Podcasts about bismarcks

Teil 5: WKI: Debüt für die Warburg- und Dullesbrüder (1900-1919)Ein Standpunkt von Wolfgang Effenberger. Der Erste Weltkrieg war für die aus New York stammenden Dulles- wie die in Hamburg aufgewachsenen Warburg-Brüder der Ausgangspunkt für ihre später außerordentlich einflussreichen Karrieren im transatlantischen Netzwerk von Banken, Geheimdienste(n) und Diplomatie. Alle spielten erstmals im Umfeld der Pariser Friedenskonferenz bzw. der internationalen Finanzwelt eine Rolle, wobei sie die dort geknüpften Kontakte systematisch für den weiteren Aufstieg und spätere politische Machtpositionen nutzten.Warburg (Hochfinanz)Die Hamburger jüdische Bankiersfamilie Warburg gehörte schon zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts zu den bedeutendsten Familien des jüdischen Bürgertums, von denen einige schon früh in den Adelsstand erhoben worden.Als erster Jude war am 8. März 1872 Gerson Bleichröder, Eigentümer des Bankhauses S. Bleichröder, in den erblichen Adelsstand erhoben worden. Er spielte eine wichtige Rolle als Bankier Otto von Bismarcks und war finanziell an den preußisch-österreichischen und deutsch-französischen Kriegen beteiligt. Der bedeutende Bankier und Mäzen Abraham Oppenheim wurde 1868 als erster ungetaufter Jude Preußens vom preußischen König Wilhelm I. für seinen maßgeblichen Beitrag zum preußisch-österreichischen 1866 in den Freiherrnstand (Adelung) erhoben. 1907 wurde der bedeutende Bankier Otto Mendelssohn geadelt („von Mendelssohn Bartholdy“). Im katholischen Bayern lagen die Dinge anders. Für Glaubensjuden gab es ein höheres Maß an Emanzipation. So zeigte sich das bayerische Offizierkorps liberaler, weshalb sich viele jüdische "Einjährige" (Freiwilliges Dienstjahr) bei bayerischen Truppenteilen anmeldeten. In Bayern waren somit etwa 2½% der Reserveoffiziere Juden. (1) Das lag über dem Doppelten des Bevölkerungsanteils. Noch liberaler war man in Österreich. Beim deutschen Unternehmertum und den leitenden Angestellten der Textil-, Elektro-, der Metall- und Maschinen- sowie der Fertigwarenindustrie war der jüdische Anteil nicht zu übersehen. Herausragende Beispiele sind Ludwig Loewes Maschinenbauunternehmen oder Emil Rathenaus AEG. (2) Mit den jüdischen Familien wie die Barnays, Mendelssohns, Pringsheims und den Rathenaus und waren die Warburgs vor allem in Deutschland Mitgestalter der Geschichte, der Wirtschaft und der Kultur.Die prominenten Warburg-Brüder, insbesondere Paul, Max und Felix Warburg, spielten im Umfeld des Ersten Weltkriegs erstmals eine größere internationale Rolle:Paul Moritz Warburg (1868-1932)war als (in den USA lebender) deutschstämmiger Bankier einer der Schöpfer des Federal Reserve Systems und nutzte seine internationalen Kontakte während des Krieges intensiv, um Finanzströme und politische Entscheidungen zu beeinflussen.Max Moritz Warburg (1867-1946)Hatte sein Freiwilligenjahr bei einem erlesenen bayerischen Regiment als Unteroffizier abgeschlossen und wurde nach weiteren Übungen Offiziersaspirant der Kavallerie. Er wurde in Deutschland einer der wichtigsten Bankiers und spielte während des Ersten Weltkriegs als wirtschaftspolitischer Berater des Kaisers und Vertreter des neutralen Kapitals eine zentrale Rolle. Auch er war nach Kriegsende in transatlantischen Finanzbeziehungen und internationalen wirtschaftlichen Gremien aktiv....https://apolut.net/august-1914-der-verzerrte-ursprung-unserer-gegenwart-teil-5-von-wolfgang-effenberger/ Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Last time we spoke about the Soviet Victory in Asia. After atomic bombings and Japan's surrender, the Soviets launched a rapid Manchurian invasion, driving toward Harbin, Mukden, Changchun, and Beijing. Shenyang was taken, seeing the capture of the last Emperor of China, Pu Yi. The Soviets continued their advances into Korea with port captures at Gensan and Pyongyang, and occupation of South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands, ahead of anticipated American intervention. Stalin pushed for speed to avoid US naval landings, coordinating with Chinese forces and leveraging the Sino-Soviet pact while balancing relations with Chiang Kai-shek. As fronts closed, tens of thousands of Japanese POWs were taken, while harsh wartime reprisals, looting, and mass sexual violence against Japanese, Korean, and Chinese civilians were reported.  This episode is the Surrender of Japan Welcome to the Pacific War Podcast Week by Week, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about world war two? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on world war two and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel you can find a few videos all the way from the Opium Wars of the 1800's until the end of the Pacific War in 1945.  With the Manchurian Campaign over and Japan's surrender confirmed, we've reached the end of the Pacific War and the ushering of a new era. This journey took us 3 years, 8 months, and 27 days and it's been a rollercoaster. We've gone over numerous stories of heroism and horror, victory and defeat, trying to peel back a part of WW2 that often gets overshadowed by the war in Europe. Certainly the China War is almost completely ignored by the west, but fortunately for you all, as I end this series we have just entered the China war over at the Fall and Rise of China Podcast. Unlike this series where, to be blunt, I am hamstrung by the week by week format, over there I can tackle the subject as I see fit, full of personal accounts. I implore you if you want to revisit some of that action in China, jump over to the other podcast, I will be continuing it until the end of the Chinese civil war. One could say it will soon be a bit of a sequel to this one. Of course if you love this format and want more, you can check out the brand new Eastern Front week by week podcast, which really does match the horror of the Pacific war. Lastly if you just love hearing my dumb voice, come check out my podcast which also is in video format on the Pacific War Channel on Youtube, the Echoes of War podcast. Me and my co-host Gaurav tackle history from Ancient to Modern, often with guests and we blend the dialogue with maps, photos and clips. But stating all of that, lets get into it, the surrender of Japan. As we last saw, while the Soviet invasion of Manchuria raged, Emperor Hirohito announced the unconditional surrender of the Japanese Empire on August 15. Public reaction varied, yet most were stunned and bewildered, unable to grasp that Japan had surrendered for the first time in its history. Many wept openly as they listened to the Emperor's solemn message; others directed swift anger at the nation's leaders and the fighting services for failing to avert defeat; and some blamed themselves for falling short in their war effort. Above all, there was a deep sympathy for the Emperor, who had been forced to make such a tragic and painful decision.  In the wake of the Emperor's broadcast, war factories across the country dismissed their workers and shut their doors. Newspapers that had been ordered to pause their usual morning editions appeared in the afternoon, each carrying the Imperial Rescript, an unabridged translation of the Potsdam Declaration, and the notes exchanged with the Allied Powers. In Tokyo, crowds of weeping citizens gathered all afternoon in the vast plaza before the Imperial Palace and at the Meiji and Yasukuni Shrines to bow in reverence and prayer. The shock and grief of the moment, coupled with the dark uncertainty about the future, prevented any widespread sense of relief that the fighting had ended. Bombings and bloodshed were over, but defeat seemed likely to bring only continued hardship and privation. Starvation already gripped the land, and the nation faced the looming breakdown of public discipline and order, acts of violence and oppression by occupying forces, and a heavy burden of reparations. Yet despite the grim outlook, the Emperor's assurance that he would remain to guide the people through the difficult days ahead offered a measure of solace and courage. His appeal for strict compliance with the Imperial will left a lasting impression, and the refrain “Reverent Obedience to the Rescript” became the rallying cry as the nation prepared to endure the consequences of capitulation. Immediately after the Emperor's broadcast, Prime Minister Suzuki's cabinet tendered its collective resignation, yet Hirohito commanded them to remain in office until a new cabinet could be formed. Accordingly, Suzuki delivered another broadcast that evening, urging the nation to unite in absolute loyalty to the throne in this grave national crisis, and stressing that the Emperor's decision to end the war had been taken out of compassion for his subjects and in careful consideration of the circumstances. Thus, the shocked and grief-stricken population understood that this decision represented the Emperor's actual will rather than a ratified act of the Government, assuring that the nation as a whole would obediently accept the Imperial command. Consequently, most Japanese simply went on with their lives as best they could; yet some military officers, such as General Anami, chose suicide over surrender. Another key figure who committed seppuku between August 15 and 16 was Vice-Admiral Onishi Takijiro, the father of the kamikaze. Onishi's suicide note apologized to the roughly 4,000 pilots he had sent to their deaths and urged all surviving young civilians to work toward rebuilding Japan and fostering peace among nations. Additionally, despite being called “the hero of the August 15 incident” for his peacekeeping role in the attempted coup d'état, General Tanaka felt responsible for the damage done to Tokyo and shot himself on August 24. Following the final Imperial conference on 14 August, the Army's “Big Three”, War Minister Anami, Chief of the Army General Staff Umezu, and Inspectorate-General of Military Training General Kenji Doihara, met at the War Ministry together with Field Marshals Hata and Sugiyama, the senior operational commanders of the homeland's Army forces. These five men affixed their seals to a joint resolution pledging that the Army would “conduct itself in accordance with the Imperial decision to the last.” The resolution was endorsed immediately afterward by General Masakazu Kawabe, the overall commander of the Army air forces in the homeland. In accordance with this decision, General Anami and General Umezu separately convened meetings of their senior subordinates during the afternoon of the 14th, informing them of the outcome of the final Imperial conference and directing strict obedience to the Emperor's command. Shortly thereafter, special instructions to the same effect were radioed to all top operational commanders jointly in the names of the War Minister and Chief of Army General Staff. The Army and Navy authorities acted promptly, and their decisive stance proved, for the most part, highly effective. In the Army, where the threat of upheaval was most acute, the final, unequivocal decision of its top leaders to heed the Emperor's will delivered a crippling blow to the smoldering coup plot by the young officers to block the surrender. The conspirators had based their plans on unified action by the Army as a whole; with that unified stance effectively ruled out, most of the principal plotters reluctantly abandoned the coup d'état scheme on the afternoon of 14 August. At the same time, the weakened Imperial Japanese Navy took steps to ensure disciplined compliance with the surrender decision. Only Admiral Ugaki chose to challenge this with his final actions. After listening to Japan's defeat, Admiral Ugaki Kayō's diary recorded that he had not yet received an official cease-fire order, and that, since he alone was to blame for the failure of Japanese aviators to stop the American advance, he would fly one last mission himself to embody the true spirit of bushido. His subordinates protested, and even after Ugaki had climbed into the back seat of a Yokosuka D4Y4 of the 701st Kokutai dive bomber piloted by Lieutenant Tatsuo Nakatsuru, Warrant Officer Akiyoshi Endo, whose place in the kamikaze roster Ugaki had usurped, also climbed into the same space that the admiral had already occupied. Thus, the aircraft containing Ugaki took off with three men piloted by Nakatsuru, with Endo providing reconnaissance, and Ugaki himself, rather than the two crew members that filled the other ten aircraft. Before boarding his aircraft, Ugaki posed for pictures and removed his rank insignia from his dark green uniform, taking only a ceremonial short sword given to him by Admiral Yamamoto. Elements of this last flight most likely followed the Ryukyu flyway southwest to the many small islands north of Okinawa, where U.S. forces were still on alert at the potential end of hostilities. Endo served as radioman during the mission, sending Ugaki's final messages, the last of which at 19:24 reported that the plane had begun its dive onto an American vessel. However, U.S. Navy records do not indicate any successful kamikaze attack on that day, and it is likely that all aircraft on the mission with the exception of three that returned due to engine problems crashed into the ocean, struck down by American anti-aircraft fire. Although there are no precise accounts of an intercept made by Navy or Marine fighters or Pacific Fleet surface units against enemy aircraft in this vicinity at the time of surrender. it is likely the aircraft crashed into the ocean or was shot down by American anti-aircraft fire. In any event, the crew of LST-926 reported finding the still-smoldering remains of a cockpit with three bodies on the beach of Iheyajima Island, with Ugaki's remains allegedly among them. Meanwhile, we have already covered the Truman–Stalin agreement that Japanese forces north of the 38th parallel would surrender to the Soviets while those to the south would surrender to the Americans, along with the subsequent Soviet occupation of Manchuria, North Korea, South Sakhalin, and the Kurile Islands. Yet even before the first atomic bomb was dropped, and well before the Potsdam Conference, General MacArthur and his staff were planning a peaceful occupation of Japan and the Korean Peninsula. The first edition of this plan, designated “Blacklist,” appeared on July 16 and called for a progressive, orderly occupation in strength of an estimated fourteen major areas in Japan and three to six areas in Korea, so that the Allies could exercise unhampered control over the various phases of administration. These operations would employ 22 divisions and 3 regiments, together with air and naval elements, and would utilize all United States forces immediately available in the Pacific. The plan also provided for the maximum use of existing Japanese political and administrative organizations, since these agencies already exerted effective control over the population and could be employed to good advantage by the Allies. The final edition of “Blacklist,” issued on August 8, was divided into three main phases of occupation. The first phase included the Kanto Plain, the Kobe–Osaka–Kyoto areas, the Nagasaki–Sasebo area in Kyushu, the Keijo district in Korea, and the Aomori–Ominato area of northern Honshu. The second phase covered the Shimonoseki–Fukuoka and Nagoya areas, Sapporo in Hokkaido, and Fusan in Korea. The third phase comprised the Hiroshima–Kure area, Kochi in Shikoku, the Okayama, Tsuruga, and Niigata areas, Sendai in northern Honshu, Otomari in Karafuto, and the Gunzan–Zenshu area in Korea. Although the Joint Chiefs of Staff initially favored Admiral Nimitz's “Campus” Plan, which envisioned entry into Japan by Army forces only after an emergency occupation of Tokyo Bay by advanced naval units and the seizure of key positions ashore near each anchorage, MacArthur argued that naval forces were not designed to perform the preliminary occupation of a hostile country whose ground divisions remained intact, and he contended that occupying large land areas was fundamentally an Army mission. He ultimately convinced them that occupation by a weak Allied force might provoke resistance from dissident Japanese elements among the bomb-shattered population and could therefore lead to grave repercussions. The formal directive for the occupation of Japan, Korea, and the China coast was issued by the Joint Chiefs of Staff on August 11. The immediate objectives were to secure the early entry of occupying forces into major strategic areas, to control critical ports, port facilities, and airfields, and to demobilize and disarm enemy troops. First priority went to the prompt occupation of Japan, second to the consolidation of Keijo in Korea, and third to operations on the China coast and in Formosa. MacArthur was to assume responsibility for the forces entering Japan and Korea; General Wedemeyer was assigned operational control of the forces landing on the China coast and was instructed to coordinate his plans with the Generalissimo Chiang Kai-Shek; and Japanese forces in Southeast Asia were earmarked for surrender to Admiral Mountbatten. With the agreement of the Soviet, Chinese, and British governments, President Truman designated MacArthur as Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers on August 15, thereby granting him final authority for the execution of the terms of surrender and occupation. In this capacity, MacArthur promptly notified the Emperor and the Japanese Government that he was authorized to arrange for the cessation of hostilities at the earliest practicable date and directed that the Japanese forces terminate hostilities immediately and that he be notified at once of the effective date and hour of such termination. He further directed that Japan send to Manila on August 17 “a competent representative empowered to receive in the name of the Emperor of Japan, the Japanese Imperial Government, and the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters certain requirements for carrying into effect the terms of surrender.” General MacArthur's stipulations to the Japanese Government included specific instructions regarding the journey of the Japanese representatives to Manila. The emissaries were to leave Sata Misaki, at the southern tip of Kyushu, on the morning of August 17. They were to travel in a Douglas DC-3-type transport plane, painted white and marked with green crosses on the wings and fuselage, and to fly under Allied escort to an airdrome on Lejima in the Ryukyus. From there, the Japanese would be transported to Manila in a United States plane. The code designation chosen for communication between the Japanese plane and US forces was the symbolic word “Bataan.” Implementation challenges arose almost immediately due to disagreements within Imperial General Headquarters and the Foreign Office over the exact nature of the mission. Some officials interpreted the instructions as requiring the delegates to carry full powers to receive and agree to the actual terms of surrender, effectively making them top representatives of the Government and High Command. Others understood the mission to be strictly preparatory, aimed only at working out technical surrender arrangements and procedures. Late in the afternoon of August 16, a message was sent to MacArthur's headquarters seeking clarification and more time to organize the mission. MacArthur replied that signing the surrender terms would not be among the tasks of the Japanese representatives dispatched to Manila, assured the Japanese that their proposed measures were satisfactory, and pledged that every precaution would be taken to ensure the safety of the Emperor's representatives on their mission. Although preparations were made with all possible speed, on August 16 the Japanese notified that this delegation would be somewhat delayed due to the scarcity of time allowed for its formation. At the same time, MacArthur was notified that Hirohito had issued an order commanding the entire armed forces of his nation to halt their fighting immediately. The wide dispersion and the disrupted communications of the Japanese forces, however, made the rapid and complete implementation of such an order exceedingly difficult, so it was expected that the Imperial order would take approximately two to twelve days to reach forces throughout the Pacific and Asiatic areas. On August 17, the Emperor personally backed up these orders with a special Rescript to the armed services, carefully worded to assuage military aversion to surrender. Suzuki was also replaced on this date, with the former commander of the General Defense Army, General Prince Higashikuni Naruhiko, becoming the new Prime Minister with the initial tasks to hastily form a new cabinet capable of effecting the difficult transition to peace swiftly and without incident. The Government and Imperial General Headquarters moved quickly to hasten the preparations, but the appointment of the mission's head was held up pending the installation of the Higashikuni Cabinet. The premier-designate pressed for a rapid formation of the government, and on the afternoon of the 17th the official ceremony of installation took place in the Emperor's presence. Until General Shimomura could be summoned to Tokyo from the North China Area Army, Prince Higashikuni himself assumed the portfolio of War Minister concurrently with the premiership, Admiral Mitsumasa Yonai remaining in the critical post of Navy Minister, and Prince Ayamaro Konoe, by Marquis Kido's recommendation, entered the Cabinet as Minister without Portfolio to act as Higashikuni's closest advisor. The Foreign Minister role went to Mamoru Shigemitsu, who had previously served in the Koiso Cabinet. With the new government installed, Prince Higashikuni broadcast to the nation on the evening of 17 August, declaring that his policies as Premier would conform to the Emperor's wishes as expressed in the Imperial mandate to form a Cabinet. These policies were to control the armed forces, maintain public order, and surmount the national crisis, with scrupulous respect for the Constitution and the Imperial Rescript terminating the war. The cabinet's installation removed one delay, and in the afternoon of the same day a message from General MacArthur's headquarters clarified the mission's nature and purpose. Based on this clarification, it was promptly decided that Lieutenant General Torashiro Kawabe, Deputy Chief of the Army General Staff, should head a delegation of sixteen members, mainly representing the Army and Navy General Staffs. Kawabe was formally appointed by the Emperor on 18 August. By late afternoon that same day, the data required by the Allied Supreme Commander had largely been assembled, and a message was dispatched to Manila informing General MacArthur's headquarters that the mission was prepared to depart the following morning. The itinerary received prompt approval from the Supreme Commander. Indeed, the decision to appoint a member of the Imperial Family who had a respectable career in the armed forces was aimed both at appeasing the population and at reassuring the military. MacArthur appointed General Eichelberger's 8th Army to initiate the occupation unassisted through September 22, at which point General Krueger's 6th Army would join the effort. General Hodge's 24th Corps was assigned to execute Operation Blacklist Forty, the occupation of the Korean Peninsula south of the 38th Parallel. MacArthur's tentative schedule for the occupation outlined an initial advance party of 150 communications experts and engineers under Colonel Charles Tench, which would land at Atsugi Airfield on August 23. Naval forces under Admiral Halsey's 3rd Fleet were to enter Tokyo Bay on August 24, followed by MacArthur's arrival at Atsugi the next day and the start of the main landings of airborne troops and naval and marine forces. The formal surrender instrument was to be signed aboard an American battleship in Tokyo Bay on August 28, with initial troop landings in southern Kyushu planned for August 29–30. By September 4, Hodge's 24th Corps was to land at Inchon and begin the occupation of South Korea. In the meantime, per MacArthur's directions, a sixteen-man Japanese delegation headed by Lieutenant-General Kawabe Torashiro, Vice-Chief of the Army General Staff, left Sata Misaki on the morning of August 19; after landing at Iejima, the delegation transferred to an American transport and arrived at Nichols Field at about 18:00. That night, the representatives held their first conference with MacArthur's staff, led by Lieutenant-General Richard Sutherland. During the two days of conference, American linguists scanned, translated, and photostated the various reports, maps, and charts the Japanese had brought with them. Negotiations also resulted in permission for the Japanese to supervise the disarmament and demobilization of their own armed forces under Allied supervision, and provided for three extra days of preparation before the first occupying unit landed on the Japanese home islands on August 26. At the close of the conference, Kawabe was handed the documents containing the “Requirements of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers,” which concerned the arrival of the first echelons of Allied forces, the formal surrender ceremony, and the reception of the occupation forces. Also given were a draft Imperial Proclamation by which the Emperor would accept the terms of the Potsdam Declaration and command his subjects to cease hostilities, a copy of General Order No. 1 by which Imperial General Headquarters would direct all military and naval commanders to lay down their arms and surrender their units to designated Allied commanders, and the Instrument of Surrender itself, which would later be signed on board an American battleship in Tokyo Bay. After the Manila Conference ended, the Japanese delegation began its return to Japan at 13:00 on August 20; but due to mechanical problems and a forced landing near Hamamatsu, they did not reach Tokyo until August 21. With the scheduled arrival of the advanced party of the Allied occupation forces only five days away, the Japanese immediately began disarming combat units in the initial-occupation areas and evacuating them from those areas. The basic orders stated that Allied forces would begin occupying the homeland on 26 August and reaffirmed the intention ofImperial General Headquarters "to insure absolute obedience to the Imperial Rescript of 14 August, to prevent the occurrence of trouble with the occupying forces, and thus to demonstrate Japan's sincerity to the world." The Japanese government announced that all phases of the occupation by Allied troops would be peaceful and urged the public not to panic or resort to violence against the occupying forces. While they sought to reassure the population, they faced die-hard anti-surrender elements within the IJN, with ominous signs of trouble both from Kyushu, where many sea and air special-attack units were poised to meet an invasion, and from Atsugi, the main entry point for Allied airborne troops into the Tokyo Bay area. At Kanoya, Ugaki's successor, Vice-Admiral Kusaka Ryonosuke, hastened the separation of units from their weapons and the evacuation of naval personnel. At Atsugi, an even more threatening situation developed in the Navy's 302nd Air Group. Immediately after the announcement of the surrender, extremist elements in the group led by Captain Kozono Yasuna flew over Atsugi and the surrounding area, scattering leaflets urging the continuation of the war on the ground and claiming that the surrender edict was not the Emperor's true will but the machination of "traitors around the Throne." The extremists, numbering 83 junior officers and noncommissioned officers, did not commit hostile acts but refused to obey orders from their superior commanders. On August 19, Prince Takamatsu, the Emperor's brother and a navy captain, telephoned Atsugi and personally appealed to Captain Kozono and his followers to obey the Imperial decision. This intervention did not end the incident; on August 21 the extremists seized a number of aircraft and flew them to Army airfields in Saitama Prefecture in hopes of gaining support from Army air units. They failed in this attempt, and it was not until August 25 that all members of the group had surrendered. As a result of the Atsugi incident, on August 22 the Emperor dispatched Captain Prince Takamatsu Nabuhito and Vice-Admiral Prince Kuni Asaakira to various naval commands on Honshu and Kyushu to reiterate the necessity of strict obedience to the surrender decision. Both princes immediately left Tokyo to carry out this mission, but the situation improved over the next two days, and they were recalled before completing their tours. By this point, a typhoon struck the Kanto region on the night of August 22, causing heavy damage and interrupting communications and transport vital for evacuating troops from the occupation zone. This led to further delays in Japanese preparations for the arrival of occupation forces, and the Americans ultimately agreed to a two-day postponement of the preliminary landings. On August 27 at 10:30, elements of the 3rd Fleet entered Sagami Bay as the first step in the delayed occupation schedule. At 09:00 on August 28, Tench's advanced party landed at Atsugi to complete technical arrangements for the arrival of the main forces. Two days later, the main body of the airborne occupation forces began streaming into Atsugi, while naval and marine forces simultaneously landed at Yokosuka on the south shore of Tokyo Bay. There were no signs of resistance, and the initial occupation proceeded successfully.  Shortly after 1400, a famous C-54  the name “Bataan” in large letters on its nose circled the field and glided in for a landing. General MacArthur stepped from the aircraft, accompanied by General Sutherland and his staff officers. The operation proceeded smoothly. MacArthur paused momentarily to inspect the airfield, then climbed into a waiting automobile for the drive to Yokohama. Thousands of Japanese troops were posted along the fifteen miles of road from Atsugi to Yokohama to guard the route of the Allied motor cavalcade as it proceeded to the temporary SCAP Headquarters in Japan's great seaport city. The Supreme Commander established his headquarters provisionally in the Yokohama Customs House. The headquarters of the American Eighth Army and the Far East Air Force were also established in Yokohama, and representatives of the United States Pacific Fleet were attached to the Supreme Commander's headquarters. The intensive preparation and excitement surrounding the first landings on the Japanese mainland did not interfere with the mission of affording relief and rescue to Allied personnel who were internees or prisoners in Japan. Despite bad weather delaying the occupation operation, units of the Far East Air Forces and planes from the Third Fleet continued their surveillance missions. On 25 August they began dropping relief supplies, food, medicine, and clothing, to Allied soldiers and civilians in prisoner-of-war and internment camps across the main islands. While the advance echelon of the occupation forces was still on Okinawa, “mercy teams” were organized to accompany the first elements of the Eighth Army Headquarters. Immediately after the initial landings, these teams established contact with the Swiss and Swedish Legations, the International Red Cross, the United States Navy, and the Japanese Liaison Office, and rushed to expedite the release and evacuation, where necessary, of thousands of Allied internees.  On September 1, the Reconnaissance Troop of the 11th Airborne Division conducted a subsidiary airlift operation, flying from Atsugi to occupy Kisarazu Airfield; and on the morning of September 2, the 1st Cavalry Division began landing at Yokohama to secure most of the strategic areas along the shores of Tokyo Bay, with Tokyo itself remaining unoccupied. Concurrently, the surrender ceremony took place aboard Halsey's flagship, the battleship Missouri, crowded with representatives of the United Nations that had participated in the Pacific War.  General MacArthur presided over the epoch-making ceremony, and with the following words he inaugurated the proceedings which would ring down the curtain of war in the Pacific “We are gathered here, representatives of the major warring powers, to conclude a solemn agreement whereby peace may be restored. The issues, involving divergent ideals and ideologies, have been determined on the battlefields of the world and hence are not for our discussion or debate. Nor is it for us here to meet, representing as we do a majority of the people of the earth, in a spirit of distrust, malice or hatred. But rather it is for us, both victors and vanquished, to rise to that higher dignity which alone befits the sacred purposes we are about to serve, committing all our peoples unreservedly to faithful compliance with the understandings they are here formally to assume. It is my earnest hope, and indeed the hope of all mankind, that from this solemn occasion a better world shall emerge out of the blood and carnage of the past — a world dedicated to the dignity of man and the fulfillment of his most cherished wish for freedom, tolerance and justice. The terms and conditions upon which surrender of the Japanese Imperial Forces is here to be given and accepted are contained in the instrument of surrender now before you…”.  The Supreme Commander then invited the two Japanese plenipotentiaries to sign the duplicate surrender documents : Foreign Minister Shigemitsu, on behalf of the Emperor and the Japanese Government, and General Umezu, for the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters. He then called forward two famous former prisoners of the Japanese to stand behind him while he himself affixed his signature to the formal acceptance of the surrender : Gen. Jonathan M. Wainwright, hero of Bataan and Corregidor and Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur E. Percival, who had been forced to yield the British stronghold at Singapore. General MacArthur was followed in turn by Admiral Nimitz, who signed on behalf of the United States. Alongside the recently liberated Generals Wainwright and Percival, who had been captured during the Japanese conquest of the Philippines and Singapore respectively, MacArthur then signed the surrender documents, followed by Admiral Nimitz and representatives of the other United Nations present. The Instrument of Surrender was completely signed within twenty minutes. Shortly afterwards, MacArthur broadcast the announcement of peace to the world, famously saying, “Today the guns are silent.” Immediately following the signing of the surrender articles, the Imperial Proclamation of capitulation was issued, commanding overseas forces to cease hostilities and lay down their arms; however, it would take many days, and in some cases weeks, for the official word of surrender to be carried along Japan's badly disrupted communications channels. Various devices were employed by American commanders to transmit news of final defeat to dispersed and isolated enemy troops, such as plane-strewn leaflets, loudspeaker broadcasts, strategically placed signboards, and prisoner-of-war volunteers. Already, the bypassed Japanese garrison at Mille Atoll had surrendered on August 22; yet the first large-scale surrender of Japanese forces came on August 27, when Lieutenant-General Ishii Yoshio surrendered Morotai and Halmahera to the 93rd Division. On August 30, a British Pacific Fleet force under Rear-Admiral Cecil Harcourt entered Victoria Harbour to begin the liberation of Hong Kong; and the following day, Rear-Admiral Matsubara Masata surrendered Minami-Torishima. In the Marianas, the Japanese commanders on Rota and Pagan Islands relinquished their commands almost simultaneously with the Tokyo Bay ceremony of September 2. Later that day, the same was done by Lieutenant-General Inoue Sadae in the Palaus and by Lieutenant-General Mugikura Shunzaburo and Vice-Admiral Hara Chuichi at Truk in the Carolines. Additionally, as part of Operation Jurist, a British detachment under Vice-Admiral Harold Walker received the surrender of the Japanese garrison on Penang Island. In the Philippines, local commanders in the central Bukidnon Province, Infanta, the Bataan Peninsula, and the Cagayan Valley had already surrendered by September 2. On September 3, General Yamashita and Vice-Admiral Okawachi Denshichi met with General Wainwright, General Percival, and Lieutenant-General Wilhelm Styer, Commanding General of Army Forces of the Western Pacific, to sign the formal surrender of the Japanese forces in the Philippines. With Yamashita's capitulation, subordinate commanders throughout the islands began surrendering in increasing numbers, though some stragglers remained unaware of the capitulation. Concurrently, while Yamashita was yielding his Philippine forces, Lieutenant-General Tachibana Yoshio's 109th Division surrendered in the Bonins on September 3. On September 4, Rear-Admiral Sakaibara Shigematsu and Colonel Chikamori Shigeharu surrendered their garrison on Wake Island, as did the garrison on Aguigan Island in the Marianas. Also on September 4, an advanced party of the 24th Corps landed at Kimpo Airfield near Keijo to prepare the groundwork for the occupation of South Korea; and under Operation Tiderace, Mountbatten's large British and French naval force arrived off Singapore and accepted the surrender of Japanese forces there. On September 5, Rear-Admiral Masuda Nisuke surrendered his garrison on Jaluit Atoll in the Marshalls, as did the garrison of Yap Island. The overall surrender of Japanese forces in the Solomons and Bismarcks and in the Wewak area of New Guinea was finally signed on September 6 by General Imamura Hitoshi and Vice-Admiral Kusaka Jinichi aboard the aircraft carrier Glory off Rabaul, the former center of Japanese power in the South Pacific. Furthermore, Lieutenant-General Nomi Toshio, representing remaining Japanese naval and army forces in the Ryukyus, officially capitulated on September 7 at the headquarters of General Stilwell's 10th Army on Okinawa. The following day, Tokyo was finally occupied by the Americans, and looking south, General Kanda and Vice-Admiral Baron Samejima Tomoshige agreed to travel to General Savige's headquarters at Torokina to sign the surrender of Bougainville. On September 8, Rear-Admiral Kamada Michiaki's 22nd Naval Special Base Force at Samarinda surrendered to General Milford's 7th Australian Division, as did the Japanese garrison on Kosrae Island in the Carolines. On September 9, a wave of surrenders continued: the official capitulation of all Japanese forces in the China Theater occurred at the Central Military Academy in Nanking, with General Okamura surrendering to General He Yingqin, the commander-in-chief of the Republic of China National Revolutionary Army; subsequently, on October 10, 47 divisions from the former Imperial Japanese Army officially surrendered to Chinese military officials and allied representatives at the Forbidden City in Beijing. The broader context of rehabilitation and reconstruction after the protracted war was daunting, with the Nationalists weakened and Chiang Kai-shek's policies contributing to Mao Zedong's strengthened position, shaping the early dynamics of the resumption of the Chinese Civil War. Meanwhile, on September 9, Hodge landed the 7th Division at Inchon to begin the occupation of South Korea. In the throne room of the Governor's Palace at Keijo, soon to be renamed Seoul, the surrender instrument was signed by General Abe Nobuyuki, the Governor-General of Korea; Lieutenant-General Kozuki Yoshio, commander of the 17th Area Army and of the Korean Army; and Vice-Admiral Yamaguchi Gisaburo, commander of the Japanese Naval Forces in Korea. The sequence continued with the 25th Indian Division landing in Selangor and Negeri Sembilan on Malaya to capture Port Dickson, while Lieutenant-General Teshima Fusataro's 2nd Army officially surrendered to General Blamey at Morotai, enabling Australian occupation of much of the eastern Dutch East Indies. On September 10, the Japanese garrisons on the Wotje and Maloelap Atolls in the Marshalls surrendered, and Lieutenant-General Baba Masao surrendered all Japanese forces in North Borneo to General Wootten's 9th Australian Division. After Imamura's surrender, Major-General Kenneth Eather's 11th Australian Division landed at Rabaul to begin occupation, and the garrison on Muschu and Kairiru Islands also capitulated. On September 11, General Adachi finally surrendered his 18th Army in the Wewak area, concluding the bloody New Guinea Campaign, while Major-General Yamamura Hyoe's 71st Independent Mixed Brigade surrendered at Kuching and Lieutenant-General Watanabe Masao's 52nd Independent Mixed Brigade surrendered on Ponape Island in the Carolines. Additionally, the 20th Indian Division, with French troops, arrived at Saigon as part of Operation Masterdom and accepted the surrender of Lieutenant-General Tsuchihashi Yuitsu, who had already met with Viet Minh envoys and agreed to turn power over to the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.  When the Japanese surrendered to the Allies on 15 August 1945, the Viet Minh immediately launched the insurrection they had prepared for a long time. Across the countryside, “People's Revolutionary Committees” took over administrative positions, often acting on their own initiative, and in the cities the Japanese stood by as the Vietnamese took control. By the morning of August 19, the Viet Minh had seized Hanoi, rapidly expanding their control over northern Vietnam in the following days. The Nguyen dynasty, with its puppet government led by Tran Trong Kim, collapsed when Emperor Bao Dai abdicated on August 25. By late August, the Viet Minh controlled most of Vietnam. On 2 September, in Hanoi's Ba Dinh Square, Ho Chi Minh proclaimed the independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. As the Viet Minh began extending control across the country, the new government's attention turned to the arrival of Allied troops and the French attempt to reassert colonial authority, signaling the onset of a new and contentious phase in Vietnam's struggle.  French Indochina had been left in chaos by the Japanese occupation. On 11 September British and Indian troops of the 20th Indian Division under Major General Douglas Gracey arrived at Saigon as part of Operation Masterdom. After the Japanese surrender, all French prisoners had been gathered on the outskirts of Saigon and Hanoi, and the sentries disappeared on 18 September; six months of captivity cost an additional 1,500 lives. By 22 September 1945, all prisoners were liberated by Gracey's men, armed, and dispatched in combat units toward Saigon to conquer it from the Viet Minh, later joined by the French Far East Expeditionary Corps, established to fight the Japanese arriving a few weeks later. Around the same time, General Lu Han's 200,000 Chinese National Revolutionary Army troops of the 1st Front Army occupied Indochina north of the 16th parallel, with 90,000 arriving by October; the 62nd Army came on 26 September to Nam Dinh and Haiphong, Lang Son and Cao Bang were occupied by the Guangxi 62nd Army Corps, and the Red River region and Lai Cai were occupied by a column from Yunnan. Lu Han occupied the French governor-general's palace after ejecting the French staff under Sainteny. Consequently, while General Lu Han's Chinese troops occupied northern Indochina and allowed the Vietnamese Provisional Government to remain in control there, the British and French forces would have to contest control of Saigon. On September 12, a surrender instrument was signed at the Singapore Municipal Building for all Southern Army forces in Southeast Asia, the Dutch East Indies, and the eastern islands; General Terauchi, then in a hospital in Saigon after a stroke, learned of Burma's fall and had his deputy commander and leader of the 7th Area Army, Lieutenant-General Itagaki Seishiro, surrender on his behalf to Mountbatten, after which a British military administration was formed to govern the island until March 1946. The Japanese Burma Area Army surrendered the same day as Mountbatten's ceremony in Singapore, and Indian forces in Malaya reached Kuala Lumpur to liberate the Malay capital, though the British were slow to reestablish control over all of Malaya, with eastern Pahang remaining beyond reach for three more weeks. On September 13, the Japanese garrisons on Nauru and Ocean Islands surrendered to Brigadier John Stevenson, and three days later Major-General Okada Umekichi and Vice-Admiral Fujita Ruitaro formally signed the instrument of surrender at Hong Kong. In the meantime, following the Allied call for surrender, Japan had decided to grant Indonesian independence to complicate Dutch reoccupation: Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta signed Indonesia's Proclamation of Independence on August 17 and were appointed president and vice-president the next day, with Indonesian youths spreading news across Java via Japanese news and telegraph facilities and Bandung's news broadcast by radio. The Dutch, as the former colonial power, viewed the republicans as collaborators with the Japanese and sought to restore their colonial rule due to lingering political and economic interests in the former Dutch East Indies, a stance that helped trigger a four-year war for Indonesian independence. Fighting also erupted in Sumatra and the Celebes, though the 26th Indian Division managed to land at Padang on October 10. On October 21, Lieutenant-General Tanabe Moritake and Vice-Admiral Hirose Sueto surrendered all Japanese forces on Sumatra, yet British control over the country would dwindle in the ensuing civil conflict. Meanwhile, Formosa (Taiwan) was placed under the control of the Kuomintang-led Republic of China by General Order No. 1 and the Instrument of Surrender; Chiang Kai-shek appointed General Chen Yi as Chief Executive of Taiwan Province and commander of the Taiwan Garrison Command on September 1. After several days of preparation, an advance party moved into Taihoku on October 5, with additional personnel arriving from Shanghai and Chongqing between October 5 and 24, and on October 25 General Ando Rikichi signed the surrender document at Taipei City Hall. But that's the end for this week, and for the Pacific War.  Boy oh boy, its been a long journey hasn't it? Now before letting you orphans go into the wild, I will remind you, while this podcast has come to an end, I still write and narrate Kings and Generals Eastern Front week by week and the Fall and Rise of China Podcasts. Atop all that I have my own video-podcast Echoes of War, that can be found on Youtube or all podcast platforms. I really hope to continue entertaining you guys, so if you venture over to the other podcasts, comment you came from here! I also have some parting gifts to you all, I have decided to release a few Pacific War related exclusive episodes from my Youtuber Membership / patreon at www.patreon.com/pacificwarchannel. At the time I am writing this, over there I have roughly 32 episodes, one is uploaded every month alongside countless other goodies. Thank you all for being part of this long lasting journey. Kings and Generals literally grabbed me out of the blue when I was but a small silly person doing youtube videos using an old camera, I have barely gotten any better at it. I loved making this series, and I look forward to continuing other series going forward! You know where to find me, if you have any requests going forward the best way to reach me is just comment on my Youtube channel or email me, the email address can be found on my youtube channel. This has been Craig of the Pacific War Channel and narrator of the Pacific war week by week podcast, over and out!

Wie reagierten die Deutschen auf die Zeit der langen Messer? Und wer profitierte eigentlich von den Morden? Melde dich und unterstütz mich doch auf Patreon oder mit Paypal: https://linktr.ee/deutschland33_45pod Carl Schmitt: Der Führer schützt das Recht, Deutsche Juristenzeitung, 1.8.1934: klick Intro-Musik arrangiert und vertont von Max, Auszüge aus Reden von Joseph Goebbels (Rede vor dem Reichsverband der Deutschen Presse am 18.11.1934) und Adolf Hitler (Abschlussrede auf dem Reichsparteitag am 10.9.1934), beide via www.archive.org Outro-Musik: Brigitte Horney u. Theo Mackeben Ensamble "So oder so ist das Leben" (1934) Erwähnte Folgen #33.37 Furchtbare Justiz und #33.41 Parteiendämmerung (Carl Schmitt) Ausgewählte Literatur: Ulrich Herbert: Best. Biographische Studien über Radikalismus, Weltanschuung und Vernunft. 1903-1989, 3. Aufl., Bonn 1996. Reiner Möckelmann: Hannah von Bredow. Bismarcks furchtlose Enkelin gegen Hitler, Darmstadt 2018. Henrik Eberle: Briefe an Hitler: Ein Volk schreibt seinem Führer. Unbekannte Dokumente aus Moskauer Archiven - zum ersten Mal veröffentlicht, 2007. Tags: #Neuere_und_neueste_Geschichte #Deutschland

In unserer Sommer-Staffel geht's an den Strand – und zwar in prominenter Begleitung! In dieser Episode folgen die beiden Hosts Kathrin Sander und Inka Schmeling den Spuren Otto von Bismarcks. 1862 reiste er – 47 Jahre alt, verheiratet und Vater von drei Kindern – nach Biarritz an die französische Atlantikküste. Und verliebte sich dort prompt in die Frau eines Kollegen ...

Die Nazis und ihre konservativ-autokratischen Koalitionspartner planen eine Reihe von Propagandashows, um das Bündnis zwischen "altem" und "neuem" Deutschland in Szene zu setzen. Kontakt: deutschland33.45pod@gmail.com X: @deutsch33_45pod Instagram: @deutschland33_45pod Blog: https://deutschland3345.podcaster.de/ Patreon: https://patreon.com/user?u=45155460 Ausgewählte Literatur: Ian Kershaw: Hitler. 1889-1936, Stuttgart 1998. Wolfram Pyta: Hindenburg. Herrschaft zwischen Hohenzollern und Hitler, München 2007. Reiner Möckelmann: Hannah von Bredow. Bismarcks furchtlose Enkelin gegen Hitler, Stuttgart 2018. Peter Longerich: Goebbels. Biographie, München 2012. Update (3.12.23) Martin Sabrow: Der "Tag von Potsdam". Zur doppelten Karriere eines politischen Mythos, in: Der Tag von Potsdam, hrsg. v. Christoph Kopke und Werner Treß, Berlin 2013.

Last time we spoke about the Red Bearded Honghuzi Bandits. Yes Manchuria and many parts of China proper have had a bandit problem going back to ancient times. The borderlands between the Russian Empire and Qing Dynasty proved to be the perfect grounds for bandits to evolve. The Honghuzi were getting larger, more organized and certain leaders amongst them would have long lasting impacts on the history of China. Such names that come to mind are Zhang Zuolin and the Dogmeat General Zhang Zongchang. Such forces were incorporated officially into the Qing military to thwart other bandit groups and eventually to harass the Russians or Japanese in conflict looming on the horizon. Everything seems to be hot in Manchuria, Russian has full on invaded her and is reluctant to drag her troops out. There are those unhappy with this circumstance and they will soon make themselves heard loud and clear.    #73 The Yellow Peril and a War in the East   Welcome to the Fall and Rise of China Podcast, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about the history of Asia? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on history of asia and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel where I cover the history of China and Japan from the 19th century until the end of the Pacific War. The Boxer Rebellion is over. The Russo-Chinese War in Manchuria is over. Order had been restored to Beijing and in Manchuria things were significantly quieted down. Now the other nations of the 8 nation alliance had their hands full dealing with the expedition against Beijing and they sort of turned a blind eye to what was a side conflict in Manchuria. But when things were settling down and 177,000 Russian forces had more or less invaded and were occupying Manchuria, well a lot of eyeballs bulged. Britain and Japan sought common cause, both had significant investments in the Asia-Pacific. For example Britain had Weihaiwei and was literally staring down at the Russians over in Port Arthur and Dalien. Japan had been slighted by the triple intervention by Russia, Germany and France, losing her acquisitions of Port Arthur and Dalien to the Russians. Manchuria was always seen as a buffer zone to the Japanese, she now hand a toehold in Korea and such large Russian activity in Manchuria was very threatening. Let us not forget the entire war between the Qing dynasty and Japan over Korea, to a lesser extent also had Russian as a 4th party. Russia did meddle in Korea and continuously antagonized Japan. Thus with common cause Japan and Britain formed an alliance on January 30th of 1902. In response Russia and France formed their own on March 16th of 1902. The alliances basically worked to thwart any other great powers from getting involved in a potential war between Japan and Russia.  Now Russia also agreed to the rest of the great powers that she would gradually withdraw her forces from Manchuria. It was to be rolled out in 3 periods of 6 months. The first phase saw southwest Manchuria evacuated and returned to China, but when it came to the second phase, suddenly Russia was making demands for concessions to the Qing dynasty.  Britain, Japan and the US protested the demands and this bolstered China to reject them. Now turned back the clock a bit there was another sticky situation. When chaos was erupting in Korea, King Gojong ran to the Russians for protection for over two years. This turned the nations favor towards the Russians over the Chinese and Japanese. Russia seized this opportunity to strengthen her forces in defense of her legation in Korea, and this action was met with actions taken up by Japan. Japanese and Russian officials met and this was the result verbatim: A further agreement between Russia and Japan had been signed in Tokyo on 25 April 1898. The agreement contained three understandings: The independence of Korea was assured; neither country would interfere in Korea's domestic affairs. There would be no appointment of military or civil advisers without discussion with the interested parties. Russia agreed not to hinder Japan's development of trade with Korea.  Aside from this the Russians of course wanted to seize as much as they could. A Russian-Korean bank was formed in 1897, and a timber cutting contract was given to Russian industrialists in the Yalu river area. In 1901, Tsar Nicholas II told Prince Henry of Prussia, "I do not want to seize Korea but under no circumstances can I allow Japan to become firmly established there. That will be a “casus belli." The contract only came into effect when the Manchurian railway projects were kicking off and when able bodies were around, which came about during the occupation of Manchuria. In april of 1903 Russians acquired some land and established a fort at Yongampo near the mouth of the Yalu river. America and Japan received similar concessions in the region. The Japanese began receiving reports, indicating Port Arthur was being heavily stocked with supplies and a large body of Russian troops were advancing across the Liaodong Peninsula towards Korea. Thus from the Japanese point of view it looked clear Russia was not honoring her agreements. On July 28th of 1903, the Japanese ambassador at St Petersburg was instructed to make it known to the Russians, the 7 demands they made to China was not seen as a “relaxation of her hold on Manchuria but rather a consolidation” Two days later, Russian Admiral Alexeiev was appointed Viceroy of the Far East. Alexeiev would hold supreme power to exercises diplomacy between Russian East Asia and her neighbors as well as command the Russian military and naval forces in the east. From the Japanese point of view, a permanent Russian occupation of Manchuria would be prejudicial over her own security and interests. It would also threaten Korea, which was her sphere of interest, one she was not looking to share. Russia agreed to consider drawing up a new treaty. On August 12th of 1903 a draft was presented at St Petersburg, but in the meantime Russia was strengthening her position in the far east. This tense situation kept going, until January 13th of 1904 when Japan offered to recognize Manchuria as being outside her sphere of interest, if Russia would agree Korea was Japan's sphere of interest. It was to be blunt a very fair deal. Japan requested an early reply to the proposal, but by February 4th of 1904 no reply was forthcoming. Two days later the Japanese ambassador, Mr. Kurino called upon the Russian foreign minister, Count Lamsdorf to take his leave. Kurino explained to Lamsdorf that the Japanese government had decided to adopt some “independent action” deeming it necessary to defend its established rights and legitimate interests. Basically Japan's patience had come to an end. The Russian ambassador to Tokyo, Baron Rosen, had continuously sent warnings to his superiors in St Petersburg that if they continued to corner Japan, she would most certainly fight them. Such sentiment was shared by War Minister General Kuroptkin who resigned in a state of exasperation some months earlier. Tsar Nicholas II did not want a war, but he was continuously assured by his advisers, Japan was not strong enough to fight them. When Mr. Kurino took his leave, the immediate signal was made to Admiral Alexeiev, who was in Tokyo at the time. The new viceroy saw with his own eyes evidence of Japanese mobilization and he advised St Petersburg accordingly. The Japanese foreign ministry confirmed their government had run out of patience. However all of this was taken to be a bluff. It has been theorized Alexeiev was simply not averse to a war with a country he certainly deemed inferior to his own. It is also theorized Tsar Nicholas II probably believed if a war would to break out it would be a short and victorious one, and perhaps such an event could distract the tide of revolution hitting his nation, the people of Russia were not happy anymore about the Romanov rule. Funny enough, all of these talks, deceptions and plans were to take shape in China. The Chinese were literally never even thought of or spoken to, and soon a war would literally occur within their borders against their will. How did this all come about? It might sound a bit funny, but a large reason the Russo-Japanese War would occur would simply be a result of, pardon my french, shit talking by one Kaiser Wilhelm II. When Kaiser Wilhelm I died on March 9th of 1888, Germany fell to Frederick III who died of throat cancer only 99 days after taking the reins. On June 15th, a 29 year old Kaiser Wilhelm II took the throne. Now for those of you who don't know, Otto von Bismarck, the man who unified Germany was during the late 19th century one of the greatest political players in the world. Bismarck had an incredible understanding of the balance of power theory and studied all the most powerful nations national interests. He brokered international deals using his knowledge to increase Germany's standing in global politics and he also in many ways designed a system of international alliances to thwart a global war….which ironically would in many ways cause ww1. If you want to know more specifically about this by the way, check out Kings and Generals alliances that caused WW1, I wrote that script and its a fascinating story. Dan Carlin famously referred to Bismarcks work as creating a giant hand grenade, that if the pin got pulled out, only Bismarck understood how to put it back in. While Bismarck was in power things were pretty good, but he was such a colossal figure, that when the young Kaiser came into power, many of his advisers suggested he was being overshadowed by Bismarck. Kaiser Wilhelm II listening to his advisers, sought to stop Bismarck from taking the quote en quote “day to day” administration. Conflicts began to arise between the two men. Wilhelm did not understand the complexities of Bismarcks international relations and saw him as far too peaceful. Wilhelm gradually fell under the influence of his military leaders to the dismay of Bismarck who thought the Kaiser would lead them swiftly into a war with a nation like Russia. In 1890 Bismarck resigned under pressure from Wilhelm II and other German leaders, and as Dan Carlin would say, now the grenade he created was set to go off. Now when the new Kaiser venturing into international relations, he was deeply influenced by a ideological concept that he would use as a tool to coerce international players to act out. The concept is known as the “yellow peril” “le Peril Jaune” as coined by Russian sociologist Jacques Novikow in the late 19th century. In essence the yellow peril was a racist ideology that held asians to be subhuman, like apes and monkeys, but also that as a racial group should they unite, they would threaten what was thought to be the superior race of the day, whites. Basically the idea was that if all the nations of asia were to unite, they could retaliate against the White nations who were at the time colonizing or forcing unequal treaties upon them. There was also a religious element to it, that Christianity was under threat from the hoards of the east.  Now back to Wilhelm II, one of his advisers was the diplomat Max von Brandt who advised him that Imperial Germany had major colonial interests in China. The Triple Intervention that Germany endorsed was justified by the Kaiser under the guise it was to thwart what he began calling “die Gelbe Gefahr / the yellow peril”. The Kaiser began a propaganda campaign using the famous allegorical lithograph “Peoples of Europe, Guard your Most Sacred Possessions” created in 1895 by Hermann Knackfuss. You can google the image. The lithograph portrays the European monarchs with Germany as the leader of Europe personified by a “prehistoric warrior-goddesses being led by the Archangel Michael against the yellow peril from the east. The east is seen as a dark cloud of smoke which rests eerily upon a calm Buddha, wreathed in flame”. The imagery is very apparent, white and christianity is under threat from asian and their eastern religions. This type of ideology goes all the way back to Ancient Greece and Persia, its the age old west vs east stuff. Today you would call this sort of talk, a race war. Now you are probably asking, ok this leader of Germany is just a racist dude, how does this cause a war between Russia and Japan? This story is rather hilarious and hard to believe, but in summary, the Kaiser used the ideology to trick his cousin into war.  For those unaware, Kaiser Wilhelm II was first cousins with King Geoerge V of Britain,  to Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, to Queens Marie of Romania, Maud of Norway, Victoria Eugene of Spain, and even the woman he would eventually marry, the Empress of Russia. Now the Germany presented to Wilhelm was involved in some alliances. I mentioned Britain and Japan had an alliance and France and Russian had an alliance. Wilhelm and his advisers sought to increase Germany's stature. Wilhelm believed that if Russia went to war with Japan, it would break up the Franco-Russian alliance and with no one else to turn to, Russia would seek an alliance with Germany. Wilhelms reasoning was that France was not supporting of Russians expansion into asia and such aggressive actions like going to war with Japan would be highly disapproved by France. The French Premier Maurice Rouvier publicly declared that the Franco-Russian alliance applied only in Europe and not Asia and that if Japan and Russia went to war, France would remain neutral. Such rhetoric seemed to prove Wilhelms beliefs. Germany meanwhile felt threatened by Britain and had embarked on what was known as the Tirpitz Plan in the late 1890s. The Tirpitz plan was Germany's plan to achieve world power status through naval power, but the world's greatest navy of course was Britain at the time. What essentially happened was Germany challenging Britain to an arms race in the form of naval warship building programs. Everything the Kaiser pursued during the late 19th century was what was called “Weltpolitik / world politics” which essentially was just Germany's imperialistic foreign policy to become a global power. Wilhelm and his advisers were playing world politics to weaken rivals and strengthen Germany plain and simple.  So Wilhelm believes he can break the French-Russian alliance and squeeze himself in Frances place if he can get the Russians to go to war with Japan who just happened to be allied to Germany's main rival, Britain. Some real game of thrones stuff here. Wilhelm also believed if Germany could pull this off, France would be compelled to join them, forming a triple alliance against Britain and Japan so they could all pursue their expansionist policies in places like Asia. There was also the belief pulling this off would pull Russia away from the Balkans which was a huge source of tension with Germany's main ally Austro-Hungary. Thats all fine and dandy, but how does Wilhelm get his cousin Tsar Nicholas to go to war with the Japanese, here comes the yellow peril.  Starting in 1895, Kaiser Wilhelm began using the Yellow Peril ideology to portray Germany as the great defender of the west against the barbarism of the east. But then all of a sudden Wilhelm began sending personal letters to his cousin Nicholas praising him as the quote “savior of the white races” and began urging him to take a more hardened approach to Asia. The letters between the two have been referred to as the “willy-nicky” letters, consisting of 75 messages sent back and forth between 1895-1914. I wont list them all of course but lets take a peak at how Wilhelm wrote to his cousin. In 1895 Wilhelm wrote this from Kaltenbronn Schwarzwald. I will paraphrase of course there's a ton of fluff. Dearest Nicky, I thank you sincerely for the excellent way in which you initiated the combined action of Europe[27] for the sake of its interests against Japan. It was high time that energetic steps were taken, and will make an excellent impression in Japan as elsewhere. It shows to evidence how necessary it is that we should hold together, and also that there is existent a base of common interests upon which all European nations may work in joint action for the welfare of all as is shown by the adherence of France to us two. May the conviction that this can be done without touching a nations honour, take root more and more firmly, then no doubt the fear of war in Europe will dissipate more and more. The kind and most valuable messages which you sent me through Osten Sacken[28] by Count Eulenburgs transmission in Vienna have given me a signal proof of your loyalty and openness towards me. I shall certainly do all in my power to keep Europe quiet and also guard the rear or Russia so that nobody shall hamper your action towards the Far East! For that is clearly the great task of the future for Russia to cultivate the Asian Continent and to defend Europe from the inroads of the Great Yellow race. In this you will always find me on your side ready to help you as best I can. You have well understood that call of Providence and have quickly grasped the moment; it is of immense political and historical value and much good will come of it. I shall with interest await the further development of our action and hope that, just as I will gladly help you to settle the question of eventual annexations[29] of portions of territory for Russia, you will kindly see that Germany may also be able to acquire a Port somewhere were it does not "gêne" you. You can see how Wilhelm is egging on his cousin about how Germany will have his back if he were to be bolder in Asia. Also the cute end bit about Germany acquiring some ports.  In 1898 for a New Years letter Wilhelm sent this Dearest Niky May this New Year be a happy one for you dear Allx and the whole of your house and country. May the plans, which you mature be fullfilled for the wellfare of your people. Henry's mission^ is one of the steps I have taken for the help and countenance of your lofty Ideals—without which no sovereign can exist—in promoting civilisation I. e. Christianity in [41] the Far East! Will you kindly accept a drawing I have sketched for you, showing the Symbolising figures of Russia and Germany as sentinels at the Yellow Sea for the proclaiming of the Gospel of Truth and Light in the East. I drew the sketch in the Xmas week under the blaze of the lights of theXmas trees!  Here Wilhelm is pressing upon the religious aspect and is basically flattering Nicholas. Again in 1898 Wilhelm wrote Dearest Nicky I must congratulate you most heartily at the successful issue of your action at Port Arthur ; we two will make a good pair of sentinels at the entrance of the gulf of Petchili, who will be duly respected especially by the Yellow Ones ! I think the way you managed to soothe the feelings of the "fretful Japs"by the masterly arrangement at Korea a remarkably fine piece of diplomacy and a great show of foresight; which Is apt to show what a boon it was that by your great journey,^ you were able to study the Question of the Far East locally and are now morally speaking the Master of Peking! Fretful Japs indeed In 1902 we get probably the most important letter involving the yellow peril Dear Nicky This is the more necessary as/certain symptoms in the East seems to show that Japan is becoming a rather restless customer and that the situation necessitates all coolness and decision of the Peace Powers. The news of the attachment of the Japanese General Yamai^—former leader of the Jap. troops in China—to the Legation at Peking in order to take in hand the reorganisation of the Chinese Army—i.e. for the unavowed object of driving every other foreigner out of China—is very serious. 20 to 30 Million of trained Chinese helped by half a dozen Jap. Divisions and led by fine, undaunted Christian hating Jap. Officers, is a future to be con- templated not without anxiety; and not impossible. In fact it is the coming into reality of the *'Yellow Peril" which I depicted some years ago, and for which engraving I was laughed at by the greater mass of the People for my graphic depiction of it ... Your devoted friend and cousin, Willy, Admiral of the Atlantic".  And there it is, an army of millions of Chinese led by Japanese officers, the yellow peril. So for years Wilhelm egged on his cousin, making him believe he was this savior of the white race, holding the yellow hoard back from sweeping over Europe. Wilhelm also made sure to leave ambiguous ideas that Germany had Russians back, that if war came and let's say a nation like Britain jumped into the mix, Germany would jump in too. Arguable if there was any reality behind these claims. Now back to the situation in the far east, King Gojong found his nation stuck between two tigers again, this time it was Japan and Russia. He believed the key to the issue was Manchuria and sought for Korea to remain as neutral as possible so she could hope to preserve her independence, I would saw independence with finger quotes. Meanwhile the Chinese ambassador to St Petersburg, Hu Weide was receiving reports from Beijing on whether Russia or Japan were likely to win such a war and how it would favor China. It was argued it was in China's interest for Japan to win, because a Japanese victory would likely breakdown Russians stronghold on Manchuria and perhaps China could wrestle it all back in. China decided in December of 1903 to remain neutral if war came, because while she knew Japan was the only one in the far east capable of pushing Russia out, she also did not know what Japan's ambitions might be in Manchuria.  In early 1904 negotiations continued between Russia and Japan, but like I mentioned earlier Japan gradually figured out Russia was not being serious. This was more than likely due to an infamous message sent by Wilhelm to Nicholas in December of 1903.  Since 97—Kiaochow—we have never left Russia in any doubt that we would cover her back in Europe, in case she decided to pursue a bigger policy in the Far East that might lead to military complications (with the aim of relieving our eastern border from the fearful pressure and threat of the massive Russian army!). Whereupon, Russia took Port Arthur and trusting us, took her fleet out of the Baltic, thereby making herself vulnerable to us by sea. In Danzig 01 and Reval 02, the same assurance was given again, with result that entire Russian divisions from Poland and European Russia were and are being sent to the Far East. This would not had happened if our governments had not been in agreement! Nicholas for his part was prepared to compromise with Japan, but the incessant letters from Wilhelm egging him on as a coward for thinking about compromising gradually broke the Tsar. The Kaiser wrote this: undertaking the protection and defence of the White Race, and with it, Christian civilization, against the Yellow Race. And whatever the Japs are determined to ensure the domination of the Yellow Race in East Asia, to put themselves at its head and organise and lead it into battle against the White Race. That is the kernel of the situation, and therefore there can be very little doubt about where the sympathies of all half-way intelligent Europeans should lie. England betrayed Europe's interests to America in a cowardly and shameful way over the Panama Canal question, so as to be left in 'peace' by the Yankees. Will the 'Tsar' likewise betray the interests of the White Race to the Yellow as to be 'left in peace' and not embarrass the Hague tribunal too much?. Nicholas replied he still sought peace, and Wilhelm replied in telegram “oh you innocent angel, this is the language of an innocent angel. But not that of a White Tsar!” Regardless of the Tsar's feelings, Japan was firmly under the belief Russia was not serious about seeking a peaceful solution to their dispute over Manchuria and Korea. When Japan proposed recognizing Manchuria was Russia's sphere of influence if Russia would respect their sphere of influence over Korea, the Russia counter proposal was basically, no, Russia would retain Manchuria and Korea would be open game.  Potential diplomatic resolutions between the two nations had thus failed. Historians generally argue it was the fault of Nicholas II who pushed his administration to give no ground. Why he acted this way though has two major arguments, one I have highlighted, the egging on by the Kaiser, but there was another element at play. The Russian people were frankly fed up with the royal family, the people were looking for change. To start a war and rile up patriotism could have been an attempt to quell the Russian people from revolutionary actions and in retrospect it certainly seems the case. The Tsar's advisers despite being hawkish did not seek a war with Japan, they simply wanted to bully what they thought was a weaker nation into submission. Because the reality was, Manchuria was far, the trans siberian railway was not complete, moving troops and provisions such a distance was a colossal task.  Japan performed a large scale study of the Russian power in Manchuria. The Japanese had been secretly surveying and mapping as far as east of Lake Baikal. In 1904 the Japanese had 380,000 active and reserve army forces, 200,000 in the 2nd reserve, another 50,000 in conscription reserve and 220,000 trained men of the national army, thus they could in theory toss 850,000 men into a conflict and by conscripting perhaps 4,250,000 who would all have to be trained taking time and money. Japan's effective strength was 257,000 infantry, 11,000 cavalry and 894 artillery pieces. They held 12 infantry divisions each containing 11,400 infantry, 430 cavalry and 36 guns a piece. Their troops received 12 months training, once the war started this would be cut to 6 months. Their artillery battalions held 3 batteries with both field and mountain guns ranging in caliber of 2.95 inches to 4.72 inches. Their infantry were equipped with a modern 1900 .256 inch magazine rifle that could fire 2000 yards but was effective at 300. Each soldier carried a knapsack, greatcoat and shelter tent. In their sacks were two days rations and entrenching tools. For machine guns they would receive Hotchkiss guns. The logistical system for the Japanese would be much better than the Russians. They had a series of lines of support. The soldiers carried two days rations, with echelons of transports that carried provisions behind them. Each division had its own transport battalion, including an ambulance train to deal with casualties. Chinese carts, Chinese and Korean coolies would all be paid premium prices for logistical aid. The Japanese would buy local foodstuff from the Koreans and Chinese at premium prices to earn the local populaces support over the Russians. For the Russians their army stood roughly at 4.5 million, but only 6 of the 25 European army corps would play an active role in the far east. By February of 1904 the Russians had roughly 60,000 troops, 3000 cavalry and 164 guns posted at Vladivostok, Harbin and Port Arthur. By Mid february this would be increased to 95,000; with 45,000 at Vladivostok, 8000 at Harbin, 9000 in Haicheng; 11,000 near the Yalu and 22,000 around Port Arthur. The Russian had the European 1st, 4th, 8th, 10th, 16th and 17th army corps each numbering 28,000 rifles and 112 guns. Alongside these were 7 Siberian corps. While the Russians held the advantage in numbers, the trans siberian was not complete and the route going around Lake Baikal formed a massive delay. Lake Baikal is basically the size of Switzerland, around 386 miles long. Thus the forces in Manchuria would be at the mercy of local foodstuffs for provisions, which meant they were competing with the Japanese to purchase them, while the Japanese had their own nations foodstuffs coming via sea transport, from Korea and of course within China. The Russian troops were armed with a .299 caliber rifles, but their training was lackluster and required all men to fire at short range on orders from superior officers. The upcoming war would catch the Russian gunners in the midst of a  re-equipment programme. A third of their guns were a new 3 inch quick firing gun with a range of 6000 yards, capable of battering the Japanese artillery. However the gunners training period was quite literally on the job. Thus many of the gunners were coming into the conflict with a new technology they had not even fired yet. Japan's population was then 46.5 million, Russia's 130 million. The Russian military opinion saw the Japanese “as little people who lived in paper houses…and wasted hours on flower arrangement and tea ceremonies”. However, Minister of War Kuropatkin visited Japan in 1903 and was impressed by their infantry and artillery, stating that they were equal to any European army, and advocated avoiding war with them. Russia's navy was much larger, but divided between the Baltic Sea, the Black Sea and the Pacific, whereas Japan's was concentrated in her home waters. By 1902, Russia began strengthening her Pacific squadron and, by the end of 1903, had 7 battleships, 7 cruisers, 25 destroyers and 27 smaller ships. The IJN (the Japanese Navy) consisted of 6 battleships, 10 cruisers, 40 destroyers and 40 smaller vessels. The Russian ships were a hotchpotch of differing types, armaments and speeds, with a varied amount of armor protection. The Japanese ships were nearly all British built, uniform and faster. Alcohol excess amongst Russian crews was a serious problem. Baltic crews spent the 6 months of winter ashore because the gulf of Finland froze and because of bureaucratic demand for uniformity. So did the crews of the Black Sea fleet. Thus, Russian sailors spent less time at sea and less time training. The Japanese navy under British instruction spent more time at sea, and trained intensively. Japanese sailors were literate, while most Russian sailors were not. These variables would come out to play when dealing with steam-driven warships, the most technologically advanced weapons of the day. At the outbreak of the conflict the Russian Far East fleet would have 7 battleships, 6 cruisers and 13 destroyers at Port Arthur. At Vladivostok were 4 first class cruisers, with a number of torpedo boats. At Chemulpo in Korea were the protected cruisers Varya and gunboat Koreyetz. A crucial component of the conflict would be commanding the sea ways. Both nations recognized this fact all too well. The Russian far east fleet was constrained from year the round training by being icebound in Vladivostok for 3 months of the year. Her fleet was also a ragtag bunch with different armaments, speed, armor and flexibility. Russia was dependent on foreign built ships, though she was fully capable of building her own. Russia had ships built from Britain, Germany, France and the US. The Russian navy was based on conscription at 7 years with 3 years of reserve.  The IJN combined fleet was led by Vice-Admiral Heihachiro Togo. The two divided squadrons of the Russian Pacific Fleet were commanded overall by Admiral Oskar Ludvig Stark. The Main Russian squadron was in Port Arthur and the other cruiser squadron was at Vladivostok under the command of Admiral Nikolai Skrydlov. Port Arthur offered some shore artillery battery defense, though it was underfunded due to divestments for the development of Dalny, and its dry dock capabilities were quite limited compared to that of Sasebo. The Russians were bluffing the Japanese while continuing the strengthen their position in the far east. But the Japanese would not wait for them to do so.   I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. Kaiser Wilhelm II had egged his cousin Tsar Nicholas II into facing against the Empire of Japan. Little did the Russian Tsar know, but he was about to send his nation to their doom, for the Japanese had done their homework and were determined to rid Manchuria of the Russian menace

En av andra världskrigets mer dramatiska händelser var den brittiska jakten på det tyska slagskeppet Bismarck i maj 1941. Det tyska slagskeppet inledde en utbrytning på Atlanten den 19 maj och sänktes endast åtta dagar senare den 27 maj efter anfall från ett stort antal brittiska fartyg och marinflygplan. Under den korta operationen hann det tyska slagskeppet i en kort strid sänka brittiska flottans stora stolthet slagkryssaren HMS Hood i Danmarksundet.I denna nymixade repris av Militärhistoriepodden berättar Martin Hårdstedt och Peter Bennesved den dramatiska historien om sänkningen av ett av det största och mest fulländade slagskepp som byggts och satts i operativ tjänst. Men berättelsen är inte bara dramatisk utan hela händelsen ställer en rad frågor till eftervärlden. Vad var syftet med att till synes kasta bort ett så dyrt och stort fartyg i något som kan uppfattas som en självmordsattack? Vilken roll hade Bismarck och de tunga ytfartygen i andra världskrigets kamp om herraväldet över Atlanten? Och vem sänkte egentligen Bismarck – britterna eller den tyska besättningen?Historien om Bismarcks sänkning är inte bara dramatiska utan genom att följa operationen och tankarna bakom Bismarcks utbrytning på Atlanten får vi inblickar i det strategiska spelet om Atlanten och försörjningen av den brittiska krigsinsatsen. De tyska slagskeppen hade inte som främsta syfte att utmana den brittiska flottan. För att kunna göra det krävdes större resurser. Istället kom de stora tunga tyska fartygen att användas för att bekämpa de allierades konvojer på Atlanten och tillsammans med ubåtarna strypa den brittiska försörjningen.Den som vill veta mer om sänkningen av Bismarck kan läsa Burkard von Müllenheim-Rechbergs skildring Slagskeppet Bismarck (1983). Han deltog ombord på Bismarck och överlevde som artilleriofficer sänkningen. Endast 115 av mer än 2 200 besättningsmän överlevde. Ett annat boktips i den stor flora av litteratur om händelsen är Michael Tamelander och Niclas Zennertegs bok Bismarck kampen om Atlanten (2004). Bild: Överlevande från slagskeppet Bismarck plockas upp till HMS Dorsetshire den 27 maj Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Terwijl iedereen in Nederland over onze Duitse prins praat (daarvoor verwijzen wij u naar de aflevering ‘Duitse Deugniet') zoeken de snobs het ditmaal bij andere Duitse vorsten: de Bismarcks. Van over-overgrootvader Otto tot, zes generaties later: Karl-Eduard Otto Wolfgang Jayme Anders, Prins van Bismarck, ook wel Kalle. Met zijn (momenteel) zesde huwelijk, een eindeloze erfenis en een snobwaardige leefstijl eentje die absoluut thuis hoort in Top of the Snobs - Jort oreert. Verder: Yvo openhartig over zijn kinderwens, een analyse van de meest snobwaardige dorpen van Nederland en een doorlichting van het merk Stone Island.Cliffhanger: overleeft Jort het rozenmondwater van Yvo?❤️ Insta: @desnobcast

In dieser Episode sprechen der preußische Außenminister Salim Samatou & der saarländische Gesundheitsminister Marvin Endres über das Social Media Game des Otto von Bismarck.

Das Bismarck-Zimmer im Auswärtigen Amt wurde umbenannt in "Saal der Deutschen Einheit". Das Ministerium will der Historie des Raums Rechnung tragen. Kritik kommt vom Nachkommen Otto von Bismarcks, Ernst von Bismark.

Wie sich Sachsens CDU immer mehr an die AfD ran schmeißt. Was der Neffe über den Gesundheitszustand von Irans Diktator Ayatollah Khamenei weiß. Und was Bismarck jetzt in Bonn zu suchen hat. Das ist die Lage am Donnerstagabend. Die Artikel zum Nachlesen: Bröckelnde Brandmauer Die Revolution frisst ihre Familienmitglieder Bismarcks Umzug von Berlin nach Bonn Mehr Hintergründe zum Thema erhalten Sie bei SPIEGEL+. Jetzt für nur € 1,– im ersten Monat testen unter spiegel.de/abonnieren. Informationen zu unserer Datenschutzerklärung

Die Ära Bismarcks wurde von Nationalisten als eine der glorreichsten der jüngeren deutschen Geschichte verklärt. Sozialdemokraten und Liberale sahen den Reichskanzler in einem anderen Licht. (BR 2012)

Die Ära Bismarcks wurde von Nationalisten als eine der glorreichsten der jüngeren deutschen Geschichte verklärt. Sozialdemokraten und Liberale sahen den Reichskanzler in einem anderen Licht. (BR 2012)

Was durfte als Menübegleitung an Otto von Bismarcks 80. Geburtstag im Jahr 1895 selbstverständlicherweise nicht fehlen? - Ganz genau, ein Rheingau-Riesling! Denn neben Champagner und Rotweinen aus dem Bordeaux und Burgund gehörte dieser im 19. Jahrhundert zu den edelsten Weinen der ganzen Welt. Riesling gilt als Profilierungsrebsorte der geschützten Ursprungsbezeichnung Rheingau. In diesem Podcast erklären Jungwinzerin Sophie Egert aus dem Weingut Egert aus Hattenheim und Ralf Bengel, Geschäftsleitung vom Weingut Schloss Vollrads in Oestrich-Winkel welche Parameter den Riesling so facettenreich und einzigartig machen, welche Höhen und Tiefen es für den Riesling in seiner langen Historie gab und warum gerade der Rheingau so einzigartige und unterschiedliche Riesling-Weine hervorbringt. Fakt ist: Bezogen auf die Gesamtgröße des Anbaugebiets wird nirgendwo auf der Welt mehr Riesling angebaut als im Rheingau. Das Rebenmeer entlang des Rheins gilt somit als Monument für die Rebsorte mit ihrer langen Tradition und Bedeutung.

Woop! Woop! Heute gibts die letzte Folge vor der Sommerpause und mit Oliver Haardt gehts um Bismarcks ewigen Bund. Lena Oetzel und Dorothee Goetze besprechen mit mir die Schwierigkeiten vom Frieden finden und erhalten. Zum Schluss erzählt mir Tabea Rößner von ihrer Arbeit in der Südkaukasischen Parlamentariergruppe. Enjoy!^^

Woop! Woop! Heute gibts die letzte Folge vor der Sommerpause und mit Oliver Haardt gehts um Bismarcks ewigen Bund. Lena Oetzel und Dorothee Goetze besprechen mit mir die Schwierigkeiten vom Frieden finden und erhalten. Zum Schluss erzählt mir Tabea Rößner von ihrer Arbeit in der Südkaukasischen Parlamentariergruppe. Enjoy!^^

En av andra världskrigets mer dramatiska händelser var den brittiska jakten på det tyska slagskeppet Bismarck i maj 1941. Det tyska slagskeppet inledde en utbrytning på Atlanten den 19 maj och sänktes endast åtta dagar senare den 27 maj efter anfall från ett stort antal brittiska fartyg och marinflygplan. Under den korta operationen hann det tyska slagskeppet i en kort strid sänka brittiska flottans stora stolthet slagkryssaren HMS Hood i Danmarksundet.I avsnitt 39 av Militärhistoriepodden berättar Martin Hårdstedt och Peter Bennesved den dramatiska historien om sänkningen av ett av det största och mest fulländade slagskepp som byggts och satts i operativ tjänst. Men berättelsen är inte bara dramatisk utan hela händelsen ställer en rad frågor till eftervärlden. Vad var syftet med att till synes kasta bort ett så dyrt och stort fartyg i något som kan uppfattas som en självmordsattack? Vilken roll hade Bismarck och de tunga ytfartygen i andra världskrigets kamp om herraväldet över Atlanten? Och vem sänkte egentligen Bismarck – britterna eller den tyska besättningen?Historien om Bismarcks sänkning är inte bara dramatiska utan genom att följa operationen och tankarna bakom Bismarcks utbrytning på Atlanten får vi inblickar i det strategiska spelet om Atlanten och försörjningen av den brittiska krigsinsatsen. De tyska slagskeppen hade inte som främsta syfte att utmana den brittiska flottan. För att kunna göra det krävdes större resurser. Istället kom de stora tunga tyska fartygen att användas för att bekämpa de allierades konvojer på Atlanten och tillsammans med ubåtarna strypa den brittiska försörjningen.Den som vill veta mer om sänkningen av Bismarck kan läsa Burkard von Müllenheim-Rechbergs skildring Slagskeppet Bismarck (1983). Han deltog ombord på Bismarck och överlevde som artilleriofficer sänkningen. Endast 115 av mer än 2 200 besättningsmän överlevde. Ett annat boktips i den stor flora av litteratur om händelsen är Michael Tamelander och Niclas Zennertegs bok Bismarck kampen om Atlanten (2004). Bild: Överlevande från slagskeppet Bismarck plockas upp till HMS Dorsetshire den 27 maj See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Vor hundert Jahren galt in Berlin ein vom Polizeipräsidenten verordnetes Versammlungsverbot. Keine Pandemie war die Ursache, wohl eher die politisch brisante Lage mit den Besetzungen der Alliierten und den kommunistischen Aufständen im Land. Blöd nur, dass es am 1. April für bestimmte bürgerliche Milieus Bismarcks Geburtstag zu feiern galt. Und so versammelte sich eine Reichsflaggen schwenkende Menge auf dem Königsplatz vor dem Reichstagsgebäude, heute Platz der Republik, um das Bismarck-Denkmal herum, welches erst 18 Jahre später zusammen mit der Siegessäule an den heutigen Standort am Großen Stern versetzt wurde. Bei seinem Spaziergang stieß ein Reporter der Freiheit auf diese Szene und beschrieb sie in der Ausgabe vom 3. April. Wie würde die Sicherheitspolizei wohl auf die Versammlung reagieren? Sollte es etwa eine Komplizenschaft der Polizei mit den quer zur republikanisch demokratischen Grundordnung Denkenden geben? Paula Leu kennt die wenig verblüffenden Antworten.

Bismarcks‘ internes Telegramm, die Emser Depesche, löst in Frankreich so große Empörung aus, dass das Königreich den Preußen am 19. Juli 1870 den Krieg erklärt. Doch der Krieg verläuft nicht wie erwünscht; deutsche Truppen nehmen Elsass und Lothringen ein, marschieren anschließend auf Paris zu, welches sie am 19. September vollkommen umschließen und belagern. In der Zwischenzeit war unter dem Generalgouverneur Trochu und dem Innen- und Kriegsminister Leon Gambetta die dritte Republik ausgerufen worden. Gambetta floh aus Paris, um bei der Stadt Tours eine Armee auszuheben, die Trochu, der die Befehlsgewalt in Paris hatte, bei seinem Ausbruchsversuch zur Hilfe eilen sollte. Nach langem Zögern ist Trochu endlich bereit für den Ausbruch, doch jeder Versuch, seinen Minister Gambetta darüber zu informieren, scheitert. Alle Kurierwege werden von den Feinden blockiert. Alle? Nicht ganz. Victor erzählt euch, welches unglaubliche Abenteuer der Kurier Léon Bézier und sein Pilot Paul Rollier auf ihrer kriegswichtigen Mission erleben und welche Bedeutung die Ballonfahrt im deutsch-französischen Krieg hatte. Unsere Quellen findet ihr auf Instagram und auf unserer Website His2Go.de. Ihr könnt uns dabei unterstützen, weiterhin jeden 10., 20. und 30. des Monats eine Folge zu veröffentlichen. Folgt uns bei Spotify, Google Podcasts, Podimo, Twitter und Instagram und bewertet uns auf Apple Podcasts oder über eure Lieblings-Podcastplattformen. Über einen Spendenlink auf unserer Website könnt ihr uns finanziell unterstützen, damit wir  Literatur und neue Technik für den Podcast anschaffen können. Wir freuen uns über euer Feedback, Input und Vorschläge zum Podcast, die ihr uns über das Kontaktformular auf der Website, Instagram und unserer Feedback E-Mail: feedback.his2go@gmail.com zukommen lassen könnt. An dieser Stelle nochmal vielen Dank an jede einzelne Rückmeldung, die uns bisher erreicht hat und uns sehr motiviert. Folgenbild: Illustration from Supplement 1 & 2 Description des inventions scientifiques depuis 1870 of Les merveilles de la science, ou Description populaire des inventions modernes. https://archive.org/details/b21496626_0005/page/632/mode/2up. Music from https://filmmusic.io “Sneaky Snitch” by Kevin MacLeod  (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY  (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

"Berlin Alexanderplatz" är en myllrande roman som blev en kultserie på tv och nu en prisbelönt film med handlingen förflyttad till nutid. Författaren Ulrika Kärnborg söker efter kärnan i en klassiker. ESSÄ: Detta är en text där skribenten reflekterar över ett ämne eller ett verk. Åsikter som uttrycks är skribentens egna. Rainer Werner Fassbinder talade gärna om kärleken som kärnan i sitt filmskapande. Han gick så långt att han påstod att han funnit nyckeln till sin övertygelse i Alfred Döblins 20-talsroman Berlin Alexanderplatz. Vid några minnesvärda tillfällen, skrev han, hade den räddat hans liv. Det var i tonåren; den blivande regissören kämpade med sin homosexualitet, och Döblins blåögda huvudkaraktär Franz Biberkopf gav Fassbinder någon att identifiera sig med. Jag förstod aldrig det där, sade skådespelaren Hanna Schygulla långt senare i ett samtal med författaren Susan Sontag, men han hade kommit på att kärlek utan direkt mening, och utan syfte, låg nära hans ideal. Kärlek utan ett syfte. Det är i förklädnad en annan version av den gudomliga och mänskliga kärlek som beskrivs i Första korintierbrevet. Kärleken är tålig och mild, kärleken avundas inte, den skryter inte, den är inte uppblåst, den uppför sig inte illa, den söker inte sitt. Vid en ytlig läsning av Döblins myllrande epos, är det svårt för mig att uppfatta det som en roman om osjälvisk kärlek. Berättelsen startar med smågangstern Franz Biberkopfs symboliska återfödelse efter sin tid på fängelset Tegel i Berlin. Åren bakom galler har gett Franz en läxa. Väl i frihet vill han ändra sitt liv och förbättra sin moral. Han strävar efter att bli ein anständiger Mensch, men det visar sig vara svårt. Trots goda föresatser, vandrar Franz mellan prostituerades dragiga hyresrum och billiga pilsnerkaféer, och klarar nätt och jämt att knoga sig fram med småjobb. Skrattet som ibland strömmar ur honom som smattret från en automatkarbin, ljuder allt mer glädjelöst. Mentalt lever han kvar i Bismarcks och den tyska kejsarmaktens tysknationella tänkande, det som senare ytterligare förråas av nazisterna. Bristen på fingertoppskänsla får honom att på en krog full av kommunister, stämma upp kejsarväldets gamla paradsång Der Wacht am Rhein. Inte ens romansen med den hjärtegoda Mieze, som delar Franz naiva öppenhet inför världen, slutar lyckligt. Mieze låter Franz bli hennes hallick, och efter det ödesdigra beslutet går hon snabbt mot sin undergång. Om det finns en underberättelse om villkorslös kärlek i Berlin Alexanderplatz handlar den om relationen mellan Franz och småtjuven Reinhold. Den svekfulle vännen är en Mefistofeles. Han ljuger, bedrar och drar sig inte för att försöka mörda Franz, som fortsätter att hysa blind tilltro till sin förgörare. Det är en kärlek som mest liknar underkastelse. Parallellen till tyska medborgares ödesbetingade lydnad i  ett samhälle som håller på att ruttna inifrån, är lika kuslig som Döblins sätt att förebåda den apokalyps som väntar med det nazistiska maktövertagandet. Just individens maktlöshet är något som den afgansk-tyske filmregissören Burhan Qurbani tar fasta på i sin nytolkning av Döblins roman. Till skillnad från Fassbinders mästerverk, utspelar sig hans Berlin Alexanderplatz i vårt eget 20-tal. Franz Biberkopf blir immigranten Francis från Guinea-Bissau, som försöker finna sin plats i ett vinterkallt Berlin. Utan vare sig identitetshandlingar eller arbetstillstånd kämpar han för att hålla huvudet över vattenytan. Vreden över de omänskliga arbetsförhållanden som råder för papperslösa flyktingar, försätter honom i en svår situation. Lika lite som Döblins Franz förmår han kontrollera sina känslor, eller styra sina handlingar efter de rasistiska påhopp han ständigt utsätts för. När han av den karismatiske Reinhold, en knarkhandlare med psykopatiska drag, får ett erbjudande att tjäna snabba pengar, dras han sakta men säkert ned i en tungt kriminell värld. Francis Berlin är olik den stad som möter oss i romanen, som delvis är konstruerad som ett skitigt, socialt kollage med inkorporerade textsnuttar från tidningsartiklar, sportreferat och väderleksrapporter. Döblin uppfattar Weimar-Berlin som en mytiskt myllrande modern plats som Upton Sinclairs Chicago eller James Joyces Dublin, men samtidigt en stad som fortfarande är provinsiell, och som därför lider av både växtvärk och rotlöshet. Därigenom blir den också en berättelse som bär på något universellt, och det är därför den har inspirerat till mästerverk. Döblin kallade mycket riktigt sitt Berlin för Brandenbergs Nineveh, med en anspelning på Assyriens forntida huvudstad. Quarbanis film vill kasta ljus över marginaliserade grupper av invandrare från Afrika söder om Sahara. Han gör Francis till representant för ett namnlöst proletariat, en del av den tyska vardagen men ändå osynlig. Platserna han rör sig igenom fabrikerna, nattklubbarna och bakgårdarna ter sig märkligt anonyma, de kunde ligga i vilken europeisk storstad som helst. Poängen är att den fysiska staden inte spelar någon roll, det är ett tillstånd Quarbani vill gestalta. Filmens flyktingar lever i en parallell verklighet. Hur mycket de än kämpar klarar de inte att krossa den osynliga glasruta som skiljer dem från oss. Franz och Francis hade nog ändå, om de fått möjlighet att träffas, förstått varandra. För de tyskar som överlevde första världskriget, hade världen gått under. De tvingades, liksom våra dagars flyktingar i EU-zonen, till inre exil. Vid krigsslutet stod Tyskland på gränsen till revolution och inbördeskrig, och snart följde olyckorna hack i häl: Spartakistupproret 1919, nazisternas första kuppförsök i München 1923 och mordet på utrikesministern, Walter Rathenau, 1922. Till dessa politiska fasor kom massarbetslöshet och svält. Hur bevarar man sin anständighet i en oanständig tid, en tid som på förhand dömer ut en som människa? Det är en fråga som såväl Franz som Francis blir tvungna att förhålla sig till. Ändå lyckas Francis behålla en liten strimma av hopp. Den strimman rymmer en stark kärlek, som tar fysisk gestalt i den dotter av kött och blod som han avlar. För om Fassbinder var fascinerad av den masochistiskt färgade kärlek man kan känna för en person som inte älskar en tillbaka, går Burhan Qurbani ett steg längre. I hans filmversion älskar Francis inte en människa utan ett helt land: det Tyskland som kastar bort honom som en använd trasa. Det är en kärlek som inte söker sitt, som väcker löje och hat, men som till sist får sin belöning vid återföreningen med dottern. För jordens fördömda, de som övergett sitt hemland och inte tillåts finna ett nytt, knyts hoppet till nästa generation, till barnens förmåga att på grund av sina invandrade föräldrars genomgångna svårigheter, känna större empati med sina olycksbröder och systrar. Susan Sontag säger i anknytning till intervjun med Schygulla, att mötet med Fassbinders tevedrama för alltid förändrade hennes moraluppfattning. När hon i fortsättningen passerade en tiggare på gatan, kunde hon inte låta bli att föreställa sig att han var Franz Biberkopf, som satt där med utsträckt handflata och tiggde om villkorslös kärlek. Ulrika Kärnborg, författare och skribent

The Cabin is presented by the Wisconsin Counties Association. This week we're featuring Jefferson County. Campfire Conversation: We're chasing waterfalls! Cascade Falls and Geiger Falls (Osceola), Granite Quarry Falls (Montello), Stephens Falls (Dodgeville), Amnicon Falls State Park SE of Superior, Big Manitou and the twin Little Manitou Falls, Pattison State Park south of Superior, Lost Creek Falls, Menomonee Falls - tiny, but they named a whole town after it, 12-foot Falls and a host of others in Marinette County.Behind-the-Scenes: This week it's all about Dodgeville: Iowa County Historical Society Museum, Folklore Village (Fall Swedish Festival), Quality Bakery (known for their chocolate Bismarcks), Bob's Bitchin' BBQ, Grilled Cheese Championship, Rivalry with Mineral Point to become the County Seat, Dodgeville Chronicle (Newspaper that's been around since the 1800s, still locally owned by the same family), Walnut Hollow, Bloomfield Prairie - Grassland nature preserve.*NO Wisconsin in 72 due to COVID-19Know Your Wisconsin: Waste Management

Urlaub auf einer der schönsten Inseln der Welt – und das Ganze noch in einer luxuriösen Poolvilla mit unsichtbaren, dienstbaren Geistern? Es gibt einen Rund-um-die-Uhr-Butlerservice und vieles mehr…Mehr Infos, Bilder und Videos gibt es hier:https://quergereist.de/luxus-villa-phuket-bismarcks-paradies/Links:https://quergereist.de/https://www.facebook.com/Quergereist.de/https://www.youtube.com/user/exklusivereise/https://www.instagram.com/quergereist/https://twitter.com/quergereist/

Deutsches Kaiserreich 1871 ist dein Thema für die nächste Klausur und du hast keine Ahnung was du alles wissen musst? Ich sag es DIR! Du bist hier genau richtig, denn du musst einfach nur diesen Podcast hören und du weißt alles was du wissen musst. Von der Innenpolitik Bismarcks, welche immer Nationalistischer wird sowie der Kampf gegen die Kirche, bis zur Außenpolitik Bismarcks mit den Stichwörtern: Bündnissystem und Wilhelm II ist alles dabei. Wichtige Einzelheiten wie das Dreierbündnis sowie das Scheitern der Taktik Bismarcks dürfen nicht fehlen und sind auch im Podcast genauer erklärt. Hör es dir so oft an wie du willst, wo du willst und wann du willst! Abonniere den Podcast um nichts zu verpassen und Teile ihn gerne mit deinen Mitschülern Verwandten oder deiner OMA :) Viel Spaß beim HÖREN und LERNEN! Instagram: adg.offiziell Modelinie: adg.clothing

Es gab Zeiten, da wussten deutsche Touristen sich im Ausland nicht so richtig zu benehmen. Dies ist aber nicht die Geschichte von unserem letzten Malle-Urlaub, sondern von einem der "größten" deutschen Kolonialisten: Carl Peters — auch bekannt als "Hänge-Peters". Warum er so hieß? Lasst es uns gemeinsam herausfinden! Und ja, bei den vielen Bismarcks kann man schon mal durcheinanderkommen. Sorry dafür.

Otto von Bismarck hatte aus dem preußischen König Wilhelm I. den deutschen Kaiser Wilhelm I. gemacht. Dafür wurde er am 21. März 1871 zum Reichskanzler ernannt und in den Fürstenstand erhoben. Autorin: Brigitte Kohn

Einfach verbieten alle diese Störenfriede! - wollte Reichskanzler Otto von Bismarck, wenn er an die Sozialdemokraten dachte. Attentate auf den Kaiser gaben ihm endlich den Vorwand. Autorin: Brigitte Kohn

In this episode of BGTW we examine the steps Disraeli took to ensure British diplomatic predominance, and how they didn't really take off... Disraeli was faced with a morass of problems from late spring to autumn 1876, from ambitious Russians to wily Bismarcks, but even he could not have anticipated the sudden abrupt return of his nemesis on the public sphere, or the serious impact it would have on his policy. Thanksssss for listening and welcoRemember history friends, you can help this podcast and ensure that this is where history thrives! Support us by going to www.patreon.com/WhenDiplomacyFails Follow me on Twitter @wdfpodcast And visit our official website www.wdfpodcast.comme back! See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Die Ära Bismarcks wurde von Nationalisten als eine der glorreichsten der jüngeren deutschen Geschichte verklärt. Sozialdemokraten und Liberale sahen den Reichskanzler in einem anderen Licht. Autor: Rainer Volk

  Thomas ist Politiklehrer an einer Berufsoberschule in Bayern und wir haben ein wenig über Politik, politische Philosophie, Politikunterricht und den Lehrerberuf geplaudert. Dabei habe ich einige Stichworte aufgeschrieben: Wahlsysteme, das Bundesverfassungsgericht, Einheitsparteien, Schulformen, das Bafög, den Beutelsbacher Konsens, die eristische Dialektik, MINT-Fächer, den Mindestlohn, Überhangmandate, Hare-Niemeyer, die Paulskirche, die Revolution von 1848, den Rechtsstaat, den Souverän, Bismarcks […]

  Thomas ist Politiklehrer an einer Berufsoberschule in Bayern und wir haben ein wenig über Politik, politische Philosophie, Politikunterricht und den Lehrerberuf geplaudert. Dabei habe ich einige Stichworte aufgeschrieben: Wahlsysteme, das Bundesverfassungsgericht, Einheitsparteien, Schulformen, das Bafög, den Beutelsbacher Konsens, die eristische Dialektik, MINT-Fächer, den Mindestlohn, Überhangmandate, Hare-Niemeyer, die Paulskirche, die Revolution von 1848, den Rechtsstaat, den Souverän, Bismarcks […]

Johanna von Bismarck kannte ihren Otto von seiner weichen, romantischen Seite. Er sei das süßeste aller Menschenkinder, meinte sie. Bis zu ihrem Tod am 27. November 1894 war sie dem eisernen Kanzler eine treusorgende Ehefrau. Autorin: Brigitte Kohn

Otto von Bismarck hatte aus dem preußischen König Wilhelm I. den deutschen Kaiser Wilhelm I. gemacht. Dafür wurde er am 21. März 1871 zum Reichskanzler ernannt und in den Fürstenstand erhoben. Autorin: Brigitte Kohn

19.10.1878: Einfach verbieten alle diese Störenfriede! - wollte Reichskanzler Otto von Bismarck, wenn er an die Sozialdemokraten dachte. Attentate auf den Kaiser gaben ihm endlich den Vorwand. Am 19. Oktober 1878 bekam er sein "Gesetz gegen die gemeingefährlichen Bestrebungen der Sozialdemokratie" durch den Reichstag.