Podcasts about Alans

In an Idiots first, the guys take on a three part episode, covering a very breviated history of wolves becoming dogs, then how different breeds came about, going into breeds that have gone extinct over the years or were rolled into other breeds, and then concluding with a discussion about bringing one breed, the French Bulldog, away from the brink of extinction. In what many are calling the greatest trilogy of all time, better than the Lort of Da Rings, Star Warz, Goodfadder, and Alans, the Idiots bring their journey to an end. In this, they discuss French Bulldogs, who were thiiiiiiissssss close to being extinct, and how some lady I'm too lazy to go back and listen or look up saved them. She's a hero, though. They talk again about selective breeding, and how even foxes have been bred to be closer to dogs, and slowly develop floppy ears in place of their pointy ears. Also, seriously, go look up rose eared Frenchies. Seriously, go. You're welcome.

Alans next guest was Clara Blodau. Clara is a student at Gort Community School. She is behind a campaign for safer cycle infrastructure on the Ennis and Galway Roads... To find out more, Alan Morrissey was joined by Student at Gort Community School and Leading Campaign for safer cycle infrastructure on the Ennis and Galway Roads, Clara Blodau. Photo(C): ClareFM

Rīgas Domā 8. maijā izskanēs XX gadsimta britu komponista Bendžamina Britena "Kara rekviēms", kura atskaņojumā, kas veltīts Otrā pasaules kara beigu 80. gadadienai, Hermaņa Brauna fonda aicināti, piedalīsies 170 dalībnieki. Poļu diriģenta Zbigņeva Gracas vadībā muzicēs Valsts akadēmiskais koris "Latvija", zēnu koris Ąžuoliukas (Lietuva), Latvijas Nacionālais simfoniskais orķestris un izcili solisti: soprāns Inga Kalna, Vācijā dzīvojošais ukraiņu baritons Viktors Ruds un britu tenors Alans Kleitons, kurš 2024. gadā piedalījās "Kara rekviēma" atskaņojumā festivālā BBC Proms Londonā ar diriģentu Antonio Papano. Sarunā ar Dāvi Eņģeli Alans Kleitons stāsta par savu iepazīšanos ar Britena "Kara rekviēmu", šī darba aktualitāti un vēstījuma spēku. Runājam par operiskumu Britena rekviēmā, ietekmēm no Britena agrākiem skaņdarbiem. Sarunas noslēgumā - arī par Alana Kleitona sezonas plāniem: Stravinskis Zalcburgā, Britens Frankfurtē un Londonā. Alans Kleitons: Tas ir apjomīgs, bet brīnišķīgs skaņdarbs. Kā zēns visai daudz dziedāju Britena garīgo mūziku, tā iepazinu viņu kā komponistu. Ar šo skaņdarbu iepazinos, to atskaņojot Austrālijā pirms apmēram 20 gadiem. Šis ir ļoti operisks skaņdarbs - mūzika ir masīva. Man šķiet, komponists šajā skaņdarbā izjūt tādu brīvību, kādu varbūt nevar sasniegt operās. Britens vairāk rakstījis maza apjoma skaņdarbus pēckara iespaidā 40.-50. gadu Lielbritānijā. Daudzas no viņa operām ir kameroperas, tās nebija tik apjomīgas kā šis skaņdarbs. Šī bija iespēja viņam eksplodēt. "Kara rekviēms" ir emocionāli intensīvs skaņdarbs, kurš dod iespēju parādīt daudz vokālo krāsu, daudz psiholoģisku aspektu, par kuriem domāt.

VEM: Alan Adler EPISOD: 44 (Säsong 3 avsnitt 9) EN PODD AV: Simon Kölle www.linktr.ee/simonkolle PRODUCERAS AV: Simon Kölle & Amir Noghabai SÄSONG 3 GÖRS I SAMARBETE MED: FrameSage, med hjälp utav FrameSage kan du finansiera ditt filmprojekt eller investera i film.  Besök www.framesage.com  SÄSONG 3 SPONSRAS AV: Story Academy och Film Crew. Drömmer du om att jobba med film och TV? På Gotlands folkhögskola finns Story Academy och Film Crew – två utbildningar för dig som vill in i branschen. Tack till Erik Bolin som vikarierar som Voice Over.  Om episoden:  I det här speciella avsnittet vänder vi på rollerna – för första gången får vi möta Alan Adler inte som speaker, utan som gäst i Filmbranschpodden. Alan har varit en självklar röst i varje avsnitt sedan starten, men hans egen historia är minst lika fascinerande som de gäster han vanligtvis introducerar. Född i Stockholm, uppvuxen i England, formad av Manchester och London – Alan har haft en karriär som spänner över illustration, musik, tv, skådespeleri och röstproduktion. Han har varit trummis i ett new wave-band, prisad illustratör för Penguin och Island Records, programledare och komiker på TV3, röst på BBC och National Geographic – och idag kanalröst på History Channel samt frilansande skådespelare. I avsnittet går vi igenom Alans bakgrund som ung konstnär i England under 70- och 80-talet, hänget bland banden i den växande indie-scenen i England,  vägen till att bli en av de absolut mest anlitade och ledande illustratörerna, hur det var att bli upptäckt av Jan Stenbeck inför TV3:s första sändningar, skillnaden mellan att uttrycka sig i bild, ljud och scenframträdande, röstarbete, storytelling och varför humor ibland är livets nödutgång.  Alan pratar varmt om sin bortgångne, numera legendariska bror Martin som gick bort i arbetet som journalist.  Vi lotsas genom olika aneckdoter, vändpunkter, refuseringar och oväntade framgångar.  Det här är ett varmt, reflekterande och stundtals riktigt roligt samtal med en unik kreatör och berättare vars karriär verkligen gått mellan konstens, mediets och uttryckets gränsland. Länkar till mer information om Alan Adler:  Arbetande som London-korrespondent åt Today Show: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-ASiQPNPUg The Thunderboys: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MWD7EvkbU9Y Från TV3 tiden med "komedi"-partnern Ola Scherve.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gtbNvGy_SbM Här skriver TJM (Manchester skivbolaget) fint om den stil Alan utvecklade (deras text finns längst ner i slutet av illustrations tråden).  Den åttonde illustrationen där det står "Peter Rabbit" illustrerar i sig något som varit viktigt i Alans arbete. Gränslandet mellan det figurativa och det abstrakta.  Där Alan trivs: https://www.mdmarchive.co.uk/artefact/34737/Alan-Adler-Photograph-1979 Veckans brott om Martins mord: https://vimeo.com/178633836 Att hamna i den här grupperingen var stort för Alan: https://www.mdmarchive.co.uk/artefact/32948/New-Order-Paul-Morley-Alan-Adler-Garment-1985

No Longer An Enemy.Book 3 in 18 parts, By FinalStand. Listen to the ► Podcast at Explicit Novels."My Sister wished to know if you speak Mandarin," the brother translated for me."Hi, I'm Cáel," I greeted him. "Who are you guys?" He looked to one of the two goons holding on to me. I received a painful kidney punch. I discovered a whole new super-power. It hurt for about two seconds then nothing."I asked you a question," he repeated."No, I don't speak Mandarin," I lied so well it came across as a dour confession."Yet you know the secretive language of the Earth & Sky," he stated."Yes, I do. I have a thing for dead languages. Maybe in a few more years, I'll pick up your Mother Tongue as well," I bantered.No punishment was immediately meted out, so I suspected no one close to me, besides him, spoke much if any English. Jian Bob (my new name for him) didn't relay my insult. I wasn't worth it. He went straight for the reason for our get-together."You are going to die, Mr. Nyilas. That is a given," J B began."We both know you have done enough damage to our cause to be worthy of elimination a hundred times over. I'm going to show you respect by not lying to you about your possible fate. What you can do is save your young companion. We understand you two are close," he appealed in a very polite manner. Aya snickered."Cáel, these people are mentally challenged," she giggled to me, "or hideously misinformed.""I know, I know," I smiled down at Aya. "Still, they have gone through a great deal of effort to insult our intellect today, so let's humor them a little longer." Jian Bob issued several casual orders.In short order, a third man had hold of me by the jaw with one hand while trying to hold my eyelids open with the other. One guard held her by the shoulders. A second held her right hand, extending her ring finger. A third man held a knife to her top knuckle. A forth stood close with a small blowtorch."She may be a small person, Mr. Nyilas, but she can still die by the Death of a Thousand cuts," he explained."I love you, Aya," I told her softly."I love you too, Fehér mén," she succeeding in keeping most of the fear from her voice.Neither one of us could stop this. Aya certainly didn't expect me to compromise the Host for her benefit. She was as much an Amazon as the first Epona."First, I wish to know what alerted you to the attack at the Summer Camp," Bob began the interrogation."We know you were responsible. We want to know what happened." I looked into his eyes and waited patiently. He nodded to the guard, who shoved my face toward Aya's extended finger until I was less than a foot away."Do it." The Order came in Mandarin.The guard cut the top part of the digit off, one knuckle. I looked at the flesh and bone being cut away. In a clinical manner, I noted how sharp the blade was. I saw the blood shoot forth and heard Aya's little voice cry out in pain. I was pulled back and pointed at Jian Bob again."Do I need to repeat the question for you?" he said."No, I caught it the first time," I grimaced. "It tells me that you haven't the slightest idea who you are fucking with." Bob made a slight hand gesture and the blowtorch cauterized Aya's stump. Her little lungs belted out a terrible screech that wound down as her feet gave out and she hung limply in the guard's grip."Revive her." The blowtorch guy, clearly not his first day on the job, snapped some smelling salts under her noise. Aya revived, sobbing and in a great deal of pain."Cáel," she whimpered. "I have found my stillness. I'll be okay now." Her sobs subsided."Shall we try this again?" J B remained coolly polite, almost urbane."Nah," I joked, "we are both pretty good over here.""Again." The Mandarin order came. Off went another digit of her ring finger. This time her scream was much more exuberant and forceful. We all know it hurt like Hell, but the world had turned."He's going to kill all of you," Aya snickered while she sobbed. "You are all going to die.""Mu, what is the little girl saying?" she asked Jian Bob, real name Mu."She is stating her belief that Cáel will somehow kill us all," he and his sister shared the joke. "Let us see what her tune is when they start in on her left hand," the woman smiled at her sibling.That implied they'd cut off her right thumb and fingers, digit by digit, until one, or both of us cracked. The man nodded and Aya's nub was burned again. Her scream was more of a cleansing shout."Cáel, do you think I will have a nice horse to ride when I join Epona's herds, or will I get a pony?" Aya whimpered."Not a clue," I began before Mu had the face-hugging guard apply a finger strike to my solar plexus. Alal's gift had allowed me to partially organize my brain functions. Coping with pain was a whole lot easier now, but I had to be careful to monitor it because pain was Nature's way of letting you know that there was something wrong with your body."What color would you like me to pick up and have waiting for you," punch, "when you finally take yourself to the cliffs?""Again.""This is accomplishing nothing," the senior bald Mo Fo grumbled. "He clearly cares nothing for the child and has been trained in counter-interrogation techniques.""There is nothing to indicate that," Mu bristled."Xiàsh, burn the tip of his left forefinger," senior necromancer commanded. The guy holding my face coordinated with the men holding my arms to free me of my bonds and wrestle my left arm forward. I didn't bother resisting.It didn't take the commandoes long to figure I had stopped caring. On came the flame and the pain. Oh, I screamed. The pain was real. What had changed was my ability to shuffle it off to an isolated memory file to be tackled later. The bald creep stepped into my field of vision. His eyes were windows to the abyss. My "spirit" sight opened my eyes to the truly inhuman sections of his mind and soul."See, normal techniques will not be affective. We will do it, " and they realized the enormity of their mistake by assuming I was paralyzed by the pain. I broke free of the guy on my left and began twisting around the guy on my right. I wasn't getting away, I was going for his QCW O5. I knew their favorite martial arts styles and their weaponry now.The guy I was rolling behind realized what I was doing (going for his gun), but mistook my intentions. I wasn't trying to get away, or steal the gun (still strapped to his body). That cockhead even helped me out by lurching ground-ward. I swung the gun up, hit the selector and fired two quick bursts.The first three rounds hit Mr. Blowtorch in his right thigh, shredding it. The second burst caught Mr. Knife guy in the crotch, a triple 21mm castration. Had Blowtorch Guy not been busy trying to keep the strands of his right hip connected to his right leg, he could have stopped the blood fountaining from his buddies shattered groin. That was the end of my joy.I was born to the ground and the guy whose gun I'd borrowed pulled away. I hit the concrete surface hard. That was only the beginning of my issues. Radiating from the floor was cold beyond cold. I had the sensation of falling into the heart of a cold, dead star. How I even knew what the felt like was an impossibility."He feels very cold," protested one of the two guards, in Mandarin; pulling me back to my feet groused."If your incompetence has led to his terminal condition," the male twin threatened. I felt the approach of the female twin, her reaching for me. A new intense pain seared me to the cores of my bones. Before she yanked my hair up, my body reignited.I found myself stared into her pitiless eyes that regarded me with the casual callousness of a veterinarian preparing to put down some rabid stray dog. She ran three fingers over my cheek."What are you babbling about?" she snapped at the two commandoes. "If anything, he is feverish.""Zhen, have him sedated," Chief Necromancer demanded. "Mu, now we will do this my way." Once more I was bound. Someone stabbed a needle into my right triceps. That was a mere discomfort. If I had any consolation, it was hearing Mu ordering the execution of the two men I'd shot.They didn't have the time and facilities to tend to their immediate emergency needs and taking them to a trauma center wasn't going to happen. Those two went into body bags. I had to assume they would be joining us on the plane, though they'd be in the cargo compartment."What are you smiling at?" I heard Zhen snapping before my world collapsed down to a pinhole of light."Lady, I don't know what you said," Aya declared happily. "You are probably angry that Cáel has already killed two of you and we haven't even got off the ground yet." I heard a sound I couldn't make out followed by another and finally a third. That resulted in an Aya-squeak. Ah, she'd tried to hit Aya and Aya had dodged the first two blows. Good girl."Cáel isn't going to like you doing that," Aya chirped."Aya's a winner," I mumbled. I wasn't in control of my senses when they dragged me onto a waiting jet. I wasn't worried. With Aya at my side, I was invincible.DreamingI looked at her face, so youthful, beautiful in her own way, yet far from innocent. She bore a terrible weight. The armor she was wearing, that of a heavy horseman of the steppe, was a leather coat, chain links over her vulnerable regions (throat, underarms and skirt), with the rest being covered by darkened bronze plates.Her iron helmet was open-faced with mobile plates covering her cheeks as well as the sides and the back of her neck; it bore a white horse-hair plume, it was the only feature of her panoply that would draw any special attention her way. She carried no shield. Instead, she wielded a powerful horn & sinew composite recurve bow. She used her knees to rise up on her mount and fire over the mare's head.Similarly attired women rode close to either side of this young woman. Both were older; one in her early forties and the other ~ late thirties. The one to the left bore a lance, not in the couched fashion most people today are familiar with, but used in a double-handed over-head fighting style.The woman to the right fought with a strange blade. It wasn't saber ~ an ancestor of that blade perhaps. It was about a meter long, no hand guard, single-edged except for the top 4 cm on the back side which was equally sharp. Her left hand remained free. I think I saw her purpose. If the young woman got into difficulty, her guardian on the right could pull her horse away and lead the woman to safety.Behind and beside those three rode perhaps three hundred of their sisters. Those in the center were as heavily armored as those three. On each flank were the lighter, faster bow-women, on smaller steeds. The women in the center rode larger mounts that were good for carrying weight and pushing home a charge, while the flanking steppe ponies were virtually tireless.In the center, identified only by her long golden-mane helm, was the Golden Mare ~ War Leader of the Host. The Amazons didn't fly pennants or carry banners. They judged the course of battle by that woman's head movements (the mane was quite long) and the shrill horn blasts unique to the Amazons.Let the barbarians have the all too common deep booming horns calls and their totems raised high for the world to see. Let the Romans keep their trumpets and Legion standards. Amazons had been putting those fools in their graves from time immemorial. Right now, those horns had summoned the Host to a trot.The Hun, Attila, had tasked the Sarmatian Chieftain, under whose banner they rode, to deal with another crisis, the third this short day. Once more, they directed their horses over Catalaunian Fields. The Ostrogoth had gotten themselves into a world of trouble, those filthy, stinking Germans (why was I even thinking that way?)First the Amazons had ridden forth on Attila's right, reinforcing the allied Germanic tribes on the Right Wing in their attempt to force a wedge between Aetius' Romans and King Sangiban's Alans. They'd shown the fools the way, but the supporting Gepids cavalry was too timid and by the time they began to approach, the Golden Mare had been forced to sound 'retire'.The Roman auxiliary cavalry, though of poor quality, had plugged the gap. The Host were too few and too valuable (in their estimation) to die holding a position that their 'allies' might not rescue them from. Next, they had been directed to attack the center of the Alan cavalry line in support of the Huns.Despite the cowardice of their king, the Alans were hardy fighters and too accustomed to the style of steppe warfare that the Host practiced to be lured away from their position. Arrows were exchanged and brief, brutal skirmishes developed, but no advantage was gained. With their mounts exhausted, the Golden Mare had ordered the Host to retired to their camp to water their horses and refill their quivers.That bit of common sense and tactical wisdom placed them in their present crisis. Their Ostrogoth allies had been beating themselves against their Visigoth cousins all afternoon, charging up the same cursed slope that any sane commander would have found a way to flank. No, the Germans had failed seven times using the same plan, so they tried an eighth.Miraculously, they had gained a toehold on the ridgeline and killed the Visigothic King. Like a mob of mindless farmers, the Ostrogoths stopped to celebrate their 'victory' and taunt the Visigoths with the mutilated body of their fallen leader. The Visigoths had been properly incensed and counter-attacked. That's what Princes were for, to avenge their fallen Sires.As the Host exited the Hunnic laager, they'd seen the calamity unfold. The wavering Visigoth infantry had stiffened their line. Believing the Ostrogoths would press forward, the Horse-tail banner of Attila himself broke away from the central Hunnic body, pivoted to his left and thundered into the Visigoth's exposed flank.In the din of battle, it may have looked to the Great Warlord that he had a vanishing opportunity for victory. From the valley below, it was much clearer to the Amazons that the moment to break the Visigothic infantry had passed. The Huns were too tired; their mounts frothing from a long, hot afternoon of battle. Without a swift follow-through, the attack was doomed.At that point, headlong flight for the Amazons wasn't possible. Their long term survival hung on the Hunnic King keeping his Germanic 'allies' in line. They were still somewhere in eastern Roman Gaul, with the Rhine to ford and a land thick with perpetually vicious, blood-thirsty, crotch-scratching, flea-bitten Germanic barbarians to cross before they saw the green rolling hills of home again.No, the Golden Mare, and that young lady knew they had to do something to stem the tide of this disaster for another hour, then darkness would force the combatants to separate so they could try their hand at battle the next day. As the Golden Mare rode to the Sarmatian Chieftain, a rider came through the dust from Attila. The Visigothic cavalry had returned with a vengeance and the Ostrogoths were folding up.The Sarmatians (with their attached Amazons) were to 'somehow' repair the situation. As the Chieftain, the Golden Mare and three Sarmatian tribal leaders hastily discussed the actions. They saw the Hunnic Right, under hard pressure from the Roman attack, beginning to disintegrate. Of immediate concern was the rift opening up between the retreating Hunnic Gepids and the Hunnic horsemen holding the center.King Sangiban had finally discovered his manhood. The Alans attacked through that gap in the Hunnic lines and a rout was in the offing. The Sarmatian Leader decided he had to answer Attila's call. The Golden Mare offered to take her Amazons and whichever tribal leader volunteered first to ride with her against the Alans.She drew her sword and held it aloft then motioned the Sarmatians to look at her shadow."We will hold them off until the length of our swords double (the shadow). Then we are all on our own," she offered. There was no further discussion necessary. There was nothing else to say. The Host and their allies had the fresher horses and full quivers.The Alans had numbers but no heavy horse present, yet. The Host had answered Attila's call to war and now, nearly a year away from their homes in the forested steppe lands of modern-day Bukovina. At that moment they were wondering how few of them would ever see their horse herds roaming free this side of life.That was where my vision came in ~ that woman was 'Ishara', the last of my major bloodline of the first Ishara and this was the last hour of her life. The other two women were the only other two members of that vanishing bloodline. One was her aunt and the other a cousin. Despite the dire peril to their lineage, they joined their sisters in battle.Even though they were outnumber 2 to 1, the Amazons swept aside the first burst of Alans, scattering their bands and hunting the slowest of them down. Rushing alone to fill the gaping hole in the main battle lines was to abandon all tactical sense. Eighty Amazon heavy horse and perhaps twenty more Sarmatians ~ they were integrated now ~ alone simply weren't enough.For the roughly 300 lightly armored horse-archers, it would be a pointless suicide and that was not the Amazon way. Instead, they scattered the initial Alan rush then gently trotted back down the slope. Of course, the Alans regrouped and followed. It was the battle pulse of steppe skirmishing.By simply existing, they turned the rushing wave of that first Alan charge into a slowly strengthening tide. The Alans' mounts were tired and in need of water. Their quivers were nearly empty and some were seen at the top of the slope looting the quivers of the fallen. Whenever they could, the Amazons killed those clever souls.Killing an archer closer to you who only had two arrows left wasn't as economical as killing the one who was both dismounted, thus an easier shot, and about to have fifteen bolts to use against you. Without the constant harassment, the Gepids were able to keep their retreat orderly. In turn, the other Germanics farther to the right kept their mobs relatively intact as well.Their success earned them the inevitable enemy reaction. From his vantage point, the Roman Aetius saw the vulnerable and unsupported position the Amazons held. If he could push past the Amazon screen, he could still achieve a route instead of accepting a mere victory for his side. The solution was a force of

Aspazijas 160. dzimšanas dienas svinības Kastaņolā, kas bija Raiņa un Aspazijas trimdas vieta turpat četrpadsmit gadu, aktualizē jautājumu par Raiņa un Aspazijas muzeja pastāvēšanu šajā Šveices ciematā. Kultūras rondo saruna par pieredzēto un Ingas Ābeles topošo romānu „Mīlamā” ar Ingvildu Strautmani.     Kastaņolā 15. un 16. martā bija sabraukuši ne tikai viesi no Latvijas, bet arī latvieši no Itālijas, no Vācijas, no vairākām Šveices pilsētām - Cīrihes, Bernes un Bāzeles. Aizvadīto svinību sakarā ir trīs ziņas. Pirmā no tām: Rainim un Aspazijai veltītā ekspozīcija Kastaņolā, visticamāk, tiks pagarināta, līgums ar Lugano pašvaldību tiks pagarināts vēl uz diviem gadiem. Vēl gan ir jāatrisina dažas praktiskas lietas Otra ziņa - Kastaņolā ir iela "Via Rainis e Aspazija, latviešu dzejnieki un patrioti" un šo ielu oficiāli atklās maijā.  Trešā ziņa: Lai Raiņa un Aspazijas piemiņa Šveicē būtu dzīva, tiek domāts arī par dažādām jaunām sadarbības formām, un viena no tām, kas arī vēl ir sagatavošanas procesā, varētu būt literārās rezidences. Sadarbotos Ventspils Rakstnieku māja ar vienu no Šveices rakstnieku mājām.  Domājams, ka viss iecerētais īstenosies. Pasākumā, kas norisinājās 15. martā Lugano pilsētas arhīvā, piedalījās arī kultūras nodaļas direktors Luidži di Korato. Viņš lielā mērā būs tas, kurš pateiks - jā, būs vai nē, nebūs, un bija Latvijas vēstniece Šveicē Guna Japiņa.  Uz Šveici šajā reizē bija devusies arī pētniece, Raiņa un Aspazijas vasarnīcas Jūrmalā speciāliste Amanda Kaufmane, kurā ir sajūsmā par visu to, ko viņai var izstāstīt literatūrzinātniece Gundega Grīnuma. Viņas priekšlasījums bija par Raiņa un Aspazijas mājbrauci, kā viņi paši sauca gatavošanos atgriezties Latvijā, par to, kā Latvijā reaģēja. Bija arī senas un patiesībā neredzētas fotogrāfijas, piemēram, kur Rainis ir Latgalē, iebraucot Latvijā, nevis kopā ar Aspaziju, bet ar dzejnieci Birutu Skujenieci. Viņas stāstā aizrautība ir pilnīgi saklausāma. Sarunā piedalās arī Memoriālo muzeju apvienības direktora vietniece Sanita Kossoviča. Ar priekšlasījumu uzstājās arī filoloģijas profesors, biedrības "Šveice - Latvija" prezidents Alans Šorderets, bet viņš burvīgi runā latviešu valodā, jo ir precējies ar latvieti Ilzi. Viņš sarunā iezīmē ne tikai Raiņa un Aspazijas, ne tikai arī Zentas Mauriņas, ne tikai Miķeļa Pankoka pēdas Šveicē, bet arī tādu mūsdienu zinātnieku sadarbību un arī nākotni zinātnē.  Rakstniece Inga Ābele lasīja fragmentus no topošā romāna par Aspaziju "Mīlamā", kas iznāks romānu un monogrāfiju sērijā "Es esmu...". Arī mūsu saruna par to. Savukārt 16. martā bija Radio mazās lasītavas tikšanās ar klausītājiem Lugano. Aktieris Gundars Āboliņš lasīja fragmentus no Aspazijas atmiņām un vēstulēm no Šveices, ko palīdzēja sagatavot Gundega Grīnuma, kā arī fragmentus paša tulkotās Joahima Meierhofa grāmatas „Ak, šī plaisa, sasodītā plaisa”.

A big win on the board and 2025 is off and running (albeit slightly later than ideal), Chris Fox joins Ben and Dave to chat about the 3 points earned against Tamworth, the game against Maidenhead and few other bits as well, including your #GCQs Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

“If once you have paid him the Dane-geld, You never get rid of the Dane.”Rudyard KiplingThe winter of 406-407 was bitterly cold across Europe. The Rhine froze over, enabling hordes of Vandals, Alans - I love the fact that there was a tribe of Alans - and Suebi to make their way across the river, and into the Roman empire. They were violent with hunger, from the cold and greedy for what they had admired for so long on the other side.The response from Rome was slow, weak and inadequate.In Britain, Rome had already lost the north and west to warlords. The Roman armies in Britain, who, at best, had been paid with debased money, feared these Germanic tribes would cross into Britain next, so, led by Constantine III, who declared himself “Western Roman Emperor”, they made their way across the Channel and into Gaul, leaving ‘Britannia' to fend for itself. We do not really know if it was Rome that gave up Britain, or Britain that gave up Rome, but, either way, the Dark Ages had well and truly begun.Gold , silver and bronze coins had been widespread under the Romans. They were used to pay taxes, and often re-minted to pay the army and the civil service. But after Constantine III's departure, few coins were either minted or imported. Judging by the numerous hoards found from the period, many people buried their money - presumably to keep it safe in this unruly new environment of no military protection and merciless invasion from Angles, Saxons and other tribes from the continent. With the lack of new supply, existing coins were re-used. Clipping - cutting off the edges to steal metal - became widespread. The previously vigorous late Roman monetary system crumbled. It was not for another 200 years that minting properly started up again.The Anglo-Saxon invaders initially used gold more for adornment rather than as currency. Though there are examples of earlier Anglo-Saxon coins, King Eadbald of Kent was the first Anglo-Saxon whose name we actually know to mint coins. This was around 625AD - small, gold coins called scillingas (shillings), modelled on coins from France. Numismatists now call them thrymsas.As the century progressed, these coins grew increasingly pale, until there was very little gold in them at all. From about 675, small, thick, silver coins known as sceattas came into use in all the countries around the North Sea, and the gold shilling was superseded by the silver penning, or penny. As money, gold fell out of use almost altogether, though silver had something of a boom.It is thought the word ‘penny', like the German ‘pfennig' derives from the pans into which the molten metal for making them was poured. ‘Pfanne' is the German for ‘pan'. Another theory is that it derives somehow from the denarius, as the symbol for the penny used to be the d. Likely a bit of both.The Mercian King Offa, he of dyke fame, who reigned for almost 40 years from 757 to 796, must be one of the greatest Anglo-Saxon kings, certainly the greatest of the 8th century. As well as his dyke, which protected his kingdom from Welsh invaders, and provided a barrier by which he could collect duties, he is credited for the widespread adoption of the silver penny and pound as a unit of account (though the pound was in use before his reign, he still gets the credit). His coins, with portraits and intricate designs, were as accomplished as anywhere in Europe at the time. His system, though probably imported from Charlemagne and the Franks, for reasons which will become clear, almost certainly dates back to the Romans. 12 silver pence equalled a scilling. 20 scillingas, or 240 pennies (12 x 20), equalled a pound weight of silver. Thus did the pound we still use today get its name - it was, simply, a pound weight of sterling silver.The Latin word for a "pound" is libra and the pound sign, £, is a stylized writing of the letter L. The d meanwhile used for pence comes from the Latin denarius. The roots of the British system of money are Roman.Offa's system remained standard until at least the 16th century and, in many ways, until decimalization in 1971. You had to add up each unit of currency separately in this format: £3.9.4, which would be spoken "three pounds, nine shillings and four pence," or "three-pounds, nine and four." To add, you would calculate each unit separately, then convert pence to shillings, leaving leftover pence in the right column. Then convert the shillings to pounds (with leftover shillings in the middle column). And then add up the total pounds. It sounds complicated when you explain it, especially to those oriented in metric, but, like all traditional measures, it is quite intuitive in practice.On this note, have you seen my lecture about weights and measures? It's superb! Offa's systems were gradually consolidated over the subsequent centuries, especially as the kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon Britain began to merge. In the 860s, for example, the kingdoms of Mercia and Wessex formed an alliance by which coinage of a common design could circulate through both of their lands.The Viking invaders found coinage systems far more sophisticated than their own, and the Danegeld, the protection money with which they were bought off, was paid in silver pennies. I had always thought the “geld” in Danegeld meant “gold” but in fact it means yield, and the Viking invaders demanded this tribute wherever in Europe they ravaged.Buying gold to protect yourself in these uncertain times? I recommend The Pure Gold Company. Pricing is competitive, quality of service is high. They deliver to the UK, US, Canada and Europe or you can store your gold with them. More here.The Danegeld system was quite efficient - on both sides. For the invaders, they were often paid more than they could raise by looting, without having to fight. For the locals, the ravaging was avoided, although, as Rudyard Kipling noted in his poem on the subject, “if once you have paid him the Dane-geld, You never get rid of the Dane.”The Danegeld probably also motivated improvements to Anglo-Saxon coinage. To pay his own soldiers, to build forts and ships, and to pay Danegeld, Alfred the Great increased the number of mints in his realm to at least 8. His successor Athelstan had 30 and, to keep order, passed a law in 928 stating that England should have just one currency. Ever since, there has been just one. This was many centuries before standardisation in France, Germany, or Italy.When William, Duke of Normandy, invaded England in 1066, he succeeded where his Viking ancestors had failed for over 270 years, in that he managed to conquer all of England. It meant he took control of English coinage, which was far superior to that of his homeland. William's coins, struck back in Normandy, are remarkable for how poor they are, compared to their English counterparts.He had at least seven types of English pennies struck with his name on, enabling him to achieve the rebrand that was so important to him. No longer was he William the B*****d, as he was then known. Now he was William the Conqueror. He let the world know through his coins. It worked: that is how we still know him today.It is a little ironic that the pound should be so named for its silver. Because, from the time of Isaac Newton and the founding of the Bank of England, silver had very little to do with the pound. Only gold.That story is told here: This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit www.theflyingfrisby.com/subscribe

“If once you have paid him the Dane-geld, You never get rid of the Dane.”Rudyard KiplingThe winter of 406-407 was bitterly cold across Europe. The Rhine froze over, enabling hordes of Vandals, Alans - I love the fact that there was a tribe of Alans - and Suebi to make their way across the river, and into the Roman empire. They were violent with hunger, from the cold and greedy for what they had admired for so long on the other side.The response from Rome was slow, weak and inadequate.In Britain, Rome had already lost the north and west to warlords. The Roman armies in Britain, who, at best, had been paid with debased money, feared these Germanic tribes would cross into Britain next, so, led by Constantine III, who declared himself “Western Roman Emperor”, they made their way across the Channel and into Gaul, leaving ‘Britannia' to fend for itself. We do not really know if it was Rome that gave up Britain, or Britain that gave up Rome, but, either way, the Dark Ages had well and truly begun.Gold , silver and bronze coins had been widespread under the Romans. They were used to pay taxes, and often re-minted to pay the army and the civil service. But after Constantine III's departure, few coins were either minted or imported. Judging by the numerous hoards found from the period, many people buried their money - presumably to keep it safe in this unruly new environment of no military protection and merciless invasion from Angles, Saxons and other tribes from the continent. With the lack of new supply, existing coins were re-used. Clipping - cutting off the edges to steal metal - became widespread. The previously vigorous late Roman monetary system crumbled. It was not for another 200 years that minting properly started up again.The Anglo-Saxon invaders initially used gold more for adornment rather than as currency. Though there are examples of earlier Anglo-Saxon coins, King Eadbald of Kent was the first Anglo-Saxon whose name we actually know to mint coins. This was around 625AD - small, gold coins called scillingas (shillings), modelled on coins from France. Numismatists now call them thrymsas.As the century progressed, these coins grew increasingly pale, until there was very little gold in them at all. From about 675, small, thick, silver coins known as sceattas came into use in all the countries around the North Sea, and the gold shilling was superseded by the silver penning, or penny. As money, gold fell out of use almost altogether, though silver had something of a boom.It is thought the word ‘penny', like the German ‘pfennig' derives from the pans into which the molten metal for making them was poured. ‘Pfanne' is the German for ‘pan'. Another theory is that it derives somehow from the denarius, as the symbol for the penny used to be the d. Likely a bit of both.The Mercian King Offa, he of dyke fame, who reigned for almost 40 years from 757 to 796, must be one of the greatest Anglo-Saxon kings, certainly the greatest of the 8th century. As well as his dyke, which protected his kingdom from Welsh invaders, and provided a barrier by which he could collect duties, he is credited for the widespread adoption of the silver penny and pound as a unit of account (though the pound was in use before his reign, he still gets the credit). His coins, with portraits and intricate designs, were as accomplished as anywhere in Europe at the time. His system, though probably imported from Charlemagne and the Franks, for reasons which will become clear, almost certainly dates back to the Romans. 12 silver pence equalled a scilling. 20 scillingas, or 240 pennies (12 x 20), equalled a pound weight of silver. Thus did the pound we still use today get its name - it was, simply, a pound weight of sterling silver.The Latin word for a "pound" is libra and the pound sign, £, is a stylized writing of the letter L. The d meanwhile used for pence comes from the Latin denarius. The roots of the British system of money are Roman.Offa's system remained standard until at least the 16th century and, in many ways, until decimalization in 1971. You had to add up each unit of currency separately in this format: £3.9.4, which would be spoken "three pounds, nine shillings and four pence," or "three-pounds, nine and four." To add, you would calculate each unit separately, then convert pence to shillings, leaving leftover pence in the right column. Then convert the shillings to pounds (with leftover shillings in the middle column). And then add up the total pounds. It sounds complicated when you explain it, especially to those oriented in metric, but, like all traditional measures, it is quite intuitive in practice.On this note, have you seen my lecture about weights and measures? It's superb! Offa's systems were gradually consolidated over the subsequent centuries, especially as the kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon Britain began to merge. In the 860s, for example, the kingdoms of Mercia and Wessex formed an alliance by which coinage of a common design could circulate through both of their lands.The Viking invaders found coinage systems far more sophisticated than their own, and the Danegeld, the protection money with which they were bought off, was paid in silver pennies. I had always thought the “geld” in Danegeld meant “gold” but in fact it means yield, and the Viking invaders demanded this tribute wherever in Europe they ravaged.Buying gold to protect yourself in these uncertain times? I recommend The Pure Gold Company. Pricing is competitive, quality of service is high. They deliver to the UK, US, Canada and Europe or you can store your gold with them. More here.The Danegeld system was quite efficient - on both sides. For the invaders, they were often paid more than they could raise by looting, without having to fight. For the locals, the ravaging was avoided, although, as Rudyard Kipling noted in his poem on the subject, “if once you have paid him the Dane-geld, You never get rid of the Dane.”The Danegeld probably also motivated improvements to Anglo-Saxon coinage. To pay his own soldiers, to build forts and ships, and to pay Danegeld, Alfred the Great increased the number of mints in his realm to at least 8. His successor Athelstan had 30 and, to keep order, passed a law in 928 stating that England should have just one currency. Ever since, there has been just one. This was many centuries before standardisation in France, Germany, or Italy.When William, Duke of Normandy, invaded England in 1066, he succeeded where his Viking ancestors had failed for over 270 years, in that he managed to conquer all of England. It meant he took control of English coinage, which was far superior to that of his homeland. William's coins, struck back in Normandy, are remarkable for how poor they are, compared to their English counterparts.He had at least seven types of English pennies struck with his name on, enabling him to achieve the rebrand that was so important to him. No longer was he William the B*****d, as he was then known. Now he was William the Conqueror. He let the world know through his coins. It worked: that is how we still know him today.It is a little ironic that the pound should be so named for its silver. Because, from the time of Isaac Newton and the founding of the Bank of England, silver had very little to do with the pound. Only gold.That story is told here: This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit www.theflyingfrisby.com/subscribe

In this episode, Natalie welcomes Alan Elsey, a beach hut owner from Hove, East Sussex. Alan shares his journey of discovering the charm of beach huts after moving from London and how his initial scepticism transformed into a passion for beach hut ownership. Alan discusses the unique features of his award-winning beach hut, including a bar and creative design elements, and reflects on the vibrant community spirit in Hove, especially during festive events like the Christmas open day. Alan shares anecdotes about social gatherings, and his most favourite memorable experiences.   KEY TAKEAWAYS Alan's appreciation for beach huts developed after socialising at friends' beach huts, leading him to buy his own in Hove after the first lockdown. Alan's beach hut is designed for socialising and features a bar, a dining table, and unique decor elements like a candelabra and a mirror ball, making it a lively gathering spot. The Beach Hut Association in Hove fosters a strong sense of community among beach hut owners, organising events like summer open days and Christmas celebrations that bring people together. Hove's beach huts are decorated for Christmas, with events that attract visitors from nearby areas. Alan has participated in these festivities, creating memorable experiences with friends and family. Potential beach hut owners should be aware of the costs involved in ownership, including ground rent, insurance, and maintenance. Alan advises potential buyers to act quickly when opportunities arise, as beach huts are often in high demand. LINKS If you want to know about Alans portable record player: GPO Ambassador Stand-Alone Bluetooth Turntable Record Player with Built-in Speakers, Suitcase Record Player to Record MP3 with RCA Connection, Green and Black : Amazon.co.uk: Electronics & Photo  If you want to know more about Hove: Hove - Town in Hove, Brighton and Hove - Visit South East England BEST MOMENTS "I thought, why do you need them? You could just sit on the beach. But then two friends of ours had a beach hut... and suddenly, I thought, oh, I get it now." "I built a bar in the beach hut, which is very popular... initially people were surprised I wanted to change the design, but completely understand now they have seen it because it's tremendous fun." "I think we should find a way for everybody to experience a beach hut for at least 10 minutes. I think the whole world would be converted." "I entered a competition for a beach hut design and actually came third in the country... I think it was my ingenious storage solutions that swung it." "We were at the beach hut lots in the summer, till midnight with candles burning... there was a full red moon one night. We all went swimming at midnight with music playing."   HOST BIO My name is Natalie Young. I bought a beach hut to bring joy into my life after escaping an abusive relationship and a difficult divorce.  Based in Christchurch, Dorset, my beach hut is affectionally called the Salty Seagull and is located on Friars Cliff beach with sea views to the Needles on the Isle of White. It is my slice of heaven.  Owning and hiring a beach hut is more complicated than I realised and I am on a constant mission to discover the best ways to manage and care for your hut. I have researched the pros and cons of renting and the best ways to market and host. The beach, the sights and the sounds of the sea bring me huge joy. I hope this podcast will bring you smiles, laughter and joy too! https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=61559730024536&sk=about https://www.linkedin.com/company/103555627/admin/feed/posts/?feedType=following We will be chatting with special guests from estate agents to lock specialists, beach hut associations to beach hut builders, and artists to interior designers.  If you don't know what all the fuss is about, join us every week and you too will become a little bit Bonkers Bbout Beach Huts.

Privatdetektiven Virgil Vandergraff har blivit kontaktad av Roger Godlet och Alan Brusards mammor. De två unga männen hade båda försvunnit under sommaren 1994. Polisen verkar tro att det handlar om frivilliga försvinnanden. Men Roger och Alans mammor vet att det inte stämmer. Deras söner skulle aldrig ge sig iväg utan ett ord.Manus av Jennie Sterner. Vill du höra ett specifikt fall i Seriemördarpodden? Önska dina fall i det här formuläret: https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfDlQxf9SgZyeGS-qFPaB4BP-L59lQhs7BbZACfwk7xSs-AFw/viewform?fbclid=IwAR0astYAY_SJLcst89FwKaPIeHHV9zlfAxEz6Cmrh37bbMwvMHGc8z5cwg4 E-post: zimwaypodcast@gmail.com Följ Dan Hörning på instagram: https://www.instagram.com/dan_horning/Det här är ett smakprov från Seriemördarpodden Premium. Det kommer att ligga kvar offentligt i tre veckor. Du hittar Seriemördarpodden Premium bland annat här: https://podme.com/se/seriemordarpodden/1270992?gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAjwxNW2BhAkEiwA24Cm9EGF9lVrGCshuuAFcIVT4faAfJ1yNXCtLwH75jGH0ocNtc3mjSF87xoCNLQQAvD_BwE inklusive 500+ avsnitt av Seriemördarpodden.Om du gillar Seriemördarpodden gillar du förmodligen Massmördarpodden. Du hittar den i alla poddappar. Massmördarpodden är gjord av samma människor och har samma format som Seriemördarpodden. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

In episode 11 of the chronological series you'll learn about how the Vandals, Suebi, and Alans entered and settled in Hispania, the first visit of the Visigoths to these lands, and the initial steps in the rise of the Visigothic Kingdom of Toulouse. Episode 10 Alaric and the Barbarian Migrations

In episode 10 Alaric and the Barbarian Migrations you will learn how and why the barbarian migrations towards the Roman Empire began, the Gothic crisis, Alaric's leadership in all of this, and who the Vandals, Alans, and Suebi were.   SUPPORT NEW HISTORY OF SPAIN: Patreon: https://patreon.com/newhistoryspain  Ko-Fi: https://ko-fi.com/newhistoryspain  PayPal: https://paypal.me/lahistoriaespana  Bitcoin donation: bc1q64qs58s5c5kp5amhw5hn7vp9fvtekeq96sf4au Ethereum donation: 0xE3C423625953eCDAA8e57D34f5Ce027dd1902374 Join the DISCORD: https://discord.gg/jUvtdRKxUC  Or follow the show for updates on Twitter/X: https://x.com/newhistoryspain  OTHER SERVICES: My English to Spanish translation service: https://www.fiverr.com/s/Ke8yP4b  Join my course to learn how to use AI in your academic research and writing: https://www.udemy.com/course/ai-for-scholars/?referralCode=22121D97D0B1CECE5ECC YOUTUBE CHANNEL: https://www.youtube.com/@newhistoryspain Apple Podcasts:  https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/new-history-of-spain/id1749528700 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/7hstfgSYFfFPXhjps08IYi    TIMESTAMPS: 00:00 Hook 00:24 Migration Period explained 06:00 The Origin of the Goths 09:19 The Gothic Crisis 12:43 Stilicho and Alaric's Visigoths 16:44 The Crossing of the Rhine 20:06 Who Were the Vandals, Suebi, and Alans? 25:00 The Rebellion of Constantine III 27:59 Alaric and the Sack of Rome 32:45 The Verdict: Far-Right Comparison Between Our Times and the Migration Period 34:08 Outro

In the first story, a man just wants to find some fire to roast a pig, but he comes across an Alan's house instead. What will he do? In the second story, a man plays dead and gets a reward from the Alans, but they wouldn't really burn down his house, would they? And in the third story, Sogsogot goes on a wild adventure and his ghost wife makes him throw feathers at other ghosts. Wild. Source: Philippine Folk Tales, by Mabel Cook Cole Narrator: Dustin Steichmann Sound: LS_34227-1_ph_Night.wav by kevp888 -- https://freesound.org/s/464749/ -- License: Attribution 4.0 Music: The Philippine Choral Society of Mississauga - Simbanggabi Photo: "Grey headed Flying fox" by smurfun is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0. Podcast Shoutout: Scene on Radio is a two-time Peabody-nominated podcast from the Kenan Institute for Ethics at Duke University that dares to ask big, hard questions about who we are—really—and how we got this way. The show is produced and hosted by John Biewen, along with collaborators, and distributed by PRX. Listener Shoutout: Damascus is the capital and largest city of Syria, the oldest current capital in the world and, according to some, the fourth holiest city in Islam. Known colloquially in Syria as aš-Šām and dubbed, poetically, the "City of Jasmine", Damascus is a major cultural center of the Levant and the Arab world. Wikipedia

New Creative Director, Alan Lane, talks to Lynsey about what attracted him to the Tattoo, and his vision for our 75th anniversary Show in 2025. Tickets for The Heroes Who Made us are on public sale at 10am 26 August, join us to see Alans first Show at the helm. 

BECKET Debauched King Henry II installs his longtime court facilitator Thomas Becket as the Archbishop of Canterbury, assuming that his old friend will be a compliant and loyal lackey in the King's ongoing battles with the church. But Becket unexpectedly finds his true calling with God and aligns himself against the king's selfish wishes, causing a rift and an eventual showdown not only between the two men, but also the institutions they represent. Craig and Alan talk about the end of friendships, great British actors, Alans 55th birthday and the movie “Becket” on Alan's birthday edition of Matinee Heroes! Show Notes 1:15 Craig and Alan talk about his absence due to Hurricane Beryl and what Alan is up to for his birthday. 12:44 Craig and Alan discuss "Becket" 30:46 Recasting 38:57 Double Feature 42:13 Final Thoughts 47:46 A preview of next week's episode "Star Wars: The Clone Wars" Next week, the summer of panels continues as Craig sits with a whole slew of the cast of "Star Wars: The Clone Wars"

This is a lo-fi recorded podcast from a hotel room in Walsall, UK. We were both enjoying Revival Retro event and this was after the first day's play.  We get joined by ‘housekeeping' in the form of Nintendo Arcade Alex Crowley, who gives a bit of an insight into our featured game – ALANS.

C.406 to 452 And we're back! Thank you to everyone for your patience and kind emails and messages, they meant a lot to me and kept me motivated to come back. Hispania was a peaceful and prosperous part of the Roman Empire for much of its history, and a popular retirement destination. The arrival of the Vandals, Suevi, and Alans, followed by the Visigoths, put all that peace and tranquility firmly in the rear view mirror. Webpage for this Episode darkagespod.com/2024/06/10/47-roman-hispania/ This episode sponsored in part by manscaped.com, enter DARKAGES at checkout for 20% off and free shipping! Buy me a coffee with ko-fi.com/darkagespod Title Music: "The Britons" by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Sound effects from freesound.com And https://www.chosic.com/free-music/all/

Welcome to EP#55 of  @Thefailurepodcast  where we sit down with the man, the myth, the legend, Mr. Allan Draper! Alan is a serial entrepreneur and investor who craves challenge and risks. We dive deep into Alans mind and why he chose to leave his career as an attorney, to be a bug guy! We talk the struggles of family, social media, and get some insight into the psychology of the entrepreneur mind. Grab your facorite Backwoods Brewing Company Beer and lets LOCK IN!! Drink Dev's Coffee ► ⁠https://orderdevs.com⁠ Drink Backwoods Beer ► ⁠https://www.backwoodsbrewingcompany.com/⁠ Book Backwoods Cabins ► ⁠https://www.backwoodsbrewingcompany.com/backwoods-cabins⁠ Lux Watch Mods ► https://luxwatchmods.com/ Use Code: FAILURE10 10% Off SUBSCRIBE TO THE PODCAST ► https://youtube.com/@TheFailurePodcast LISTEN ON: ITUNES: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-failure-podcast/id1690380228 Watch Previous: The Failure Podcast | Mason Sawyer | Learning How To Grieve EP #53 https://youtu.be/ny10eIKPg5s ADD US ON: INSTAGRAM: https://www.instagram.com/the_failure_podcast INSTAGRAM: https://www.instagram.com/devscoffeebar INSTAGRAM: https://www.instagram.com/realallandraper --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/failurepodcast/message

With one more week of the dreaded January blues left, we thought we would brighten up your day with a very special episode of The Therapy Crouch!On today's episode, Abbey and Peter are joined on the couch by Chatty Man Alan Carr and his partner in crime Amanda Holden. As you can probably guess, this episode was full of surprises, and explosive revelations. We hear Alans habits that drive Amanda up the wall, why you never want to take a trip to a marble quarry on a hangover and Alan's disappointment at the fact he is less OnlyFans, more OnlyGrans…. They are also on hand to give advice to our listeners who are struggling with their ‘Mingebag' husbands, groaning grannies and Judgey Dry Jan partners. Enjoy this week's, Therapy Crouch! 00:25 Intro05:26 DNA Journeys09:53 More tea, Vicar?11:47 Hangovers, Spritz, and Marble Quarry Mishaps15:26 The Sound of Silence20:10 Podcast vs. Chat Shows23:09 Bikini Fetish 25:34 Dry January Judgment31:32 Green Flags 35:19 Amanda and Alan's Italian Job38:36 Penelope!48:05 Agony Abs52:10 GROW UP!57:47 OnlyGransTo contact us: Email: thetherapycrouch@gmail.com Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/ thetherapycrouchpodcast/ TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/ @thetherapycrouch Website: https://thetherapycrouch.com/ For more from Peterhttps://twitter.com/petercrouchFor more from Abbeyhttps://www.instagram.com/abbeyclancyOur clips channelhttps://www.youtube.com/channel/UCZntcv96YhN8IvMAKsz4Dbg Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

2 is better than 1 so you should always go for it like the Detroit Lions coach Dan Campbell. Ok that makes no sense but the guys were pissed off how the Cowboys won by officiating mistake. Mike also talks about impulse buying two way radios, scanner antennas and ham radio equipment. Al struggles the same way with bass guitars. The fellas also pay tribute to their biggest fan Kath....(mikes mom, Brian and Alans aunt.)   #lions #cowboys #nfl #playoffs 

Neil joins us from platform 6 of Preston station with a sore leg and way of detecting train stations using sonar it seems! Neil refuses, as ever, to conform and tries to give man of the match to the whole midfield! Despite a lack of sleep, he is full of beans due to the result, the atmosphere and some lovely stewarding at Deepdale and even starts singing at one point before naming “Edo the Truck”!Tim joins us having completed his chaplain duties for Ascot United but enthusing over his other yellow love and feels more connected to the team once more seeing effort and commitment as typified by Ken “King of The Wall” Sema. Finally, we remember a Watford FC chaplain who made a move to Manchester United – having presumably been able to turn down Champions League chaplaining!Ben joins us having recently got engaged and asks where all those goals came from having expected the first half to be repeated! Alan joins us and beats Ascot United v Met Police for random non-league game of the season and sets us a Geography quiz question! The location of the game turns out to be another part of the UK whose accent Alan can't comprehend (the radius of this is about 20 miles from Alans house it transpires!). More cheese discussions as we discover Fulham tried to emulate the cheese board success of the day until everything is gazumped by black pudding being served in a cold finger buffet!Briefly returning to football via the 5 word reviews with little or no adherence to the 5 word ruleMal, Steve and Mike call in post the 2nd leg of the Cheese, biscuits and Jack Daniels on the return journey having conquered the Nigerian curse and helping (perhaps) a 5-1 away win before reading through the long form reviews including more about Southern US chicken recipes! Final thoughts are to the captain of our rivals who suffered a cardiac arrest on the pitch today. COYH!!!This Podcast has been created and uploaded by Do Not Scratch Your Eyes. The views in this Podcast are not necessarily the views of talkSPORT.Huge thanks to all our Patreons:Chris Giannone,RichWFC2,Steve Holliman,Ian Ball,Paul Fiander Turner,Sean Gourley,Lee Anselmo,John Parslow,Mark von Herkomer,Neil Silverstein,Steve Brown,Dave Lavender,Kasey Brown,Nipper Harrison,Boyd Mayover,Colin Payne,Paul Riley,Gary Wood,Karl Campion,Kevin Kremen,The Big Le – Bofski,Greg Theaker,Malcolm Williams,Bryan Edwards,Peter Ryan,Luka,Jack Foster,Jason Rose,Michael Abrahams,Ian Bacon,Ken Green,Nick Nieuwland,Colin SmithAnt!!!!!& PDF Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Tonight on We Are Paradox Media's "Late Night in the Rockies" Weekend Host TessaTNT is joined by Psychic Medium Alan Wright. This evening we will be discussing many of Alans paranormal experiences and books he has written on such topics.

Josh Monday Christian and Conspiracy Podcast Episode 151 Tips for the show to Support our Ministry: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/joshmondayj Please subscribe to our Spotify and You Tube Channel and help us grow so we can keep on spreading the good news.   To all of our current and future subscribers thank you for your time, we appreciate you. Please do us a favor subscribe to our You Tube Channel, hit that bell, share, like and comment below on our You tube. Please leave us a 5-Star review on Apple and Spotify. This week we have an amazing show for you guys featuring  @space_audits  Alan. I saw Alan on  @jeranism  doing a debate. After hearing how he breaks down science and shows how they duped us I had to have him on. I have him go over his testimony on what brough him to Flat Earth. Then he goes over what experiments they tell us proved the supposed orbit of the Earth. He does an awesome job of showing us why they didn't actually prove anything. Then we get into the mathematical side of how they pulled the wool over our eyes. We get into Mikelson Morley experiment. We get into some Albert Einstein theories. We also go over the Coriolis Effect Snipers, Planes and helicopters. We go over Alans thoughts on the big bang theory and evolution. This is an awesome show please subscribe to Alans You tube below. Alans You tube:  @space_audits  --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/josh-monday/message Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/josh-monday/support

Information might be the most important commodity in the world. How it is produced and consumed has an impact on the way we think and view issues. This is as true in golf as it is in the broader community and former ABC Editorial Director Alan Sunderland joins Ep 164 of the pod to talk journalism, the media and navigating the modern information super highway. Links mentioned on this episode: The audio version (https://www.amazon.com/Ten-Rules-Reporting-Journalism-Community/dp/B0BJXX4WNV) of Alans' excellent book, The Ten Rules of Reporting: Journallism For The Comunity. The print verison can be found here (https://www.booktopia.com.au/the-ten-rules-of-reporting-alan-sunderland/book/9781761108235.html) Also, don't forget Angus and Grace Go Golfing (https://www.angusandgracegogolfing.com) for all your apparel needs.

Sweet little Cassie, all alone surrounded by sharks. The easiest of preys... Thank God for the Alans of the world. Hope you enjoy the episode and all my crazy banter! --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/thatshoweffedmeup/support

Today we are re-releasing one of our favorite podcast episodes: Suzanne Somers- "I Made it Through the Rain. This week Suzanne died just short of her 77th birthday. She passed away peacefully at home in the early morning hours of October 15th. Suzanne survived an aggressive form of breast cancer for over 23 years. She was a true Warrior and an icon. She was on a very short list of dream guests we had for this show. In this episode Liz gives a behind the scenes look at the interview. May we all hope to shine as bright as Suzanne did, have a love as great as hers and Alans, and to make it "through the rain". Learn more about Rapid Transformational Therapy and Liz's 30 Day Transformation: https://www.lizsvatek.com/rtt

Magicians Jason and Stacey Alan stop by to chat. Bill talks with Billy Wayne Davis and more!

Fed up of getting ghosted? This episode is here to help. I'm joined by wedding industry legend Alan Berg who is going to be sharing SO much great information about how to respond to directory enquiries and not get ghosted. It's time to stop the ghosting in your wedding business, because it's not a no until it's a no.Find out more about AlanGet £50 off tickets to Alans event in LondonBuy Alans books. - Use coupon code 'podcast' for free shippingWant to meet other likeminded wedding pro's so that you can share ideas, network and help each other out? Then why not go ahead and join my free Wedding Pro community over on Facebook:https://www.facebook.com/groups/weddingprosreadytogrow/Find out more about how I can help you grow your wedding business over on my website or Instagram page:www.beccapountney.comwww.instagram.com/beccapountneyMentioned in this episode:Wedding Pro members loungeFind out more about the wedding pro members lounge: https://go.beccapountney.com/wedpro

This week Alan re-joins Tony to talk about the 1999 Paul Pope Vertigo series Heavy Liquid. A dystopian future city story about a sci-fi drug that avoids the cliches we see these days. They also discuss the merits of Pope's art compared to the issues they had with some of the plotting. See if you agree. You can find Alans comic work by clicking your mouse on this link here. Many thanks for listening. 

Warnings - This week features storylines with themes of Domestic Violence. Tony and Alan discuss the two Superman family titles that precede the arrival of Doomsday and what becomes The Death of Superman. To describe these two issues as 'filler' does them a disservice. They are powerfully told and definitely something you should read - and are also available on the DC App.  Find out more about Alans work by visiting his store right here! Many thanks for listening.  

Joseph: Mainly because he's a bitter old crotchety man, who wants everything to die?Andrew: Yeah. That's the thing, like, I mean, I think that's something that I actively avoid as, like, a tech professional. I don't want to be jaded. I don't want to think everything's on fire and hate everything.Alan: I don't need any help with that.Andrew: Yeah, exactly. I have my own demons.Show Notes:Re-learning to Work the Soundboard (0:03)Bitter Techies ( 7:30)Collective Tech Debt *is* the Evolution? (10:31)Our YouTube Watch HistoryEvan's list, all the abstraction, & pronunciation anxiety (13:50)Willow's list & short-term memory (22:53)Andrew's resource list (25:45)Alans list & letter confusion (25:55)Agile isn't jira and it isn't SaFE (32:05)Play video games, don't make them (36:00)Errors in code, errors detected, errors of judgement… (40:41)Show Links:Linus Tech Tips – https://www.youtube.com/user/linusTechTipsEli the Computer Guy – https://www.youtube.com/@elithecomputerguyMinnestar societal debt – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aw7777DS58Raymond Hettinger on Python – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UANN2Eu6ZnMTraversy Media – https://www.youtube.com/@TraversyMediaTech with Tim – https://www.youtube.com/@TechWithTimFreeCodeCamp – https://www.youtube.com/@freecodecampJust Django – https://www.youtube.com/@JustDjangoTechWorld with Nana – https://www.youtube.com/@TechWorldwithNanaJayzTwoCents – https://www.youtube.com/@JayztwocentsJohn Savill – https://www.youtube.com/@NTFAQGuySentdex – https://www.youtube.com/@sentdexCodingEntrepreneurs – https://www.youtube.com/@CodingEntrepreneursTabLib – https://tablib.readthedocs.io/en/stable/D&D taught me to be an adult – https://youtu.be/NnMGgWyJ_80Character Encoding Detection with cython – https://hirelofty.com/post/rust-and-python-packagesLofty wants you! Check out our open positions!Support Friday Afternoon Deploy Online:Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Teespring

Joel Corry plays Longitude this summer - he's also got a new track out now! He called in for a chat! We're always looking to prank people - we got Alan this morning who is off on his holidays...We nearly had a 10 of FM104's InstaGrand too Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Who buys tickets to a live magic show? The Alans talk about their show "In Cahoots," how magic books helped Jason become a reader, and the real reason why Stacy became a magician.Follow the Alans on Instagram @TheAlansMagic and visit http://TheAlansLive.com for tickets to their show and other news and public appearances.To support Peter's Museum of the Impossible, visit http://MuseumoftheImpossible.comFor Peter Wood's public shows, private events, and more, head on over to http://OfTheImpossible.com and follow @TheImpossiblePW on social media.

This week, Frank discovers two very different war poets, Alan Ross and Alan Seeger. The poems referenced are ‘Mess Deck' by Alan Ross and ‘I Have a Rendezvous with Death' by Alan Seeger.

It's now almost 6 months since Google declared Code Red, and the results — Jeff Dean's recap of 2022 achievements and a mass exodus of the top research talent that contributed to it in January, Bard's rushed launch in Feb, a slick video showing Google Workspace AI features and confusing doubly linked blogposts about PaLM API in March, and merging Google Brain and DeepMind in April — have not been inspiring. Google's internal panic is in full display now with the surfacing of a well written memo, written by software engineer Luke Sernau written in early April, revealing internal distress not seen since Steve Yegge's infamous Google Platforms Rant. Similar to 2011, the company's response to an external challenge has been to mobilize the entire company to go all-in on a (from the outside) vague vision.Google's misfortunes are well understood by now, but the last paragraph of the memo: “We have no moat, and neither does OpenAI”, was a banger of a mic drop.Combine this with news this morning that OpenAI lost $540m last year and will need as much as $100b more funding (after the complex $10b Microsoft deal in Jan), and the memo's assertion that both Google and OpenAI have “no moat” against the mighty open source horde have gained some credibility in the past 24 hours.Many are criticising this memo privately:* A CEO commented to me yesterday that Luke Sernau does not seem to work in AI related parts of Google and “software engineers don't understand moats”. * Emad Mostaque, himself a perma-champion of open source and open models, has repeatedly stated that “Closed models will always outperform open models” because closed models can just wrap open ones.* Emad has also commented on the moats he does see: “Unique usage data, Unique content, Unique talent, Unique product, Unique business model”, most of which Google does have, and OpenAI less so (though it is winning on the talent front)* Sam Altman famously said that “very few to no one is Silicon Valley has a moat - not even Facebook” (implying that moats don't actually matter, and you should spend your time thinking about more important things)* It is not actually clear what race the memo thinks Google and OpenAI are in vs Open Source. Neither are particularly concerned about running models locally on phones, and they are perfectly happy to let “a crazy European alpha male” run the last mile for them while they build actually monetizable cloud infrastructure.However moats are of intense interest by everybody keen on productized AI, cropping up in every Harvey, Jasper, and general AI startup vs incumbent debate. It is also interesting to take the memo at face value and discuss the searing hot pace of AI progress in open source. We hosted this discussion yesterday with Simon Willison, who apart from being an incredible communicator also wrote a great recap of the No Moat memo. 2,800 have now tuned in on Twitter Spaces, but we have taken the audio and cleaned it up here. Enjoy!Timestamps* [00:00:00] Introducing the Google Memo* [00:02:48] Open Source > Closed?* [00:05:51] Running Models On Device* [00:07:52] LoRA part 1* [00:08:42] On Moats - Size, Data* [00:11:34] Open Source Models are Comparable on Data* [00:13:04] Stackable LoRA* [00:19:44] The Need for Special Purpose Optimized Models* [00:21:12] Modular - Mojo from Chris Lattner* [00:23:33] The Promise of Language Supersets* [00:28:44] Google AI Strategy* [00:29:58] Zuck Releasing LLaMA* [00:30:42] Google Origin Confirmed* [00:30:57] Google's existential threat* [00:32:24] Non-Fiction AI Safety ("y-risk")* [00:35:17] Prompt Injection* [00:36:00] Google vs OpenAI* [00:41:04] Personal plugs: Simon and TravisTranscripts[00:00:00] Introducing the Google Memo[00:00:00] Simon Willison: So, yeah, this is a document, which Kate, which I first saw at three o'clock this morning, I think. It claims to be leaked from Google. There's good reasons to believe it is leaked from Google, and to be honest, if it's not, it doesn't actually matter because the quality of the analysis, I think stands alone.[00:00:15] If this was just a document by some anonymous person, I'd still think it was interesting and worth discussing. And the title of the document is We Have No Moat and neither does Open ai. And the argument it makes is that while Google and OpenAI have been competing on training bigger and bigger language models, the open source community is already starting to outrun them, given only a couple of months of really like really, really serious activity.[00:00:41] You know, Facebook lama was the thing that really kicked us off. There were open source language models like Bloom before that some G P T J, and they weren't very impressive. Like nobody was really thinking that they were. Chat. G P T equivalent Facebook Lama came out in March, I think March 15th. And was the first one that really sort of showed signs of being as capable maybe as chat G P T.[00:01:04] My, I don't, I think all of these models, they've been, the analysis of them has tend to be a bit hyped. Like I don't think any of them are even quite up to GT 3.5 standards yet, but they're within spitting distance in some respects. So anyway, Lama came out and then, Two weeks later Stanford Alpaca came out, which was fine tuned on top of Lama and was a massive leap forward in terms of quality.[00:01:27] And then a week after that Vicuna came out, which is to this date, the the best model I've been able to run on my own hardware. I, on my mobile phone now, like, it's astonishing how little resources you need to run these things. But anyway, the the argument that this paper made, which I found very convincing is it only took open source two months to get this far.[00:01:47] It's now every researcher in the world is kicking it on new, new things, but it feels like they're being there. There are problems that Google has been trying to solve that the open source models are already addressing, and really how do you compete with that, like with your, it's closed ecosystem, how are you going to beat these open models with all of this innovation going on?[00:02:04] But then the most interesting argument in there is it talks about the size of models and says that maybe large isn't a competitive advantage, maybe actually a smaller model. With lots of like different people fine tuning it and having these sort of, these LoRA l o r a stackable fine tuning innovations on top of it, maybe those can move faster.[00:02:23] And actually having to retrain your giant model every few months from scratch is, is way less useful than having small models that you can tr you can fine tune in a couple of hours on laptop. So it's, it's fascinating. I basically, if you haven't read this thing, you should read every word of it. It's not very long.[00:02:40] It's beautifully written. Like it's, it's, I mean, If you try and find the quotable lines in it, almost every line of it's quotable. Yeah. So, yeah, that's that, that, that's the status of this[00:02:48] Open Source > Closed?[00:02:48] swyx: thing. That's a wonderful summary, Simon. Yeah, there, there's so many angles we can take to this. I, I'll just observe one, one thing which if you think about the open versus closed narrative, Ima Mok, who is the CEO of Stability, has always been that open will trail behind closed, because the closed alternatives can always take.[00:03:08] Learnings and lessons from open source. And this is the first highly credible statement that is basically saying the exact opposite, that open source is moving than, than, than closed source. And they are scared. They seem to be scared. Which is interesting,[00:03:22] Travis Fischer: Travis. Yeah, the, the, the, a few things that, that I'll, I'll, I'll say the only thing which can keep up with the pace of AI these days is open source.[00:03:32] I think we're, we're seeing that unfold in real time before our eyes. And. You know, I, I think the other interesting angle of this is to some degree LLMs are they, they don't really have switching costs. They are going to be, become commoditized. At least that's, that's what a lot of, a lot of people kind of think to, to what extent is it Is it a, a rate in terms of, of pricing of these things?[00:03:55] , and they all kind of become roughly the, the, the same in, in terms of their, their underlying abilities. And, and open source is gonna, gonna be actively pushing, pushing that forward. And, and then this is kind of coming from, if it is to be believed the kind of Google or an insider type type mentality around you know, where is the actual competitive advantage?[00:04:14] What should they be focusing on? How can they get back in into the game? When you know, when, when, when, when currently the, the, the external view of, of Google is that they're kind of spinning their wheels and they have this code red,, and it's like they're, they're playing catch up already.[00:04:28] Like how could they use the open source community and work with them, which is gonna be really, really hard you know, from a structural perspective given Google's place in the ecosystem. But a, a lot, lot, a lot of jumping off points there.[00:04:42] Alessio Fanelli: I was gonna say, I think the Post is really focused on how do we get the best model, but it's not focused on like, how do we build the best product around it.[00:04:50] A lot of these models are limited by how many GPUs you can get to run them and we've seen on traditional open source, like everybody can use some of these projects like Kafka and like Alaska for free. But the reality is that not everybody can afford to run the infrastructure needed for it.[00:05:05] So I, I think like the main takeaway that I have from this is like, A lot of the moats are probably around just getting the, the sand, so to speak, and having the GPUs to actually serve these models. Because even if the best model is open source, like running it at large scale for an end is not easy and like, it's not super convenient to get a lot, a lot of the infrastructure.[00:05:27] And we've seen that model work in open source where you have. The opensource project, and then you have a enterprise cloud hosted version for it. I think that's gonna look really different in opensource models because just hosting a model doesn't have a lot of value. So I'm curious to hear how people end up getting rewarded to do opensource.[00:05:46] You know, it's, we figured that out in infrastructure, but we haven't figured it out in in Alans[00:05:51] Running Models On Device[00:05:51] Simon Willison: yet. I mean, one thing I'll say is that the the models that you can run on your own devices are so far ahead of what I ever dreamed they would be at this point. Like Vicuna 13 b i i, I, I think is the current best available open mo model that I've played with.[00:06:08] It's derived from Facebook Lama, so you can't use it for commercial purposes yet. But the point about MCK 13 B is it runs in the browser directly on web gpu. There's this amazing web l l M project where you literally, your browser downloaded a two gigabyte file. And it fires up a chat g D style interface and it's quite good.[00:06:27] It can do rap battles between different animals and all of the kind of fun stuff that you'd expect to be able to do the language model running entirely in Chrome canary. It's shocking to me that that's even possible, but that kind of shows that once, once you get to inference, if you can shrink the model down and the techniques for shrinking these models, the, the first one was the the quantization.[00:06:48] Which the Lama CPP project really sort of popularized Matt can by using four bits instead of 16 bit floating point numbers, you can shrink it down quite a lot. And then there was a paper that came out days ago suggesting that you can prune the models and ditch half the model and maintain the same level of quality.[00:07:05] So with, with things like that, with all of these tricks coming together, it's really astonishing how much you can get done on hardware that people actually have in their pockets even.[00:07:15] swyx: Just for completion I've been following all of your posts. Oh, sorry. Yes. I just wanna follow up, Simon. You're, you said you're running a model on your phone. Which model is it? And I don't think you've written it up.[00:07:27] Simon Willison: Yeah, that one's vina. I did, did I write it up? I did. I've got a blog post about how it it, it, it knows who I am, sort of, but it said that I invented a, a, a pattern for living called bear or bunny pattern, which I definitely didn't, but I loved that my phone decided that I did.[00:07:44] swyx: I will hunt for that because I'm not yet running Vic on my phone and I feel like I should and, and as like a very base thing, but I'll, okay.[00:07:52] Stackable LoRA Modules[00:07:52] swyx: Also, I'll follow up two things, right? Like one I'm very interesting and let's, let's talk about that a little bit more because this concept of stackable improvements to models I think is extremely interesting.[00:08:00] Like, I would love to MPM install abilities onto my models, right? Which is really awesome. But the, the first thing thing is under-discussed is I don't get the panic. Like, honestly, like Google has the most moats. I I, I was arguing maybe like three months ago on my blog. Like Google has the most mote out of a lot of people because, hey, we have your calendar.[00:08:21] Hey, we have your email. Hey, we have your you know, Google Docs. Like, isn't that a, a sufficient mode? Like, why are these guys panicking so much? I don't, I still don't get it. Like, Sure open source is running ahead and like, it's, it's on device and whatev, what have you, but they have so much more mode.[00:08:36] Like, what are we talking about here? There's many dimensions to compete on.[00:08:42] On Moats - Size, Data[00:08:42] Travis Fischer: Yeah, there's like one of, one of the, the things that, that the author you know, mentions in, in here is when, when you start to, to, to have the feeling of what we're trailing behind, then you're, you're, you're, you're brightest researchers jump ship and go to OpenAI or go to work at, at, at academia or, or whatever.[00:09:00] And like the talent drain. At the, the level of the, the senior AI researchers that are pushing these things ahead within Google, I think is a serious, serious concern. And my, my take on it's a good point, right? Like, like, like, like what Google has modes. They, they, they're not running outta money anytime soon.[00:09:16] You know, I think they, they do see the level of the, the defensibility and, and the fact that they want to be, I'll chime in the, the leader around pretty much anything. Tech first. There's definitely ha ha have lost that, that, that feeling. Right? , and to what degree they can, they can with the, the open source community to, to get that back and, and help drive that.[00:09:38] You know all of the llama subset of models with, with alpaca and Vicuna, et cetera, that all came from, from meta. Right. Like that. Yeah. Like it's not licensed in an open way where you can build a company on top of it, but is now kind of driving this family of, of models, like there's a tree of models that, that they're, they're leading.[00:09:54] And where is Google in that, in that playbook? Like for a long time they were the one releasing those models being super open and, and now it's just they, they've seem to be trailing and there's, there's people jumping ship and to what degree can they, can they, can they. Close off those wounds and, and focus on, on where, where they, they have unique ability to, to gain momentum.[00:10:15] I think is a core part of my takeaway from this. Yeah.[00:10:19] Alessio Fanelli: And think another big thing in the post is, oh, as long as you have high quality data, like you don't need that much data, you can just use that. The first party data loops are probably gonna be the most important going forward if we do believe that this is true.[00:10:32] So, Databricks. We have Mike Conover from Databricks on the podcast, and they talked about how they came up with the training set for Dolly, which they basically had Databricks employees write down very good questions and very good answers for it. Not every company as the scale to do that. And I think products like Google, they have millions of people writing Google Docs.[00:10:54] They have millions of people using Google Sheets, then millions of people writing stuff, creating content on YouTube. The question is, if you wanna compete against these companies, maybe the model is not what you're gonna do it with because the open source kind of commoditizes it. But how do you build even better data?[00:11:12] First party loops. And that's kind of the hardest thing for startups, right? Like even if we open up the, the models to everybody and everybody can just go on GitHub and. Or hugging face and get the waste to the best model, but get enough people to generate data for me so that I can still make it good. That's, that's what I would be worried about if I was a, a new company.[00:11:31] How do I make that happen[00:11:32] Simon Willison: really quickly?[00:11:34] Open Source Models are Comparable on Data[00:11:34] Simon Willison: I'm not convinced that the data is that big a challenge. So there's this PO project. So the problem with Facebook LAMA is that it's not available for, for commercial use. So people are now trying to train a alternative to LAMA that's entirely on openly licensed data.[00:11:48] And that the biggest project around that is this red pajama project, which They released their training data a few weeks ago and it was 2.7 terabytes. Right? So actually tiny, right? You can buy a laptop that you can fit 2.7 terabytes on. Got it. But it was the same exact data that Facebook, the same thing that Facebook Lamb had been trained on.[00:12:06] Cuz for your base model. You're not really trying to teach it fact about the world. You're just trying to teach it how English and other languages work, how they fit together. And then the real magic is when you fine tune on top of that. That's what Alpaca did on top of Lama and so on. And the fine tuning sets, it looks like, like tens of thousands of examples to kick one of these role models into shape.[00:12:26] And tens of thousands of examples like Databricks spent a month and got the 2000 employees of their company to help kick in and it worked. You've got the open assistant project of crowdsourcing this stuff now as well. So it's achievable[00:12:40] swyx: sore throat. I agree. I think it's a fa fascinating point. Actually, so I've heard through the grapevine then red pajamas model.[00:12:47] Trained on the, the data that they release is gonna be releasing tomorrow. And it's, it's this very exciting time because the, the, there, there's a, there's a couple more models that are coming down the pike, which independently we produced. And so yeah, that we, everyone is challenging all these assumptions from, from first principles, which is fascinating.[00:13:04] Stackable LoRA[00:13:04] swyx: I, I did, I did wanted to, to like try to get a little bit more technical in terms of like the, the, the, the specific points race. Cuz this doc, this doc was just amazing. Can we talk about LoRA. I, I, I'll open up to Simon again if he's back.[00:13:16] Simon Willison: I'd rather someone else take on. LoRA, I've, I, I know as much as I've read in that paper, but not much more than that.[00:13:21] swyx: So I thought it was this kind of like an optimization technique. So LoRA stands for lower rank adaptation. But this is the first mention of LoRA as a form of stackable improvements. Where he I forget what, let, just, let me just kind of Google this. But obviously anyone's more knowledgeable please.[00:13:39] So come on in.[00:13:40] Alessio Fanelli: I, all of Lauren is through GTS Man, about 20 minutes on GT four, trying to figure out word. It was I study computer science, but this is not this is not my area of expertise. What I got from it is that basically instead of having to retrain the whole model you can just pick one of the ranks and you take.[00:13:58] One of like the, the weight matrix tests and like make two smaller matrixes from it and then just two to be retrained and training the whole model. So[00:14:08] swyx: it save a lot of Yeah. You freeze part of the thing and then you just train the smaller part like that. Exactly. That seems to be a area of a lot of fruitful research.[00:14:15] Yeah. I think Mini GT four recently did something similar as well. And then there's, there's, there's a, there's a Spark Model people out today that also did the same thing.[00:14:23] Simon Willison: So I've seen a lot of LoRA stable, the stable diffusion community has been using LoRA a lot. So they, in that case, they had a, I, the thing I've seen is people releasing LoRA's that are like you, you train a concept like a, a a particular person's face or something you release.[00:14:38] And the, the LoRA version of this end up being megabytes of data, like, which is, it's. You know, it's small enough that you can just trade those around and you can effectively load multiple of those into the model. But what I haven't realized is that you can use the same trick on, on language models. That was one of the big new things for me in reading the the leaks Google paper today.[00:14:56] Alessio Fanelli: Yeah, and I think the point to make around on the infrastructure, so what tragedy has told me is that when you're figuring out what rank you actually wanna do this fine tuning at you can have either go too low and like the model doesn't actually learn it. Or you can go too high and the model overfit those learnings.[00:15:14] So if you have a base model that everybody agrees on, then all the subsequent like LoRA work is done around the same rank, which gives you an advantage. And the point they made in the, that, since Lama has been the base for a lot of this LoRA work like they own. The, the mind share of the community.[00:15:32] So everything that they're building is compatible with their architecture. But if Google Opensources their own model the rank that they chose For LoRA on Lama might not work on the Google model. So all of the existing work is not portable. So[00:15:46] Simon Willison: the impression I got is that one of the challenges with LoRA is that you train all these LoRAs on top of your model, but then if you retrain that base model as LoRA's becoming invalid, right?[00:15:55] They're essentially, they're, they're, they're built for an exact model version. So this means that being the big company with all of the GPUs that can afford to retrain a model every three months. That's suddenly not nearly as valuable as it used to be because now maybe there's an open source model that's five years old at this point and has like multiple, multiple stacks of LoRA's trained all over the world on top of it, which can outperform your brand new model just because there's been so much more iteration on that base.[00:16:20] swyx: I, I think it's, I think it's fascinating. It's I think Jim Fan from Envidia was recently making this argument for transformers. Like even if we do come up with a better. Architecture, then transformers, they're the sheer hundreds and millions of dollars that have been invested on top of transformers.[00:16:34] Make it actually there is some switching costs and it's not exactly obvious that better architecture. Equals equals we should all switch immediately tomorrow. It's, it's, it's[00:16:44] Simon Willison: kinda like the, the difficulty of launching a new programming language today Yes. Is that pipeline and JavaScript have a million packages.[00:16:51] So no matter how good your new language is, if it can't tap into those existing package libraries, it's, it's not gonna be useful for, which is why Moji is so clever, because they did build on top of Pips. They get all of that existing infrastructure, all of that existing code working already.[00:17:05] swyx: I mean, what, what thought you, since you co-create JAO and all that do, do we wanna take a diversion into mojo?[00:17:10] No, no. I[00:17:11] Travis Fischer: would, I, I'd be happy to, to, to jump in, and get Simon's take on, on Mojo. 1, 1, 1 small, small point on LoRA is I, I, I just think. If you think about at a high level, what the, the major down downsides are of these, these large language models. It's the fact that they well they're, they're, they're difficult to, to train, right?[00:17:32] They, they tend to hallucinate and they are, have, have a static, like, like they were trained at a certain date, right? And with, with LoRA, I think it makes it a lot more amenable to Training new, new updates on top of that, that like base model on the fly where you can incorporate new, new data and in a way that is, is, is an interesting and potentially more optimal alternative than Doing the kind of in context generation cuz, cuz most of like who at perplexity AI or, or any of these, these approaches currently, it's like all based off of doing real-time searches and then injecting as much into the, the, the local context window as possible so that you, you try to ground your, your, your, your language model.[00:18:16] Both in terms of the, the information it has access to that, that, that helps to reduce hallucinations. It can't reduce it, but helps to reduce it and then also gives it access to up-to-date information that wasn't around for that, that massive like, like pre-training step. And I think LoRA in, in, in mine really makes it more, more amenable to having.[00:18:36] Having constantly shifting lightweight pre-training on top of it that scales better than than normal. Pre I'm sorry. Fine tune, fine tuning. Yeah, that, that was just kinda my one takeaway[00:18:45] Simon Willison: there. I mean, for me, I've never been, I want to run models on my own hard, I don't actually care about their factual content.[00:18:52] Like I don't need a model that's been, that's trained on the most upstate things. What I need is a model that can do the bing and bar trick, right? That can tell when it needs to run a search. And then go and run a search to get extra information and, and bring that context in. And similarly, I wanted to be able to operate tools where it can access my email or look at my notes or all of those kinds of things.[00:19:11] And I don't think you need a very powerful model for that. Like that's one of the things where I feel like, yeah, vicuna running on my, on my laptop is probably powerful enough to drive a sort of personal research assistant, which can look things up for me and it can summarize things for my notes and it can do all of that and I don't care.[00:19:26] But it doesn't know about the Ukraine war because the Ukraine war training cutoff, that doesn't matter. If it's got those additional capabilities, which are quite easy to build the reason everyone's going crazy building agents and tools right now is that it's a few lines of Python code, and a sort of couple of paragraphs to get it to.[00:19:44] The Need for Special Purpose Optimized Models[00:19:44] Simon Willison: Well, let's, let's,[00:19:45] Travis Fischer: let's maybe dig in on that a little bit. And this, this also is, is very related to mojo. Cuz I, I do think there are use cases and domains where having the, the hyper optimized, like a version of these models running on device is, is very relevant where you can't necessarily make API calls out on the fly.[00:20:03] and Aug do context, augmented generation. And I was, I was talking with, with a a researcher. At Lockheed Martin yesterday, literally about like, like the, the version of this that's running of, of language models running on, on fighter jets. Right? And you, you talk about like the, the, the amount of engineering, precision and optimization that has to go into, to those type of models.[00:20:25] And the fact that, that you spend so much money, like, like training a super distilled ver version where milliseconds matter it's a life or death situation there. You know, and you couldn't even, even remotely ha ha have a use case there where you could like call out and, and have, have API calls or something.[00:20:40] So I, I do think there's like keeping in mind the, the use cases where, where. There, there'll be use cases that I'm more excited about at, at the application level where, where, yeah, I want to to just have it be super flexible and be able to call out to APIs and have this agentic type type thing.[00:20:56] And then there's also industries and, and use cases where, where you really need everything baked into the model.[00:21:01] swyx: Yep. Agreed. My, my favorite piece take on this is I think DPC four as a reasoning engine, which I think came from the from Nathan at every two. Which I think, yeah, I see the hundred score over there.[00:21:12] Modular - Mojo from Chris Lattner[00:21:12] swyx: Simon, do you do you have a, a few seconds on[00:21:14] Simon Willison: mojo. Sure. So Mojo is a brand new program language you just announced a few days ago. It's not actually available yet. I think there's an online demo, but to zooming it becomes an open source language we can use. It's got really some very interesting characteristics.[00:21:29] It's a super set of Python, so anything written in Python, Python will just work, but it adds additional features on top that let you basically do very highly optimized code with written. In Python syntax, it compiles down the the main thing that's exciting about it is the pedigree that it comes from.[00:21:47] It's a team led by Chris Latner, built L L V M and Clang, and then he designed Swift at Apple. So he's got like three, three for three on, on extraordinarily impactful high performance computing products. And he put together this team and they've basically, they're trying to go after the problem of how do you build.[00:22:06] A language which you can do really high performance optimized work in, but where you don't have to do everything again from scratch. And that's where building on top of Python is so clever. So I wasn't like, if this thing came along, I, I didn't really pay attention to it until j Jeremy Howard, who built Fast ai put up a very detailed blog post about why he was excited about Mojo, which included a, there's a video demo in there, which everyone should watch because in that video he takes Matrix multiplication implemented in Python.[00:22:34] And then he uses the mojo extras to 2000 x. The performance of that matrix multiplication, like he adds a few static types functions sort of struck instead of the class. And he gets 2000 times the performance out of it, which is phenomenal. Like absolutely extraordinary. So yeah, that, that got me really excited.[00:22:52] Like the idea that we can still use Python and all of this stuff we've got in Python, but we can. Just very slightly tweak some things and get literally like thousands times upwards performance out of the things that matter. That's really exciting.[00:23:07] swyx: Yeah, I, I, I'm curious, like, how come this wasn't thought of before?[00:23:11] It's not like the, the, the concept of a language super set hasn't hasn't, has, has isn't, is completely new. But all, as far as I know, all the previous Python interpreter approaches, like the alternate runtime approaches are like they, they, they're more, they're more sort of, Fit conforming to standard Python, but never really tried this additional approach of augmenting the language.[00:23:33] The Promise of Language Supersets[00:23:33] swyx: I, I'm wondering if you have many insights there on, like, why, like why is this a, a, a breakthrough?[00:23:38] Simon Willison: Yeah, that's a really interesting question. So, Jeremy Howard's piece talks about this thing called M L I R, which I hadn't heard of before, but this was another Chris Latner project. You know, he built L L VM as a low level virtual machine.[00:23:53] That you could build compilers on top of. And then M L I R was this one that he initially kicked off at Google, and I think it's part of TensorFlow and things like that. But it was very much optimized for multiple cores and GPU access and all of that kind of thing. And so my reading of Jeremy Howard's article is that they've basically built Mojo on top of M L I R.[00:24:13] So they had a huge, huge like a starting point where they'd, they, they knew this technology better than anyone else. And because they had this very, very robust high performance basis that they could build things on. I think maybe they're just the first people to try and build a high, try and combine a high level language with M L A R, with some extra things.[00:24:34] So it feels like they're basically taking a whole bunch of ideas people have been sort of experimenting with over the last decade and bundled them all together with exactly the right team, the right level of expertise. And it looks like they've got the thing to work. But yeah, I mean, I've, I've, I'm. Very intrigued to see, especially once this is actually available and we can start using it.[00:24:52] It, Jeremy Howard is someone I respect very deeply and he's, he's hyping this thing like crazy, right? His headline, his, and he's not the kind of person who hypes things if they're not worth hyping. He said Mojo may be the biggest programming language advanced in decades. And from anyone else, I'd kind of ignore that headline.[00:25:09] But from him it really means something.[00:25:11] swyx: Yes, because he doesn't hype things up randomly. Yeah, and, and, and he's a noted skeptic of Julia which is, which is also another data science hot topic. But from the TypeScript and web, web development worlds there has been a dialect of TypeScript that was specifically optimized to compile, to web assembly which I thought was like promising and then, and, and eventually never really took off.[00:25:33] But I, I like this approach because I think more. Frameworks should, should essentially be languages and recognize that they're language superset and maybe working compilers that that work on them. And then that is the, by the way, that's the direction that React is going right now. So fun times[00:25:50] Simon Willison: type scripts An interesting comparison actually, cuz type script is effectively a superset of Java script, right?[00:25:54] swyx: It's, but there's no, it's purely[00:25:57] Simon Willison: types, right? Gotcha. Right. So, so I guess mojo is the soup set python, but the emphasis is absolutely on tapping into the performance stuff. Right.[00:26:05] swyx: Well, the just things people actually care about.[00:26:08] Travis Fischer: Yeah. The, the one thing I've found is, is very similar to the early days of type script.[00:26:12] There was the, the, the, the most important thing was that it's incrementally adoptable. You know, cuz people had a script code basis and, and they wanted to incrementally like add. The, the, the main value prop for TypeScript was reliability and the, the, the, the static typing. And with Mojo, Lucia being basically anyone who's a target a large enterprise user of, of Mojo or even researchers, like they're all going to be coming from a, a hardcore.[00:26:36] Background in, in Python and, and have large existing libraries. And the the question will be for what use cases will mojo be like a, a, a really good fit for that incremental adoption where you can still tap into your, your, your massive, like python exi existing infrastructure workflows, data tooling, et cetera.[00:26:55] And, and what does, what does that path to adoption look like?[00:26:59] swyx: Yeah, we, we, we don't know cuz it's a wait listed language which people were complaining about. They, they, the, the mojo creators were like saying something about they had to scale up their servers. And I'm like, what language requires essential server?[00:27:10] So it's a little bit suss, a little bit, like there's a, there's a cloud product already in place and they're waiting for it. But we'll see. We'll see. I mean, emojis should be promising in it. I, I actually want more. Programming language innovation this way. You know, I was complaining years ago that programming language innovation is all about stronger types, all fun, all about like more functional, more strong types everywhere.[00:27:29] And, and this is, the first one is actually much more practical which I, which I really enjoy. This is why I wrote about self provisioning run types.[00:27:36] Simon Willison: And[00:27:37] Alessio Fanelli: I mean, this is kind of related to the post, right? Like if you stop all of a sudden we're like, the models are all the same and we can improve them.[00:27:45] Like, where can we get the improvements? You know, it's like, Better run times, better languages, better tooling, better data collection. Yeah. So if I were a founder today, I wouldn't worry as much about the model, maybe, but I would say, okay, what can I build into my product and like, or what can I do at the engineering level that maybe it's not model optimization because everybody's working on it, but like you said, it's like, why haven't people thought of this before?[00:28:09] It's like, it's, it's definitely super hard, but I'm sure that if you're like Google or you're like open AI or you're like, Databricks, we got smart enough people that can think about these problems, so hopefully we see more of this.[00:28:21] swyx: You need, Alan? Okay. I promise to keep this relatively tight. I know Simon on a beautiful day.[00:28:27] It is a very nice day in California. I wanted to go through a few more points that you have pulled out Simon and, and just give you the opportunity to, to rant and riff and, and what have you. I, I, are there any other points from going back to the sort of Google OpenAI mode documents that, that you felt like we, we should dive in on?[00:28:44] Google AI Strategy[00:28:44] Simon Willison: I mean, the really interesting stuff there is the strategy component, right? The this idea that that Facebook accidentally stumbled into leading this because they put out this model that everyone else is innovating on top of. And there's a very open question for me as to would Facebook relic Lama to allow for commercial usage?[00:29:03] swyx: Is there some rumor? Is that, is that today?[00:29:06] Simon Willison: Is there a rumor about that?[00:29:07] swyx: That would be interesting? Yeah, I saw, I saw something about Zuck saying that he would release the, the Lama weights officially.[00:29:13] Simon Willison: Oh my goodness. No, that I missed. That is, that's huge.[00:29:17] swyx: Let me confirm the tweet. Let me find the tweet and then, yeah.[00:29:19] Okay.[00:29:20] Simon Willison: Because actually I met somebody from Facebook machine learning research a couple of weeks ago, and I, I pressed 'em on this and they said, basically they don't think it'll ever happen because if it happens, and then somebody does horrible fascist stuff with this model, all of the headlines will be Meg releases a monster into the world.[00:29:36] So, so hi. His, the, the, the, a couple of weeks ago, his feeling was that it's just too risky for them to, to allow it to be used like that. But a couple of weeks is, is, is a couple of months in AI world. So yeah, it wouldn't be, it feels to me like strategically Facebook should be jumping right on this because this puts them at the very.[00:29:54] The very lead of, of open source innovation around this stuff.[00:29:58] Zuck Releasing LLaMA[00:29:58] swyx: So I've pinned the tweet talking about Zuck and Zuck saying that meta will open up Lama. It's from the founder of Obsidian, which gives it a slight bit more credibility, but it is the only. Tweet that I can find about it. So completely unsourced,[00:30:13] we shall see. I, I, I mean I have friends within meta, I should just go ask them. But yeah, I, I mean one interesting angle on, on the memo actually is is that and, and they were linking to this in, in, in a doc, which is apparently like. Facebook got a bunch of people to do because they, they never released it for commercial use, but a lot of people went ahead anyway and, and optimized and, and built extensions and stuff.[00:30:34] They, they got a bunch of free work out of opensource, which is an interesting strategy.[00:30:39] There's okay. I don't know if I.[00:30:42] Google Origin Confirmed[00:30:42] Simon Willison: I've got exciting piece of news. I've just heard from somebody with contacts at Google that they've heard people in Google confirm the leak. That that document wasn't even legit Google document, which I don't find surprising at all, but I'm now up to 10, outta 10 on, on whether that's, that's, that's real.[00:30:57] Google's existential threat[00:30:57] swyx: Excellent. Excellent. Yeah, it is fascinating. Yeah, I mean the, the strategy is, is, is really interesting. I think Google has been. Definitely sleeping on monetizing. You know, I, I, I heard someone call when Google Brain and Devrel I merged that they would, it was like goodbye to the Xerox Park of our era and it definitely feels like Google X and Google Brain would definitely Xerox parks of our, of our era, and I guess we all benefit from that.[00:31:21] Simon Willison: So, one thing I'll say about the, the Google side of things, like the there was a question earlier, why are Google so worried about this stuff? And I think it's, it's just all about the money. You know, the, the, the engine of money at Google is Google searching Google search ads, and who uses Chachi PT on a daily basis, like me, will have noticed that their usage of Google has dropped like a stone.[00:31:41] Because there are many, many questions that, that chat, e p t, which shows you no ads at all. Is, is, is a better source of information for than Google now. And so, yeah, I'm not, it doesn't surprise me that Google would see this as an existential threat because whether or not they can be Bard, it's actually, it's not great, but it, it exists, but it hasn't it yet either.[00:32:00] And if I've got a Chatbook chatbot that's not showing me ads and chatbot that is showing me ads, I'm gonna pick the one that's not showing[00:32:06] swyx: me ads. Yeah. Yeah. I, I agree. I did see a prototype of Bing with ads. Bing chat with ads. I haven't[00:32:13] Simon Willison: seen the prototype yet. No.[00:32:15] swyx: Yeah, yeah. Anyway, I I, it, it will come obviously, and then we will choose, we'll, we'll go out of our ways to avoid ads just like we always do.[00:32:22] We'll need ad blockers and chat.[00:32:23] Excellent.[00:32:24] Non-Fiction AI Safety ("y-risk")[00:32:24] Simon Willison: So I feel like on the safety side, the, the safety side, there are basically two areas of safety that I, I, I sort of split it into. There's the science fiction scenarios, the AI breaking out and killing all humans and creating viruses and all of that kind of thing. The sort of the terminated stuff. And then there's the the.[00:32:40] People doing bad things with ai and that's latter one is the one that I think is much more interesting and that cuz you could u like things like romance scams, right? Romance scams already take billions of dollars from, from vulner people every year. Those are very easy to automate using existing tools.[00:32:56] I'm pretty sure for QNA 13 b running on my laptop could spin up a pretty decent romance scam if I was evil and wanted to use it for them. So that's the kind of thing where, I get really nervous about it, like the fact that these models are out there and bad people can use these bad, do bad things.[00:33:13] Most importantly at scale, like romance scamming, you don't need a language model to pull off one romance scam, but if you wanna pull off a thousand at once, the language model might be the, the thing that that helps you scale to that point. And yeah, in terms of the science fiction stuff and also like a model on my laptop that can.[00:33:28] Guess what comes next in a sentence. I'm not worried that that's going to break out of my laptop and destroy the world. There. There's, I'm get slightly nervous about the huge number of people who are trying to build agis on top of this models, the baby AGI stuff and so forth, but I don't think they're gonna get anywhere.[00:33:43] I feel like if you actually wanted a model that was, was a threat to human, a language model would be a tiny corner of what that thing. Was actually built on top of, you'd need goal setting and all sorts of other bits and pieces. So yeah, for the moment, the science fiction stuff doesn't really interest me, although it is a little bit alarming seeing more and more of the very senior figures in this industry sort of tip the hat, say we're getting a little bit nervous about this stuff now.[00:34:08] Yeah.[00:34:09] swyx: So that would be Jeff Iton and and I, I saw this me this morning that Jan Lacoon was like happily saying, this is fine. Being the third cheer award winner.[00:34:20] Simon Willison: But you'll see a lot of the AI safe, the people who've been talking about AI safety for the longest are getting really angry about science fiction scenarios cuz they're like, no, the, the thing that we need to be talking about is the harm that you can cause with these models right now today, which is actually happening and the science fiction stuff kind of ends up distracting from that.[00:34:36] swyx: I love it. You, you. Okay. So, so Uher, I don't know how to pronounce his name. Elier has a list of ways that AI will kill us post, and I think, Simon, you could write a list of ways that AI will harm us, but not kill us, right? Like the, the, the non-science fiction actual harm ways, I think, right? I haven't seen a, a actual list of like, hey, romance scams spam.[00:34:57] I, I don't, I don't know what else, but. That could be very interesting as a Hmm. Okay. Practical. Practical like, here are the situations we need to guard against because they are more real today than that we need to. Think about Warren, about obviously you've been a big advocate of prompt injection awareness even though you can't really solve them, and I, I worked through a scenario with you, but Yeah,[00:35:17] Prompt Injection[00:35:17] Simon Willison: yeah.[00:35:17] Prompt injection is a whole other side of this, which is, I mean, that if you want a risk from ai, the risk right now is everyone who's building puts a building systems that attackers can trivially subvert into stealing all of their private data, unlocking their house, all of that kind of thing. So that's another very real risk that we have today.[00:35:35] swyx: I think in all our personal bios we should edit in prompt injections already, like in on my website, I wanna edit in a personal prompt injections so that if I get scraped, like I all know if someone's like reading from a script, right? That that is generated by any iBot. I've[00:35:49] Simon Willison: seen people do that on LinkedIn already and they get, they get recruiter emails saying, Hey, I didn't read your bio properly and I'm just an AI script, but would you like a job?[00:35:57] Yeah. It's fascinating.[00:36:00] Google vs OpenAI[00:36:00] swyx: Okay. Alright, so topic. I, I, I think, I think this this, this mote is is a peak under the curtain of the, the internal panic within Google. I think it is very val, very validated. I'm not so sure they should care so much about small models or, or like on device models.[00:36:17] But the other stuff is interesting. There is a comment at the end that you had by about as for opening open is themselves, open air, doesn't matter. So this is a Google document talking about Google's position in the market and what Google should be doing. But they had a comment here about open eye.[00:36:31] They also say open eye had no mode, which is a interesting and brave comment given that open eye is the leader in, in a lot of these[00:36:38] Simon Willison: innovations. Well, one thing I will say is that I think we might have identified who within Google wrote this document. Now there's a version of it floating around with a name.[00:36:48] And I look them up on LinkedIn. They're heavily involved in the AI corner of Google. So my guess is that at Google done this one, I've worked for companies. I'll put out a memo, I'll write up a Google doc and I'll email, email it around, and it's nowhere near the official position of the company or of the executive team.[00:37:04] It's somebody's opinion. And so I think it's more likely that this particular document is somebody who works for Google and has an opinion and distributed it internally and then it, and then it got leaked. I dunno if it's necessarily. Represents Google's sort of institutional thinking about this? I think it probably should.[00:37:19] Again, this is such a well-written document. It's so well argued that if I was an executive at Google and I read that, I would, I would be thinking pretty hard about it. But yeah, I don't think we should see it as, as sort of the official secret internal position of the company. Yeah. First[00:37:34] swyx: of all, I might promote that person.[00:37:35] Cuz he's clearly more,[00:37:36] Simon Willison: oh, definitely. He's, he's, he's really, this is a, it's, I, I would hire this person about the strength of that document.[00:37:42] swyx: But second of all, this is more about open eye. Like I'm not interested in Google's official statements about open, but I was interested like his assertion, open eye.[00:37:50] Doesn't have a mote. That's a bold statement. I don't know. It's got the best people.[00:37:55] Travis Fischer: Well, I, I would, I would say two things here. One, it's really interesting just at a meta, meta point that, that they even approached it this way of having this public leak. It, it, it kind of, Talks a little bit to the fact that they, they, they felt that that doing do internally, like wasn't going to get anywhere or, or maybe this speaks to, to some of the like, middle management type stuff or, or within Google.[00:38:18] And then to the, the, the, the point about like opening and not having a moat. I think for, for large language models, it, it, it will be over, over time kind of a race to the bottom just because the switching costs are, are, are so low compared with traditional cloud and sas. And yeah, there will be differences in, in, in quality, but, but like over time, if you, you look at the limit of these things like the, I I think Sam Altman has been quoted a few times saying that the, the, the price of marginal price of intelligence will go to zero.[00:38:47] Time and the marginal price of energy powering that intelligence will, will also hit over time. And in that world, if you're, you're providing large language models, they become commoditized. Like, yeah. What, what is, what is your mode at that point? I don't know. I think they're e extremely well positioned as a team and as a company for leading this space.[00:39:03] I'm not that, that worried about that, but it is something from a strategic point of view to keep in mind about large language models becoming a commodity. So[00:39:11] Simon Willison: it's quite short, so I think it's worth just reading the, in fact, that entire section, it says epilogue. What about open ai? All of this talk of open source can feel unfair given open AI's current closed policy.[00:39:21] Why do we have to share if they won't? That's talking about Google sharing, but the fact of the matter is we are already sharing everything with them. In the form of the steady flow of poached senior researchers until we spent that tide. Secrecy is a moot point. I love that. That's so salty. And, and in the end, open eye doesn't matter.[00:39:38] They are making the same mistakes that we are in their posture relative to open source. And their ability to maintain an edge is necessarily in question. Open source alternatives. Canned will eventually eclipse them. Unless they change their stance in this respect, at least we can make the first move. So the argument this, this paper is making is that Google should go, go like meta and, and just lean right into open sourcing it and engaging with the wider open source community much more deeply, which OpenAI have very much signaled they are not willing to do.[00:40:06] But yeah, it's it's, it's read the whole thing. The whole thing is full of little snippets like that. It's just super fun. Yes,[00:40:12] swyx: yes. Read the whole thing. I, I, I also appreciate that the timeline, because it set a lot of really great context for people who are out of the loop. So Yeah.[00:40:20] Alessio Fanelli: Yeah. And the final conspiracy theory is that right before Sundar and Satya and Sam went to the White House this morning, so.[00:40:29] swyx: Yeah. Did it happen? I haven't caught up the White House statements.[00:40:34] Alessio Fanelli: No. That I, I just saw, I just saw the photos of them going into the, the White House. I've been, I haven't seen any post-meeting updates.[00:40:41] swyx: I think it's a big win for philanthropic to be at that table.[00:40:44] Alessio Fanelli: Oh yeah, for sure. And co here it's not there.[00:40:46] I was like, hmm. Interesting. Well, anyway,[00:40:50] swyx: yeah. They need, they need some help. Okay. Well, I, I promise to keep this relatively tight. Spaces do tend to have a, have a tendency of dragging on. But before we go, anything that you all want to plug, anything that you're working on currently maybe go around Simon are you still working on dataset?[00:41:04] Personal plugs: Simon and Travis[00:41:04] Simon Willison: I am, I am, I'm having a bit of a, so datasets my open source project that I've been working on. It's about helping people analyze and publish data. I'm having an existential crisis of it at the moment because I've got access to the chat g p T code, interpreter mode, and you can upload the sequel light database to that and it will do all of the things that I, on my roadmap for the next 12 months.[00:41:24] Oh my God. So that's frustrating. So I'm basically, I'm leaning data. My interest in data and AI are, are rapidly crossing over a lot harder about the AI features that I need to build on top of dataset. Make sure it stays relevant in a chat. G p t can do most of the stuff that it does already. But yeah the thing, I'll plug my blog simon willis.net.[00:41:43] I'm now updating it daily with stuff because AI move moved so quickly and I have a sub newsletter, which is effectively my blog, but in email form sent out a couple of times a week, which Please subscribe to that or RSS feed on my blog or, or whatever because I'm, I'm trying to keep track of all sorts of things and I'm publishing a lot at the moment.[00:42:02] swyx: Yes. You, you are, and we love you very much for it because you, you are a very good reporter and technical deep diver into things, into all the things. Thank you, Simon. Travis are you ready to announce the, I guess you've announced it some somewhat. Yeah. Yeah.[00:42:14] Travis Fischer: So I'm I, I just founded a company.[00:42:16] I'm working on a framework for building reliable agents that aren't toys and focused on more constrained use cases. And you know, I I, I look at kind of agi. And these, these audigy type type projects as like jumping all the way to str to, to self-driving. And, and we, we, we kind of wanna, wanna start with some more enter and really focus on, on reliable primitives to, to start that.[00:42:38] And that'll be an open source type script project. I'll be releasing the first version of that soon. And that's, that's it. Follow me you know, on here for, for this type of stuff, I, I, I, everything, AI[00:42:48] swyx: and, and spa, his chat PT bot,[00:42:50] Travis Fischer: while you still can. Oh yeah, the chat VT Twitter bot is about 125,000 followers now.[00:42:55] It's still running. I, I'm not sure if it's your credit. Yeah. Can you say how much you spent actually, No, no. Well, I think probably totally like, like a thousand bucks or something, but I, it's, it's sponsored by OpenAI, so I haven't, I haven't actually spent any real money.[00:43:08] swyx: What? That's[00:43:09] awesome.[00:43:10] Travis Fischer: Yeah. Yeah.[00:43:11] Well, once, once I changed, originally the logo was the Chachi VUI logo and it was the green one, and then they, they hit me up and asked me to change it. So it's now it's a purple logo. And they're, they're, they're cool with that. Yeah.[00:43:21] swyx: Yeah. Sending take down notices to people with G B T stuff apparently now.[00:43:26] So it's, yeah, it's a little bit of a gray area. I wanna write more on, on mos. I've been actually collecting and meaning to write a piece of mos and today I saw the memo, I was like, oh, okay. Like I guess today's the day we talk about mos. So thank you all. Thanks. Thanks, Simon. Thanks Travis for, for jumping on and thanks to all the audience for engaging on this with us.[00:43:42] We'll continue to engage on Twitter, but thanks to everyone. Cool. Thanks everyone. Bye. Alright, thanks everyone. Bye. Get full access to Latent Space at www.latent.space/subscribe

How Stacy's skills as a therapist also make her an effective performer, all about their monthly show "In Cahoots" in Cleveland, and why performing for a family audience is harder than folks think.Follow the Alans on Instagram @TheAlansMagic and visit http://TheAlansLive.com for tickets to their show and other news and public appearances.To support Peter's Museum of the Impossible, visit http://MuseumoftheImpossible.comFor Peter Wood's public shows, private events, and more, head on over to http://OfTheImpossible.com and follow @TheImpossiblePW on social media.

The complex, magical, crazy lengths Jason Alan went to when proposing to Stacy (she said yes), sharing MagiFest stories from Ohio, and what it was like to be on season 7B of Fool Us while the rest of the country was still on lockdown.Follow the Alans on Instagram @TheAlansMagic and visit http://TheAlansLive.com for tickets to their show and other news and public appearances.To support Peter's Museum of the Impossible, visit http://MuseumoftheImpossible.comFor Peter Wood's public shows, private events, and more, head on over to http://OfTheImpossible.com and follow @TheImpossiblePW on social media.

Married magician duo Jason & Stacy Alan share some great stories from their performing careers, including what it's like to work on a cruise ship, how they gauge the success of a show, and why Stacy is tough on her guy volunteers.Follow the Alans on Instagram @TheAlansMagic and visit http://TheAlansLive.com for tickets to their show and other news and public appearances.To support Peter's Museum of the Impossible, visit http://MuseumoftheImpossible.comFor Peter Wood's public shows, private events, and more, head on over to http://OfTheImpossible.com and follow @TheImpossiblePW on social media.

On 20 June, 451, one of the most decisive battles in history took place in Gaul as Attila's invading army was met by a great coalition of Romans, Visigoths, Alans, Franks and others. It was the battle for western Europe.

A special guest, two Alans, a mature online radio show, 3am dog woes, and more Lineker stuff. Join the Iron Filings Society: https://www.patreon.com/topflighttimemachine Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Nuestra Palabra Showcases Nuestra Música #HHM Nuestra Palabra Showcases Nuestra Música #HHM Your Host, Tony Diaz showcases Baldemar Rodriguez, Manager of Community Partnerships, Alley Theatre and the young musical talent he brings in to deliver an amazing performance. Eduardo Trevino is an inspired 10-year-old singer and musician. He's had a natural rhythm and ear for music since the age of two. His first inspiration came from Christian Mariachi music. During the Covid pandemic of 2020, he used that downtime to teach himself to play guitar through YouTube videos. His first Talent Show was for “Lake Houston's Got Talent” in 2021 and won first place. A year later in May 2022 he won first place in “Festival OTI Kids 2022.” He is also actively involved in his church choir. He hopes to one day be a famous Mariachi singer and continue the beautiful Mariachi music tradition of his Mexican culture. Keira Dalila Martinez is 12 years old. She studied at Project Chrysalis Middle School. Keira loved singing since she was a child. At school she had mariachi classes for a short time and has been taking online singing classes for several months. Although she does not consider herself a professional, Keira continues to follow her passion for music, developing as a young singer and learning newsongs. One of her favorite songs to sing is “La Llorona.” Jose Luis Rodriguez is 16 years old. He attends Eisenhower High School. He learned to play the accordion by watching YouTube tutorials. Part of his musical repertoire, he plays a huapango called Coconitos and a polka called Tampico Hermoso. Rigo Tapia, his best friend and accomplice in music, accompanies him playing the bass sixth. Alan Aguilar is a 7th grader from Patrick Henry Middle School in Houston, TX, whohas demonstrated his talent in Mariachi music since the age of six. He is the1 st place winner of the most renowned mariachi singing competition worldwide, Mariachi Vargas National Vocal Contest 2021 in San Antonio. He has received a special recognition from congresswoman Sylvia Garcia for his incredible talent as a mariachi performer and now, with the support of his parents and his music teacher Jose Longoria, he takes music classes at the University of Houston and plays three instruments, guitar, violin and vihuela. Alans favorite songs to perform include “Pelea de Gallos”, “Canta, Canta, Canta”, y “Mi Reina y Mi Tesoro.” Thanks to Roxana Guzman, Multiplatform Producer Rodrigo Bravo, Jr., Audio Producer Radame Ortiez, SEO Director Marc-Antony Piñón, Graphics Designer Leti Lopez, Music Director Bryan Parras, co-host and producer emeritus Liana Lopez, co-host and producer emeritus Lupe Mendez, Texas Poet Laureate, co-host, and producer emeritus Writer and activist Tony Diaz, El Librotraficante, hosts Latino Politics and News and the Nuestra Palabra Radio Show on 90.1 FM, KPFT, Houston's Community Station. He is also a political analyst on “What's Your Point?” on Fox 26 Houston. He is the author of the forthcoming book: The Tip of the Pyramid: Cultivating Community Cultural Capital. www.Librotraficante.com www.NuestraPalabra.org www.TonyDiaz.net Instrumental Music produced / courtesy of Bayden Records Website | http://baydenrecords.beatstars.com

Whilst I'm on this journey to find some new sports and activities the British Baseball community can try whilst in the offseason, one thing I had noticed during these activities was that I was still 17 stone. I asked Alan Dean from Smarter Performance, who is part of the GB Baseball set-up as their Strength and Conditioning Coordinator, for some advice to go alongside these fun little 10 minute segments, but what I got was an hour and a half of Alans time, 40 mins of which were recorded. I was able to talk about my struggles with food and how I have a very unusual relationship with it, what I got in return was some fantastic advice and tips that I think you might be able to get something from. We cover Consistency, Buddy systems, mindful eating, putting the fork down, portion control and what can we take away from the very best athletes he has worked with and apply it to our day to day lives. Big thanks to Deano, I am now on a new journey to try and be more consistent and using better habits. The Smarter Performance Academy forBaseball players of any age and ability level is also making a return soon, be sure to follow @smarttobefit or go to smarter performance.co.uk for details of when this fantastic program launches for the new season.

Alan Stein, Jr. is a coach, motivational speaker, and author. Alan spent 15+ years working with the world's highest-performing basketball players (including NBA superstars Kevin Durant, Steph Curry, and Kobe Bryant). As a performance coach, he uses his unique expertise through his customized programs to maximize individual and organizational performance. Alan shares the similarities between coaching basketball, coaching entrepreneurship, and business leaders in this episode. Alan also shares with Kelly the wisdom that was passed down to him from Kobe Bryant. Also in this episode: Train for your business like an athlete trains for their sport Being open to criticism and feedback  Challenge in winning the war on talent Individual and organizational peak performance It's not what you say, it's what they hear Stay connected with Alan: Alansteinjr.com | LinkedIn | Instagram | Twitter.com | Facebook | Youtube.com Grab one of Alans books: Raise Your Game Sustain Your Game Stay connected with Kelly:  Follow Kelly on Instagram | LinkedIn | Facebook | Website  Grab one of Kelly's bestselling books: Unstoppable: 9 Principles for Unlimited Success in Business and Life Conviction Marketing Bigger than You: The Entrepreneur's Guide to Building an Unstoppable Team The Live Launch Method  

Full shownotes at www.80dayspodcast.com/kalmykia | Support: www.patreon.com/80dayspodcast In this episode of 80 Days: An Exploration Podcast, thanks to our backers on Patreon, we'll be talking about Kalmykia, a republic and country of Russia located directly north of the North Caucasus in Eastern Europe, between Ukraine and Kazakhstan, only around 200 miles or 350km north of Georgia. The Kalmyks, of Mongol origin, migrated to the Caspian region in the 17th century from Central Asia. They were mainly nomadic cattle breeders. Kalmykiya was established in 1920 as an autonomous oblast (region); in 1936 it became a republic, which was abolished in 1944 when the Kalmyks were exiled for alleged collaboration with the Germans during WW2.  The territory of Kalmykia is unique in that it has been the home in successive periods to many major world religions and ideologies. Prehistoric paganism and shamanism gave way to Judaism amongst some of the Khazars (who included Muslims and Christians in equal or greater numbers as well). This was succeeded by Islam with the Alans while the Mongol hordes brought Tengriism, and the later Nogais were Muslims, before their replacement by the present-day Buddhist Oirats/Kalmyks. It now stands as the only Buddhist region in Europe.  The republic covers an area of around 76,000 square kilometres (or almost 30,000 square miles), making it a similar size to Panama, Czechia or the US state of South Carolina. With a population of about 275,000 residents Kalmykia ranks among the smallest of Russia's federal districts in terms of population.  The Kalmyks benefit from their relatively high levels of education and strong international connections. Overseas communities are found today in many parts of Europe and in the United States. The head of the religious establishment in Kalmykia itself was born in Philadelphia before being recognized by the Dalai Lama as a reincarnation of a Buddhist saint.  The capital and largest city of the republic is Elista, which has gained a reputation for, of all things, international chess. And for you Star Wars fans, the Ewok language was based on Kalmyk, because George Lucas thought it sounded so odd. Your hosts, as always, are Luke Kelly @thelukejkelly in Ireland, Mark Boyle @markboyle86 in the UK, and Joe Byrne @anbeirneach in Ireland . (Theme music by Thomas O'Boyle @thatthomasfella)

The boys are talking about Michael Alans (the chosen human selected to introduce humanity to extraterrestrials) and Solomon Berg (a military man who faced extraterrestrials in combat on Earth and Mars). Jason Cordova of the Crypto Science Society fills in for Jordan.  Keep watching the stars because this episode is out there!

In this episode our guest is Dr. Alan Rayner! Since 2000, he has been pioneering awareness of ‘natural inclusion', the co-creative evolutionary flow of all forms of life in receptive-responsive spatial and energetic relationship. This awareness enables us to understand ourselves and other life forms as dynamic expressions of our natural habitat, not independent subjects and objects. In this episode we talk about: - Alan's aha moments that lead to his understandings - Natural inclusion on a few real life examples - the collective desire for newly defined Education for children of the planet Earth - Interrelating and how to differentiate between conceptual and embodied experience - Regeneration Did you know that Alan has a special interest in helping people to become more aware of the diversity of wildlife in their local neighbourhood, and how this can help us to learn to live together in a more passionate, compassionate and sustainable way than we currently do? Learn more about Alans work and other interviews here and here. --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/julian-guderley/support

Ty Mopkins is a creative designer and brand consultant who has collaborated with some of the world's biggest brands like Nike, Adidas, Reebok, Fila, Starter, and New Era Cap company.In this episode of At The Podium with Manuel Amezcua, Ty shares his story of growing up in Detroit and the important life lessons he learned from his mom and his community. He shares the story of a Starter jacket being stolen from him as a kid and how it came full circle when he designed and sold out of the jacket 20 years later. Ty talked about his perspective on losses and how losses are really lessons if we choose to learn from them. Lastly, Ty shares stories of collaborating with brands like Mr. Alans and Starter and he shares his dream collaboration he hopes to accomplish one day. Tune in to hear Ty Mopkins on designing and SELLING OUT of the starter jacket that was STOLEN from him as a kid.TY MOPKINSWebsite: https://www.ty-mopkins.com/Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/tymopkins/?hl=enLinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/ty-mopkins-7803645a/LISTEN / SUBSCRIBE TO THE PODCASTApple Podcasts: https://apple.co/31iAcsoSpotify: https://spoti.fi/3d7VUSx* * * * *CONNECT WITH MANNYPodcast: At The Podium with Manuel AmezcuaFinancial Planning Practice: Podium Risk ManagementWebsite: https://podiumriskmanagement.com/Instagram: http://instagram.com/detroitmannyLinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/mannyamezcua/NEW TO THE PODCAST?At The Podium with Manuel Amezcua features interviews with the most innovative minds in business, sports, and entertainment to uncover the habits, disciplines, and mindsets that lead to success.

“The impure and proud Mamai, Lord of the Volga Horde, ruled over the entire Horde, and he slew many lords and khans and he set  up a khan according to his own will. He was, however, in great confusion, and everybody distrusted him because he killed many lords and nobles in his Horde. He even killed his own khan, and although he had a khan, this khan of the Horde was ruler in name only, for it was he, himself, who was ruler and master of all. When he learned that the Tatars loved their khan he became afraid that the khan would assume the power from him. Therefore he killed him and all who were faithful to him and those who loved him.”   So the Rus' Nikonian Chronicle describes the situation in the Golden Horde at the end of the 1370s. Thirty years after the death of Özbeg Khan, the Golden Horde underwent another, much more violent transformation. During the reign of Özbeg's son Jani Beg from 1342 to 1357, he had kept the Golden Horde sailing through rough waters as the overland Asian trade began to unravel and the Black Death ravaged his cities.  But with Jani Beg's death in 1357, possibly at the hands of his own son Berdi Beg, the good fortune of the Golden Horde came to a sudden and bloody end. Now the Horde was to enter two decades of anarchy; the bulghaq, the topic of today's episode. I'm your host David, and this is Kings and Generals: Ages of Conquest.   In 1357, Jani Beg had just returned from his successful conquest of what is now Azerbaijan, when he suddenly died. According to a contemporary writer, al-Ahari, his son Berdi Beg was, at the time of his father's death, still in the Azerbaijani lands. But sources such as the later Nikonian Chronicle have Berdi Beg convinced by a cunning emir to strangle his father himself after bringing numerous princes into an alliance with him. The widespread impression seems to have been that he organized his father's murder, even if the most contemporary sources do not place Berdi Beg there himself. After Berdi Beg left Azerbaijan, the region was lost, seized by the Jalayirids of Baghdad.    Berdi Beg in quick order, with the backing of his grandmother Taydula, was proclaimed Khan of the Golden Horde. But feeling he faced threats, real or imagined, the new khan's first actions were violence. Echoing his father and grandfather, Berdi Beg had his brothers murdered: 12 of them, by one count. For one infant brother, Berdi Beg is alleged to have done the deed with his own bare hands, despite the pleadings of grandmother Taydula Khatun. A number of other high ranking princes and officials too met their deaths on Berdi Beg's order.   Berdi Beg's actions did little to engender love to the new monarch, for whom Heaven seemed to show little favour. The Horde's trade had declined tremendously in these years. Cities starved and shrunk, as they lost access to international trade, were depopulated by the Black Death and local farmland suffered. The mid-fourteenth century saw the Little Ice Age strike  and undo the system built up by the Jochids over the last century. Decreased rainfall over much of the steppe, and likely over-grazing from ever larger herds needed to support cities, when combined resulted in the rapid aridisation across the region. Much of the grassland simply could not sustain the great herds any longer. Almost paradoxically, the Caspian Sea was rising and causing increased flooding along the lower reaches of the Volga, which inundated cities and farmland in the Horde's most densely populated region.    The great cities of the Horde saw their population drop rapidly, and the material wealth evaporated without the trade or population to sustain it. The Horde's elites who had enriched themselves off it were frightened, angered and uncertain. Berdi Beg's efforts did little to improve things; he is known, for instance, to have raised trade duties on imports to their highest level ever recorded in the Golden Horde: 5%. And an especially virulent wave of the plague in 1359 really topped things off.    His legitimacy already in doubt due to widespread rumours of having murdered his own father, the generally respected Jani Beg, it should not be a surprise that Berdi Beg's rule was on thin ice. After only two years on the throne, Berdi Beg, grandson of mighty Özbeg, was murdered. The exact circumstances are unclear; the Nikonian Chronicle puts the blame on the same beg  who had urged Berdi Beg to kill his father. The murder of Berdi Beg Khan in 1359 did not, however, improve things very much.    On Berdi Beg's death, the throne was taken by Qulpa, a fellow who is variously identified as a brother or cousin of Berdi Beg. Qulpa was not long to enjoy the throne. After six months, Qulpa and his two sons, curiously with the very Rus' Christian names of Ivan and Mikhail, were all in turn murdered, this time by Nawruz, a brother of Qulpa. Still, the Rus' princes came to pay homage to Nawruz, and momentarily things looked like they might settle. That is, until Khidr came. Khidr ruled an appanage east of the Ural River, and was no descendant of Batu, but of another son of Jochi, named Shiban. In some accounts, he was invited by Taydula Khatun. But he simply may have seen a chance to throw his hat in the ring. Only months after he took the throne, Nawruz and his son were killed by Khidr, who became the new khan of the Golden Horde. So ended the line of Batu Khan, having ruled the western steppes for a century. The purging of the Batuid lineage with every succession since Toqta and Nogai's coup in 1291 had reached its final outcome, with Nawruz and his sons the final known male descendants. With the exception of Berke, all the khans of the Golden Horde until that time had been a descendent of Batu. Now, Khidr Khan's actions had essentially opened the succession to any possible claimant. And boy, did it.   Within a year Khidr was dead, and over the next twenty years the Jochid throne effectively became the most violent game of musical chairs. Over this period, some 25 khans, possibly more, were declared in Sarai, of varying lineages. Some ruled for two or three years, while many ruled only months.  Most of these figures are known only by their names. Some are known only by coinage; in one year, 6 different khans minted coins in Sarai.   The consequences were legion. The economic woes worsened as cities were now sacked by opposing forces. For the first time, we see archaeological evidence for fortifications around the Horde's cities in the steppe. A number of cities were outright abandoned. In the west, the condominium with Lithuania was abandoned as the Lithuanian dukes immediately seized the western lands, and in short order the Lithuanian principality extended to the Black Sea coast line. In 1362 under Duke Ol'gerd the Lithuanians won a battle over a Mongol army at the Battle of Blue Waters. In the aftermath, everything between the Dnieper and Dniester came under Lithuanian control, although at least for Podolia, in south-western Ukraine, the Lithuanians continued to pay the tribute to the Mongols well into the fifteenth century. Moldova and other Balkan regions declared independence, while the local nomadic leaders seem to have also stopped heeding the word of Sarai.   East of the Ural River, the Blue Horde, ruled by the line of Batu's older brother Orda, too faced its own troubles. The lineage of Orda became extinct in the 1360s and saw its own succession troubles. The khans in the Blue Horde, by the end of the decade, stopped minting coins with the name of the Sarai khans, and started doing so in their own names. The Blue Horde was thus independent once again.     The princes of the Rus' stopped making the trips to the Horde to declare their allegiance, for it simply became too dangerous. Rus' princes were now being robbed and held captive by the rival Jochid powers when they made the trip through the steppe. And with the khans  being overturned every few months it was now far too dangerous a trip to make so regularly.  However the Rus' lands were not to be ignored, as certain Jochid princes and contenders for power, having lost access to the trade they had one relied upon, were now turning evermore to the Rus' as a source of income and loot.    The khan's authority decreased further, as many khans did not rule themselves, but were puppets for non-Chinggisid powerbrokers. And the chief of these was Mamai, a powerful military commander based in the steppes near Crimea. As he was no descendant of Chinggis, Mamai had no right to claim the title of khan himself, though he held prestige as beylerbeyi and  married a daughter of Berdi Beg. But that didn't mean he could not put someone amenable to his interests on the throne. The first of these fellows was Abdullah, who was alleged to be a son of either Özbeg Khan or his son Tini Beg. He simply may have come from another corollary branch of the lineage, who Mamai had found convenient to play up. That was hardly unusual, as supposed lost sons of Özbeg, Tini Beg and Jani Beg continued to pop up, such as another claimant, Kildi Beg, in 1361.    Abdullah Khan was enthroned in Sarai in 1361, and Mamai returned to his Crimean pastures soon after.  But Abdullah was quickly ousted by rivals in Sarai and fled back to Mamai. This was to be a regular pattern over the 1360s. Every few years Mamai would march with an army, enthrone Abdullah and return, only for Abdullah to be tossed out or flee when another claimant came a-knockin', or the nobles in Sarai declared someone else khan. The final attempt resulted in Abdullah's death in 1370, upon which Mamai empowered a princess in Sarai, named Tulun Bey. Her exact identity is uncertain. It is commonly assumed that she was the Chinggisid princess who Mamai had also married, a daughter of Berdi Beg Khan. If this is the case, then she was the last to rule from the line of Batu. But she was quickly switched out by Mamai, and replaced with another of Mamai's puppet. And so this pattern continued until 1380, with Mamai's candidates thrown out every few years, and then installed a year or two later. It's caused an endless amount of work for historians to try and determine the order and lengths of reigns of all these khans.    It was well known at large that the Khan was a figurehead for Mamai. As the Rus' Nikon Chronicle states,  “At that time in Mamai's Horde there was a khan, but he had no power by comparison with Mamai, and was khan in nothing but the title. Even this title, however, was meaningless because all glory and all action were Mamai's. There was much trouble in the Horde and many Tatar lords had killed each other, lost their heads and died at sword's points. Thus, little by little, the Horde's great power was wasted away.”   Mamai's intrigues did not merely extend to Sarai, but to the Rus' lands as well, as the Sarai Khans sought revenue from Rus' taxes, and Mamai intervened to earn them himself. In one of these conspiracies, Mamai granted the yarliq, or patent, to the Grand Principality of Vladimir, the chief of the Rus' princes, to the young Prince of Moscow Dmitri Ivanovich. Or as he's better known to posterity, Dmitri Donskoi.   Dmitri was a grandson of Ivan I Kalita, the grandson of Alexander Nevsky who had worked so well with Özbeg Khan and began Moscow's rise to prominence. Ivan Kalita had monopolized the position of Grand Prince, the chief tax collector of the Rus', until his death. Upon that, it went to his son Simeon, who died of plague, and then to Dmitri's father, Ivan II Ivanovich, who died in 1359 as the Horde's troubles began. Only 9 years old when his father died, Dmitri could not rely on the Khans' support as his fathers had.    We've discussed this matter over previous episodes, but it bears reiterating here. The top title in the Rus' lands was the Grand Prince of Vladimir. Whoever held this was the #1 prince in the Rus', and collected taxes for the khans— skimming off the top for himself, of course, but also giving him great influence among the Rus'. While initially the khans had just appointed whoever the Rus' princes elected as Grand Prince, during Özbeg's reign the khans assumed the right to rescind and appoint the Grand Prince at will.  And the Princes of Moscow, a lesser branch of the Riurikid lineage, quite desired it but held no right to the title without the khan's backing. And so a relationship was formed, wherein the Princes of Moscow became the most scrupulous  enactors of the khan's will, in order to retain the titles to both Moscow and the Grand Principality, as well as the khan's military support as protection. And correspondingly, from the 1320s onwards Moscow grew in wealth and power, to the displeasure of the other Rus' princes, who saw the Moscow line as upstarts with no right to the Grand title.    Flashing forward to 1360, Khan Nawruz took both the Moscow title and the Grand Principality away from young Dmitri, only for it to be returned in 1362 when the new Khan in Sarai granted both back to him. Mamai saw his opportunity here, and also granted Dmitri the patent for the Grand Principality. The rival in Sarai quickly rescinded his support for Dmitri.  Without support from either the Khan or other Rus' princes the young Prince of Moscow could only seek the assistance of Mamai.    Mamai gained himself an excellent source of revenue in the young Dmitri, who turned out to be a very capable hand, while for Dmitri Mamai's armies gave him security he would not have otherwise as a youth on the throne. With the loss of the overland trade, the income from the Rus' was more important than ever, and Mamai was happy to earn it, and Dmitri did his best to deliver on time. But Dmitri was not passive, and wanted to secure his own base lest the whims of Mamai shift. Through diplomacy, marriage alliances and military threats, Dmitri steadily built his support among the Rus' princes, and incorporated other smaller principalities under Moscow's rule. For the first time, the city of Moscow itself received stone walls on Dmitri's order, which proved their worth in repelling an attack by Lithuania and the rival city of Tver' in 1368.    Mamai had use for Dmitri only as long as he provided tribute, so when the Hanseatic League disrupted trade to Dmitri's territories in the late 1360s, thereby preventing Dmitri from collecting the silver for Mamai, Mamai rescinded the patent to the Grand Principality and gave it to Dmitri's rival Mikhail Aleksandrovich of Tver' in 1370. Yet Mikhail proved even worse at sending tribute, and when Dmitri personally presented himself to Mamai to pay homage, accompanied by a great many gifts, Mamai returned him the Grand Princely title.  The situation repeated in late 1374 when the Hanseatic League cut the silver export to Novgorod. Mamai once again gave the Grand Princely title to Mikhail of Tver', but due to plague and Mamai's failed attempt to control the Volga trade routes, he was unable to support Mikhail militarily. Dmitri in the meantime had built up Moscow's military and alliances, and in Mamai's absence forced Mikhail to surrender. Confident in his abilities, Dmitri then took his army to the Volga, asserting Moscow's authority as far as Bulghar in 1377.        Mamai was not pleased at this development, a threat to his income while an even greater threat loomed on the horizon. Far to the east in the Blue Horde lands, a powerful Chinggisid Prince named Toqtamish, backed by the Central Asian warlord Temür, was rapidly growing in power. The eye of Toqtamish was drifting to Sarai, and he dreamed of assuming leadership of the Golden Horde. Doing so was a threat of unification which would entail a collision with Mamai. Mamai thus needed to prepare for the inevitable battle, but to do this he needed the resources of the Rus' tribute. And to that, he needed Dmitri to play nice with him.  In August 1378 a force in Mamai's service was sent to collect the tribute. Dmitri set out, nervously, to meet it head on, intercepting it near the Vozha River. Dmitri's force held firm under their attack, and succeeded in flanking the Mongols. In an attempt to withdraw across the Vozha River, many of the Mongols were killed, and Dmitri looted their abandoned camp.    Such was the first real victory an army of the Rus' had ever had over a force of the Golden Horde in battle, though Dmitri gained little from this victory and neither force was large. But Mamai was furious. The next year he ordered a larger, retaliatory attack on the Ryazan' land, causing great destruction, burning several cities. Oleg, Prince of Ryazan' fled before him. The Rus' paid dearly for their effort.   In 1378, the same year as the defeat on the Vozha, more alarming news came from the east. Toqtamish had now taken Sarai, and proclaimed himself Khan. Confrontation was imminent, and Mamai could not face Toqtamish with Dmitri rebelling in his rear. If Toqtamish and Dmitri allied, then Mamai would be surrounded by foes. Mamai needed resources to face Toqtamish, and  he needed revenue to do that, and Dmitri, as chief tax collector of the Russian principalities and controlling much of the Volga trade, was directly undermining that. It was time for Mamai to confront Dmitri himself. Over the next year, Mamai organized an alliance with Grand Duke Jagailo of Lithuania and Prince Oleg of Ryazan. He called up troops from the Alans, the Circassians, and the Genoese as mercenaries. We are told in the Nikon Chronicle that Mamai furiously studied Batu's conquest of the Rus', trying to learn his tactics and strategy. It got to the point that allegedly, Mamai began to see himself as a second Batu, feeling superior to all others and his own men calling him “Great Khan.”   In 1380, Mamai was ready. He ordered Dmitri to deliver a higher amount of tribute than ever, even greater than what had been paid during the times of Özbeg and Jani Beg. The message was a stalling tactic, as Mamai made preparations to march on Moscow with Jagailo and Oleg, hoping to crush Dmitri of Moscow between the three of them.         In Moscow, Dmitri quickly organized all the military forces of the Principalities that he could. Surprisingly, most principalities, except Tver', Novgorod or those aiding Mamai, answered Dmitri's call for aid. Dmitri's efforts to build Moscow's influence now bore fruit, as for the first time in their history, the Rus' offered something of a united front against the Mongols. The ascendency of Moscow over the other cities had begun, but first they had to stand against Mamai.       In September 1380 in a field on the upper Don River called Kulikovo, Mamai and the Ryazan forces waited for the Lithuanians. In a sign of poor scouting, on the 9th of September Mamai's army was shocked to see the arrival of Dmitri and the Rus' host crossing the Don. Dmitri's goal was simple; defeat Mamai in the field, before the Lithuanians could arrive and overwhelm him. One of the most famous battles in Russian history was about to begin.    Numbers for the two armies are uncertain, with Dmitri leading perhaps as many as 30,000 Rus' troops from across the principalities, while Mamai likely had a slightly larger force, consisting of Mongol-Turkic, that is Tatar, cavalry, Circassians, Rus' from Ryazan and Genoese mercenaries. Battle began with a clash of champions; the Rus' monk Peresvet, and a Tatar named variously Chelübei or Temür Mirza. They charged one another on horseback, lances before them. At the collision both were run through and killed, though Perevet's body is supposed to have stayed in the saddle the longer.   Battle then commenced. It was across a wide front, extending the Rus' lines thin but ravines and streams hampered the full deployment of Mamai's cavalry. Fighting went on for hours, with Mamai's troops holding the upper hand. Skilled Tatar cavalry and arrows took their toll on the Rus' and both sides tired over the course of the day. Dmitri had given his standard to another to hold, and when that man fell, the Rus' wavered. Dmitri himself disappeared in the clash, supposedly wounded and knocked unconscious. Mamai appeared on the verge of victory and kept his forces engaged. Yet one final trick was left to be put in play. Dmitri's cousin, Vladimir of Serpukhov, was kept in reserve with the Rus' princely cavalry. As both sides were at exhaustion, the freshly deployed Rus' cavalry charged from their hiding place in the trees and into the flank of Mamai's army. Mamai could only watch as his overworked, exhausted army routed, and he too fled. Learning of Mamai's defeat, the Lithuanians rapidly withdrew before ever making contact. So ended the battle on the Kulikovo field.   Dmitri had led the Rus' to defeat a major Mongol army in the field, and for his victory he was given the epithet Donskoi, meaning “of the Don.” While today this battle stands tall in Russian popular memory as a struggle for independence, in reality it led to little immediate change for the Rus' or to Moscow's standing. Our main sources come decades after the event and reflect how the battle's stature had grown with retellings. While the more heroic and famous elements of the battle may have little basis in reality, such as the duel before the battle, the general course of events is probably accurate enough. Whether it was as great a defeat for Mamai as popularly imagined is unknown, nor can we know Mamai for certain was even present. Mamai's losses are likely greatly overstated, since the next year he was able to raise another army rapidly, suggesting a small clash may have been turned into a grand duel. Arguments that Kulikovo never actually happened due to a lack of archaeological evidence cannot be sustained, as it is rare indeed for archaeological evidence to survive of a medieval battle. Little of the valuable metal equipment was ever left on site, usually quickly scavenged, while bodies were taken away for respectful burials or disintegrated before they could be preserved in the earth. The slightly earlier battle of Bannockburn in Scotland, for instance, though tracked to a relatively small area, has left almost no presence archaeologically speaking.    The real victor at Kulikovo was not Dmitri, but Toqtamish. After Kulikovo Mamai had strength enough to raise another army, and fought Toqtamish on the Kalka River. There Mamai was defeated for the final time. He was soon captured and executed by Toqtamish or by Genoese in Crimea when he fled there. Either way, Dmitri had succeeded in weakening Toqtamish's main rival for rule of the Golden Horde, and the new Khan was ready to assert his authority. So ended the Tale of Mamai.        Our next episode takes you through the reign of Toqtamish, as we enter the final period of the Golden Horde, so be sure to subscribe to the Kings and Generals Podcast to follow. If you enjoyed this and would like to help us continue bringing you great content, consider supporting us on patreon at www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. This episode was researched and written by our series historian, Jack Wilson. I'm your host David, and we'll catch you on the next one. 

408 - 439 CE The Vandals, along with their allies, the Alans and Suevi, ravage Spain before moving into Africa.  There, under the leadership of their king Gaiseric, they will achieve something no other Barbarian tribe has yet accomplished. Map of the Vandal Invasion of Spain Roman Provinces of Africa The Peutinger Tabula   Music Title: "The Britons" by Kevin MacLeod http://www.freepd.com Incidental Music by Andrew Sitkov