Podcasts about glycerol

Story at-a-glance Glycerol, a common additive in sugar-free slushie drinks, can trigger severe medical symptoms in young children, including unconsciousness, seizures and dangerously low blood sugar A study across the U.K. and Ireland found that nearly all affected children became sick within an hour of consuming slushies, with no prior health issues or underlying medical conditions Symptoms mirrored rare metabolic disorders, confusing emergency responders and delaying proper treatment, despite the cause being an ingredient found in a popular children's beverage Glycerol exposure caused measurable metabolic disruption, including low blood sugar, acid buildup in the blood, low potassium and high triglyceride levels unrelated to fat intake Avoiding slush ice drinks completely eliminated the problem in nearly all of the children, making removal of this one product a powerful step for parents looking to protect their child's health

This Real Science Exchange episode was recorded during a webinar, which was part of a series. Watch all the presentations from this series here: https://balchem.com/animal-nutrition-health/resources-categories/real-science-lecture-series/previous-lectures/page/10/Early in lactation, the cow is incapable of eating enough to meet her dramatically increased requirements. As the cow's intake decreases near calving, there are fewer nutrient contributions from dry matter intake and she must alter nutrient partitioning to meet her increased needs by mobilizing fat and muscle stores. (1:18)Triglycerides from fat stores are broken down into non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and glycerol. NEFA has two different fates in the postpartum cow: to the mammary gland as a precursor for milk fat synthesis, or to the liver to be oxidized for energy production. Glycerol enters the gluconeogenic pathway in the liver as a glucose precursor. (4:41)The capacity for the liver to use NEFA for energy is limited by the capacity of the TCA cycle. When the TCA cycle is at capacity, excess NEFA can either undergo incomplete oxidation to ketones or be repackaged back into triglycerides. If the capacity for other tissues to use ketones for energy is exceeded, then blood concentrations of ketones rise and negative outcomes from subclinical and clinical ketosis can occur. If triglycerides accumulate in the liver, negative outcomes associated with fatty liver can occur. Triglycerides can be transported out of the liver via very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) export; however, VLDL export does not keep up with triglyceride concentration during the transition period in dairy cows, largely because of a limiting amount of phosphatidylcholine. (5:51)Dr. White describes a series of experiments in her lab using liver cells in culture to investigate the relationship between choline supplementation and VLDL export. As choline supplementation to the cell culture increased, so did VLDL export from the cells into the media. In addition, increasing choline supplementation to the cell culture also decreased cellular triglyceride content. (10:54)Using gene expression and radiolabeled tracers over a series of experiments, Dr. White's group found that as choline supplementation increased, so did complete oxidation of NEFA to energy. This was accompanied by decreased incomplete oxidation to ketone bodies and decreased accumulation of lipids in the liver cells. Glucose and glycogen were also increased with increasing choline supplementation to the cell culture, and a decrease in reactive oxygen species was observed. In addition, choline-supplemented cultures exhibited an increase in metabolic pathways associated with methionine regeneration and methyl donation. (15:29)Dr. White then details the complexity of the metabolic pathways that intersect between choline and methionine. In similar experiments supplementing cell cultures with increasing amounts of methionine and choline, there were no effects of methionine on lipid export, oxidative pathways, or glucose metabolism. The main benefit of methionine was a marked increase in glutathione production. It's important to note that no interactions between choline and methionine were observed in this series of experiments. (19:37)There seems to be a clear biological priority for different sets of pathways for choline and methionine. Choline seems to be influencing lipid, glucose, and oxidative pathways, while methionine is primarily serving its role as an essential amino acid for cellular protein structure and generation, acting as a methyl donor, and impacting inflammation. Importantly, both the choline and methionine results observed in cell culture are paralleled in transition dairy cow studies. (24:14)Dr. White's lab further investigated the impact of methionine on inflammation. When cells were challenged with LPS to provoke an inflammatory response, methionine mitigated the inflammatory response. Similar results have been observed in liver tissue samples of transition cows. Methionine mitigated inflammatory markers and increased glutathione but did not influence reactive oxygen species. Conversely, choline decreased reactive oxygen species but did not change glutathione. (27:47)Choline and methionine are both essential nutrients, there are biological priorities for them as methyl donors, and they are not mutually exchangeable. The lack of interaction between choline and methionine in vivo or in vitro supports the idea of different biological roles for these nutrients. (32:09)Dr. White takes questions from the webinar audience. (34:53)Please subscribe and share with your industry friends to invite more people to join us at the Real Science Exchange virtual pub table.  If you want one of our Real Science Exchange t-shirts, screenshot your rating, review, or subscription, and email a picture to anh.marketing@balchem.com. Include your size and mailing address, and we'll mail you a shirt.

Sports Dietitians, Aidan Muir & Leah Higl, discuss supplements that may benefit endurance athletes. They divide the discussion into two sections; broad supplements relevant for most endurance athletes and ones that suit niche applications.   (0:00) - Introduction (1:35) - Sports Gels (3:04) - Sports Drinks (3:21) - Caffeine (5:14) - Probiotics (6:25) - Beetroot Juice (9:05)  - Electrolytes (10:26) - Tart Cherry Juice (14:14) - Beta-Alanine (15:00) - Protein Powder (15:26) - Creatine (16:52) - New Zealand Blackcurrants (18:46) - Collagen (19:36) - Glycerol (21:11) - Omega-3s (21:57) - Vitamin D (23:41) - Multivitamins (24:24) - Summary   WEBSITE: https://www.idealnutrition.com.au/ PODCAST: https://www.idealnutrition.com.au/podcast/ INSTAGRAM: https://www.instagram.com/idealnutrition__/?hl=en   Our dietitians

Mel McSweeney and Dr Mildrid Yeo briefly outline the approach to urea cycle disorder management and the Gt Ormond Street experience using glycerol phenylbutyrate as a nitrogen scavenger. Clinical experience with glycerol phenylbutyrate in 20 patients with urea cycle disorders at a UK paediatric centre Mildrid Yeo, et al https://doi.org/10.1002/jmd2.12386

References Developmental Cell 2022. Volume 57, Issue 6, 28 March Pages 691-706 Cell Rep. 2014 Feb 13; 6(3): 541–552. Dr Guerra: graduate lecture notes Mozart, WA 1791.Requiem in D Minor, K 626 https://youtu.be/YaH3zI0bYkM?si=X1yv50zY6nKTZmV9 Lennon/McCartney.1964 "I Don't Want to Spoil the Party" https://youtu.be/zqVDvLDLsjI?si=K1ve_5zJLZjqclsb --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/dr-daniel-j-guerra/message Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/dr-daniel-j-guerra/support

References Guerra: graduate biochemistry lectures Chopin, F. 1830. Nocturne E Flat Major Op.9 No.2 https://youtu.be/tV5U8kVYS88?si=MKxfguVRI6hhQeMO Winwood, Wood and Capaldi 1967. Dear Mr Fantasy. Traffic. https://youtu.be/sS_eHdqcrM8?si=95X9RWJD2Q4w456S --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/dr-daniel-j-guerra/message Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/dr-daniel-j-guerra/support

References Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Jun; 21(11): 4098. Authentic Biochemistry lectures :ImmunoEpigenetics 56-58 --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/dr-daniel-j-guerra/message

Dr. Alexis Cowan shares tips about how to improve your gut health and thus metabolic health on a low-carb diet.  Support your Intermittent Fasting lifestyle with the Berberine Fasting Accelerator  by MYOXCIENCE: https://bit.ly/berberine-fasting-accelerator Use code podcast at checkout to save Link to Full Video Interview: https://youtu.be/2d__LLb6iwg Connect with Alexis: https://www.instagram.com/dralexisjazmyn/?hl=en Show Notes:  01:50 Your body maintains flux through all metabolic pathways for rapid adaption should the fuel source change.  06:54 Glycerol contributes to glucose production in your liver when you are keto. 07:20 Your neurotransmitters are either made from amino acids or they are amino acids.   09:55 Glutamate can be directly made into GABA.  11:20 Serotonin levels do not correlate with depression. 14:25 Some SSRI's directly modulate the microbiome.  15:40 Groups of microbes within the gut make lipid amides that interact with peripheral nerves to stimulate the release of dopamine in the area of the brain the encourages movement.  18:45 Human milk oligosaccharides are a potent food source of bifidobacterium.  21:25 Your colon is supposed to be low oxygen.  30:30 During exercise, changes in blood flow can promote the growth of bacteria. 33:12 Regular exercise shifts your immune response to be more anti-inflammatory. 34:45 Carnivore diet, done short term, is beneficial.  39:01 A high fermented food diet is more effective than a high fiber diet.  43:00 Independent scientists in independent labs require crowd or private funding. 46:20 The biggest cause of cavities is dry mouth.  48:30 Using antiseptic mouthwash, can acutely influence exercise performance.  50:00 Ground meat protein is more bioavailable than eating a whole cut of meat.  50:30 There is a connection between antiseptic mouthwash and erectile dysfunction.   

Guests: Dr. Jose Santos, University of FloridaJoining together for the second episode of the New Revelations in Transition Cow Nutrition from the 2022 Cornell Nutrition Conference four-part mini-series to discuss animal nutrition requirements are remarks from Dr. Jose Santos, University of Florida and topical insights from Dr. Clay Zimmerman from Balchem. Bringing forward the most recent research on choline supplementation, Dr. Santos began the second in the series focusing on nutritional mechanisms and their essential benefits in animal growth and performance. 3:45Choline was first introduced in the 1700s by chemists and pharmacists. Still, it wasn't until about 40 years ago that Derek Lindsay from England discovered that most phospholipids in ruminants are synthesized de novo. Dr. Santos mentioned that studies show more than 90% of choline in feeds doesn't show up past the rumen, adding to the lag in understanding when the essential nutrient shows up in the small intestine. 5:32As a required nutrient, Dr. Santos shared that choline is required for the structural integrity of cell membranes, neural tissue and the components of phospholipids and sphingolipids. 7:01As cows approach calving and during the first two weeks of lactation, Dr. Santos suggests that it is the optimum time to provide choline as a building block for phosphatidylcholine. 17:35Sharing a heat map study on the effects of choline in hepatic tissue, Dr. Santos said it ultimately shows that supplementing choline reduces glycerol and increases the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine. He added that as studies focus on hepatic triglyceride, acid basis or dry matter basis, the benefits of choline at different dosage levels benefit the same.  22:30But do low-body condition cows react to choline supplementation the same as high-body condition cows during the transition period? Dr. Santos shifted directions, adding that he's found low body conditions cows responded to choline with more milk and energy. He added that studies show supplying choline to nutrient-deficient animals enhances their ability to transport and absorb nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract. 41:55Dr. Santos mentioned not only does choline facilitate phospholipid synthesis and plays a large role in the transportation of fatty acids, he believes it's an unquestionable supplementation that fits the requirements as a required nutrient.  46:35Wrapping up the conversation, Dr. Zimmerman highlighted key points from Dr. Santos and summarized consistent responses the industry continues to see in the meta-analysis of added choline in a range of production levels. 49:15If you would like to review Dr. Santo's webinar from the 2022 Cornell Mini Symposium, you can view all four webinar series at balchem/com/realscience. Please subscribe and share with your industry friends to bring more people to join us around the Real Science Exchange virtual pub table.  If you want one of our new Real Science Exchange t-shirts, screenshot your rating, review, or subscription, and email a picture to anh.marketing@balchem.com. Include your size and mailing address, and we'll get a shirt in the mail to you.

What are the best supplements for muscle growth?  Would be pretty nice to know, huh? haha  Well, you're in luck!  In today's podcast we discuss common supplement ingredients and provide a list for the best muscle growth supplements!

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.11.15.516693v1?rss=1 Authors: Mochizuki, T., Tanigawa, T., Shindo, S., Suematsu, M., Oguchi, Y., Mioka, T., Kato, Y., Fujiyama, M., Hatano, E., Yamaguchi, M., Chibana, H., Abe, F. Abstract: The fungal cell wall is the first barrier against diverse external stresses, such as high hydrostatic pressure. This study explores the roles of osmoregulation and the cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway in response to the high pressure in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We demonstrate the roles of the transmembrane mechanosensor Wsc1 and aquaglyceroporin Fps1 in an underlying protective mechanism to avoid cellular rupture under high pressure. The promotion of water influx into cells at 25 MPa, as evident by an increase in cell volume and a loss of the plasma membrane eisosome structure, promotes the activation of Wsc1, an activator of the CWI pathway. The downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase Slt2 was hyperphosphorylated at 25 MPa. Glycerol efflux increases via Fps1 phosphorylation, which is initiated by downstream components of the CWI pathway, and contributes to the reduction in intracellular osmolarity under high pressure. Herein, the elucidation of a cellular pathway that is used as a protective mechanism against high pressure could potentially be translated to mammalian cells and could help to understand cellular mechanosensation and adaptation. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Dr Mildrid Yeo discusses a single centre's experience of transitioning UCD children from Sodium benzoate to glycerol phenylbutyrate. Direct replacement of oral sodium benzoate with glycerol phenylbutyrate in children with urea cycle disorders Mildrid Yeo, et al https://doi.org/10.1002/jmd2.12274

Red onion effective at killing cancer cells, study says University of Guelph (Ontario)  If you're looking for a flavorful way to help fight and prevent cancer, add red onion to your shopping list.  It will be worth the effort … as you will soon see why. In the first study of its kind, University of Guelph researchers looked at how the Ontario-grown red onion and several others affected the growth and proliferation of cancer cells. Their findings indicate that all onions are not created equal. The Canadian researchers looked at five different kinds of onion in total from the province of Ontario. They assessed the onions in terms of their effects against cancer cells and their ability to prevent cancer. Of the five species tested, the Ruby Ring red onion was the most effective. Few people are aware that onions are somewhat of a superfood. Hopefully, studies like these will help to change that. Onions in general have very high concentrations of the flavonoid quercetin. However, the Ruby Ring Ontario red onion has particularly high levels of these compounds as compared with other species. In the study, colon cancer cells were placed in direct contact with quercetin that was extracted from the five onion varieties studied. It was found that all of the onion types created an unfavorable environment for cancer cells and initiated cancer cell death, or apoptosis. Communication between the cancer cells seems to be disrupted by the compounds in the onions, and this can help to fight and prevent cancer. The study also showed that the Ruby Ring red onion was high in anthocyanin, a compound that helps to enrich the scavenging properties of quercetin. This in turn supports quercetin in fighting cancer cells and helping to prevent cancer. Anthocyanin is the molecule that gives vegetables like red onions their rich, deep color. This is in keeping with the general increased healthbenefits that can be gained from other dark or brightly colored vegetables and fruits. The recent onion study results were published in the journal Food Research International. While all of the onions studied showed the ability to inhibit cancer cells, red onions were particularly effective. Their beneficial compounds blocked the production of both colon cancer cells and breast cancer cells within the controlled conditions of the study. The next step is to complete human trials to further explore the cancer fighting effects of onions. Researchers are also working on an extraction technique to isolate the quercetin in onions so that it can be administered as a cancer therapy. In the meantime, finding ways to include more of this cancer-fighting superfood into your diet can allow you to experience many health benefits. Enjoy red onions in salads, on sandwiches and cooked into soups, stews and stir-fry dishes.     Age and aging have critical effects on the gut microbiome   Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, October 4, 2021 Researchers at Cedars-Sinai have found that aging produces significant changes in the microbiome of the human small intestine distinct from those caused by medications or illness burden. The findings have been published in the journal Cell Reports. "By teasing out the microbial changes that occur in the small bowel with age, medication use and diseases, we hope to identify unique components of the microbial community to target for therapeutics and interventions that could promote healthy aging," said Ruchi Mathur, MD, the study's principal investigator. Research exploring the gut microbiome, and its impact on health, has relied predominantly on fecal samples, which do not represent the entire gut, according to Mathur. In their study, investigators from Cedars-Sinai's Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program analyzed samples from the small intestine–which is over 20 feet in length and has the surface area of a tennis court–for examination of the microbiome and its relationship with aging. "This study is the first of its kind to examine the microbial composition of the small intestine of subjects 18 years of age to 80. We now know that certain microbial populations are influenced more by medications, while others are more affected by certain diseases. We have identified specific microbes that appear to be only influenced by the chronological age of the person," said Mathur, an endocrinologist and director of the Diabetes Outpatient Treatment & Education Center. The 21st century has been referred to as the "era of the gut microbiome" as scientists turn considerable attention to the role trillions of gut bacteria, fungi and viruses may play in human health and disease. The microbiome is the name given to the genes that live in these cells. Studies have suggested that disturbances in the constellations of the microbial universe may lead to critical illnesses, including gastroenterological diseases, diabetes, obesity, and some neurological disorders. While researchers know that microbial diversity in stool decreases with age, Cedars-Sinai investigators identified bacteria in the small bowel they refer to as "disruptors" that increase and could be troublesome. "Coliforms are normal residents of the intestine. We found that when these rod-shaped microbes become too abundant in the small bowel–as they do as we get older–they exert a negative influence on the rest of the microbial population. They are like weeds in a garden," said study co-author Gabriela Leite, Ph.D. Investigators also found that as people age, the bacteria in the small intestine change from microbes that prefer oxygen to those that can survive with less oxygen, something they hope to understand as the research continues. "Our goal is to identify and fingerprint the small intestinal microbial patterns of human health and disease. Given the important role the small bowel plays in absorption of nutrients, changes in the microbiome in this location of the gut may have a greater impact on human health, and warrants further study," said Mark Pimentel, MD, director of the MAST program and a co-author of the study. This research is part of Cedars-Sinai's ongoing REIMAGINE study: Revealing the Entire Intestinal Microbiota and its Associations with the Genetic, Immunologic, and Neuroendocrine Ecosystem.   Study finds no association between caffeine intake and invasive breast cancer risk University of Buffalo, September 28, 2021 Researchers from the University at Buffalo conducted a study of nearly 80,000 postmenopausal women in the U.S. to determine whether caffeine consumption from coffee and tea has any association with invasive breast cancer. The average age when U.S. women reach menopause, 51, also happens to coincide with the age group—50- to 64-year-olds—that has the highest reported caffeine consumption. In addition to that, the average age of breast cancer diagnosis in the U.S. is 62. This overlap of age at menopause, age at diagnosis of breast cancer and age with high caffeine consumption gave greater weight to the importance of clarifying whether caffeine intake impacts breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women. It does not, according to the UB researchers' findings, published in August in the International Journal of Cancer. "From our literature review, many studies have found significant associations between coffee and/or tea consumption and reduced breast cancer incidence whereas a few studies have reported elevated risk. Our study, however, found no association," said study first author Christina KH Zheng, who worked on the study while completing her master's in epidemiology at UB. She is now a surgical resident in the MedStar Baltimore general surgery program. "About 85% of Americans drink at least one caffeinated beverage a day. It is important for the public to know whether consumption of caffeinated beverages has beneficial or harmful effects on breast cancer, the most common type of cancer and second-leading cause of cancer death for U.S. women," said Lina Mu, MD, Ph.D., the study's senior author, who is an associate professor of epidemiology and environmental health at UB. "The overlap of age at diagnosis of breast cancer and age with high consumption of caffeine, and the inconsistent findings from previous studies motivated us to study whether this lifestyle factor could affect breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women," said Kexin Zhu, a study co-first author and epidemiology Ph.D. student in UB's School of Public Health and Health Professions. Researchers looked at a sample of 79,871 participants in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Participants have for decades now completed yearly health questionnaires that help researchers learn more about diet and exercise habits, as well as disease, and any possible linkages. After a median follow-up of 16 years, there were 4,719 cases of invasive breast cancer identified. At first glance, women who reported drinking two to three cups of caffeinated coffee per day had a 12% higher risk of invasive breast cancer compared to non-drinkers. But that association was not statistically significant after adjusting for lifestyle factors, such as smoking and alcohol consumption. "Seeing null results after adjusting for lifestyle, demographic and reproductive factors informs us of the complexity that is the relationship between caffeine intake and invasive breast cancer risk," Zheng said. "Some lifestyle factors, like drinking alcohol and physical activity, might be associated with both coffee intake and breast cancer risk," Zhu explained. "Therefore, they might confound the initial positive associations. After we took the lifestyle factors into account, the results suggested that regular coffee drinking might not have an impact on invasive breast cancer risk." The risk of invasive breast cancer was even higher—22%—for women who reported drinking two to three cups of decaffeinated coffee each day. It was slightly lower when adjusted for lifestyle variables (smoking history, alcohol consumption, physical activity, etc.), and the association was not statistically significant when further accounting for reproductive variables such as family history of breast cancer and number of children The researchers were unable to determine if the elevated risk is due to the decaffeinated nature of the coffee, the amount consumed, or another factor unique to this population that was not accounted for in the study. The researchers did not observe a significant association between overall tea consumption and invasive breast cancer. Additional research needs to be done in order to understand whether different types of teas have different effects on breast cancer risk, Zhu said.   Liver function improves with the consumption of Broccoli sprout extract Tokai University Tokyo Hospital (Japan), October 5, 2021 A Japanese study of broccoli sprouts and liver function has found the sulforaphane-rich food to be highly beneficial. An extract from broccoli sprouts given to male participants was shown to improve hepatic abnormalities and overall liver function significantly. For the study, the researchers conducted a double blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial of males with fatty liver disease. The subjects received either extract of broccoli sprouts in capsule form, or a placebo. The capsules contained glucoraphanin, a precursor for the sulforaphane in broccoli sprouts. A number of key liver function markers were measured before and after the trial. It was determined that dietary supplementation with extract of broccoli improved liver functioning by decreasing alkali phosphatase activity and oxidative stress markers. Broccoli sprout extract was also found to prevent NDMA-induced chronic liver failure in rats. The researchers believe the antioxidants in broccoli sprouts are effective in suppressing the mechanisms of liver failure at a cellular level. The reduction of oxidative stress is crucial in protecting the liver and improving its health, and broccoli is loaded with health-supporting antioxidants. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is also reaching epidemic proportions, with nearly 30 percent of Americans (90 million people) having some level of the disease. Like hep C, NAFLD can result in liver failure and cancer of the liver in the most severe cases. Exposure to environmental toxins exacerbates liver conditions as well, with the glyphosate found in weed killers, like Roundup, particularly harmful. The good news is that liver conditions are preventable by embracing a healthy lifestyle. Eating plenty of organic fruits and vegetables, exercising regularly and avoiding alcohol and cigarettes can do wonders for liver health. As evidenced by the recent research out of Japan, sulforaphane-rich broccoli sprouts can be a key component in supporting healthy liver function. Milk thistle, vitamin E, black seed oil and dandelion root have also shown effectiveness in supporting and detoxifying the liver.       How cannabis-like substances keep the brain in balance   Utrecht University (Netherlands), October 4, 2021 Whenever we learn, remember or forget something, a surprisingly active role is played by cannabis-like substances in the brain. Researchers at Utrecht University found that the substances actively balance connections in the brain that allow cells to either activate or inhibit each other. The discovery reveals how brain cells influence each other, and how psychiatric disorders can arise when this process goes wrong. Although wisdom comes with age, our brain does not store every single experience or lesson learned. In addition to learning and remembering, our brains are also equipped to forget irrelevant things or drop unused skills. In order to find a balance in this, brain cellsconstantly communicate with each other through connections that activate or inhibit the cells. Researchers from Utrecht University discovered that brain cells can form new, inhibitory connections via so-called endocannabinoids. They reported their discovery in Journal of Neuroscience. Counterbalance Endocannabinoids derive their name from the cannabis plant, which contains similar substances. The researchers discovered the role of endocannabinoids when they induced brain cells of mice to strengthen activating connections. In response, the brain cells also started making new inhibitory connections. The researchers found that endocannabinoids kickstarted the new connections. Surprisingly active role The researchers were surprised to find that these substances play such an active role. "Nobody expected this from endocannabinoids," says research leader Dr. Corette Wierenga, neurobiologist at Utrecht University. It was already known that endocannabinoids can influence the functioning of our brains. But until now researchers assumed that the substances were merely involved in adjusting existing connections. "Now it appears that the system of endocannabinoids can actively push the production of new inhibitory connections, with which brain cells actively regulate the balance." Psychiatric disorders caused by imbalance The discovery could help scientists to better understand how psychiatric disordersand other abnormalities in the brain develop. In many of these disorders, the balance between inhibitory and activating connections is disturbed. During an epileptic seizure, for example, this balance is seriously disturbed. Although in many other disorders the disturbance is more subtle, for example in schizophrenia, the impact can still be equally profound. Cannabis-related unbalance The balance between activating and inhibiting connections in our brain is constantly being adjusted in response to our experiences. Whenever we experience something, the connections change, and the brain must restore the balance. Cannabis use can disrupt that balance. "Occasional cannabis use will not seriously disturb the balance," says Wierenga. "But if the balance is disturbed for a longer period, it can cause problems. For example, children of mothers who smoked marijuana during pregnancy can experience problems with neurological development." Early stages of life The balance is especially important in early stages of life, Wierenga says. "During our development, brain connections are constantly changing. Especially during that period, it is important that inhibitory and activating connections remain coordinated. If the coordination is malfunctioning or disturbed, you can imagine that the system becomes disrupted. And unfortunately, disruptions that occur so early cannot be easily repaired later in life." According to Wierenga, such disruptions can lead not only to loss of memory, but also initiate more serious consequences. For example, the brain might grow out to less adaptive to stressful situations. "When this happens, things get out of hand more easily in the brain, because inhibition and activation are out of balance. That could lead to learning and behavioral problems." Predicting and preventing disorders Creating a deeper understanding of the role endocannabinoids play in the brain, could lead to psychiatric disorders being more predictable or even prevented in the future. The publication in Journal of Neuroscience now sets out a new direction in which more knowledge can be built up. Wierenga: "Ultimately, as a researcher, we want to understand how brain cells coordinate the balance and what happens when that balance is disturbed.   Glycerin is safe, effective in psoriasis model Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, October 4, 2021 Patients with psoriasis have reported that glycerin, an inexpensive, harmless, slightly sweet liquid high on the list of ingredients in many skin lotions, is effective at combatting their psoriasis and now scientists have objective evidence to support their reports. They found that whether applied topically or ingested in drinking water, glycerin, or glycerol, helps calm the classic scaly, red, raised and itchy patches in their psoriasismodel, Dr. Wendy Bollag, cell physiologist and skin researcher at the Medical College of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center and her colleagues report in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences. The studies also provide more evidence of the different ways glycerin enables the healthy maturation of skin cells through four stages that result in a smooth, protective skin layer. Psoriasis is an immune-mediated problem that typically surfaces in young adults in which skin cells instead multiply rapidly, piling up into inflamed patches. "We have experimental data now to show what these patients with psoriasis are reporting," says Bollag, who nearly 20 years ago first reported in The Journal of Investigative Dermatology that glycerin, a natural alcohol and water attractor known to help the skin look better, also safely helped it function better by helping skin cells mature properly. Bollag's early report led to many anecdotal reports from individuals and their reports ultimately led to the newly published study. Topically, glycerin is known to have a soothing, emollient effect. But another key part of its magic, which Dr. Bollag has helped delineate, is its conversion to the lipid, or fat, phosphatidylglycerol, which ultimately regulates the function of keratinocytes, our major skin cell type, and suppresses inflammation in the skin. Glycerin gets into the skin through avenues like aquaporin-3, a channel expressed in skin cells, and the MCG scientists have shown that once inside, aquaporin 3 funnels glycerin to phospholipase-D-2, an enzyme that converts fats in the external cell membrane into cell signals, ultimately converting glycerin to phosphatidylglycerol. In 2018, Bollag and team reported that topical application of phosphatidylglycerol reduced inflammation and the characteristic raised skin patches in a mouse model of psoriasis. This time they decided to look at the impact of its widely available precursor glycerin. For the new studies, they used imiquimod, which is known to produce psoriasis-like plaques on humans using it for problems like genital warts and some skin cancers, to produce an animal model. The mice either drank the sweet natural alcohol or the scientists applied it topically. Either way, glycerin helped reduce development of the characteristic skin lesions, the scientists report, a finding which helps underline that glycerin works in more than one way to improve the skin condition. Externally, glycerin showed its action as an emollient because even in mice missing phospholipase-D-2, it was beneficial. Additionally, topically it appears to compete with hydrogen peroxide for space inside the aquaporin 3 channel. Hydrogen peroxide is commonly known as a mild antiseptic but we produce it as well and at low levels it's a cell signaling molecule. But at high levels, hydrogen peroxide produces destructive oxidative stress, which can actually cause psoriasis. The scientists found that topical glycerin reduced the levels of hydrogen peroxide entering skin cells. When they added glycerin and hydrogen peroxide at the same time directly to skin cells, they found that glycerin protected against the oxidative stress from hydrogen peroxide. "Glycerol is basically outcompeting the hydrogen peroxide in getting in there and preventing it from being able to enter and increase oxidative stress," Bollag says. Oil and water don't mix, so yet another way glycerin may be helpful is by supporting the skin's major role as a water permeability barrier so that, as an extreme, when we sit in a bathtub the bath water doesn't pass through our skin so we blow up like a balloon, she says. On the other hand, when glycerin was ingested by the mice missing the phospholipase- D-2, which converts fats or lipids in a cell's membrane to signals, it simply did not work, Bollag says, which confirmed their earlier findings that internally anyway, glycerin pairs with the enzyme to produce the signal essential to skin cell maturation. Some of their other most recent work is detailing more about how phosphatidylglycerol decreases inflammation.  Bollag would like next steps to also include clinical trials with dermatologists and patients and is working to find a formulation scientist who can make what she thinks will be the optimal combination: glycerin and phosphatidylglycerol in the same topical cream. The addition of phosphatidylglyerol itself, rather than just the glycerin that makes it, is essentially a backup since there is some evidence that in psoriasis the essential conversion of glycerin to phosphatidylglycerol is not optimal. Bollag's lab and others have shown reduced levels of aquaporin 3 in psoriasis, which likely means less phosphatidylgycerol, so making more glycerin available may help, albeit not as efficiently, raise the availability of this lipid essential to normal skin cell proliferation. Moving quickly into clinical trials should be comparatively easy since, as with glycerin, there already is experience with the use of phosphatidylglycerol in humans. For example, it's a component of some high-end cosmetics, Bollag says.  She suspects that this sort of two-punch combination, could help keep early signs of psoriasis at bay and, with more advanced disease, use existing psoriasis treatments to get the skin condition under control then start applying glycerin to help keep it that way. Bollag and her colleagues reported in 2018 in the Journal of Investigative Dermatology that in a mouse model of psoriasis, phosphtidylglycerol reduced inflammation and the characteristic raised skin lesions of psoriasis.  While its exact cause is unclear, psoriasis is an immune-mediated condition and patients have higher levels of inflammation, as well as too many skin cells being produced then maturing abnormally. The heightened inflammation also puts them at increased risk for problems like heart disease. Biologics used to treat psoriasis work different ways to stem this overactive immune response but in addition to their high cost, can put the patient at risk for problems like serious infections and cancer. The only side effect she has seen in about 20 years of working with glycerin and the clinical and cosmetic use already out there, is it can leave the skin feeling slightly sticky. Our bodies can make glycerol from the carbohydrates, proteins and fats that we eat or already have in our body.    

Er du stolt af dit liv? Synes du selv at du har opnået meget? Har du bedrifter, som selv din svigermor praler af til familiefrokosten?James Lovelock siger nej! Du har intet! For Lovelock har alt!Glæd dig til historien om manden, der opdagede at forkølelse skyldes en virus, ved at låne en ø af hertugen af Sutherland, at tyresæd kan opbevares ved -80 grader celsius og at stivfrosne hamstere kan genoplives i en mikrobølgeovn. Han selv havde lavet.Hvis du vil være med til at optage live med os på Discord kan du støtte os på 10er og blive en af vores kernelyttere https://bit.ly/VU10er - hvis pengene er knappe kan du også bare tjekke vores Facebookgruppe ud, vi hygger max!Du kan også tjekke vores webshop: bit.ly/vushop. Vi har T-shirts, kaffekopper og tasker! Og meget mere! Der er også en hønsetrøje!Send os water hilarious science eller stil et spørgsmål på facebook, Instagram eller vudfordret@gmail.comTak til Christian Eiming for disclaimer.Tak til Barometer-Bjarke for Gak-O-meteretHusk at være dumme

Utilization of a protein cysteine SH derived thioester intermediate alters the free energy hurdle for the synthesis of 1,3 bis PGA thus allowing for glycolytic ATP and NADH synthesis. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/dr-daniel-j-guerra/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/dr-daniel-j-guerra/support

​​It all began in 2006 when the Australian Beauty Industry knew little about eyelash extensions. Kerry Wood, a working mum of 2 discovered eyelash extensions for her first time on a business trip to New York. The Corporate lifestyle was bringing her down, she needed a break and a creative outlet, becoming a Lash Technician filled that void. Coming from a Corporate Quality background, Kerry applied her skills to building her lash business, firstly from her home in 2006, to a small salon in 2008 then to a larger salon with 15+ staff in 2012 – That stage in her life marked the birth of Lash Design Studios – the first lash only salon in Australia at that time.As a Lash Technician Kerry was struggling to find a cleanser that her clients could use safely, that didn’t contain Glycerine, Glycerol, Oil or Nasty carcinogenic ingredients. Prolong Lash™ Cleanser is truly oil-free and is most effective at protecting the natural lash health and prolonging the life of the extensions. Shop Prolong here: www.prolonglash.com and save 15% off using code Lashbossradio

Click to listen to episode (3:49) Sections below are the following:Transcript of AudioAudio Notes and AcknowledgmentsImagesExtra InformationSourcesRelated Water Radio EpisodesFor Virginia Teachers (Relevant SOLs, etc.) Unless otherwise noted, all Web addresses mentioned were functional as of 3-26-21. TRANSCRIPT OF AUDIO From the Cumberland Gap to the Atlantic Ocean, this is Virginia Water Radio for the week of March 29, 2021.  This revised episode from April 2012 is part of a series this year of spring-related episodes. SOUND  – ~ 6 sec This week, we feature an amphibious, sign-of-spring mystery sound.  Have a listen for about 10 more seconds, and see if you recognize this chorus, which you may have heard on spring evenings in areas near standing water. SOUND  - 10 sec If you guessed Spring Peeper frogs, you’re right!  Spring Peepers, occurring throughout the eastern and central United States and Canada, are one of seven native chorus frogspecies in Virginia.  Their choruses are the combination of mating calls produced by many individual males when air in a throat pouch is drawn across the voice box.  The mating calls occur in Virginia from February to June, but Spring Peeper sounds often can be heard again in the Commonwealth in fall as days shorten and temperatures cool. Like other frogs, toads, and salamanders, Spring Peepers are amphibians, and they rely on water for reproduction.  Winter and spring precipitation provide ephemeral– or temporary – ponds and pools, where many amphibians’ eggs transform into tadpoles and eventually into adults that, in many species, move onto land.  For Spring Peepers, breeding takes place in a variety of water bodies and wetlands near trees, shrubs, or other vegetation on which females deposit their eggs.  After hatching into tadpoles—known scientifically as larvae—Spring Peeper’s metamorphosisto adult takes about three months, after which the adults move into woodlands. As tadpoles, Spring Peepers feed on material suspended in the water.  The adults feed on a variety of insects, spiders, and other invertebrates.  Predators on Spring Peeper tadpoles include giant water bugs, predaceous diving beetles, and dragonflies, while the adults may fall prey to salamanders, spiders, snakes, owls, and other birds. You’re not likely to see these one-inch-long frogs, but their loud mating calls are prevalent across the Commonwealth in spring and early summer, reminding us of the presence and importance of wetlands and small seasonal bodies of water. We close by letting Spring Peepers have the last call—a springtime chorus that I hope resounds at some water near you. SOUND  - ~7 sec SHIP’S BELL Virginia Water Radio is produced by the Virginia Water Resources Research Center, part of Virginia Tech’s College of Natural Resources and Environment.  For more Virginia water sounds, music, or information, visit us online at virginiawaterradio.org, or call the Water Center at (540) 231-5624.  Thanks to Stewart Scales for his banjo version of Cripple Creek to open and close this show.  In Blacksburg, I’m Alan Raflo, thanking you for listening, and wishing you health, wisdom, and good water. AUDIO NOTES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The episode is a revised version of Episode 105, 4-2-12.  Virginia Water Radio thanks Heather Longo (formerly Heather Vereb) for researching and writing that episode. The Spring Peeper sounds were recorded by Virginia Water Radio at Heritage Park in Blacksburg, Va., on March 21, 2020. Click here if you’d like to hear the full version (1 min./11 sec.) of the “Cripple Creek” arrangement/performance by Stewart Scales that opens and closes this episode.  More information about Mr. Scales and the group New Standard, with which Mr. Scales plays, is available online at http://newstandardbluegrass.com. IMAGE Spring Peeper, photographed at Virginia Beach, Virginia, September 23, 2017.  Photo by user Rae1211, made available on iNaturalist at https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/8082565(as of 3-26-21) for use under Creative Commons license “Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0.”  Information about this Creative Commons license is available online at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. EXTRA INFORMATION ABOUT SPRING PEEPERS The scientific name of Spring Peeper is Pseudacris crucifer. The following information on Spring Peepers is taken from the Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources (formerly Department of Game and Inland Fisheries), “Fish and Wildlife Information Service/Spring Peeper,” online at https://services.dwr.virginia.gov/fwis/booklet.html?&bova=020071&Menu=_.Taxonomy&version=18711.  Physical Description “This species ranges in length from 19-35 mm (0.75-1.5 in).  Dorsal coloration can be yellow, tan, brown, gray, or olive with a distinctive dark X-shaped mark.  The northern subspecies found here in Virginia has a plain or virtually plain belly.  There is typically a dark bar-like marking between the eyes.  Males have dark throats and are usually smaller and darker than the females.” Reproduction “This species breeds from February through May in woodland ponds, swamps, and ditches.  Choral groups are found where trees or shrubs are standing in water or nearby.  Mating call is a high piping whistle repeated about once every second.  A large chorus resembles the sound of sleigh bells.  Sometimes an individual exhibits a trilling peep in the background of a large chorus.  Females lay an average of 900 eggs per clutch.  Eggs are laid singly and attached to submerged vegetation or other objects.  Eggs hatch in an average of 6 days.  Metamorphosis occurs in an average of 45 days though a range of 3 to 4 months is also reported.  Individuals typically reach sexual maturity at 1 year.” Behavior “This species inhabits woodlands under forest litter or within brushy undergrowth.  They are particularly abundant in brushy secondary growth or cutover woodlots if they are close to small temporary or semi-permanent ponds or swamps.  Specimens are rarely seen outside of the breeding season though occasionally an individual can be found traveling through the woods by day in wet weather.  Their diet consists primarily of small arthropods. This species may fall prey to large spiders.  This species has been shown to tolerate temperatures of -6 degrees Celsius for 5 days.  At the end of that period, approximately 35% of body fluids were frozen.  This and other species that tolerate extreme cold temperatures were shown to have high levels of glycerol in body tissues during the winter.  Glycerol is absent from body tissues in the summer.  …This species requires marshy ponds, ditches, and swamps with proximal shrubs.” SOURCES Used for Audio Lang Elliott, The Calls of Frogs and Toads, Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, Penn., 2004. John D. Kleopfer and Chris S. Hobson, A Guide to the Frogs and Toads of Virginia, Special Publication Number 3, Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries, Richmond, 2011. Bernard S. Martof et al., Amphibians and Reptiles of the Carolinas and Virginia, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1980. Robert Powell et al., Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Fourth Edition, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston and New York, 2016. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, “Animal Diversity Web,” online at https://animaldiversity.org.  The Spring Peeper entry is online at https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pseudacris_crucifer/. Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources (formerly Department of Game and Inland Fisheries), “Fish and Wildlife Information Service,” online at https://services.dwr.virginia.gov/fwis/.  The Spring Peeper entry is online at https://services.dwr.virginia.gov/fwis/booklet.html?&bova=020071&Menu=_.Taxonomy&version=18711.  Entries for Virginia’s seven chorus frog species (in the genus Pseudacris) are at this link.  Entries for amphibians in Virginia are at this link.  ___, “List of Native and Naturalized Fauna in Virginia, April 2018,” online (as a PDF) at https://dwr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/virginia-native-naturalized-species.pdf. Virginia Herpetological Society, (VHS), “Frogs and Toads of Virginia,” online at https://www.virginiaherpetologicalsociety.com/amphibians/frogsandtoads/frogs_and_toads_of_virginia.htm.  The Spring Peeper entry is online at http://www.virginiaherpetologicalsociety.com/amphibians/frogsandtoads/northern-spring-peeper/northern_spring_peeper.php.  (The VHS supports the scientific study of amphibians (frogs, toads, and salamanders) and reptiles (lizards, snakes, and turtles.) ___, “Virginia Frog Phrenology (Calling/Breeding Periods), online (as a PDF) at https://www.virginiaherpetologicalsociety.com/amphibians/frogsandtoads/_phenology/va-frog-and-toad-phenology.pdf. For More Information about Amphibians in Virginia and Elsewhere AmphibiaWeb, online at https://amphibiaweb.org/index.html.  The Spring Peeper entry is online at https://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?where-genus=Pseudacris&where-species=crucifer&account=amphibiaweb. Kathleen Gaskell, Chesapeake Challenge—Spring peepers will trill you to pieces, Bay Journal, March 2021. J.C. Mitchell and K.K. Reay, Atlas of Amphibians and Reptiles in Virginia, Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries/Richmond (1999); available online (as a PDF) at https://www.virginiaherpetologicalsociety.com/atlases/mitchell-atlas.pdf, courtesy of the Virginia Herpetological Society. Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources, “Frog Friday: Where Do Frogs Go in Winter?” December 11, 2015, online at https://dwr.virginia.gov/blog/frog-friday-where-do-frogs-go-in-the-winter/. ___, “Virginia is for Frogs,” online at https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/virginia-is-for-frogs/. ___, “Wildlife Information,” online at https://dwr.virginia.gov/wildlife/information/.  This site lists wildlife animals found in Virginia, with links to species accounts. RELATED VIRGINIA WATER RADIO EPISODES All Water Radio episodes are listed by category at the Index link above (http://www.virginiawaterradio.org/p/index.html).  See particularly the “Amphibians” subject category. Following are links to other spring-themed episodes.  (Please note: several of these may be redone in spring 2021.  As that occurs, the links below will include directions to the blog post for the updated episodes.) Eastern Phoebe – Episode 416, 4-16-18.Frog and Toad Medley – Episode 408, 2-19-18.Spring arrival episode – Episode 569, 3-22-21.Spring forest wildflowers – Episode 212, 5-5-14.Spring reminder about tornado awareness – Episode 568, 3-15-21.Spring signals for fish – Episode 311, 4-11-16.Spring sounds serenades – Episode 206, 3-14-14 and Episode 516, 3-16-20.Warblers and spring bird migration – Episode 157, 4-15-13. Following are links to some other episodes on chorus frogs.Brimley’s Chorus Frog – Episode 563, 2-8-21.Chorus frogs group in Virginia – Episode 464, 3-18-19.

Have you thought about how to sweeten the herbs for your clients? What about making non-alcoholic extracts for your clients? Join Geraldine & Christine from the Herbal Extract Company as we discuss glycerol and it's uses

Talk to a Dr. Berg Keto Consultant today and get the help you need on your journey (free consultation). Call 1-540-299-1557 with your questions about Keto, Intermittent Fasting, or the use of Dr. Berg products. Consultants are available Monday through Friday from 8 am to 10 pm EST. Saturday & Sunday from 9 am to 6 pm EST. USA Only. Get Dr. Berg's Veggie Solution today! • Flavored (Sweetened) - http://bit.ly/3nHbNTs • Plain (Unflavored) - http://bit.ly/3as0x9U Take Dr. Berg's Free Keto Mini-Course! In this podcast, Dr. Berg answers the question of how to keep blood sugars normal without eating sugar. Certain parts of the brain run on glucose but that glucose can be made from dietary fat. Glycerol, a part of Triglycerides, can be converted to glucose and that's what the brain can run on. This means we don't need external glucose because our body can make it if it needs it. The benefits of ketones to the brain would also be discussed. Dr. Eric Berg DC Bio: Dr. Berg, 51 years of age is a chiropractor who specializes in weight loss through nutritional & natural methods. His private practice is located in Alexandria, Virginia. His clients include senior officials in the U.S. government & the Justice Department, ambassadors, medical doctors, high-level executives of prominent corporations, scientists, engineers, professors, and other clients from all walks of life. He is the author of The 7 Principles of Fat Burning. Dr. Berg's Website: http://bit.ly/37AV0fk Dr. Berg's Recipe Ideas: http://bit.ly/37FF6QR Dr. Berg's Reviews: http://bit.ly/3hkIvbb Dr. Berg's Shop: http://bit.ly/3mJcLxg Dr. Berg's Bio: http://bit.ly/3as2cfE Dr. Berg's Health Coach Training: http://bit.ly/3as2p2q Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/drericberg Messenger: https://www.messenger.com/t/drericberg Twitter: https://twitter.com/DrBergDC Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/drericberg/ YouTube: http://bit.ly/37DXt8C

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.28.358432v1?rss=1 Authors: Akram, S., Thakur, J., Shree, M., Masakapalli, S. K., Nanda, R. K. Abstract: In vitro studies involving cell lines or primary cells, provide critical insights into their physiology under normal and perturbed conditions like cancer and infection. Given that there are multiple sources of carbon, nitrogen, and other nutrients available in routinely used standard media (such as DMEM, RPMI), it is vital to quantify their contribution to cellular metabolism. 13C based Isotopic tracers of the media components can be used to kinetically track their oxidation by the cell systems such as Human Lung Carcinoma (A549) cells. In this study, a universally labelled glucose tracer ([13C6]glucose) was used to quantify its metabolic contribution that provided further insights into the central carbon metabolism of A549 cells. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) based mass isotopomer analysis (average 13C) of methanolic extracts (glycerol: 5.46{+/-}3.53 % and lactate: 74.4{+/-}2.65 %), amino acids derived from acid hydrolysates of protein (Serine: 4.51{+/-}0.21 %, Glycine: 2.44{+/-}0.31 %, Alanine: 24.56{+/-}0.59 %, Glutamate: 8.81{+/-}0.85 %, Proline: 6.96{+/-}0.53 % and Aspartate: 10.72{+/-}0.95 %) and the metabolites of the culture filtrate (glycerol: 43.14{+/-}1.45 % and lactate: 81.67{+/-}0.91 %), allowed to capture the relative contribution of glucose. We observed the Warburg effect and a significant amount of lactate contributed from glucose, was released to the media. 13C glycerol of glucogenic origin was kinetically released to the culture filtrate and might be playing a critical role in metabolic reprogramming of A549 cells. Part of the protein biomass contributed from amino acids were of glucogenic origin. Besides, the workflow adopted for 13C analysis and derived average 13C of each metabolite provided a standard methodology that could be useful in defining the metabolic phenotypes of cells in normal and perturbed conditions. Understanding precisely the altered cellular metabolism to meet the biomass demand under a range of physiological conditions, kinetically, may identify pathways for targeted and effective therapeutic interventions. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Glycerol, retinol, phenoxyethanol - chemicals galore! Are face cream ingredients fake or do they actually help your skin? There is a lot of misinformation out there, but one cream we study today truly is the best! WDWLTW: 04:14 - you were lied to about sperm 06:47 - a molecule in honeybee venom can prevent breast cancer STUDYTIME: 12:24 - Face creams    

The Final Scoop is a no-holds barred, snowflake-free panel discussion podcast born out of a desire to cut through all the fluff, frills, and BS that litters the sports nutrition and fitness industry.   Our panel includes an international assembly of industry insiders united by a common goal -- to deliver honest, straightforward information on all matters concerning training, nutrition, and supplementation sans industry-sponsored endorsements or paid advertisements. Panel members include: Shane Smith, Stack3d TJ Gonen, Fitness Deal News Robert Samborsky, Apollon Nutrition Lukasz Rytkowski, Prometeus Intelligent Sports Technology Robert Schinetsky, The Supplement Engineer Show Notes This week we cover a wide range of topics, and welcome our first guest to the Final Scoop -- SANDY! Topics covered in this installment: Branch Warren signs with Apollon Nutrition Influencer Marketing -- Does It Work? Shane's standing order at McDonald's when traveling MAN Sports Gameday pre- review EAA Supplements Are Glycerol Supplements actually effective or are they hype? Utility of Greens supplements and MORE Where to Find The Final Scoop Cast Stack3D Website: https://www.stack3d.com FitnessDealNews Website: https://www.fitnessdealnews.com FitnessDealNews YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/user/fitnessdealnews/videos Apollon Nutrition IG: https://www.instagram.com/apollonnutrition/ Robert Samborksy IG: https://www.instagram.com/robik2075/ Apollon Nutrition Website: https://www.apollonnutrition.com Supplement Engineer Blog: https://supplementengineer.com/blogs/supplements Supplement Engineer IG: https://instagram.com/thesupplementengineer Before You Go... If you enjoy this podcast and want to see more content like it, please consider leaving a review! https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/supplement-engineer-podcast/id1447389041?mt=2&ls=1

00:00 - Intro music 03:56 - Skip intro music 04:19 - The flow of electrons, organization, proteins, electron acceptors and donors, Jeremy England, Vladimir Vernadsky, Otto Warburg, Albert Szent-Györgyi, William F. Koch, CO2 16:42 - Energy, the assumption of randomness, and order 19:05 - Albert-Szent Györgyi, the living state, proliferation, and differentiation 21:16 - Landmarks in cellular metabolism: fatty acids vs. carbohydrate 24:55 - "Glucose oxidation produces around 25% more NADH and half as much FADH2 as fat oxidation. Together, this leads to a ratio of FADH2 to NADH that is around 2.5 times lower than that of fat oxidation." Carbs vs. Fats: Which is the Better Fuel? by Jay Feldman Wellness 26:44 - Complex I, superoxide radical, and nitric oxide 28:24 - Methylene blue, functional antioxidant, and oxidizing agent 31:38 - Ringer's lactate solution, the recent deification of lactic acid 32:25 - Clarification on the optimal reduction/oxidation balance 34:03 - What is the consequence of turning off pyruvate dehydrogenase? 36:35 - Is it good that fatty acids skip glycolysis? 37:27 - Lipolysis, beta-oxidation, and estrogen 38:13 - The role of progesterone in regulating the redox balance 40:44 - Does pregnenolone "fill-in" for cortisol? 42:48 - High levels of progesterone compensates for the removal of the adrenal glands in rats 45:22 - Is progesterone a quinone (electron withdrawing agent)? 46:23 - What are the arguments for favoring NADH over NAD+? 47:31 - PUFAs are essential for destructive lipid peroxidation 49:15 - Glycerol from free fatty acids help form methylglyoxal that increases the formation of advanced glycation end-products, which is usually blamed on sugar 53:50 - Is pregnenolone "safer" than cholesterol? 57:00 - Progesterone vs. pregnenolone for stress, progesterone opposing many different layers of stress (e.g., adrenals, pituitary, hypothalamus, etc.) 59:57 - Staying in the oxidized state is an "uphill battle" 01:01:43 - Glucose, fructose, trehalose, and the generation of lactic acid, the protective effects of fructose, fructose as an antidote to ethanol 01:04:59 - Inositol ordering cellular water, depression 01:07:26 - CIA project aerodynamic, Yuri Bezmenov was a CIA agent, Stalin's opposition to the Rothschilds and Rockefellers 01:13:17 - Who was responsible for Trotsky's murder? 01:19:10 - Ray's clarification on "nazism" (i.e., eugenics focused [coronavirus as an extension of nazism]) 01:20:28 - What accounts for the rivalry between the empires? 01:23:07 - 'You can't understand the framing of Stalin unless you understand his opposition to the Rothschilds and Rockefellers' 01:24:05 - What would Ray say to Russians who have a negative view of Stalin? 01:26:04 - 'Highly educated bright history students don't understand how corrupt history has been for the last 130 years' 01:27:43 - 'The eugenics technocrats vs. the doomsday zionists' 01:30:44 - 'MLK was the victim of a government-led conspiracy' 01:33:41 - Cold Case Hammarskjöld (movie), MK-NAOMI, HIV, the elimination of black and gay people 01:39:29 - 'China won't use a western vaccine' 01:40:04 - What's going to happen when people start noticing bad reactions to the vaccine? 01:42:19 - The media's hot take on the destruction of the economy 01:43:48 - Who is Eric Schmidt aligned with? 01:44:37 - What relationship does the pentagon have with the power elite? 01:45:57 - Where are the benefits of the genetic-determinism theory? 01:47:18 - The rate of aging vs. "health" 01:53:13 - Does the protein requirement decrease with age? +more

This episode is sponsored by BodyCafé. BodyCafé is an organic lifestyle wellness brand that is based on authentic and traditional beauty practices. Visit BodyCafé and use the coupon code HI15 for the best quality hand sanitizers and other beauty products. Coupon code: HI15 What is a hand sanitizer? It is a liquid, gel or foam used to reduce infectious agents in on our hands. Hand wash is usually preferred as hand sanitizers cannot kill certain kinds of germs and it cannot remove harmful chemicals. But during certain situations, it is handy to use hand sanitizer over hand wash. Effective hand sanitizer has over 60% of alcohol content. It is usually a combination of isopropyl alcohol, ethanol (ethyl alcohol) or n-propanol from 60% to 95% concentration. It works with many microorganisms but does not have much effect in spores (a primitive usually unicellular often environmentally resistant dormant or reproductive body produced by plants, fungi, and some microorganisms and capable of development into a new individual either directly or after fusion with another spore). Glycerol can be added to reduce drying of the skin. Fragrances can be added but it can lead to allergic reactions. There are non-alcoholic hand sanitizers but are mostly ineffective. Alcohol-free sanitizers use povidone-iodine, benzalkonium chloride or triclosan. Alcohol's antiseptic properties have been put into use since the 14th century but in the modern world, alcohol-based hand sanitizer became a fixture from the 1980s. Hand sanitizers were introduced to the healthcare setting in 1966 and were popularised in the 90s. Hand sanitizer not effective on greasy, oily surfaces. It cannot remove heavy metal and pesticides like contaminants. Hand sanitizers are recommended only if hand wash is not available. It is flammable so has to be handled with care. It does not affect the beneficial microorganisms but removes the outer oil layer from the skin. Cases of ingestion have caused deaths. During the pandemic, the scarcity of alcohol leads to nine alcoholics in New Mexico to drink hand sanitizer. They were severely injured and three died. How to use it? Apply product to the palm of one hand. Rub hands together. Rub the product over all surfaces of hands and fingers until hands are dry. Do not go near flame or gas burner or any burning object during applying hand sanitizer. Listerine: Founded in 1879 by Joseph Lawrence Named after John Lister Kill germs that cause bad breath Joseph Lister demonstrated in 1865 that using carbolic acid on surgical dressings drastically reduces the chance of post-surgical infection. His demonstration was inspired by Louis Pasteur's study of microbial infection. It was promoted to the dentist as an oral care product from 1895. Finally released as over the counter mouthwash in the US from 1914. It started as a powerful surgical antiseptic, the distilled form was sold both as a floor cleaner and as a cure for gonorrhoea. It was not successful until the 1920s when it was promoted as a solution for chronic halitosis (bad breath). (Mention the advertisement.) From the 1920s-1970s it was also marketed as a preventive measure for sore throat and cold. (did not work at all) Listerine cigarettes were also marketed in 1927. From the 1930s - mid-1950s it was also advertised as a preventive measure for infectious dandruff. Safety concerns were raised saying acidic mouthwash increases the chances of oral cancer but was cleared as no evidence was found to support it. The active ingredients listed on Listerine packaging are essential oils which are menthol (mint) 0.042%, thymol (thyme) 0.064%, methyl salicylate (wintergreen) 0.06%, and eucalyptol (eucalyptus) 0.092%. Dettol vs Savlon: Dettol was released in 1933 as an antiseptic liquid for the treatment of cuts and wounds. It remained like that for the next 50 years. Now it has hand wash, liquid antiseptics, body wash, plater, soap and shaving cream with 50% of market sh

Gorilla Mode Nitric Pre-Workout is the most potent and comprehensive stimulant free pre-workout on the market in ALL aspects. All angles of saturating the muscle with blood and hydration have been addressed in this formula and are quite literally maxed out. https://youtu.be/iFlmwQXBs6U Gorilla Mode Nitric Supplement Facts Per Full Daily Dose: L-Citrulline – 10,000 mg Creatine Monohydrate – 5000 mg Betaine Anhydrous – 4000 mg GlycerPump™ (65% Glycerol Powder) – 4000 mg Malic Acid – 3000 mg Agmatine Sulfate – 1500 mg Nitrosigine® (inositol-stabilized arginine silicate) – 1500 mg Sodium Nitrate – 1500 mg VasoDrive-AP® (isoleucyl-prolyl-proline (IPP) and valyl-prolyl-proline (VPP) isolated from hydrolyzed milk casein) – 254 mg Gorilla Mode Nitric Vs. Other Pre-Workouts On The Market This is the most maxed out stimulant free pre-workout formula on the market in all aspects. It is also the most comprehensive formula that targets nitric oxide (NO), vasodilation and intracellular hyper-hydration from multiple angles, while maintaining top end dosages across all of those pathways. We completely saturate the traditional Arginine–eNOS–nitric oxide (NO) pathway with a massive 10 gram dose of L-Citrulline, 1.5 grams of Nitrosigine and 1.5 grams of Agmatine Sulfate. The often neglected nitrate–nitrite–nitric oxide (NO) pathway is also topped out with a 1500 mg dose of Sodium Nitrate. A high level of intracellular hyper-hydration is achieved with 5 grams of Creatine Monohydrate, 4 grams of Glycerpump and 4 grams of Betaine Anhydrous. We also addressed the enzyme angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) with VasoDrive-AP®, which acts as an ACE inhibitor and significantly increases vasodilation.  Finally, we have 3 grams of Malic Acid added in on top of the 10 grams of pure L-Citrulline to act as a Krebs cycle intermediary and counter lactic acid buildup during training. Some of these pathways are so maxed out that we could have easily just chosen one of them and sold the product for $39.99 and still had one of the most potent pre-workouts in the industry. Instead, I packed it all into one absurd product that clocks in with over 30 grams of efficacious active ingredients per full dose. It was incredibly expensive to create, but I am very happy with how it turned out, and I am not exaggerating when I say that this pre-workout is absolutely unmatched. Basically, I just included exactly what I would want to see in a stimulant free pre-workout, even at the obvious detriment of our margins. This product is even more potent than Gorilla Mode when it comes to pure pump and performance. The full daily dose is 2 scoops. Even a half dose (1 scoop) is still far more potent than the majority of other pre-workouts out there at their max dosages. This is another product I wanted to be head and shoulders, clear as day, superior to everything else in the industry. Just like in my description of how Gorilla Mode stacks up to other products in this industry, we can actually back up why our product is better than the rest. When (insert fitness influencer name here) launches their own supplement line, they will regurgitate the same story about how their products are effectively dosed, only use the highest quality ingredients, blah blah blah. They don't even know what they're selling half the time, let alone what combinations of ingredients work synergistically, or how to dose a product properly. They employ others to manufacture their products, or use a pre-made formula their manufacturer uses for every company where they just slap a different label on it and sell it for a huge margin. At the end of the day, most fitness influencers have no idea what goes into making an effective product. They don't know how their products work, they probably wouldn’t even use them if they didn’t sell them, they didn't formulate them, and they have to pay the overhead involved with having a team under them who is responsible for all of that. As you’ve already experienced with Gorilla Mode and Gorilla Mind Nootropics, it is me formulating the products, and they work because I actually put in them what I would want in a product and buy myself if I didn’t have a company. The same applies with Gorilla Mode Nitric. If I didn’t have this product, for an effective stim-free pre-workout I would probably be mixing up 6000-10,000 mg of L-Citrulline for vasodilation (with 6000 mg being the bare minimum of pure L-Citrulline, not Citrulline Malate, and would be dependent on my budget at the time), a saturation dose of Creatine Monohydrate (5000 mg), 3000-4000 mg of Glycerpump to hyper-hydrate the muscle with water, and maybe a quarter teaspoon of Himalayan Pink Salt. The fact that a significant amount of supplement companies will skimp out on Creatine Monohydrate and either not include it at all, or only include a subpar dosage, really sheds light on how scammy this industry can be. That is the cheapest ingredient they could easily dose properly, and even that they won't shell out the money for in their formulas. It’s not hard to put 5 grams of Creatine in a pre-workout, and it is actually pretty cheap to put in there. The reason is, they want you to go buy their creatine product, and will intentionally manipulate their ingredient profile to be deficient in several areas to make you buy more stuff from them. With my products, everything is turnkey. You don’t need to go buy a separate Creatine product from us, you don’t need to stack extra stims on top of our stim-based products, you don’t need to go buy something else to get the max dose of a certain ingredient in any of our formulas, everything you need is in each product at an efficacious dosage. Flavor And Mixability The flavor we chose to start with for Nitric was Mango Peach as it is a more mainstream appealing flavor than Tiger's Blood. Tiger's Blood and a fruit punch flavor will probably be next in the pipeline of flavor releases. Mango Peach is easily a 9 or 10/10 flavor, even for the pickiest of tongues. As there’s such a high concentration of ingredients in this formula we were really happy with how the flavor systems turned out. We were expecting something this potent to be nearly impossible to avoid tasting like ass. Fortunately, that wasn’t the case. It also mixes very well considering the concentration of L-Citrulline, GlycerPump, and all of the other ingredients in this product. There is some grittiness, but that just comes with the territory with putting out a 35 gram serving size product with 10 grams of L-Citrulline and 4 grams of Glycerpump. You will just have to use a bit more water than you would with your standard pre-workout because there are simply more active ingredients in this product that will require more liquid to mix well. How To Dose Gorilla Mode Nitric Mix 1-2 scoops of Gorilla Mode Nitric in 12-14 ounces of water and consume 30 minutes prior to training. Vary the amount of water to achieve your desired flavor level. First time users should begin use with 1/2-1 scoop or less to evaluate tolerance. DO NOT EXCEED 2 SCOOPS IN ANY 24 HOUR PERIOD. Gorilla Mode Nitric Ingredients Breakdown L-Citrulline – 10,000 mg L-Citrulline is the most effective supplement you can use to boost nitric oxide (NO) in the body. Why Nitric Oxide (NO) Is Important Nitric oxide (NO) is made naturally in our bodies and plays a significant role in cardiovascular health. It dilates blood vessels (vasodilation), which lowers blood pressure and increases oxygen in the blood. https://youtu.be/EoYhQIHmKoE Nitric oxide (NO) acts as a messenger to signal blood vessels to dilate, or contract and relax. Sufficient nitric oxide is needed to signal blood vessels to contract or relax to ensure blood is able to flow to and from the heart effectively. Nitric oxide production decreases with age, consequently reducing the elasticity of the cardiovascular system, and impairing the body's ability to ensure sufficient amounts of oxygenated blood are reaching vital organs. Eating enough nitrates and/or supplementing with nitric oxide precursors is very important to ensure that your cardiovascular system maintains optimized function as you get older. In addition, maintaining optimal nitric oxide levels will make you more vascular, allow you to get a much better pump, increase muscle volume, enhance the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to working muscles, support recovery and improve overall physical performance. Increased Muscular Endurance Citrulline has also shown to significantly increase muscular endurance, with one study finding that compared to placebo, a single 8000 mg dose of Citrulline Malate increased the number of reps performed per set, on every set after set 2 [R]. The impact Citrulline had on performance increased the more sets were performed. During the last set performed, the group that took Citrulline had a 52.92% increase in the number of reps they could perform relative to placebo. It also decreased muscle soreness by 40% at 24 and 48 hours after the training session compared to placebo. Effect On Body Composition There isn’t much data on the direct effect Citrulline has on muscle growth and fat loss in humans. However, a rodent model assessed the effect Citrulline had on body composition and found that 20 month old rats that were given a diet that included the human equivalent dose of 160 mg/kg per day for 12 weeks had 13% less body fat and 9% more lean body mass relative to the rats fed a standard diet without Citrulline supplementation [R]. Visceral fat mass was also reduced by 32%. The mortality rate of the rats taking Citrulline was 0%, while the standard diet fed rats had a mortality rate of 20%. L-Citrulline is one of the most promising supplements on the market and has significantly more upside above and beyond its increase in vascularity and pumps in the gym. The Maximum Effective Dose Of L-Citrulline Citrulline is found in watermelons. You would need to eat 1.5 kg of watermelon every day to get 3 grams of L-Citrulline though, which is the minimum effective dose [R]. To get the maximum effective dose of L-Citrulline from your diet, you would need to eat 5.0 kg of watermelon per day to get 10 grams (10,000 mg) of L-Citrulline [R]. Obviously, nobody is going to eat that much watermelon, nor is it a good idea to begin with in my opinion when there are far better ways to allocate your macronutrient/micronutrient intake allotments. This is why L-Citrulline supplementation could actually be worthwhile. The Problem With Citrulline Malate In The Supplement Industry While L-Citrulline is a great supplement to have in your daily regimen, there is a red flag around L-Citrulline supplementation that you need to know about. I'm sure you've seen that some supplements have L-Citrulline in them, and some have Citrulline Malate. Some even say "L-Citrulline Malate". This is a cheap trick companies use to deceive customers. Citrulline Malate is composed of 50% Malic Acid, unless the ratio states otherwise. Authentic Citrulline Malate is produced by chemically bonding free-form L-Citrulline to DL-Malic Acid. When L-Citrulline is chemically bonded to DL-Malic Acid, the end result is Citrulline Malate, which has unique properties. But the problem with the Citrulline Malate in the supplement industry is that it doesn't have this chemical reaction. It's just Citrulline mixed with malic acid in a big mixing vat in the manufacturing facility. There is no chemical bond like there should be to create authentic Citrulline Malate. It's just the two ingredients being mixed together in a cheap blend, and it's sold as "Citrulline Malate", or "L-Citrulline Malate". The reality is that it's just Citrulline stirred up with malic acid. While this isn't a huge deal in itself, the problem lies in the labeling practices companies use to artificially inflate the perceived potency of their product. 6-8 grams is seen as the max clinically proven efficacious dosage in the supplement industry in general. At least, that's what companies will tell you in their marketing. First of all, we already know that the actual maximum efficacious dosage of L-Citrulline is 10 grams per day [R]. In addition, the main issue is that the "L-Citrulline" in their product is actually as low as half of the stated label claim. As mentioned, Citrulline Malate is just a mixture of Citrulline and malic acid. Somehow, companies are getting away with labeling their products with the chemically bonded form Citrulline Malate and claiming they have 6-8 grams per serving in their pre-workout, when they actually just have 3-4 grams of Citrulline and 3-4 grams of malic acid per serving. Instead of labeling the following: L-Citrulline - 3 grams Malic Acid - 3 grams These companies are labeling their products like this: Citrulline Malate - 6 grams Or like this: L-Citrulline Malate - 6 grams Making you think you are getting a high dose, when in reality you are getting the bare minimum efficacious dose per serving of 3 grams. Sometimes, companies will tweak the ratio to be a bit more in favor of a higher Citrulline content relative to malic acid, but this is rarely higher than a 2:1 ratio. So, if you see the following: Citrulline Malate (2:1) - 6 grams That just means that the company has 4 grams of L-Citrulline and 2 grams of malic acid per serving. This is the exact manufacturing process involved in producing the L-Citrulline and "Citrulline Malate" you get in pre-workouts in the supplement industry: As you can see, the Citrulline Malate manufacturing flowchart on the right literally just says, "mix". If this was authentic Citrulline Malate, you wouldn't need to mix L-Citrulline with malic acid, it would be chemically bonded together by the end of the manufacturing process. You're not really getting what you're paying for, and most don't realize this is a tactic in the industry to get better margins and artificially inflate a products perceived efficacy. Even if a pre-workout had what on paper appears to be a top end efficacious dose of 8 grams per serving, how much L-Citrulline are you actually getting out of that serving? 4-6 grams at most. I have yet to see a pre-workout formula actually hit a top end L-Citrulline dosage, and of the ones that get close, they use Citrulline Malate to inflate their label. In addition, even if you had the bonded version (which supplements don't), reacted Citrulline Malate will break apart into L-Citrulline and malic acid right away after its mixed in water. It's all just a trick to artificially inflate a products perceived potency on a label, as each ingredient should be listed separately. Most supplements have malic acid anyways in the "other ingredients" section, which is still an active ingredient that does have some potential performance benefits that you would get from the “Malate” portion of Citrulline Malate. L-Citrulline and malic acid work via a different mechanism of action. Citrulline bypasses the liver and gets converted to arginine, which increases NO levels in the body. Malic acid is a Krebs cycle intermediary that counters lactic acid buildup. How much do you need of each though? With Citrulline, we know where the top end data lies. Malic acid, we don't. There is research on Citrulline and Citrulline Malate, but not much data on supplementing with malic acid to replenish depleted levels as a Krebs cycle intermediary. I don't think we can make a generalized overview on how effective the malic acid component was in the Citrulline Malate research either because we can't determine if the results were derived from the malic acid, the L-Citrulline, or both. Considering this, I included an additional 3000 mg of malic acid separately in the Gorilla Mode Nitric formula as an active ingredient in the main ingredients panel. As mentioned, malic acid is most commonly used as a filler in supplements, and will be found in small amounts in many product "other ingredients" sections. The only other time it is used is by companies artificially inflating their perceived L-Citrulline dosage via Citrulline Malate. No companies are including a maxed out dose of pure L-Citrulline as well as malic acid separetely though. It is always a subpar amount of each. So, if there is some sort of performance enhancing benefit to having a high dose of malic acid, you are also getting it via Nitric on top of the maximum efficacious 10,000 mg dose of pure L-Citrulline. At the end of the day, for vasodilation you should concern yourself with is how much pure L-Citrulline is in your pre-workout supplement. I have yet to see a product with more than 6000 mg of PURE L-Citrulline. I have only seen a handful of products with 6 grams of L-Citrulline, and another handful of products with 8 grams of Citrulline Malate (which only yields 4-5 grams of actual L-Citrulline, with the remainder as malic acid). I put 10 grams of PURE L-Citrulline in Gorilla Mode Nitric, as well as 3 grams of malic acid separately, so you can get the full benefits of the max dosage of each ingredient and transparently see exactly what you are actually getting in the product. Even if you decide to only use a half dose of this product you will still get 5000 mg of pure L-Citrulline, and the formula is still top notch even when cut in half. Citrulline Vs Arginine One of the most well-known pump ingredients is Arginine. The problem with L-Arginine is that it is very ineffective at increasing Nitric Oxide synthesis. Logically, you would assume that taking Arginine would be the most effective way to increase Arginine levels in the body. However, this is not the case. Oral L-Arginine is taken up and metabolized by the liver so much that it does not actually effectively increase Arginine levels, and it may even be unsafe to use because of how much excessive urea it yields [R]. L-Citrulline bypasses the liver and passes freely to the kidneys where it is metabolized to Arginine [R]. The most effective supplement that can be used to increase Arginine levels in the body to improve cardiovascular and metabolic health outcomes is L-Citrulline [R]. L-Citrulline supplementation has shown to lower blood pressure and provide atherogenic-endothelial protection [R]. When it comes to NO precursors that significantly improve pumps, nothing beats an efficacious dose of pure L-Citrulline. Creatine Monohydrate – 5000 mg Creatine is the best studied and most effective performance enhancing supplement outside of exogenous hormones and drugs. Creatine’s Effect On Muscle Size And Strength Supplementing with creatine has shown time and time again to significantly improve strength, power output and muscle size [R]. Creatine’s effect on strength is facilitated by increasing the body’s stores of phosphocreatine, which is then used during high intensity exercise to produce ATP [R, R]. Creatine’s effect on muscle size is facilitated by drawing water into the muscle via osmosis, consequently increasing body weight and muscle size. In addition, with the increased strength creatine provides, heavier weights can be used in the gym which provide more stimulus for growth, consequently increasing muscle accrual in the long-term. Creatine supplementation also appears to increase the number of myonuclei that satellite cells will donate to damaged muscle fibers, which increases the potential for growth of those fibers [R]. A typical omnivorous diet provides about 1 gram of creatine per day, which isn’t enough to get the benefits you would from supplementation, and also isn’t nearly enough to support health status and methylation in those with genetic polymorphisms. Creatine’s Effect On Methylation And Health Status About 1 gram of creatine is endogenously produced in the body naturally in young healthy adults [R]. Most of the human body's total creatine and phosphocreatine stores are found in skeletal muscle, while the remainder is distributed in the blood, brain, and other tissues [R]. While there are a host of processes in the body that rely on creatine to be carried out optimally (and are often completely neglected), one of the most notable functions of creatine is neurological support [R]. In addition, the endogenous synthesis of creatine relies on a process called methylation. Arginine and Glycine are combined by an enzyme to form guanidinoacetate, which is then methylated into creatine. The problem is that this process is dependent on a mechanism of action that is commonly inhibited in the general population via endogenous Arginine deficiency, Glycine deficiency, or MTHFR polymorphisms. The MTHFR gene codes for an enzyme called methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase or MTHFR. This enzyme is needed for the production of DNA and methylation pathways that are essential for all bodily functions. Genetic variations in this gene results in reduced activity of the enzyme and has been associated with cardiovascular disease, neurological defects, some forms of cancer, and a myriad of other diseases and disorders [R, R]. Personally, I am homozygous for C677T of MTHFR, which results in a 80-90% decrease in my efficiency in processing folic acid. The direct reflection of that in blood biomarkers can be high homocysteine and low B12 and folate levels. I determined this via a simple 23andMe genetics test. Upwards of 45% of your body’s methylation demands are used to synthesize creatine. For someone with a MTHFR polymorphism, you can put a significant amount of stress on your methylation pathway and deplete far more methyl groups than you should be just to create the 1 gram per day that you endogenously synthesize. We lose up to 2-3 grams of creatine per day because it converts to creatinine and is then passed out of the body via urine. As you can see, adequate replenishment of creatine is probably not being accomplished if you aren’t consistently eating a fair bit of meat or fish. And for those with impaired methylation pathways, supplementing with exogenous creatine is likely the only way creatine replenishment can be achieved. One study found that supplementing with 5 grams of creatine per day lowered plasma homocysteine levels by almost 50% in the subject who is homozygous for C677T of MTHFR [R]. Creatine supplementation can significantly lower the body’s demands for methylation and prevent the depletion of methyl groups. This is why I personally supplement with 5 grams of creatine per day. Do You Need To Cycle Off Of Creatine? No, you do not need to cycle off of creatine. Your body does not get used to it, and long-term use has shown to be safe in healthy adults [R]. Betaine Anhydrous – 4000 mg Betaine, also called Trimethylglycine, acts as a methyl donor and an osmolyte in the body. Earlier in the creatine breakdown, I briefly outlined the importance of having a sufficient amount of methyl donors available for methylation processes in the body, including the endogenous synthesis of creatine. For some individuals (depending on PEMT gene variations) Betaine can substitute for folate and B12 in the regeneration of methionine and can be choline sparing via this mechanism. It can also provide additional needed methyl donors when over-depletion occurs in genetically predisposed individuals that do not supplement with creatine, or have other deficiencies. As an osmolyte, Betaine helps balance fluid levels inside and outside of cells. The main reason I included Betaine in this formula is for its ability to induce intracellular hyper-hydration. By improving hydration status in cells, Betaine increases the pump you get in the gym, and can help prevent dehydration during exercise. Research has also shown that Betaine supplementation may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, as well as improve digestion and liver function [R, R, R, R]. In a performance enhancing context, Betaine supplementation has also shown to increase power, endurance, muscle growth and fat loss [R, R, R]. How significant will this effect on body composition be in practical application? Negligible in my honest opinion, but the enhanced pump made this ingredient worthwhile to add into the formula. GlycerPump™ (65% Glycerol Powder) – 4000 mg Glycerol significantly enhances pumps and performance by hyper-hydrating the muscle with water. Glycerol’s Effect On Hydration, Pumps And Endurance If you drink a lot of water with nothing else in hopes of hyper-hydrating your muscles, the fall in osmolarity in your body stimulates the kidneys to remove most of the excess water within an hour. If you add glycerol to the water, this prevents the drop in osmolarity and can extend the hyper-hydration of your muscles by up to four hours. By adding Glycerol to your pre-workout, you can hold upwards of an extra liter of water via this hyper-hydrating effect. Hydration is one of the most critical factors when it comes to performance. Aside from massive pumps, Glycerol use has shown to increase endurance by as much as 24%, as well as improve aerobic and anaerobic power and performance [R, R]. Only a 2% loss in fluids can result in as much as a 20% decrease in exercise performance. GlycerPump™ Vs Other Forms Of Glycerol We chose the trademarked GlycerPump because it doesn’t clump up nearly as much as other forms of Glycerol powder and it’s more stable. Glycerol is normally a liquid at standard temperature and pressure, and many supplement companies have attempted to create a powder form of Glycerol that is stable. Glycerol products get clumpy, have horrible viscosity and have a short shelf life. Because of this, most companies avoid this ingredient entirely, as it can cause severe clumping within just a couple months of being manufactured. Regular glycerol containing products only yield as low as 10% glycerol, which makes them ineffective, and higher yielding glycerol products can be unstable within complex formulas like ours and result in a clumpy product, or complete product failure. GlycerPump™ is created using unique spray drying technology, yielding a stable powder form of glycerol standardized to 65%. It is MUCH better than other alternatives and won't result in the powder turning into a rock. Keep in mind, while it is manageable, this is not a clump-free product, and there’s nothing I could do about that if I wanted to include the high concentration of ingredients that I did in Gorilla Mode Nitric. Store Gorilla Mode Nitric in a cool dry place, and if it clumps, that’s just what comes with the territory with a product dosed like this. If it clumps, just get out a knife or spoon and chop it up, and it will still mix fine once it hits the water in your cup. Agmatine Sulfate – 1500 mg Agmatine has shown to induce NO production via the same processes as arginine, but does it far more effectively [R]. This results in even bigger pumps in the gym and improved overall performance. Agmatine has also shown to be neuroprotective against excitotoxicity and stroke, and also has anti-anxiety and anti-depressant effects that may enhance state of well-being and mood elevation with supplementation. Agmatine has also shown to manipulate pain receptors, which may result in an increased pain tolerance during intense training. Agmatine is a very misunderstood compound and is believed by some to antagonize other vasodilators. Agmatine works in a more selective way than other vasodilators, as it only increases one of the three Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms. It also decreases the other two NOS isoforms, which is where the hypothesis about it being vasoconstricting was raised as a legitimate concern. The three NOS isoforms include iNOS, nNOS and eNOS. They each play their own role in certain tissues to regulate vasodilation. iNOS (inducible) produces high concentrations of NO via an immune system response to kill harmful bacteria. In excess, iNOS can be inflammatory. nNOS (neuronal) regulates neurological health and facilitates communication in the brain across neurons. In excess, nNOS can inhibit the growth and repair of neurons. eNOS (endothelial) facilitates vasodilation in the lining of blood vessels to improve blood flow. eNOS is the main isoform that most are familiar with that increases blood flow and lowers blood pressure. It is also the main isoform that facilitates massive pumps in the gym. While NO is great for the gym and vascular health, it can be inflammatory in excess. NO production by eNOS has shown to play a protective role in cerebral ischemia by maintaining vascular permeability, whereas NO derived from nNOS and iNOS is neurotoxic and can enhance the neuronal damage occurring in ischemia [R]. This is where the selective activity of Agmatine shines, as data suggests that Agmatine's mechanism of action is facilitated by inhibiting iNOS and nNOS and increasing eNOS [R, R]. Agmatine has shown to selectively increase eNOS levels while simultaneously decreasing iNOS and MMP-9 protein expression [R, R]. Anecdotally, Agmatine does not seem to inhibit any of the positive effects of L-Citrulline or other vasodilators. On the contrary, it seems to complement other "pump" compounds very effectively. On paper, Agmatine sounds like the perfect ancillary compound to add to a pre-workout as it increases expression of the NOS isoform we want, while simultaneously inhibiting the isoforms that can be more inflammatory in excess. Nitrosigine® (inositol-stabilized arginine silicate) – 1500 mg Nitrosigine got some hype behind it when independent researchers from the University of Arkansas presented data suggesting that 1500 mg of Nitrosigine was almost as effective as 8000 mg of Citrulline Malate 2:1 (5333.33 mg L-Citrulline and 2666.66 mg Malic Acid) at increasing flow mediated dilation (FMD) [R]. FMD refers to dilation of an artery when blood flow increases in that artery. Because the primary cause of FMD is release of nitric oxide by endothelial cells, we can use FMD as a proxy for NO levels. To circumvent the lackluster efficacy of plain oral Arginine, Nutrition 21 (the developers of Nitrosigine) created a complex of bonded arginine and silicon. The inositol acts as a stabilizer and increases the bioavailability of the complex, consequently resulting in a potent NO boosting compound. Remember that the main issue with Arginine is poor bioavailability. The inositol stabilizer helps circumvent that issue [R]. Unlike plain Arginine, Inositol-stabilized Arginine silicate (Nitrosigine) has shown to kick in within 15 minutes and elevate blood Arginine levels for up to six hours after ingestion [R, R]. Nitrosigine has some impressive data reinforcing its efficacy, and it is purported to be much more effective milligram for milligram than other common vasodilators at increasing NO levels. On top of the increase in vasodilation and pumps, the developers claim that after a single dose Nitrosigine can increase mental acuity and focus by 33% within 15 minutes, with a compounding effect over time. In addition, they claim that Nitrosigine supports enhanced recovery by reducing markers of muscle damage [R]. Nitrosigine Vs. L-Citrulline Vs. Agmatine Sulfate In Vitro An in vitro study was designed by Nutrition 21 to compare the cellular production of NO of several sports nutrition ingredients. These ingredients included Nitrosigine, L-Arginine, L-Arginine AKG, L-Citrulline, Citrulline Malate and Agmatine Sulfate. Nitrosigine was dosed at a concentration of 1.0 g/L. Cell culture concentrations of the other compounds were dosed relative to a 1500 mg dose of Nitrosigine using the following doses: L-Arginine - 1500 mg L-Arginine AKG - 4000 mg L-Citrulline - 3000 mg L-Citrulline Malate - 3000 mg Agmatine Sulfate - 1000 mg As NO is unstable and rapidly converts to nitrites or nitrates, nitrite levels were measured as a proxy for NO production. At the doses used in this study, Nitrosigine significantly increased NO production over each of the five other compounds tested. There was a greater than 5X increase in NO production with Nitrosigine compared to the other tested vasodilators. In addition, of the compounds tested, only Nitrosigine significantly increased NO production versus control. While this looks very impressive for Nitrosigine, you have to consider that this is an in vitro study conducted by Nutrition 21 themselves. The results basically indicate that every single clinically proven vasodilator that we know works is useless as it couldn't increase NO production above control, meanwhile Nitrosigine somehow cranked it through the roof over 5x higher than the rest. While the results are certainly interesting, I would take this data with a grain of salt. Nitrosigine Vs. Citrulline Malate - Vasodilation Study On Young Adults Unlike the in vitro study comparing Nitrosigine to Citrulline Malate, another study in 2019 was apparently conducted independently from the company without their knowledge whatsoever [R]. This study was conducted on young, healthy, physically active adults, and provides more acceptable parameters for us to take seriously when it comes to evaluating Nitrosigine's efficacy in humans relative to a decent dose of the most widely used vasodilator in the industry, Citrulline Malate (assuming that the study was actually unbiased as is implied) [R]. 16 healthy young men and 8 healthy young women participated in the study. Each subject either received 1500 mg of Nitrosigine, 8000 mg of Citrulline Malate 2:1, or dextrose placebo. Keep in mind, this is Citrulline Malate 2:1, so the subjects are only actually getting 5333.33 mg of L-Citrulline. The study was randomized, double-blind, within-subjects design where participants reported for three trials, each preceded by a 7-day washout period. Baseline flow mediated dilation (FMD) measurement was obtained for each visit, followed by consumption of one clinical dose Citrulline Malate (8 grams), Nitrosigine (1.5 grams), or dextrose placebo (8 g). Following a 60-min digestion period, FMD was repeated. Supplementation order was randomized controlling for potential order effects. Basically, the subjects would show up, get their FMD evaluated, take one of the three options, and then get their FMD checked again to see how well the random compound they ingested increased their NO production. They would then take a week off, and come back and repeat, where they would then receive one of the remaining two compounds, with the same measurement process. This would be followed by another week off, and then a third visit where the subjects would receive whatever the third ingredient was that they hadn't yet tried, and the same measurement process was conducted. Nobody knew what they were ingesting during each trip, but by the end of the experiment every single subject had tried each ingredient, and their vasodilation response was evaluated for comparisons. Expectedly, Citrulline Malate and Nitrosigine yielded a greater improvement in FMD response than placebo. Citrulline Malate increased FMD by 34%. Nitrosigine increased FMD by 31%. Placebo decreased FMD by 2%. Allometric scaling of the FMD values was required afterwards to adjust the results to account for the body size of males relative to females. After allometric scaling of the FMD values, Citrulline Malate was shown to increase FMD by 25%, Nitrosigine increased FMD by 23%, and placebo increased FMD by 0.6%. Clearly Citrulline Malate isn't as useless as the Nutrition 21 funded in vitro data would lead you to believe. The results from this study suggest that the clinically efficacious 1500 mg dose of Nitrosigine is almost equally effective to 5333.33 mg of L-Citrulline mixed with 2666.66 mg of Malic Acid. Clearly Nitrosigine has a lot of promise as a pre-workout ingredient, which is why I included it in our formula alongside the massive dosages of other potent vasodilators we already have. Every single effective vasodilator we felt was worthwhile is in here at topped out dosages. While it would be nice if there was data we could refer to evaluating if there is a synergy between Nitrosigine and Citrulline, or Nitrosigine and Agmatine, regardless if the end result is 1+1 = 2 or if it's 1+1 = 3, my goal was to make sure this formula was air tight and ensure you are getting the maximum possible performance enhancing benefit from each and every ingredient. Sodium Nitrate – 1500 mg Sodium is one of the most critical and overlooked components of a diet designed to optimize exercise performance. But, keep in mind, you’re not going to get enough sodium in a pre-workout without it tasting terrible. Other companies will put a tiny dose of sodium in their product and then claim you will get all of the benefits of it. Personally, I just toss and wash a quarter teaspoon of a high quality salt 30 minutes pre-workout with Gorilla Mode or Gorilla Mode Nitric, and I take another quarter teaspoon with my post-workout drink. The reason I included sodium nitrate in Gorilla Mode Nitric is not for the sodium, it is for the nitrates. The nitrate–nitrite–nitric oxide (NO) pathway is a series of oxygen-independent and NO synthase–independent single-electron transfer reactions that ultimately facilitate vasodilation. The traditional Arginine–eNOS–nitric oxide (NO) pathway is what most NO precursors focus on. The nitrate–nitrite–nitric oxide (NO) pathway often goes completely neglected though, and is another pathway we can leverage to amplify NO levels to an even greater level. Nitrates found in food can be converted into nitrites in the body, and then reduced to NO via nitrite reductase [R]. Several studies have shown that nitrate supplementation can increase plasma nitrite concentrations, and consequently Nitric Oxide, which then enhances pumps, endurance, and all of the other benefits we use NO precursors for [R]. Nitrate Dosage - Sodium Nitrate Vs. Beet Root Powder Pre-Workouts Beet root is a very popular ingredient that has started to get a lot of attention over the past few years. The reason why beet root works is because it is a densely concentrated source of nitrates. However, despite it being densely concentrated relative to other foods, beet root still only contains 1-2 percent of nitrates per gram of raw material. This would require you to ingest an absurdly high amount of beet root to get the same amount of nitrates that you can get from the 1500 mg of sodium nitrate in Gorilla Mode Nitric. To put it in perspective, your standard beet root powder pre-workout supplement has around 4.3 grams of Beet root juice powder in it. The amount of nitrates in that 4.3 grams is about 43 mg. That means that you would need to chug the entire tub at one time to get the same amount of nitrate as you would get out of a 1500 mg dose of sodium nitrate. There is no feasible way to get a high dose of nitrates from beet root powder without ingesting massive quantities far higher than what you would get in a dietary supplement. By weight, sodium nitrate is the most highly concentrated source of nitrates among any dietary ingredient. Nitrates comprise 73 percent of the total weight of sodium nitrate [R]. The optimal dosage of nitrate supplementation appears to be between 6.4-12.8 mg/kg [R]. That equates to the following dosage protocols: 440-870 mg for a 150 lb person 580-1,160 mg for a 200 lb person 730-1,450 mg for a 250 lb person For every gram of sodium nitrate, 730 mg is from nitrate. The 1.5 grams of sodium nitrate in Gorilla Mode Nitric yields 1095 mg of nitrate. There are other nitrate based supplements in the industry like Arginine Nitrate, Creatine Nitrate, Betaine Nitrate that operate via this same nitrate–nitrite–nitric oxide (NO) pathway, however, none of them have as high of a nitrate composition gram for gram as Sodium Nitrate does. VasoDrive-AP® (isoleucyl-prolyl-proline (IPP) and valyl-prolyl-proline (VPP) isolated from hydrolyzed milk casein) – 254 mg VasoDrive-AP consists of 2 lactotripeptides: isoleucyl-prolyl-proline (IPP) and valyl-prolyl-proline (VPP) which are clinically proven to inhibit Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and significantly increases vasodilation.  Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) controls blood pressure by regulating the volume of fluids in the body. ACE facilitates this process by converting the hormone angiotensin I to the active vasoconstrictor angiotensin II. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) inhibit ACE, consequently reducing angiotensin II production. Reducing angiotensin II results in the dilation of blood vessels and a reduction of blood pressure. Bradykinin is also a vasodilator in the body that is degraded by ACE. Clinical data suggests that individuals who genetically have lower levels of ACE respond better to training and are at an advantage in endurance sporting events [R, R]. The more blood flow you have, presumably the more oxygen and nutrient carrying capacity you will have during exercise. VasoDrive-AP has shown in 30 clinical studies to date a potent effect on vasodilation and blood pressure reduction via this mechanism completely independent from the traditional Arginine–eNOS–nitric oxide (NO) pathway [R].  Ingredients I Didn’t Include In The Formula And Why Vitamin C Vitamin C is a very potent antioxidant and plays a crucial role in lowering blood pressure and regulating health blood flow. Supplementing a Vitamin C deficient diet can be very beneficial, except when you're dosing it pre-workout. Vitamin C is inexpensive and has tons of clinical data to back its efficacy, so it is often thrown in pre-workouts. The problem with this is that using Vitamin C pre-workout can blunt the hormetic response to the workout itself and hinder your results [R]. The point of working out is to damage the muscle, which then results in the body signaling repair processes to start that will help you recover and ultimately get bigger and stronger to adapt to the workload. If you manually decrease that hormetic response to exercise by ingesting Vitamin C pre-workout, you will reduce the damage done and ultimately prevent your body from stimulating as much growth. Personally, I don't take any vitamins, anti inflammatories, or powerful antioxidants for several hours before or after my workout to be safe. Antioxidants And Vitamins As mentioned, one of the worst things you can do is take antioxidants before your workout. The stress and damage induced by weightlifting or exercise is needed to facilitate muscular recovery and progress. The reactive oxygen species and inflammation produced during intense training assists with that process, and is also why drugs like Ibuprofen can inhibit muscle growth so severely. The inflammatory response to training is what we want in order to recover, and by inhibiting that with antioxidants, vitamins or anti-inflammatory drugs, you prevent your body from breaking down and recovering the way it needs to in order to grow [R, R]. A pre-workout formula with a bunch of vitamins and antioxidants in it is more likely to hinder your gains than help. Potassium I advise reaching your recommended daily intake of 4,700 mg through diet rather than through supplementation. It is not legal to sell Potassium in high amounts, and you will usually find that supplements have no more than 100 mg or so per serving because of this. For this same reason, supplementation isn't cost effective, and pre-workouts with potassium in them are including it solely to claim the benefits of potassium all the while knowing the dose in their product is next to useless. The amount of potassium in pre-workout supplements does next to nothing for you when it comes to helping you hit the RDA. S7™ S7™ is a blend of green coffee bean extract, green tea extract, turmeric extract, tart cherry, blueberry, broccoli and kale that has gotten some hype in pre-workouts recently. I was considering including it in our formula until I saw that the blend was comprised entirely of potent antioxidants and anti-inflammatories. Turmeric is one of the most potent anti-inflammatory spices known to man, which is why it also shows such therapeutic promise via supplementation. However, the last thing you want to use pre-workout is a potent anti-inflammatory compound. Inflammation is what we are striving for during a workout, and using anything that significantly impairs this inflammatory response to training is something that should not be used pre-workout, and should be saved for taking far away from the peri-workout window. Beta Alanine Beta Alanine is the ingredient that makes your skin itchy and has you sitting there scratching your face between sets. I assume it is included in pre-workouts because you can blatantly feel something when you take it, so people associate feeling something with the product being potent. Personally, I can’t stand the itchy skin effect it has, and it can be bad enough that it ruins a pre-workout just based on that. In addition, it doesn’t have more than a negligible effect on performance at best. Acute sporadic bumps in Beta Alanine will do next to nothing if you are only getting your Beta Alanine dosage from your pre workout supplement a few times per week. If you were to take it correctly, dosing it multiple times per day, for weeks on end, at a high enough dosage, the impact on performance is notable, although still fairly insignificant at the end of the day. “The median effect of β-alanine supplementation is a 2.85% (-0.37 to 10.49%) improvement in the outcome of an exercise measure, when a median total of 179 g of β-alanine is supplemented” [R]. 179 grams (an amount nobody would end up getting in) for a 2.85% improvement in performance, and a ton of itchiness… “Although some laboratory-based studies show an ergogenic effect with beta-alanine supplementation, there is a lack of field-based research in training and competition settings.” “There was an unclear effect (0.4%; ± 0.8%, mean, ± 90% confidence limits) of beta-alanine on competition performance compared to placebo with no meaningful changes in blood chemistry. While there was a transient improvement on training performance after 4 weeks with beta-alanine (-1.3%; ± 1.0%), there was an unclear effect at ten weeks (-0.2%; ± 1.5%) and no meaningful changes in blood chemistry. Beta-alanine supplementation appears to have minimal effect on swimming performance in non-laboratory controlled real-world training and competition settings” [R]. Leucine Taking Leucine post-workout promotes muscle growth. However, taking Leucine in your pre-workout has shown to diminish muscular performance via the inhibition of glycogen to glucose conversion within muscle cells and insulin signaling. On top of that, Leucine can prevent the uptake of Tyrosine into the brain, consequently inhibiting dopamine production, which is the opposite of what we are trying to accomplish pre-workout. Should You Ever Cycle Off Of Gorilla Mode Nitric? Despite Nitric being stimulant free, I would still advise cycling your use of Gorilla Mode Nitric every once in a while. In general, I advise cycling your use of any supplement that isn't being used daily to replace a dietary deficiency. Interfering with balancing mechanisms in the body chronically long-term is almost always going to build up to some unintended negative side effect, and redlining your Nitric Oxide levels and vasodilation on a daily basis for long uninterrupted spans of time will probably be no different. How often you cycle it is ultimately up to your discretion as there is no tolerance build up with the ingredients in Nitric, and some of them actually have accumulative benefits. Personally, I use pre-workouts 4 days per week because I workout 4 times per week. Every month or two I will also take a full week off of everything except for my daily health supplements. How To Combine Gorilla Mode Nitric With Gorilla Mind Rush Gorilla Mode Nitric has no stimulants in it, so if you want the most potent combination of performance, energy, focus and drive pre-workout you can combine Nitric with Gorilla Mind Rush. Dose each product as you would normally dose them on their own, as there is no overlap between the two formulas. How To Combine Gorilla Mode Nitric With Gorilla Mode Gorilla Mode can be combined with Gorilla Mode Nitric to achieve a more middle road level of stimulants but with the maxed out vasodilation and hyper-hydration. The instance in which mixing the two would make the most sense is if you don't want to use a high dose of Gorilla Mode because the stimulant dosages are higher than you prefer or can tolerate, but still want to max out the benefits of the ingredients included for pump and performance. For example, if 2 scoops of Gorilla Mode contains too high of a dose of stimulants for you, you could use 1 scoop of Gorilla Mode with 1 scoop of Gorilla Mode Nitric. Or, a 1/2 scoop of Gorilla Mode with 1.5 scoops of Gorilla Mode Nitric. Alternatively, if you are using Nitric and want a little bump of stimulants but are too sensitive to the stimulant complex in Gorilla Mind Rush, then you might want to add a bit of Gorilla Mode to your Nitric dose as the blend of stimulants in Mode is a notch less aggressive than the stimulants in Rush. Mix and match at your own discretion based on your own stimulant tolerance and exactly what you are looking to get out of your pre-workout. Personally, I love combining Rush and Nitric pre-workout. Sometimes I will use Mode with Nitric instead though as the Kanna and N-Phenethyl Dimethylamine Citrate hits differently than the stimulants in Rush. It all depends on what I'm training, how well rested I am, and the effects I am shooting for. Conclusion - What To Expect From Gorilla Mode Nitric In general, you can expect a massive increase in nitric oxide (NO) levels, vasodilation, intracellular hydration and as significant of a boost in muscle strength and endurance as you can get from a legal non-hormonal pre-workout. This product is maxed out from all angles. The traditional Arginine–eNOS–nitric oxide (NO) pathway is completely saturated with an unheard of dose of L-Citrulline, as well as topped out doses of Nitrosigine and Agmatine Sulfate for good measure. Over a gram of nitrates also ensures that the nitrate–nitrite–nitric oxide (NO) pathway is taken care of. Intracellular hyper-hydration is best-in-class too with a huge dose of Creatine Monohydrate, Glycerpump and Betaine Anhydrous to volumize the muscle and support performance and pumps. Inhibiting the enzyme angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) with a clinical dose of VasoDrive-AP® also checks off another pathway to push the boundaries on supraphysiological levels of vasodilation.  Finally, a high dose of Malic Acid was included for good measure to act as a Krebs cycle intermediary and support greater levels of muscular endurance. Try Gorilla Mode Nitric for yourself here and let me know what you think.

Talk to a Dr. Berg Keto Consultant today and get the help you need on your journey (free consultation). Call 1-540-299-1557 with your questions about Keto, Intermittent Fasting or the use of Dr. Berg products. Consultants are available Monday through Friday from 8:30 am to 9 pm EST. Saturday & Sunday 9 am to 5 pm EST. USA Only. Take the Free Keto Mini-Course: bit.ly/KetoMiniCourse Intermittent Fasting Basics: bit.ly/DrBergIF Many people think that when you're fasting, you're starving. But, you ARE actually eating. I'm going to explain more about why this is in this podcast. When you're fasting, your cells are eating their own fat. They're not being fed from your diet, but they're being fed from your storage. The only time fasting is starving is if you go too long and you've used up all of your fat. If you have no more fat, at that point, the body will start using up its muscles. But that will take a very long time. Fat gives us glycerol and fatty acids, which turn into ketones. About 60% of the fuel your body uses while fasting is fatty acids. As far as the brain is concerned, two-thirds of the fuel can be ketones, and one-third will be glucose. The body does need a small amount of glucose. However, there is something in the body called gluconeogenesis, where the body can make glucose. Where does the body get glucose from? • Glycerol - 20g of glucose per day • Ketones - 10g of glucose per day • Recycled lactate - 40g of glucose per day • Organs - 80g of glucose per day • Alanine - 15g of glucose per day Our bodies are very well designed for fasting and intermittent fasting. There are a ton of fasting benefits, and the body does will on this. But, the body does not do well on frequent meals and snacks. Dr. Eric Berg DC Bio: Dr. Berg, 51 years of age is a chiropractor who specializes in weight loss through nutritional & natural methods. His private practice is located in Alexandria, Virginia. His clients include senior officials in the U.S. government & the Justice Department, ambassadors, medical doctors, high-level executives of prominent corporations, scientists, engineers, professors, and other clients from all walks of life. He is the author of The 7 Principles of Fat Burning. FACEBOOK: fb.me/DrEricBerg?utm_source=Podcast TWITTER: http://twitter.com/DrBergDC?utm_source=Podcast YOUTUBE: http://www.youtube.com/user/drericberg123?utm_source=Podcast DR. BERG'S SHOP: https://shop.drberg.com/?utm_source=Podcast MESSENGER: https://www.messenger.com/t/drericberg?utm_source=Podcast DR. BERG'S VIDEO BLOG: https://www.drberg.com/blog?utm_source=Podcast

Wake up parents.  E-Cigarettes are rapidly becoming the drug of choice among our teens....it needs to be the drug to stop.

Dans ce 5ème podcast, nous abordons le sujet du glycérol, des nutriarômes et discutons d'un nouveau produit fabriqué par Kaneka que nous détaillerons plus en profondeur avec le fournisseur et qui fera l'objet d'un nouveau podcast.

Session 105 ATP, blood vessels, fat stores and beta decay are the topics we cover in the next set of discrete questions from Next Step Test Prep Full-length 10. We are once again joined by Bryan Schnedeker from . Also check out all our other podcasts on . [01:33] Question 44: Fat Molecules Fats are stored in adipose tissues primarily as: (A) Fatty acids (B) Chylomicrons (C) Glycerol (D) Triacylglycerols Bryan's Insights: The correct answer here is D. Glycerol is the three-carbon backbone and fatty acids are the little tails that get tagged onto the glycerol. So a glycerol backbone plus three fatty acids make up a full classic E-shaped triacylglycerol or just just fat molecule. Chylomicrons are the little clumpy bits that are used to transport fatty acids throughout the blood. [03:27] Question 45: Aorta vs. Capillaries Within the body, which of the following blood vessels is expected to have the greatest total cross-sectional area and the lowest fluid velocity? (A) Aorta (B) Arterioles (C) Capillaries (D) Vena cava Bryan's Insights: The word total is key here. And the answer here is C. There are tens of thousands of capillaries for every arteriole, much less for the aorta and vena cava in the body. The question also says lowest fluid velocity. The blood in the aorta and the arterioles is just rushing along because of all that pressure from the heart. So it's in the capillaries that the blood flows the slowest that it almost comes to a standstill so that your oxygen and carbon dioxide can get exchanged. If you're not reading this question very carefully, you might pick (A) Aorta. In fact, in the Next Step Full Length analysis, about 65% get this question right while the other 35% all pick the aorta. [05:23] Question 46: Fluorine What does 18F become after a beta+ decay? (A) 18Ne (B) 18O (C) 17F (D) 19F Bryan's Insights: The test would give you a periodic table where you click on the button in the corner of the screen. It doesn't give you much except for the atomic number and then the element itself. First, you need to know the weight of a beta+ particle. It's a position which is a fancy name for a positively charged electron. So beta- is an electron while beta+ is a positively charged electron. Relative to a proton, you can treat beta decay as having a zero mass. So if Fluorine starts with a mass of 18, shooting out a positron is not going to change the 18 at all because it didn't give out any mass. If shot off a positive charge, it means that one of it is positive, so the proton became a neutron. Fluorine which had 9 protons went down to only 8 protons. So you have to go to the periodic table and see what's element number 8 and you would see that it's Oxygen. [08:00] Question 47: ATP/ADP Ratio A cell in which an elevated ATP/ADP ratio exists is most likely to demonstrate which allosteric effect resulting for this elevation? (A) Inhibition of pyruvate kinase (B) Activation of phosphofructokinase 1 (C) Inhibition of ATP citrate lyase (D) Activation of hexokinase Bryan's Insights: The cell is in a really high energy state, which means you don't need to make any more. In response, you slow your Krebs cycle and all that mechanics down. So you don't want to pick the activation choices, leaving us here with A and C. The correct answer here is A. Remember that pyruvate is that last step in glycolysis so the key regulatory point when you wrap up glycolysis before you head over to the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex or Krebs cycle, you regulate glycolysis right at the end there. If you shut that off in the end and if you have tons of ATP floating around, you don't need to make more energy. Hence, you switch off glycolysis by switching off pyruvate kinase, the enzyme in the end. ATP citrate lyase is a key enzyme that links carbohydrate metabolism (the Krebs cycle) to fat anabolism (making fat). The enzyme basically converts the citrate to acetyl CoA, which goes over and the body makes fat molecules out of it for storage. If you have tons of energy and you want to store that energy, you would actually bump up your ATP citrate lyase. You would want to activate that whole chain of connections. [12:08] Quick Tips for Answering Biochemistry Questions First, understand what the question is asking since students get very hung up in metabolism and biochemistry, trying to memorize a million names of enzymes, substrates, etc. Of course you have to recognize names. But when it comes to actually answering questions on test day, just put it in the big picture. Contextualize it. Don't skip this first step because just from the names of the molecules, and recognizing the general situation, you can take a pretty good crack at the question. In terms of the Krebs cycle and all the different energy pathways, you have to know them backwards-forwards, upside-down. You should be able to list every enzyme in the Krebs cycle, every substrate that gets acted on by the enzyme, and all the coenzymes and cofactors, all the inputs and the outputs. "The Krebs cycle is your alpha and omega. You have to know the whole thing." As for any pathway in the body, just generally know the inputs and outputs and the regulatory steps. You don't have to list every single step in glycolysis on the MCAT. That's okay. That said, memorize the Krebs cycle backwards and forwards first and then remember all the key steps in all the other reactions. [14:45] Next Step Test Prep If you're interested in Next Step Test Prep's full length practice exams, use the promo code MCATPOD to save 10% off their offerings. Based on the feedback gathered from students, Next Step Test Prep simulates the real exam. They also found it to be the most accurate full length exam, outside of the AAMC exams. Links: Promo Code: MCATPOD

Glycerol as well as salt capsules are employed to help conserve body fluids during exercise in hot climates. In this podcast Dr. Eric Goulet from the University of Sherbrook in Quebec expands on his novel study examining the independent and combined effects of salt and glycerol on human hyperhydration. Since WADA lifted the ban on the use of glycerol in Jan 2018, Dr. Goulet's study gives both a timely and thorough look at the use of this ergogenic aid.

Do you chew gum while you're training/racing? You may want to think twice about that habit and ditch the “artificial junk” Typical sugar free gum ingredients: Sorbitol, Gum Base, Glycerol, Natural and Artificial Flavors, Hydrogenated Starch Hydrolysate, Aspartame, Mannitol, Acesulfame K, Soy Lecithin, Xylitol, Colors (Beta-Carotene, Blue 1 Lake), BHT (to Maintain Freshness). Artificial sweeteners […] The post ATC 223: Spit Out That Gum, Recovery From Overtraining, Healthy Mindset to Body Shape, and More first appeared on Endurance Planet.

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Valentines Day, the Grammys, and Netflix are the topics. Also, Our First Attempt at a Sketch! Listen up!

Vincent, Elio, and Michael explore the fossilization of archaeal lipids, and highlight the recent ICAAC in Washington, D.C.  

Simon Cotton describes one of his favourite school chemistry experiments, involving this week's compound: Glycerol

This week, we're chilling out in the world of cryogenics, the science of the super-cold. We'll find out what happens to living tissue when it freezes, and how we can use low temperatures to keep organs, and maybe even one day whole bodies, in suspended animation. We also talk to the company behind an attractive new design of super-efficient fridge that runs on magnetism. In the news we hear how computer gamers have contributed to a breakthrough in HIV, why humans are programmed for overconfidence, and how the nervous system controls the immune system. Plus, we ask, is modern medicine altering... Like this podcast? Please help us by supporting the Naked Scientists

This week, we're chilling out in the world of cryogenics, the science of the super-cold. We'll find out what happens to living tissue when it freezes, and how we can use low temperatures to keep organs, and maybe even one day whole bodies, in suspended animation. We also talk to the company behind an attractive new design of super-efficient fridge that runs on magnetism. In the news we hear how computer gamers have contributed to a breakthrough in HIV, why humans are programmed for overconfidence, and how the nervous system controls the immune system. Plus, we ask, is modern medicine altering... Like this podcast? Please help us by supporting the Naked Scientists

Learn how matrix metalloproteinases are involved in Huntington's disease (00:50), hear about the functions of telomere DNA sequences (9:46), and learn how the lipid diacyl glycerol helps to fight bacterial infection (16:13).

Background: Bacterial meningitis in children causes high rates of mortality and morbidity. In a recent clinical trial, oral glycerol significantly reduced severe neurological sequelae in paediatric meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b, and a tendency towards a benefit of adjunctive glycerol was seen in pneumococcal meningitis. Methods: Here we examined the effects of glycerol in pneumococcal meningitis of infant rats and adult mice. All animals received ceftriaxone, and glycerol or placebo. Brain damage, hearing loss, and inflammatory parameters were assessed. Results: Clinically and by histopathology, animals treated with glycerol or placebo did not differ. While both groups showed equally high levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 at 24 h after infection, a significant difference in favour of glycerol was observed at 40 h after infection. However, this difference in matrix metalloproteinase-9 in late disease did not result in an improvement of histopathologic parameters. Conclusion: No benefit of adjunctive glycerol was found in these models of pneumococcal meningitis.

The effective uptake of inorganic phosphate by cells from the environment depends on specific transport systems. In bacteria, these uptake systems are well characterized and most species contain both secondary transporters as well as primary uptake systems belonging to the ABC-family of transporters. Under phosphate starvation, genes coding for high-affinity phosphate transporters are induced in bacteria as well as in eukarya. In E. coli these are genes of the phosphate-specific transport via Pst or the Glycerol-3-phosphate-specific transporter, Ugp. Archaea possess the PHO stimulon, which induces numerous genes in response to phosphate limitation. So far this stimulon has only been described for Halobacterium salinarum R1. The genome of H. salinarum encodes ABC transporters resembling the Pst and Ugp systems of E. coli which are upregulated under Pi-limited conditions. In this study, the gene expression and function of the phosphate dependent operons pst1, pst2 and ugp of H. salinarum were investigated. First, it was shown that the three operons (pst1, pst2 und ugp) are transcribed as one polycistronic unit. The respective promoters are located upstream of the first ORF (open reading frame) of the operons, and transcription start sites (TSS) were mapped. Two TSSs were found for the pst1 operon, and are utilized in a phosphate dependent manner. Through an unknown regulation mechanism, the cell switches transcription of pst1 mRNA to either a transcript with or without a 60 nt long leader sequence. The transcripts of the pst2 and ugp operons have no 5’UTRs, regardless of phosphate concentration. Using a Ppst1-bgaH reporter system, it was observed that the transcripts with or without a leader sequence have different translation efficiencies. The transcript without a 5‘UTR had a 150-fold higher translation efficiency than the transcript with a 5‘UTR. It was concluded that the expression of the pst1 operon is modulated through a post-transcriptional regulation mechanism. To our knowledge, this is the first identified archaeal protein-coding operon that is transcribed by alternative promoters. The differences in phosphate dependent gene expression of the pst1, pst2 and ugp operons were investigated using the bgaH reporter system. Under phosphate saturated conditions, the expression of the pst2 operon is stronger compared to the expression of the pst1 operon, whereas under phosphate limited conditions, pst1 operon expression is highly induced. This assay system also identified the TATA boxes of the pst1 and pst2 promoters as well as AT-rich motifs, named P boxes. Mutations in the P box, with the consensus ATATWWW , reduced the promoter activity of both the pst1 and pst2 promoters. The results indicated that the TATA-2 box of the pst1 promoter has an impact on the phosphate dependent promoter activity under phosphate limited conditions and could be used as a P box. In the second part of the study, the proposed functions of the transporters Pst1, Pst2 and Ugp and the kinetic parameters were determined. Different knockout mutants were constructed, and these showed that the Pst transporters had different phosphate affinities. It was concluded from the results that the binding proteins PstS1 and PstS2 can interact with both transporters. The phosphate transport systems Pst1 and Pst2 are used differently. Under phosphate saturated conditions the cell operates mainly with the lower-affinity Pst2 transporter. If phosphate becomes limiting in the environment, predominantly the high-affinity transporter Pst1 is induced. This process is regulated on the transcriptional as well as on the post-transcriptional level. Furthermore, it was shown that a deletion of the Pst1 transporters leads to a loss of phosphate-directed chemotaxis under Pi-stress. This result confirms the importance of the Pst1 transporter under phosphate limited conditions. In related studies, growth experiments showed that the Ugp transporter is the only transporter for glycerol-3-phosphate in H. salinarum. In addition, the search for a regulatory protein that is involved in the regulation of the genes of the PHO stimulon did not reveal any likely candidates, but it was shown that deletion of the pst1 operon leads to an induction of the pst2 operon.

Background: The endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) undergoes spontaneous isomerization to biologically inactive 1-AG. This effect has not been adequately addressed in previous studies that reported 2-AG concentrations in biological samples. Methods: Liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used for 1-AG and 2-AG analyses. Results: Identical collision-induced disintegration spectra were found for 1-AG and 2-AG. For specific detection of both compounds, which share a common mass transition, baseline chromatographic separation is mandatory, even when applying MS/MS technology with its generally high detection specificity. When using standard chromatographic conditions with the very short run times typically used in LC-MS/ MS methods, co-elution of 2-AG with 1-AG, which is present in human serum, causes false 2-AG results. Conclusions: Our data highlight that the analytical specificity of MS/MS can be limited by interference from isobaric isomers with identical disintegration patterns. The specificity of this technology must be carefully evaluated for each individual application.