prodotto/malcomune/IL POSTO DELLE PAROLEascoltare fa pensarewww.ilpostodelleparole.itDiventa un supporter di questo podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/il-posto-delle-parole--1487855/support.

#onderoad di oggi è in Irlanda per raccontarvi il TradFest e la visita ai Windmill Lane Recording Studios e all'Irish Rock 'n' Roll Museum Experience di Dublino. Ma anche per dare un'occhiata al programma dell'Ireland Week, la settimana dedicata al scoperta e conoscenza dell'Irlanda che dal 9 al 17 marzo (San Patrizio) tingerà di verde smeraldo la città di Milano ( e non solo, quest'anno anche a Genova e Livorno). Una settimana dedicata alla scoperta e conoscenza dell'Irlanda. A cura di Claudio Agostoni #loveireland #yesireland

Come si può raggiungere una velocità di oltre 70 km/h in windsurf? Ne abbiamo parlato con Matteo Iachino, tre volte campione mondiale di windsurf e protagonista di imprese straordinarie: la traversata dalla Liguria alla Corsica e quella da Olbia a Livorno, entrambe completate in solitaria. In questa intervista esclusiva, Matteo ci racconta i segreti dei suoi record e il funzionamento del foil, una pinna subacquea che trasforma la tavola in un mezzo capace di sollevarsi sull'acqua, aumentando velocità e controllo. Approfondiamo con lui gli aspetti tecnici e scientifici di questa innovazione che ha rivoluzionato il windsurf. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

La Roma ha giocato spesso in questi giorni di Dicembre. Ad esempio nel 1937, quando affrontò Pontedera e Livorno.E poi il 12 dicembre 1982 con Roma-Inter 2-1, gol di Falcao e Iorio. Gli stessi due marcatori della splendida vittoria col Colonia di quattro giorni prima.

Becoming Modigliani (Rake Press, 2024) is a comprehensive biography that delves into the troubled life of the Jewish-Italian artist Amedeo Modigliani.; Written by Dr. Henri Colt, an internationally recognized lung specialist, the book examines the artist's legend and Modigliani's creative journey from a medical perspective, from his birth in Livorno, Italy, to his tragic death in a paupers' hospital in Paris at the age of thirty-five, presumably from tuberculous meningitis. Becoming Modigliani sheds light on the young man's chronic illnesses, addictions, and relationships with friends and lovers as he navigated the vibrant yet challenging world of early twentieth-century Bohemian Paris. Beginning with "Modi's" birth in 1884, the narrative is divided into five parts, seamlessly blending biographical elements with medical insights and a critical analysis of Modigliani's work among some of the greatest artists of the time. It also provides thoughtful descriptions of a changing society governed by the impact of infectious diseases, war, and a flourishing of other creative geniuses such as Picasso, Jean Cocteau, and Guillaume Apollinaire. With thirty-seven virtually standalone chapters, a preface and epilogue, three appendices, and a rich array of illustrations and references, this biography promises a profound and compassionate exploration of Modigliani's embattled world. In Becoming Modigliani, Dr. Colt's aim is to foster empathy and greater understanding by unraveling the intricate layers of Modigliani's existence. The result is a captivating and deeply researched tale that will resonate with a diverse audience of serious readers, art and medical history enthusiasts, sociologists, and anyone interested in the human spirit. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network

Becoming Modigliani (Rake Press, 2024) is a comprehensive biography that delves into the troubled life of the Jewish-Italian artist Amedeo Modigliani.; Written by Dr. Henri Colt, an internationally recognized lung specialist, the book examines the artist's legend and Modigliani's creative journey from a medical perspective, from his birth in Livorno, Italy, to his tragic death in a paupers' hospital in Paris at the age of thirty-five, presumably from tuberculous meningitis. Becoming Modigliani sheds light on the young man's chronic illnesses, addictions, and relationships with friends and lovers as he navigated the vibrant yet challenging world of early twentieth-century Bohemian Paris. Beginning with "Modi's" birth in 1884, the narrative is divided into five parts, seamlessly blending biographical elements with medical insights and a critical analysis of Modigliani's work among some of the greatest artists of the time. It also provides thoughtful descriptions of a changing society governed by the impact of infectious diseases, war, and a flourishing of other creative geniuses such as Picasso, Jean Cocteau, and Guillaume Apollinaire. With thirty-seven virtually standalone chapters, a preface and epilogue, three appendices, and a rich array of illustrations and references, this biography promises a profound and compassionate exploration of Modigliani's embattled world. In Becoming Modigliani, Dr. Colt's aim is to foster empathy and greater understanding by unraveling the intricate layers of Modigliani's existence. The result is a captivating and deeply researched tale that will resonate with a diverse audience of serious readers, art and medical history enthusiasts, sociologists, and anyone interested in the human spirit. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/history

Becoming Modigliani (Rake Press, 2024) is a comprehensive biography that delves into the troubled life of the Jewish-Italian artist Amedeo Modigliani.; Written by Dr. Henri Colt, an internationally recognized lung specialist, the book examines the artist's legend and Modigliani's creative journey from a medical perspective, from his birth in Livorno, Italy, to his tragic death in a paupers' hospital in Paris at the age of thirty-five, presumably from tuberculous meningitis. Becoming Modigliani sheds light on the young man's chronic illnesses, addictions, and relationships with friends and lovers as he navigated the vibrant yet challenging world of early twentieth-century Bohemian Paris. Beginning with "Modi's" birth in 1884, the narrative is divided into five parts, seamlessly blending biographical elements with medical insights and a critical analysis of Modigliani's work among some of the greatest artists of the time. It also provides thoughtful descriptions of a changing society governed by the impact of infectious diseases, war, and a flourishing of other creative geniuses such as Picasso, Jean Cocteau, and Guillaume Apollinaire. With thirty-seven virtually standalone chapters, a preface and epilogue, three appendices, and a rich array of illustrations and references, this biography promises a profound and compassionate exploration of Modigliani's embattled world. In Becoming Modigliani, Dr. Colt's aim is to foster empathy and greater understanding by unraveling the intricate layers of Modigliani's existence. The result is a captivating and deeply researched tale that will resonate with a diverse audience of serious readers, art and medical history enthusiasts, sociologists, and anyone interested in the human spirit. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/biography

Becoming Modigliani (Rake Press, 2024) is a comprehensive biography that delves into the troubled life of the Jewish-Italian artist Amedeo Modigliani.; Written by Dr. Henri Colt, an internationally recognized lung specialist, the book examines the artist's legend and Modigliani's creative journey from a medical perspective, from his birth in Livorno, Italy, to his tragic death in a paupers' hospital in Paris at the age of thirty-five, presumably from tuberculous meningitis. Becoming Modigliani sheds light on the young man's chronic illnesses, addictions, and relationships with friends and lovers as he navigated the vibrant yet challenging world of early twentieth-century Bohemian Paris. Beginning with "Modi's" birth in 1884, the narrative is divided into five parts, seamlessly blending biographical elements with medical insights and a critical analysis of Modigliani's work among some of the greatest artists of the time. It also provides thoughtful descriptions of a changing society governed by the impact of infectious diseases, war, and a flourishing of other creative geniuses such as Picasso, Jean Cocteau, and Guillaume Apollinaire. With thirty-seven virtually standalone chapters, a preface and epilogue, three appendices, and a rich array of illustrations and references, this biography promises a profound and compassionate exploration of Modigliani's embattled world. In Becoming Modigliani, Dr. Colt's aim is to foster empathy and greater understanding by unraveling the intricate layers of Modigliani's existence. The result is a captivating and deeply researched tale that will resonate with a diverse audience of serious readers, art and medical history enthusiasts, sociologists, and anyone interested in the human spirit. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/art

Becoming Modigliani (Rake Press, 2024) is a comprehensive biography that delves into the troubled life of the Jewish-Italian artist Amedeo Modigliani.; Written by Dr. Henri Colt, an internationally recognized lung specialist, the book examines the artist's legend and Modigliani's creative journey from a medical perspective, from his birth in Livorno, Italy, to his tragic death in a paupers' hospital in Paris at the age of thirty-five, presumably from tuberculous meningitis. Becoming Modigliani sheds light on the young man's chronic illnesses, addictions, and relationships with friends and lovers as he navigated the vibrant yet challenging world of early twentieth-century Bohemian Paris. Beginning with "Modi's" birth in 1884, the narrative is divided into five parts, seamlessly blending biographical elements with medical insights and a critical analysis of Modigliani's work among some of the greatest artists of the time. It also provides thoughtful descriptions of a changing society governed by the impact of infectious diseases, war, and a flourishing of other creative geniuses such as Picasso, Jean Cocteau, and Guillaume Apollinaire. With thirty-seven virtually standalone chapters, a preface and epilogue, three appendices, and a rich array of illustrations and references, this biography promises a profound and compassionate exploration of Modigliani's embattled world. In Becoming Modigliani, Dr. Colt's aim is to foster empathy and greater understanding by unraveling the intricate layers of Modigliani's existence. The result is a captivating and deeply researched tale that will resonate with a diverse audience of serious readers, art and medical history enthusiasts, sociologists, and anyone interested in the human spirit. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/european-studies

Becoming Modigliani (Rake Press, 2024) is a comprehensive biography that delves into the troubled life of the Jewish-Italian artist Amedeo Modigliani.; Written by Dr. Henri Colt, an internationally recognized lung specialist, the book examines the artist's legend and Modigliani's creative journey from a medical perspective, from his birth in Livorno, Italy, to his tragic death in a paupers' hospital in Paris at the age of thirty-five, presumably from tuberculous meningitis. Becoming Modigliani sheds light on the young man's chronic illnesses, addictions, and relationships with friends and lovers as he navigated the vibrant yet challenging world of early twentieth-century Bohemian Paris. Beginning with "Modi's" birth in 1884, the narrative is divided into five parts, seamlessly blending biographical elements with medical insights and a critical analysis of Modigliani's work among some of the greatest artists of the time. It also provides thoughtful descriptions of a changing society governed by the impact of infectious diseases, war, and a flourishing of other creative geniuses such as Picasso, Jean Cocteau, and Guillaume Apollinaire. With thirty-seven virtually standalone chapters, a preface and epilogue, three appendices, and a rich array of illustrations and references, this biography promises a profound and compassionate exploration of Modigliani's embattled world. In Becoming Modigliani, Dr. Colt's aim is to foster empathy and greater understanding by unraveling the intricate layers of Modigliani's existence. The result is a captivating and deeply researched tale that will resonate with a diverse audience of serious readers, art and medical history enthusiasts, sociologists, and anyone interested in the human spirit. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/italian-studies

Il protagonista della puntata 290 di Passione Triathlon èFABIO QUAGLIERINISegui l'intervista condotta da Dario Daddo Nardone, in prima visione il 6 dicembre 2024 dalle 21.00.#daddocè #mondotriathlon #ioTRIamo ❤️________Video puntate Passione Triathlon: https://www.mondotriathlon.it/passioneSegui il Podcast di Passione Triathlon suSpotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/7FgsIqHtPVSMWmvDk3ygM1Spreaker: https://www.spreaker.com/show/triathlonAmazon Music: https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/f7e2e6f0-3473-4b18-b2d9-f6499078b9e0/mondo-triathlon-daddo-podcastApple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/it/podcast/mondo-triathlon-daddo-podcast/id1226932686Trinews: Mondotriathlon.itFacebook: @mondotriathlonInstagram: @mondotriathlon________#triathlon #trilife #fczstyle#passionetriathlon

E' stata fatta la visita urologica. Il responso del Piccolo Dave. Tutto bene.Matteo de Robertis è il titolare del Ristorante Romanzo di Livorno dove si cucina la carne di coccodrillo. Molto tenera.Roberto da Venezia, vestito con maglia trumpiana diventa editorialista per un giorno.Telefonatina alla signora Flora-Fauna sui fatti di Napoli. Finisce malissimo. NANNANNAA NANNANNA NANNNANANNANNANABenedetta dal Regno di Agartha e la pedofilia tra i bambini portata avanti dai bambini di Hollywood. Si fanno nomi e cognomi. Franco Branciaroli, attore molto conosciuto... esperto di sessualità.

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Il 20 marzo 2010 la Roma di Ranieri cala il poker all'Olimpico, riscattando in un solo colpo la sconfitta dell'andata e il pareggio beffa di Livorno: 4-2 il risultato finale che permette ai giallorossi di continuare a coltivare il sogno tricolore.Roma-Udinese è la partita della tripletta di Mirko Vucinic.

Listen to the premiere episode of the second season of The Forgotten Exodus, the multi-award-winning, chart-topping, and first-ever narrative podcast series to focus exclusively on Mizrahi and Sephardic Jews. This week's episode focuses on Jews from Tunisia. If you like what you hear, subscribe before the next episode drops on September 3. “In the Israeli DNA and the Jewish DNA, we have to fight to be who we are. In every generation, empires and big forces tried to erase us . . . I know what it is to be rejected for several parts of my identity... I'm fighting for my ancestors, but I'm also fighting for our future generation.”  Hen Mazzig, a writer, digital creator, and founder of the Tel Aviv Institute, shares his powerful journey as a proud Israeli, LGBTQ+, and Mizrahi Jew, in the premiere episode of the second season of the award-winning podcast, The Forgotten Exodus. Hen delves into his family's deep roots in Tunisia, their harrowing experiences during the Nazi occupation, and their eventual escape to Israel. Discover the rich history of Tunisia's ancient Amazigh Jewish community, the impact of French colonial and Arab nationalist movements on Jews in North Africa, and the cultural identity that Hen passionately preserves today. Joining the conversation is historian Lucette Valensi, an expert on Tunisian Jewish culture, who provides scholarly insights into the longstanding presence of Jews in Tunisia, from antiquity to their exodus in the mid-20th century. ___ Show notes: Sign up to receive podcast updates here. Learn more about the series here. Song credits:  "Penceresi Yola Karsi" -- by Turku, Nomads of the Silk Road Pond5:  “Desert Caravans”: Publisher: Pond5 Publishing Beta (BMI), Composer: Tiemur Zarobov (BMI), IPI#1098108837 “Sentimental Oud Middle Eastern”: Publisher: Pond5 Publishing Beta (BMI), Composer: Sotirios Bakas (BMI), IPI#797324989. “Meditative Middle Eastern Flute”: Publisher: Pond5 Publishing Beta (BMI), Composer: Danielyan Ashot Makichevich (BMI), IPI Name #00855552512, United States BMI “Tunisia Eastern”: Publisher: Edi Surya Nurrohim, Composer: Edi Surya Nurrohim, Item ID#155836469. “At The Rabbi's Table”: Publisher: Pond5 Publishing Beta (BMI), Composer: Fazio Giulio (IPI/CAE# 00198377019). “Fields Of Elysium”; Publisher: Mysterylab Music; Composer: Mott Jordan; ID#79549862  “Frontiers”: Publisher: Pond5 Publishing Beta (BMI); Composer: Pete Checkley (BMI), IPI#380407375 “Hatikvah (National Anthem Of Israel)”; Composer: Eli Sibony; ID#122561081 “Tunisian Pot Dance (Short)”: Publisher: Pond5 Publishing Beta (BMI); Composer: kesokid, ID #97451515 “Middle East Ident”; Publisher: Pond5 Publishing Alpha (ASCAP); Composer: Alon Marcus (ACUM), IPI#776550702 “Adventures in the East”: Publisher: Pond5 Publishing Beta (BMI) Composer: Petar Milinkovic (BMI), IPI#00738313833. ___ Episode Transcript: HEN MAZZIG: They took whatever they had left and they got on a boat. And my grandmother told me this story before she passed away on how they were on this boat coming to Israel.  And they were so happy, and they were crying because they felt that finally after generations upon generations of oppression they are going to come to a place where they are going to be protected, and that she was coming home. MANYA BRACHEAR PASHMAN: The world has overlooked an important episode in modern history: the 800,000 Jews who left or were driven from their homes in the Middle East and North Africa in the mid-20th century. Welcome to the second season of The Forgotten Exodus, brought to you by American Jewish Committee. This series explores that pivotal moment in history and the little-known Jewish heritage of Iran and Arab nations. As Jews around the world confront violent antisemitism and Israelis face daily attacks by terrorists on multiple fronts, our second season explores how Jews have lived throughout the region for generations–despite hardship, hostility, and hatred–then sought safety and new possibilities in their ancestral homeland. I'm your host, Manya Brachear Pashman. Join us as we explore untold family histories and personal stories of courage, perseverance, and resilience from this transformative and tumultuous period of history for the Jewish people and the Middle East.  The world has ignored these voices. We will not. This is The Forgotten Exodus.  Today's episode: leaving Tunisia. __ [Tel Aviv Pride video] MANYA BRACHEAR PASHMAN: Every June, Hen Mazzig, who splits his time between London and Tel Aviv, heads to Israel to show his Pride. His Israeli pride. His LGBTQ+ pride. And his Mizrahi Jewish pride. For that one week, all of those identities coalesce.  And while other cities around the world have transformed Pride into a June version of the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, Israel is home to one of the few vibrant LGBTQ communities in the Middle East. Tel Aviv keeps it real. HEN: For me, Pride in Israel, in Tel Aviv, it still has this element of fighting for something. And that it's important for all of us to show up and to come out to the Pride Parade because if we're not going to be there, there's some people with agendas to erase us and we can't let them do it. MANYA: This year, the Tel Aviv Pride rally was a more somber affair as participants demanded freedom for the more than 100 hostages still held in Gaza since October 7th.  On that day, Hamas terrorists bent on erasing Jews from the Middle East went on a murderous rampage, killing more than 1,200, kidnapping 250 others, and unleashing what has become a 7-front war on Israel. HEN: In the Israeli DNA and the Jewish DNA we have to fight to be who we are. In every generation, empires and big forces tried to erase us, and we had to fight. And the LGBTQ+ community also knows very well how hard it is. I know what it is to be rejected for several parts of my identity. And I don't want anyone to go through that. I don't want my children to go through that. I'm fighting for my ancestors, but I'm also fighting for our future generation. MANYA: Hen Mazzig is an international speaker, writer, and digital influencer. In 2022, he founded the Tel Aviv Institute, a social media laboratory that tackles antisemitism online. He's also a second-generation Israeli, whose maternal grandparents fled Iraq, while his father's parents fled Tunisia – roots that echo in the family name: Mazzig. HEN: The last name Mazzig never made sense, because in Israel a lot of the last names have meaning in Hebrew.  So I remember one of my teachers in school was saying that Mazzig sounds like mozeg, which means pouring in Hebrew. Maybe your ancestors were running a bar or something? Clearly, this teacher did not have knowledge of the Amazigh people. Which, later on I learned, several of those tribes, those Amazigh tribes, were Jewish or practiced Judaism, and that there was 5,000 Jews that came from Tunisia that were holding both identities of being Jewish and Amazigh.  And today, they have last names like Mazzig, and Amzaleg, Mizzoug. There's several of those last names in Israel today. And they are the descendants of those Jewish communities that have lived in the Atlas Mountains. MANYA: The Atlas Mountains. A 1,500-mile chain of magnificent peaks and treacherous terrain that stretch across Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia, separating the Sahara from the Mediterranean and Atlantic coastline.  It's where the nomadic Amazigh have called home for thousands of years. The Amazigh trace their origins to at least 2,000 BCE  in western North Africa. They speak the language of Tamazight and rely on cattle and agriculture as their main sources of income.  But textiles too. In fact, you've probably heard of the Amazigh or own a rug woven by them. A Berber rug. HEN: Amazigh, which are also called Berbers. But they're rejecting this term because of the association with barbarians, which was the title that European colonialists when they came to North Africa gave them. There's beautiful folklore about Jewish leaders within the Amazigh people. One story that I really connected to was the story of Queen Dihya that was also known as El-Kahina, which in Arabic means the Kohen, the priest, and she was known as this leader of the Amazigh tribes, and she was Jewish.  Her derrogaters were calling her a Jewish witch, because they said that she had the power to foresee the future. And her roots were apparently connected to Queen Sheba and her arrival from Israel back to Africa. And she was the descendant of Queen Sheba. And that's how she led the Amazigh people.  And the stories that I read about her, I just felt so connected. How she had this long, black, curly hair that went all the way down to her knees, and she was fierce, and she was very committed to her identity, and she was fighting against the Islamic expansion to North Africa.  And when she failed, after years of holding them off, she realized that she can't do it anymore and she's going to lose. And she was not willing to give up her Jewish identity and convert to Islam and instead she jumped into a well and died. This well is known today in Tunisia. It's the [Bir] Al-Kahina or Dihya's Well that is still in existence. Her descendants, her kids, were Jewish members of the Amazigh people.  Of course, I would like to believe that I am the descendant of royalty. MANYA: Scholars debate whether the Amazigh converted to Judaism or descended from Queen Dihya and stayed.  Lucette Valensi is a French scholar of Tunisian history who served as a director of studies at the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences in Paris, one of the most prestigious institutions of graduate education in France. She has written extensively about Tunisian Jewish culture.   Generations of her family lived in Tunisia. She says archaeological evidence proves Jews were living in that land since Antiquity. LUCETTE VALENSI: I myself am a Chemla, born Chemla. And this is an Arabic name, which means a kind of belt. And my mother's name was Tartour, which is a turban [laugh]. So the names were Arabic. So my ancestors spoke Arabic. I don't know if any of them spoke Berber before, or Latin. I have no idea. But there were Jews in antiquity and of course, through Saint Augustin. MANYA: So when did Jews arrive in Tunisia? LUCETTE: [laugh] That's a strange question because they were there since Antiquity. We have evidence of their presence in mosaics of synagogues, from the times of Byzantium. I think we think in terms of a short chronology, and they would tend to associate the Jews to colonization, which does not make sense, they were there much before French colonization. They were there for millennia. MANYA: Valensi says Jews lived in Tunisia dating to the time of Carthage, an ancient city-state in what is now Tunisia, that reached its peak in the fourth century BCE. Later, under Roman and then Byzantine rule, Carthage continued to play a vital role as a center of commerce and trade during antiquity.  Besides the role of tax collectors, Jews were forbidden to serve in almost all public offices. Between the 5th and 8th centuries CE, conditions fluctuated between relief and forced conversions while under Christian rule.  After the Islamic conquest of Tunisia in the seventh and early eighth centuries CE, the treatment of Jews largely depended on which Muslim ruler was in charge at the time.  Some Jews converted to Islam while others lived as dhimmis, or second-class citizens, protected by the state in exchange for a special tax known as the jizya. In 1146, the first caliph of the Almohad dynasty, declared that the Prophet Muhammad had granted Jews religious freedom for only 500 years, by which time if the messiah had not come, they had to convert.  Those who did not convert and even those who did were forced to wear yellow turbans or other special garb called shikra, to distinguish them from Muslims. An influx of Jews expelled from Spain and Portugal arrived in the 14th Century. In the 16th Century, Tunisia became part of the Ottoman Empire, and the situation of Jews improved significantly. Another group who had settled in the coastal Tuscan city of Livorno crossed the Mediterranean in the 17th and 18th centuries to make Tunisia their home. LUCETTE: There were other groups that came, Jews from Italy, Jews from Spain, of course, Spain and Portugal, different periods. 14th century already from Spain and then from Spain and Portugal. From Italy, from Livorno, that's later, but the Jews from Livorno themselves came from Spain.  So I myself am named Valensi. From Valencia. It was the family name of my first husband. So from Valencia in Spain they went to Livorno, and from Livorno–Leghorn in English–to Tunisia. MANYA: At its peak, Tunisia's Jewish population exceeded 100,000 – a combination of Sephardi and Mizrahi. HEN: When we speak about Jews from the Middle East and North Africa, specifically in the West, or mainly in the West, we're referring to them as Sephardi. But in Tunisia, it's very interesting to see that there was the Grana community which are Livorno Jews that moved to Tunisia in the 1800s, and they brought the Sephardi way of praying.  And that's why I always use the term Mizrahi to describe myself, because I feel like it encapsulates more of my identity. And for me, the Sephardi title that we often use on those communities doesn't feel accurate to me, and it also has the connection to Ladino, which my grandparents never spoke.  They spoke Tamazight, Judeo-Tamazight, which was the language of those tribes in North Africa. And my family from my mother's side, from Iraq, they were speaking Judeo-Iraqi-Arabic.  So for me, the term Sephardi just doesn't cut it. I go with Mizrahi to describe myself. MANYA: The terms Ashkenazi, Sephardi, and Mizrahi all refer to the places Jews once called home.  Ashkenazi Jews hail from Central and Eastern Europe, particularly Germany, Poland, and Russia. They traditionally speak Yiddish, and their customs and practices reflect the influences of Central and Eastern European cultures.  Pogroms in Eastern Europe and the Holocaust led many Ashkenazi Jews to flee their longtime homes to countries like the United States and their ancestral homeland, Israel.  Mizrahi, which means “Eastern” in Hebrew, refers to the diaspora of descendants of Jewish communities from Middle Eastern countries such as: Iraq, Iran, and Yemen, and North African countries such as: Tunisia, Libya, and Morocco. Ancient Jewish communities that have lived in the region for millennia long before the advent of Islam and Christianity. They often speak dialects of Arabic. Sephardi Jews originate from Spain and Portugal, speaking Ladino and incorporating Spanish and Portuguese cultural influences. Following their expulsion from the Iberian Peninsula in 1492, they settled in regions like North Africa and the Balkans. In Tunisia, the Mizrahi and Sephardi communities lived side by side, but separately. HEN: As time passed, those communities became closer together, still quite separated, but they became closer and closer. And perhaps the reason they were becoming closer was because of the hardship that they faced as Jews.  For the leaders of Muslim armies that came to Tunisia, it didn't matter if you were a Sephardi Jew, or if you were an Amazigh Jew. You were a Jew for them. MANYA: Algeria's invasion of Tunisia in the 18th century had a disproportionate effect on Tunisia's Jewish community. The Algerian army killed thousands of the citizens of Tunis, many of whom were Jewish. Algerians raped Jewish women, looted Jewish homes. LUCETTE: There were moments of trouble when you had an invasion of the Algerian army to impose a prince. The Jews were molested in Tunis. MANYA: After a military invasion, a French protectorate was established in 1881 and lasted until Tunisia gained independence in 1956. The Jews of Tunisia felt much safer under the French protectorate.  They put a lot of stock in the French revolutionary promise of Liberté, égalité, fraternité. Soon, the French language replaced Judeo-Arabic. LUCETTE: Well, under colonization, the Jews were in a better position. First, the school system. They went to modern schools, especially the Alliance [Israélite Universelle] schools, and with that started a form of Westernization.  You had also schools in Italian, created by Italian Jews, and some Tunisian Jews went to these schools and already in the 19th century, there was a form of acculturation and Westernization.  Access to newspapers, creation of newspapers. In the 1880s Jews had already their own newspapers in Hebrew characters, but Arabic language.  And my grandfather was one of the early journalists and they started having their own press and published books, folklore, sort of short stories. MANYA: In May 1940, Nazi Germany invaded France and quickly overran the French Third Republic, forcing the French to sign an armistice agreement in June. The armistice significantly reduced the territory governed by France and created a new government known as the Vichy regime, after the central French city where it was based.  The Vichy regime collaborated with the Nazis, establishing a special administration to introduce anti-Jewish legislation and enforce a compulsory Jewish census in all of its territories including Tunisia. Hen grew up learning about the Holocaust, the Nazis' attempt to erase the Jewish people. As part of his schooling, he learned the names of concentration and death camps and he heard the stories from his friends' grandparents.  But because he was not Ashkenazi, because his grandparents didn't suffer through the same catastrophe that befell Europe, Hen never felt fully accepted.  It was a trauma that belonged to his Ashkenazi friends of German and Polish descent, not to him. Or so they thought and so he thought, until he was a teenager and asked his grandmother Kamisa to finally share their family's journey from Tunisia. That's when he learned that the Mazzig family had not been exempt from Hitler's hatred. In November 1942, Tunisia became the only North African country to come under Nazi Germany's occupation and the Nazis wasted no time. Jewish property was confiscated, and heavy fines were levied on large Jewish communities. With the presence of the Einsatzkommando, a subgroup of the Einsatzgruppen, or mobile killing units, the Nazis were prepared to implement the systematic murder of the Jews of Tunisia. The tide of the war turned just in time to prevent that. LUCETTE: At the time the Germans came, they did not control the Mediterranean, and so they could not export us to the camps. We were saved by that. Lanor camps for men in dangerous places where there were bombs by the Allies. But not for us, it was, I mean, they took our radios. They took the silverware or they took money, this kind of oppression, but they did not murder us.  They took the men away, a few families were directly impacted and died in the camps. A few men. So we were afraid. We were occupied. But compared to what Jews in Europe were subjected to, we didn't suffer.  MANYA: Almost 5,000 Jews, most of them from Tunis and from certain northern communities, were taken captive and incarcerated in 32 labor camps scattered throughout Tunisia. Jews were not only required to wear yellow stars, but those in the camps were also required to wear them on their backs so they could be identified from a distance and shot in the event they tried to escape. HEN: My grandmother never told me until before she died, when she was more open about the stories of oppression, on how she was serving food for the French Nazi officers that were occupying Tunisia, or how my grandfather was in a labor camp, and he was supposed to be sent to a death camp in Europe as well. They never felt like they should share these stories. MANYA: The capture of Tunisia by the Allied forces in May 1943 led the Axis forces in North Africa to surrender. But the country remained under French colonial rule and the antisemitic legislation of the Vichy regime continued until 1944. Many of the Vichy camps, including forced labor camps in the Sahara, continued to operate.  Even after the decline and fall of the Vichy regime and the pursuit of independence from French rule began, conditions for the Mazzig family and many others in the Tunisian Jewish community did not improve.  But the source of much of the hostility and strife was actually a beacon of hope for Tunisia's Jews. On May 14, 1948, the world had witnessed the creation of the state of Israel, sparking outrage throughout the Arab world. Seven Arab nations declared war on Israel the day after it declared independence.  Amid the rise of Tunisian nationalism and its push for independence from France, Jewish communities who had lived in Tunisia for centuries became targets. Guilty by association. No longer welcome. Rabbinical councils were dismantled. Jewish sports associations banned. Jews practiced their religion in hiding. Hen's grandfather recounted violence in the Jewish quarter of Tunis.  HEN: When World War Two was over, the Jewish community in Tunisia was hoping that now that Tunisia would have emancipation, and it would become a country, that their neighbors and the country itself would protect them. Because when it was Nazis, they knew that it was a foreign power that came from France and oppressed them. They knew that there was some hatred in the past, from their Muslim neighbors towards them.  But they also were hoping that, if anything, they would go back to the same status of a dhimmi, of being a protected minority. Even if they were not going to be fully accepted and celebrated in this society, at least they would be protected, for paying tax. And this really did not happen. MANYA: By the early 1950s, life for the Mazzig family became untenable. By then, American Jewish organizations based in Tunis started working to take Jews to Israel right away.  HEN: [My family decided to leave.] They took whatever they had left. And they got on a boat. And my grandmother told me this story before she passed away on how they were on this boat coming to Israel.  And they were so happy, and they were crying because they felt that finally after generations upon generations of oppression of living as a minority that knows that anytime the ruler might turn on them and take everything they have and pull the ground underneath their feet, they are going to come to a place where they are going to be protected. And maybe they will face hate, but no one will hate them because they're Jewish.  And I often dream about my grandmother being a young girl on this boat and how she must have felt to know that the nightmare and the hell that she went through is behind her and that she was coming home. MANYA: The boat they sailed to Israel took days. When Hen's uncle, just a young child at the time, got sick, the captain threatened to throw him overboard. Hen's grandmother hid the child inside her clothes until they docked in Israel. When they arrived, they were sprayed with DDT to kill any lice or disease, then placed in ma'abarot, which in Hebrew means transit camps. In this case, it was a tent with one bed. HEN: They were really mistreated back then. And it's not criticism. I mean, yes, it is also criticism, but it's not without understanding the context. That it was a young country that just started, and those Jewish communities, Jewish refugees came from Tunisia, they didn't speak Hebrew. They didn't look like the other Jewish communities there. And while they all had this in common, that they were all Jews, they had a very different experience. MANYA: No, the family's arrival in the Holy Land was nothing like what they had imagined. But even still, it was a dream fulfilled and there was hope, which they had lost in Tunisia. HEN: I think that it was somewhere in between having both this deep connection to Israel and going there because they wanted to, and also knowing that there's no future in Tunisia. And the truth is that even–and I'm sure people that are listening to us, that are strong Zionists and love Israel, if you tell them ‘OK, so move tomorrow,' no matter how much you love Israel, it's a very difficult decision to make.  Unless it's not really a decision. And I think for them, it wasn't really a decision. And they went through so much, they knew, OK, we have to leave and I think for the first time having a country, having Israel was the hope that they had for centuries to go back home, finally realized. MANYA: Valensi's family did stay a while longer. When Tunisia declared independence in 1956, her father, a ceramicist, designed tiles for the residence of President Habib Bourguiba. Those good relations did not last.  Valensi studied history in France, married an engineer, and returned to Tunisia. But after being there for five years, it became clear that Jews were not treated equally and they returned to France in 1965. LUCETTE: I did not plan to emigrate. And then it became more and more obvious that some people were more equal than others [laugh]. And so there was this nationalist mood where responsibilities were given to Muslims rather than Jews and I felt more and more segregated.  And so, my husband was an engineer from a good engineering school. Again, I mean, he worked for another engineer, who was a Muslim. We knew he would never reach the same position. His father was a lawyer. And in the tribunal, he had to use Arabic. And so all these things accumulated, and we were displaced. MANYA: Valensi said Jewish emigration from Tunisia accelerated at two more mileposts. Even after Tunisia declared independence, France maintained a presence and a naval base in the port city of Bizerte, a strategic port on the Mediterranean for the French who were fighting with Algeria.  In 1961, Tunisian forces blockaded the naval base and warned France to stay out of its airspace. What became known as the Bizerte Crisis lasted for three days. LUCETTE: There were critical times, like what we call “La Crise de Bizerte.” Bizerte is a port to the west of Tunis that used to be a military port and when independence was negotiated with France, the French kept this port, where they could keep an army, and Bourguiba decided that he wanted this port back. And there was a war, a conflict, between Tunisia and France in ‘61.  And that crisis was one moment when Jews thought: if there is no French presence to protect us, then anything could happen. You had the movement of emigration.  Of course, much later, ‘67, the unrest in the Middle East, and what happened there provoked a kind of panic, and there were movements against the Jews in Tunis – violence and destruction of shops, etc. So they emigrated again. Now you have only a few hundred Jews left. MANYA: Valensi's first husband died at an early age. Her second husband, Abraham Udovitch, is the former chair of Near Eastern Studies at Princeton University. Together, they researched and published a book about the Jewish communities in the Tunisian island of Djerba. The couple now splits their time between Paris and Princeton. But Valensi returns to Tunisia every year. It's still home. LUCETTE: When I go, strange thing, I feel at home. I mean, I feel I belong. My Arabic comes back. The words that I thought I had forgotten come back. They welcome you. I mean, if you go, you say you come from America, they're going to ask you questions. Are you Jewish? Did you go to Israel? I mean, these kind of very brutal questions, right away. They're going there. The taxi driver won't hesitate to ask you: Are you Jewish? But at the same time, they're very welcoming. So, I have no trouble. MANYA: Hen, on the other hand, has never been to the land of his ancestors. He holds on to his grandparents' trauma. And fear.  HEN: Tunisia just still feels a bit unsafe to me. Just as recent as a couple of months ago, there was a terror attack. So it's something that's still occurring.  MANYA: Just last year, a member of the Tunisian National Guard opened fire on worshippers outside El Ghriba Synagogue where a large gathering of Jewish pilgrims were celebrating the festival of Lag BaOmer. The synagogue is located on the Tunisian island of Djerba where Valensi and her husband did research for their book. Earlier this year, a mob attacked an abandoned synagogue in the southern city of Sfax, setting fire to the building's courtyard. Numbering over 100,000 Jews on the eve of Israel's Independence in 1948, the Tunisian Jewish community is now estimated to be less than 1,000.  There has been limited contact over the years between Tunisia and Israel. Some Israeli tourists, mostly of Tunisian origin, annually visit the El Ghriba synagogue in Djerba. But the government has largely been hostile to the Jewish state.  In the wake of the October 7 attack, the Tunisian parliament began debate on a law that would criminalize any normalization of ties with Israel. Still, Hen would like to go just once to see where his grandparents lived. Walked. Cooked. Prayed.  But to him it's just geography, an arbitrary place on a map. The memories, the music, the recipes, the traditions. It's no longer in Tunisia. It's elsewhere now – in the only country that preserved it. HEN: The Jewish Tunisian culture, the only place that it's been maintained is in Israel. That's why it's still alive. Like in Tunisia, it's not really celebrated. It's not something that they keep as much as they keep here.  Like if you want to go to a proper Mimouna, you would probably need to go to Israel, not to North Africa, although that's where it started. And the same with the Middle Eastern Jewish cuisine. The only place in the world, where be it Tunisian Jews and Iraqi Jews, or Yemenite Jews, still develop their recipes, is in Israel.  Israel is home, and this is where we still celebrate our culture and our cuisine and our identity is still something that I can engage with here.  I always feel like I am living the dreams of my grandparents, and I know that my grandmother is looking from above and I know how proud she is that we have a country, that we have a place to be safe at.  And that everything I do today is to protect my people, to protect the Jewish people, and making sure that next time when a country, when an empire, when a power would turn on Jews we'll have a place to go to and be safe. MANYA: Tunisian Jews are just one of the many Jewish communities who, in the last century, left Arab countries to forge new lives for themselves and future generations.  Join us next week as we share another untold story of The Forgotten Exodus. Many thanks to Hen for sharing his story. You can read more in his memoir The Wrong Kind of Jew: A Mizrahi Manifesto. Too many times during my reporting, I encountered children and grandchildren who didn't have the answers to my questions because they'd never asked. That's why one of the goals of this project is to encourage you to ask those questions. Find your stories. Atara Lakritz is our producer. T.K. Broderick is our sound engineer. Special thanks to Jon Schweitzer, Nicole Mazur, Sean Savage, and Madeleine Stern, and so many of our colleagues, too many to name really, for making this series possible.  You can subscribe to The Forgotten Exodus on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, or wherever you listen to podcasts, and you can learn more at AJC.org/theforgottenexodus.  The views and opinions of our guests don't necessarily reflect the positions of AJC.  You can reach us at theforgottenexodus@ajc.org. If you've enjoyed this episode, please be sure to spread the word, and hop onto Apple Podcasts or Spotify to rate us and write a review to help more listeners find us.

“In the Israeli DNA and the Jewish DNA, we have to fight to be who we are. In every generation, empires and big forces tried to erase us . . . I know what it is to be rejected for several parts of my identity... I'm fighting for my ancestors, but I'm also fighting for our future generation.”  Hen Mazzig, a writer, digital creator, and founder of the Tel Aviv Institute, shares his powerful journey as a proud Israeli, LGBTQ+, and Mizrahi Jew, in the premiere episode of the second season of the award-winning podcast, The Forgotten Exodus. Hen delves into his family's deep roots in Tunisia, their harrowing experiences during the Nazi occupation, and their eventual escape to Israel. Discover the rich history of Tunisia's ancient Amazigh Jewish community, the impact of French colonial and Arab nationalist movements on Jews in North Africa, and the cultural identity that Hen passionately preserves today. Joining the conversation is historian Lucette Valensi, an expert on Tunisian Jewish culture, who provides scholarly insights into the longstanding presence of Jews in Tunisia, from antiquity to their exodus in the mid-20th century. ___ Show notes: Sign up to receive podcast updates here. Learn more about the series here. Song credits:  "Penceresi Yola Karsi" -- by Turku, Nomads of the Silk Road Pond5:  “Desert Caravans”: Publisher: Pond5 Publishing Beta (BMI), Composer: Tiemur Zarobov (BMI), IPI#1098108837 “Sentimental Oud Middle Eastern”: Publisher: Pond5 Publishing Beta (BMI), Composer: Sotirios Bakas (BMI), IPI#797324989. “Meditative Middle Eastern Flute”: Publisher: Pond5 Publishing Beta (BMI), Composer: Danielyan Ashot Makichevich (BMI), IPI Name #00855552512, United States BMI “Tunisia Eastern”: Publisher: Edi Surya Nurrohim, Composer: Edi Surya Nurrohim, Item ID#155836469. “At The Rabbi's Table”: Publisher: Pond5 Publishing Beta (BMI), Composer: Fazio Giulio (IPI/CAE# 00198377019). “Fields Of Elysium”; Publisher: Mysterylab Music; Composer: Mott Jordan; ID#79549862  “Frontiers”: Publisher: Pond5 Publishing Beta (BMI); Composer: Pete Checkley (BMI), IPI#380407375 “Hatikvah (National Anthem Of Israel)”; Composer: Eli Sibony; ID#122561081 “Tunisian Pot Dance (Short)”: Publisher: Pond5 Publishing Beta (BMI); Composer: kesokid, ID #97451515 “Middle East Ident”; Publisher: Pond5 Publishing Alpha (ASCAP); Composer: Alon Marcus (ACUM), IPI#776550702 “Adventures in the East”: Publisher: Pond5 Publishing Beta (BMI) Composer: Petar Milinkovic (BMI), IPI#00738313833. ___ Episode Transcript: HEN MAZZIG: They took whatever they had left and they got on a boat. And my grandmother told me this story before she passed away on how they were on this boat coming to Israel.  And they were so happy, and they were crying because they felt that finally after generations upon generations of oppression they are going to come to a place where they are going to be protected, and that she was coming home. MANYA BRACHEAR PASHMAN: The world has overlooked an important episode in modern history: the 800,000 Jews who left or were driven from their homes in the Middle East and North Africa in the mid-20th century. Welcome to the second season of The Forgotten Exodus, brought to you by American Jewish Committee. This series explores that pivotal moment in history and the little-known Jewish heritage of Iran and Arab nations. As Jews around the world confront violent antisemitism and Israelis face daily attacks by terrorists on multiple fronts, our second season explores how Jews have lived throughout the region for generations–despite hardship, hostility, and hatred–then sought safety and new possibilities in their ancestral homeland. I'm your host, Manya Brachear Pashman. Join us as we explore untold family histories and personal stories of courage, perseverance, and resilience from this transformative and tumultuous period of history for the Jewish people and the Middle East.  The world has ignored these voices. We will not. This is The Forgotten Exodus.  Today's episode: leaving Tunisia. __ [Tel Aviv Pride video] MANYA BRACHEAR PASHMAN: Every June, Hen Mazzig, who splits his time between London and Tel Aviv, heads to Israel to show his Pride. His Israeli pride. His LGBTQ+ pride. And his Mizrahi Jewish pride. For that one week, all of those identities coalesce.  And while other cities around the world have transformed Pride into a June version of the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, Israel is home to one of the few vibrant LGBTQ communities in the Middle East. Tel Aviv keeps it real. HEN: For me, Pride in Israel, in Tel Aviv, it still has this element of fighting for something. And that it's important for all of us to show up and to come out to the Pride Parade because if we're not going to be there, there's some people with agendas to erase us and we can't let them do it. MANYA: This year, the Tel Aviv Pride rally was a more somber affair as participants demanded freedom for the more than 100 hostages still held in Gaza since October 7th.  On that day, Hamas terrorists bent on erasing Jews from the Middle East went on a murderous rampage, killing more than 1,200, kidnapping 250 others, and unleashing what has become a 7-front war on Israel. HEN: In the Israeli DNA and the Jewish DNA we have to fight to be who we are. In every generation, empires and big forces tried to erase us, and we had to fight. And the LGBTQ+ community also knows very well how hard it is. I know what it is to be rejected for several parts of my identity. And I don't want anyone to go through that. I don't want my children to go through that. I'm fighting for my ancestors, but I'm also fighting for our future generation. MANYA: Hen Mazzig is an international speaker, writer, and digital influencer. In 2022, he founded the Tel Aviv Institute, a social media laboratory that tackles antisemitism online. He's also a second-generation Israeli, whose maternal grandparents fled Iraq, while his father's parents fled Tunisia – roots that echo in the family name: Mazzig. HEN: The last name Mazzig never made sense, because in Israel a lot of the last names have meaning in Hebrew.  So I remember one of my teachers in school was saying that Mazzig sounds like mozeg, which means pouring in Hebrew. Maybe your ancestors were running a bar or something? Clearly, this teacher did not have knowledge of the Amazigh people. Which, later on I learned, several of those tribes, those Amazigh tribes, were Jewish or practiced Judaism, and that there was 5,000 Jews that came from Tunisia that were holding both identities of being Jewish and Amazigh.  And today, they have last names like Mazzig, and Amzaleg, Mizzoug. There's several of those last names in Israel today. And they are the descendants of those Jewish communities that have lived in the Atlas Mountains. MANYA: The Atlas Mountains. A 1,500-mile chain of magnificent peaks and treacherous terrain that stretch across Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia, separating the Sahara from the Mediterranean and Atlantic coastline.  It's where the nomadic Amazigh have called home for thousands of years. The Amazigh trace their origins to at least 2,000 BCE  in western North Africa. They speak the language of Tamazight and rely on cattle and agriculture as their main sources of income.  But textiles too. In fact, you've probably heard of the Amazigh or own a rug woven by them. A Berber rug. HEN: Amazigh, which are also called Berbers. But they're rejecting this term because of the association with barbarians, which was the title that European colonialists when they came to North Africa gave them. There's beautiful folklore about Jewish leaders within the Amazigh people. One story that I really connected to was the story of Queen Dihya that was also known as El-Kahina, which in Arabic means the Kohen, the priest, and she was known as this leader of the Amazigh tribes, and she was Jewish.  Her derrogaters were calling her a Jewish witch, because they said that she had the power to foresee the future. And her roots were apparently connected to Queen Sheba and her arrival from Israel back to Africa. And she was the descendant of Queen Sheba. And that's how she led the Amazigh people.  And the stories that I read about her, I just felt so connected. How she had this long, black, curly hair that went all the way down to her knees, and she was fierce, and she was very committed to her identity, and she was fighting against the Islamic expansion to North Africa.  And when she failed, after years of holding them off, she realized that she can't do it anymore and she's going to lose. And she was not willing to give up her Jewish identity and convert to Islam and instead she jumped into a well and died. This well is known today in Tunisia. It's the [Bir] Al-Kahina or Dihya's Well that is still in existence. Her descendants, her kids, were Jewish members of the Amazigh people.  Of course, I would like to believe that I am the descendant of royalty. MANYA: Scholars debate whether the Amazigh converted to Judaism or descended from Queen Dihya and stayed.  Lucette Valensi is a French scholar of Tunisian history who served as a director of studies at the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences in Paris, one of the most prestigious institutions of graduate education in France. She has written extensively about Tunisian Jewish culture.   Generations of her family lived in Tunisia. She says archaeological evidence proves Jews were living in that land since Antiquity. LUCETTE VALENSI: I myself am a Chemla, born Chemla. And this is an Arabic name, which means a kind of belt. And my mother's name was Tartour, which is a turban [laugh]. So the names were Arabic. So my ancestors spoke Arabic. I don't know if any of them spoke Berber before, or Latin. I have no idea. But there were Jews in antiquity and of course, through Saint Augustin. MANYA: So when did Jews arrive in Tunisia? LUCETTE: [laugh] That's a strange question because they were there since Antiquity. We have evidence of their presence in mosaics of synagogues, from the times of Byzantium. I think we think in terms of a short chronology, and they would tend to associate the Jews to colonization, which does not make sense, they were there much before French colonization. They were there for millennia. MANYA: Valensi says Jews lived in Tunisia dating to the time of Carthage, an ancient city-state in what is now Tunisia, that reached its peak in the fourth century BCE. Later, under Roman and then Byzantine rule, Carthage continued to play a vital role as a center of commerce and trade during antiquity.  Besides the role of tax collectors, Jews were forbidden to serve in almost all public offices. Between the 5th and 8th centuries CE, conditions fluctuated between relief and forced conversions while under Christian rule.  After the Islamic conquest of Tunisia in the seventh and early eighth centuries CE, the treatment of Jews largely depended on which Muslim ruler was in charge at the time.  Some Jews converted to Islam while others lived as dhimmis, or second-class citizens, protected by the state in exchange for a special tax known as the jizya. In 1146, the first caliph of the Almohad dynasty, declared that the Prophet Muhammad had granted Jews religious freedom for only 500 years, by which time if the messiah had not come, they had to convert.  Those who did not convert and even those who did were forced to wear yellow turbans or other special garb called shikra, to distinguish them from Muslims. An influx of Jews expelled from Spain and Portugal arrived in the 14th Century. In the 16th Century, Tunisia became part of the Ottoman Empire, and the situation of Jews improved significantly. Another group who had settled in the coastal Tuscan city of Livorno crossed the Mediterranean in the 17th and 18th centuries to make Tunisia their home. LUCETTE: There were other groups that came, Jews from Italy, Jews from Spain, of course, Spain and Portugal, different periods. 14th century already from Spain and then from Spain and Portugal. From Italy, from Livorno, that's later, but the Jews from Livorno themselves came from Spain.  So I myself am named Valensi. From Valencia. It was the family name of my first husband. So from Valencia in Spain they went to Livorno, and from Livorno–Leghorn in English–to Tunisia. MANYA: At its peak, Tunisia's Jewish population exceeded 100,000 – a combination of Sephardi and Mizrahi. HEN: When we speak about Jews from the Middle East and North Africa, specifically in the West, or mainly in the West, we're referring to them as Sephardi. But in Tunisia, it's very interesting to see that there was the Grana community which are Livorno Jews that moved to Tunisia in the 1800s, and they brought the Sephardi way of praying.  And that's why I always use the term Mizrahi to describe myself, because I feel like it encapsulates more of my identity. And for me, the Sephardi title that we often use on those communities doesn't feel accurate to me, and it also has the connection to Ladino, which my grandparents never spoke.  They spoke Tamazight, Judeo-Tamazight, which was the language of those tribes in North Africa. And my family from my mother's side, from Iraq, they were speaking Judeo-Iraqi-Arabic.  So for me, the term Sephardi just doesn't cut it. I go with Mizrahi to describe myself. MANYA: The terms Ashkenazi, Sephardi, and Mizrahi all refer to the places Jews once called home.  Ashkenazi Jews hail from Central and Eastern Europe, particularly Germany, Poland, and Russia. They traditionally speak Yiddish, and their customs and practices reflect the influences of Central and Eastern European cultures.  Pogroms in Eastern Europe and the Holocaust led many Ashkenazi Jews to flee their longtime homes to countries like the United States and their ancestral homeland, Israel.  Mizrahi, which means “Eastern” in Hebrew, refers to the diaspora of descendants of Jewish communities from Middle Eastern countries such as: Iraq, Iran, and Yemen, and North African countries such as: Tunisia, Libya, and Morocco. Ancient Jewish communities that have lived in the region for millennia long before the advent of Islam and Christianity. They often speak dialects of Arabic. Sephardi Jews originate from Spain and Portugal, speaking Ladino and incorporating Spanish and Portuguese cultural influences. Following their expulsion from the Iberian Peninsula in 1492, they settled in regions like North Africa and the Balkans. In Tunisia, the Mizrahi and Sephardi communities lived side by side, but separately. HEN: As time passed, those communities became closer together, still quite separated, but they became closer and closer. And perhaps the reason they were becoming closer was because of the hardship that they faced as Jews.  For the leaders of Muslim armies that came to Tunisia, it didn't matter if you were a Sephardi Jew, or if you were an Amazigh Jew. You were a Jew for them. MANYA: Algeria's invasion of Tunisia in the 18th century had a disproportionate effect on Tunisia's Jewish community. The Algerian army killed thousands of the citizens of Tunis, many of whom were Jewish. Algerians raped Jewish women, looted Jewish homes. LUCETTE: There were moments of trouble when you had an invasion of the Algerian army to impose a prince. The Jews were molested in Tunis. MANYA: After a military invasion, a French protectorate was established in 1881 and lasted until Tunisia gained independence in 1956. The Jews of Tunisia felt much safer under the French protectorate.  They put a lot of stock in the French revolutionary promise of Liberté, égalité, fraternité. Soon, the French language replaced Judeo-Arabic. LUCETTE: Well, under colonization, the Jews were in a better position. First, the school system. They went to modern schools, especially the Alliance [Israélite Universelle] schools, and with that started a form of Westernization.  You had also schools in Italian, created by Italian Jews, and some Tunisian Jews went to these schools and already in the 19th century, there was a form of acculturation and Westernization.  Access to newspapers, creation of newspapers. In the 1880s Jews had already their own newspapers in Hebrew characters, but Arabic language.  And my grandfather was one of the early journalists and they started having their own press and published books, folklore, sort of short stories. MANYA: In May 1940, Nazi Germany invaded France and quickly overran the French Third Republic, forcing the French to sign an armistice agreement in June. The armistice significantly reduced the territory governed by France and created a new government known as the Vichy regime, after the central French city where it was based.  The Vichy regime collaborated with the Nazis, establishing a special administration to introduce anti-Jewish legislation and enforce a compulsory Jewish census in all of its territories including Tunisia. Hen grew up learning about the Holocaust, the Nazis' attempt to erase the Jewish people. As part of his schooling, he learned the names of concentration and death camps and he heard the stories from his friends' grandparents.  But because he was not Ashkenazi, because his grandparents didn't suffer through the same catastrophe that befell Europe, Hen never felt fully accepted.  It was a trauma that belonged to his Ashkenazi friends of German and Polish descent, not to him. Or so they thought and so he thought, until he was a teenager and asked his grandmother Kamisa to finally share their family's journey from Tunisia. That's when he learned that the Mazzig family had not been exempt from Hitler's hatred. In November 1942, Tunisia became the only North African country to come under Nazi Germany's occupation and the Nazis wasted no time. Jewish property was confiscated, and heavy fines were levied on large Jewish communities. With the presence of the Einsatzkommando, a subgroup of the Einsatzgruppen, or mobile killing units, the Nazis were prepared to implement the systematic murder of the Jews of Tunisia. The tide of the war turned just in time to prevent that. LUCETTE: At the time the Germans came, they did not control the Mediterranean, and so they could not export us to the camps. We were saved by that. Lanor camps for men in dangerous places where there were bombs by the Allies. But not for us, it was, I mean, they took our radios. They took the silverware or they took money, this kind of oppression, but they did not murder us.  They took the men away, a few families were directly impacted and died in the camps. A few men. So we were afraid. We were occupied. But compared to what Jews in Europe were subjected to, we didn't suffer.  MANYA: Almost 5,000 Jews, most of them from Tunis and from certain northern communities, were taken captive and incarcerated in 32 labor camps scattered throughout Tunisia. Jews were not only required to wear yellow stars, but those in the camps were also required to wear them on their backs so they could be identified from a distance and shot in the event they tried to escape. HEN: My grandmother never told me until before she died, when she was more open about the stories of oppression, on how she was serving food for the French Nazi officers that were occupying Tunisia, or how my grandfather was in a labor camp, and he was supposed to be sent to a death camp in Europe as well. They never felt like they should share these stories. MANYA: The capture of Tunisia by the Allied forces in May 1943 led the Axis forces in North Africa to surrender. But the country remained under French colonial rule and the antisemitic legislation of the Vichy regime continued until 1944. Many of the Vichy camps, including forced labor camps in the Sahara, continued to operate.  Even after the decline and fall of the Vichy regime and the pursuit of independence from French rule began, conditions for the Mazzig family and many others in the Tunisian Jewish community did not improve.  But the source of much of the hostility and strife was actually a beacon of hope for Tunisia's Jews. On May 14, 1948, the world had witnessed the creation of the state of Israel, sparking outrage throughout the Arab world. Seven Arab nations declared war on Israel the day after it declared independence.  Amid the rise of Tunisian nationalism and its push for independence from France, Jewish communities who had lived in Tunisia for centuries became targets. Guilty by association. No longer welcome. Rabbinical councils were dismantled. Jewish sports associations banned. Jews practiced their religion in hiding. Hen's grandfather recounted violence in the Jewish quarter of Tunis.  HEN: When World War Two was over, the Jewish community in Tunisia was hoping that now that Tunisia would have emancipation, and it would become a country, that their neighbors and the country itself would protect them. Because when it was Nazis, they knew that it was a foreign power that came from France and oppressed them. They knew that there was some hatred in the past, from their Muslim neighbors towards them.  But they also were hoping that, if anything, they would go back to the same status of a dhimmi, of being a protected minority. Even if they were not going to be fully accepted and celebrated in this society, at least they would be protected, for paying tax. And this really did not happen. MANYA: By the early 1950s, life for the Mazzig family became untenable. By then, American Jewish organizations based in Tunis started working to take Jews to Israel right away.  HEN: [My family decided to leave.] They took whatever they had left. And they got on a boat. And my grandmother told me this story before she passed away on how they were on this boat coming to Israel.  And they were so happy, and they were crying because they felt that finally after generations upon generations of oppression of living as a minority that knows that anytime the ruler might turn on them and take everything they have and pull the ground underneath their feet, they are going to come to a place where they are going to be protected. And maybe they will face hate, but no one will hate them because they're Jewish.  And I often dream about my grandmother being a young girl on this boat and how she must have felt to know that the nightmare and the hell that she went through is behind her and that she was coming home. MANYA: The boat they sailed to Israel took days. When Hen's uncle, just a young child at the time, got sick, the captain threatened to throw him overboard. Hen's grandmother hid the child inside her clothes until they docked in Israel. When they arrived, they were sprayed with DDT to kill any lice or disease, then placed in ma'abarot, which in Hebrew means transit camps. In this case, it was a tent with one bed. HEN: They were really mistreated back then. And it's not criticism. I mean, yes, it is also criticism, but it's not without understanding the context. That it was a young country that just started, and those Jewish communities, Jewish refugees came from Tunisia, they didn't speak Hebrew. They didn't look like the other Jewish communities there. And while they all had this in common, that they were all Jews, they had a very different experience. MANYA: No, the family's arrival in the Holy Land was nothing like what they had imagined. But even still, it was a dream fulfilled and there was hope, which they had lost in Tunisia. HEN: I think that it was somewhere in between having both this deep connection to Israel and going there because they wanted to, and also knowing that there's no future in Tunisia. And the truth is that even–and I'm sure people that are listening to us, that are strong Zionists and love Israel, if you tell them ‘OK, so move tomorrow,' no matter how much you love Israel, it's a very difficult decision to make.  Unless it's not really a decision. And I think for them, it wasn't really a decision. And they went through so much, they knew, OK, we have to leave and I think for the first time having a country, having Israel was the hope that they had for centuries to go back home, finally realized. MANYA: Valensi's family did stay a while longer. When Tunisia declared independence in 1956, her father, a ceramicist, designed tiles for the residence of President Habib Bourguiba. Those good relations did not last.  Valensi studied history in France, married an engineer, and returned to Tunisia. But after being there for five years, it became clear that Jews were not treated equally and they returned to France in 1965. LUCETTE: I did not plan to emigrate. And then it became more and more obvious that some people were more equal than others [laugh]. And so there was this nationalist mood where responsibilities were given to Muslims rather than Jews and I felt more and more segregated.  And so, my husband was an engineer from a good engineering school. Again, I mean, he worked for another engineer, who was a Muslim. We knew he would never reach the same position. His father was a lawyer. And in the tribunal, he had to use Arabic. And so all these things accumulated, and we were displaced. MANYA: Valensi said Jewish emigration from Tunisia accelerated at two more mileposts. Even after Tunisia declared independence, France maintained a presence and a naval base in the port city of Bizerte, a strategic port on the Mediterranean for the French who were fighting with Algeria.  In 1961, Tunisian forces blockaded the naval base and warned France to stay out of its airspace. What became known as the Bizerte Crisis lasted for three days. LUCETTE: There were critical times, like what we call “La Crise de Bizerte.” Bizerte is a port to the west of Tunis that used to be a military port and when independence was negotiated with France, the French kept this port, where they could keep an army, and Bourguiba decided that he wanted this port back. And there was a war, a conflict, between Tunisia and France in ‘61.  And that crisis was one moment when Jews thought: if there is no French presence to protect us, then anything could happen. You had the movement of emigration.  Of course, much later, ‘67, the unrest in the Middle East, and what happened there provoked a kind of panic, and there were movements against the Jews in Tunis – violence and destruction of shops, etc. So they emigrated again. Now you have only a few hundred Jews left. MANYA: Valensi's first husband died at an early age. Her second husband, Abraham Udovitch, is the former chair of Near Eastern Studies at Princeton University. Together, they researched and published a book about the Jewish communities in the Tunisian island of Djerba. The couple now splits their time between Paris and Princeton. But Valensi returns to Tunisia every year. It's still home. LUCETTE: When I go, strange thing, I feel at home. I mean, I feel I belong. My Arabic comes back. The words that I thought I had forgotten come back. They welcome you. I mean, if you go, you say you come from America, they're going to ask you questions. Are you Jewish? Did you go to Israel? I mean, these kind of very brutal questions, right away. They're going there. The taxi driver won't hesitate to ask you: Are you Jewish? But at the same time, they're very welcoming. So, I have no trouble. MANYA: Hen, on the other hand, has never been to the land of his ancestors. He holds on to his grandparents' trauma. And fear.  HEN: Tunisia just still feels a bit unsafe to me. Just as recent as a couple of months ago, there was a terror attack. So it's something that's still occurring.  MANYA: Just last year, a member of the Tunisian National Guard opened fire on worshippers outside El Ghriba Synagogue where a large gathering of Jewish pilgrims were celebrating the festival of Lag BaOmer. The synagogue is located on the Tunisian island of Djerba where Valensi and her husband did research for their book. Earlier this year, a mob attacked an abandoned synagogue in the southern city of Sfax, setting fire to the building's courtyard. Numbering over 100,000 Jews on the eve of Israel's Independence in 1948, the Tunisian Jewish community is now estimated to be less than 1,000.  There has been limited contact over the years between Tunisia and Israel. Some Israeli tourists, mostly of Tunisian origin, annually visit the El Ghriba synagogue in Djerba. But the government has largely been hostile to the Jewish state.  In the wake of the October 7 attack, the Tunisian parliament began debate on a law that would criminalize any normalization of ties with Israel. Still, Hen would like to go just once to see where his grandparents lived. Walked. Cooked. Prayed.  But to him it's just geography, an arbitrary place on a map. The memories, the music, the recipes, the traditions. It's no longer in Tunisia. It's elsewhere now – in the only country that preserved it. HEN: The Jewish Tunisian culture, the only place that it's been maintained is in Israel. That's why it's still alive. Like in Tunisia, it's not really celebrated. It's not something that they keep as much as they keep here.  Like if you want to go to a proper Mimouna, you would probably need to go to Israel, not to North Africa, although that's where it started. And the same with the Middle Eastern Jewish cuisine. The only place in the world, where be it Tunisian Jews and Iraqi Jews, or Yemenite Jews, still develop their recipes, is in Israel.  Israel is home, and this is where we still celebrate our culture and our cuisine and our identity is still something that I can engage with here.  I always feel like I am living the dreams of my grandparents, and I know that my grandmother is looking from above and I know how proud she is that we have a country, that we have a place to be safe at.  And that everything I do today is to protect my people, to protect the Jewish people, and making sure that next time when a country, when an empire, when a power would turn on Jews we'll have a place to go to and be safe. MANYA: Tunisian Jews are just one of the many Jewish communities who, in the last century, left Arab countries to forge new lives for themselves and future generations.  Join us next week as we share another untold story of The Forgotten Exodus. Many thanks to Hen for sharing his story. You can read more in his memoir The Wrong Kind of Jew: A Mizrahi Manifesto. Too many times during my reporting, I encountered children and grandchildren who didn't have the answers to my questions because they'd never asked. That's why one of the goals of this project is to encourage you to ask those questions. Find your stories. Atara Lakritz is our producer. T.K. Broderick is our sound engineer. Special thanks to Jon Schweitzer, Nicole Mazur, Sean Savage, and Madeleine Stern, and so many of our colleagues, too many to name really, for making this series possible.  You can subscribe to The Forgotten Exodus on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, or wherever you listen to podcasts, and you can learn more at AJC.org/theforgottenexodus.  The views and opinions of our guests don't necessarily reflect the positions of AJC.  You can reach us at theforgottenexodus@ajc.org. If you've enjoyed this episode, please be sure to spread the word, and hop onto Apple Podcasts or Spotify to rate us and write a review to help more listeners find us.

Barbara Guazzini"Corpo inverso"8tto Edizioniwww.8ttoedizioni.itUna verità nascosta che torna a galla come una zattera in un mare in tempesta per salvare un giovane naufrago della vita.Livorno, 1984. Dante Fanti ha sei anni quando scopre di avere una rara anomalia congenita detta situs inversus: i suoi organi interni sono messi al contrario. E come può allora la vita scorrere dritta se lui è così sbagliato? Non un quadrifoglio in mezzo ai trifogli come lo definisce il babbo Leonardo, per rassicurarlo, ma un corpo inverso che trova un senso solo nell'immagine che lo specchio gli rimanda, dove tutto finalmente va al posto giusto. Peccato che non esista uno specchio per raddrizzare anche la vita, nel momento in cui questa comincia ad andare a rotoli. È ancora un bambino, infatti, quando per l'amato padre, accusato di omicidio, si aprono le porte della prigione. Con una madre per cui è invisibile e la solitudine generata dallo stigma di avere un papà così, Dante cresce e si affaccia all'età adulta con un unico pensiero a cui rimanere aggrappato: il momento in cui il babbo riacquisterà la libertà. Ma il momento arriva e si trasforma in tragedia, e la felicità, che sembrava a portata di mano, si allontana una volta di più. Per sopravvivere Dante dovrà fare come il ragno che mangia i resti delle sue ragnatele per tesserne di nuove. Dovrà dissipare la nebbia che avvolge il passato e guardarsi dentro, in quel corpo inverso, per rimettere finalmente ordine, per trovare l'immagine di sé che ancora gli sfugge e che lo può salvare.Una storia forte in cui il rapporto padre-figlio si consuma nell'assenza che lo rende più prezioso e intenso, una rinascita coraggiosa e struggente raccontata con una voce limpida e lirica senza sentimentalismi.Barbara Guazzini è nata nella Maremma toscana, dove tutt'ora vive ed esercita la professione forense. Con Il corpo inverso è stata finalista, con menzione speciale della giuria, alla fellowship per scrittrici esordienti LetteraFutura, e finalista al Premio Walter Mauro. Alcuni suoi racconti compaiono in riviste e blog letterari tra cui Nazione Indiana e 'tina.IL POSTO DELLE PAROLEascoltare fa pensarewww.ilpostodelleparole.itDiventa un supporter di questo podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/il-posto-delle-parole--1487855/support.

ENZO FASANOè protagonista della puntata 273 di Passione Triathlon.Segui l'intervista condotta da Dario Daddo Nardone, in prima visione il 17 luglio 2024 dalle 21.00.#daddocè #mondotriathlon #ioTRIamo ❤️________Video puntate Passione Triathlon: https://www.mondotriathlon.it/passioneSegui il Podcast di Passione Triathlon suSpotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/7FgsIqHtPVSMWmvDk3ygM1?_authfailed=1Spreaker: https://www.spreaker.com/show/triathlonAmazon Music: https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/f7e2e6f0-3473-4b18-b2d9-f6499078b9e0/mondo-triathlon-daddo-podcastApple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/it/podcast/mondo-triathlon-daddo-podcast/id1226932686Trinews: Mondotriathlon.itFacebook: @mondotriathlonInstagram: @mondotriathlon________#triathlon #trilife #fczstyle#passionetriathlon

Ahoy, Disney fans! In this episode, we set sail on a magical Mediterranean adventure with Disney Cruise Line, departing from the vibrant city of Barcelona. Join us as we explore enchanting destinations and share our experiences from this unforgettable journey.

Tune in for two amazing recaps of Disney adventures on the high seas? Join us as Carissa recounts her breathtaking journey aboard the Disney Wonder's Alaska cruise, a trip she calls the adventure of a lifetime. Meanwhile, John shares his unique experiences as an entertainment host on a Mediterranean Disney Vacation Club members cruise, complete with Broadway stars, imagineers, and exclusive movie previews. From attending a Rolling Stones concert to Carissa balancing marathon training with the indulgences of cruise life, this episode is packed with engaging stories and practical tips for maintaining a healthy lifestyle while traveling.Curious about how to upgrade your travel accommodations and get the most out of your cruise or flight? We've got you covered with our insider tips on concierge upgrades, including the perks of larger rooms, enhanced amenities, and exclusive lounges. We even reveal how being polite and entertaining at check-in can sometimes lead to complimentary flight upgrades. As entertainment hosts, we share our behind-the-scenes responsibilities on the Mediterranean cruise, from lively trivia sessions to interactive shows with Disney illustrators and voice actors, giving you a glimpse into the magic we help create onboard.Finally, embark on a detailed recount of embarkation day from Vancouver, the wonders of Glacier Viewing Day in Alaska, and the logistics of a cruise stop in Livorno, Italy. We share the joys and challenges of waking a groggy child for a glacier excursion, the thrill of a helicopter ride over Alaska, and the bittersweet moments of travel expectations not quite met. Compare our Disney cruise experiences with other lines and celebrate the unique magic that only Disney can offer. Whether you're planning your own cruise or just curious about our nautical escapades, this episode will captivate and inspire you.Send us a Text Message.Support the Show.Let Registered Dietitian Carissa Galloway lead you through a science-backed plan to transform the way you think about your diet.Visit www.GallowayCourse.com and use the code PODCAST at checkout for a great discount!Become a 321 Go! Supporter. Help us continue to create! HEREFollow us!@321GoPodcast@carissa_gway@pelkman19Email us 321GoPodcast@gmail.comOrder Carissa's New Book - Run Walk EatImprove sleep, boost recovery and perform at your best with PILLAR's range of magnesium recovery supplements. Use code 321GO at www.theFeed.com to get 15% off Let Sara Akers with RunsOnMagic plan your next runDisney weekend! IG @runsonmagic or you can go to www.RUNSONMAGIC.com or email her runsonmagictravel@gmail.com Use Promo Code 321GO

Sono già 38 le donne uccise per mano di un ex o di un compagno. Il codice rosso ha rafforzato le tutele processuali ma spesso i tribunali sono meno rapidi di quello che servirebbe. Anche una misura di prevenzione come il braccialetto elettronico è soggetta a lentezze ed inefficienze. Ne parliamo con Livia Zancaner e Francesco Menditto, procuratore di Tivoli.A seguire collegamento con la nave Humanity 1 dell’organizzazione non governativa (Ong) SOS Humanity in viaggio verso il porto di Livorno con 183 persone a bordo, tra cui 102 minori, 76 dei quali non accompagnati. Ne parliamo con Angela Nocioni, giornalista de L’Unità.

Mini-podcast about a boycott of a ship carrying military equipment for Israel for use in Gaza by dockers in Livorno, Italy.Support our colleagues in Gaza on their crowdfunder: https://www.gofundme.com/f/9qf6nz-hope-beyond-borders-yallas-gaza-crisis-fundSee all of our anniversaries each day, alongside sources and maps on the On This Day section of our Stories app: stories.workingclasshistory.com/date/todayAnd browse all Stories by Date here on the Date index: https://stories.workingclasshistory.com/dateOur work is only possible because of support from you, our listeners on patreon. If you appreciate our work, please join us and access exclusive content and benefits at patreon.com/workingclasshistory.AcknowledgementsWritten and edited by Working Class History.Theme music by Ricardo Araya. Check out his YouTube channel at youtube.com/@peptoattack

Join Jane and Cormac as they reminisce about their adventures exploring satellite cities and hidden gems while living in Florence. In this captivating episode, the Irish couple recounts their experiences venturing beyond the familiar streets of Florence to discover the enchanting allure of Tuscany's neighbouring towns, and beyond. Their journey begins with a tranquil escape to Fiesole, where Jane and Cormac find solace amidst the serene beauty of Leonardo Di Vinci Park. As they reflect on their early days in Florence. Next, our intrepid travellers set sail for Livorno, immersing themselves in the vibrant energy of this bustling port town. From sampling fresh seafood delights to exploring historic waterfront promenades, Jane and Cormac recount the thrill of discovering Livorno's maritime charm (in January). But the allure of city life beckons once more, drawing Jane and Cormac to the lively streets of Bologna. As they navigate the winding alleyways and bustling piazzas, they reflect on the vibrant culture and dynamic atmosphere that define this historic city. From the bustling streets of Bologna, our adventurous couple ventures further afield to the picturesque city of Lucca, where they find themselves swept up in a whirlwind of food, music, and laughter. From sampling delectable Tuscan delicacies to tapping their feet to the rhythm of street musicians, Jane and Cormac paint a vivid picture of life in this charming medieval city. Their journey reaches new heights as they explain the ups and downs of La Spezia and the iconic Cinque Terre, marvelling at the rugged coastline and colourful cliffside villages that dot the landscape. From hiking along scenic coastal trails to savouring panoramic views of the Mediterranean Sea, Jane and Cormac share their adventures in this working class port-town coastal region. And no trip to Tuscany would be complete without a visit to the iconic city of Pisa, where Jane and Cormac find themselves avoiding the centre for over two years apart from travelling to the airport. Jane and Cormac offer invaluable insights and recommendations for travellers looking to explore Tuscany's satellite cities and nearby attractions. So join them as they weave together the threads of their past adventures, inviting listeners to embark on a nostalgic journey through the heart of Italy's most enchanting landscapes. FOLLOW US Website: www.theirishpodcast.com Instagram: @theirishpodcast TikTok: @theirishpodcast Youtube: /Altlivin  or search the irish podcast   ABOUT SEASON TWO Meet Jane and Cormac, your companions on a captivating journey through the highs and lows of embracing an Irish life in Italy. Join us as we unravel the tales of our relocation, navigating life as digital nomads and bartenders, and immersing ourselves in the daily hustle of a new country. Prepare to venture into the heart of Tuscany with us, where we'll uncover the enchanting nuances and quirks that define Italy. From awe-inspiring landscapes to side-splitting misadventures, including our memorable 'Bed Bug' experience – a story that's not to be missed! Take a special detour with us to the Edinburgh Fringe, where we'll regale you with our escapades and encounters in one of the world's most dynamic cultural festivals. Whether you're a seasoned travel enthusiast or simply curious about the intricacies of relocating to a new land, our podcast offers you a front-row seat to a medley of stories, laughter, and the warm embrace of Irish hospitality. So, grab your headphones, settle in, and let us entertain you!

Join us aboard the Disney Cruise Line as we embark on a thrilling voyage through the Mediterranean in this special episode of our Disney podcast. Setting sail from the vibrant port city of Barcelona, our journey takes us to some of Europe's most iconic destinations: Palermo, Rome, Naples, and Livorno.In this episode, we dive deep into the enchanting world of Disney cruising, exploring the unique blend of luxury, entertainment, and family-friendly fun that sets Disney cruises apart. From the moment you step aboard the ship, you're greeted by the unmistakable magic of Disney, with beloved characters, world-class dining, and immersive entertainment around every corner.As we sail towards our first port of call in Palermo, Italy, we discuss the excitement of exploring this historic city, known for its rich cultural heritage and stunning architecture. From sampling authentic Sicilian cuisine to wandering through ancient ruins, there's something for everyone to enjoy in Palermo.Next, we journey to the Eternal City of Rome, where history comes to life at every turn. Our expert guides share insider tips for making the most of your time in Rome, from visiting the iconic Colosseum to tossing a coin in the Trevi Fountain for good luck.Our final port of call brings us to the picturesque city of Naples, nestled in the shadow of Mount Vesuvius. We uncover the hidden gems of Naples, from sampling mouthwatering Neapolitan pizza to exploring the fascinating ruins of Pompeii.Whether you're a seasoned Disney cruiser or dreaming of your first adventure at sea, this episode offers a captivating glimpse into the magic of Disney cruising and the wonders awaiting you in Europe. So grab your Mickey ears and join us as we set sail on the adventure of a lifetime!

Have you ever been captivated by the stories of your ancestors, the journeys they embarked on, and the experiences that shaped their lives? In our latest episode, we're joined by Arnie Aranci, whose Italian-American roots are as rich and flavorful as the cuisine of his heritage. Arnie enthralls with tales of his father's migration from the picturesque Italian countryside to the United States, his consequential return as a soldier in World War II, and the heartwarming romance that blossomed with his mother, a war bride from Livorno. Each anecdote Arnie shares is a thread in the vibrant tapestry of his family history, a relatable connection for anyone with a lineage reaching across oceans and generations.Picture the tight-knit Italian communities that helped shape the cultural fabric of America's East Coast. Arnie takes us through the streets of New Haven and into the warm embrace of his family life in post-war Hamden, revealing stories from the local bakeries his father toiled in to celebrity sightings at the legendary Pepe's pizzeria. But history isn't always found in public records; sometimes, it's unearthed through the science of DNA testing. Arnie's foray into genealogy is fraught with the frustration of lost documents but also charged with the thrill of unexpected family discoveries.As a history teacher, Arnie understands the importance of keeping the stories of the past alive. His reflections on the evolving nature of history education, from Reconstruction to recent global events, highlight the need to connect yesterday's lessons with today's realities. And what's a conversation without a little anticipation for the future? Arnie hints at upcoming literary endeavors, inspired by the enthusiastic responses to his novel "Nicla's Story." Join us for a heartfelt episode that celebrates the persistence of memory, the bonds of family, and the continual rediscovery of our shared heritage.Nicla's StoryNineteen-yearold seamstress Nicla struggles to survive as bombs rain down near her in war-torn ItalyDisclaimer: This post contains affiliate links. If you make a purchase, I may receive a commission at no extra cost to you.Support the showPurchase my book "Farmers and Nobles" here or at Amazon.

Today is thesecond day of Adar Bet Or thesecond Adar Explainlunar vs solar ​כג וְדָבָ֖רבְּעִתּ֣וֹ מַה־טּֽוֹב: 354 vs 365 Chinese NewYear Ramadan “We can't dothat because we're guided by our Torah, which says Passover must come in the springwhen we plant, and that things need to be growing during the time of Shavuotand harvested during Sukkot. Hillel realized that, if we stayed strictly lunar,things would soon get out of kilter, and he put in a system to fix that withthe leap year.” We are allfamiliar with a leap year This year wehad a February 29th – Every four years we have a leap year with theexception of the Century year Priorto that time, the Torah told us to DECLARE the New Moon by the Testimony of twowitnesses. In other words, Man declares the New Moon and the moon and sunadjust their relationship to comply with the consciousness of man. IN OTHERWORDS this Mitzvah to declare the New Moon is a manifestation of Mind OverMatter and it is important in the individuals spiritual growth to achieve thislevel of consciousness. 1) Thestate of the barley crop at the end of the 12th month; 3)the equinox. Whyis the word in Hebrew that means leap year using the Shoresh that meansPregnant. Pregnancy is a state of development manifesting potential. What doesthis mean? When a child is born he is beginning the manifestation of all of thelight that he will reveal in his life. At the moment of birth he is starting toreveal his potential. Will he achieve all that he can be? No one knows at thatmoment but his potential is beginning its manifestation. Therefore, thepregnancy is actually the manifestation of what that child can achieve inpotential. We'llcome back to unity relating to 13, but if I forget remind me. In less thantwo weeks, we celebrate Purim Why call it Purim? Purim is the name of the holiday that isexplained in the Megillah as being al shem haPur, hu hagoral. Isn't thatbad day ? Lotteryagainst us. Maybe name theday Yom Hafucha – The Day of reversal? Or day of salvation Also why Pruim which is plural Come back to that ! HalachotKetanot - Rabbi yisrael yaakov Hagiz HebrewFes, Morocco1646, Ḥagiz went to for the purpose of publishing his books,and remained there until after 1656, supporting himself by teaching. LivornoAbout 1657, Ḥagiz left for ,where the Vega brothers of Livorno had founded a for him, and where he became a member of therabbinical college. Manystudents R. Chizkiyahda Silva author of Pri Chadash Well knownstory Two brothers Reuben bornfirst Shimonsecond Shimon barmitzvah first How Born leapyear Reuben 29 ofaleph Shimon 1Adar bet Bar mitzvahnon leap Shimon first He goes on,and he states that when it comes to brothers respecting one, another, the olderbrother based on birth has to respect the younger brother based on months He alsobrings this with regard to Yibum He suggeststhe possibility that this situation occurred between Jacob and his brother Esav Esav wasborn last day Adar 1, while Jacob came out first day Adar 2 Althoughthis is puzzling based on the verse holding his brothers heel And even that is puzzling as same amniotic sack? They get equal amounts of nuclear DNA(comes from both parents) but notneccessarily equal amounts of mitochondiral DNA (different DNA only from themother). This can appear as minor differences in how they look. They still haveidentical DNA but not always the same amount of mitochondiral DNA. But letsstick with the Rabbi's suggestion RabbiMansour asks Why Goyimhave so many Gezerot against declaring month I wouldsuggest they don't want us to control time But perhapsit has to do with declaring a leap year Maybe relatingto the birthright of Jacob vs Esau Gemarah of Yevamottells of two rabbis sabotaged by edomi Maharshagoes so far to suggest there is a Military advantage here HebrewrabbiTalmudist a Hebrew for 'Our Teacher, the Rabbi ShmuelEidels'). YehudaLoew.' Just to keep in mind: Hisstudents included: Ovadia Yosef and , future Sephardic ofIsrael; , renownedkabbalist; , who succeededhim as rosh yeshiva of Porat Yosef; ; ,who became a leader of the Syrian Jewish community in , New York; , rabbi of theMashadi community in ; and ,Chief Rabbi of Panama. Yishmael Esav Normallyhate each other Except whenit comes to us. That is unfortunately when they can get together it isextremely dangerous Wementioned: Esau took Mahalath from thehouse of Ishmael to be his wife, after seeing that Canaanite wives displeasedhis father, Isaac (Genesis 28:6–9). We also had a class on how Yaakov countersthis. MahalathBikkurim,65c–d). Mahalath's name indicates that God pardoned (mahal) Esau. Midrash ). Thislater marriage was also the result of negative motives: Esau plotted togetherwith Ishmael to kill Isaac and Jacob, to marry the daughter of Ishmael, and toinherit both families. Gen. Rabbah The Rabbibrings that Esav is associated with 12 Yishmael 12families Yisrael seem12 How? · Jacob · high priest) had twelve precious stones embeddedwithin them, representing the 12 tribes. Elijah built his altar with 12 stonesto represent the tribes, Mosesbuilt 12 pillars at Sinai representing the tribes, andJoshua erected twelve memorial stones at the Jordan River representing thetribes.'All of God's creations are equal in number to the 12tribes: 12 , 12 months, 12 hours ofthe day, 12 hours of the night, 12 stones that Aaron [the high priest] wouldwear.'The could be accessed through There were twelve loaves of show-bread on the shulchan (table)in the Number of springs of water חַדֵּשׁ עָלֵינוּ אֶתהַחֹדֶשׁ הַזֶּה לְטוֹבָה וְלִבְרָכָה, לְשָׂשׂוֹן וּלְשִׂמְחָה, לִישׁוּעָהוּלְנֶחָמָה, לְפַרְנָסָה וּלְכַלְכָּלָה, לְחַיִּים טוֹבִים וּלְשָׁלוֹם,לִמְחִילַת חֵטְא, וְלִסְלִיחַת עָוֹן, וְיִהְיֶה רֹאשׁ הַחֹדֶשׁ הַזֶּה סוֹף וָקֵץ לכָל צָרוֹתֵינוּ, תְּחִלָּה וָרֹאשׁלְפִדְיוֹן נַפְשֵׁנוּ, כִּי בְעַמְּךָ יִשְׂרָאֵל מִכָּל הָאֻמּוֹת בָּחַרְתָּ,וְחֻקֵּי רָאשֵׁי חֳדָשִׁים לָהֶם קָבָעְתָּ: בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה Whoever cast, cast, and the verse does not specify who [cast the pur].This is an abbreviated verse. and hesuggests that someone else, the He, is none other than God, who set this upWith Haman thinking that it was him so he should fall into a trap. Now somemight suggest that due to his blind hatred, he didn't realize that this was infact, a trap and dangerous as this month had negative ramifications for hisancestor piece of, and also for his ancestor Who fought in the war. But I wouldlike to suggest that he believed otherwise. Thereis a well-known Gemara: When Haman cast lots (purim) in order to decide whichmonth to destroy the Jewish people, it landed on the month of Adar, the monthwhere Moshe Rabbeinu left the world, and therefore he grew very happy, takingthis is a sign that it will be a month of bad mazal for the Jewish people.[2] TheGemara elsewhere says that “Just as big fish swallow the smaller fish, so wouldpeople swallow each other, if not for fear of the government”. Amalek did notfear Hashem when they attacked the Jewish people in the desert. They weremissing fear of a higher authority, so they did not care to swallow others.Haman, who descended from Amalek - the nation that does not fear Hashem – wasready to ‘swallow' the Jewish people, for his lot landed on the month of Adar,the mazal of fish, which can get swallowed alive. Thus, we can now betterunderstand why Haman rejoiced when the lot that he cast fell on the month Adar. Thus,the depth of why Haman rejoiced was not simply because it was the month whereMoshe expired (as is well-known, Moshe expired on the 7th of Adar, and thenumber 7 in Hebrew is ז, which is equal in gematria to the word דגfish).Rather, it is because the spiritual power of Moshe is compared to the sun'slight, which does not reach the fish.

Dalla giornata di studio “Italia paese marittimo” organizzata dalla Marina Militare in collaborazione con Limes, il professor Barbero parla dell'importanza del mare per l'Italia nella Storia.Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dpPQP40eM0wTwitter: https://twitter.com/barberopodcastFacebook: https://facebook.com/barberopodcastInstagram: https://instagram.com/barberopodcastGeorge Street Shuffle by Kevin MacLeodLink: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3800-george-street-shuffleLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

R ‘ Malachi Cohen and his wonderful encyclopedia, a long time favorite for "cheaters '