Podcasts about rodrik

Rookie Mini Camp week 1 led to change in front offices across the NFL and the same was expected, and delivered, after RMC Week 2. Neil and Rodrik discuss those updates and what to expect this week from around the NFL. @NFL @NFLDraft @Jaguars @Texans @Titans @Colts @Raiders @Chiefs @Broncos @Chargers @Patriots @Dolphins @Jets @Bills @Bengals @Steelers @Ravens @Browns  @Cowboys @Eagles  @Commanders @Giants @Panthers @Falcons @Buccaneers @Saints @Cardinals @Rams @Seahawks @49ers @Packers @Vikings @Lions @Bears Neil Stratton - @InsidetheLeague - Succeed In Football Rodrik David - @RightStepAdv - TheScoutingCommunity.com Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The 2016 NFL was the spectacle, drama and intrigue that the NFL wants it to be every year. From 2 QB's going at the top to the now infamous Bong Mask and slide of Laremy Tunsil. A lot of really good players were taken from rounds 1 to 7 and Neil Stratton's new book, Value Picks: The Drama, Decisions and Details Behind Eight Selections in the 2016 NFL Draft, talks through 8 of them. On today's special episode, Neil and Rodrik discuss those 8 picks while going in depth on the Atlanta Falcons Draft class that included 5 starters plus 3 significant contributors from the UDFA group. A story for every pick and all that went on leading up to draft night and an eventual Super Bowl run. These are true stories from a scouting assistant who got to witness it all first hand. Stories you will not hear anywhere else. @NFL @NFLDraft @Jaguars @Texans @Titans @Colts @Raiders @Chiefs @Broncos @Chargers @Patriots @Dolphins @Jets @Bills @Bengals @Steelers @Ravens @Browns  @Cowboys @Eagles  @Commanders @Giants @Panthers @Falcons @Buccaneers @Saints @Cardinals @Rams @Seahawks @49ers @Packers @Vikings @Lions @Bears Neil Stratton - @InsidetheLeague - Succeed In Football Rodrik David - @RightStepAdv - TheScoutingCommunity.com Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

With President Trump's tariffs on Canada, Mexico, China, and other countries now in full swing, what consequences from an economic standpoint could the U.S. be facing? And what was the path that led us here? Hosts and finance professors Jonathan Berk and Jules van Binsbergen put the tariffs question to economist and author Dani Rodrik. Rodrik is  the Ford Foundation Professor of International Political Economy at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, and the author of the book Straight Talk on Trade: Ideas for a Sane World Economy. Beginning with the historical context and purpose of tariffs, the conversation covers how the political and social dissatisfaction with hyperglobalization opened the door for these extreme tariffs, whether or not they're an effective tool in modern trade policy, and what alternative strategies exist to rebuild America's middle class.  Find All Else Equal on the web:  https://lauder.wharton.upenn.edu/allelse/All Else Equal: Making Better Decisions Podcast is a production of the UPenn Wharton Lauder Institute through University FM.

Service Academies, the Ivy League and many G5 schools have unique challenges when it comes time for the spring transfer portal; having experience in all 3 of those venues makes one uniquely qualified to face the challenge. General Manager of the UConn Huskies football program, Eddie Hernon, joins Neil and Rodrik to discuss all things college football. From his rise to the status of GM to his time at places like Army, Princeton and Rutgers to his crash course education with the Cleveland Browns. How he and Head Coach Jim Mora Jr. have attacked roster building and relevance at a big time basketball school and so much more. Insight into the ever growing college GM seat you won't hear anywhere else. @NFLDraft @UConnFootball @ArmyWP_Football @PrincetonFTBL @RutgersFootball Eddie Hernon - @EJ_Hernon11 Neil Stratton - @InsidetheLeague - Succeed In Football Rodrik David - @RightStepAdv - TheScoutingCommunity.com Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Live from in front of Indianapolis Convention Center Room 123 where the 2025 ITL Seminar will take place later this evening, 5:30 pm to be exact, Neil and Rodrik talk all things combine. From a new GM in Jacksonville to what teams are and are not present. Updates on events and more. Tweet live questions to @InsidetheLeague and @RightStepAdv on twitter or stop by and see us in person. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

We were joined by Rodrik David from "Right Step Consulting." He's a former NFL Scout, so he joined us to talk about what a day in the life of an NFL Scout is like. He talked about the measurables Scouts look for which each playing position, and much more.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The 2025 NFL Combine is just about here and with that comes the Ellison Kibler at Merrill Lynch ITL Combine Seminar Presented by SkillCorner Weds, Feb. 26, at 5:30 p.m. in Room 123 of the Indiana Convention Center as well as the Vestible ITL Symposium Presented by Mascot Alliance Friday, Feb 28, at 8:30am at the Indiana Convention Center. Both events will feature some tremendous speakers and a chance to network with those in the football industry. From Awards to deserving scouts on Wednesday to a no holds barred (an not recording allowed) discussion on revenue building/sharing and all things college football landscape - there is something for everyone. Make sure you come see Neil and Rodrik and say Hi! Neil Stratton - @InsidetheLeague - Succeed In Football Rodrik David - @RightStepAdv Gordon Whittaker - Merrill Lynch Vestible Parker Graham - @ParkerCMGraham Yves Batoba - @YBatoba SkillCorner Hayden Schuh - @HaydenSchuh Mascot Alliance Casey Barksdale Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Tariffs have historically been an important tool of industrial policy. They were used in the last century by east Asian nations to promote infant industries, and are being used today by the EU to help spur the energy transition. But do Donald Trump's threats to impose a 25% across-the-board tariff on imports from Canada and Mexico, or his actual 10% tax rise on all imports from China, have any kind of thought-out policy rationale behind them? And should other countries respond in kind? To find out, the FT's European economics commentator Martin Sandbu speaks to Dani Rodrik, professor of international political economy at Harvard. Rodrik is one of the world's most acclaimed experts on industrial policy, and someone Martin first got to know as a PhD student in the 1990s.Martin Sandbu writes a regular column for the Financial Times. You can find it hereSubscribe on Apple, Spotify, Pocket Casts or wherever you listen.Presented by Martin Sandbu. Produced by Laurence Knight and Edith Rousselot. Manuela Saragosa is the executive producer. Audio mix and original music by Breen Turner. The FT's head of audio is Cheryl Brumley.Read a transcript of this episode on FT.com Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

The Jets and owner Woody Johnson started the annual firing cycle this week, on the coaching side, but are front office names in jeopardy as well? Joe Douglas is highly respected, does he get to pick the next coach? Neil and Rodrik don't speculate on the potentials, but instead, dig into what the successful traits today's owners seem to be gravitating to. From the media element to what should be standard. Plus, Neil gives some names that should be part of the annual interview process for that GM chair. Plus, scouting visits, the the internal scouting battle Rodrik has and more. @NFL @NFLDraft @Jets @Patriots @49ers @Saints @Jaguars @Panthers @Cowboys Neil Stratton - @InsidetheLeague Rodrik David - @RightStepAdv Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

  I denne uges udgave taler Rune Lykkeberg med en økonom, der fik ret. Dani Rodrik, der er professor ved John F. Kennedy School of Government på Harvard University, var en af de første fremtrædende økonomer, der kritiserede globaliseringen, mens den stadig var dominerende.  I dag er mange stater begyndt at føre netop den slags offensiv industripolitik, som Rodrik længe har argumenteret for – bl.a. i den grønne omstillings navn. Men hvad sker der nu, når Rodrik har fået ret, og bevægelsen fra 'hyperglobalisering' til protektionisme er begyndt at tage fart?   Det er hovedemnet for denne uges Langsomme Samtale, hvor den amerikanske økonom blandt andet argumenterer for en industripolitik for servicearbejdet – for det er netop dén slags arbejde, de fleste europæere kan forvente at få i fremtiden, mener han.  Hvis vi ønsker at bevæge os fremad, er det for Rodrik afgørende, at vi fortsat evner at udfordre den herskende økonomiske opfattelse. Evner vi til gengæld at træffe de rigtige beslutninger, kan økonomien blive et værktøj for social retfærdighed.

Harvard professor of international political economy Dani Rodrik has long been skeptical of what he calls "hyperglobalization," or an advanced level of interconnectedness between countries and their economies. He first introduced his theory of the "globalization trilemma" in the late 1990s, which states that no country can simultaneously support democracy, national sovereignty, and global economic integration.At the time when he proposed his trilemma, Rodrik was considered an outcast. However, economists and policymakers have come to accept his theory as governments seek to address populism, trade imbalances, and uneven growth through renewed interest in industrial policy, or government efforts to improve the performance of key business sectors. Rodrik joins co-hosts Bethany and Luigi to discuss changing attitudes towards globalization: its distributional effects, how it affects politics, and how it is still searching for a narrative consistent between academic circles and the media. Together, the three of them discuss what role corporate America should play in our world restructured by economic and political populism and if economics is getting too far away from the rest of the social sciences when it comes to shaping industrial policy and creating the jobs of tomorrow.Show Notes:Read Rodrik's co-authored December 2023 paper on the "New Economics of Industrial Policy"Read an ebook by ProMarket on cutting-edge contemporary debates around industrial policy

Front office changes have slowed but an out of the box move still gets us talking.  Why are scouting staff's about settled and what changes or announcements can be expected this week?  Plus - Pride Month - and what Rodrik has Pride in. Then - we get into the looming changes to the NFL off-season schedule expected in 2025.  What changes for players, coaches and scouts - and why does it matter.  Start planning now - cause it will be here before you know it.   Neil Stratton - insidetheleague.com @insidetheleague Rodrik David - rsafootball.com @rightstepadv @nfl @jaguars AgentLive360.com

Front Office changes are what Neil Stratton does best - so we bring them straight to you.  A quick wrap of front office moves from around the league and what we are still expecting.  Just a few minutes with Scouting the League and you will get caught up on all things scouting.  

Asha tries to bring her mother's family to her aid in gaining the Seastone Chair. But she  hadn't heard of her uncle Aeron's call to a Kingsmoot. She thinks she can win by force of reason, but her family think that uncle Euron's wealth and magic might prevail. Mackelly and Simon rattle Nagga's bones.Chapter ReviewAsha Greyjoy is on Harlaw, the wealthiest and most populous of the Iron Islands. Her mother was a Harlaw, and their Lord Rodrik has called his bannermen to support Asha's claim to the Seastone Chair. There are many, but Asha's knows deep down that there aren't enough.She arranges for her captives, the Glovers, to be treated with respect and her men to be properly fed. She then seeks out her uncle who, as is his wont, is reading. Rodrik tells her of Aeron's plan to host a Kingsmoot on Great Wyk. This is news to Asha. Euron will go, there is no word from Victarion. She believes she can convince the captains, as the only descendent of Balon. But Rodrik warns her not to go. They'll never accept a woman, Euron has already moved to bribe and intimidate the captains, and the history of Kingsmoots suggests that the losers don't get to leave in one piece.She takes her leave, knowing that despite his protestations, her uncle will be there. She meets Tristifer Botley, a childhood friend. He professes his love for her, but she denies it. He's saving himself for her, she's doing nothing of the sort. He's a lord now, worthy of her hand. But she tells him no. When he grabs at her, her knife is at his throat before he can blink. She's not his wife, she's his queen.Characters/Places/Names/Events:Asha Greyjoy - Daughter of King Balon Greyjoy.Balon Greyjoy - Recently deceased King of the Iron Islands.Euron Greyjoy - Recently returned brother of Balon.Victarion Greyjoy - Younger brother of Balon. Last heard of at Moat Calin.Aeron “Damphair” Greyjoy - Youngest brother of Balon. Zealous follower of the Drowned God.Theon Greyjoy - Brother of Asha, presumed dead in the sack of Winterfell.Rodrik Harlaw - Asha's mother's brother. Lord of Harlaw. Known as, "The Reader."Tristifer Botley - Former ward of Pyke, childhood friend of Asha.Ten Towers - Holdfast of House Harlaw.Old Wyk - Site of Nagga's Bones and host of the Kingsmoot. Support the Show.Support us: Buy from our store Buy us a Cup of Arbor Gold, or become a sustainer and receive cool perks Donate to our cause Use our exclusive URL for a free 30-day trial of Audible Buy or gift Marriott Bonvoy points through our affiliate link Rate and review us at Apple Podcasts, Spotify, podchaser.com, and elsewhere.Find us on social media: Discord Twitter @GhostsHarrenhal Facebook Instagram YouTube All Music credits to Ross Bugden:INSTAGRAM! : https://instagram.com/rossbugden/ (rossbugden) TWITTER! : https://twitter.com/RossBugden (@rossbugden) YOUTUBE! : https://www.youtube.com/wa...

Dani Rodrik (Harvard Kennedy School Economics Professor) joins the podcast to discuss his career, the best case for industrial policy, the labor market effects of globalization, and his vision of an ideal economic policy paradigm. Rodrik is the Ford Foundation Professor of International Political Economy at Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government. He is co-director of the Reimagining the Economy Program at the Kennedy School and of the Economics for Inclusive Prosperity network. He was President of the International Economic Association during 2021-23 and helped found the IEA's Women in Leadership in Economics (IEA-WE) initiative. His most recent books are Combating Inequality: Rethinking Government's Role (2021, edited with Olivier Blanchard) and Straight Talk on Trade: Ideas for a Sane World Economy (2017). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network

Dani Rodrik (Harvard Kennedy School Economics Professor) joins the podcast to discuss his career, the best case for industrial policy, the labor market effects of globalization, and his vision of an ideal economic policy paradigm. Rodrik is the Ford Foundation Professor of International Political Economy at Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government. He is co-director of the Reimagining the Economy Program at the Kennedy School and of the Economics for Inclusive Prosperity network. He was President of the International Economic Association during 2021-23 and helped found the IEA's Women in Leadership in Economics (IEA-WE) initiative. His most recent books are Combating Inequality: Rethinking Government's Role (2021, edited with Olivier Blanchard) and Straight Talk on Trade: Ideas for a Sane World Economy (2017). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Dani Rodrik (Harvard Kennedy School Economics Professor) joins the podcast to discuss his career, the best case for industrial policy, the labor market effects of globalization, and his vision of an ideal economic policy paradigm. Rodrik is the Ford Foundation Professor of International Political Economy at Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government. He is co-director of the Reimagining the Economy Program at the Kennedy School and of the Economics for Inclusive Prosperity network. He was President of the International Economic Association during 2021-23 and helped found the IEA's Women in Leadership in Economics (IEA-WE) initiative. His most recent books are Combating Inequality: Rethinking Government's Role (2021, edited with Olivier Blanchard) and Straight Talk on Trade: Ideas for a Sane World Economy (2017). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/world-affairs

Dani Rodrik (Harvard Kennedy School Economics Professor) joins the podcast to discuss his career, the best case for industrial policy, the labor market effects of globalization, and his vision of an ideal economic policy paradigm. Rodrik is the Ford Foundation Professor of International Political Economy at Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government. He is co-director of the Reimagining the Economy Program at the Kennedy School and of the Economics for Inclusive Prosperity network. He was President of the International Economic Association during 2021-23 and helped found the IEA's Women in Leadership in Economics (IEA-WE) initiative. His most recent books are Combating Inequality: Rethinking Government's Role (2021, edited with Olivier Blanchard) and Straight Talk on Trade: Ideas for a Sane World Economy (2017). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/economics

Dani Rodrik (Harvard Kennedy School Economics Professor) joins the podcast to discuss his career, the best case for industrial policy, the labor market effects of globalization, and his vision of an ideal economic policy paradigm. Rodrik is the Ford Foundation Professor of International Political Economy at Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government. He is co-director of the Reimagining the Economy Program at the Kennedy School and of the Economics for Inclusive Prosperity network. He was President of the International Economic Association during 2021-23 and helped found the IEA's Women in Leadership in Economics (IEA-WE) initiative. His most recent books are Combating Inequality: Rethinking Government's Role (2021, edited with Olivier Blanchard) and Straight Talk on Trade: Ideas for a Sane World Economy (2017). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/finance

The Chiefs edge the 49ers in what was nearly the first ever 2 overtime Super Bowl.  We discuss what we saw and what we thought? Overtime rules and strategy-is it being blown out of proportion?  Plus Tom Brady has not been been shy when discussing how the NFL has gotten “mediocre” - coaching, development and rule changes all leading the way.  Special Guest and former teammate of Brady, James White, Joins Neil and Rodrik to discuss all this and more.

From under the bleachers at Hancock Whitney Stadium and the 2024 Reese's Senior Bowl we discuss all things football.  Changes to front offices in New York and Pittsburgh as well as a Raven going from one Harbaugh to the other.  Can guys really stand out in a short week and who are guys that Rodrik and James remember from past Senior Bowls.  Then, as a member of the NCAA administration offices, James Kirkland talks about the NCAA Division 1 Plan and what it will mean for college athletics, specifically, college football.  A long time member of football programs at both the NCAA and NFL level, how his unique perspective and background will help lead to the right solution.  

D. Rodrik w książce „Rządy ekonomii” pisze - „ekonomiści często gubią się właśnie dlatego, że mają się za niespełnionych fizyków czy matematyków.” W praktyce jednak tworzone przez nas modele mają więcej wspólnego z baśniami niż z fizyką czy matematyka. Dobrze obrazuje to też dowcip - „Ekonomista to ktoś, kto widzi, jak coś działa w praktyce i ... Artykuł WN 075 Baśni ekonomiczne pochodzi z serwisu Bartłomiej Biga.

& a start-of-the-semester academic-email-addresses-only paid-subscription sale:Key Insights:* Young whippersnappers Oks and Williams are to be commended for being young, and whippersnapperish—but we disagree with them.* Contrary to what Brad thought, the fertility transition in Africa really has resumed.* The problem of how you provide mass employment for people is different than the problem of how you increase your economy's productivity by building knowledge capital, infrastructure, and other forms of human capital. * It is important to keep those straight and distinguished in your mind.* Commodity exporting should be viewed as a distinct development strategy from industrialization, and indeed from everything else. * Sometime during the plague, Brad DeLong really did turn into a grumpy old man yelling at clouds. It's time that he should own that. * People should take another look at the pace of South and Southeast Asian economic development. It is a very different world than it was 25 years ago.* Thus if you are basing your view on memories of or on books written based on memories of how things were 25 years ago, you are going to get it wrong. BIGTIME wrong.* Only the Federal Reserve can get away with saying “it's context dependent”. All the rest of us have to put forward Grand Narratives—false as they all are—if we want to actually be useful.* HexapodiaReferences:* Bongaarts, John. 2020. "Trends in fertility and fertility preferences in sub-Saharan Africa: the roles of education and family planning programs." Genus 76: 32. * Kremer, Michael, Jack Willis, & Yang You. 2021. "Converging to Convergence." National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 29484, November 2021. * Oks, David, & Henry Williams. 2022. "The Long, Slow Death of Global Development." American Affairs 6:4 (November). .* Patel, Dev, Justin Sandefur, & Arvind Subramanian. 2021. "The new era of unconditional convergence." Journal of Development Economics 152. .* Perkins, Dwight. 2021. "Understanding political influences on Southeast Asia's development experience." Fulbright Review of Economics and Policy 1, no. 1: 4-20. .* Rodrik, Dani, & Joseph E. Stiglitz. 2024. "A New Growth Strategy for Developing Nations." .* World Bank. 2023. "South Asia Development Update October 2023: Economic Outlook." .+, of course:* Vinge, Vernor. 1992. A Fire Upon the Deep. New York: TOR. . Get full access to Brad DeLong's Grasping Reality at braddelong.substack.com/subscribe

Special Guest Jimmy Noel joins Neil and Rodrik and discusses his time with 2 iconic franchises in the Cleveland Browns and Kansas City Chiefs.  What was special about both places and how they operated.  Working with John Dorsey, and how he successfully drafted and managed players with questionable off field character.  Drafting Baker Mayfield and talking some Josh Allen.  Then we get into the coaching cycle - what this movement is going to mean for coaching staffs and front offices.  Is Eliot Wolf next in New England - or elsewhere?  Insight you will not hear anywhere else.  

Today, the mitigation of climate change is one of the most important issues worldwide. However, governments also need to prioritise geopolitical resilience and economic growth when designing their industrial policies.  In this episode of the Sound of Economics, Giuseppe Porcaro is joined by Philippe Aghion, Simone Tagliapietra and Reinhilde Veugelers to discuss what an innovative, European-level industrial policy would look like and how it could address all those competing objectives.  They propose that the EU should engage in ‘co-opetition' with the United States and China, which includes co-operation and maintaining economic ties to facilitate global decarbonisation most efficiently. At the same time, they argue that investing in new technologies in the EU is key to ensure its competitiveness and economic stability.   Relevant publication: Aghion, P., K. Ahuja, C. P. Bown, U. Cantner, C. Criscuolo, A. Dechezleprêtre, M. Dewatripont, R. Hausmann, G. Lalanne, B. McWilliams, D. Rodrik, S. Tagliapietra, A. Terzi, C. Trasi, L. Tyson, R. Veugelers, G. Zachmann and J. Zysman (2023) Sparking Europe's new industrial revolution: a policy for net zero, growth and resilience.

Rodrick David is the founder of Right Step Advising, a company dedicated to helping agents, athletes and schools figure out the next right step for them and their football careers. Before that, he was a scout for the Atlanta Falcons. In this conversation, Rodrik talks about…His reaction to Super Bowl LVII & how he watched the game through a scout's lensHis career path from college to being an NFL scoutHow data is used in the college scouting processWhat information teams gather at events like the Senior Bowl, NFL Combine, and Pro DaysWhat part of a scout's job is aided by dataHow agents & players are using data in relation to NILWhat he would do with the No. 1 pick if he was ChicagoStandouts and sleepers in the 2023 NFL DraftThen, TruMedia's Sergio De La Espriella joins the show to discuss Paul's conversation with Rodrik.Show LinksFollow Rodrik on Twitter: @RodrikDavidTo check out Rodrik on LinkedIn, click here.To check out Right Step Advising, click here.Follow @TruMediaSports on Twitter.Listen here or wherever you get your podcasts: Apple, Spotify, Google, Stitcher, TuneIn.

My most recent find is an article from the INREES (Institut de Recherche sur les Expériences Extraordinaires) website about Rodrik's trilemma which introduced me to the book "Le Réveil" by Laurent Gounelle. But, much more than just a book about the latter, it is a thought-provoking book on how we are governed. Credits: Music by Infraction on Bandcamp Photo from https://www.laurentgounelle.com/

Ma plus récente trouvaille est un article du site web de la revue « Inexploré » de l'INREES (Institut de Recherche sur les Expériences Extraordinaires) portant sur le trilemme de Rodrik qui me fit découvrir le livre « Le Réveil » de Laurent Gounelle. Mais, bien plus qu'un livre sur ce dernier, c'est un livre qui pousse à la réflexion sur la façon dont nous sommes gouvernés.  Crédits: Musique de Infraction sur Bandcamp Photo de https://www.laurentgounelle.com/

We often speak of economic development as a phenomenon of sovereign national countries, but the process by which that happens is through what happens at individual firms in the economy. The decisions by firms to upgrade their products (services), export, and adopt new technology are the most important determinants of economic development. The incentives and conditions that shape these decisions are the subjects of my conversation with my guest on this episode. Eric Verhoogen is a professor of economics at Columbia University school of international and public affairs. He is one of the leading thinkers and researchers on industrial development.TRANSCRIPT (edited slightly for context and clarity)Tobi; Usually, in the development literature, I know things have changed quite a bit in the last few years. But there is a lot of emphasis on cross-country comparisons and looking at aggregate data, and a lot less focus, at least as represented in the popular media on firms. And we know that, really, the drivers of growth and employment and the source of prosperity usually are the firms. The firms in an economy, firms are the ones creating jobs, they are the ones investing in technology, and doing innovation. So firms are really important. One of the things you often hear a lot is that one of the reasons poor countries are poor is that the firms are not productive enough. So that's sort of my first question to you, how exactly do we define and also measure productivity, you know, for us to be able to distinguish why firms in the developed countries are more productive than the lower income countries?Eric; Yeah, this is a big important question. So I agree, in principle, that firm productivity is very key. So countries that are going to be doing well are countries that are populated by firms that are being very innovative, and their productivity is rising, they're learning how to do new stuff, they're producing new products, etc. And so there's a reason why people are very focused on this conversation about firm productivity. The sort of, I would say, dirty secret of economics is that it's very hard to measure productivity well, right? And so the productivity measures we have, I think, are very noisy, and most likely fairly biased. But basically, the way you estimate productivity is you run a regression of like sales on inputs, okay, so on how much you're spending on labour and how much you're spending on materials, and then the part that's left over, we call that productivity. So it's like unexplained sales, you know, sales that can't be explained by the fact that you're just purchasing inputs and purchasing workers. But that is actually a very noisy measure of productivity. And so I've been working on a review paper, and a separate research paper kind of pointing out some of the issues with productivity estimation. So in principle, it's exactly what we want to know; in practice, it's very hard to measure. So one argument I was making in that paper is we should go to things that we can actually directly observe. Okay, so sometimes like technology adoption, we can often directly observe whether the firm has adopted this particular new technology, or if they're producing new products, we can directly observe that. Sometimes we can observe the quality of products that can be measured. Now, the standard datasets that we have typically don't have those things. It is possible now, in many countries, to follow manufacturing firms or even other sorts of firms, [to] follow them over time, which is great, at a micro level. But those that have the technology, they don't have quality, they do it now increasingly have like what products they're producing, often they don't have the product people are producing and so it's harder, you have to go out and you have to talk to people, you have to access new sorts of data, there's a lot more work, a lot more shoe leather - we'd say you wear out your shoe is going to talk to people trying to get access to other datasets in order to have these measures that you can observe directly. But I think there's a big advantage to that. Just in terms of measurement. Like, can we measure these things, and record that technology quality and product innovation together? I'm not sure that's answering your question. But, you know, I mean, I totally agree that what firms are doing, that's crucial, right? So the big macro question is, why are some countries rich and some countries poor and how can we make poor ones richer? That's the big question. I think that's kind of too big to be able to say much about. The much more concrete thing, which we need to be focusing on is how can you make firms in countries more innovative and productive. That's the absolutely right question. But that's just hard. There are challenges and research about, you know, how you actually analyze that, and it has to do with these issues of measurement.Tobi; I understand the measurement problem, and of course, TFP, the residual, and so many things like that. But practically, I want to ask you, what can you say, maybe if you have a handy checklist or something? what distinguishes firms in rich countries from firms in poorer nations? Eric; Yeah. So let me say what I don't think first, and then I'll say what I think. So it's become increasingly common to say that firms in poor countries are just poorly managed. The firms in rich countries have better management, and the firms in poor countries have poor management, right? And partly that's coming from the influential paper by Nicholas - Nick Bloom - and others, and David McKenzie and John Roberts. You know, they had consultants go to some factories in India. In some they camped out for four months, some they were there for only one month, and the ones where they camped out for four months ended up doing better, right? And they say that that's because these consultants improve the management of the firms and management matters. And I do agree that sometimes these management practices matter, but I don't think... sort of, one kind of implication of that line of work is somehow, like, the firms in a developing country are just making mistakes. They haven't gone to business school in the United States, and so, therefore, they don't know what they're doing. And I think that's incorrect. I think that's incorrect. I think the problem is, firms in developing countries face many, many constraints that firms in rich countries don't face. Right. So often, for instance, gaining access to high-quality inputs can be very difficult, right? That you just don't have the supply chains domestically producing high-quality inputs. Often skilled workers are very expensive relative to unskilled workers, and even relative to the price that you might pay in rich countries. Having skilled workers, including skilled managers, is very expensive. In addition, you have all these frictions on trying to get your goods to market or trying to, you know, trying to access export markets, often there are, you know, their costs involved in that. In addition, being productive requires know-how and often firms lack that know-how, right and so the question is, how do you get that know-how, you know, like, the distinction I'm trying to make is, it's not that they're making mistakes, it's just that they're doing the best they can given know-how they have, and given the constraints that they face. And so in that sense, I would sort of point to those constraints, right, those constraints both in know-how and both in the input and output markets, rather than just failure of management. So now, one of the constraints I should say, actually, so is often, you know, legal and regulatory institutions are much weaker in many countries. It is true in Nigeria, and it's true in many places, right? And so then that does create a complicating factor also when you're trying to do business with somebody, but you don't have the legal recourse of going to court to enforce whatever contract you write down. And so that creates friction. So then you have to do things differently in part because of that. And so you're likely to be much more based on, like, networks of various types. It might be ethnic networks, or it might be people that you know or that you have long-term relationships with. But then that means you can't necessarily just find the best supplier of something, you actually have to find someone that you trust, and that can complicate your life, basically, if you're trying to do business and develop.Tobi; So one thing I want us to discuss is the issue of firm upgrading. I mean, one of the things that have helped me in reading your work and taking this firm-level view of development is that, okay, on the one hand, if you look at a country like Korea, we can say the average income, the income per capita for Korea 40 years ago versus now and compare with say Nigeria, but also we can look at Korean firms 40 years ago versus where they are today. Today, Korea have global firms that are at the very frontier of technology. Companies like Samsung are innovating and making chips and making electronics and making smartphones and you compare with firms in Nigeria who have not been able to upgrade their products over that same period. And now what I want to ask you is how important is a firm's ability to upgrade productivity. I take your point on the measurement but controlling for that, how important is a firm's ability to upgrade its output? Its products on its productivity?Eric; No, no, I think upgrading is crucial. And upgrading in various ways, you know, more specifically technology, producing higher quality products, producing new products, new innovative products, you know, you might be reducing costs, right, all those things. I do think that's crucial. I think that's crucial to the development process. I mean, much of the conversation in development economics has often been not about firms. It's about, you know, social policy, or it's about education. It's about human capital accumulation. But I'm with you on that, the firm-level upgrading is totally crucial. You know, the question of like, why isn't it happening? Or how could you promote upgrading? That's a very difficult question. There are lots of papers that are sort of speaking to that subject. And this review article I was trying to write was basically all about that. So Alexander Gerschenkron way back in 1962, is a historian writing about late industrialization had this phrase, not very politically correct phrase, but basically, advantages of backwardness. So in principle, if you're a developing country, you should benefit from the fact that technologies have been developed in rich countries, and you should be able to go and adopt them off the shelf. But for some reason, that's difficult, right? It's hard to do. Partly, it's difficult because of, you know, know-how reasons. So I'd say that often, much of the knowledge that you need in order to implement these technologies is not written down anywhere, it's not really in the manual, right? You have to kind of talk to people who know it, rather than just downloading the instruction sheet. That's one reason. It's also true that many times, machines or processes, actually, may be context specific. So like the picker machine, in a very humid environment, they operate differently than in a non-humid environment. And so, you know, there are things that you need to learn. So I'd say that kind of like gaining the know-how is an important kind of constraint on upgrading. And partly that happens through networks or through... there's a ... Juan Carlos Hallak, who's in Buenos Aires (who would be a good person for you to have on your show, actually, I think that he'd be an interesting person to interview) as a very interesting paper. It's basically on like Argentina, looking at industries that have done well, they've been able to upgrade essentially and looking at what was it about them that made it possible, and especially the leading firms, what were the leading firms doing? And what we're basically finding is that often the key person in the firm, like, had been embedded in markets in rich countries, maybe in the US or in Europe or someplace. So they understood very much how those markets work and what consumers want. So one was like making boats, sailboats, or motorboats right, that was one of the interesting things he focused on. But knowing sort of what the people who are buying those boats really want to see in their boats ended up being important for what they're doing. And so that's an important part of the know-how. It's like, yeah, understanding the customer understanding also how if there are firms that are producing there, understand what the competition is. And so that's know-how that often has to be sort of gained in person rather than, you know, just reading a book or talking to somebody on the phone. And so when I think about... I don't know Nigeria very well, but when I imagine, you know, Nigerian producers, I think, partly what might be holding back is, sort of, maybe not having the understanding of what are the requirements, what are the expectations of consumers in the export markets, right, in the rich countries that they may be selling to?We've talked about the barrier, we can talk about the driver of upgrading. So then, like, gaining know-how would be a driver. So that's one. I think, and part of a lot of my work has been about quality upgrading, you know, producing higher quality. And I think that's in part driven by who you're selling to, right? So Mexican firms, you know, if they're selling to Mexican consumers, they produce different products than if they're selling to us consumers, which is their main export market, right? And so, you know, and if you're selling to Mexican consumers who have a certain willingness to pay for quality, we would say, right, they have a certain level of, you know, demand for certain characteristics, the optimal thing to do is keep producing that kind of lower quality stuff, right, rather than producing the higher quality. So I had this famous example of a big Volkswagen factory in Puebla, Mexico, which for a long time, it stopped in 2003, but for a long time been producing the old beetle. The old beetle that had first been produced in 1940, or certainly the 1950s. But for a long time, in the Mexican market, that was the main car that people were buying, and they were happy with that because it was cheaper. It was like, you know, it's very reliable. But that same factory started producing the New Beetle, basically, for the US market, right, for the US and European market, which is much more sophisticated, but also much more expensive. So it depends a little bit on which market you're selling into and whether you're going to upgrade or not. And so accessing export market can, in some sense, like pull the upgrading process, you know, once they access these export markets, they'll start producing higher quality stuff for these consumers. And that I think, actually, generates some learning, and I can talk about one paper that shows that a bit. But it seems to be that by gaining access to markets and producing high quality, then firms learn how to do stuff better. And so that can be an important driver of upgrading. And conversely, not having access to export markets or having a hard time breaking into export [markets] can be a reason why firms failed to upgrade. Let me tell you about one paper that, you know, demand effects can drive learning. Tobi; Yeah. Go ahead.Eric; Okay. It's a paper by David Atkin, Amit Khandelwal and Adam Osman. It's in Egypt. Okay, it's an RCT experiment, a randomized controlled trial. And it's among rug producers, producing rugs. What they did is they randomly allocated initial export contracts, right? So if they work with an intermediary, like a buyer of rugs, you know, among several hundred rug producers, they say, Okay, some guys are gonna get an initial contract, and some guys not. And so that was a way, this is a way of investigating basically what's the effect of exporting on the decisions and in a very clean way, and they found a couple of things. So one is those guys who had the export contracts and started producing higher quality stuff. So that's sort of consistent with my Volkswagen story, too, right? So increasingly, export markets produce higher quality and they did lots of measures of, you know, how thickly packed the rugs were and how straight the edges were - the very dimensions of quality of rugs. That was one thing. And then the other thing that they found which is very interesting is that you know, these weavers of rugs got to be better at producing rugs, basically. So then, when they took them into a laboratory, and they say, okay, produce this identical rug to a whole bunch of producers, both in their treatment group, and in their control group to produce this identical rug, and they found that the guys who had gotten the export contracts were better at producing that rug, they produce sort of higher quality rugs than the other guys. This suggests that demand can drive upgrading, right, in the sense that it induces firms to produce higher quality, but there's also learning involved in that process. These Egyptian rug producers became more productive as a result of having access to these export countries. Tobi; Yeah, I mean, listening to you, I can think of a few things that click in place. When I look at, say, a country like Nigeria, I think about the way the central bank has been running the exchange rate policy, which is messing seriously with the way firms actually source inputs. Some firms actually don't have access to the foreign exchange quota to actually source quality inputs. I mean, from manufacturing firms to agribusinesses who want to buy high-quality seeds overseas, I see how that can be a constraint. But two things I want to get at. Also, if you look at Nigeria whose industrial policy is really about domestic self-sufficiency, you could see that there isn't really an incentive for upgrading, and therein lies my question. If we talk about upgrading and how important it is, even though it's not really discussed as it should, what role do you think industrial or state-directed policies can play in this? Why because industrial policy is back in fashion, you know, it's being discussed everywhere... but usually, at least in my experience and in my opinion, what most scholars and advocates are focused on are [things like] state investments, you know, how the state can put money in one sector or the other. There really isn't so much focus on this sort of micro-level detail and what happens at firms, which your work is about. So for practical purposes, do you see industrial policy as something that can really, really, play a role and incentivize domestic firms to upgrade? For example, something like export quotas, you know, for firms?Eric; I mean, in terms of your question, do I think industrial policy can be helpful? I do. I do think that industrial policy can be helpful. Basically, I think that learning generates spillovers that firms themselves can't fully capture. And so I think there is a role for government to promote learning, basically, in a way. To subsidise learning such that - the socially optimal, or - the best sort of amount of investment in learning for society is more than individual firms to do on their own. And so there's a role for industrial policy. But I agree that it's got to be smart industrial policy, it's not just any old industrial policy. And so many countries have this idea...it's a little bit of nostalgia for import substitute industrialization, or it's very much like inwardly focused industrial policy. We're going to try and guarantee a domestic market for our producers, something like that, right? I'm not a fan. I'm not a fan of imports substitute industrialization or these very inward-focused strategies because then you get to the point where there's just not a lot of pressure on domestic firms to be more productive. They become kind of in a comfortable situation where they have kind of protected markets, not very competitive, they have a lot of market power in that market, and so that is a recipe for stagnation over the long term. So I think the crucial thing is that the targets for industrial policy be export-oriented, you know, outwardly oriented. You want your firms to be successful in world markets, right? I think that should be the key, rather than domestic self-sufficiency. Or rather than just the government investing in well, okay, so I don't have a problem with the government investing in infrastructure, investing in things as long as the aim is always ''what's going to facilitate our firms being successful in world markets'', right, I think that's a good target. Because those world markets are competitive [and] for firms to be able to be successful there, they're going to have to up their game and be more productive and be more innovative, subject to the measurement constraints we talked about, right and to upgrade. And so I think that the smart industrial policies are going to be things that sort of push firms to learn and to be more innovative and to be successful as exporters. Now, the other thing we have to keep in mind in thinking about industrial policy, is that [for] the governments, it's just very hard to [know] in the future what are the sectors that are going to be successful. What are the activities that are likely to have a future? It's just very hard, it's very hard for people who are, you know, private equity firms embedded in the sector... it's very hard to know, it's gonna be even harder for a government official or someone making government policy to do that. So I think we need to think about policies that have this effect of promoting learning or subsidizing innovative activities, but that, you know, don't require too much knowledge and understanding of the future on the part of the people setting the policy. Right. So things like collaborations between universities and firms for, you know, how to train workers to have the skills that the higher tech firms in your country need. That's something that seems like a good idea that's probably going to promote upgrading without having to pick and say, I think this product or this sector is the future of the Nigerian economy and therefore we're going to subsidize that thing. And you also want policies that are somewhat flexible, right, so that if something happens... so I'm working on a project in Tunisia, where the Tunisian Government was trying to promote exports. But the issue that they've had, and it's a matching grant program where sort of half of the costs of exporting of a certain category of costs of exporting will be paid by the government. The problem with that program, though, has been that it was somewhat inflexible. So basically, if something happened, you know, there's a big shock, and in fact, COVID shock, you know, and that changes what firms want to do. And it's very hard for them to switch gears and say, now I want to spend money on something else, can you please subsidize this other thing, and there were a lot of frictions in the program. And so that's often the case for government programs. The government sets a policy and then the world changes, firms want to do something else, but the policy is still stuck, you know, in the old world. So we need to think about how to build in, you know, flexibility into the programs so that if firms decide, actually, the market is moving in this direction, rather than this direction that we were expecting, that the support that they receive could move in the same direction.Tobi; Yeah, I agree. And I don't mean export quotas as hard targets. So I'll give you an example. Nigeria has this policy that we've been running for about six to seven years now, where there are multiple exchange rate windows for different parts of the economy or sectors that the government deems should have priority, you know, to import. And I recall a paper where Korea had a similar arrangement, but it was focused on firms that export. Firms that export to world markets sort of get priorities so that they can source inputs at a very low cost and seamlessly, you know, but it's not just something that we really think about in Nigeria, because we are so focused on the domestic market and how large the population is not minding, you know, how much of that population is poor.Eric; Yes, no, absolutely. So, certainly, Korea did this. But the Korean model, a key part of it, and they definitely picked sectors in a way that, you know, it's, there's a little bit of tension with what I just said about, you know, the government officials are not going to be very knowledgeable, there they seem to have done a good job of picking sectors to advance. But the key part was it really was oriented towards success in export markets. And the industries that were not successful on the export markets, they pulled the plug, they removed the, you know, they removed the support, which is politically hard to do, you need a fairly insulated, like, secure government in order to be able to do that. Because, otherwise, you start providing support, and then the industry lobbies a lot to maintain that support, you know, and so then it becomes politically very difficult to remove it. But I think if the government is committed to ''if these industries are not successful, we're gonna pull the plug on the support'', then this can work. Right. But you're absolutely right, in the Korean model, the key thing is the export orientation rather than the import orientation. And what you mentioned about exchange rates, I didn't comment on that. But I think it is an issue, you know, especially for a resource-rich economy, that the exchange rate can be, you know, highly valued, arguably overvalued, which makes it hard to develop the domestic industry. And so I think that's a real issue that, you know, some countries seem to be able to handle that, you know, ''what do we do with the natural resource wealth a little better than others'', if you just let it accumulate and people are going to spend and that leads to devalues your currency to increase that's going to make it harder to achieve export success in export markets for manufacturing goods or other exporting services. And so that is something that needs to be a focus of thinking about how to upgrade.Tobi; Yeah, I want to talk about technology for a bit. You had this very, very, an interesting paper on the soccer ball, we call it football, the soccer ball producers in Pakistan. And in a bit, you're going to tell me some of the interesting things you learned about that study. But first, Dani Rodrik and Margaret McMillan had this interesting paper about industrialization in Africa, and how domestic manufacturing firms are now shifting more towards capital-intensive technology. So hence, manufacturing firms are not creating jobs as much as historical patterns should suggest, do you see this as sort of a problem? I know so many other people have this worry about automation and how this technology can be exported everywhere, which is really a concern for maybe a continent like Africa with a large, jobless, and young population. So do you see this as a trend that we should worry about, you know, more capital-intensive technologies, or are there opportunities?Eric; Yeah. So I do see it as a trend. I do think it is something to be worried about. You know, Dani Rodrik recently organized a panel with the International Economics Association I participated in, along with Daron Acemoglu and Fabrizio Zilibotti and Francis Stewart from Oxford. And I sort of had two points there. One point was, yes, I think this diagnosis is correct. Basically, economists refer to it as appropriate technology. But the idea is that many technologies are developed in rich countries, you know, given factor proportions, we would say in those rich countries, so basically, skilled workers are more abundant, unskilled workers are less abundant, and so people develop machines that kind of conserve on unskilled workers. That's, in part, the background to the story that Dani Rodrik and Margaret McMillan are saying that in Africa, many firms are using this technology that's been developed in rich countries, that's very skill intensive, but it's not generating a lot of them. Right. So I think the diagnosis there is correct that that happens, right? And so the technology often is inappropriate for poor countries given, you know, their supply of unskilled labour, given how many workers they have that could use employment. On the other hand, the other question, though, was, what do you do about it? And so I was less convinced. So my worry about that. There are two versions of that concern about what you do about it. One is, given the set of existing technologies, you could try to encourage firms to use more labour-intensive technologies. Okay. But the problem is that you may encourage them to be less productive. Maybe they might generate more employment, but they'll be less productive, right? There was an interesting paper that I cited in Brazil by Gustavo D'Souza, which was sort of saying the Brazilian government basically put a tax on international technology licensing. And he shows that sure enough, firms were less likely to use International Technology. They're more like to use domestic technology. They actually generated employment, but they were less productive. Right, and they overall did worse. So there's a worry that you're gonna make firms less productive in an immediate sense. The other worry is that, like, if the Nigerian government starts encouraging Nigerian firms to develop new technologies, which are more labour intensitive, you know, then they'll generate more employment, the worries that you're gonna get sort of fall behind the world technology trajectory, I'll call it that. Like, you can think about the world frontiers moving in whatever, pick an industry, and the world frontier is moving at a particular place, and then, you know, firms are competing with each other and they're, you know, someone gets a patent, someone comes up with a new idea and sort of technology moves in a certain direction. And then Nigeria says, no, no, we want to be on a different trajectory that generates more employment, right? The problem is, you're going to be permanently behind where the technology curve is, right? Where the world frontier is. And I feel like that's worrisome, right, you're likely to have less learning, right, there's gonna be a gap between where the Nigerian firms are and where, you know, the world frontier is that it's gonna be hard for them to catch up afterwards. So in the short term, you might generate more employment, but you're gonna have a less dynamic industry as a result. And so I think, my own view, and this is, it's a feeling rather than something that's very research based at this point. But my own view is, even though it means that firms are not going to generate that much employment, they have to try and stick as close to the technology frontier as possible, or, you know, catch up as quickly as possible to where the world technology frontier is.Tobi; And so talk to me a bit about lessons from your walk with the Pakistani soccer ball manufacturers. What did you learn from that particular experiment, especially on the role of appropriate technology and technology use and the incentives that surround it for firms and investors? Eric; Yeah, so it was a study of technology adoption, what are the factors that encourage technology adoption? And what made it possible was that the football producers, I'll use that word football instead of the soccer ball, these football producers, there are a lot of producers using the same simple technology, right? And this football design is, you know, 85 or 90% are just these hexagons and pentagons. If you can imagine a, you know, a football, it's got hexagons and pentagons. And so the simple technology involves cutting out hexagons and pentagons and then stitching them together. And there were a lot of those and what made the project possible is we came up with a new improved technology, which is basically a way of cutting pentagons from these sheets. The main costs, you know, 50% of the cost are the sheets, they call it rexine. It's like artificial leather, that's the exterior of the ball. But they were cutting pentagons in a way that was wasting some material. Wasting more than they need to and so the new technology is a way of cutting these pentagons so that you can fit more into a given sheet so that you can get basically 8% more pentagons which ended up being about a 1% reduction in total costs. Which wasn't enormous but on the other hand, it's a pretty competitive industry, profit margins are about 8% so we felt like they shouldn't have been paying the 1%. And actually, when we started out, we thought we were gonna be studying technology diffusion, right, which is, you know, one person adopts, then is that their neighbours who adopt or is it their cousins? Or is it the, you know, people who share suppliers, and what are the channels of diffusion, right, and we're trying to keep everything secret, and we thought, okay, when we let it out, it's obviously the people we give it to who are gonna adopt right away, and then it's gonna spread. And so then we gave out this technology, for free, we gave it to 135 firms. And then, you know, we had a few firms adopt, and they started using it, and including one big firm that was producing - I can tell you the name later, but basically had like 2000 employees and is producing for Nike, and as a big producer adopted this technology, and, you know, is basically cutting all of its pentagons using our design and our die for cutting rather than the old one. So after, you know, 15 months, there were six total firms that had adopted. And that was puzzling and thought, you know, why is that? So then we started asking firms, we started talking to people and basically, it was revealed that the reason was that the guys doing the cutting... so the cutters are basically paid piece rates, they're paid per pentagon or per hexagon, or essentially per ball like, which is, you know, 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons they're paid. That was what their salaries were based on. And they didn't have the incentive to reduce waste, like, they weren't penalized if they wasted the material, right? And so they just wanted to go fast. And our die was slowing them down, right, made them go more slowly because they had to be more careful how they placed it and also, it was a different design, it was the design that they were used to. Now, it turns out that within about a month, they could get back up to speed, to the speed they were at before but they didn't know that, and in any case, for that month, their salaries would be way down, they'd just be slower and knowing that if the firm didn't change the contracts, their salaries would be lower. And the workers were figuring this out, the cutters are figuring this out, they said, this is not good for me, right, that my salary is gonna go down if I use this thing, I have no incentive to use this new technology. And so then they started telling their firms, you know, this is bad, bad technology, it doesn't work, it's dangerous, it has all these issues. Okay, so then we realized that this was happening and we said that we were going to do a second experiment. So, you know, half of the people we originally gave the technology to who hadn't yet adopted, we did a second experiment where we said to workers, we're gonna give you a month's bonus, which is not very much it is about $150 US dollar. So these guys are not paid very much we said ''a month's bonus if you can demonstrate to us and the owner of the factory that the technology works.'' And actually, that was enough. The workers were excited about that, you know, they got paid for doing this. Everybody who did it then subsequently passed the tests. So they demonstrated that the technology is working, and then a statistically significant share of the firms that they worked at ended up adopting the technology as a result. So those were the two experiments, those were the facts. What are we learning from that? I think we're learning that, basically, the lack of information flow from workers to their owners, to their managers, was what was getting in the way of technology adoption in this case. Like, the workers knew that the technology was working, but the owners didn't know because they sort of delegated the process of cutting the pentagons to the workers, and given the contracts, the workers didn't have the incentive to share the information. Right. So I think those sorts of, like, information flows or barriers to information flows are actually very important in the learning process. And kind of what our second experiment did when we did this bonus of a month's pay, which induced the workers to share the information and that was sufficient to make the technology be adopted. And so I think the punch line or the one-sentence version of this is, workers need to see that they're going to benefit from the adoption of new technology or from upgrading generally in order for the process to work well. They have to buy into the process. And they have to see that they have the incentive to do so. One recommendation coming out of that would be some sort of profit sharing, or some sort of gain sharing between workers and firms would actually be very useful. And will it help there be more innovation?Tobi; It brings me in a way to another very interesting paper of yours which [they] also had a summary essay about, I think, in VOX or something, which is about wages in poor countries. And I mean, thinking about the soccer ball story and the lesson. One issue and this has generated quite a number of debates between I think Rodrik and a bunch of other scholars who are thinking about Africa, is that the reason Africa is not really industrializing, or firms are not creating jobs is because wages are too high relative to the level of income. But what I learned from your paper, and you can correct me if I'm wrong, is that paying higher wages in poorer countries is not really a disincentive to creating employment and even generating productivity and profit. Tell me a little bit about how that works. Because, usually, we've gotten familiar with this logic that for you to be able to industrialize, if you think about China, and so many other countries, you need to have access to low-wage workers, you know, you need to be able to do very cheaply, and labour is where you can really cut a lot of your costs. And then it becomes a problem if your domestic wages are too high for the level of your income or what firms and investors are willing to pay. So tell me this high-wage, low-wage dynamics, especially... I remember the famous Paul Krugman was it article defending sweatshops in Bangladesh, where if you force firms who are outsourcing to pay higher wages or impose certain conditions, poor people in those countries will lose jobs, and they will lose their livelihoods. And so you should not mess with that process. What are your thoughts on these [issues]?Eric; Yeah, very interesting. So I think the article you were thinking of, it's related to the specific case of the football producers and seal coats. In Pakistan. Tobi; Yeah. Eric; There was a very interesting thing that happened. I mentioned that one firm adopted this new technology. And you know, one very large firm and it was producing for Nike, it's called Silver Star. The interesting thing about that firm is that because they're producing for Nike, which had had sweatshop scandals in the past, Nike required them to do a bunch of things, basically, so that Nike wouldn't be vulnerable to a further scandal, right? And among the things that they had to do was make sure they were paying the minimum wage in Pakistan. And the only way this firm could guarantee that they were paying the minimum wage in Pakistan, which many firms were violating basically, the only way they could is to say, we're not going to pay a piece rate, we're going to pay a fixed wage. Right. So this firm was paying a fixed wage rather than a piece rate. And actually, we talked to them about when they first won the Nike contract. They said their labour costs went up 20 to 30%. So they did a bunch of things. They had this fixed wage, there was a medical clinic on the factory grounds. They had sickness pay, they had some retirement benefits. So a bunch of things, they did raise wages. But the advantage of that was that the workers were much less likely to block the adoption of this new technology. Because in a specific way, they did not have a disincentive, you know, their wage was going to be their wage no matter what happened, rather than in other firms [where] what was happening is that the worker can see if they adopt this technology, their wage would go down. And so we believe, and I wrote this in an article that you saw in the Harvard Business Review, I think that's where it was, that those wages, you know, higher wage payments and fixed wage payments, which were imposed by Nike actually contributed to the process of innovation. The title of the article is how labour standards can be good for growth, and also in the process of upgrading. So that's an example of how having higher wages can actually be good for this upgrading process. Now, there are factors going in both directions, right? On the one hand, you know, the 20 or 30% higher labour costs, I think they did contribute to innovation. On the other hand, 20 or 30% higher labour costs may mean that firms will hire fewer workers or that the industry will be less competitive. So it's not that, you know, this innovation effect is all powerful and it's going to overwhelm anything that's about labour costs. But I think it is something that we need to take into account. And so, you know, labour market institutions that, you know, maybe promote profit sharing with workers, that promote longer-term employment so you have people who are around for longer, that have some job security, the sorts of things that often labour unions want to negotiate, can actually be good for this innovation process. And that's one factor that should be weighed against this issue of, you know, how higher labour costs and how competitive is the sector going to be. You often hear, like, the World Bank or the USAID, the development agencies will often say, you just have to be cheap. Like, you know, the competitive advantage of Nigeria is cheap labour and therefore, you should be focusing on having low wages and producing, you know, garments and textiles and toys and low-end manufacturing. But I think that's kind of a low-road model. You know, and I think that there are viable high road models, which would involve somewhat higher wages, some sort of gain sharing or profit sharing, and being more innovative at the same time. I can't tell you I have it all worked out exactly what that model would look like, I think it's going to vary by country. But I think we need to try to think about and push in that direction of where you can have, it may not be high wage, but it's gonna be higher wage than the market by itself maybe would bring about. So I am optimistic that that can happen. But again, the devil's in the details, you know. So Nigeria needs to think about what are we relatively good at doing right now and let's think about how can we be more innovative and move up to the quality ladder, the technology ladder in those industries. And then how can we get our workers on board to the process of moving up that ladder? And that will probably involve paying those workers more, rather than just trying to cut wages to the extent possible.Tobi; Before I let you go, let me... I know you're a relatively quiet person so let me draw you in a little bit... yeah, I know you're not active on Twitter or anything like that. Let me draw you into a little bit of professional controversy. And one of the things that I admire most about your work, I should confess, is that it's methodologically diverse. You know, you do structural econometrics, you do RCT, you do regular modelling and so many things. So there's this huge debate currently that I think, a lot of my colleagues may not think so but I think has important consequences for the policymaking process on development, which is that - is development research right now focused on the right things? You know, RCTs are like the standard tool for the investigation of development questions. Empirics have sort of taken over the field. But on the other hand, you have folks like Lant Pritchett who are constantly pushing back that this is encouraging researchers to think too small, they are researching cash transfers, and so many other key interventions, whereas we really should be focused on the big questions. And in my experience, these have real-life implications, especially in poor countries where they have budgetary constraints. We might say this is due to corruption, and that will be true, but sometimes they have a real balance of payment crisis, because a lot of these countries are resource-dependent, and it's often cyclical. So a policymaker may really want to know where to spend the most resources to have the maximum benefit for the citizen. So I find these questions very important. What do you think about this debate? As someone who transverses the field very often in your work, how have you been able to navigate this debate? And what do you think is the, maybe right is not the right word here...what do you think is the useful approach going forward?Eric; Yeah, good question. Yeah, in my own work, I've been very question driven rather than methods driven. Right. So I've always thought, you know, I'm interested in this question of from upgrading, what are the barriers to upgrading? What drives upgrading? How can we, you know, learn about that, and if we can learn about that using an experiment, that's great. If we're in about that using other methods, that's great, too. So I, sort of, don't have a dog in the hunt, as Bill Clinton would say about, you know, the methodology. And I'm kind of in the middle of the road, I think, in terms of this debate between, you know, J-PAL and Esther Duflo and Abhijit Banerjee and Lant Pritchett or others on the other side. I think, you know, in situations where you can run an experiment, I think that is the most credible source of information. Okay, so I'd rather have a randomized experiment than do a correlation and put some causal interpretation on a correlation. At the same time, I do think that there are many questions, either that can't be answered with an experiment, or that are just very, very costly to answer with an experiment, right? And so it's very hard to run, you know, it's running experiments on firms. I've tried to do it, but it takes a long time. It can be very costly. You have to give much bigger shocks to firms to get them to react, etc. And so, I've heard Abhijit Banerjee articulate that, like, we should never do a policy that hasn't first been evaluated by random experiment, I think that's too strong. Because we're gonna be waiting years and years and years to get the experiments and with a huge investment of resources in order to get the experiments that would then inform the policy. So we're going to have to make policy and, you know, make decisions based on other sorts of information. And so there, I do think we need to be like small ''c'' Catholic, allow for lots of different types of methods, quasi-experimental methods, you know, even structural methods, and then also experiments. There's this famous joke about the drunk guy with a streetlight, you know, he's looking for his keys, and he's looking under the streetlight, because that's where the light is, maybe not where the keys have been lost. And so I take that point, like, maybe we really care about these big questions about, you know, what's going to drive growth, then in that sense, I'm sympathetic to the sort of the Lant Pritchett view. On the other hand, under the lamppost, we actually are learning stuff, right, I feel like we're more confident that we're making progress by looking under the lamppost. And so I think the, you know, the trick, the art here is to sort of stay near the edge of the lights and we're getting closer to the big questions, but in a way that's still credible, and that we're still, you know, we can believe the answers that we're actually given. To sort of counter the Lant Pritchett view, you can post these big questions, and you can, you know, think big thoughts. But at the end of the day, you have to be able to convince, you know, you have to show us the data, right, you have to show that this is really correct. And that's just very hard to do for many of these big questions. So we need to incrementally build up based on this work. That's why I kind of like this work on firms, we're getting towards these big questions about growth, but in a way that you can actually have some confidence that you understand what's going on.Tobi; In your experience doing this work, what are misconceptions that you have encountered in the field that either the professional development industry, so I'm talking about aid and the think-tank and all the other folks, or it may even be your academic colleagues, what are the common misconceptions that you have encountered? Eric; Yeah. I mean, so one big thought [is] I think that the of field development agencies, right, it's like, how are we going to spend aid dollars in a way that's going to have a positive effect? And I think there's value to that. All right. I'm all in favour of spending, you know, aid dollars, in the most effective way. But I think that you know, a set of questions does limit to some extent the impact of the field of development on the development process. So I actually think we could spend every aid dollar in an optimal way, and would it have a meaningful effect on the material standard of living of people in poor countries? I'm not sure. I mean, maybe a little bit, maybe marginal, right? I think what's really going to matter is, do these countries start getting industrialization happening? Are they getting upgrading? Are they growing? And so in that sense, I sometimes get a little bit frustrated with the development discussions, it's all about this, you know, how do we spend aid dollars, and let's do RCTs to figure out how to spend the aid dollars, rather than these bigger questions, which are going to have a longer-term effect on people's living standards. You know, that's changing a little bit. I'm encouraged. There are more and more people talking about firms, there are more and more people taking sort of industrial policy ideas seriously. They're talking about bigger-picture questions in a kind of micro-founded way. So there are some encouraging signs. But I think a lot of development is still about that issue of like, what's the right way to do social policy? What's the right way to do, you know, aid spending, rather than trying to understand deeply why is it that Korea was able to make this transition from a poor country to a rich country, essentially, in a generation? And why is it that many countries in Africa are not? What is it that's actually getting in the way? And for that, that's not really like how to spend aid dollars question that's more about how firms behave. What are the factors that constrain them? And those sorts of things.Tobi; This is a show about ideas. So I want to ask you, what's the one idea? Just one. One idea that you think everybody should think about and adopt, that you would like to see spread everywhere. What's that idea? It may be from your work, or it may be from other things that inspire you. What's that one idea?Eric; I think the one idea I would choose is, uh, workers have a brain. This goes back to the soccer ball study, that there's knowledge and information that, like, workers have or people who are lower down in the hierarchy have, which is not being taken advantage of. Right, the soccer ball thing was an example. The workers were understanding the technology, but because of the way they were paid, and because of the, you know, institutional arrangements, they didn't have the incentive to share that. And I think the world, including the economics profession, tends to undervalue the intelligence that people have. Even the people who are actually, you know, on the frontlines doing the work. And if we can figure out ways to harness that knowledge and give people incentives to share it and give people incentives to develop their own intellectual thinking about whatever it is they're doing, I think that'll have a big payoff. And so I'm interested in sort of investigating what are the sorts of arrangements, what are the sorts of policies that can lead that to happen more?Tobi; Yeah. Thank you so much, Eric. I mean, tell me a little bit about what you're working on right now.Eric; What am I working on right now? I mean, so one thing related to what we've been talking about that I'm excited about is, again, a paper on technology adoption. This is in Bangladesh, with an energy-efficient motor like sewing machines. They're different sorts of motors that the traditional ones they're kind of spinning all the time. And then people have the foot pedal they like to press the foot pedal and then the needle comes down and stitches right but they're actually wasting a lot of energy because these motors are spinning all the time. And so there's a new type of motor called a servo motor which spins Only when the needle is moving, right, so it's energy efficient, energy efficient motor, but it can just replace the old motor, you don't have to change anything else about the machine, you just put this new servo motor to replace the old clutch motor. And we're studying when new managers or when new owners, when do they make those decisions. And so we're trying to track we're giving them information in different intensities, like including installing the machines in their factory one is just showing a video when it's just providing information, but one is actually installing their machines. And we're seeing how they react to that information. So I think that's a big topic. It's like what's getting in the way of the adoption of energy-efficient technology? These are the people who are making mistakes, or they just don't have good information. Or that basically, maybe if they have the right information, they actually will adapt very quickly. So that's one thing I'm thinking about.Tobi; It's been fascinating talking to you, Eric. I enjoyed it so much.Eric; Thank you, Tobi. Good questions. This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit www.ideasuntrapped.com/subscribe

Chris, Zack, and special guest host Rachel Hoff of the Ronald Reagan Institute, explore the recent article by Dani Rodrik and Stephen Walt “How to Build a Better Order: Limiting Great Power Rivalry in an Anarchic World." Rodrik and Walt propose a framework — or “meta-regime” — that affirms well-established norms of international behavior (as enshrined in the U.N. Charter, for example), while also preserving space for states to act unilaterally or multilaterally, but ideally in ways that do not increase the risk of conflict. But is it even realistic to speak of a rules-based order? And should we want one? Some Americans chafe at the notion of constraints on U.S. power. And what are the actual prospects for international cooperation at all, given the increasingly competitive nature of the U.S.-China relationship? Grievances for Joe Biden's talk of nuclear Armageddon, and toward the Saudis for colluding with the Russians (and others) to raise gas prices – and maybe help Republicans in the mid-term elections. An atta-secretary to Lloyd Austin for his plan to remove the names of violent insurrectionists from U.S. military bases. And, in a first, Zack praises Chris Preble … for convincing the Biden administration to finally release the National Security Strategy. We're sure that's what did it. This episode's reading: www.warontherocks.com/2022/10/searching-for-the-elusive-rules-based-order

India Policy Watch #1: The Anatomy of DecentralisationInsights on topical policy issues in India— Pranay KotasthaneThe human-made floods in some parts of Bengaluru generated much furore. Writing about it in our previous edition, RSJ remarked:The way the political economy is structured right now, it is difficult to see how there will be enough devolution of power and finances to a city. A big city most often is a bankrupt political orphan in India. It doesn't look like changing any time soon.I share his anguish. However, I remain hopeful because there are many global examples of cities first committing themselves to and then rescuing themselves from the tyranny of half-hearted decentralisation. Decentralisation: Take 1The term decentralisation is a catch-all term in public policy. There was a time when it was touted as the solution to all ills. But many PhD dissertations, journal papers, and World Bank projects later, we understand it better now. Throwing some light on this concept can help us put a finger on what's exactly wrong with Indian cities. Let's begin by understanding the three forms of decentralisation — deconcentration, delegation, and devolution. Deconcentration is the simplest form of decentralisation. As the name suggests, it means decentralising functions and responsibilities. For example, if you can submit a passport application in Mysuru instead of having to come to the state capital, this function can be said to have been deconcentrated. The various government branch offices and grievance centre kiosks are examples of deconcentration. Delegation means that specific functions are carried out by another organisation or the government nearest to the citizen on behalf of the more distant government. In the Indian case, the plethora of state public sector enterprises (SPSEs) for public transport, power distribution, and water distribution are examples of delegation. For example, BESCOM is a Government of Karnataka company tasked with the responsibility of supplying electricity to the state capital.Devolution is the most comprehensive form of decentralisation. Devolved units hold defined spheres of autonomous action. Policy implementation and authority shift to the government nearer to the citizen. This typically means having elections at the subnational level. For example, Indian states are devolved units with clearly defined responsibilities, and tax revenue handles in the Constitution.With these definitions at hand, we have one way to diagnose the dismal performance of our city governments: the Union-State government relationship is characterised by devolution, while the State-local government relation is characterised by delegation and deconcentration. Elections do take place at local government levels. After the 74th Amendment in 1992, some more functions were devolved to urban local bodies. And yet, they hardly enjoy autonomy and authority in any defined sphere. State governments tightly control resources, personnel and plans, treating local governments as deconcentrated implementing agencies. Decentralisation: Take 2There's another way to see the Indian experience in light of decentralisation theories. Decentralisation can happen along three dimensions — political, administrative, and fiscal. These dimensions are further characterised by four factors: authority, autonomy, accountability, and capacity. The USAID Democratic Decentralisation Programming Handbook has a helpful framework that combines these three dimensions and four characteristics. In the chart below, here's how I think India's urban governments fare on the twelve parameters at their intersection. My crude classification into three categories is subjective and based on my understanding of local government public finances. Even so, this framework can offer valuable insights into India's urban governments. First, they are characterised by poor capacity across all three dimensions of decentralisation. Hardly surprising. But here's something more interesting: urban governments in India do pretty okay on administrative decentralisation, not so well along the political dimension, but score a big zero on the fiscal dimension. Devesh Kapur writes, “At the heart of state-building is a fiscal story”. And so, it's not unexpected that the sorry state of fiscal decentralisation is a powerful reason behind the abject failure of our urban governments. The Way AheadAnd so, to fix our cities, we need energy and focus on improving along the fiscal decentralisation dimension. And how exactly do we get there? In this talk below, organised by the Bengaluru Navanirmana Party, I propose a few ideas for the Bengaluru government:“Wherever possible, charge”: underpricing leads to overconsumption. Cities ought to get better at generating non-tax revenues.Strengthen the State Finance Commissions. It's amazing how bad they are, despite the example of the stellar performance of Union Finance Commissions. Untied grants through the state finance commissions are imperative for devolving critical political and administrative functions to urban local governments. Rent out property owned by city governments. Simplify laws for regulating businesses in the city so that trade license fees can go up. Capitalise on the property tax potential.India Policy Watch #2: This Moment is Precious Insights on topical policy issues in India — RSJThe more perceptive among you, dear readers, might have espied a certain pattern in my posts over the past six months. On the one hand, my tone has been steadily bullish on the medium-term prospects of the Indian economy. Almost four months back, in edition #168, I concluded that the then-nascent Ukraine war and the inflation roiling the developed world have put India in a sweet spot among global economies. I wrote:“I'm not often optimistic on these pages. But the way the stars have aligned themselves, India does have an opportunity to revive its economy in a manner that can sustain itself for long.”Then in edition #182 (Aisa Mauka Phir Kahan Milega?), I sort of doubled down on this:“For India, all of this is a golden opportunity. China will remain busy with these transitions that it has wrought upon itself. The jury is still out on whether it will have a soft landing on them. Global businesses that started seeking more resilient and cost-effective alternatives to China during COVID-19, are now convinced that they must employ a ‘China + 1' model to safeguard their long-term interests. There are only that many economies that have the labour pool, capital and a business environment that can take advantage of this shift away from China, however gradual.There is a high likelihood of a golden decade ahead for MSMEs in India if it plays its cards right.”In the past couple of weeks, there has been a flurry of reports from global research firms echoing the same sentiments. IMF, usually the last to know what's happening around the world, also seems to have cottoned on to this trend. This week its chief Kristalina Georgieva said that “despite global uncertainty and headwinds, India continues to be a bright spot in the global economy.” The proximate reasons are evident all around. Domestic demand is strong, inflation isn't the runaway kind, the bank balance sheets are stronger and cleaner than ever, and we seem to be seeing off the peak of the commodity cycle. The other large emerging markets have their own troubles. South America is in the throes of one of its ‘how to shoot yourselves in the foot' scenarios. Brazil is going through its most fractious election campaign ever, with the hard-left rhetoric of Lula seemingly ahead of Bolsonaro. That's been enough for Bolsonaro to again take a leaf out of Trump's playbook and raise doubts about the integrity of the electoral process. Venezuela has a Hugo Chavez bhakt running against a populist ‘outsider' who wants to upend the system and start fresh. Turkey has an autocrat who turns macroeconomic theory on its head in running its economy. South Africa is muddling through, and Russia is mostly an international pariah at the moment. Indonesia and smaller economies like Vietnam and Laos are possibly the only emerging markets that can claim to be in a similar zone as India. There's no competition, really.On the other hand, I have called out India's remarkable ability to lose its way because of either overconfidence or distracting itself with a ‘zero return' nationalist agenda of aatmanirbharta or some random ‘One Country - One X' ideology. Like I wrote in edition #182:“…not overdoing aatmanirbhar Bharat beyond the rhetoric and remaining an open and liberal democracy that convinces others that it will have sufficient checks and balances to not lose its way. These are the basic block and tackle moves to capitalise on the opportunity.Because the only lesson to learn from a possible China misstep is that overdetermined leadership and top-down economic thinking eventually fail.”It becomes challenging to plan for India's long-term prospects because of this dichotomy of being bullish on its economy while being worried about social harmony. I mean, one day, you applaud the entrepreneurial spirit taking root in small-town India and the other day, you hear another state enacting some love jihad law.It is like that E. B. White quote:“I arise in the morning torn between a desire to improve the world and a desire to savour the world. This makes it hard to plan the day.” Anyway, for the sceptics on either side, I will try to go beyond the evidence that people are good at avoiding. There are structural reasons why both these arguments about India hold.Let's tackle the issue of why India is in this sweet spot.Firstly, in the past few years, there's been a retreat from globalisation, or hyper globalisation , as Dani Rodrik would put it. This was somewhat inevitable if you go by Rodrik's trilemma: it is impossible to enjoy the fruits of integrating with a hyper-globalised economy, national sovereignty and being a democracy simultaneously, because only two of these things can be achieved at any one time. Rodrik believes that eventually, most large economies will choose national sovereignty and democracy and retreat from globalisation. This has come to a pass all over the world now. India, which has always been somewhat ambivalent about globalisation, now finds it doesn't stick out because of this stance. This retreat has meant that any economy with a large domestic market is at a relative advantage. Through a fortuitous mix of demographic dividend and periodic fiscal stimulation, domestic demand in India is going strong. This will attract capital flow into the economy.Secondly, the widespread adoption of digital means for production and distribution has meant the traditional constraints of infrastructure and labour laws aren't as binding as before. The national digital infrastructure in India (JAM, FASTag, UPI, etc.) is among the best in the world, and there's evidence now that they are improving domestic efficiencies across multiple sectors. Even surface transport, railways and ports have improved substantially in the last few years. These are nowhere near world-class, but the improvement is sufficient to reduce service costs across industries. Also, while ‘retail' corruption remains an issue in India, even the most prominent critic of the current government will admit that large-scale institutional corruption is a thing of the past. There are allegations of crony capitalism which might come back to bite in future, but for now, India provides as good a level playing field as any other emerging market.Thirdly, the aftermath of the pandemic has been surprisingly benign for India. The extended credit scheme for small businesses, free food distributed through PDS for BPL families and the restrain shown in keeping the fiscal deficit in check appear to have paid off. The national-level vaccination drive has all but erased the memory of those traumatic days of the second wave. Contrast that with China's botched vaccination policy that is still hurting its economy. I will confess I didn't see this scenario unfolding. Even the Ukraine war and the rise in oil price has been managed well. In continuing to buy oil from Russia (now in INR) and allying with the US on Quad, India seems to have manoeuvred the geopolitical storm well. Despite strong misgivings in some quarters (with good reasons), the key institutions (central bank, market regulators) have stayed objective and independent in their policy thinking. The bar on strong and independent institutions in emerging markets is set really low, and India seems to be scaling it easily. Finally, the freedom to raise or issue debt in its own currency, the inflating away of debt that's happening now and the flexibility of the labour market, all mean India isn't in any near-term danger of stagflation that's spooking the west.Many of the above factors can be credited to the sound policy measures taken over the past two decades. And, there's, of course, the good fortune of being in the right time at the right place.All good. So, why do I harp on the risks of social harmony and overdetermined leadership? Well, the history of many emerging countries is replete with such moments of opportunity in their history. Barring a few exceptions, most have failed to capitalise on them. They didn't get their economics wrong. Most often, they failed on political and social fronts.It turns out that being a functional, liberal democracy does improve your odds of getting this right. However, in most cases of failure, countries turned more illiberal, assuming it won't hurt them. Curbing freedom of expression, compromising judicial integrity, restricting voting rights of minorities and abusing coercive power of the State are classic moves here. This is abetted by creating an ‘us' versus ‘them' construct that takes over everything. The blame for any shortcoming can be laid at the doors of ‘them', who typically include the old elites, intellectuals and some hapless minorities. Once this template is set, the divisiveness in the society between ‘them' and ‘us' is played up at every opportunity. The pitch is queered further by the revisionist history project to redress past wrongs, the mindless glorification of the nation, a continuous search for enemies among the ‘them' and escalating levels of punishment for any deviation from the norm. The middle continues to shrink, and debates and compromises become rare. Everything is maximal. Many people think these moves won't hurt the economy because in markets, as the Indian aphorism goes, ‘paisa bolta hai (money talks)'. This is both a flawed understanding of economics and a complete disregard for history. A society that loses its middle ground makes terrible choices. And that shows up in the economy.We have a tremendous economic opportunity because of the way cards have fallen in our favour. And we are making the classic mistakes in potentially fomenting social trouble and losing the opportunity again. I don't understand why it is difficult to hold these two ideas together in our brains and find a way forward.There's a possibility that this dichotomy could be solved if there were public discussions on these issues together. But it is rare to find that kind of a platform where a dispassionate and constructive discussion about India's future is possible. Those who believe in the ‘sweet spot' thesis have very little inclination or a sense of historical perspective to appreciate the existential risks of social disharmony. They are happy nodding off to ‘this is India's time' lullaby. While the others who bemoan the loss of what's often called the idea of India cannot believe India could be, by design or happenstance, sitting on a golden opportunity under this regime. There must be a catch somewhere and they spend inordinate amount of time looking for it. It reflects the barren intellectual landscape prevalent in India that we cannot acknowledge and debate these in good faith. You can only be monotheistic. There can only be one truth. Those who reject it are enemies. It's a pity really. India Policy Watch #3: The Nature of Competitive Federalism in IndiaInsights on topical policy issues in India— Pranay KotasthaneIt's rare for semiconductors, federalism, and favouritism to appear in the same story. But the last week did blow up a political storm that combined the three. Vedanta-Foxconn signed a much-publicised Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) for a display and semiconductor fab with the Government of Gujarat. All was good. but then came the news that the consortium turned down the Maharashtra government's reportedly superior offer, leading to accusations of the Union government having a hand in favouring Gujarat. Keeping regional and partisan politics aside, how should we parse this news? Are there frameworks to help us appreciate such events?At first, it appears encouraging that states are vying to kick off advanced manufacturing. It seems to be a perfect illustration of the merits of what is known as Competitive Federalism. States compete for investments, woo investors, and the best one “wins” the prize. Didn't the Prime Minister say in his independence day speech that "it is the need of the hour that besides cooperative federalism, we need cooperative competitive federalism. We need competition in development”?To answer these questions, it is worthwhile to understand the “competitive federalism” rubric. This term gained prominence in public finance literature after a 1987 paper by Albert Breton titled Towards a Theory of Competitive Federalism. Crucially, he identified two preconditions for competitive federalism to be efficient. The first condition is competitive equality. This condition is similar to the logic behind affirmative action for individuals from disadvantaged communities. Healthy competition between states requires not just good umpiring but also progressive rule-making, one that does not put some states at a permanent disadvantage. In Breton's words:“horizontal competition does not require that all competing units be of equal size any more than efficient competition in markets requires that firms be of equal size. But it must be that the large units are not in a position to continually dominate, coerce, and in other ways prevent the smaller units from making independent autonomous decisions; nor are they in a position to inflict "disproportionate" damage on them. The smaller units must be able to compete with the strong on an equal footing.… A capacity to compete is more than a capacity to talk; it is also, and radically, a capacity to exert a real influence on decisions. That is the real meaning underlying the notion of "monitored" competition.”Breton identified that the responsibility for ensuring competitive equality lies squarely with the union government. In his view, two monitoring mechanisms available with the central governments are: intergovernmental grants that offset the disadvantages of certain states, and a “Council of States” that can genuinely give “salience to the provincial dimensions of public policies”.The second condition is cost-benefit appropriability. As Breton puts it:“In competing to attract businesses to its jurisdiction, either by supplying particularly attractive local public goods, such as theatre, concerts, or dance, by offering tax advantages, or by buying part of the output of the sought-after enterprises, the government of a province should not be able to shift the burden of the offered amenities to the citizens of other jurisdictions.”In other words, states should be regulated by a hard budget constraint, i.e. the consequences of breaching spending limits should be significant. A moral hazard develops if states assess that the central government will bail them out in case of fiscal failure. When the budget constraints on states are of a “soft” nature, they will continue to borrow or widen their deficits, confident that other state and union governments will come to the rescue. Competitive federalism under such conditions would not be efficient. A third precondition, proposed by M Govinda Rao, is that there should be no impediments to the unrestricted mobility of factors and products across the country.This discussion of competitive federalism suggests that not all competitive federalism is good. It needs guardrails to deliver results. And the Indian experience with competitive federalism has been suboptimal as governments have violated all three preconditions to varying degrees.As a result, we are stuck in a low-level equilibrium. States compete, but on issues such as wasteful subsidies on private goods, welfare schemes, and salary structures for government employees. And when they do compete to attract investments, they do so based on spectacular tax and non-tax waivers rather than on promises of better business and law and order environments.To make India's competitive federalism deliver, we need reforms along three dimensions:Reforms to ensure that states face a hard budget constraint. An independent fiscal council that ex-ante evaluates the costs of government proposals can help. Consider the fact that both Maharashtra and Gujarat allegedly promised subsidies worth Rs 40000 crores and Rs 28000 crores, respectively, without public scrutiny of the costs and benefits of the project. An independent fiscal council would come of use here by conducting an independent financial evaluation of such policies before they receive the final approval. A stricter Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act can also help here.Reforms to improve competitive equality. Designing intergovernmental transfers that actually help bridge the gap between states will create a level playing field. Moreover, an institution that allows states and union governments to bargain and negotiate, like the one proposed by the 14th Finance Commission, might also contain unhealthy competition. And most importantly, a union government that acts as an unbiased umpire is crucial for competitive federalism to succeed. Without some reforms along these lines, we will continue to see competitive federalism of the more harmful kind. HomeWorkReading and listening recommendations on public policy matters[Article] Raghuram Rajan's note questioning the underlying assumptions of Production Linked Incentives. [Paper] Fiscal Decentralisation in Indian Federalism by M Govinda Rao explains India's experience with fiscal devolution. [Report] The USAID Democratic Decentralisation Programming Handbook is a fantastic starting point for understanding decentralisation. * From Alexis De Tocqueville's magisterial Democracy in America, in which he writes: “the federal system was created with the intention of combining the different advantages which result from the magnitude and the littleness of nations; and a glance at the United States of America discovers the advantages which they have derived from its adoption”. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit publicpolicy.substack.com

For more than a quarter century, economist and Harvard Kennedy School professor Dani Rodrik has been ringing alarm bells about the dangers of globalization. And for a long time, it didn't seem like a whole lot of people were listening. Now as record economic inequality, a climate in crisis, and global financial shocks from to the COVID pandemic and Russia's invasion of Ukraine have exposed the vulnerabilities and shortcomings of unchecked globalization and neoliberal orthodoxy about the primacy of markets, Rodrik may be having the world's least-satisfying “I told you so” moment. But while the temptation might be to look backward for vindication, Rodrik is choosing to look toward solutions instead. He says that finding a way forward for the world economy will require two kinds of thinking: small picture—about how to create good jobs in an equitable way in specific settings—and big picture: imaging possible futures and what a more inclusive, post-globalization economy might look like. And he says it will also mean freeing political and economic discourse from what he calls a “prison of ideology” that rigidly limits policymakers' ability to consider solutions outside of market-centric approaches. Rodrik recently launched a new project called Reimagining the Economy with fellow professor Gordon Hansen, supported by a $7.5 million grant from the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. The initiative will be based at the Kennedy School's Malcolm Wiener Center for Social Policy. 

Theon is surrounded. Ser Rodrik Cassel has amassed Northern forces to surround and retake Winterfell. At the 11th hour, Theon is saved by Reek, who has brought hundreds of Bolton men. But Reek wants more than just Theon's good wishes. Simon and Mackelly weigh the treacheries.Chapter Review:Maester Luwin advises Theon Greyjoy to yield Winterfell. Ser Rodrik Cassel has brought perhaps 2,000 loyal northmen who have Winterfell surrounded. Theon doubts Luwin's loyalty, but the maester reminds him that he serves the Lord of Winterfell, who is Theon (kinda).Theon gives the ironborn a rousing speech, but only 17 rally to his cause. The rest flee back to his sister Asha. Ser Rodrik wants to parlay and Theon rides out to meet him. Cassel is twitching to kill the turncloak, but Theon has a trump card. At a signal, Rodrik's daughter Beth is paraded on the walls with a noose around her neck. Theon tells Rodrik that she dies at sunset and another citizen will join her every morning and night until the besiegers withdraw. Cassel offers himself in Beth's place, but Theon's not buying.Luwin suggest that Theon take the Black. Theon considers how high someone with his training might rise in the Night's Watch. But before he can answer, sounds of fighting are heard. Reek has returned, with hundreds of mounted Bolton men. They decimate the other northmen and kill Cassel and others. Reek reveals himself to be Ramsay Snow, Roose Bolton's bastard. Theon is grateful, but Ramsay's men are not done. They knock Theon unconscious, run Luwin through, and are ordered to burn the entire castle, save the Frey boys.Characters/Places/Names/Events:Theon Greyjoy - Heir to the Iron Islands. Betrayed his former friend Robb Stark and invaded the North in the name of the Iron Islands.Asha Greyjoy - Elder sister to Theon. Oldest surviving child of Balon Greyjoy.Balon Greyjoy - Lord of the Iron Islands. Father to Asha and Theon.Victarion Greyjoy - Younger brother of Balon Greyjoy. Maester Luwin - Maester of Winterfell.Palla - Farlen's daughter. Works in the Winterfell kennel.Black Lorren - Cruel Iron Islander. Lieutenant to Theon Greyjoy.Ramsay Snow - Bastard son of Roose Bolton. Believed killed by Ser Rodrik Cassel.Ser Rodrik Cassel - Master-at-arms of Winterfell.Beth Cassel - Daughter of Ser Rodrik.Wex Pyke - Theon's squire.Lord Cley Cerwyn - Friend of Bran and Rickon Stark, killed by Ramsay Snow's men.Leobald Tallhart - Younger brother of Lord Helman Tallhart, killed by Ramsay Snow's men. Support the podcast. Buy a bit of merch from our store. Or if swag is not your bag, buy us a Cup of Arbor Gold.If you like what we're doing, please consider rating and reviewing us at Apple Podcasts, podchaser.com, and anywhere else you can leave a rate and review.Join the discussion on our Discord server! https://discord.com/invite/FTy7BExyBQWe'd love to hear from you. Send us an email at ghosts.harrenhal@gmail.com. Also, follow us on Twitter @GhostsHarrenhal, Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube.All Music credits to Ross Bugden:INSTAGRAM! : https://instagram.com/rossbugden/ (rossbugden) TWITTER! : https://twitter.com/RossBugden (@rossbugden) YOUTUBE! : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kthxycmF25M Support the show

Yo creo que muchos se pueden identificar con la historia de Rodrik. La pasé super bien conociendo este nuevo artista y espero que ustedes tambien se disfruten esta entrevista como me la disfruté yo! Síguenos en todas las redes sociales! RODRIK https://www.instagram.com/rodrikpr/ KUZI https://linktr.ee/Kuzi Production RED EYE ENTERTAINMENT #elojorojo https://www.instagram.com/elojorojoent/ https://www.instagram.com/snowhite_jpeg/ --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/kuzi/support

Yo creo que muchos se pueden identificar con la historia de Rodrik. La pasé super bien conociendo este nuevo artista y espero que ustedes tambien se disfruten esta entrevista como me la disfruté yo! Síguenos en todas las redes sociales! RODRIK https://www.instagram.com/rodrikpr/ KUZI https://linktr.ee/Kuzi Production- RED EYE ENTERTAINMENT #elojorojo https://www.instagram.com/elojorojoent/ https://www.instagram.com/snowhite_jpeg/

Once you understand that markets require public institutions of governance and regulation in order to function well, and further, you accept that nations may have different preferences over the shape that those institutions and regulations should take, you have started to tell a story that leads you to radically different endings. – Dani Rodrik, The Globalization Paradox (2011) Influenced by Dani Rodrik's research and teaching at Harvard's Kennedy School, Yeling Tan, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Oregon, and non-resident scholar at UCSD's 21st Century China Center, has written a book that brings together her interest and expertise in China's political economy: Disaggregrating China, Inc.: State Strategies in the Liberal Economic Order (Cornell University Press, 2021). As you will hear, Professor Tan is interested in the dynamics of international and domestic politics with a focus on the tensions involving policy change within political economies. The development and the role of institutions especially with regard to China, given its political structure and economic governance, has provided just such an intriguing case for Tan who has been immersed in PRC-related study since graduate school. The book frames the story of China's WTO entry and assesses its impact on the country's complex and sprawling structures of economic governance with the kind of inspiration that makes well-written and researched economic history as compelling as it is empirically rigorous. Professor Tan's analysis and argument fits within the interdisciplinary sphere most aptly described as political economy as she systematically ‘disaggregates' China's institutional response as a one-party state to the globalizing effects of WTO engagement. Her book draws upon a rich research literature including the post-Mao reform and opening period to frame her research questions before moving into her own theory, methods, and findings – a unique contribution to the field filling the lack of studies focused on external institutional influences on the political economy of China. As such, she moves us beyond the caricatured and monolithic simplifications underlying the bipartisan, ideologically driven interpretations reassessing the outcome of China's WTO entry and subsequent trade policy. To liberally paraphrase a key source of her intellectual inspiration, Rodrik's The Globalization Paradox: acknowledging the role of public institutions and the various value preferences of nations to help shape well-performing markets will lead you, as with Tan's story, to the start of an understanding of the relationship of markets and institutions with a radically different ending in the China context. Yeling Tan is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Oregon. Keith Krueger lectures at the SILC Business School in Shanghai University. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Once you understand that markets require public institutions of governance and regulation in order to function well, and further, you accept that nations may have different preferences over the shape that those institutions and regulations should take, you have started to tell a story that leads you to radically different endings. – Dani Rodrik, The Globalization Paradox (2011) Influenced by Dani Rodrik's research and teaching at Harvard's Kennedy School, Yeling Tan, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Oregon, and non-resident scholar at UCSD's 21st Century China Center, has written a book that brings together her interest and expertise in China's political economy: Disaggregrating China, Inc.: State Strategies in the Liberal Economic Order (Cornell University Press, 2021). As you will hear, Professor Tan is interested in the dynamics of international and domestic politics with a focus on the tensions involving policy change within political economies. The development and the role of institutions especially with regard to China, given its political structure and economic governance, has provided just such an intriguing case for Tan who has been immersed in PRC-related study since graduate school. The book frames the story of China's WTO entry and assesses its impact on the country's complex and sprawling structures of economic governance with the kind of inspiration that makes well-written and researched economic history as compelling as it is empirically rigorous. Professor Tan's analysis and argument fits within the interdisciplinary sphere most aptly described as political economy as she systematically ‘disaggregates' China's institutional response as a one-party state to the globalizing effects of WTO engagement. Her book draws upon a rich research literature including the post-Mao reform and opening period to frame her research questions before moving into her own theory, methods, and findings – a unique contribution to the field filling the lack of studies focused on external institutional influences on the political economy of China. As such, she moves us beyond the caricatured and monolithic simplifications underlying the bipartisan, ideologically driven interpretations reassessing the outcome of China's WTO entry and subsequent trade policy. To liberally paraphrase a key source of her intellectual inspiration, Rodrik's The Globalization Paradox: acknowledging the role of public institutions and the various value preferences of nations to help shape well-performing markets will lead you, as with Tan's story, to the start of an understanding of the relationship of markets and institutions with a radically different ending in the China context. Yeling Tan is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Oregon. Keith Krueger lectures at the SILC Business School in Shanghai University. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Once you understand that markets require public institutions of governance and regulation in order to function well, and further, you accept that nations may have different preferences over the shape that those institutions and regulations should take, you have started to tell a story that leads you to radically different endings. – Dani Rodrik, The Globalization Paradox (2011) Influenced by Dani Rodrik's research and teaching at Harvard's Kennedy School, Yeling Tan, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Oregon, and non-resident scholar at UCSD's 21st Century China Center, has written a book that brings together her interest and expertise in China's political economy: Disaggregrating China, Inc.: State Strategies in the Liberal Economic Order (Cornell University Press, 2021). As you will hear, Professor Tan is interested in the dynamics of international and domestic politics with a focus on the tensions involving policy change within political economies. The development and the role of institutions especially with regard to China, given its political structure and economic governance, has provided just such an intriguing case for Tan who has been immersed in PRC-related study since graduate school. The book frames the story of China's WTO entry and assesses its impact on the country's complex and sprawling structures of economic governance with the kind of inspiration that makes well-written and researched economic history as compelling as it is empirically rigorous. Professor Tan's analysis and argument fits within the interdisciplinary sphere most aptly described as political economy as she systematically ‘disaggregates' China's institutional response as a one-party state to the globalizing effects of WTO engagement. Her book draws upon a rich research literature including the post-Mao reform and opening period to frame her research questions before moving into her own theory, methods, and findings – a unique contribution to the field filling the lack of studies focused on external institutional influences on the political economy of China. As such, she moves us beyond the caricatured and monolithic simplifications underlying the bipartisan, ideologically driven interpretations reassessing the outcome of China's WTO entry and subsequent trade policy. To liberally paraphrase a key source of her intellectual inspiration, Rodrik's The Globalization Paradox: acknowledging the role of public institutions and the various value preferences of nations to help shape well-performing markets will lead you, as with Tan's story, to the start of an understanding of the relationship of markets and institutions with a radically different ending in the China context. Yeling Tan is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Oregon. Keith Krueger lectures at the SILC Business School in Shanghai University. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network

Once you understand that markets require public institutions of governance and regulation in order to function well, and further, you accept that nations may have different preferences over the shape that those institutions and regulations should take, you have started to tell a story that leads you to radically different endings. – Dani Rodrik, The Globalization Paradox (2011) Influenced by Dani Rodrik's research and teaching at Harvard's Kennedy School, Yeling Tan, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Oregon, and non-resident scholar at UCSD's 21st Century China Center, has written a book that brings together her interest and expertise in China's political economy: Disaggregrating China, Inc.: State Strategies in the Liberal Economic Order (Cornell University Press, 2021). As you will hear, Professor Tan is interested in the dynamics of international and domestic politics with a focus on the tensions involving policy change within political economies. The development and the role of institutions especially with regard to China, given its political structure and economic governance, has provided just such an intriguing case for Tan who has been immersed in PRC-related study since graduate school. The book frames the story of China's WTO entry and assesses its impact on the country's complex and sprawling structures of economic governance with the kind of inspiration that makes well-written and researched economic history as compelling as it is empirically rigorous. Professor Tan's analysis and argument fits within the interdisciplinary sphere most aptly described as political economy as she systematically ‘disaggregates' China's institutional response as a one-party state to the globalizing effects of WTO engagement. Her book draws upon a rich research literature including the post-Mao reform and opening period to frame her research questions before moving into her own theory, methods, and findings – a unique contribution to the field filling the lack of studies focused on external institutional influences on the political economy of China. As such, she moves us beyond the caricatured and monolithic simplifications underlying the bipartisan, ideologically driven interpretations reassessing the outcome of China's WTO entry and subsequent trade policy. To liberally paraphrase a key source of her intellectual inspiration, Rodrik's The Globalization Paradox: acknowledging the role of public institutions and the various value preferences of nations to help shape well-performing markets will lead you, as with Tan's story, to the start of an understanding of the relationship of markets and institutions with a radically different ending in the China context. Yeling Tan is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Oregon. Keith Krueger lectures at the SILC Business School in Shanghai University. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/political-science

Once you understand that markets require public institutions of governance and regulation in order to function well, and further, you accept that nations may have different preferences over the shape that those institutions and regulations should take, you have started to tell a story that leads you to radically different endings. – Dani Rodrik, The Globalization Paradox (2011) Influenced by Dani Rodrik's research and teaching at Harvard's Kennedy School, Yeling Tan, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Oregon, and non-resident scholar at UCSD's 21st Century China Center, has written a book that brings together her interest and expertise in China's political economy: Disaggregrating China, Inc.: State Strategies in the Liberal Economic Order (Cornell University Press, 2021). As you will hear, Professor Tan is interested in the dynamics of international and domestic politics with a focus on the tensions involving policy change within political economies. The development and the role of institutions especially with regard to China, given its political structure and economic governance, has provided just such an intriguing case for Tan who has been immersed in PRC-related study since graduate school. The book frames the story of China's WTO entry and assesses its impact on the country's complex and sprawling structures of economic governance with the kind of inspiration that makes well-written and researched economic history as compelling as it is empirically rigorous. Professor Tan's analysis and argument fits within the interdisciplinary sphere most aptly described as political economy as she systematically ‘disaggregates' China's institutional response as a one-party state to the globalizing effects of WTO engagement. Her book draws upon a rich research literature including the post-Mao reform and opening period to frame her research questions before moving into her own theory, methods, and findings – a unique contribution to the field filling the lack of studies focused on external institutional influences on the political economy of China. As such, she moves us beyond the caricatured and monolithic simplifications underlying the bipartisan, ideologically driven interpretations reassessing the outcome of China's WTO entry and subsequent trade policy. To liberally paraphrase a key source of her intellectual inspiration, Rodrik's The Globalization Paradox: acknowledging the role of public institutions and the various value preferences of nations to help shape well-performing markets will lead you, as with Tan's story, to the start of an understanding of the relationship of markets and institutions with a radically different ending in the China context. Yeling Tan is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Oregon. Keith Krueger lectures at the SILC Business School in Shanghai University. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/east-asian-studies

Once you understand that markets require public institutions of governance and regulation in order to function well, and further, you accept that nations may have different preferences over the shape that those institutions and regulations should take, you have started to tell a story that leads you to radically different endings. – Dani Rodrik, The Globalization Paradox (2011) Influenced by Dani Rodrik's research and teaching at Harvard's Kennedy School, Yeling Tan, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Oregon, and non-resident scholar at UCSD's 21st Century China Center, has written a book that brings together her interest and expertise in China's political economy: Disaggregrating China, Inc.: State Strategies in the Liberal Economic Order (Cornell University Press, 2021). As you will hear, Professor Tan is interested in the dynamics of international and domestic politics with a focus on the tensions involving policy change within political economies. The development and the role of institutions especially with regard to China, given its political structure and economic governance, has provided just such an intriguing case for Tan who has been immersed in PRC-related study since graduate school. The book frames the story of China's WTO entry and assesses its impact on the country's complex and sprawling structures of economic governance with the kind of inspiration that makes well-written and researched economic history as compelling as it is empirically rigorous. Professor Tan's analysis and argument fits within the interdisciplinary sphere most aptly described as political economy as she systematically ‘disaggregates' China's institutional response as a one-party state to the globalizing effects of WTO engagement. Her book draws upon a rich research literature including the post-Mao reform and opening period to frame her research questions before moving into her own theory, methods, and findings – a unique contribution to the field filling the lack of studies focused on external institutional influences on the political economy of China. As such, she moves us beyond the caricatured and monolithic simplifications underlying the bipartisan, ideologically driven interpretations reassessing the outcome of China's WTO entry and subsequent trade policy. To liberally paraphrase a key source of her intellectual inspiration, Rodrik's The Globalization Paradox: acknowledging the role of public institutions and the various value preferences of nations to help shape well-performing markets will lead you, as with Tan's story, to the start of an understanding of the relationship of markets and institutions with a radically different ending in the China context. Yeling Tan is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Oregon. Keith Krueger lectures at the SILC Business School in Shanghai University. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/world-affairs

Once you understand that markets require public institutions of governance and regulation in order to function well, and further, you accept that nations may have different preferences over the shape that those institutions and regulations should take, you have started to tell a story that leads you to radically different endings. – Dani Rodrik, The Globalization Paradox (2011) Influenced by Dani Rodrik's research and teaching at Harvard's Kennedy School, Yeling Tan, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Oregon, and non-resident scholar at UCSD's 21st Century China Center, has written a book that brings together her interest and expertise in China's political economy: Disaggregrating China, Inc.: State Strategies in the Liberal Economic Order (Cornell University Press, 2021). As you will hear, Professor Tan is interested in the dynamics of international and domestic politics with a focus on the tensions involving policy change within political economies. The development and the role of institutions especially with regard to China, given its political structure and economic governance, has provided just such an intriguing case for Tan who has been immersed in PRC-related study since graduate school. The book frames the story of China's WTO entry and assesses its impact on the country's complex and sprawling structures of economic governance with the kind of inspiration that makes well-written and researched economic history as compelling as it is empirically rigorous. Professor Tan's analysis and argument fits within the interdisciplinary sphere most aptly described as political economy as she systematically ‘disaggregates' China's institutional response as a one-party state to the globalizing effects of WTO engagement. Her book draws upon a rich research literature including the post-Mao reform and opening period to frame her research questions before moving into her own theory, methods, and findings – a unique contribution to the field filling the lack of studies focused on external institutional influences on the political economy of China. As such, she moves us beyond the caricatured and monolithic simplifications underlying the bipartisan, ideologically driven interpretations reassessing the outcome of China's WTO entry and subsequent trade policy. To liberally paraphrase a key source of her intellectual inspiration, Rodrik's The Globalization Paradox: acknowledging the role of public institutions and the various value preferences of nations to help shape well-performing markets will lead you, as with Tan's story, to the start of an understanding of the relationship of markets and institutions with a radically different ending in the China context. Yeling Tan is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Oregon. Keith Krueger lectures at the SILC Business School in Shanghai University. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/economics

Once you understand that markets require public institutions of governance and regulation in order to function well, and further, you accept that nations may have different preferences over the shape that those institutions and regulations should take, you have started to tell a story that leads you to radically different endings. – Dani Rodrik, The Globalization Paradox (2011) Influenced by Dani Rodrik's research and teaching at Harvard's Kennedy School, Yeling Tan, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Oregon, and non-resident scholar at UCSD's 21st Century China Center, has written a book that brings together her interest and expertise in China's political economy: Disaggregrating China, Inc.: State Strategies in the Liberal Economic Order (Cornell University Press, 2021). As you will hear, Professor Tan is interested in the dynamics of international and domestic politics with a focus on the tensions involving policy change within political economies. The development and the role of institutions especially with regard to China, given its political structure and economic governance, has provided just such an intriguing case for Tan who has been immersed in PRC-related study since graduate school. The book frames the story of China's WTO entry and assesses its impact on the country's complex and sprawling structures of economic governance with the kind of inspiration that makes well-written and researched economic history as compelling as it is empirically rigorous. Professor Tan's analysis and argument fits within the interdisciplinary sphere most aptly described as political economy as she systematically ‘disaggregates' China's institutional response as a one-party state to the globalizing effects of WTO engagement. Her book draws upon a rich research literature including the post-Mao reform and opening period to frame her research questions before moving into her own theory, methods, and findings – a unique contribution to the field focused on external institutional influences on the political economy of China.  As such, she moves us beyond the caricatured and monolithic simplifications underlying the bipartisan, ideologically driven interpretations reassessing the outcome of China's WTO entry and subsequent trade policy. To liberally paraphrase a key source of her intellectual inspiration, Rodrik's The Globalization Paradox: acknowledging the role of public institutions and the various value preferences of nations to help shape well-performing markets will lead you, as with Tan's story, to the start of an understanding of the relationship of markets and institutions with a radically different ending in the China context. Yeling Tan is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Oregon. Keith Krueger lectures at the SILC Business School in Shanghai University. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/chinese-studies

Bran and the Reeds exchange dreams after Bran accepts that Jojen really can dream of the future. None of the dreams portend good news for Bran and Winterfell. Meanwhile, the fracas between the Boltons and the Manderlys worsens and Lady Hornwood is killed. Mackelly and Simon discuss whether fate is immutable. Chapter Review: Maester Luwin has news of the King in the North's victory at Oxcross, but the Frey's uncle's demise. Brandon Stark should be happy, but Osha's warning that Robb is marching south when he should be marching north continues to unsettle him. The Walders seem far more comfortable with the bad news they received, bickering playfully over the complexities of the Frey succession. It dawns on Bran that this very much fulfills Jojen Reed's dream that the Frey's would be fed worse meat but seem to enjoy it more. Later, Jojen tells Bran that he is a warg. Someone able to enter the mind of an animal and control it. His dreams of Summer aren't dreams at all. Jojen reveals his other “green-dream” - the ones that he reckons are pure prophecy. The sea will come to Winterfell and drown the people within. He had the dream before he arrived but now he's able to name some of the people he saw drowned. Bran tries to warn these people but most aren't concerned, and the one who does listen (Alebelly) simply stops bathing. Ser Rodrik arrives back from the Hornwood lands. Quite the mess. Roose Bolton's bastard has coerced Lady Hornwood to marry him and name him as her heir. He's abused and murdered her. Ser Rodrik has killed the bastard, and captured his malodorous sidekick Reek who he intends to keep around to testify when Robb returns. In the meantime, houses Manderly and Bolton are fighting in the Hornwood lands and Rodrik doesn't have the men to put a stop to it. Characters/Places/Names/Events: Brandon (Bran) Stark -  Middle son of Eddard (Ned) and Catelyn (Cat) Stark. He was pushed from a tower by Jamie Lannister and lost the use of his legs. Maester Luwin - A maester in the service of house Stark at Winterfell.  Big Walder Frey - Grandson of Lord Walder Frey. Ward of Winterfell. Little Walder Frey - Grandson of Lord Walder Frey. Ward of Winterfell. Lady Donella Hornwood - Lost her son and husband in the Riverlands fighting for Robb. Forced to marry Roose Bolton's bastard and name him her heir. Killed by her new husband. Reek - Accomplice to Roose Bolton's bastard son. Captured by Rodrik Cassel and held at Winterfell. Bolton's Bastard - Illegitimate son of Roose Bolton. Husband of the unwilling Donella Hornwood. Killed by Ser Rodrik Cassel. Meera Reed - Sixteen-year-old daughter of Howland Reed. Jojen Reed - Thirteen-year-old son of Howland Reed. Check out our merchandise store:  https://ghostsofharrenhal.threadless.com/If you like what we're doing, please consider rating and reviewing us at Apple Podcasts, podchaser.com, and anywhere else you can leave a rate and review.We'd love to hear from you. Send us an email at ghosts.harrenhal@gmail.com. Also, follow us on Twitter @GhostsHarrenhal, Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube.Join the discussion on our Discord server! https://discord.com/invite/FTy7BExyBQAll Music credits to Ross Bugden:INSTAGRAM! : https://instagram.com/rossbugden/ (rossbugden) TWITTER! : https://twitter.com/RossBugden (@rossbugden) YOUTUBE! : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kthxycmF25M Support the show

In this episode of the Political Economists, Max and Jorrel explore Dani Rodrik's interesting Trilemma and how it relates to the Gold Standard. With cryptocurrency and the economy teetering in the balance, uncertainty in the world has become top of mind for most. Join the two political economists as they bring in another perspective on the ability of BTC and other cryptocurrencies to sustain as a store of value, and what does this mean for our future.

Welcome back all our fan's to HMP 4TH ANNIVERSARY Celebration

Welcome back all our fan's to HMP 4TH ANNIVERSARY Celebration

El 15 de noviembre de 2017, la Fundación Rafael del Pino acogió el acto de presentación del libro “La crisis existencial”, en el que participaron Joaquín Almunia, ex vicepresidente y ex comisario de Competencia y de Asuntos Económicos y Monetarios de la Comisión Europea; José Manuel García-Margallo, ex ministro de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperación, y los dos autores de la obra: César Molinas, socio fundador de Multa Paucis, y Fernando Ramírez, consultor de gestión estratégica y financiera. Joaquín Almunia recordó que, hace un año y dos meses, se hablaba de crisis existencial de la Unión Europea, ante la combinación de la crisis económica, el auge de los populismos, el Brexit, la victoria de Trump y la crisis de los refugiados, y los que lo hacían tenían razón. Hoy, sin embargo, la situación ha cambiado mucho. Entre medias ha tenido lugar la elección de Macron como presidente de Francia y ha cambiado el sentimiento hacia Europa; nadie se quiere ir y el apego al euro está en un porcentaje igual o superior al de 2004. Ahora bien, no todo es perfecto, ya que puede haber alguna tensión en relación al nuevo gobierno alemán. Lo que sí se percibe ahora es que la Unión Europea está más en el lado de las soluciones que en el de ser el problema. Por lo que se refiere a la unión monetaria, hay problemas de diseño, pero estos no impidieron que sus diez primeros años fueran estupendos, con un recorrido mucho mejor de lo esperado por los más optimistas. No obstante, la crisis ha puesto en evidencia sus carencias. El diseño de la unión monetaria reflejaba voluntad política, pero faltaba la convergencia económica. Aquello fue como empezar la casa por el tejado porque no se tomaron las medidas necesarias para que convergiesen las economías. También hubo fallos de política económica, pero eso son fallos de los gobiernos, no de la unión monetaria. Hoy tenemos más crecimiento que Estados Unidos, por encima de nuestro potencial, el desempleo se reduce desde 2012 y ya está en niveles más bajos que antes de la crisis de Lehman Brothers, los tipos de interés están bajos y hay decisiones importantes que se han tomado durante la crisis, como la creación de la Unión Bancaria, que tienen que completarse para evitar la relación riesgo bancario-riesgo soberano. Ahora hay que reformar las reglas fiscales, en el sentido de flexibilizarlas y de hacerlo con más juicio político. También es preciso tener un ministro europeo de Finanzas. Por su parte, José Manuel García-Margallo, señaló que vamos hacia los Estados Unidos de Europa, hacia la unión política, y recordó que la idea de Europa se asienta en tres pilares: Grecia, con la importancia que da al individuo; Roma, con la idea de justicia, y la civilización judeo-cristiana, con la idea de solidaridad. Hay razones sociológicas que explican el desapego hacia la Unión Europea: los perdedores de la globalización, la desigualdad de la renta, la crisis de los refugiados, la crisis de los inmigrantes, la crisis económica y el déficit democrático. Una de las soluciones podría ser involucrar más a los parlamentos nacionales en la gestión de la UE, pero eso puede ir en contra de la verdadera solución, que es un federalismo clásico. La gran pregunta hoy en día es qué nos aporta Europa. La salida tiene costes altísimos. Pero la verdadera respuesta la aporta el trilema de Rodrik, que dice que no se puede tener simultáneamente globalización, estados y democracia. De estas tres cosas, solo se pueden tener dos. China ha optado por globalización y estado, renunciando a la democracia. Estados Unidos se está decantando por Estado y democracia, renunciando a participar en el Tratado de Libre Comercio del Pacífico y negándose a ratificar el Tratado de Libre Comercio con la UE. La Unión Europea, en cambio, opta por la tercera solución, que es tener menos estado para mantener la globalización y la democracia. De cara al futuro, el objetivo es la unión política. Lo primero es resolver el problema de las fronteras, lo que implica que no haya más ampliaciones porque se han hecho mal, especialmente la ampliación a los países del Este, que entraron con un propósito distinto a la integración. Para lo que están en Europa es para afirmar y reafirmar su soberanía nacional. La segunda cuestión es cómo construimos Europa. Hay que ir a una Europa de círculos concéntricos diferentes. El primero sería la unión monetaria europea; el segundo, una unión federal, y el tercero, uno para resolver los problemas con el Reino Unido, Turquía y Rusia. El problema, en este sentido, es Alemania, por lo que llaman el riesgo moral, pero esto se soluciona cediendo más competencias para hacerlo imposible. Para Fernando Ramírez, lo verdaderamente importante es qué nos preocupa a los ciudadanos en Europa y por qué. Un estado es legítimo si nos provee de protección social y de seguridad en todo lo que atañe a nuestra vida cotidiana. El sentimiento de que no se va a poder mantener en el futuro es lo que da auge a los populismos. Los temas económicos tienen que venir a resolver esta cuestión. El problema es cómo financiar el Estado del Bienestar, porque Europa envejece y se reduce su población, con lo que hay un problema de masa crítica. Por ello, necesitamos mejorar la productividad. Otro problema es cómo nos va a coger la siguiente crisis. El Estado del Bienestar ha repercutido en la salida de la crisis, dependiendo de la capacidad presupuestaria de los países cuando hubo que gastar. Los que tenían margen han ido bien y los que no, han sufrido. Por eso es importante recuperar margen presupuestario. Por último, César Molina afirmó que ha llegado la hora de la política. Por primera vez en mucho tiempo hay una iniciativa política francesa, y cuando hay iniciativas francesas, Europa avanza. Además, tenemos a una Alemania dispuesta a sentarse a hablar y a empujar el carro. Ahora bien, tenemos un problema de coordinación muy serio. Se avanza en la dirección correcta, como el fondo para la industria militar o el acuerdo para articular una capacidad nuclear europea táctica. Pero hay que ceder más soberanía para tratar los temas relacionados con la inmigración, el terrorismo y la ciberseguridad: hace falta una especie de FBI europeo. Y hay que fomentar la convergencia económica y en productividad de los estados miembros.

Incroyable, qui aurait pensé que ce podcast durerait aussi longtemps ! Avec ce quatrième podcast, on dépasse désormais les quatre heures de témoignages de ceux qui font l'Amiga et qui font de l'Amiga aujourd'hui ! Dans ce quatrième volume, vous pourrez écouter BeWorld (développeur/porteur fou ^^), Halifax (le Youtubeur qui joue du fer à souder comme BatteMan joue à Pong), Sylvain (un utilisateur toujours là), sseb22 (un gamer qui ne cache pas sa passion pour l'Amiga), AmigaKid (le Youtubeur au grand coeur), Rodrik (un autre Youtubeur qui possède un panel de machines incroyables). Et pour la musique de fin, c'est Mahen (le jumeau maléfique de BatteMan) qui s'y colle de la plus belle des manières avec "Je vois en 320". Une fois encore, nous remercions tous les participants de cet épisode, mais aussi des précédents et du prochain qui sera le dernier, cette fois-ci c'est sûr (sauf coup de Trafalgar).Alors, si vous voulez être de ce dernier podcast 100, pensez à envoyer votre fichier audio à BatteMan ! Bonne écoute à tous et n'oubliez pas, que l'Amiga soit avec vous ! PS : Pensez à laisser un petit mot aux participants. Liste des participants : BeWorldSite internet : http://www.morphos-storage.net/?all=1&dev=Bruno+PeloilleMusique : Monkey Island : https://youtube.com/watch?v=i3dB0qEcG20 HalifaxSite internet : https://youtube.com/c/halifaxamigaMusique : ? SylvainMusique : Shadow of the Beast 3 - Caves of Bidhur : https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=PBH7OZpEnNs sseb22Site internet : https://www.gameblog.fr/blogs/sseb22/Ma carrière de joueur (PDF à télécharger) : https://sseb22.freeboxos.fr:14053/share/tTfD4unm6B-63dW6/Ma%20carri%C3%A8re%20de%20joueur.pdfMusique : Flashback : https://youtube.com/watch?v=cLC-zIFdN04 (mais pas que) AmigaKidSite internet : https://youtube.com/user/AmiMag001Musique : Fightin Spirit : https://youtube.com/watch?v=mBws-846NYI RodrikSite internet : https://youtube.com/channel/UCOBljgl5tFnEH0nR4bKA_UgMusique : Drop the Panic par H0ffman : https://youtube.com/watch?v=3nCTnXV_ezg MahenMusique : "Je vois en 320", textes et chants par Mahen, musique de "Jim Power - Level 1" jouée au piano par Mahen Paroles de "Je vois en 320" (les chiffres représentent le nombre de syllabes pour coller sur la mélodie) : P1. INTRO PARLEE346Salut c'est Mahen20 piges que j'traîne ma carcasse dans c'radeY paraît qu'le vieux SteaG, aux confins de la folie,a r'filé les clef en pensant qu'tout allait péter...Oh oui y'a eu du grabuge. D'ailleurs, croyez moi, sil'Amiga vous pas encore pris, fuyez pauvres fous ! En 93, point de basculement (9)Plus rien n'semblait important (7)Entré dans ma vie par effraction (9)Supplanta toutes mes passions (7) P2. (partie speed)Les bouquins plus le temps (6)Dessiner plus le temps (6)Faire du sport plus le temps (6)Voir les copains d'accord (6)Mais pour jou-er (4) Bricoler plus le temps (6)Le théâtre plus le temps (6)L'écriture plus le temps (6)La création d'accord (6)Sur CRT (4) Mes velléités se fracassèrent (9)Mon Basic prit la poussière (7)Alors que les jeux s'amoncelèrent (9)Priapisme ludique sévère (7) Ah ! Disposable Hero ça troue sévèrement l'anneau (16)Quant à Shadow Fighter on a toujours pas trouvé mieux à cette heure (17) (9) Ce hobby s'transforma en combat(7) On ne sait pour qui pour quoi(9) Essentialisant contraintes techniques(7) Passion mua en tactique P3. (phase dramatique)(5) Les rouges contre les bleus(13) Je ronge mon frein si tout redevenait harmonieux(5) Bleus contre les rouges(13) J'ferme les yeux j'les saigne j'les vide la tête dans une auge (P4)Je respire - tout va bien - l'Amiga d'origine - nous sauv'ra - de nous-mêmenous habite - nous unit (3*8)F-P-G-A (4) Le conservatisme de l'Amiga (9)Résoudra-t-il la crise du climat (9)Ainsi est résolue (5)Dissonance vaincue (5) Mon esprit - et mon corps - exhibent - les stigmates (34)Je vois en 320 - Ma mémoire est trashée (34)L'homme sous-gmenté (4) Un monde parallèle - Le temps en suspension - Des amitiés fidèles - En commun une passion (3*8) Acclamons Dieu SteaG (5)

This episode's guests is Tony Curzon Price, strategic advisor at the UK's Cabinet Office, and an advisory board member of ours, with a polemic of tech-positive and tech-negative perspectives discussing the future of work, can we highlight more tangible explanations for geopolitical as well as social activity other than values and identity, Using technology as a tool, not a machine and what are the limits to social understanding and society's self-understanding?What is the relationship between the technological disruption that we're going through and the strange politics that we've been through in the past 10 years - is there a link? How big a fix does the system need to have all the benefits of machines?What is the evidence that we're heading to big technological unemployment?Technology as a tool or machine? Empowering or replacing?Amazon's first  non-US store without checkout, linking your face and behaviour to your amazon accountBullshit jobs - at least in the checkout jobs you know your purpose, in the bullshit jobs, you're pushing paper around and you have absolutely no idea how this is adding to anyone's welfare How to improve the adaptability of society in the rise of technology?The history of monopoliesSimplifying the spirit of the age - what do we share globally and what do geopolitical events mean?Rodrik said that the rise and current power of right-wing populism has economic roots and that the conflict over identity and values is more of an alignment than the foundation - do you think a problem across the board of discussion is overly focusing on identity and values and not going deep enough into more tangible reasons (like economics), despite the latter being more discernible?Is identity a luxury good and are we enjoying more and more of it?Using technology as a tool, not a machineWhat are the limits to social understanding and society's self-understanding?“Laissez-faire economists-types think they won the argument intellectually in the 1930s with Hayek and Lange and they won it actually with the fall of the soviet system and they think that that's just done. I think that the data and technology revolution brings the calculation debate into question, that it was a contingent win, you couldn't plan and organise things that were very complicated with the means at your disposal then. Now we have enormous means.This podcast is hosted by the Global Arena Research Institute (GARI). GARI is an independent, non-partisan research organisation that combines the most advanced methods of AI-driven data, scientific and other artificial reasoning capabilities, elevating data science into completely new levels of opportunity. Our goal is to provide unprecedented insights into the nature, impact, and management of globalization in order to improve institutional and governmental as well as business, energy and other sectors' decision making. Our mission is to make the most of organically connecting AI-level reasoning capacities with the human-level critical reasoning capacities for the sake of a better future.

Josh and Hugo discuss the theory of Rodrik's Trilemma, which stipulates that between globalization, democracy, and national sovereignty, one can only choose any two of those and has to forgo the third. Exclusive video/written content for as little as £5 a month: https://www.lotuseaters.com/register Subscribe to our other channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnw5I-wliudW8YO1vr5O4IQ YouTube - Podcast: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7edjYPNhTm5LYJMT7UMt0Q YouTube - Other videos: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnw5I-wliudW8YO1vr5O4IQ BitChute: https://www.bitchute.com/channel/lotuseaters_com/ Odysee - Podcasts: https://odysee.com/@lotuseaters_com:1 Odysee - Other Videos: https://odysee.com/@lotuseatermedia:9 Rumble: https://rumble.com/c/c-340087 Audio: Sound Cloud: https://soundcloud.com/lotuseaters_com Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/3bXokLwz40Wt5iQjDClghI Google Podcasts: https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5zb3VuZGNsb3VkLmNvbS91c2Vycy9zb3VuZGNsb3VkOnVzZXJzOjg5NjIxMzU3NS9zb3VuZHMucnNz?sa=X&ved=0CAIQ9sEGahcKEwjIxrePtdDtAhUAAAAAHQAAAAAQFA Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/podcast-of-the-lotus-eaters/id1544753433 Live: Lotuseaters.com: https://www.lotuseaters.com/category/podcast DLive: https://dlive.tv/lotuseaters_com Twitch: https://www.twitch.tv/lotuseaters_com Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/lotuseatersdotcom VK: https://vk.com/lotuseaters_com Other socials: Parler: https://parler.com/profile/lotuseatersdotcom/posts Twitter: https://twitter.com/lotuseaters_com Gab: https://gab.com/lotuseaters_com Minds: https://www.minds.com/lotuseaters_com/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/lotuseatersdotcom VK: https://vk.com/lotuseaters_com Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lotuseaters_com/ Ruqqus: https://ruqqus.com/+lotuseaters_com Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/Lotuseaters_com ___________________________________________________________

This newsletter is really a public policy thought-letter. While excellent newsletters on specific themes within public policy already exist, this thought-letter is about frameworks, mental models, and key ideas that will hopefully help you think about any public policy problem in imaginative ways. It seeks to answer just one question: how do I think about a particular public policy problem/solution?Welcome to the mid-week edition in which we write essays on a public policy theme. The usual public policy review comes out on weekends.PS: If you enjoy listening instead of reading, we have this edition available as an audio narration courtesy the good folks at Ad-Auris. If you have any feedback, please send it to us. Listen in podcast app- RSJThere’s that old joke about outrunning the bear: Two campers are walking through a forest when they see a bear about a hundred feet away. The first camper digs into his backpack, pulls his running shoes out and starts changing into them. The other camper is puzzled – “Let’s run. Why are you wasting time changing shoes? You can’t outrun the bear.” “I don’t need to, the first camper replies. “I just need to outrun you.”   Atmanirbhar Is Everywhere In corporate India these days, you don’t even need to outrun the competition. You just need to out-atmanirbhar them.  It is difficult to find a single interview of any business leader these days without a reference to Atmanirbhar Bharat. Every company is working to be atmanirbhar including those whose business model is founded on free international trade (Exhibit A:  Xiaomi ‘more Indian’ smartphone brand than any other). Opportunism is an addiction. You can’t resist it even when you know it will harm you. Of course, going against the grain of atmanirbhar has its own challenges. Ask Toyota. Yet, it is one thing to contort yourself and position all your initiatives as atmanirbhar; it is quite another to use it to settle corporate scores or block competitors from entering your market. We have seen this film before. The traditional business houses pre-1991 weren’t agitating for open markets, low tariff regime and fewer government restrictions in business. Instead most used these to their advantage, kept upstarts out and extend their market dominance. The price in the form of low-quality products, shortages and black markets were borne by the ordinary customers. This mad race for aatmanirbharta again illustrates why we argue for pro-market policies, not pro-business ones. Pandering to the aatmanirbharta slogan is a way for some businesses to get an unfair advantage over others. Pro-market policies, by contrast, are concerned with government actions to increase competition and to plug market failures. Therefore, it is no surprise the entrenched firms of today are batting for an atmanirbhar regime. There’s a strange race on to ‘out-atmannirbhar’ the competition. So, a Chinese phone company claims its more local than Indian companies (65 per cent of components sourced locally) and starts putting a ‘made in India’ logo on its phone. Its business head for India takes a swipe at competition saying “non-Chinese foreign rivals including one US company imports all of their phones from China and local Indian brands only relabel and sell in India.” The problem with not standing up to a principle (like free trade) while aligning yourself with the flavour of the season isn’t too hard to comprehend. There will soon be another brand that will claim 100 per cent local sourcing to claim greater ‘Indian-ness’ regardless of what it means to cost and quality for the customers. Or, the opportunism will come back and bite you in the back like this Chinese company found out when the government banned two of its popular apps that were provided as value-added services with their phones. You also have the bizarre case where the founder of a payment app company with significant Chinese investment in it claiming – “It’s Google-nirbhar bharat not Atmanirbhar Bharat” – when Google temporarily suspended the app owing to violations of its gambling policy. Not to be left behind a competitor payment app ran an advertising campaign positioning itself as a truly Indian app in contrast to the foreign apps. Like that should make a difference to the customers. And now you have the Indian start-up founders coming together to create a BharatApp store to achieve Google-mukt India. It Is What You Make Of ItThree points to consider here. First, it is good to create an alternative when you aren’t happy with the incumbent. That’s the right way to go about this so long as the competition is on the basis of product features like price and quality and not on the provenance of the product. Second, the complaint about Google Play Store using its dominant position to dictate terms with app makers is as valid as many of these start-ups doing the same with their suppliers or ‘partners’. Lastly, any idea that such an app store should be partly governed by the government or a regulator is terrible and should be nipped in the bud. That’s replacing an almost monopoly by a real monopoly.     The government has been vague in its definition of atmanirbhar. But everyone has picked up the subtext. Businesses, both PSUs and private firms, are reducing their dependence on China, claiming increase in local sourcing, and declaring intention to manufacture locally to support the initiative. That the Gross Fixed Capital (GFC) formation in India has remained range bound, and companies and promoters are investing more outside of India for much of past 5 years don’t seem to get in way of these claims. Nobody will anyway check for them in future. The import tariffs have been increased on a range of items in every budget over the past 3 years. The charitable view is we are dealing with international trade partners on our terms now. Maybe. The message going out is we are turning protectionist as we find growth hard to come. Rodrik’s Trilemma There are two questions we have here:1.       What if there were no pandemic and no skirmishes with China at the border. Would we have still jumped onto the atmanirbhar bandwagon? Dani Rodrik in his book The Globalisation Paradox (2011) framed the trilemma confronting a country in the global economy:“In particular, you begin to understand what I will call the fundamental political trilemma of the world economy: we cannot simultaneously pursue democracy, national determination, and economic globalization (emphasis ours). If we want to push globalization further, we have to give up either the nation state or democratic politics. If we want to maintain and deepen democracy, we have to choose between the nation state and international economic integration. And if we want to keep the nation state and self-determination, we have to choose between deepening democracy and deepening globalization. Our troubles have their roots in our reluctance to face up to these ineluctable choices.”   In the few years leading up to pandemic, it was clear India was making the choice of nation state and self-determination along with democratic accountability. Following Rodrik’s trilemma, it would follow we would have to let go of deep economic globalisation. The slowdown in growth because of a weak banking system and the double blow of monetisation and GST was beginning to impact lives and livelihoods. The inability to effect second generation structural reforms meant there were no real solutions at hand to solve for these. Therefore, the turn to atmanirbhar would have happened. The pandemic and the border stand-off with China made it easy to turn it into a rallying cry.  2.       Would this protectionist turn by India invite negative repercussions from our trading partners?I don’t think so. Globalisation has been on wane since the global financial crisis (GFC). Between 1981-2007, the income elasticity of global trade, measured as the ratio of the average growth rate of imports of goods and services to average global GDP growth, was 1.8. That is, for every 1 per cent of GDP growth in the world, global trade grew by 1.8 per cent. In the last decade this has fallen below 1. There has been populist backlash about the spoils of globalisation accumulating to only a few in most developed nations of the world. The pandemic, its impact on the economies around the world, the concentration risks of global supply chains and the boorish behaviour of China have reinforced the risks of globalisation across continents. Rodrik had made his choice clear about the trilemma in his book:“So we have to make some choices. Let me be clear about mine: democracy and national determination should trump hyper-globalization. Democracies have the right to protect their social arrangements, and when this right clashes with the requirements of the global economy, it is the latter that should give way. You might think that this principle would be the end of globalization. Not so. “…A thin layer of international rules that leaves substantial room for manoeuvre by national governments is a better globalization. It can address globalization’s ills while preserving its substantial economic benefits. We need smart globalization, not maximum globalization.”(Un)Smart Globalisation = No GlobalisationPost pandemic, it is likely this might be the prevailing consensus about globalisation. While India’s quest for being atmanirbhar has other reasons, it will escape censure because others might be sailing in the same boat. That doesn’t take away from a point we have made in the past editions. Smart globalisation sounds like a great idea but there’s no real definition for it. It devolves in to not-so-smart protectionism eventually.HomeWorkReading and listening recommendations on public policy matters[Podcast] Dani Rodrik on Neoliberalism and limits of globalisation on Econtalk podcast with Russ Roberts. Get on the email list at publicpolicy.substack.com

Este webinar teve a participação de Arminio Fraga, que dispensa apresentações, e Dani Rodrik. Rodrik, economista de origem turca radicado nos Estados Unidos, onde dá aulas na Universidade de Harvard, é um dos intelectuais públicos mais influentes em sua área de atuação profissional, autor de livros indispensáveis sobre globalização, desenvolvimento e democracia, como "The Globalization Paradox: Democracy and the Future of the World Economy". (W.W. Norton & Company, 2011).

Your favorite full spoiler reread podcast of George R.R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series, Brotherhood Without Manners is back with another chapter from Clash of Kings. This time we are reading Theon 6, his final chapter in the second book! Theon has his breakfast interrupted by Maester Luwin informing him that Rodrik and his forces have arrived. Gathering his forces in the yard, Theon sizes up his garrison to see what chance they stand. Rodrik parlays with Theon Turncloak with some of the most badass banter we have seen. Theon believes he is saved as Reek, now revealed as Ramsay, has handled Ser Rodrik. Until Ramsay turns on Theon as well.   As always we give our chapter inductees and read some listener write ins.   https://www.podcastawards.com/app/signup/ https://blacklivesmatters.carrd.co/#donate   Leave us a review!   Small Council break start - 24:17 Small Council break end - 26:40   All Music credits to Ross Bugden INSTAGRAM! : https://instagram.com/rossbugden/ (rossbugden) TWITTER! : https://twitter.com/RossBugden (@rossbugden) YOUTUBE! : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kthxycmF25M   Intro Song - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kthxycmF25M&list=PLoM4PBVG7m75ry-RP5wdZWhSHWVkXFLcz&index=2&t=0s Transition Song - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BnzKZw4lquQ

Pour ce dernier podcast (de la saison ? de manière définitive ?), BatteMan revient sur les actualités qui l'ont marqué.Un podcast fait un peu plus en live que d'habitude, moins préparé mais sans doute plus naturel, pour un baroud en l'honneur des 35 ans de la présentation de l'Amiga au Convention Center de New-York (eh oui, c'était le 23 juillet 1985 !). La jaquette de ce podcast est le magnifique graph' de fin de The Defender of the Crown par monsieur Jim Sachs, de circonstance n'est-il pas ? Enfin, la musique qui viendra conclure ce podcast n'est autre que le thème de International Karate + interprété par l'excellent Banjo Guy Ollie. Bonne écoute à tous !Que l'Amiga soit avec vous, et n'oubliez pas, sortez couvert de la bouche et du nez ! Liste exhaustive des liens evoqués dans l'épisode : Intro : Présentation de l'A1000 au Lincoln Center le 23 juillet 1985 : http://obligement.free.fr/articles/presentation_amiga_lincolncenter.php & https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=hNkozmYC7AA Logiciels : YouTube et OWB MOS : https://morph.zone/downloads/YouTube_Fullscreen_Fix.zip YouTube et OWB OS4 : https://www.amigans.net/modules/xforum/viewtopic.php?forum=3&topic_id=8257 Wayfarer (MOS) : https://morph.zone/modules/newbb_plus/viewtopic.php?topic_id=12823&forum=9&start=150 SimpleTransfer (OS4) : http://www.os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=network/server/misc/simpletransfer.lha Marcus "ALB42" Sackrow jette l'éponge... : https://blog.alb42.de/2020/06/06/open-source/ & http://www.amiga-news.de/en/news/AN-2020-06-00041-EN.html Jeux : Amigo The Fox (Scorpion Engine) : https://www.amigafrance.com/forums/topic/jeux-en-developpement/page/12/#post-91213 Unreleased par Titan : http://amigamuseum.emu-france.info/unreleased.htm Amiga Games That Weren't : https://www.gamesthatwerent.com/categories/amiga/ Matériels : La chaîne de Rodrik : https://m.youtube.com/channel/UCOBljgl5tFnEH0nR4bKA_Ug Fil de discussion "Quel FPGA choisir ?" : https://www.amigaimpact.org/forums/topic/quel-fpga-choisir-2/ Une CD32 Wifïsée par Thairacer ! : https://www.amigafrance.com/forums/topic/le-wifi-sur-votre-cd32-tuto-100-reussite-ou-rembousement/ UnAmiga par Eduardo Luis Arana : https://www.arananet.net/pedidos/product/unamiga-a500-header-compatible-with-a500-and-checkmate-1500-cases-pre-order/ ReAgnus par Stephen Leary : https://www.exxoshost.co.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?t=2828 Emulation : WinUAE 4.4.0 : http://www.winuae.net/2020/07/02/winuae-4-4-0/ Coup d'oeil dans le rétro : Amiga News n°27 : Edito + page 53 Divers : Création d'Amiga Corporation : http://www.amiga-news.de/en/news/AN-2020-07-00032-EN.html Rahow présente la demoscene en deux vidéos (1ères vidéos d'une série dédiée) : https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=xuRKm0jcC5Q & https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=LsD4yPyviQk Making of d'Another World : https://m.youtube.com/watch?feature=youtu.be&v=J0gv2bV9ok4 Retroscope 001 par AmimagTV (spécial DP) : https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=ERs-1xt8r3g Battle Squadron version jeu de plateau : https://www.facebook.com/groups/1741074389345839/permalink/2926990530754213/ Live MO5 pour les 35 ans de l'Amiga (2h22) : https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=RTIUYp3IVRU Yves Grolet (Agony) nous donne tout : https://mag.mo5.com/actu/182695/notre-membre-dhonneur-yves-grolet-livre-toutes-ses-archives-amiga/ Idem avec les HD d'un A1200 et d'un A4000 de Team17 par Perifratic : https://www.amigaimpact.org/forums/topic/les-hdds-de-lamiga-4000-de-team17/ Entretien avec Exterminator du groupe Delight : http://www.insertdisk2.com/article/interview-guillaume-aka-exterminator-du-groupe-delight Livre "Demoscene: The Amiga Years" : https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/demoscene-the-amiga-years Annuaire Amiga & MorphOS Francophone : http://annuaire-amiga.org Conclusion : Fiction Interactive : http://www.fiction-interactive.fr Frotz : http://aminet.net/search?query=frotz AmigaZip (KS 1.3) : http://mirror.ifarchive.org/if-archive/infocom/interpreters/zip/AmigaZIP_V8.lha Musique de fin : La musique de IK+ reprise par l'excellent Banjo Guy Ollie : https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Obxab7TW5sw

Episode 11 : Catelyn V (AGOT chapter 28)   This week Court and Mike are back with Cat as she makes her way back North, passing though her hometown of The Riverlands on the way. She and Rodrik take up brief shelter at the Inn at the Crossroads for a night, and while she does find the joy and merriment she recalls from her visits as a child, she finds some trouble too...   Show Notes: As discussed at the end of this weeks show, here is a link for additional information and ways to help keep the fight alive | https://blacklivesmatters.carrd.co/

SUBSCRIBE to Capricho Podcast: Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/es/podcast/capricho-podcast/id1506874489 Tracklist: 01. Nando Fortunato - Rio Grande [Infinity Records] 02. Freddie Frampton - Miss Mouse [Knee Deep In Sound] 03. Ian Ludvig - Everyday (Original Mix) [Go Deeva] 04. Armen Miran - Another Green Mile (Original Mix) [Soundgarden] 05. Dennis Cruz, Los Suruba - Uhuru (Original Mix) [Crosstown Rebels] 06. Rodrik - 1993 (Original Mix) [Free Download] 07. Pablo Fierro Mr Raoul K - Ancestral (feat. B'utiza) (Original Mix) [Compost] 08. Pet Shop Boys -Numb (Shamans Edit) [Free Download] 09. DAVI - Lie Machine (Original Mix) [Crosstown Rebels] 10. Mr Raoul K, Manoo feat. Ahmed Sosso - Bara (Pablo Fierro Remix) [Compost] 11. Mark Knight & Funkagenda - The Man With The Red Face (Yeadon Private Edit) [Free Download] 12. Dele Sosimi Afrobeat Orchestra - Too Much Information (Laolu Remix Edit) [Innervisions] More info: www.davemarti.com

Episode 8 : Catelyn IV (AGOT chapter 18)   This week Court and Mike sail with Lady Catelyn as she makes her way to King's Landing. Hoping to make their presence unknown in their quest for answers, she and Rodrik soon discover that trouble may be lurking closer than they'd originally thought. As Rodrik seeks help from the royal master-at-arms, Cat soon finds herself alone, unaware that she has already been spotted by an old acquaintance.

Your favorite full spoiler reread podcast of George R.R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series, Brotherhood Without Manners is back with the another chapter from Clash of Kings. This time we are reading Bran 5! Bran is summoned to join Maester Luwin as a letter has arrived from the king. The contents in the letter seem to line up with the green dream Jojen had described to him. Bran is told the dream of Winterfell's demise at the hands of Theon Greyjoy, even if he does not realize that part yet. Rodrik returns to Winterfell having lost Lady Hornwood, and unknowingly capturing Ramsay Snow. As always we give our chapter inductees and read some listener write ins.     Small Council break start - 25:48 Small Council break end - 28:54   All Music credits to Ross Bugden INSTAGRAM! : https://instagram.com/rossbugden/ (rossbugden) TWITTER! : https://twitter.com/RossBugden (@rossbugden) YOUTUBE! : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kthxycmF25M   Intro Song - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kthxycmF25M&list=PLoM4PBVG7m75ry-RP5wdZWhSHWVkXFLcz&index=2&t=0s Transition Song - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BnzKZw4lquQ

Dani Rodrik of Harvard University talks about neoliberalism with EconTalk host Russ Roberts. Rodrik argues that a dogmatic embrace of markets has increased inequality and limited who benefits from economic growth. He argues for a more interventionist approach to the economy with the goal of better-paying jobs and more widely shared prosperity.

How will Rodrik keep Ironrath together? Can Asher raise an army?   Game: Game of Thrones Release Year: 2014 Developer: Telltale Games Platforms: Android, iOS, Microsoft Windows, OS X, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360, Xbox One     Contact information: www.TheGreatestStoryEverPlayed.com www.Patreon.com/TheGreatestStoryEverPlayed TheGreatestStoryEverPlayed@gmail.com @StoryEverPod   Intro: Money for Lugging by New Waver Outro: End Credits by Visager  

ROWDY RODRIK CASSEL Faction: House Stark Commander: Rodrik Cassel – Master–at–Arms Points: 40 (17 Neutral) Combat Units: • Bolton Cutthroats (5) • Bolton Cutthroats (5) • Stark Bowmen (6) with Crannogman Warden (1) • House Umber Greataxes (7) with Rodrik Cassel – Master–at–Arms (0) • The Bastard's Girls (7) with Crannogman Warden (1) Non-Combat Units: • Catelyn Stark – Lady of Winterfell (4) • Eddard Stark – Warden of the North (4) Made with ASOIAFBuilder.com

In the season finale, after the Battle of the Road in Hag’s Mire, Harald has reunited with Dagon and Rodrik. But the three deserters find themselves once again surrounded by knights and soldiers loyal to the King in the North. We return to the trio as they formulate an escape to Seagard and freedom across the sea.Harald Snow is played by Dylan Belgard. Rodrik is played by Micah Hong. Dagon is played by Jacob A. The narrator is Will Kalinin. Cover art is by Faby Rodriguez. The RPG system used is Green Ronin's A Song of Ice and Fire Roleplaying.

In the previous episode Dagon and Rodrik surprised and attacked two parties locked in deadly combat. This time we find Harald Snow still helping the Silent Sisters, and ready to seek an opportunity to pursue a path of intrigue, peace and healing instead of death and pillaging.Harald Snow is played by Dylan Belgard. Rodrik is played by Micah Hong. Dagon is played by Jacob A. The narrator is Will Kalinin. Cover art is by Faby Rodriguez. The RPG system used is Green Ronin's A Song of Ice and Fire Roleplaying.

Leaving Harald Snow behind with the Silent Sisters, Dagon and Rodrik have spied two groups of warriors preparing for violent battle. As combat draws near, Rodrik and Dagon devise a cunning plan to turn the tables and ambush the ambushers. But as they plot, a savage danger lurks beneath the stagnant waters of the Hag’s Mire.Harald Snow is played by Dylan Belgard. Rodrik is played by Micah Hong. Dagon is played by Jacob A. The narrator is Will Kalinin. Cover art is by Faby Rodriguez. The RPG system used is Green Ronin's A Song of Ice and Fire Roleplaying.

We return to animal-loving Harald, cynical Rodrik and curious Dagon as they travel toward the village of Sevenstreams with a trio of the Silent Sisters, septas of the Faith of the Seven who are sworn to care for the dead. Amid the chaos of the War of the Five Kings, these three deserters hope to make it to Seagard to escape the violence in the Riverlands, but they are not the only armed killers on the raised roads of the Hag’s Mire.Harald Snow is played by Dylan Belgard. Rodrik is played by Micah Hong. Dagon is played by Jacob A. The narrator is Will Kalinin. Cover art is by Faby Rodriguez. The RPG system used is Green Ronin's A Song of Ice and Fire Roleplaying.

We return to our party of deserters as they slip through the wilderness of the Riverlands, avoiding people and any signs of habitation for fear they will be identified as cravens for fleeing the Battle of the Green Fork. The archery skills of the Ironborn Dagon, the hardfought experience of sellsword Rodrik, and the strange warging abilities of Harald have kept them alive so far, but a silent trio will soon put them on a new course.Harald Snow is played by Dylan Belgard. Rodrik is played by Micah Hong. Dagon is played by Jacob A. The narrator is Will Kalinin. Cover art is by Faby Rodriguez. The RPG system used is Green Ronin's A Song of Ice and Fire Roleplaying.

We return to our party of desperate deserters after they have fled the site of a deadly battle against a murderous band of mercenaries. Fearing they will be tracked by the Lannister army, they have ridden long into the night into a deep and trackless forest. As they settle down to rest, danger lurks beyond the trees ...Harald Snow is played by Dylan Belgard. Rodrik is played by Micah Hong. Dagon is played by Jacob A. The narrator is Will Kalinin. Cover art is by Faby Rodriguez. The RPG system used is Green Ronin's A Song of Ice and Fire Roleplaying.

We return to our party just after a desperate battle against a rapacious mob of Brave Companions. But, through the daring trickery of Rodrik, the flying knives of Dagon and the strange animal-taming abilities of Harald, they have won the day and stand next to the burning sept on a field strewn with their dead enemies. But two scouts will return at any moment ... Harald Snow is played by Dylan Belgard. Rodrik is played by Micah Hong. Dagon is played by Jacob A. The narrator is Will Kalinin. Cover art is by Faby Rodriguez. The RPG system used is Green Ronin's A Song of Ice and Fire Roleplaying.

After a deadly encounter with a pair of villainous sellswords from the Brave Companions, our deserters must decide if they will continue to flee or avenge the slain septa. Listen to find out the path Dagon, Rodrik and Harald will choose as they fight to survive amid the War of the Five Kings in Westeros.Harald Snow is played by Dylan Belgard.  Rodrik is played by Micah Hong. Dagon is played by Jacob A. The narrator is Will Kalinin. Cover art is by Faby Rodriguez.The RPG system used is Green Ronin's A Song of Ice and Fire Roleplaying.

Three deserters from King Robb Stark's army find themselves on the far side of the river after the bloody Battle of the Green Fork. They will have to use their wits, each other and whatever weapons they can find to survive in the wilds of the Riverlands.Harald Snow is played by Dylan Belgard.  Rodrik is played by Micah Hong. Dagon is played by Jacob A. The narrator is Will Kalinin. Cover art is by Faby Rodriguez.

Flomora, ein Selbstgeschriebenes Podcast Pen & Paper nach einer Idee von Bryan Leffler und musikalisch eigens dafür komponierten Stücken von Michael Cherdchupan. Episode 5 – Der erste Held / Part 2 Die Rückkehr von Nostromo (Benjamin Horlitz), Rodrik (Phil Klausen) und Vox (Alexander Auernhammer) nach Pas Webec hätte nicht holpriger sein können. Rodrik sieht sich mit seiner aus einer toten Ratte auferstandenen Frau konfrontiert, Vox wäre beinahe dem fadenscheinigen Justizsystem zum Opfer gefallen und Nostromo hat den ersten Kontakt zu einem scheinbar friedlichen Arsana, der die Augen seiner Mutter hat, hergestellt. Doch dies war alles nur Vorspiel. Amen steht mit seiner Armee vor den Toren Pas Webecs und hat der Stadt und ihren Bewohnern noch eine Nacht Zeit gegeben, bevor er diese stürmt. Eine erbitterte Schlacht, die die Zukunft Esdos für immer verändern wird, steht bevor. Auch diesmal gibt es wieder Illustrationen, die es euch ermöglichen noch tiefer in unserer Welt einzutauchen. Karte des Schlachtfelds Lazarett-Positionen   Wir möchten uns nochmals außerordentlich bei allen Unterstützern von Flomora bedanken. Bei Oleg für die Fantastischen Cover und Illustrationen, die unsere Welt so lebendig gemacht haben. Bei Michael Cherdchupan der mit seinen Kompositionen die Atmosphäre und Qualität der ganzen Produktion auf ein neues Level gehoben hat. Selbstverständlich auch bei jedem Hörer, Unterstützer und Patronen. Ohne euch wäre Flomora nicht in dieser Qualität möglich gewesen. Besonderer dank gebührt auch dem St.Patronius-Orden, ihr seid der harte Kern unserer Patronen und eure Leidenschaft für Flomora ist unvergleichlich. Danke   Wer mehr über die Welt von Flomora wissen möchte, kann sich auf unserer Website in Lore und Charakter einlesen oder gleich Episode 25 hören. Wie ihr Flomora unterstützen und mitgestalten könnt, erfahrt ihr auf Flomoras Patreon Seite oder ebenfalls hier auf unserer Website. Zusätzliche Songs: The Call by Mattia Cupelli Der Beitrag Flomora Episode 5 – Der erste Held / Part 2 erschien zuerst auf Sofa Samurais.

Flomora, ein Selbstgeschriebenes Podcast Pen & Paper nach einer Idee von Bryan Leffler und musikalisch eigens dafür komponierten Stücken von Michael Cherdchupan. Episode 5 – Der erste Held / Part 1 Die dramatischen Ereignisse die Rodrik (Phil Klausen), Nostromo (Benjamin Horlitz) und Vox (Alexander Auernhammer) im Dorf Revelatio durchgestanden haben, brachten sie zusammen mit Roy Müller, Amelia und ihrer neuen Verbündeten Spes, zurück nach Pas Webec. Doch all die Opfer, die die „Helden von Awena“ und ihre Begleiter auf dem Rückweg gebracht haben, sollten nur die Spitze des Eisberges sein. Während Rodrik gemütlich in seine Schmiede zurückgeschlendert ist und nichts sehnlicher möchte als endlich seine Stiefel auszuziehen, sieht sich Vox mit einem grotesk entstellten Leichnam konfrontiert und Nostromo geniest die Anwesenheit einer scheinbar ebenso schönen wie gefährlichen Dame, die ihn uneingeladen in der eigenen Schuhmacherei auflauert. Auch in dieser Episode haben wir wieder eine kleine Illustration um euch noch besser in die Welt von Flomora eintauchen zu lassen. Lazarett-Positionen Wer mehr über die Welt von Flomora wissen möchte, kann sich auf unserer Website in Lore und Charakter einlesen oder gleich Episode 25 hören. Wie ihr Flomora unterstützen und mitgestalten könnt, erfahrt ihr auf Flomoras Patreon Seite oder ebenfalls hier auf unserer Website. Zusätzliche Songs: Empty Promise, Sexy & The Call by Mattia Cupelli Der Beitrag Flomora Episode 5 – Der erste Held / Part 1 erschien zuerst auf Sofa Samurais.

For decades, Harvard’s Dani Rodrik has been a lonely voice in the economics profession warning that the academics were getting this one wrong. Trade is not an unalloyed good; “globalization would deepen societal divisions, exacerbate distributional problems, and undermine domestic social bargains,” Rodrik warned. But few listened. The tendency to emphasize trade’s benefits while ignoring its costs created a massive political backlash.   “Economists would have had a greater—and much more positive—impact on the public debate had they stuck closer to their discipline’s teaching, instead of siding with globalization’s cheerleaders,” Rodrik wrote in his excellent book, Straight Talk on Trade: Ideas for a Sane World Economy. Rodrik isn’t just a rock thrower. He’s a professor of international political economy at Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government and the president-elect of the International Economic Association. And so, as Trump’s trade war begins, I asked him on the show to explain what politicians and economists have gotten so wrong about trade, and what it would mean to get it right. Recommended books (and an article): Economism: Bad Economics and the Rise of Inequality by James Kwak Power and Plenty: Trade, War, and the World Economy in the Second Millennium by Ronald Findlay and Kevin O'Rourke “International Regimes, Transactions, and Change: Embedded Liberalism in the Postwar Economic Order” by John Ruggie Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

This week we are talking about "Rescuing Economics from Neoliberalism" by Dani Rodrik, published in the Boston Review. Rodrik is a well-known economist and long-time critic of globalization. While he's no black-flag, brick-throwing anti-capitalist, he was one of the earliest voices questioning the post-1991 free trade orthodoxy. Of course, the story has changed since then, not least because of the 2008 Great Recession. In this essay, Rodrik is keen to disentangle the valuable parts of Economics from the bowdlerized, neoliberal version popular today.

Today's guest is one of the most prominent voices in the current globalization debate: political Economist at Harvard University and author of the bestseller 'The Globalization Paradox', Dani Rodrik.In this interview we discuss the myths that lay behind the case for economic global integration, but also the opportunities of wealth creation that it enables. Should we embark on a path to deepen globalisation, or should we praise sovereign states flourishing side by side like in the Bretton Woods era?Interviewers: Jochem Jordaan and Miguel KrolMusic: Ruse by www.musicscreen.org

Today's guest is one of the most prominent voices in the current globalization debate: political Economist at Harvard University and author of the bestseller 'The Globalization Paradox', Dani Rodrik.In this interview we discuss the myths that lay behind the case for economic global integration, but also the opportunities of wealth creation that it enables. Should we embark on a path to deepen globalisation, or should we praise sovereign states flourishing side by side like in the Bretton Woods era?Interviewers: Jochem Jordaan and Miguel KrolMusic: Ruse by www.musicscreen.org

Prof. Dani Rodrik has never been shy about bucking conventional wisdom, and many of his insights, often deemed unorthodox at their inception, now seem prescient. Nowhere is that more clear than in his warning, twenty years ago, that unrestricted globalization could have a backlash effect, straining the fundamental ideals that support democratic governance. In this episode, Rodrik explains some of his more notable insights, and discusses his new book, which takes aim at both economists and their detractors, seeking a middle ground where academic rigor can be effectively applied in the real world.

Dani Rodrik of Harvard University talks with EconTalk host Russ Roberts about trade, the labor market, and trade policy. Drawing on a recent paper with Margaret McMillan on trade and productivity, Rodrik argues that countries have very differing abilities to respond to increases in productivity that allow production to expand using fewer workers in a particular sector. When workers are displaced by productivity increases, what is their next best alternative? Rodrik discusses how this varies across countries and policies that might improve matters. He argues that poor countries should subsidize new products as a way of overcoming uncertainty and externalities from new ventures.

Dani Rodrik of Harvard University talks with EconTalk host Russ Roberts about trade, the labor market, and trade policy. Drawing on a recent paper with Margaret McMillan on trade and productivity, Rodrik argues that countries have very differing abilities to respond to increases in productivity that allow production to expand using fewer workers in a particular sector. When workers are displaced by productivity increases, what is their next best alternative? Rodrik discusses how this varies across countries and policies that might improve matters. He argues that poor countries should subsidize new products as a way of overcoming uncertainty and externalities from new ventures.

Dani Rodrik of Harvard University talks with EconTalk host Russ Roberts about trade, the labor market, and trade policy. Drawing on a recent paper with Margaret McMillan on trade and productivity, Rodrik argues that countries have very differing abilities to respond to increases in productivity that allow production to expand using fewer workers in a particular sector. When workers are displaced by productivity increases, what is their next best alternative? Rodrik discusses how this varies across countries and policies that might improve matters. He argues that poor countries should subsidize new products as a way of overcoming uncertainty and externalities from new ventures.