Podcasts about austrian academy

The medical aid programs established by socialist states nuance the Cold War dichotomy regarding the transfer of knowledge. The latest RevDem Democracy and Culture podcast with Bogdan Cristian Iacob explores the legacy of socialist regimes in the transnational circulation of expertknowledge during the Cold War, with a particular focus on medical aid.Bogdan Cristian Iacobis a researcher at the Nicolae Iorga Institute of History at the Romanian Academy and at the Institute for Habsburg and Balkan Studies at the Austrian Academy of Sciences. His work focused on the relationship between state socialist countries and the Global South, the transnational circulation of expert knowledge, and the legacy of state socialism's global entanglements in shaping the transformation of Eastern Europe. He is a co-author of the collective monographSocialism Goes Global.During its initial phase, the historiography of the socialist states labeled Eastern Europe as a disconnected region from the international transfer of knowledge. In this logic, the only possible knowledge exchange was from Western to Eastern Europe, due to the Iron Curtain. However, this initial paradigm has since been revisited and by now, historians provide amuch more nuanced perspective on this issue. Revisionist and post-revisionist historiography emphasize that Eastern and Central Europe were never completely isolated. Instead, exchanges, influences and mobilities occurred across threecore geographical axes – firstly, within the socialist bloc, another one with the West and finally, with the Global South. The decision-making process regarding international collaborations was far more complex than the Cold War dichotomy, as it involved domestic political pressures, as well as economic, social, and public health challenges. Bogdan Cristian Iacob favors this approach. Throughout his research, he sheds light on the public health programs created by the socialist states, situating them in the context of decolonization. This approach is highly relevant as it reframes Eastern Europe as an active participant in global public health strategies.Infectious disease eradication - a battlefield?The eradication of infectious diseases was a central debate in the post-war socialist states, as Bogdan Cristian Iacob argues in this podcast. He highlights the example of malaria. This disease was officially eradicated in Romania in 1963 and presented by the leadership as a unique and modern healthcare program, with the program later implemented in other countries. This case is relevant within the broader framework. The scope of malaria, typhus, and smallpox eradication was beyond individual countries, particular regions or one political regime. Based on such initial achievements, countries that engaged in the public healthcare competition exported medical knowledge to the postcolonial world.  Initially, in the 1950s the reason for this‘export' was anticolonial solidarity for the newly independent countries. Yet, in the 1960s, the medical assistance programs from Eastern Europe were no longer driven by mere solidarity. Instead, competition emerged, as BogdanCristian Iacob argues. The reasons included access to naturalresources and new markets, as well as the emphasis on the supplying country's modernity. Within this competition, postcolonial governments leveraged rivalries between donor countries sending medical aid and healthcare experts toappeal to the 'modernity ego' of state socialist officials, as Iacob points out.Healthcare support - paternalism or solidarity?While postcolonial solidarity was one of the main driversof healthcare support from Eastern European countries, it did not prevent the emergence of hierarchies. As this podcast demonstrates, Eastern European healthcare experts often perceived postcolonial countries as economically underdeveloped and culturally backward. The paradox is that socialist medicine demonstrated its own form of paternalism that replicated colonial practices.Often, doctors failed to distance themselves racializing their patients.Balancing domestic public health and expertise exportIacob argues that three elements dominated thepublic healthcare competition: anti-colonial solidarity, regional economic interests, and ideological rivalry. This, in turn, created a problem in the mid-1970s, as medical workers were deployed to certain postcolonial countrieswhile domestic healthcare systems faced staff shortages. As a result, ‘healthcare export' became both a political tool for legitimation and a source of revenue. One of the best examples of this is Cuba, as this podcast shows.RelevanceAccording to Iacob, this approach is relevant for both the historiography of socialist states and the history of medicine, as it highlights the multiple vectors of knowledgetransfer during the Cold War. However, within this debate, some questions remain unanswered. Iacob suggests three key questions for further examination. First, how do we further assess the relationship between Eastern European medicine and practices of racialization at home and those in global context? Second, how did global circulations of socialist medicine affect or influence specific medical fieldsback in the region? Lastly, how might the archival openings in the Global South might emphasize the agency of the postcolonial countries and change our current understanding about socialism and disease and in more broad terms, aboutemancipation?

The world will mark the 80th anniversary of the end of World War II later this year. Richard J. Evans helps us understand the murderous leaders of Nazi Germany, and the people at every level of German society who did their bidding. Evans is an historian of modern Germany and modern Europe and is the preeminent historian of the Third Reich today. He has published over 20 books in the field, including his trilogy on the Third Reich. He is a Fellow of the British Academy, the Royal Historical Society, the Royal Society of Literature and the Learned Society of Wales, and an Honorary Fellow of Gonville and Caius College Cambridge, Birkbeck, University of London, and Jesus College Oxford. In 2022, he was made an Honorary Member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. He has been Vice-Master and Acting Master of Birkbeck, University of London, Chairman of the History Faculty in the University of Cambridge. He currently serves as Provost of Gresham College in London and a visiting Professor of History at Birkbeck University of London.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

In this episode, Dr. Tawni Tidwell shares the latest research into the meditative state of Tukdam. Tukdam is the practice of realizing mind's innermost essence at the moment of death. Pratcitioner's who die in the Tukdam state exhibit minimal signs of bodily decomposition, sometimes for weeks. Tawni Tidwell is a biocultural anthropologist (PhD 2017, Emory University) and Tibetan medical doctor (Kachupa degree 2015, Qinghai University Tibetan Medical College). She is currently a Research Assistant Professor at the Center for Healthy Minds of University of Wisconsin-Madison. Tawni's research facilitates bridges across the Western scientific tradition and Tibetan medical tradition along with their attendant epistemologies and ontologies. Previously, she was a postdoctoral fellow at the Austrian Academy of Sciences and University of Vienna, where her work focused on pharmacological innovations in Tibetan medicine and training practices for medicine compounding. Her doctoral work detailed the entrainment process for learning Tibetan medical diagnostics of Tibetan medical conceptions of cancer and related metabolic disorders. She is currently the Science Lead for Field Study of the Physiology of Meditation Practitioners and the Tukdam Meditative State (FMed/Tukdam Study) and serves as Principal Investigator for both the North American COVID-19 Tibetan Medical Observational Study (NACTMOS) and the Examining Individual Differences in Contemplative Practice Response Project (ExamID-Biome). Her published works focus on diagnostic/treatment paradigms, pharmacological synergies, and cultural practices for wellbeing and resilience. She maintains a private clinical practice in Madison, Wisconsin and Vienna, Austria. You can learn more about her work at: www.centerhealthyminds.org/about/people/tawni-tidwell. You can learn more about the Tukdam Study at: centerhealthyminds.org/science/studies/the-field-study-of-long-term-meditation-practitioners.

Kris is an AI educator, consultant, activist, and speaker. She has a background in software development (MS in Computer Science) and ten years of working in the industry as a backend developer, BA in journalism (specializing in human rights and art), commercial photography, art, and activism. Kris has worked in several startups as head of AI and AI consultant. She freelanced with brands to help them implement AI into their workflow. Kris has built a large community around generative AI on Twitter and has been a guest teacher at Columbia University, Austrian Academy of Sciences and CreativeMornings. Her work on AI was featured on the front page of The Wall Street Journal, Reuters, Bloomberg Law, the Guardian, and others. Her photography (non-AI) was published by the New York Post, the Telegraph, the Times & Sunday Times, The Sun, and Metro. At the moment Kris works at Adobe as Senior Creative Evangelist Artificial Intelligence since July 2023. In her role she created educational workshops, is a public speaker and an AI expert who evangelises internally and externally. She's been speaking publicly at Columbia University and Austrian Academy of Sciences on creativity, ethics and copyright of AI. Creator of “Zarya of the Dawn”

In the contemporary world, political violence has been an unavoidable issue for everyone. It is therefore essential to criticize political violence in a textured way. The Iraqi Ba'th state's Anfāl operations (1987-1991) is one of the twentieth century's ultimate acts of destruction of the possibility of being human. It remains the first and only crime of state in the Middle East to be tried under the 1948 UN Genocide Convention, the 1950 Nuremberg Principles, and the 1969 Iraqi Penal Code and to be recognized as genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes in Baghdad between 2006 and 2007.  Being Human: Political Modernity and Hospitality in Kurdistan-Iraq (Rutgers UP, 2024) offers an unprecedented pathway to the study of political violence. It is a sweeping work of anthropological hospitality, returning to the Anfāl operations as the violence of political modernity only to turn to the human survivors' hospitality and acts of translation - testimonial narratives, law, politics, archive, poetry, artworks, museums, memorials, symbolic cemeteries, and infinite pursuit of justice in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.  Being Human gathers together social sciences, humanities, and the arts to understand modernity's violence and its living on. Fazil Moradi is Visiting Associate Professor at Faculty of Humanities, University of Johannesburg; Associate Researcher at the Institute for Social Anthropology, Austrian Academy of Sciences; and Affiliated Scholar at the Center for the Study of the Holocaust, Genocide, and Crimes against Humanity at the Ralph Bunche Institute for International Studies, Graduate Center—City University of New York. Apart from Being Human, his recent publications include Memory and Genocide: On What Remains and the Possibility of Representation (co-ed. by Maria Six-Hohenbalken and Ralph Buchenhorst, Routledge 2017); and ‘Tele-Evidence: On the Translatability of Modernity's Violence' (Special Issue, co-edited by Richard Rottenburg, Critical Studies 2019); and editor of ‘In Search of Decolonised Political Futures: Engaging Mahmood Mamdani' s Neither Settler Nor Native' (Special Issue in Anthropological Theory, 2023). Yadong Li is a PhD student in anthropology at Tulane University. His research interests lie at the intersection of economic anthropology, hope and time studies, and the anthropology of borders and frontiers. More details about his scholarship and research interests can be found here. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network

In the contemporary world, political violence has been an unavoidable issue for everyone. It is therefore essential to criticize political violence in a textured way. The Iraqi Ba'th state's Anfāl operations (1987-1991) is one of the twentieth century's ultimate acts of destruction of the possibility of being human. It remains the first and only crime of state in the Middle East to be tried under the 1948 UN Genocide Convention, the 1950 Nuremberg Principles, and the 1969 Iraqi Penal Code and to be recognized as genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes in Baghdad between 2006 and 2007.  Being Human: Political Modernity and Hospitality in Kurdistan-Iraq (Rutgers UP, 2024) offers an unprecedented pathway to the study of political violence. It is a sweeping work of anthropological hospitality, returning to the Anfāl operations as the violence of political modernity only to turn to the human survivors' hospitality and acts of translation - testimonial narratives, law, politics, archive, poetry, artworks, museums, memorials, symbolic cemeteries, and infinite pursuit of justice in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.  Being Human gathers together social sciences, humanities, and the arts to understand modernity's violence and its living on. Fazil Moradi is Visiting Associate Professor at Faculty of Humanities, University of Johannesburg; Associate Researcher at the Institute for Social Anthropology, Austrian Academy of Sciences; and Affiliated Scholar at the Center for the Study of the Holocaust, Genocide, and Crimes against Humanity at the Ralph Bunche Institute for International Studies, Graduate Center—City University of New York. Apart from Being Human, his recent publications include Memory and Genocide: On What Remains and the Possibility of Representation (co-ed. by Maria Six-Hohenbalken and Ralph Buchenhorst, Routledge 2017); and ‘Tele-Evidence: On the Translatability of Modernity's Violence' (Special Issue, co-edited by Richard Rottenburg, Critical Studies 2019); and editor of ‘In Search of Decolonised Political Futures: Engaging Mahmood Mamdani' s Neither Settler Nor Native' (Special Issue in Anthropological Theory, 2023). Yadong Li is a PhD student in anthropology at Tulane University. His research interests lie at the intersection of economic anthropology, hope and time studies, and the anthropology of borders and frontiers. More details about his scholarship and research interests can be found here. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/middle-eastern-studies

In the contemporary world, political violence has been an unavoidable issue for everyone. It is therefore essential to criticize political violence in a textured way. The Iraqi Ba'th state's Anfāl operations (1987-1991) is one of the twentieth century's ultimate acts of destruction of the possibility of being human. It remains the first and only crime of state in the Middle East to be tried under the 1948 UN Genocide Convention, the 1950 Nuremberg Principles, and the 1969 Iraqi Penal Code and to be recognized as genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes in Baghdad between 2006 and 2007.  Being Human: Political Modernity and Hospitality in Kurdistan-Iraq (Rutgers UP, 2024) offers an unprecedented pathway to the study of political violence. It is a sweeping work of anthropological hospitality, returning to the Anfāl operations as the violence of political modernity only to turn to the human survivors' hospitality and acts of translation - testimonial narratives, law, politics, archive, poetry, artworks, museums, memorials, symbolic cemeteries, and infinite pursuit of justice in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.  Being Human gathers together social sciences, humanities, and the arts to understand modernity's violence and its living on. Fazil Moradi is Visiting Associate Professor at Faculty of Humanities, University of Johannesburg; Associate Researcher at the Institute for Social Anthropology, Austrian Academy of Sciences; and Affiliated Scholar at the Center for the Study of the Holocaust, Genocide, and Crimes against Humanity at the Ralph Bunche Institute for International Studies, Graduate Center—City University of New York. Apart from Being Human, his recent publications include Memory and Genocide: On What Remains and the Possibility of Representation (co-ed. by Maria Six-Hohenbalken and Ralph Buchenhorst, Routledge 2017); and ‘Tele-Evidence: On the Translatability of Modernity's Violence' (Special Issue, co-edited by Richard Rottenburg, Critical Studies 2019); and editor of ‘In Search of Decolonised Political Futures: Engaging Mahmood Mamdani' s Neither Settler Nor Native' (Special Issue in Anthropological Theory, 2023). Yadong Li is a PhD student in anthropology at Tulane University. His research interests lie at the intersection of economic anthropology, hope and time studies, and the anthropology of borders and frontiers. More details about his scholarship and research interests can be found here. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/genocide-studies

In the contemporary world, political violence has been an unavoidable issue for everyone. It is therefore essential to criticize political violence in a textured way. The Iraqi Ba'th state's Anfāl operations (1987-1991) is one of the twentieth century's ultimate acts of destruction of the possibility of being human. It remains the first and only crime of state in the Middle East to be tried under the 1948 UN Genocide Convention, the 1950 Nuremberg Principles, and the 1969 Iraqi Penal Code and to be recognized as genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes in Baghdad between 2006 and 2007.  Being Human: Political Modernity and Hospitality in Kurdistan-Iraq (Rutgers UP, 2024) offers an unprecedented pathway to the study of political violence. It is a sweeping work of anthropological hospitality, returning to the Anfāl operations as the violence of political modernity only to turn to the human survivors' hospitality and acts of translation - testimonial narratives, law, politics, archive, poetry, artworks, museums, memorials, symbolic cemeteries, and infinite pursuit of justice in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.  Being Human gathers together social sciences, humanities, and the arts to understand modernity's violence and its living on. Fazil Moradi is Visiting Associate Professor at Faculty of Humanities, University of Johannesburg; Associate Researcher at the Institute for Social Anthropology, Austrian Academy of Sciences; and Affiliated Scholar at the Center for the Study of the Holocaust, Genocide, and Crimes against Humanity at the Ralph Bunche Institute for International Studies, Graduate Center—City University of New York. Apart from Being Human, his recent publications include Memory and Genocide: On What Remains and the Possibility of Representation (co-ed. by Maria Six-Hohenbalken and Ralph Buchenhorst, Routledge 2017); and ‘Tele-Evidence: On the Translatability of Modernity's Violence' (Special Issue, co-edited by Richard Rottenburg, Critical Studies 2019); and editor of ‘In Search of Decolonised Political Futures: Engaging Mahmood Mamdani' s Neither Settler Nor Native' (Special Issue in Anthropological Theory, 2023). Yadong Li is a PhD student in anthropology at Tulane University. His research interests lie at the intersection of economic anthropology, hope and time studies, and the anthropology of borders and frontiers. More details about his scholarship and research interests can be found here. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/anthropology

In the contemporary world, political violence has been an unavoidable issue for everyone. It is therefore essential to criticize political violence in a textured way. The Iraqi Ba'th state's Anfāl operations (1987-1991) is one of the twentieth century's ultimate acts of destruction of the possibility of being human. It remains the first and only crime of state in the Middle East to be tried under the 1948 UN Genocide Convention, the 1950 Nuremberg Principles, and the 1969 Iraqi Penal Code and to be recognized as genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes in Baghdad between 2006 and 2007.  Being Human: Political Modernity and Hospitality in Kurdistan-Iraq (Rutgers UP, 2024) offers an unprecedented pathway to the study of political violence. It is a sweeping work of anthropological hospitality, returning to the Anfāl operations as the violence of political modernity only to turn to the human survivors' hospitality and acts of translation - testimonial narratives, law, politics, archive, poetry, artworks, museums, memorials, symbolic cemeteries, and infinite pursuit of justice in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.  Being Human gathers together social sciences, humanities, and the arts to understand modernity's violence and its living on. Fazil Moradi is Visiting Associate Professor at Faculty of Humanities, University of Johannesburg; Associate Researcher at the Institute for Social Anthropology, Austrian Academy of Sciences; and Affiliated Scholar at the Center for the Study of the Holocaust, Genocide, and Crimes against Humanity at the Ralph Bunche Institute for International Studies, Graduate Center—City University of New York. Apart from Being Human, his recent publications include Memory and Genocide: On What Remains and the Possibility of Representation (co-ed. by Maria Six-Hohenbalken and Ralph Buchenhorst, Routledge 2017); and ‘Tele-Evidence: On the Translatability of Modernity's Violence' (Special Issue, co-edited by Richard Rottenburg, Critical Studies 2019); and editor of ‘In Search of Decolonised Political Futures: Engaging Mahmood Mamdani' s Neither Settler Nor Native' (Special Issue in Anthropological Theory, 2023). Yadong Li is a PhD student in anthropology at Tulane University. His research interests lie at the intersection of economic anthropology, hope and time studies, and the anthropology of borders and frontiers. More details about his scholarship and research interests can be found here. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/sociology

The contributions to Visnu-Narayana: Changing Forms and the Becoming of a Deity in Indian Religious Traditions (Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 2023) deal with the complex history of the Indian deity Visnu-Narayana. This conception of God evolved in various traditions in India, especially in South India, during the first millennium CE. The history of this development is reconstructed here by various means, including philological exegesis, the history of ideas, and iconographic evidence. In their respective discussions, the contributors examine a range of textual material in Sanskrit, Tamil, and Manipravala, including the early Cankam literature of the 3rd to 6th century CE; the Vaisnava text corpus, in particular the Nalayiradivviyapirabandham (6th-9th century CE); Puranic literature, especially the Visnupurana (5th-6th century CE); Pancaratra literature; and the later (10th-14th century CE) literature of the philosophical and theological tradition of theistic Visistadvaita Vedanta, in which Visnu-Narayana plays a central role. Also examined is how Visnu-Narayana came to be seen as a solitary supreme God, with a reconstruction of the theological arguments supporting this monotheism. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network

The contributions to Visnu-Narayana: Changing Forms and the Becoming of a Deity in Indian Religious Traditions (Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 2023) deal with the complex history of the Indian deity Visnu-Narayana. This conception of God evolved in various traditions in India, especially in South India, during the first millennium CE. The history of this development is reconstructed here by various means, including philological exegesis, the history of ideas, and iconographic evidence. In their respective discussions, the contributors examine a range of textual material in Sanskrit, Tamil, and Manipravala, including the early Cankam literature of the 3rd to 6th century CE; the Vaisnava text corpus, in particular the Nalayiradivviyapirabandham (6th-9th century CE); Puranic literature, especially the Visnupurana (5th-6th century CE); Pancaratra literature; and the later (10th-14th century CE) literature of the philosophical and theological tradition of theistic Visistadvaita Vedanta, in which Visnu-Narayana plays a central role. Also examined is how Visnu-Narayana came to be seen as a solitary supreme God, with a reconstruction of the theological arguments supporting this monotheism. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The contributions to Visnu-Narayana: Changing Forms and the Becoming of a Deity in Indian Religious Traditions (Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 2023) deal with the complex history of the Indian deity Visnu-Narayana. This conception of God evolved in various traditions in India, especially in South India, during the first millennium CE. The history of this development is reconstructed here by various means, including philological exegesis, the history of ideas, and iconographic evidence. In their respective discussions, the contributors examine a range of textual material in Sanskrit, Tamil, and Manipravala, including the early Cankam literature of the 3rd to 6th century CE; the Vaisnava text corpus, in particular the Nalayiradivviyapirabandham (6th-9th century CE); Puranic literature, especially the Visnupurana (5th-6th century CE); Pancaratra literature; and the later (10th-14th century CE) literature of the philosophical and theological tradition of theistic Visistadvaita Vedanta, in which Visnu-Narayana plays a central role. Also examined is how Visnu-Narayana came to be seen as a solitary supreme God, with a reconstruction of the theological arguments supporting this monotheism. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/south-asian-studies

The contributions to Visnu-Narayana: Changing Forms and the Becoming of a Deity in Indian Religious Traditions (Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 2023) deal with the complex history of the Indian deity Visnu-Narayana. This conception of God evolved in various traditions in India, especially in South India, during the first millennium CE. The history of this development is reconstructed here by various means, including philological exegesis, the history of ideas, and iconographic evidence. In their respective discussions, the contributors examine a range of textual material in Sanskrit, Tamil, and Manipravala, including the early Cankam literature of the 3rd to 6th century CE; the Vaisnava text corpus, in particular the Nalayiradivviyapirabandham (6th-9th century CE); Puranic literature, especially the Visnupurana (5th-6th century CE); Pancaratra literature; and the later (10th-14th century CE) literature of the philosophical and theological tradition of theistic Visistadvaita Vedanta, in which Visnu-Narayana plays a central role. Also examined is how Visnu-Narayana came to be seen as a solitary supreme God, with a reconstruction of the theological arguments supporting this monotheism. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/indian-religions

The contributions to Visnu-Narayana: Changing Forms and the Becoming of a Deity in Indian Religious Traditions (Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 2023) deal with the complex history of the Indian deity Visnu-Narayana. This conception of God evolved in various traditions in India, especially in South India, during the first millennium CE. The history of this development is reconstructed here by various means, including philological exegesis, the history of ideas, and iconographic evidence. In their respective discussions, the contributors examine a range of textual material in Sanskrit, Tamil, and Manipravala, including the early Cankam literature of the 3rd to 6th century CE; the Vaisnava text corpus, in particular the Nalayiradivviyapirabandham (6th-9th century CE); Puranic literature, especially the Visnupurana (5th-6th century CE); Pancaratra literature; and the later (10th-14th century CE) literature of the philosophical and theological tradition of theistic Visistadvaita Vedanta, in which Visnu-Narayana plays a central role. Also examined is how Visnu-Narayana came to be seen as a solitary supreme God, with a reconstruction of the theological arguments supporting this monotheism. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/religion

------------------------------- 通勤學英語VIP加值內容與線上課程 ------------------------------- 通勤學英語VIP訂閱方案：https://open.firstory.me/join/15minstoday VIP訂閱FAQ: https://15minsengcafe.pse.is/5cjptb 社會人核心英語有聲書課程連結：https://15minsengcafe.pse.is/554esm ------------------------------- 15Mins.Today 相關連結 ------------------------------- 歡迎針對這一集留言你的想法： 留言連結 主題投稿/意見回覆 : ask15mins@gmail.com 官方網站：www.15mins.today 加入Clubhouse直播室：https://15minsengcafe.pse.is/46hm8k 訂閱YouTube頻道：https://15minsengcafe.pse.is/3rhuuy 商業合作/贊助來信：15minstoday@gmail.com ------------------------------- 以下是此單集逐字稿 (播放器有不同字數限制，完整文稿可到官網) ------------------------------- Topic: About Technology - 'Smart crib' aims to help rockabye baby As every new parent knows, sleep can go out the window after the arrival of a newborn. 如每對剛生孩子的爸媽所知，新生兒到來後，再也沒有夜夜好眠。 That was certainly the case for parents Radhika and Bharath Patil, who seeking relief for their own disrupted sleep patterns, put their electronic engineering backgrounds together to create a "smart crib". 這確實就是拉德西卡和巴拉特‧帕蒂爾的狀況，這對父母正在補救自身混亂的睡眠模式，結合他們的電子工程背景，創造了一個「智慧嬰兒床」。 Their crib, powered by artificial intelligence, combines a baby monitor, rocker, bassinet and crib in one. 他們把一台嬰兒監視器、弧形搖桿、搖籃和嬰兒床合而為一，由人工智慧來驅動嬰兒床。 "It's not the amount of work around the baby that tires the parents, it's the lack of sleep," Radhika Patil, Cradlewise chief executive, told Reuters in an interview. 「智慧搖籃」執行長拉德西卡‧帕蒂爾在訪問中告訴路透，「並非圍繞著嬰兒的工作量累到父母，而是睡眠不足。」 Early detection is key, she said, adding that the sooner parents can detect the baby waking up, the easier it is to get the child to fall back asleep. 她說，早期偵測是關鍵，並補充指出，父母越早發現嬰兒醒來，就越容易讓他們的孩子再度入睡。 "Once you put the baby in, the crib takes care of everything. That's the aim," Bharath Patil said. 巴拉特‧帕蒂爾說，「只要把嬰兒放進去，嬰兒床就顧好每件事。這就是目的。」 Next Article Topic: New Thoughts on Math Of Effective Baby Talk It has been nearly 20 years since a landmark education study found that, by age 3, children from low-income families have heard 30 million fewer words than more affluent children, putting them at an educational disadvantage before they have begun school. 將近20年前，一項具有里程碑意義的教育研究發現，低收入戶兒童到了3歲時，已比家庭較富裕的兒童少聽到3000萬個字彙，以致就學前即已處於教育上的劣勢。 Now, a growing body of research is challenging the notion that merely exposing poor children to more language is enough to overcome the deficits they face. The quality of the communication between children and their parents and caregivers, the researchers say, is of much greater importance than the number of words a child hears. 如今，越來越多的研究向此一觀念提出挑戰，不認為光是讓貧窮兒童暴露於更多語言，就能克服他們所面對的不足。這些研究人員指出，兒童與父母及看顧者之間的溝通品質，遠比兒童聽到多少字彙來得重要。 A study presented last month at a White House conference on “bridging the word gap” found that among 2-year-olds from low-income families, quality interactions involving words — the use of shared symbols (“Look, a dog!”); rituals (“Want a bottle after your bath?”); and conversational fluency (“Yes, that is a bus!”) — were a far better predictor of language skills at age 3 than any other factor . 上月在白宮「縮小字彙差距」會議中發表的一項研究結果發現，對2歲的低收入戶兒童而言，和字彙相關的優質互動，例如使用共通的符號（「看哪，一隻狗！」）；固定程序（「洗完澡想喝瓶奶？」）；流暢的對話（「是的，這是一輛公車！」），在預測3歲兒童語言技巧方面，是遠勝於其他因素的更好指標。 “It's not just about shoving words in,” said Kathryn Hirsh- Pasek, a professor of psychology at Temple University in Philadelphia and lead author of the study. “It's about having these fluid conversations around shared rituals and objects, like pretending to have morning coffee together or using the banana as a phone. ” 費城天普大學心理學教授、該研究報告主要作者凱瑟琳．赫許─巴塞克說：「它不光是塞進字彙而已，它與圍繞著共有的固定程序和物件的流暢對話有關，例如佯裝一起喝晨間咖啡，或是拿香蕉當電話打。」 In a related finding, published in April, researchers who observed 11- and 14-month-old children in their homes found that the prevalence of one-on-one interactions and frequent use of parentese — the slow, highpitched voice commonly used for talking to babies — were reliable predictors of language ability at age 2. The total number of words had no correlation with future ability. 四月發表的一項相關研究中，研究人員觀察11個月和14個月大孩子在家中的生活情形，發現經常一對一互動，以及頻繁使用「父母語」，也就是父母常用的，對嬰兒說話的那種緩慢、高音調聲音，是2歲兒童語言能力的可靠預測指標。字彙的總數量與兒童的未來能力無關。 Even the 1995 study that introduced the notion of the 30-million- word gap, conducted by the University of Kansas psychologists Betty Hart and Todd R. Risley, found that parental tone, responsiveness and use of symbols affected a child's I.Q. and vocabulary. 引進3000萬字彙差距概念的那項研究發表於1995年，由堪薩斯大學心理學家貝蒂．哈特和陶德．Ｒ．里斯利所完成，即使那項研究也發現，父母的語氣、反應和符號的使用，對兒童的智商高低和詞彙多寡均有影響。 But this year's studies are the first time researchers have compared the impact of word quantity with quality of communication. 不過，今年的研究，是研究人員首次將字彙數量和溝通品質的影響作比較。 For the new study, Dr. Hirsh- Pasek and colleagues selected 60 low-income 3-year-olds with varying degrees of language proficiency from a long-term study of 1,300 children from birth to age 15. 在新研究中，赫許─巴塞克和同事，在參與一項從出生到15歲長期研究的1300名兒童中，挑選出60名3歲的低收入戶兒童，語言能力程度各不相同。 The quality of communication accounted for 27 percent of variation in expressive language skills one year later, Dr. Hirsh-Pasek said. 赫許─巴塞克說，1年後，優質溝通占表達語言技巧差異的27％。 But those who urge parents to talk to their children more say increased quantity of language inevitably leads to better quality. 但是，那些呼籲家長多跟自己孩子說話的專家表示，提高語言數量，定會帶來更高的品質。 Anne Fernald, a developmental psychologist at Stanford University in California, said, “When you learn to talk more, you tend to speak in more diverse ways and elaborate more, and that helps the child's cognitive development.” 加州史丹福大學發展心理學家安妮．費納德說：「當你學會說得更多時，你會以更多樣、更複雜的方式說話，這有助兒童的認知發展。」 Still, Ann O'Leary, director of Too Small to Fail, a joint effort of the nonprofit Next Generation and the Bill, Hillary & Chelsea Clinton Foundation that focuses on closing the word gap, acknowledged that messages to parents could do more to emphasize quality. 「小到不能失敗」計畫負責人安．奧利里說，在提供給家長的訊息上，確實可多強調質。「小到不能失敗」由非營利組織「下一代」和「比爾、希拉蕊、雀兒喜．柯林頓基金會」共同設置，致力於縮小兒童字彙差距。 “When we're doing these campaigns to close the word gap, they do capture the imagination, they do get people understanding that we do need to do a lot more talking,” she said. “But we also need to be more mindful that part of what we need to do is model what that talking looks like.” 她說：「當我們從事縮小兒童字彙差距努力時，它確實引起我們注意，它也讓人們理解，我們確實需要多說點話。但我們同時需要更注意的是，在我們必須從事的工作中，有一部分是提供那種談話的模範，那種談話中該有的東西。」 Source article: https://paper.udn.com/udnpaper/POH0067/269227/web/#2L-5280944L Next Article Topic: Scientists identify ancient baby bottles ...and some are really cute Ceramic vessels, sometimes fashioned in whimsical animal forms, were used thousands of years ago as baby bottles to feed infants animal milk, according to scientists, offering an intriguing look at how and what infants were fed in prehistoric times. 科學家指出，數千年前的人類有時會把陶製容器塑造成異想天開的動物形狀，將它們作為奶瓶使用，餵嬰兒喝動物的乳汁。這項發現提供一個有趣的觀點，讓人一窺史前時代人類如何、又是用什麼來餵食嬰兒。 Archaeologists said on Sept. 25 they confirmed the function of these ceramic objects by finding chemical traces of milk belonging to animals such as cows, sheep and goats in three such items found buried in child graves in Germany. 考古學家在九月二十五日表示，他們在埋入德國兒童墳墓裡面的三個同類型物件中，發現殘留動物乳汁的化學痕跡──包括母牛、綿羊、山羊等──因此確認了這些陶製物品的用途。 The oldest of the three vessels described in the study was made between 2,800 and 3,200 years ago during the Bronze Age. Other similar objects dating back as far as about 7,000 years ago during Neolithic times have been found in various other locations, the researchers said. 在研究描述的三個容器中，年代最早的製造於兩千八百年前到三千兩百年前的青銅器時代。研究人員指出，其他許多地點都曾經發現類似的物件，最遠可追溯到大約七千年前的新石器時期。 “I think this has provided us the first direct evidence of what foods babies were eating or being weaned on in prehistory,” said biomolecular archaeologist Julie Dunne of the University of Bristol in the UK and lead author of the study, published in the journal Nature. “I think this shows us the love and care these prehistoric people had for their babies.” 該篇研究發表於期刊《自然》，主要作者為英國布里斯托大學的生物分子考古學家茱莉‧鄧恩，她表示：「我認為這項發現提供第一手直接證據，顯示史前時代的小寶寶吃什麼食物，或是用什麼食物斷奶。」她也指出：「我想，這項發現也向我們展現這些史前時代人類對小嬰兒的愛與關懷。」 These objects, little enough to fit into a baby's hands, served as vessels for milk, with a narrow spout for the baby to suckle liquid. While the three objects examined for the study were somewhat plain, others boasted lively shapes including animal heads with long ears or horns and human-looking feet. 這些物件小到能夠放進嬰兒的小手中，是用來盛裝奶水的容器，瓶身上附有一個狹長的壺嘴，讓小寶寶能夠從中吸吮液體。雖然研究檢驗用的三個物件外觀稍嫌平淡無奇，但其他同類陶器形狀卻相當生動，有著動物的頭，附著長長的耳朵或是犄角，以及像人類的腳。 “I find them incredibly cute. And prehistoric people may have thought so, too — they would certainly have a dual function of entertaining the children just like modern stuffed animals,” said archaeologist Katharina Rebay-Salisbury of the Austrian Academy of Sciences' Institute for Oriental and European Archaeology, and a co-author of the study. “They testify to the creativity and playfulness we often forget to attribute to our ancestors,” Rebay-Salisbury added. 研究的共同作者、奧地利科學院東方與歐洲考古研究所的考古學家凱瑟琳娜‧雷貝─索爾斯伯里表示：「我覺得這些陶器難以置信地可愛。而且搞不好史前的人們也是這樣覺得──這些陶器很可能還具備另一項娛樂小孩的雙重功能，就像是現代的填充玩具。」她補充說：「這些陶器證實老祖先們具備的創意和愛開玩笑的個性，那都是我們經常忘記的。」 Life at the time was not easy, Rebay-Salisbury added, with many people living in unhygienic conditions, experiencing famine and disease and facing low life expectancy. During the Bronze Age and subsequent Iron Age in Europe, perhaps about a third of all newborns died before their first birthday and only about half of children reached adulthood, Rebay-Salisbury said. 雷貝─索爾斯伯里還指出，當時的生活並不容易，原因在於許多人都居住在不衛生的環境中、遭受饑荒與疾病，還要面臨很短的預期壽命。她表示，在青銅器時代以及接下來的鐵器時代，歐洲地區可能有大約三分之一的新生兒在一歲之前死亡，而且大概只有一半的小孩能夠順利長大成人。 These feeding vessels may have made life easier for mothers, as animal milk could substitute for breastfeeding, the researchers said. “Duties of mothering — amongst which feeding is an important one — can also be undertaken by other members of the community when children are fed with feeding vessels,” Rebay-Salisbury said. 研究人員表示，這些餵食用的容器會讓母親們的生活輕鬆一些，因為動物的乳汁可以代替親餵母乳。雷貝─索爾斯伯里指出：「當小孩可以用器具餵食的時候，為人母的諸多責任──其中，最重要的一項是餵食嬰兒──也就可以由部落的其他成員接手幫忙。」 Source article: http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/lang/archives/2019/10/06/2003723440

------------------------------- 通勤學英語VIP加值內容與線上課程 ------------------------------- 通勤學英語VIP訂閱方案：https://open.firstory.me/join/15minstoday 社會人核心英語有聲書課程連結：https://15minsengcafe.pse.is/554esm ------------------------------- 15Mins.Today 相關連結 ------------------------------- 歡迎針對這一集留言你的想法： 留言連結 主題投稿/意見回覆 : ask15mins@gmail.com 官方網站：www.15mins.today 加入Clubhouse直播室：https://15minsengcafe.pse.is/46hm8k 訂閱YouTube頻道：https://15minsengcafe.pse.is/3rhuuy 商業合作/贊助來信：15minstoday@gmail.com ------------------------------- 以下是此單集逐字稿 (播放器有不同字數限制，完整文稿可到官網) ------------------------------- Topic: About Technology - 'Smart crib' aims to help rockabye baby As every new parent knows, sleep can go out the window after the arrival of a newborn. 如每對剛生孩子的爸媽所知，新生兒到來後，再也沒有夜夜好眠。 That was certainly the case for parents Radhika and Bharath Patil, who seeking relief for their own disrupted sleep patterns, put their electronic engineering backgrounds together to create a "smart crib". 這確實就是拉德西卡和巴拉特‧帕蒂爾的狀況，這對父母正在補救自身混亂的睡眠模式，結合他們的電子工程背景，創造了一個「智慧嬰兒床」。 Their crib, powered by artificial intelligence, combines a baby monitor, rocker, bassinet and crib in one. 他們把一台嬰兒監視器、弧形搖桿、搖籃和嬰兒床合而為一，由人工智慧來驅動嬰兒床。 "It's not the amount of work around the baby that tires the parents, it's the lack of sleep," Radhika Patil, Cradlewise chief executive, told Reuters in an interview. 「智慧搖籃」執行長拉德西卡‧帕蒂爾在訪問中告訴路透，「並非圍繞著嬰兒的工作量累到父母，而是睡眠不足。」 Early detection is key, she said, adding that the sooner parents can detect the baby waking up, the easier it is to get the child to fall back asleep. 她說，早期偵測是關鍵，並補充指出，父母越早發現嬰兒醒來，就越容易讓他們的孩子再度入睡。 "Once you put the baby in, the crib takes care of everything. That's the aim," Bharath Patil said. 巴拉特‧帕蒂爾說，「只要把嬰兒放進去，嬰兒床就顧好每件事。這就是目的。」 Next Article Topic: New Thoughts on Math Of Effective Baby Talk It has been nearly 20 years since a landmark education study found that, by age 3, children from low-income families have heard 30 million fewer words than more affluent children, putting them at an educational disadvantage before they have begun school. 將近20年前，一項具有里程碑意義的教育研究發現，低收入戶兒童到了3歲時，已比家庭較富裕的兒童少聽到3000萬個字彙，以致就學前即已處於教育上的劣勢。 Now, a growing body of research is challenging the notion that merely exposing poor children to more language is enough to overcome the deficits they face. The quality of the communication between children and their parents and caregivers, the researchers say, is of much greater importance than the number of words a child hears. 如今，越來越多的研究向此一觀念提出挑戰，不認為光是讓貧窮兒童暴露於更多語言，就能克服他們所面對的不足。這些研究人員指出，兒童與父母及看顧者之間的溝通品質，遠比兒童聽到多少字彙來得重要。 A study presented last month at a White House conference on “bridging the word gap” found that among 2-year-olds from low-income families, quality interactions involving words — the use of shared symbols (“Look, a dog!”); rituals (“Want a bottle after your bath?”); and conversational fluency (“Yes, that is a bus!”) — were a far better predictor of language skills at age 3 than any other factor . 上月在白宮「縮小字彙差距」會議中發表的一項研究結果發現，對2歲的低收入戶兒童而言，和字彙相關的優質互動，例如使用共通的符號（「看哪，一隻狗！」）；固定程序（「洗完澡想喝瓶奶？」）；流暢的對話（「是的，這是一輛公車！」），在預測3歲兒童語言技巧方面，是遠勝於其他因素的更好指標。 “It's not just about shoving words in,” said Kathryn Hirsh- Pasek, a professor of psychology at Temple University in Philadelphia and lead author of the study. “It's about having these fluid conversations around shared rituals and objects, like pretending to have morning coffee together or using the banana as a phone. ” 費城天普大學心理學教授、該研究報告主要作者凱瑟琳．赫許─巴塞克說：「它不光是塞進字彙而已，它與圍繞著共有的固定程序和物件的流暢對話有關，例如佯裝一起喝晨間咖啡，或是拿香蕉當電話打。」 In a related finding, published in April, researchers who observed 11- and 14-month-old children in their homes found that the prevalence of one-on-one interactions and frequent use of parentese — the slow, highpitched voice commonly used for talking to babies — were reliable predictors of language ability at age 2. The total number of words had no correlation with future ability. 四月發表的一項相關研究中，研究人員觀察11個月和14個月大孩子在家中的生活情形，發現經常一對一互動，以及頻繁使用「父母語」，也就是父母常用的，對嬰兒說話的那種緩慢、高音調聲音，是2歲兒童語言能力的可靠預測指標。字彙的總數量與兒童的未來能力無關。 Even the 1995 study that introduced the notion of the 30-million- word gap, conducted by the University of Kansas psychologists Betty Hart and Todd R. Risley, found that parental tone, responsiveness and use of symbols affected a child's I.Q. and vocabulary. 引進3000萬字彙差距概念的那項研究發表於1995年，由堪薩斯大學心理學家貝蒂．哈特和陶德．Ｒ．里斯利所完成，即使那項研究也發現，父母的語氣、反應和符號的使用，對兒童的智商高低和詞彙多寡均有影響。 But this year's studies are the first time researchers have compared the impact of word quantity with quality of communication. 不過，今年的研究，是研究人員首次將字彙數量和溝通品質的影響作比較。 For the new study, Dr. Hirsh- Pasek and colleagues selected 60 low-income 3-year-olds with varying degrees of language proficiency from a long-term study of 1,300 children from birth to age 15. 在新研究中，赫許─巴塞克和同事，在參與一項從出生到15歲長期研究的1300名兒童中，挑選出60名3歲的低收入戶兒童，語言能力程度各不相同。 The quality of communication accounted for 27 percent of variation in expressive language skills one year later, Dr. Hirsh-Pasek said. 赫許─巴塞克說，1年後，優質溝通占表達語言技巧差異的27％。 But those who urge parents to talk to their children more say increased quantity of language inevitably leads to better quality. 但是，那些呼籲家長多跟自己孩子說話的專家表示，提高語言數量，定會帶來更高的品質。 Anne Fernald, a developmental psychologist at Stanford University in California, said, “When you learn to talk more, you tend to speak in more diverse ways and elaborate more, and that helps the child's cognitive development.” 加州史丹福大學發展心理學家安妮．費納德說：「當你學會說得更多時，你會以更多樣、更複雜的方式說話，這有助兒童的認知發展。」 Still, Ann O'Leary, director of Too Small to Fail, a joint effort of the nonprofit Next Generation and the Bill, Hillary & Chelsea Clinton Foundation that focuses on closing the word gap, acknowledged that messages to parents could do more to emphasize quality. 「小到不能失敗」計畫負責人安．奧利里說，在提供給家長的訊息上，確實可多強調質。「小到不能失敗」由非營利組織「下一代」和「比爾、希拉蕊、雀兒喜．柯林頓基金會」共同設置，致力於縮小兒童字彙差距。 “When we're doing these campaigns to close the word gap, they do capture the imagination, they do get people understanding that we do need to do a lot more talking,” she said. “But we also need to be more mindful that part of what we need to do is model what that talking looks like.” 她說：「當我們從事縮小兒童字彙差距努力時，它確實引起我們注意，它也讓人們理解，我們確實需要多說點話。但我們同時需要更注意的是，在我們必須從事的工作中，有一部分是提供那種談話的模範，那種談話中該有的東西。」 Source article: https://paper.udn.com/udnpaper/POH0067/269227/web/#2L-5280944L Next Article Topic: Scientists identify ancient baby bottles ...and some are really cute Ceramic vessels, sometimes fashioned in whimsical animal forms, were used thousands of years ago as baby bottles to feed infants animal milk, according to scientists, offering an intriguing look at how and what infants were fed in prehistoric times. 科學家指出，數千年前的人類有時會把陶製容器塑造成異想天開的動物形狀，將它們作為奶瓶使用，餵嬰兒喝動物的乳汁。這項發現提供一個有趣的觀點，讓人一窺史前時代人類如何、又是用什麼來餵食嬰兒。 Archaeologists said on Sept. 25 they confirmed the function of these ceramic objects by finding chemical traces of milk belonging to animals such as cows, sheep and goats in three such items found buried in child graves in Germany. 考古學家在九月二十五日表示，他們在埋入德國兒童墳墓裡面的三個同類型物件中，發現殘留動物乳汁的化學痕跡──包括母牛、綿羊、山羊等──因此確認了這些陶製物品的用途。 The oldest of the three vessels described in the study was made between 2,800 and 3,200 years ago during the Bronze Age. Other similar objects dating back as far as about 7,000 years ago during Neolithic times have been found in various other locations, the researchers said. 在研究描述的三個容器中，年代最早的製造於兩千八百年前到三千兩百年前的青銅器時代。研究人員指出，其他許多地點都曾經發現類似的物件，最遠可追溯到大約七千年前的新石器時期。 “I think this has provided us the first direct evidence of what foods babies were eating or being weaned on in prehistory,” said biomolecular archaeologist Julie Dunne of the University of Bristol in the UK and lead author of the study, published in the journal Nature. “I think this shows us the love and care these prehistoric people had for their babies.” 該篇研究發表於期刊《自然》，主要作者為英國布里斯托大學的生物分子考古學家茱莉‧鄧恩，她表示：「我認為這項發現提供第一手直接證據，顯示史前時代的小寶寶吃什麼食物，或是用什麼食物斷奶。」她也指出：「我想，這項發現也向我們展現這些史前時代人類對小嬰兒的愛與關懷。」 These objects, little enough to fit into a baby's hands, served as vessels for milk, with a narrow spout for the baby to suckle liquid. While the three objects examined for the study were somewhat plain, others boasted lively shapes including animal heads with long ears or horns and human-looking feet. 這些物件小到能夠放進嬰兒的小手中，是用來盛裝奶水的容器，瓶身上附有一個狹長的壺嘴，讓小寶寶能夠從中吸吮液體。雖然研究檢驗用的三個物件外觀稍嫌平淡無奇，但其他同類陶器形狀卻相當生動，有著動物的頭，附著長長的耳朵或是犄角，以及像人類的腳。 “I find them incredibly cute. And prehistoric people may have thought so, too — they would certainly have a dual function of entertaining the children just like modern stuffed animals,” said archaeologist Katharina Rebay-Salisbury of the Austrian Academy of Sciences' Institute for Oriental and European Archaeology, and a co-author of the study. “They testify to the creativity and playfulness we often forget to attribute to our ancestors,” Rebay-Salisbury added. 研究的共同作者、奧地利科學院東方與歐洲考古研究所的考古學家凱瑟琳娜‧雷貝─索爾斯伯里表示：「我覺得這些陶器難以置信地可愛。而且搞不好史前的人們也是這樣覺得──這些陶器很可能還具備另一項娛樂小孩的雙重功能，就像是現代的填充玩具。」她補充說：「這些陶器證實老祖先們具備的創意和愛開玩笑的個性，那都是我們經常忘記的。」 Life at the time was not easy, Rebay-Salisbury added, with many people living in unhygienic conditions, experiencing famine and disease and facing low life expectancy. During the Bronze Age and subsequent Iron Age in Europe, perhaps about a third of all newborns died before their first birthday and only about half of children reached adulthood, Rebay-Salisbury said. 雷貝─索爾斯伯里還指出，當時的生活並不容易，原因在於許多人都居住在不衛生的環境中、遭受饑荒與疾病，還要面臨很短的預期壽命。她表示，在青銅器時代以及接下來的鐵器時代，歐洲地區可能有大約三分之一的新生兒在一歲之前死亡，而且大概只有一半的小孩能夠順利長大成人。 These feeding vessels may have made life easier for mothers, as animal milk could substitute for breastfeeding, the researchers said. “Duties of mothering — amongst which feeding is an important one — can also be undertaken by other members of the community when children are fed with feeding vessels,” Rebay-Salisbury said. 研究人員表示，這些餵食用的容器會讓母親們的生活輕鬆一些，因為動物的乳汁可以代替親餵母乳。雷貝─索爾斯伯里指出：「當小孩可以用器具餵食的時候，為人母的諸多責任──其中，最重要的一項是餵食嬰兒──也就可以由部落的其他成員接手幫忙。」 Source article: http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/lang/archives/2019/10/06/2003723440

Law. How does the state form and use it? How do people use and shape it? How does law shape culture? How does the practice of law change over time in a modernizing colony? What was stable and what was malleable in the application of law in early modern Russia versus its Central Asian colony in the Empire's final century? What's the difference between a bribe and a gift? These are some of the questions at the heart of this fascinating conversation about two books that probe the theoretical and instrumental underpinnings, as well as the everyday practice, of law in different periods and regions of the Russian Empire. Crime and Punishment in Early Modern Russia (Cambridge UP, 2012) by Nancy Kollmann analyzes the day-to-day practice of Russian criminal justice in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Visions of Justice: Sharī'a and Cultural Change in Russian Central Asia (Brill, 2017; available open access) by Paolo Sartori excavates civil law practice to explore legal consciousness among the Muslim communities of Central Asia from the end of the eighteenth century through the fall of the Russian Empire, situating his work within a range of debates about colonialism and law, legal pluralism, and subaltern subjectivity. Paolo Sartori and Nancy Kollmann explore overlaps, divergence and much more that emerge from their respective findings in these deeply researched books. Paolo Sartori is a Senior Research Associate and the Chairman of the Commission for the Study of Islam in Central Eurasia at the Austrian Academy of Sciences. He currently serves as the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient and the Journal of Central Asian History (Brill). In addition to Visions of Justice, authoring several scholarly articles and co-editing essay collections, Sartori has co-authored two books, Seeking Justice at the Court of the Khans of Khiva (19th–Early 20th Centuries) (Leiden: Brill, 2020), co-authored with Ulfat Abdurasulov and Éksperimenty imperii: adat, shariat, i proizvodtsvo znanii v Kazakhskoi stepi (Moscow: Novoe Literaturnoe Obozrenie, 2019), co-authored with Pavel Shabley. Nancy Kollmann is the William H. Bonsall Professor of History at Stanford University in California. In addition to Crime and Punishment in Early Modern Russia (2012), she is the author of Kinship and Politics: The Making of the Muscovite Political System, 1345–1547 (1987), By Honor Bound: State and Society in Early Modern Russia (1999); The Russian Empire, 1450–1801 (2017), and Visualizing Russia in Early Modern Europe (forthcoming August 2024). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network

Law. How does the state form and use it? How do people use and shape it? How does law shape culture? How does the practice of law change over time in a modernizing colony? What was stable and what was malleable in the application of law in early modern Russia versus its Central Asian colony in the Empire's final century? What's the difference between a bribe and a gift? These are some of the questions at the heart of this fascinating conversation about two books that probe the theoretical and instrumental underpinnings, as well as the everyday practice, of law in different periods and regions of the Russian Empire. Crime and Punishment in Early Modern Russia (Cambridge UP, 2012) by Nancy Kollmann analyzes the day-to-day practice of Russian criminal justice in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Visions of Justice: Sharī'a and Cultural Change in Russian Central Asia (Brill, 2017; available open access) by Paolo Sartori excavates civil law practice to explore legal consciousness among the Muslim communities of Central Asia from the end of the eighteenth century through the fall of the Russian Empire, situating his work within a range of debates about colonialism and law, legal pluralism, and subaltern subjectivity. Paolo Sartori and Nancy Kollmann explore overlaps, divergence and much more that emerge from their respective findings in these deeply researched books. Paolo Sartori is a Senior Research Associate and the Chairman of the Commission for the Study of Islam in Central Eurasia at the Austrian Academy of Sciences. He currently serves as the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient and the Journal of Central Asian History (Brill). In addition to Visions of Justice, authoring several scholarly articles and co-editing essay collections, Sartori has co-authored two books, Seeking Justice at the Court of the Khans of Khiva (19th–Early 20th Centuries) (Leiden: Brill, 2020), co-authored with Ulfat Abdurasulov and Éksperimenty imperii: adat, shariat, i proizvodtsvo znanii v Kazakhskoi stepi (Moscow: Novoe Literaturnoe Obozrenie, 2019), co-authored with Pavel Shabley. Nancy Kollmann is the William H. Bonsall Professor of History at Stanford University in California. In addition to Crime and Punishment in Early Modern Russia (2012), she is the author of Kinship and Politics: The Making of the Muscovite Political System, 1345–1547 (1987), By Honor Bound: State and Society in Early Modern Russia (1999); The Russian Empire, 1450–1801 (2017), and Visualizing Russia in Early Modern Europe (forthcoming August 2024). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/history

Law. How does the state form and use it? How do people use and shape it? How does law shape culture? How does the practice of law change over time in a modernizing colony? What was stable and what was malleable in the application of law in early modern Russia versus its Central Asian colony in the Empire's final century? What's the difference between a bribe and a gift? These are some of the questions at the heart of this fascinating conversation about two books that probe the theoretical and instrumental underpinnings, as well as the everyday practice, of law in different periods and regions of the Russian Empire. Crime and Punishment in Early Modern Russia (Cambridge UP, 2012) by Nancy Kollmann analyzes the day-to-day practice of Russian criminal justice in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Visions of Justice: Sharī'a and Cultural Change in Russian Central Asia (Brill, 2017; available open access) by Paolo Sartori excavates civil law practice to explore legal consciousness among the Muslim communities of Central Asia from the end of the eighteenth century through the fall of the Russian Empire, situating his work within a range of debates about colonialism and law, legal pluralism, and subaltern subjectivity. Paolo Sartori and Nancy Kollmann explore overlaps, divergence and much more that emerge from their respective findings in these deeply researched books. Paolo Sartori is a Senior Research Associate and the Chairman of the Commission for the Study of Islam in Central Eurasia at the Austrian Academy of Sciences. He currently serves as the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient and the Journal of Central Asian History (Brill). In addition to Visions of Justice, authoring several scholarly articles and co-editing essay collections, Sartori has co-authored two books, Seeking Justice at the Court of the Khans of Khiva (19th–Early 20th Centuries) (Leiden: Brill, 2020), co-authored with Ulfat Abdurasulov and Éksperimenty imperii: adat, shariat, i proizvodtsvo znanii v Kazakhskoi stepi (Moscow: Novoe Literaturnoe Obozrenie, 2019), co-authored with Pavel Shabley. Nancy Kollmann is the William H. Bonsall Professor of History at Stanford University in California. In addition to Crime and Punishment in Early Modern Russia (2012), she is the author of Kinship and Politics: The Making of the Muscovite Political System, 1345–1547 (1987), By Honor Bound: State and Society in Early Modern Russia (1999); The Russian Empire, 1450–1801 (2017), and Visualizing Russia in Early Modern Europe (forthcoming August 2024). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/islamic-studies

Law. How does the state form and use it? How do people use and shape it? How does law shape culture? How does the practice of law change over time in a modernizing colony? What was stable and what was malleable in the application of law in early modern Russia versus its Central Asian colony in the Empire's final century? What's the difference between a bribe and a gift? These are some of the questions at the heart of this fascinating conversation about two books that probe the theoretical and instrumental underpinnings, as well as the everyday practice, of law in different periods and regions of the Russian Empire. Crime and Punishment in Early Modern Russia (Cambridge UP, 2012) by Nancy Kollmann analyzes the day-to-day practice of Russian criminal justice in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Visions of Justice: Sharī'a and Cultural Change in Russian Central Asia (Brill, 2017; available open access) by Paolo Sartori excavates civil law practice to explore legal consciousness among the Muslim communities of Central Asia from the end of the eighteenth century through the fall of the Russian Empire, situating his work within a range of debates about colonialism and law, legal pluralism, and subaltern subjectivity. Paolo Sartori and Nancy Kollmann explore overlaps, divergence and much more that emerge from their respective findings in these deeply researched books. Paolo Sartori is a Senior Research Associate and the Chairman of the Commission for the Study of Islam in Central Eurasia at the Austrian Academy of Sciences. He currently serves as the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient and the Journal of Central Asian History (Brill). In addition to Visions of Justice, authoring several scholarly articles and co-editing essay collections, Sartori has co-authored two books, Seeking Justice at the Court of the Khans of Khiva (19th–Early 20th Centuries) (Leiden: Brill, 2020), co-authored with Ulfat Abdurasulov and Éksperimenty imperii: adat, shariat, i proizvodtsvo znanii v Kazakhskoi stepi (Moscow: Novoe Literaturnoe Obozrenie, 2019), co-authored with Pavel Shabley. Nancy Kollmann is the William H. Bonsall Professor of History at Stanford University in California. In addition to Crime and Punishment in Early Modern Russia (2012), she is the author of Kinship and Politics: The Making of the Muscovite Political System, 1345–1547 (1987), By Honor Bound: State and Society in Early Modern Russia (1999); The Russian Empire, 1450–1801 (2017), and Visualizing Russia in Early Modern Europe (forthcoming August 2024). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/central-asian-studies

Law. How does the state form and use it? How do people use and shape it? How does law shape culture? How does the practice of law change over time in a modernizing colony? What was stable and what was malleable in the application of law in early modern Russia versus its Central Asian colony in the Empire's final century? What's the difference between a bribe and a gift? These are some of the questions at the heart of this fascinating conversation about two books that probe the theoretical and instrumental underpinnings, as well as the everyday practice, of law in different periods and regions of the Russian Empire. Crime and Punishment in Early Modern Russia (Cambridge UP, 2012) by Nancy Kollmann analyzes the day-to-day practice of Russian criminal justice in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Visions of Justice: Sharī'a and Cultural Change in Russian Central Asia (Brill, 2017; available open access) by Paolo Sartori excavates civil law practice to explore legal consciousness among the Muslim communities of Central Asia from the end of the eighteenth century through the fall of the Russian Empire, situating his work within a range of debates about colonialism and law, legal pluralism, and subaltern subjectivity. Paolo Sartori and Nancy Kollmann explore overlaps, divergence and much more that emerge from their respective findings in these deeply researched books. Paolo Sartori is a Senior Research Associate and the Chairman of the Commission for the Study of Islam in Central Eurasia at the Austrian Academy of Sciences. He currently serves as the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient and the Journal of Central Asian History (Brill). In addition to Visions of Justice, authoring several scholarly articles and co-editing essay collections, Sartori has co-authored two books, Seeking Justice at the Court of the Khans of Khiva (19th–Early 20th Centuries) (Leiden: Brill, 2020), co-authored with Ulfat Abdurasulov and Éksperimenty imperii: adat, shariat, i proizvodtsvo znanii v Kazakhskoi stepi (Moscow: Novoe Literaturnoe Obozrenie, 2019), co-authored with Pavel Shabley. Nancy Kollmann is the William H. Bonsall Professor of History at Stanford University in California. In addition to Crime and Punishment in Early Modern Russia (2012), she is the author of Kinship and Politics: The Making of the Muscovite Political System, 1345–1547 (1987), By Honor Bound: State and Society in Early Modern Russia (1999); The Russian Empire, 1450–1801 (2017), and Visualizing Russia in Early Modern Europe (forthcoming August 2024). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/russian-studies

Law. How does the state form and use it? How do people use and shape it? How does law shape culture? How does the practice of law change over time in a modernizing colony? What was stable and what was malleable in the application of law in early modern Russia versus its Central Asian colony in the Empire's final century? What's the difference between a bribe and a gift? These are some of the questions at the heart of this fascinating conversation about two books that probe the theoretical and instrumental underpinnings, as well as the everyday practice, of law in different periods and regions of the Russian Empire. Crime and Punishment in Early Modern Russia (Cambridge UP, 2012) by Nancy Kollmann analyzes the day-to-day practice of Russian criminal justice in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Visions of Justice: Sharī'a and Cultural Change in Russian Central Asia (Brill, 2017; available open access) by Paolo Sartori excavates civil law practice to explore legal consciousness among the Muslim communities of Central Asia from the end of the eighteenth century through the fall of the Russian Empire, situating his work within a range of debates about colonialism and law, legal pluralism, and subaltern subjectivity. Paolo Sartori and Nancy Kollmann explore overlaps, divergence and much more that emerge from their respective findings in these deeply researched books. Paolo Sartori is a Senior Research Associate and the Chairman of the Commission for the Study of Islam in Central Eurasia at the Austrian Academy of Sciences. He currently serves as the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient and the Journal of Central Asian History (Brill). In addition to Visions of Justice, authoring several scholarly articles and co-editing essay collections, Sartori has co-authored two books, Seeking Justice at the Court of the Khans of Khiva (19th–Early 20th Centuries) (Leiden: Brill, 2020), co-authored with Ulfat Abdurasulov and Éksperimenty imperii: adat, shariat, i proizvodtsvo znanii v Kazakhskoi stepi (Moscow: Novoe Literaturnoe Obozrenie, 2019), co-authored with Pavel Shabley. Nancy Kollmann is the William H. Bonsall Professor of History at Stanford University in California. In addition to Crime and Punishment in Early Modern Russia (2012), she is the author of Kinship and Politics: The Making of the Muscovite Political System, 1345–1547 (1987), By Honor Bound: State and Society in Early Modern Russia (1999); The Russian Empire, 1450–1801 (2017), and Visualizing Russia in Early Modern Europe (forthcoming August 2024). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Law. How does the state form and use it? How do people use and shape it? How does law shape culture? How does the practice of law change over time in a modernizing colony? What was stable and what was malleable in the application of law in early modern Russia versus its Central Asian colony in the Empire's final century? What's the difference between a bribe and a gift? These are some of the questions at the heart of this fascinating conversation about two books that probe the theoretical and instrumental underpinnings, as well as the everyday practice, of law in different periods and regions of the Russian Empire. Crime and Punishment in Early Modern Russia (Cambridge UP, 2012) by Nancy Kollmann analyzes the day-to-day practice of Russian criminal justice in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Visions of Justice: Sharī'a and Cultural Change in Russian Central Asia (Brill, 2017; available open access) by Paolo Sartori excavates civil law practice to explore legal consciousness among the Muslim communities of Central Asia from the end of the eighteenth century through the fall of the Russian Empire, situating his work within a range of debates about colonialism and law, legal pluralism, and subaltern subjectivity. Paolo Sartori and Nancy Kollmann explore overlaps, divergence and much more that emerge from their respective findings in these deeply researched books. Paolo Sartori is a Senior Research Associate and the Chairman of the Commission for the Study of Islam in Central Eurasia at the Austrian Academy of Sciences. He currently serves as the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient and the Journal of Central Asian History (Brill). In addition to Visions of Justice, authoring several scholarly articles and co-editing essay collections, Sartori has co-authored two books, Seeking Justice at the Court of the Khans of Khiva (19th–Early 20th Centuries) (Leiden: Brill, 2020), co-authored with Ulfat Abdurasulov and Éksperimenty imperii: adat, shariat, i proizvodtsvo znanii v Kazakhskoi stepi (Moscow: Novoe Literaturnoe Obozrenie, 2019), co-authored with Pavel Shabley. Nancy Kollmann is the William H. Bonsall Professor of History at Stanford University in California. In addition to Crime and Punishment in Early Modern Russia (2012), she is the author of Kinship and Politics: The Making of the Muscovite Political System, 1345–1547 (1987), By Honor Bound: State and Society in Early Modern Russia (1999); The Russian Empire, 1450–1801 (2017), and Visualizing Russia in Early Modern Europe (forthcoming August 2024). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/law

Law. How does the state form and use it? How do people use and shape it? How does law shape culture? How does the practice of law change over time in a modernizing colony? What was stable and what was malleable in the application of law in early modern Russia versus its Central Asian colony in the Empire's final century? What's the difference between a bribe and a gift? These are some of the questions at the heart of this fascinating conversation about two books that probe the theoretical and instrumental underpinnings, as well as the everyday practice, of law in different periods and regions of the Russian Empire. Crime and Punishment in Early Modern Russia (Cambridge UP, 2012) by Nancy Kollmann analyzes the day-to-day practice of Russian criminal justice in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Visions of Justice: Sharī'a and Cultural Change in Russian Central Asia (Brill, 2017; available open access) by Paolo Sartori excavates civil law practice to explore legal consciousness among the Muslim communities of Central Asia from the end of the eighteenth century through the fall of the Russian Empire, situating his work within a range of debates about colonialism and law, legal pluralism, and subaltern subjectivity. Paolo Sartori and Nancy Kollmann explore overlaps, divergence and much more that emerge from their respective findings in these deeply researched books. Paolo Sartori is a Senior Research Associate and the Chairman of the Commission for the Study of Islam in Central Eurasia at the Austrian Academy of Sciences. He currently serves as the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient and the Journal of Central Asian History (Brill). In addition to Visions of Justice, authoring several scholarly articles and co-editing essay collections, Sartori has co-authored two books, Seeking Justice at the Court of the Khans of Khiva (19th–Early 20th Centuries) (Leiden: Brill, 2020), co-authored with Ulfat Abdurasulov and Éksperimenty imperii: adat, shariat, i proizvodtsvo znanii v Kazakhskoi stepi (Moscow: Novoe Literaturnoe Obozrenie, 2019), co-authored with Pavel Shabley. Nancy Kollmann is the William H. Bonsall Professor of History at Stanford University in California. In addition to Crime and Punishment in Early Modern Russia (2012), she is the author of Kinship and Politics: The Making of the Muscovite Political System, 1345–1547 (1987), By Honor Bound: State and Society in Early Modern Russia (1999); The Russian Empire, 1450–1801 (2017), and Visualizing Russia in Early Modern Europe (forthcoming August 2024).

Law. How does the state form and use it? How do people use and shape it? How does law shape culture? How does the practice of law change over time in a modernizing colony? What was stable and what was malleable in the application of law in early modern Russia versus its Central Asian colony in the Empire's final century? What's the difference between a bribe and a gift? These are some of the questions at the heart of this fascinating conversation about two books that probe the theoretical and instrumental underpinnings, as well as the everyday practice, of law in different periods and regions of the Russian Empire. Crime and Punishment in Early Modern Russia (Cambridge UP, 2012) by Nancy Kollmann analyzes the day-to-day practice of Russian criminal justice in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Visions of Justice: Sharī'a and Cultural Change in Russian Central Asia (Brill, 2017; available open access) by Paolo Sartori excavates civil law practice to explore legal consciousness among the Muslim communities of Central Asia from the end of the eighteenth century through the fall of the Russian Empire, situating his work within a range of debates about colonialism and law, legal pluralism, and subaltern subjectivity. Paolo Sartori and Nancy Kollmann explore overlaps, divergence and much more that emerge from their respective findings in these deeply researched books. Paolo Sartori is a Senior Research Associate and the Chairman of the Commission for the Study of Islam in Central Eurasia at the Austrian Academy of Sciences. He currently serves as the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient and the Journal of Central Asian History (Brill). In addition to Visions of Justice, authoring several scholarly articles and co-editing essay collections, Sartori has co-authored two books, Seeking Justice at the Court of the Khans of Khiva (19th–Early 20th Centuries) (Leiden: Brill, 2020), co-authored with Ulfat Abdurasulov and Éksperimenty imperii: adat, shariat, i proizvodtsvo znanii v Kazakhskoi stepi (Moscow: Novoe Literaturnoe Obozrenie, 2019), co-authored with Pavel Shabley. Nancy Kollmann is the William H. Bonsall Professor of History at Stanford University in California. In addition to Crime and Punishment in Early Modern Russia (2012), she is the author of Kinship and Politics: The Making of the Muscovite Political System, 1345–1547 (1987), By Honor Bound: State and Society in Early Modern Russia (1999); The Russian Empire, 1450–1801 (2017), and Visualizing Russia in Early Modern Europe (forthcoming August 2024).

In his remarks to the IIEA, Dr Declan Downey discusses how since the promulgation of its Constitution in 1947, Japan has forsworn war and the use of nuclear weapons, maintained military neutrality, and pursued a pacifist foreign policy. Yet, it has not adopted ‘the ostrich pose' regarding recent and emerging challenges to international stability. Over the past decade, successive governments have augmented national defence capabilities, and most recently, on 16 December 2022, the current government of Premier Kishida launched its new national defence policy,  ‘The Three Strategic Documents', which has received considerable public support. This presentation explores how this transformation has occurred, how it may be implemented, and the challenges that it would face. Further, Dr Downey also discusses how Japan may provide pointers as to how another pacifist and neutral island nation off the coast of a major continental world power might learn how to meet the same challenges of current global realpolitik. This event has been organised in conjunction with the Embassy of Japan, Ireland. About the Speaker: Declan M. Downey was awarded the Ph.D. in Legal & Diplomatic History from the University of Cambridge in 1993. Since 1995, he has been lecturing in European and Japanese Diplomatic History at University College Dublin, where he coordinates the BCL degree programme in Law with History. In 1995, he initiated the first ever Japanese History course at degree level in Ireland at UCD. He also supervised the first ever doctoral dissertation in Japanese Studies in Ireland. A former trustee of the Chester Beatty Library (2012-2017), he is closely involved with Japanese cultural and academic events in Ireland. In 2009, he was the first Irish citizen to be elected to membership of the Spanish Royal Academy of History. Since 2018, he has been an Assessor for the Publications Board of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna. His extensive publications and leading role in major international research projects have been recognised with international distinctions and awards, including Austrian and Spanish state honours, and the Japanese Foreign Minister's Commendation in 2020. In Autumn 2022, Dr Downey was the first Irish academic to be awarded the prestigious Gaimushō Visiting Scholarship, which he took up in Tokyo during his semestral research leave from UCD last Spring.

Across the world fertility rates are falling and for the first time Europe is experiencing a sustained population decline. The average fertility rate for the European Union is 1.53 live births per woman. In Italy the fertility rate has remained low for the last thirty years, with an average 1.3 births per woman.Some governments, who are concerned that not enough people are being born to keep their economies functioning in the long term are spending billions on incentives and policies to try and reverse the trend. But even in the Nordic countries, which are noted for some of the best family focused policies, these are proving ineffective against a markedly high drop in fertility rates over the last decade. Society's attitudes on when or whether to start a family are shifting, so does this mean that we need to change the way we approach the issue or even adapt to a future with fewer people? On this week's Inquiry, we're asking ‘Can Europe reverse its falling fertility rates?'Contributors: Anna Rotkirch, Research Director, Population Research Institute, The Family Federation of Finland, Helsinki Michael Herrmann, Senior Advisor on Economics and Demography, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Turkey Arnstein Aassve, Professor of Demography, Political Science Centre, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy Tomas Sobotka, Deputy Director, Vienna Institute of Demography, Austrian Academy of Sciences Presenter: Charmaine Cozier Producer: Jill Collins Journalism Researcher: Matt Toulson Editor: Tara McDermott Technical Producers: Nicky Edwards and Toby James Production Co-ordinator: Liam Morrey Image Credit: PA via BBC Images

More than 140 representatives from 18 countries and 70 universities and research institutions gathered as part of the 3rd Africa-UniNet General Assembly from 13-15 September 2023 at the Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW) in Austria. It was the second gathering of the network with a conference in Vienna open to an interested public, after it was initiated in 2019 by the Federal Ministry of Education, Science, and Research (BMBWF), the OeAD as Austria's Agency for Education and Internationalization, and the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU). The aim was to create and to deepen established partnerships between institutions in Austria and countries in Africa, to further strengthen Africa-UniNet and to strategically enhance its visibility and impact. The results of Africa-UniNet projects were presented and discussed in scientific sessions. Questions on the decolonization of knowledge and the interconnection between the academic world and social realities were discussed.Listen to some interesting voices of representatives, participants, and former scholarship holders and their Austrian partners. Together they built over many years strong ties in scientific collaborative research across disciplines and cultures on crucial global challenges in the field of development research and contributed trough partnership programmes such as the AfricaUni-Net (Austrian-African Research Network) APPEAR (Austrian Partnership Programme in Higher Education and Research for Development) and Cooperation Development Research (KoEF) financed by the BMBWF and ADA and implemented by the OeAD. Gestaltung und Moderation: Maiada Hadaia (Verantwortlich für den Sendungsinhalt) und Anna Geiger

Dr. Nicolas Rivron is a Principal Investigator at the Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Vienna. His group recreates embryonic development using mammalian stem cells in a dish to better understand the encoded principles of self-organization. He talks about building human blastoid models and using them to study implantation. He also discusses differences in development between mice and humans, trophectoderm stem cells, and an ethical framework for embryo models.

------------------------------- 活動資訊 ------------------------------- 「社會人核心英語」有聲書課程連結：https://15minsengcafe.pse.is/554esm ------------------------------- 15Mins.Today 相關連結 ------------------------------- 歡迎針對這一集留言你的想法： https://open.firstory.me/user/cl81kivnk00dn01wffhwxdg2s/comments 官方網站：www.15mins.today 加入Clubhouse直播室：https://15minsengcafe.pse.is/46hm8k 訂閱YouTube頻道：https://15minsengcafe.pse.is/3rhuuy 主題投稿/意見回覆 : ask15mins@gmail.com 商業合作/贊助來信：15minstoday@gmail.com ------------------------------- 以下有此單集搭配文稿喔～ ------------------------------- Topic: About Technology - 'Smart crib' aims to help rockabye baby As every new parent knows, sleep can go out the window after the arrival of a newborn. 如每對剛生孩子的爸媽所知，新生兒到來後，再也沒有夜夜好眠。 That was certainly the case for parents Radhika and Bharath Patil, who seeking relief for their own disrupted sleep patterns, put their electronic engineering backgrounds together to create a "smart crib". 這確實就是拉德西卡和巴拉特‧帕蒂爾的狀況，這對父母正在補救自身混亂的睡眠模式，結合他們的電子工程背景，創造了一個「智慧嬰兒床」。 Their crib, powered by artificial intelligence, combines a baby monitor, rocker, bassinet and crib in one. 他們把一台嬰兒監視器、弧形搖桿、搖籃和嬰兒床合而為一，由人工智慧來驅動嬰兒床。 "It's not the amount of work around the baby that tires the parents, it's the lack of sleep," Radhika Patil, Cradlewise chief executive, told Reuters in an interview. 「智慧搖籃」執行長拉德西卡‧帕蒂爾在訪問中告訴路透，「並非圍繞著嬰兒的工作量累到父母，而是睡眠不足。」 Early detection is key, she said, adding that the sooner parents can detect the baby waking up, the easier it is to get the child to fall back asleep. 她說，早期偵測是關鍵，並補充指出，父母越早發現嬰兒醒來，就越容易讓他們的孩子再度入睡。 "Once you put the baby in, the crib takes care of everything. That's the aim," Bharath Patil said. 巴拉特‧帕蒂爾說，「只要把嬰兒放進去，嬰兒床就顧好每件事。這就是目的。」 Next Article Topic: New Thoughts on Math Of Effective Baby Talk It has been nearly 20 years since a landmark education study found that, by age 3, children from low-income families have heard 30 million fewer words than more affluent children, putting them at an educational disadvantage before they have begun school. 將近20年前，一項具有里程碑意義的教育研究發現，低收入戶兒童到了3歲時，已比家庭較富裕的兒童少聽到3000萬個字彙，以致就學前即已處於教育上的劣勢。 Now, a growing body of research is challenging the notion that merely exposing poor children to more language is enough to overcome the deficits they face. The quality of the communication between children and their parents and caregivers, the researchers say, is of much greater importance than the number of words a child hears. 如今，越來越多的研究向此一觀念提出挑戰，不認為光是讓貧窮兒童暴露於更多語言，就能克服他們所面對的不足。這些研究人員指出，兒童與父母及看顧者之間的溝通品質，遠比兒童聽到多少字彙來得重要。 A study presented last month at a White House conference on “bridging the word gap” found that among 2-year-olds from low-income families, quality interactions involving words — the use of shared symbols (“Look, a dog!”); rituals (“Want a bottle after your bath?”); and conversational fluency (“Yes, that is a bus!”) — were a far better predictor of language skills at age 3 than any other factor . 上月在白宮「縮小字彙差距」會議中發表的一項研究結果發現，對2歲的低收入戶兒童而言，和字彙相關的優質互動，例如使用共通的符號（「看哪，一隻狗！」）；固定程序（「洗完澡想喝瓶奶？」）；流暢的對話（「是的，這是一輛公車！」），在預測3歲兒童語言技巧方面，是遠勝於其他因素的更好指標。 “It's not just about shoving words in,” said Kathryn Hirsh- Pasek, a professor of psychology at Temple University in Philadelphia and lead author of the study. “It's about having these fluid conversations around shared rituals and objects, like pretending to have morning coffee together or using the banana as a phone. ” 費城天普大學心理學教授、該研究報告主要作者凱瑟琳．赫許─巴塞克說：「它不光是塞進字彙而已，它與圍繞著共有的固定程序和物件的流暢對話有關，例如佯裝一起喝晨間咖啡，或是拿香蕉當電話打。」 In a related finding, published in April, researchers who observed 11- and 14-month-old children in their homes found that the prevalence of one-on-one interactions and frequent use of parentese — the slow, highpitched voice commonly used for talking to babies — were reliable predictors of language ability at age 2. The total number of words had no correlation with future ability. 四月發表的一項相關研究中，研究人員觀察11個月和14個月大孩子在家中的生活情形，發現經常一對一互動，以及頻繁使用「父母語」，也就是父母常用的，對嬰兒說話的那種緩慢、高音調聲音，是2歲兒童語言能力的可靠預測指標。字彙的總數量與兒童的未來能力無關。 Even the 1995 study that introduced the notion of the 30-million- word gap, conducted by the University of Kansas psychologists Betty Hart and Todd R. Risley, found that parental tone, responsiveness and use of symbols affected a child's I.Q. and vocabulary. 引進3000萬字彙差距概念的那項研究發表於1995年，由堪薩斯大學心理學家貝蒂．哈特和陶德．Ｒ．里斯利所完成，即使那項研究也發現，父母的語氣、反應和符號的使用，對兒童的智商高低和詞彙多寡均有影響。 But this year's studies are the first time researchers have compared the impact of word quantity with quality of communication. 不過，今年的研究，是研究人員首次將字彙數量和溝通品質的影響作比較。 For the new study, Dr. Hirsh- Pasek and colleagues selected 60 low-income 3-year-olds with varying degrees of language proficiency from a long-term study of 1,300 children from birth to age 15. 在新研究中，赫許─巴塞克和同事，在參與一項從出生到15歲長期研究的1300名兒童中，挑選出60名3歲的低收入戶兒童，語言能力程度各不相同。 The quality of communication accounted for 27 percent of variation in expressive language skills one year later, Dr. Hirsh-Pasek said. 赫許─巴塞克說，1年後，優質溝通占表達語言技巧差異的27％。 But those who urge parents to talk to their children more say increased quantity of language inevitably leads to better quality. 但是，那些呼籲家長多跟自己孩子說話的專家表示，提高語言數量，定會帶來更高的品質。 Anne Fernald, a developmental psychologist at Stanford University in California, said, “When you learn to talk more, you tend to speak in more diverse ways and elaborate more, and that helps the child's cognitive development.” 加州史丹福大學發展心理學家安妮．費納德說：「當你學會說得更多時，你會以更多樣、更複雜的方式說話，這有助兒童的認知發展。」 Still, Ann O'Leary, director of Too Small to Fail, a joint effort of the nonprofit Next Generation and the Bill, Hillary & Chelsea Clinton Foundation that focuses on closing the word gap, acknowledged that messages to parents could do more to emphasize quality. 「小到不能失敗」計畫負責人安．奧利里說，在提供給家長的訊息上，確實可多強調質。「小到不能失敗」由非營利組織「下一代」和「比爾、希拉蕊、雀兒喜．柯林頓基金會」共同設置，致力於縮小兒童字彙差距。 “When we're doing these campaigns to close the word gap, they do capture the imagination, they do get people understanding that we do need to do a lot more talking,” she said. “But we also need to be more mindful that part of what we need to do is model what that talking looks like.” 她說：「當我們從事縮小兒童字彙差距努力時，它確實引起我們注意，它也讓人們理解，我們確實需要多說點話。但我們同時需要更注意的是，在我們必須從事的工作中，有一部分是提供那種談話的模範，那種談話中該有的東西。」 Source article: https://paper.udn.com/udnpaper/POH0067/269227/web/#2L-5280944L Next Article Topic: Scientists identify ancient baby bottles ...and some are really cute Ceramic vessels, sometimes fashioned in whimsical animal forms, were used thousands of years ago as baby bottles to feed infants animal milk, according to scientists, offering an intriguing look at how and what infants were fed in prehistoric times. 科學家指出，數千年前的人類有時會把陶製容器塑造成異想天開的動物形狀，將它們作為奶瓶使用，餵嬰兒喝動物的乳汁。這項發現提供一個有趣的觀點，讓人一窺史前時代人類如何、又是用什麼來餵食嬰兒。 Archaeologists said on Sept. 25 they confirmed the function of these ceramic objects by finding chemical traces of milk belonging to animals such as cows, sheep and goats in three such items found buried in child graves in Germany. 考古學家在九月二十五日表示，他們在埋入德國兒童墳墓裡面的三個同類型物件中，發現殘留動物乳汁的化學痕跡──包括母牛、綿羊、山羊等──因此確認了這些陶製物品的用途。 The oldest of the three vessels described in the study was made between 2,800 and 3,200 years ago during the Bronze Age. Other similar objects dating back as far as about 7,000 years ago during Neolithic times have been found in various other locations, the researchers said. 在研究描述的三個容器中，年代最早的製造於兩千八百年前到三千兩百年前的青銅器時代。研究人員指出，其他許多地點都曾經發現類似的物件，最遠可追溯到大約七千年前的新石器時期。 “I think this has provided us the first direct evidence of what foods babies were eating or being weaned on in prehistory,” said biomolecular archaeologist Julie Dunne of the University of Bristol in the UK and lead author of the study, published in the journal Nature. “I think this shows us the love and care these prehistoric people had for their babies.” 該篇研究發表於期刊《自然》，主要作者為英國布里斯托大學的生物分子考古學家茱莉‧鄧恩，她表示：「我認為這項發現提供第一手直接證據，顯示史前時代的小寶寶吃什麼食物，或是用什麼食物斷奶。」她也指出：「我想，這項發現也向我們展現這些史前時代人類對小嬰兒的愛與關懷。」 These objects, little enough to fit into a baby's hands, served as vessels for milk, with a narrow spout for the baby to suckle liquid. While the three objects examined for the study were somewhat plain, others boasted lively shapes including animal heads with long ears or horns and human-looking feet. 這些物件小到能夠放進嬰兒的小手中，是用來盛裝奶水的容器，瓶身上附有一個狹長的壺嘴，讓小寶寶能夠從中吸吮液體。雖然研究檢驗用的三個物件外觀稍嫌平淡無奇，但其他同類陶器形狀卻相當生動，有著動物的頭，附著長長的耳朵或是犄角，以及像人類的腳。 “I find them incredibly cute. And prehistoric people may have thought so, too — they would certainly have a dual function of entertaining the children just like modern stuffed animals,” said archaeologist Katharina Rebay-Salisbury of the Austrian Academy of Sciences' Institute for Oriental and European Archaeology, and a co-author of the study. “They testify to the creativity and playfulness we often forget to attribute to our ancestors,” Rebay-Salisbury added. 研究的共同作者、奧地利科學院東方與歐洲考古研究所的考古學家凱瑟琳娜‧雷貝─索爾斯伯里表示：「我覺得這些陶器難以置信地可愛。而且搞不好史前的人們也是這樣覺得──這些陶器很可能還具備另一項娛樂小孩的雙重功能，就像是現代的填充玩具。」她補充說：「這些陶器證實老祖先們具備的創意和愛開玩笑的個性，那都是我們經常忘記的。」 Life at the time was not easy, Rebay-Salisbury added, with many people living in unhygienic conditions, experiencing famine and disease and facing low life expectancy. During the Bronze Age and subsequent Iron Age in Europe, perhaps about a third of all newborns died before their first birthday and only about half of children reached adulthood, Rebay-Salisbury said. 雷貝─索爾斯伯里還指出，當時的生活並不容易，原因在於許多人都居住在不衛生的環境中、遭受饑荒與疾病，還要面臨很短的預期壽命。她表示，在青銅器時代以及接下來的鐵器時代，歐洲地區可能有大約三分之一的新生兒在一歲之前死亡，而且大概只有一半的小孩能夠順利長大成人。 These feeding vessels may have made life easier for mothers, as animal milk could substitute for breastfeeding, the researchers said. “Duties of mothering — amongst which feeding is an important one — can also be undertaken by other members of the community when children are fed with feeding vessels,” Rebay-Salisbury said. 研究人員表示，這些餵食用的容器會讓母親們的生活輕鬆一些，因為動物的乳汁可以代替親餵母乳。雷貝─索爾斯伯里指出：「當小孩可以用器具餵食的時候，為人母的諸多責任──其中，最重要的一項是餵食嬰兒──也就可以由部落的其他成員接手幫忙。」 Source article: http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/lang/archives/2019/10/06/2003723440

In 2022, the Nobel prize for physics was awarded to a trio of scientists for their work on the fundamentals of quantum mechanics. This week, host Alok Jha asks one of the laureates, Anton Zeilinger, how he proved Einstein wrong and how his research into a phenomenon called quantum entanglement can help make sense of the universe. Plus, can “quantum teleportation” usher in a new era of technology? Anton Zeilinger is a physicist at the Austrian Academy of Sciences and professor emeritus at the University of Vienna.For full access to The Economist's print, digital and audio editions subscribe at economist.com/podcastoffer and sign up for our weekly science newsletter at economist.com/simplyscience. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

In 2022, the Nobel prize for physics was awarded to a trio of scientists for their work on the fundamentals of quantum mechanics. This week, host Alok Jha asks one of the laureates, Anton Zeilinger, how he proved Einstein wrong and how his research into a phenomenon called quantum entanglement can help make sense of the universe. Plus, can “quantum teleportation” usher in a new era of technology? Anton Zeilinger is a physicist at the Austrian Academy of Sciences and professor emeritus at the University of Vienna.For full access to The Economist's print, digital and audio editions subscribe at economist.com/podcastoffer and sign up for our weekly science newsletter at economist.com/simplyscience. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

In this interview, Dr. Fabian Kümmeler talks about his on-going research into the socio-professional community of herders on the island of Korčula in Venetian Dalmatia, in the fifteenth century. Based on largely neglected archival holdings from the Croatian State Archive in Zadar, which include business contracts, records of litigation and dispute resolution, Fabian describes how the herding business functioned, who was involved, the legal environment and how it was enforced. Together they offer a fascinating window into the daily life of the herders and their fellow islanders in 15th century.Dr. Fabian Kümmeler is the APART-GSK Fellow at the Austrian Academy of Sciences and Principal Investigator of a project on “Pastoral Communities in Southeast Europe, 1400–1600”.This podcast is part of a series for the CEU Department of Medieval Studies and MECERN

Hans Busstra and his guest, physicist Dr. Markus Müller of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, achieve the near impossible: to make Quantum Mechanics intuitively understandable, while remaining true to it. Dr. Müller discusses the outlines of his theory, which we consider to be the most profound, sober, intellectually honest and promising approach to quantum theory today: we must start from a first-person perspective and predict what we will see next, as opposed to the metaphysical presupposition that physics is about an external, objective physical universe with standalone existence. If truly understood, as this episode attempts to help you do, his views are as compelling as its implications are world-changing.

Sure? Topic: About Technology - 'Smart crib' aims to help rockabye baby   As every new parent knows, sleep can go out the window after the arrival of a newborn. 如每對剛生孩子的爸媽所知，新生兒到來後，再也沒有夜夜好眠。 That was certainly the case for parents Radhika and Bharath Patil, who seeking relief for their own disrupted sleep patterns, put their electronic engineering backgrounds together to create a "smart crib". 這確實就是拉德西卡和巴拉特‧帕蒂爾的狀況，這對父母正在補救自身混亂的睡眠模式，結合他們的電子工程背景，創造了一個「智慧嬰兒床」。 Their crib, powered by artificial intelligence, combines a baby monitor, rocker, bassinet and crib in one. 他們把一台嬰兒監視器、弧形搖桿、搖籃和嬰兒床合而為一，由人工智慧來驅動嬰兒床。 "It's not the amount of work around the baby that tires the parents, it's the lack of sleep," Radhika Patil, Cradlewise chief executive, told Reuters in an interview. 「智慧搖籃」執行長拉德西卡‧帕蒂爾在訪問中告訴路透，「並非圍繞著嬰兒的工作量累到父母，而是睡眠不足。」 Early detection is key, she said, adding that the sooner parents can detect the baby waking up, the easier it is to get the child to fall back asleep. 她說，早期偵測是關鍵，並補充指出，父母越早發現嬰兒醒來，就越容易讓他們的孩子再度入睡。 "Once you put the baby in, the crib takes care of everything. That's the aim," Bharath Patil said. 巴拉特‧帕蒂爾說，「只要把嬰兒放進去，嬰兒床就顧好每件事。這就是目的。」   Next Article   Topic: New Thoughts on Math Of Effective Baby Talk   It has been nearly 20 years since a landmark education study found that, by age 3, children from low-income families have heard 30 million fewer words than more affluent children, putting them at an educational disadvantage before they have begun school. 將近20年前，一項具有里程碑意義的教育研究發現，低收入戶兒童到了3歲時，已比家庭較富裕的兒童少聽到3000萬個字彙，以致就學前即已處於教育上的劣勢。 Now, a growing body of research is challenging the notion that merely exposing poor children to more language is enough to overcome the deficits they face. The quality of the communication between children and their parents and caregivers, the researchers say, is of much greater importance than the number of words a child hears. 如今，越來越多的研究向此一觀念提出挑戰，不認為光是讓貧窮兒童暴露於更多語言，就能克服他們所面對的不足。這些研究人員指出，兒童與父母及看顧者之間的溝通品質，遠比兒童聽到多少字彙來得重要。 A study presented last month at a White House conference on “bridging the word gap” found that among 2-year-olds from low-income families, quality interactions involving words — the use of shared symbols (“Look, a dog!”); rituals (“Want a bottle after your bath?”); and conversational fluency (“Yes, that is a bus!”) — were a far better predictor of language skills at age 3 than any other factor . 上月在白宮「縮小字彙差距」會議中發表的一項研究結果發現，對2歲的低收入戶兒童而言，和字彙相關的優質互動，例如使用共通的符號（「看哪，一隻狗！」）；固定程序（「洗完澡想喝瓶奶？」）；流暢的對話（「是的，這是一輛公車！」），在預測3歲兒童語言技巧方面，是遠勝於其他因素的更好指標。 “It's not just about shoving words in,” said Kathryn Hirsh- Pasek, a professor of psychology at Temple University in Philadelphia and lead author of the study. “It's about having these fluid conversations around shared rituals and objects, like pretending to have morning coffee together or using the banana as a phone. ” 費城天普大學心理學教授、該研究報告主要作者凱瑟琳．赫許─巴塞克說：「它不光是塞進字彙而已，它與圍繞著共有的固定程序和物件的流暢對話有關，例如佯裝一起喝晨間咖啡，或是拿香蕉當電話打。」 In a related finding, published in April, researchers who observed 11- and 14-month-old children in their homes found that the prevalence of one-on-one interactions and frequent use of parentese — the slow, highpitched voice commonly used for talking to babies — were reliable predictors of language ability at age 2. The total number of words had no correlation with future ability. 四月發表的一項相關研究中，研究人員觀察11個月和14個月大孩子在家中的生活情形，發現經常一對一互動，以及頻繁使用「父母語」，也就是父母常用的，對嬰兒說話的那種緩慢、高音調聲音，是2歲兒童語言能力的可靠預測指標。字彙的總數量與兒童的未來能力無關。 Even the 1995 study that introduced the notion of the 30-million- word gap, conducted by the University of Kansas psychologists Betty Hart and Todd R. Risley, found that parental tone, responsiveness and use of symbols affected a child's I.Q. and vocabulary. 引進3000萬字彙差距概念的那項研究發表於1995年，由堪薩斯大學心理學家貝蒂．哈特和陶德．Ｒ．里斯利所完成，即使那項研究也發現，父母的語氣、反應和符號的使用，對兒童的智商高低和詞彙多寡均有影響。 But this year's studies are the first time researchers have compared the impact of word quantity with quality of communication. 不過，今年的研究，是研究人員首次將字彙數量和溝通品質的影響作比較。 For the new study, Dr. Hirsh- Pasek and colleagues selected 60 low-income 3-year-olds with varying degrees of language proficiency from a long-term study of 1,300 children from birth to age 15. 在新研究中，赫許─巴塞克和同事，在參與一項從出生到15歲長期研究的1300名兒童中，挑選出60名3歲的低收入戶兒童，語言能力程度各不相同。 The quality of communication accounted for 27 percent of variation in expressive language skills one year later, Dr. Hirsh-Pasek said. 赫許─巴塞克說，1年後，優質溝通占表達語言技巧差異的27％。 But those who urge parents to talk to their children more say increased quantity of language inevitably leads to better quality. 但是，那些呼籲家長多跟自己孩子說話的專家表示，提高語言數量，定會帶來更高的品質。 Anne Fernald, a developmental psychologist at Stanford University in California, said, “When you learn to talk more, you tend to speak in more diverse ways and elaborate more, and that helps the child's cognitive development.” 加州史丹福大學發展心理學家安妮．費納德說：「當你學會說得更多時，你會以更多樣、更複雜的方式說話，這有助兒童的認知發展。」 Still, Ann O'Leary, director of Too Small to Fail, a joint effort of the nonprofit Next Generation and the Bill, Hillary & Chelsea Clinton Foundation that focuses on closing the word gap, acknowledged that messages to parents could do more to emphasize quality. 「小到不能失敗」計畫負責人安．奧利里說，在提供給家長的訊息上，確實可多強調質。「小到不能失敗」由非營利組織「下一代」和「比爾、希拉蕊、雀兒喜．柯林頓基金會」共同設置，致力於縮小兒童字彙差距。 “When we're doing these campaigns to close the word gap, they do capture the imagination, they do get people understanding that we do need to do a lot more talking,” she said. “But we also need to be more mindful that part of what we need to do is model what that talking looks like.” 她說：「當我們從事縮小兒童字彙差距努力時，它確實引起我們注意，它也讓人們理解，我們確實需要多說點話。但我們同時需要更注意的是，在我們必須從事的工作中，有一部分是提供那種談話的模範，那種談話中該有的東西。」 Source article: https://paper.udn.com/udnpaper/POH0067/269227/web/#2L-5280944L   Next Article   Topic: Scientists identify ancient baby bottles ...and some are really cute   Ceramic vessels, sometimes fashioned in whimsical animal forms, were used thousands of years ago as baby bottles to feed infants animal milk, according to scientists, offering an intriguing look at how and what infants were fed in prehistoric times. 科學家指出，數千年前的人類有時會把陶製容器塑造成異想天開的動物形狀，將它們作為奶瓶使用，餵嬰兒喝動物的乳汁。這項發現提供一個有趣的觀點，讓人一窺史前時代人類如何、又是用什麼來餵食嬰兒。 Archaeologists said on Sept. 25 they confirmed the function of these ceramic objects by finding chemical traces of milk belonging to animals such as cows, sheep and goats in three such items found buried in child graves in Germany. 考古學家在九月二十五日表示，他們在埋入德國兒童墳墓裡面的三個同類型物件中，發現殘留動物乳汁的化學痕跡──包括母牛、綿羊、山羊等──因此確認了這些陶製物品的用途。 The oldest of the three vessels described in the study was made between 2,800 and 3,200 years ago during the Bronze Age. Other similar objects dating back as far as about 7,000 years ago during Neolithic times have been found in various other locations, the researchers said. 在研究描述的三個容器中，年代最早的製造於兩千八百年前到三千兩百年前的青銅器時代。研究人員指出，其他許多地點都曾經發現類似的物件，最遠可追溯到大約七千年前的新石器時期。 “I think this has provided us the first direct evidence of what foods babies were eating or being weaned on in prehistory,” said biomolecular archaeologist Julie Dunne of the University of Bristol in the UK and lead author of the study, published in the journal Nature. “I think this shows us the love and care these prehistoric people had for their babies.” 該篇研究發表於期刊《自然》，主要作者為英國布里斯托大學的生物分子考古學家茱莉‧鄧恩，她表示：「我認為這項發現提供第一手直接證據，顯示史前時代的小寶寶吃什麼食物，或是用什麼食物斷奶。」她也指出：「我想，這項發現也向我們展現這些史前時代人類對小嬰兒的愛與關懷。」 These objects, little enough to fit into a baby's hands, served as vessels for milk, with a narrow spout for the baby to suckle liquid. While the three objects examined for the study were somewhat plain, others boasted lively shapes including animal heads with long ears or horns and human-looking feet. 這些物件小到能夠放進嬰兒的小手中，是用來盛裝奶水的容器，瓶身上附有一個狹長的壺嘴，讓小寶寶能夠從中吸吮液體。雖然研究檢驗用的三個物件外觀稍嫌平淡無奇，但其他同類陶器形狀卻相當生動，有著動物的頭，附著長長的耳朵或是犄角，以及像人類的腳。 “I find them incredibly cute. And prehistoric people may have thought so, too — they would certainly have a dual function of entertaining the children just like modern stuffed animals,” said archaeologist Katharina Rebay-Salisbury of the Austrian Academy of Sciences' Institute for Oriental and European Archaeology, and a co-author of the study. “They testify to the creativity and playfulness we often forget to attribute to our ancestors,” Rebay-Salisbury added. 研究的共同作者、奧地利科學院東方與歐洲考古研究所的考古學家凱瑟琳娜‧雷貝─索爾斯伯里表示：「我覺得這些陶器難以置信地可愛。而且搞不好史前的人們也是這樣覺得──這些陶器很可能還具備另一項娛樂小孩的雙重功能，就像是現代的填充玩具。」她補充說：「這些陶器證實老祖先們具備的創意和愛開玩笑的個性，那都是我們經常忘記的。」 Life at the time was not easy, Rebay-Salisbury added, with many people living in unhygienic conditions, experiencing famine and disease and facing low life expectancy. During the Bronze Age and subsequent Iron Age in Europe, perhaps about a third of all newborns died before their first birthday and only about half of children reached adulthood, Rebay-Salisbury said. 雷貝─索爾斯伯里還指出，當時的生活並不容易，原因在於許多人都居住在不衛生的環境中、遭受饑荒與疾病，還要面臨很短的預期壽命。她表示，在青銅器時代以及接下來的鐵器時代，歐洲地區可能有大約三分之一的新生兒在一歲之前死亡，而且大概只有一半的小孩能夠順利長大成人。 These feeding vessels may have made life easier for mothers, as animal milk could substitute for breastfeeding, the researchers said. “Duties of mothering — amongst which feeding is an important one — can also be undertaken by other members of the community when children are fed with feeding vessels,” Rebay-Salisbury said. 研究人員表示，這些餵食用的容器會讓母親們的生活輕鬆一些，因為動物的乳汁可以代替親餵母乳。雷貝─索爾斯伯里指出：「當小孩可以用器具餵食的時候，為人母的諸多責任──其中，最重要的一項是餵食嬰兒──也就可以由部落的其他成員接手幫忙。」Source article: http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/lang/archives/2019/10/06/2003723440

In 2018, I interviewed Dr. Nadja Wallaszkowits, head of the audio department at the Sound Archive of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Vienna. Nadja is responsible for developing customized audio technologies for field recordings, as well as in audio restoration, re-recording and digital archiving. Her customized equipment and operation procedures became the standard in many other sound archives in the world. In this first segment of a two-part episode, Nadja lucidly elaborates on the specific role that a scientific sound archive plays for the scholarly community. She also explains the technological support that her institute provides for researchers.    Dr. Nadja Wallaszkovits managed the audio department as a specialist for audio restoration, re-recording and digital archiving and is consultant for archival technology for various institutions internationally. Dr. Wallaszkovits is Audio Engineering Society (AES) President Elect, Vice Chair of the Technical Committee of the International Association of Sound and Audiovisual Archives (IASA), and a member of the IASA Training & Education Committee. Since 2020, she was appointed Professor of Conservation and Restoration of New Media and Digital Information at the Stuttgart State Academy of Art and Design.   Sonic Entanglements is hosted and produced by meLê yamomo. Thijs van den Geest is our sound engineer and sound editor, and Jean Barcena is our publicity manager. Our theme music is created by Markus Hoogervorst.  For more information, visit www.sonic-entanglements.com. 

This is the second episode of a two-part interview with Dr. Nadja Wallaszkowits, the Head Sound Engineer of the Phonogram Archive of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. This episode focuses on Nadja's and my reflection on how the development of audio recording and technology shifted the questions we ask about sound, and how they shaped our listening aesthetics. I asked Nadja, how does the knowledge in the science of sound recording and engineering shape the questions that we ask about sound? How did it change our listening aesthetics? The microscope enabled us to see things that we could not see before. How did sound recording technologies allow us to hear things that we would not have been able to hear before, and how did this change how we understand our world?    Dr. Nadja Wallaszkovits managed the audio department as a specialist for audio restoration, re-recording and digital archiving and is consultant for archival technology for various institutions internationally. Dr. Wallaszkovits is Audio Engineering Society (AES) President Elect, Vice Chair of the Technical Committee of the International Association of Sound and Audiovisual Archives (IASA), and a member of the IASA Training & Education Committee. Since 2020, she was appointed Professor of Conservation and Restoration of New Media and Digital Information at the Stuttgart State Academy of Art and Design.    Sonic Entanglements is hosted and produced by meLê yamomo. Thijs van den Geest is our sound engineer and sound editor, and Jean Barcena is our publicity manager. Our theme music is created by Markus Hoogervorst.  For more information, visit www.sonic-entanglements.com.   

Scientist and metal drummer Marisa Hoeschele received an honours B.A. in Psychology with a minor in Philosophy at the University of Guelph, Canada in 2006. After that she completed an M.Sc. and PhD in Psychology with a specialization in Comparative Cognition and Behaviour at the University of Alberta, Canada.In 2013 she moved to Vienna as a post-doc and built the budgie lab at the Department of Cognitive Biology at the University of Vienna. In October 2018 she started her own group, known as the “Musicality and Bioacoustics” group, at the Acoustics Research Institute of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. This institute has researchers from many different disciplines all studying problems in acoustics: however the first animal studies were not conducted on site until this year in April when the budgie lab was moved to the institute. Marisa studies how different animals, including humans, perceive and produce sounds. The broader goal is to understand where music and language come from and what other similar capacities might exist in the animal kingdom.Marisa is the first guest I've had on who had a pop filter on her mic.  That's neither here nor there but it's still a thing.We talked, of course, about how Marisa got into the field in the first place, a bit about Austria and, obviously about her work.  Her work is interdisciplinary and we talked a bit about how this sort of thing is important not just in animal cognition, but in any field.mp3 download

What is Open Access Publishing and why is it important? Listen in as Raj Balkaran interviews Dominik A. Haas on his Fair Open Access Publishing in South Asian Studies (FOASAS) initiative which maintains a list of relevant publishers, journals, book series and other publication media. The list is available here. If you know of any other FOA publishers, journals etc. with an emphasis on Indological / South Asia-related research, or have feedback about the list, feel free to contact Dominik directly at dominik@haas.asia Dominik A. Haas, BA MA, is a DOC Fellow, Austrian Academy of Sciences and a PhD Candidate, University of Vienna Raj Balkaran is a scholar, educator, consultant, and life coach. For information see rajbalkaran.com. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

What is Open Access Publishing and why is it important? Listen in as Raj Balkaran interviews Dominik A. Haas on his Fair Open Access Publishing in South Asian Studies (FOASAS) initiative which maintains a list of relevant publishers, journals, book series and other publication media. The list is available here. If you know of any other FOA publishers, journals etc. with an emphasis on Indological / South Asia-related research, or have feedback about the list, feel free to contact Dominik directly at dominik@haas.asia Dominik A. Haas, BA MA, is a DOC Fellow, Austrian Academy of Sciences and a PhD Candidate, University of Vienna Raj Balkaran is a scholar, educator, consultant, and life coach. For information see rajbalkaran.com. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/south-asian-studies

What is Open Access Publishing and why is it important? Listen in as Raj Balkaran interviews Dominik A. Haas on his Fair Open Access Publishing in South Asian Studies (FOASAS) initiative which maintains a list of relevant publishers, journals, book series and other publication media. The list is available here. If you know of any other FOA publishers, journals etc. with an emphasis on Indological / South Asia-related research, or have feedback about the list, feel free to contact Dominik directly at dominik@haas.asia Dominik A. Haas, BA MA, is a DOC Fellow, Austrian Academy of Sciences and a PhD Candidate, University of Vienna Raj Balkaran is a scholar, educator, consultant, and life coach. For information see rajbalkaran.com. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/indian-religions

What is Open Access Publishing and why is it important? Listen in as Raj Balkaran interviews Dominik A. Haas on his Fair Open Access Publishing in South Asian Studies (FOASAS) initiative which maintains a list of relevant publishers, journals, book series and other publication media. The list is available here. If you know of any other FOA publishers, journals etc. with an emphasis on Indological / South Asia-related research, or have feedback about the list, feel free to contact Dominik directly at dominik@haas.asia Dominik A. Haas, BA MA, is a DOC Fellow, Austrian Academy of Sciences and a PhD Candidate, University of Vienna Raj Balkaran is a scholar, educator, consultant, and life coach. For information see rajbalkaran.com. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network

As the oldest audio archive in the world, what is the role of the Vienna Phonogram Archive in the history of sound research? What recordings about Southeast Asia are stored in the institute? In this episode, meLê yamomo speaks with Gerda Lechleitner – former archivist and researcher at the Sound Archive of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Vienna. Gerda tells about her career in the intersection of sound archiving and sound scholarship. She also reflected on the ethics behind audio documents made during the colonial period and the idea of sound heritage repatriation.    Gerda Lechleitner is co-chair of the Study Group on Historical Sources and a member of the RILM Commission Mixte of the International Council for Traditional Music (ICTM). From 1996 until 2020 Gerda worked at the Phonogram Archive of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. She had been curator of the historical collections, and together with Christian Liebl, she had been editor of the CD-edition “Sound Documents from the Phonogrammarchiv of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. The Complete Historical Collections 1899-1950” and the Yearbook of the Phonogrammarchiv “International Forum on Audio-Visual Research”.   Sonic Entanglements is hosted and produced by meLê yamomo. Thijs van den Geest is our sound engineer and sound editor, and Jean Barcena is our publicity manager. Our theme music is created by Markus Hoogervorst. Many thanks to the Phonogram Archive of the Austrian Academy of Sciences for the permission to use the archival audio materials. This podcast is funded by the Dutch Research Organization. For more information, visit www.sonic-entanglements.com 

Johannes Coloma-Flecker helps leaders compose change and grow by uncovering and developing their innate musicality. He earned a Ph.D. degree in economic sciences at the University of Graz, Austria, and he is a summa cum laude graduate from Berklee College of Music in Boston. After a career in leadership development in Switzerland and India, he launched Sound Leadership in the US. His past clients include Boston Consulting Group, Fidelity, and Johnson & Johnson, and he speaks about leadership and musicality for organizations such as the Swiss Economic Forum, IE Brown Executive MBA, and Babson Executive Education. He is the author of a book on brand development with music, and he has received awards from the American Marketing Association and the Austrian Academy of Sciences. A member of Marshall Goldsmith 100 Coaches, his work has been labeled as “astonishing that Johannes continues to find new uses for sound” by the BostInno Innovation Magazine, and the Berklee Institute for Creative Entrepreneurship describes his approach as “Johannes embodies what's possible when you apply music thinking in a new way.” He is married and lives in New York City. Connect with us!   WEBSITES: Speaking: https://www.cbbowman.com/ Coaching Association: https://www.acec-association.org/ Workplace Equity & Equality: https://www.wee-consulting.org/ Institute/ Certification: https://www.meeco-institute.org/   SOCIAL MEDIA: LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/cbbowman/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/execcoaches Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/CB.BowmanMBA/ YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/results?searc...

Communities from the Aegean, including the Minoans and Mycenaeans, conducted trade in Egypt. Dr. Uroš Matić, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austrian Archaeological Institute, joins the show to discuss.

On today’s episode, Dr Nicolas Rivron, group leader at the Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Austrian Academy of Science, is interviewed by PhD student Sergi Junyent Espinosa. Nicolas discusses his research building stem-cell based embryo models. He talks about the self-organising nature of tissue development in the embryo and how this can help us understand key principles of regeneration. For more information on Nicolas’ work check out the following link: https://www.oeaw.ac.at/imba/research/nicolas-rivron

The Duden is undoubtedly the most widely-used, well-known, and prestigious dictionary in the German speaking world, and since its inception, it has grown to include many other kinds of reference work. Over the years, it has also begun to pay attention to other varieties of German beyond the standard German spoken in Germany. But how are these other varieties treated in the Duden? How is the Duden regarded in the eyes of speakers of German, both in Germany and in other countries and regions? And where does the name "Duden" come from? In this episode I talk to Manfred Glauninger, a sociolinguist at the University of Vienna and the Austrian Academy of Sciences, and head of the Austrian committee for the Duden. We discuss the origins of the Duden, the representation of words and expressions in various parts of the German speaking world, and the effect this has on how German speakers perceive their own language. - Web: yellowoftheegg.com - Insta: @YOTEPodcast - Email: yellowoftheegg.podcast@gmail.com - YOTE theme music by Vincent Tone (PremiumBeat.com)

Season five of our podcast features presentations from our 2020 annual conference: ‘Engaged Phenomenology’ Online. In this episode we release one of our keynote talks, that of Professor Sophie Loidolt, who focuses upon phenomenological method in political and legal theory. Loidolt is Professor of Philosophy and Chair of Practical Philosophy, Technische Universität Darmstadt / Technical University of Darmstadt.   ABSTRACT: The talk investigates phenomenology’s possibilities to describe, reflect and critically analyse political and legal orders. It presents a “toolbox” of methodological reflections, tools and topics, by relating to the classics of the tradition and to the emerging movement of “critical phenomenology,” as well as by touching upon current issues such as experiences of rightlessness, experiences in the digital lifeworld, and experiences of the public sphere. It is argued that phenomenology provides us with a dynamic methodological framework that emphasizes correlational, co-constitutional, and interrelational structures and thus pays attention to modes of givenness, the making and unmaking of “world,” and, thereby, the inter/subjective, affective, and bodily constitution of meaning. In the case of political and legal orders, questions of power, exclusion, and normativity are central issues. By looking at “best practice” models such as Hannah Arendt’s analyses, I will elaborate on an analytical tool and flexible framework I call “spaces of meaning,” which phenomenologists can use and modify as they go along. In the current debates on political and legal issues, I see the main task of phenomenology in reclaiming experience as world-building and world-opening, also in a normative sense, and in demonstrating how structures and orders are lived while they condition and form spaces of meaning. If we want to understand, criticize, act, or change something, this subjective and intersubjective perspective will remain indispensable.   BIO: Sophie Loidolt is professor of philosophy at the Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany. She is a member of the “Young Academy” of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and “Recurrent Visiting Professor” at CFS Copenhagen. During her time and education at University of Vienna (PhD, habilitation, assistant professor), she was a visiting researcher at the Husserl-Archives of KU Leuven and at The New School for Social Research in New York. Her work centers on issues in the fields of phenomenology, political and legal philosophy, and ethics, as well as transcendental philosophy and philosophy of mind. Her books include Anspruch und Rechtfertigung. Eine Theorie des rechtlichen Denkens im Anschluss an die Phänomenologie Edmund Husserls (Springer 2009), Einführung in die Rechtsphänomenologie (Mohr Siebeck 2010), and Phenomenology of Plurality: Hannah Arendt on Political Intersubjectivity (Routledge 2017).   This recording is taken from the BSP Annual Conference 2020 Online: 'Engaged Phenomenology'. Organised with the University of Exeter and sponsored by Egenis and the Wellcome Centre for Cultures and Environments of Health. BSP2020AC was held online this year due to global concerns about the Coronavirus pandemic. For the conference our speakers recorded videos, our keynotes presented live over Zoom, and we also recorded some interviews online as well. Podcast episodes from BSP2020AC are soundtracks of those videos where we and the presenters feel the audio works as a standalone: https://www.britishphenomenology.org.uk/bsp-annual-conference-2020/   You can check out our forthcoming events here: https://www.britishphenomenology.org.uk/events/ The British Society for Phenomenology is a not-for-profit organisation set up with the intention of promoting research and awareness in the field of Phenomenology and other cognate arms of philosophical thought. Currently, the society accomplishes these aims through its journal, events, and podcast. Why not find out more, join the society, and subscribe to our journal the JBSP? https://www.britishphenomenology.org.uk/

In this episode we speak with return guest Dr. Philipp Maas about the ancient school of Sāṅkhya—which he describes as India's philosophy par excellence for its wide and enduring influence on Indian culture. Giving us a taste of his upcoming course: YS 204 | The Sāṅkhyakārikā: Stanzas on All-Embracing Insight,  Maas discusses Sāṅkhya‘s relationship with the Yoga of Patañjali, and dives into the Kārikā—the oldest surviving text of the tradition. We discuss what little we know about the work's author Īśvarakṛṣṇa, its roots in the lost treatise, the ancient Śaṣṭitantra, and much more. Speaker BioPhilipp Maas is currently a research associate at the Institute for Indology and Central Asian Studies, University of Leipzig in Germany, where he works on a digital critical edition of the Nyāyabhāṣya, a Sanskrit work on spiritual liberation through proper reasoning. Previously he had served as an assistant professor and postdoc researcher at the Department of South Asian, Tibetan and Buddhist Studies at the University of Vienna, the Austrian Academy of Sciences, and the University of Bonn Germany.He received his M.A. (1997) and Dr. phil. (2004) degrees from the University of Bonn, where he had completed studies in Indology, Comparative Religious Studies, Tibetology and Philosophy. His first book (originally his PhD thesis) is the first critical edition of the first chapter (Samādhipāda) of the Pātañjala Yogaśāstra, i.e. the Yoga Sūtra of Patañjali together with the commentary called Yoga Bhāṣya. He has published extensively on classical Yoga and Sāṅkhya philosophy and meditation, Āyurveda, the relationship of Pātañjalayoga to Buddhism as well as on the textual tradition of the Pātañjalayogaśāstra. He is a member of the “Historical Sourcebooks on Classical Indian Thought” project, convened by Prof. Sheldon Pollock, to which he contributes with a monograph on the development of Yoga-related ideas in pre-modern South Asian intellectual history.  LinksYS 204 | The Sāṅkhyakārikā: Stanzas on All-Embracing Insighthttps://uni-leipzig.academia.edu/PhilippMaas

Season five of the British Society for Phenomenology Podcast features presentations from our 2020 annual conference: ‘Engaged Phenomenology’ Online. In this episode, however, we present an interview given by Professor Sophie Loidolt, one of our keynotes from the event. Loidolt is Professor of Philosophy and Chair of Practical Philosophy, Technische Universität Darmstadt / Technical University of Darmstadt. The interview was recorded in August of this year, and first released to conference attendees. The interviewers are Jessie Stanier and Hannah Berry from the event team.   In the interview Loidolt talks about reading groups, armchair philosophy, music, film and all things phenomenology. In the next episode we will release her paper from the event, ‘Order, Experience, and Critique: The Phenomenological Method in Political and Legal Theory’.   BIOS:    Sophie Loidolt is professor of philosophy at the Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany. She is a member of the “Young Academy” of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and “Recurrent Visiting Professor” at CFS Copenhagen. During her time and education at University of Vienna (PhD, habilitation, assistant professor), she was a visiting researcher at the Husserl-Archives of KU Leuven and at The New School for Social Research in New York. Her work centers on issues in the fields of phenomenology, political and legal philosophy, and ethics, as well as transcendental philosophy and philosophy of mind. Her books include Anspruch und Rechtfertigung. Eine Theorie des rechtlichen Denkens im Anschluss an die Phänomenologie Edmund Husserls (Springer 2009), Einführung in die Rechtsphänomenologie (Mohr Siebeck 2010), and Phenomenology of Plurality: Hannah Arendt on Political Intersubjectivity (Routledge 2017).   Jessie Stanier is a PhD student at the Wellcome Centre for Cultures and Environments of Health at the University of Exeter. She takes an engaged approach to her transdisciplinary research on phenomenology, ageing, and older age, collaborating with publics affected by the lived realities of ageing and caring. In her PhD thesis, she aims to shed new light on normative determinants of ageing and how they affect lived experiences and possibilities for older people. She is co-supervised by Dr Robin Durie, Dr Felicity Thomas, and Prof Luna Dolezal. She completed her MA in Philosophy at KU Leuven, Belgium, in 2018.   Hannah Berry has recently completed her Ph.D. on a linguistic and phenomenological analysis of empathy. She has had a lectureship at Liverpool Hope University in Sociolinguistics and has taught at various institutions such as the University of Liverpool and Manchester Metropolitan University. She is now working in the adult education sector.   This recording is taken from the BSP Annual Conference 2020 Online: 'Engaged Phenomenology'. Organised with the University of Exeter and sponsored by Egenis and the Wellcome Centre for Cultures and Environments of Health. BSP2020AC was held online this year due to global concerns about the Coronavirus pandemic. For the conference our speakers recorded videos, our keynotes presented live over Zoom, and we also recorded some interviews online as well. Podcast episodes from BSP2020AC are soundtracks of those videos where we and the presenters feel the audio works as a standalone: https://www.britishphenomenology.org.uk/bsp-annual-conference-2020/   You can check out our forthcoming events here: https://www.britishphenomenology.org.uk/events/ The British Society for Phenomenology is a not-for-profit organisation set up with the intention of promoting research and awareness in the field of Phenomenology and other cognate arms of philosophical thought. Currently, the society accomplishes these aims through its journal, events, and podcast. Why not find out more, join the society, and subscribe to our journal the JBSP? https://www.britishphenomenology.org.uk/

Ágnes Mihálykó is a specialist on Christian liturgical papyri. She has recently published a book on the topic, The Christian Liturgical Papyri: An Introduction, with Mohr Siebeck, in which she offered an extensive introduction into the topic, and she discussed the earliest liturgical manuscripts preserved. In the podcast, we discuss the relationship between liturgical papyri and magical texts. Ágnes spent her undergraduate years studying mostly in Hungary, and obtained her PhD in classics at the University of Oslo in 2017. Currently, Ágnes is a Postdoctoral Fellow at the Department of Philosophy, Classics, History of Art and Ideas at the University in Oslo, and she is working on a project in collaboration with the project „Euchologia. Daily Life and Religion: Byzantine Prayer Books as Sources for Social History” lead by Claudia Rapp, at the Austrian Academy of Sciences. Ágnes' project centers around collecting and editing Christian liturgical prayers in ancient Greek and Coptic, which have been preserved on papyrus from the third to the ninth centuries, and which testify to a variety of practices and record the early history of the Coptic Church's liturgy. Most of them relate to the Eucharist or are intercessions for various occasions, but there are also prayers for the liturgy of the hours, for the ordination of a monk, and blessings as well. The project will bring together these prayers in one corpus as well as in digital publication with a reliable transcription, an English translation and commentary, with reflections on the text's liturgical function and relation to the intellectual and theological currents of its time.

Dr. Jürgen Knoblich is Scientific Director of the Institute of Molecular Biotechnology at the Austrian Academy of Sciences. The Knoblich lab is known for the development of an organoid model of early brain development, and is currently using iPSCs and cerebral organoids to investigate inter-brain region interactions, neurodevelopmental disorders, and neuronal connections and functions.

On today’s episode, Dr Jürgen Knoblich, scientific director at the Institute of Molecular Biology at the Austrian Academy of Sciences, is interviewd by PhD student Sergi Junyen. Jürgen talks about his research journey to studying brains, the benefits of using fruit flies (Drosophila) in research, and the development and future of cerebral organoids, including their use in genetic screening. To find out more about Jürgen’s research follow this link: https://www.imba.oeaw.ac.at/research/juergen-knoblich/team/

The interview focuses on the Issues and gaps analysis of EU regulation on security and cybersecurity in the context of ICT research and innovation, that is one of the outputs of Panelfit.You can download the document following this link: https://bit.ly/PanelfitD41We explore the topic with Jaro Krieger-Lamina, a researcher at the Institute of Technology Assessment of the Austrian Academy of Sciences who took care of the analysis.We mention an article by the European Data Journalism Network on digital advertising, that you can read here: https://www.europeandatajournalism.eu/eng/News/Data-news/Online-ads-know-you-well

Find out more on our website: https://bit.ly/3FYnL4x The gravity of the shift to cloud is palpable for financial services. Organizations are balancing customer and security demands. Those who do it well are able to differentiate and excel, leaving those who don't far behind. Expanded development and access to best practices is giving rise to the question, “what's possible for fintech?” But moving forward means thoughtful planning and careful consideration of how to move people, process, and technology into its next iteration. Find out how cloud is propelling financial services into the next century by joining the webinar to hear about the impact, missteps, and future visions of cloud and fintech. Read more about Interxion's Data Gravity Index. Speaker: Bill Fenick has over 25 years of financial services and enterprise experience in a variety of strategy, sales and marketing roles at Tibco Inc, Thomson Reuters and Interxion. Before taking up his current VP Enterprise position in September 2017, Bill led the Financial Services segment at Interxion. At Thomson Reuters, Bill drove business development for Elektron Managed Services, where he drew on his successful track record in developing and marketing services for low latency data feeds and colocation, data distribution platforms and managed services in the global marketplace. Prior to starting to work in the financial services industry, Bill was a lecturer at the University of Vienna and held a post-doctoral post at the Austrian Academy of Sciences. Bill holds a PhD from the University of Vienna and a BA from UCLA.

Aaron de Souza is an archaeologist specializing in the material culture of Egypt and Nubia. He earned his PhD at Macquarie University, Sydney, in 2016, and is now a Marie Sklodowska Curie Fellow at the Austrian Academy of Sciences, in Vienna. In the field, Aaron works with ceramics and material culture, particularly in cemetery contexts. He has published several articles and a book, titled New Horizons: The Pan-Grave Ceramic Tradition in Context. Aaron is an insightful researcher, part of the new generation of scholars that are examining (and re-examining) historical material in new ways. Learn more about Dr. Aaron de Souza online at Academia https://oeaw.academia.edu/AarondeSouza, the In Between Nubia website https://inbetweennubia.com/author/amdesouza/, and on Twitter https://twitter.com/aaronmdesouza. Shop History of Egypt merchandise at www.teepublic.com, Images and references at www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com, Support the Show at www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast, Music by Keith Zizza www.keithzizza.com, Music by Bettina Joy de Guzman www.bettinajoydeguzman.com. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

My guest today is my new friend Dr. Johannes Coloma-Flecker We were introduced to each other through our common friend Kevin Perlmutter. Johannes is a leading voice in music thinking for personal and professional growth. An award-winning musician, music researcher, And an executive coach member of the prestigious community of Marshall Goldsmith 100 Coaches He holds a doctoral degree in business, and graduated from Berklee College of Music in music production and songwritingFor his work, he has received awards from the American Marketing Association, the Austrian Academy for Sciences, and the Austrian Ministry of Science and Education. He is the author of the book “The influence of music on brand personality”, and the co-author of books and articles about effective management.Born and raised in Austria, Johannes has lived and worked in Switzerland, India, and Spain. He is married and he lives and works in New York City. Today, he is the founder of Sound Leadership helping Leaders and Teams Grow with a Creative Mindset. He creates music for leaders and their teams to help them strengthen and develop their culture levels of engagements and team communication.In this episode, Dr.Johannes Coloma-Flecker and I discuss the ins and outs of the influence of music on brand personality and effective management through music.Soundbites#3.1 – Piano performance: The Autumn Leaves. (02:40)#3.2 – Music is what feelings sound like. (08:54)#3.3 – The Influence of Music on Brand Personality. (13:50) #3.4 – Music acts as an amplifier for spoken language. (20:01)#3.5 – Sonic DNA; from product to advertising to store experience. (26:17) #3.6 – Objectivity vs. Subjectivity in Music that supports the visual storyline. (31:09)#3.7 – The power of connecting with your audience with songwriting. (38:47)#3.8 – Why music creation is great for teams and building leadership. (45:23) #3.9 – Music connects us during the Pandemic. (50:12)#3.10 – Piano Performance: What Are You Doing The Rest Of Your Life. (1:02:13)Dr. Johannes Coloma-Flecker Executive coach and founder www.sound-leadership.comHost:

A recording from the 7th of May 2020, from the series “The Left Reflects on the Global Pandemic” by transform! Europe When we say, that we as the left are acting in Solidarity, when we claim to reshape the way we do politics, when we build networks, we are taking for granted an answer to a very complicated question: who, specifically, is the “we” to which we refer. In this episode of the Mosaik-Podcast, Professor Gayatri Spivak, confronts us with this question. She reminds us, that solidarity can easily become an empty signifier, if we do not try to understand and analyse the different social, economic, and political contexts of the people we claim to defend. We tend to misperceive the Global South as one, homogeneous world. In this context, Spivak discusses the longstanding plight of the Rohingya people – a stateless, predominantly Moslem ethnic group, who have been victims of genocide in Myanmar since 2017. In recounting the displacement and atrocities experienced by these people, Spivak not only describes the effects of COVID-19 on international aid provided, but also to make a clear distinction between being a migrant and being stateless.   Οne of the most critical points she makes, involves the issue of humanism during the pandemic. Thus far, people have had to rely solely on their human behaviour to manage this crisis. However, we should be aware that the middle class is lending a particular meaning to this kind of humanism, one that incorporates petit-bourgeois family values and what we can call ‘digital idealism’. She goes on to explain why the core issue today, is citizenship and how the agents of social justice and emancipation will be citizens as such, since the variable of class is not accessible to us in the way it used to be. For Spivak, class solidarity is not going to be central to the social movement of our times. Even though, during this pandemic crisis, we did witness an increased recognition of the value of workers performing essential services, this will not last. Spivak posits, that we have entered a new mode of production, pointing out that Marx was clear that the value form is not eternal. Nonetheless, the left’s emancipatory outlook is already established: it is the simple conviction that capital must not take priority over human beings. She goes on to discuss the burning issue of the subaltern and specifically, the ability, or otherwise, of the subaltern to speak for itself. Spivak’s position on the issue is clear: The subaltern can speak, but cannot be heard. Or as she puts it: ‘Their speech act cannot be completed because they speak, but we cannot hear.’ As such, the subaltern must be understood as a position, a disposition, because they do not resemble each other. We cannot identify the subaltern because they cannot be generalized. Gayatri Spivak is one of the most prominent intellectuals of our times, a post-colonial scholar, literary theorist, and feminist critic. She has been a University Professor at Columbia University and an activist in rural education and of feminist and ecological social movements for decades. She lives in New York. The interview was conducted by Monika Mokre, a political scientist and an activist in the fields of immigration, asylum, and imprisonment. She has been a research fellow at the Austrian Academy of Sciences since 1991 and teaches at various universities in Austria. As usual, we have Angelina Giannopoulou to thank for the moderation. She is a political scientist and facilitator of transform! europe in the programme ‘Strategic Perspectives of the Radical Left and European Integration’. This is the final episode of a series developed with transform! Europe, a network of 34 European organizations in 22 countries, active in the fields of political education and critical scientific analysis. The transform! network is the recognized political foundation of the Party of the European Left. After the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic,

In this episode, we speak with Dr. Philipp Maas about his pioneering textual research on the Yogaśāstra of Patañjali and its commentarial tradition, the authorship and dating of the Yogasūtra and its commentary the Bhāṣya, the surviving Sanskrit manuscripts of the PYŚ, the relationship between Sāṅkhya and Yoga, the nature of Īśvara for Patañjali, Maas' critical edition on the PYŚ, and more.  Speaker BioPhilipp Maas is a research associate at the Institute for Indology and Central Asian Studies, University of Leipzig in Germany, where he is currently working on a digital critical edition of the Nyāyabhāṣya, a Sanskrit work on spiritual liberation through proper reasoning. Previously he had served as an assistant professor and postdoc researcher at the Department of South Asian, Tibetan and Buddhist Studies at the University of Vienna, the Austrian Academy of Sciences, and the University of Bonn Germany. He received his M.A. (1997) and Dr. phil. (2004) degrees from the University of Bonn, where he had completed studies in Indology, Comparative Religious Studies, Tibetology and Philosophy. His first book (originally his PhD thesis) is the first critical edition of the first chapter (Samādhipāda) of the Pātañjala Yogaśāstra, i.e. the Yoga Sūtra of Patañjali together with the commentary called Yoga Bhāṣya. He has published extensively on classical Yoga philosophy and meditation, Yoga and Āyurveda, the relationship of Pātañjalayoga to Buddhism as well as on the textual tradition of the Pātañjalayogaśāstra. He is a member of the “Historical Sourcebooks on Classical Indian Thought” project, convened by Prof. Sheldon Pollock, to which he contributes with a monograph on the development of Yoga-related ideas in pre-modern South Asian intellectual history.  Linkshttps://uni-leipzig.academia.edu/PhilippMaas "Pātañjalayogaśāstra" (Brill Encyclopedia Entry, 2020)"A Concise Historiography of Classical Yoga Philosophy" (2013)

he Bloomsbury Research Handbook of Indian Philosophy of Language (Bloomsbury Academic, 2020) spans over two thousand years of inquiry into language in the Indian subcontinent. Edited by Alessandro Graheli, project leader in the Institute for the Cultural and Intellectual History of Asia at the Austrian Academy of Science, Vienna, Austria, the volume focuses on speech units, word meanings, sentence meanings, and implicatures and figurative meanings. He chose the anthology’s divisions, inspired by Jayanta Bhaṭṭa’s understanding of the interdisciplinary “trivium” of grammar, hermeneutics, and epistemology, incorporating in addition the discipline of poetics. Each part moves chronologically through the history of philosophical reflection in India, focusing on the ideas of major thinkers such as the Sanskrit grammarian Pāṇini, the Buddhist philosopher Dignāga, the Mīmāṃsā philosopher Śālikanātha, and more. In this interview, we discuss the book’s contributions, tracing out the dialectic within each category by looking at key figures from 500 BCE up to the 16th century CE. Malcolm Keating is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Yale-NUS College. His research focuses on Sanskrit philosophy of language and epistemology. He is the author of Language, Meaning, and Use in Indian Philosophy (Bloomsbury Press, 2019) and host of the podcast Sutras (and stuff). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

he Bloomsbury Research Handbook of Indian Philosophy of Language (Bloomsbury Academic, 2020) spans over two thousand years of inquiry into language in the Indian subcontinent. Edited by Alessandro Graheli, project leader in the Institute for the Cultural and Intellectual History of Asia at the Austrian Academy of Science, Vienna, Austria, the volume focuses on speech units, word meanings, sentence meanings, and implicatures and figurative meanings. He chose the anthology’s divisions, inspired by Jayanta Bhaṭṭa’s understanding of the interdisciplinary “trivium” of grammar, hermeneutics, and epistemology, incorporating in addition the discipline of poetics. Each part moves chronologically through the history of philosophical reflection in India, focusing on the ideas of major thinkers such as the Sanskrit grammarian Pāṇini, the Buddhist philosopher Dignāga, the Mīmāṃsā philosopher Śālikanātha, and more. In this interview, we discuss the book’s contributions, tracing out the dialectic within each category by looking at key figures from 500 BCE up to the 16th century CE. Malcolm Keating is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Yale-NUS College. His research focuses on Sanskrit philosophy of language and epistemology. He is the author of Language, Meaning, and Use in Indian Philosophy (Bloomsbury Press, 2019) and host of the podcast Sutras (and stuff). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

he Bloomsbury Research Handbook of Indian Philosophy of Language (Bloomsbury Academic, 2020) spans over two thousand years of inquiry into language in the Indian subcontinent. Edited by Alessandro Graheli, project leader in the Institute for the Cultural and Intellectual History of Asia at the Austrian Academy of Science, Vienna, Austria, the volume focuses on speech units, word meanings, sentence meanings, and implicatures and figurative meanings. He chose the anthology’s divisions, inspired by Jayanta Bhaṭṭa’s understanding of the interdisciplinary “trivium” of grammar, hermeneutics, and epistemology, incorporating in addition the discipline of poetics. Each part moves chronologically through the history of philosophical reflection in India, focusing on the ideas of major thinkers such as the Sanskrit grammarian Pāṇini, the Buddhist philosopher Dignāga, the Mīmāṃsā philosopher Śālikanātha, and more. In this interview, we discuss the book’s contributions, tracing out the dialectic within each category by looking at key figures from 500 BCE up to the 16th century CE. Malcolm Keating is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Yale-NUS College. His research focuses on Sanskrit philosophy of language and epistemology. He is the author of Language, Meaning, and Use in Indian Philosophy (Bloomsbury Press, 2019) and host of the podcast Sutras (and stuff). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In this episode, Landon and Lara Coleman are joined by Fr. Deacon Daniel Galadza, who was assistant professor at the Chair of Liturgical Studies and Sacramental Theology of the Catholic Theology Faculty in the University of Vienna from 2013 to 2018, and continues his work as international research partner at the Austrian Academy of Sciences and a member of the Patriarchal Liturgical Commission in Kyiv. He shares elements of his research which focuses on the historical development of liturgy, and his hopes to restore our liturgical practices to allow their full catechetical and transformative potential.

Dr. Josef Penninger is from the University of British Columbia and the Institute for Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Vienna, Austria. He was previously on the podcast to talk about his research developing human blood vessel organoids. Dr. Penninger’s team has identified a trial drug that can significantly block early stages of COVID-19 in human blood vessel and kidney organoids.

Security and privacy are often presented as highly related issues. The more you bow in terms of privacy, we're told, the more you get closer to national security. Is this relation true? How does surveillance policies impact on national and societal security? We asked these (and more) question to Johann Čas, an economists with a technical background working at the Austrian Academy of Sciences.

Marion Romberg discusses how the image of America (with feather crowns, parrots, and crocodiles) was popularized in early modern times with Jonathan Singerton. Marion Romberg is a research associate at the Department of Habsburg and Balkan Studies at the Austrian Academy of Sciences (Vienna, Austria), the network editor of the Habsburg Discussion Network, and a Member of the Board of Directors for the Austrian Society for 18th Century Studies. Relevant links: 1) Marion Romberg: https://marionromberg.eu 2) Department of Habsburg and Balkan Studies: https://www.oeaw.ac.at/en/inz/ 3) Habsburg Discussion Network: http://www.h-net.org/~habsweb/ 4) Austrian Society for 18th Century Studies: https://oege18.org

What is a viral scare and where do they come from? This episode we look at internet urban legends and how hoaxes spread in the age of online misinformation.Featuring:Marcella Tambuscio - Postdoctoral Fellow at the Austrian Academy of Sciences.Giovanni Luca Ciampaglia - Assistant Professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at the University of South Florida.Anne Kruger - Bureau Editor of First Draft Australia, University of Technology Sydney.Produced by Jake Morcom and Victor Petrovic.

Cindy S.H.:                         Hi. Welcome to Discover CircRes, the monthly podcast of the American Heart Association's journal Circulation Research. I'm your host, Cindy St. Hilaire, and my goal is to bring you highlights of articles published in the Circ Research Journal as well as have in-depth conversations with senior scientists and the junior trainees who have led the most exciting discoveries in our current issues. Today is our premier episode, so I want to take some time to introduce myself, give you a little bit of background about the history of the journal, and then have a conversation with our new editor in chief, Dr. Jane Freedman, and my social media editor partner in crime, Dr. Milka Koupenova. Cindy S.H.:                         First, a little bit about me. I'm an assistant professor of medicine and bioengineering at the University of Pittsburgh. My lab is part of the division of cardiology and we're also a member of the Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute. I'm still a relatively new PI. I'm still learning as I go. One of the strengths of being a new PI in the current time is the amazing network we have through social media, whether it's through listening to podcasts or through Twitter or through select groups like one of my favorites, New PI Slack. Really one of my personal goals of starting this podcast for Circ Research is to have a career development angle. Because career development is so fresh in my mind and it's really something I want to incorporate into this podcast, we're hoping we can reach out to more junior trainees through these mediums. Really that's the impetus for Dr. Freedman wanting to have specific social media editors at the Circulation Research Journal. Cindy S.H.:                         I'm very honored to be the first host of this podcast and I'm very excited for this opportunity. As a team, Milka and I hope to expose the larger community to not only the most current and exciting discoveries in cardiovascular research but also a behind-the-scenes look of what it takes to get high-impact research done and published and planned and funded, and also talk about some of the maybe the non-bench aspects of this job, the networking, the behind-the-scenes look that really you learn on the fly as you go. Hopefully we can expose more people to these on-the-fly things in a slightly more rigorous manner. Cindy S.H.:                         Before I go into the articles summarized in this week's podcast, I want to give a very big thank you to Ruth Williams. Ruth is the person who writes the content of the In This Issue which is featured in every issue of the journal Circulation Research, and that content is extremely helpful in deciding which articles we're going to focus on in this podcast and also for helping me form the conversations and discussions. Thank you, Ruth, for all your hard work. Cindy S.H.:                         Now I'm going to highlight three articles that were featured in the June 21st issue of Circulation Research. The first is entitled Relationship Between Serum Alpha-Tocopherol and Overall and Cause-Specific Mortality: A 30-Year Prospective Cohort Analysis. The first author is Jiaqi Huang and the corresponding author is Demetrius Albanes , who are both at the Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics at the National Cancer Institute, which is at the NIH in Bethesda, Maryland. Alpha-tocopherol is the more formal name for vitamin E, and vitamin E is an essential fat-soluble vitamin. By essential, that means that while your body absolutely needs it, it does not produce it itself. Therefore we need to consume products containing vitamin E. We do that by eating vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, whole grains and certain fruits and vegetables. Previously, population-based studies have shown inconsistent associations between circulating vitamin E and risk of overall death or death due to specific diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. Cindy S.H.:                         To look more closely at cause-specific mortality, Huang and colleagues studied a cohort of close to 30,000 Finnish men, which is a huge study. Added to that, these men were in their 50s and 60s at the start of the study and then continued for the next 30 years of their life to be in this study. It's frankly an amazing achievement to keep that many individuals enrolled. From approximately 24,000 deaths, so about 80% of the original cohort, the authors adjusted for factors such as age and confounding things like smoking. They found that vitamin E levels were inversely associated with the risk of death from a variety of causes. What that means is that higher levels of vitamin E associated with lower risk of death. All of those causes of death that they found were cardiovascular disease, heart disease, stroke, cancer, and respiratory disease. This large prospective cohort analysis provides very strong evidence that higher vitamin E levels means greater protection. Cindy S.H.:                         It's really interesting to note though that this data did not seem to associate with a reduced risk of death by diabetes or, for that matter, injury and accidents, which I guess kind of makes sense. The authors say these results indicate that vitamin E may influence longevity, but they also highlight the need for further studies, specifically in more ethnically diverse populations and of course in women, because we all know a major limiting factor of a majority of cardiovascular studies is the fact that often there are just not enough women in these studies. But really that's a push now to include not only women but more ethnically and geographically diverse populations. Cindy S.H.:                         The second article I want to highlight is titled Mitochondria Are a subset of Extracellular Vesicles Released by Activated Monocytes and Induce Type I IFN and TNF Responses in Endothelial Cells . The first authors are Florian Puhm and Taras Afonyushkin , and the senior author is Christopher Binder. All three are in the Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Medical University of Vienna, in Vienna, Austria. This group is also part of the Research Center of Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. Cindy S.H.:                         I want to talk about this paper because I found that title extremely provocative. Extracellular vesicles or microvesicles are small particles that can be released from cells. These particles can act as cell-cell communicators. They can hold a variety of substances such as proteins and micro RNAs and minerals and all sorts of things that are derived from inside the cell. The matrix vesicle is then budded off. Matrix vesicles released from monocytes after bacterial LPS stimulation, so a stimulus that induces an inflammatory response, these matrix vesicles have been shown to contain mitochondrial proteins. Mitochondrial DNA-containing matrix vesicles have been reported in the mouse model of inflammation. From this premise, from these prior studies, Dr. Puhm and colleagues hypothesized that the mitochondrial content of matrix vesicles might actively contribute to pro-inflammatory effects. Cindy S.H.:                         What they then did was show that monocytic cells release free mitochondria and also matrix vesicles that contain mitochondria within them. These free and matrix vesicle-encapsulated mitochondria were shown to drive enothelial cells to induce inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha and interferon. These circulating matrix vesicles were collected also in human volunteers that were injected with this same inflammatory substance, LPS. These circulating matrix vesicles isolated from humans also induced endothelial cell cytokine production. Very interestingly, inhibition of the mitochondrial activity drastically reduced the pro-inflammatory capacity of these matrix vesicles. Cindy S.H.:                         Together, this result suggests that the released mitochondria, whether it's free or whether it's encapsulated in a matrix vesicle, may be a key player in certain inflammatory diseases. This study shows that in addition to their central role in cellular metabolism, mitochondria, whether encapsulated or free, can actively participate in an inflammatory response in a cell other than the cell it was native in, which is just intriguing to think about. This work provides new insight to the contribution of mitochondria to the content and biological activity of extracellular vesicles. It also might suggest that perhaps targeting mitochondria and their release may represent a novel point for therapeutic intervention in inflammatory pathologies. Cindy S.H.:                         The last article I want to highlight is titled Macrophage Smad3 Protects the Infarcted Heart, Stimulating Phagocytosis and Regulating Inflammation . The first author is Bijun Chen and the senior author is Nikolaos Frangogiannis . When tissues are injured, there is localized increase in the cytokine TGF-beta. However, depending on conditions, this TGF-beta can function to stimulate macrophages to adopt either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory phenotypes. To complicate matters more, the signaling pathway for both the pro- and anti-inflammatory phenotypes involves activation of the intracellular signaling protein Smad3. Inflammation, whether too much or too little, can influence the outcome of injuries, including injuries such as myocardial infarctions. An infarction, for those of you unfamiliar with the term, is a localized area of dead tissue and that results from a lack of blood supply. In this case, an infarction, a myocardial infarction, is essentially a heart attack that stops blood flow through the coronaries and causes death in the cardiac tissue and cells. Cindy S.H.:                         The authors hypothesized that in the infarcted myocardium, activation of TGF-beta and Smad signaling and macrophages may regulate repair and remodeling. They had a very specific question about a very specific cell type in the context of the whole heart. To address the role of Smad3, they utilized mice that were engineered to lack Smad3 in the myeloid lineage which produces macrophage cells. They found that these mice with myeloid cell-specific deletion of Smad3 had reduced survival compared to control mice. Additionally, the hearts from the animals with the myeloid cell-specific deletion of Smad3 exhibited increased adverse remodeling and greater impairment of function. That's a really interesting finding. The heart tissue itself was the same. All that was different were the cells of the myeloid lineage. Then to dig after what cells were mediating this effect, the investigators moved on to in vitro studies. They found that Smad3-lacking cells themselves showed reduced phagocytic activity, sustained expression of pro-inflammatory genes, and reduced production of anti-inflammatory mediators when compared with control macrophages. Cindy S.H.:                         In summary, these results suggest Smad3 is necessary for macrophages in the area of the infarction to transition to an anti-inflammatory phagocytic phenotype that protects against excess remodeling. However, we cannot go after global inhibition of Smad3 as a potential therapy post myocardial infarction, and that's because inhibition of Smad3 in cardiomyocytes is actually protective against the infarction. Inhibition in a macrophage is bad, but inhibition in a cardiomyocyte is good. Any potential Smad3-modifying therapies really needs to be designed to be cell type-specific and be able to be deployed to activate that cell type. Cindy S.H.:                         In addition to science, I love history. I thought I would take this opportunity of the first podcast to share with you a little bit of history about the Journal of Circulation Research. Circulation Research is now in its 66th year, but its origins can be traced to 1944. That was when the AHA established a council that was attempting to organize its research arm and its professional program arms. The AHA journal Circulation was already in existence, but in 1951 the executive committee decided to launch a basic research supplement, and it was called just that: Circulation Basic Research Supplement. But a few years later, Circulation Research was to be its own publication because of the interest and the excitement around the basic research supplements. The quote that I'm going to read is from that first executive committee meeting and there they wanted Circulation Research to be the authoritative new journal for investigators of basic sciences as they apply to the heart and circulation. Cindy S.H.:                         It's a fun little subgroup that they list after that. They list in anatomy, biology, biochemistry, morphology, which I just think is so neat to think about, pathology, physics, pharmacology, and others. It's interesting to think about what that would be today if we were now finding this journal. Biochemistry, genetics, molecular biology. It's fun to think about how much science has changed since they began this journal. Really the broader goal was to integrate and disseminate new knowledge. Leading that was Dr. Carl Wiggers, who was the first editor in chief of Circ Research. At the time, he was the head of physiology at Western Reserve University, and he's often referred to as the dean of physiology, as his research really provided much of the fundamental knowledge regarding the pressures in the heart and the vessels of the body and how they interact. Cindy S.H.:                         I actually went back and looked at some of the first titles in Volume One, Issue One, of Circ Research. It's really kind of neat. Some of them could be completely relevant today. I'm just going to read a few. Nucleotide Metabolism and Cardiac Activity, Fundamental Differences in the Reactivity of Blood Vessels in Skin Compared to Those in the Muscle. That was at the VRIC the other day. Haemodynamic Studies of Tricuspid Stenosis of Rheumatic Origin. Reading these for the first time I actually got chills because my two themes of my lab are both in that first Volume One, Issue One, of that journal. I study the extracellular nucleotide aCD73 and its impact on vascular homeostasis. I also study calcific aortic valve disease and are hugely curious about the role of inflammation and things like rheumatic heart disease in the progression of the disease. It's amazing how much science has changed, but yet how so much has stayed the same. Cindy S.H.:                         Dr. Wiggers wrote a few gems, a few quotes in his biography that I want to share with you. I find them inspiring and also humbling. The first is, "Research is a gamble in which the laws of chance favor the loser. The loser must remain a good sport," which I think is perfect to think about in science. I really wish I had read that after my first RO1 was triaged. The next two are more about the science writing and I think they're great not only for when we're thinking about papers but also grants. The first is, "Readers are greatly influenced in their judgment of a research project by literary style. A poor presentation can easily damage the best investigation," which is so true. No matter how good your science is, if you can't communicate it, it doesn't matter. And lastly, "A good paper, like a good glass of beer, should be neither largely foam nor flat. It should have just the right amount of head of foam to make it palatable." Cindy S.H.:                         With these nuggets of wisdom, we're now going to talk with Drs. Jane Freedman, who's now the editor in chief of Circ Research, and Dr. Milka Koupenova, who is the social media editor. Before I really introduce Jane, I want to recognize all of the former editors in chief of Circ Research, Dr. Carl Wiggers, Dr. Carl Schmidt, Dr. Eugene Landis, Dr. Julius Comroe, Dr. Robert Berne, Dr. Brian Hoffman, Dr. Francis Abboud, Dr. Harry Fozzard, Dr. Stephen Vatner, Dr. Eduardo Marbán, Dr. Roberto Bolli, and now Dr. Jane Freedman. Welcome, Jane. Thank you so much for this opportunity and congratulations on your new position. Dr. Freedman:                   Thank you very much. Cindy S.H.:                         I was wondering if you could just introduce yourself to the listeners and give us a little bit about your background. Dr. Freedman:                   Sure. I am the Budnitz Professor of Medicine at the University of Massachusetts, and I originally became interested in a scientific career while attending Yale University where I was both an architecture and geology major. Cindy S.H.:                         Interesting. Dr. Freedman:                   Yes, very interesting. Then, not exactly knowing what I wanted to do, I worked for a year as a research assistant for my later-to-be mentor Dr. Joe Loscalzo at Brigham and Women's Hospital. There one day he sent me up to the intensive care unit and said we need to get a tube of blood from someone who was in the throes of having a myocardial infarction. Really at that point I became hooked. Why was that person having a heart attack, and using their blood how could I figure out whether they would live, die, do well, not do well, or yield new things that might help us cure or diagnose people with heart attacks later on? After that. I went to Tufts Medical School. I did my residency and cardiology fellowship at Brigham and Women's Hospital and the Massachusetts General Hospital. After working at several different places, I have wound up at the University of Massachusetts where I am in the Division of Cardiology and where my laboratory currently resides. Cindy S.H.:                         Excellent. As the new editor in chief, what do you see as your vision for the journal? Dr. Freedman:                   I'm in a very fortunate position to be taking over a wonderful journal from an incredibly dedicated group of editors and associate editors and other supportive editors. Scientific pursuits and reporting and publications are really evolving at a rapid clip, so we hope to have several things happen over the next few years to survive and thrive. The first thing is we hope to define and expand Circulation Research's scientific identity. We want to extend its already outstanding portfolio of science that really demonstrates how elegant basic and translational mechanisms and pathways are part of a greater web of cardiovascular disease and stroke. This will include an increasingly diverse group of basic and translational sciences and they'll touch on both fundamental studies as well as how they translate to human disease. We also want to continue to pursue the excellence that Circulation Research already epitomizes and we want to extend its brand both to an increasingly diverse group of members, both nationally and internationally. Dr. Freedman:                   Circulation Research already has really wonderful publication metrics such as turnaround time, time to review, and we hope to maintain that so as to be a journal of choice for an increasingly growing number of investigators. We would also very much like to have greater interface with the American Heart Association. A lot of the research on our pages is funded by the American Heart Association, and the majority of science that the American Heart Association currently funds is basic cardiovascular science. We hope to have greater interface and help our users of the journal understand what the American Heart Association can do for them and for their scientific pursuits. Dr. Freedman:                   Last and very importantly, we really want to attract early and mid-career investigators to the journal. We already have some really nice programs that the previous editorship has started, such as Meet The First Author, but we would also like to be a site for education of how you can review papers, have a junior editor program and other types of programs that will help early and mid-career investigators in their future. One of the ways we're going to be doing that is to have enhanced social media programs. Cindy S.H.:                         Great. I really like that idea of having the junior editors because I think the best learning experience I had about how to write a grant did not happen until I actually served on a study section, because it was there you actually can understand all of those comments you got on your first grant that was triaged and why they were said. I think that is a key and really important aspect. Dr. Freedman:                   That's a perfect analogy because you want to remove the black box that people think is happening when they send their manuscripts in. There's so many reasons why manuscripts succeed and don't succeed, and we really do want to be as transparent as possible and we do want to educate investigators as much as possible about the process. Cindy S.H.:                         Actually, could you maybe tell us a little bit about that process? I made all my figures, I formatted my paper according to the instructions, I hit submit. Black box. What happens? What's the next step? Dr. Freedman:                   What's the next step? Cindy S.H.:                         What do you do? What does an editor in chief actually do? Dr. Freedman:                   I do have to say that none of this would happen, especially in the incredibly quick turnaround time, if we didn't have amazing support and help in our office that happens to be in Baltimore. The people there are just incredible. They make sure that papers move through. It's really 24/7. Our group has not been at it for very long, but I know Dr. Bolli's group as well as our group, people are handling manuscripts as fast as they really come in. We see the manuscript, they get quality checked. We try not to be too onerous with the first steps. Then typically they go to one of the associate or deputy editors who will handle them to send out for review. Cindy S.H.:                         Is that based on keywords or the title or how is that decided? Dr. Freedman:                   Sometimes it's based on keywords, so careful with your keywords. A lot of times, because each of the associate editors has an area of expertise that hopefully covers what your science is interested in, they will know experts in the field. We very heavily rely on our editorial board. We have an amazing editorial board at Circulation Research, and amazing contributions from the BCBS council. These individuals have over the years and currently provided just tireless and unsung, devoted help to making the journal run smoothly. It's a pretty quick turnaround time. Then the decision made based on the reviews of the article. Occasionally articles come in and they're not suitable for the journal because they're not what we perceive as what our readers would be interested in. Sometimes those articles don't go up for review. We don't want to keep them caught up, so we send them back right away. Dr. Freedman:                   When the articles come back in with the reviews, we're going to be discussing them at a weekly meeting. Other viewpoints will weigh in, and then we make a decision whether it's an accept, whether it's a revise, whether it needs a lot more science. That's called a de novo. Sometimes we think it's more suitable for one of the other 11 American Heart Journals and we might suggest that you consider sending it to that journal and we consult with that journal's editor. Cindy S.H.:                         Interesting. All that happens with about 14 days. Dr. Freedman:                   That's supposed to happen with 14 days. Cindy S.H.:                         It does pretty regularly based on the stats. That's amazing. One of the initiatives you mentioned was really the role of social media. Now I would like to introduce Dr Milka Koupenova, who is the co social media editor alongside me. Before I let Milka talk, I really have to be honest and say that my graduate school days were some of the best of my life. It was in part because Milka I were both in the same lab. We overlapped by a couple of years under the amazing mentorship of Dr. Katya Ravid. Every time we get together, all we'd talk about was how can we be like Katya? Maybe someday we'll actually have a podcast where we can get Katya in here and actually record all her nuggets of wisdom. Dr. Koupenova:                 I think the same thing about Katya. Cindy S.H.:                         How can it be more like Katya? But for now, Milka, welcome. Thank you. If you could just introduce yourself and give us a little bit about your background. Dr. Koupenova:                 Hi, everybody. My name is Milka Koupenova. I am an assistant professor at University of Massachusetts Medical School. Briefly about me, as Cindy mentioned, I did my PhD at Boston University and I studied at that time metabolism in atherosclerosis. Then I had this great opportunity to join this lab in thrombosis that studied these little cell fragments called platelets, which I knew something but not that much about. I joined Dr. Freedman lab as a postdoctoral fellow, and actually my interest evolved to be very much in platelet immunobiology and how platelets may contribute to thrombotic disease during viral infections. Luckily for me, I had two angels that I wanted to be. One of them was Katya Ravid, as you mentioned, and the other one was Dr. Freedman. Both set up a great example of scientists and how to do science in life. Cindy S.H.:                         Wonderful. Excellent. Thank you. I won't lie. I don't know if you feel this way. I definitely feel a little nervous about being a social media editor. I'm talking in a room to a box with a microphone on me and I don't know who's going to be listening. That's also exciting for me too. I get to disseminate all this cool knowledge and share our basic research with this huge audience. What are you most nervous about and excited about? Dr. Koupenova:                 You're doing the podcast, so I don't have to worry about that, that that particular part. I am quite excited actually about everything that's going to surround popularizing the science at Circulation Research. I think in the time that we live in and when social media is a huge part of our life, we definitely need to engage the community, scientific or lay, and communicate our ideas. I'm super excited about the creative part behind how we are going to achieve this via various social medias. Cindy S.H.:                         Can you talk about the platforms that you plan on using? Dr. Koupenova:                 We currently are using Twitter and Facebook. Please follow us on Twitter and Facebook. And we are going to launch Instagram. Find us, follow us, engage us. That will be great. You can always send us messages and like us, retweet whatever you decide. Cindy S.H.:                         Give podcast feedback on Twitter. Nice comments only. Dr. Koupenova:                 We'd like to hear your comments and we'd like to hear what you envision in certain cases when it comes to your Circulation Research, because this is your journal as much as it is ours. We're here for you. In addition to popularize and advertise the wonderful science that we're publishing in Circ Research, we want you to be engaged. We want you to be able to advertise in your own work and to think of it as something that you own and something you need to communicate to the rest of the world. That is one of the things that we want to do. Dr. Koupenova:                 Finally I'm going to echo on what Dr. Freedman said, is we want to attract truly early career and young investigators and help them be involved, help them own their science and help them communicate their ideas. That's pretty much what our social media platform is and we are going to evolve with you. That is perhaps one of the challenges. Cindy S.H.:                         I think one of the most interesting aspects, at least in academia as I see it, is really the role of self-promotion. It's something you're never taught and it's something that you don't really appreciate until you go to that conference. I remember my first conference as a new PI, I was standing there and I'm just like, "Okay, these are all other PIs. How are they all in groups? How does everybody know each other? Why are they all friends already?" It takes a lot of guts and you have to inject yourself. "Hi. I'm Cindy St. Hilaire and I'm new. Please be my friend," essentially, essentially. But it's important and I really liked the fact that when your journal is published you have that little button, share on Twitter, share on Facebook. I think that's really important. It helps you practice that self-promotion and can help really allow you to embrace your extrovert when you know how to. Dr. Koupenova:                 That's exactly what I was going to point out. Scientists or physician scientists, or physician scientists perhaps are a bit better. But as scientists we're very much introverted. But social media gives you a platform that it's not cheesy to popularize and communicate. Then you see those people on conferences and then you have your little group without- Cindy S.H.:                         It's amazing how many Twitter friends I have. "Oh, I met you on Twitter. It's so nice to meet you in real life." Dr. Koupenova:                 It's a new generation. We at Circ Research want to evolve with it. Is that correct, Dr. Freedman? Dr. Freedman:                   That is correct. Thank you very much. Cindy S.H.:                         It's exciting times. I guess maybe this is a question for all of us to talk about, but how do you think we can, number one, attract people to science, attract diverse people to science, and then really keep them in science and how do you think we can use Circ Research and also the social media aspects of Circ Research to do that? Dr. Freedman:                   I think, first of all, people have to see themselves in the journal. The journal, I think the first point I talked about, about being inclusive, inclusive types of people, way people consume science, types of science. We really want people to feel like Circ Research isn't just a journal that puts out scientific papers, but is a forum. It's a forum for them to exchange ideas and it's a forum for them to understand better about their scientific careers. Cindy S.H.:                         Great. Thank you. This has been an amazing first podcast. I'm so happy to share it with the two of you and I'm super excited for this opportunity. Again, Jane, I want to congratulate you on your new position as editor in chief and I can't help but mention as the first female editor in chief. That's a wonderful, wonderful thing. Cindy S.H.:                         You can find us on Twitter. The handle is @CircRes, at C-I-R-C-R-E-S. We're also on Instagram using the same name, C-I-R-C-R-E-S. We hope to hear from you there. Cindy S.H.:                         Thank you for listening. I'm your host, Cindy St. Hilaire, and this is Discover CircRes, your source for the most up-to-date and exciting discoveries in basic cardiovascular research.

In this episode, Philipp and Jacob discuss his research on classical Indian literature and the historiography of yoga.  You will learn about: The role of British colonization and yoga history The Patanjali Yoga Shastra (Yoga Sutra) authorship and its connection to other texts The attempts to translate the text The difference between the original authorial intention and our contemporary relationship to it The relationship of the modern asana practice and the Yoga Shas Philipp André Maas is currently a research associate at the Institute for Indology and Central Asian Studies, University of Leipzig and was previously an assistant professor at the Department of South Asian, Tibetan and Buddhist Studies at the University of Vienna, Austria. He received his M.A. (1997) and Dr. phil. (2004) degrees from the University of Bonn, Germany, where he studied Indology, Comparative Religious Studies, Tibetology and Philosophy. His first book (originally his PhD thesis) is the first critical edition of the first chapter (Samādhipāda) of the Pātañjala Yogaśāstra, i.e. the Yoga Sūtra of Patañjalitogether with the commentary called Yoga Bhāṣya. He published, inter alia, on classical Yoga philosophy and meditation as well as on the textual tradition of the Pātañjala Yogaśāstra. For the last couple of years, he worked in several research projects directed by Prof. Karin Preisendanz (at the Austrian Academy of Sciences and at the University of Vienna, Austria) that aim at a critical edition of the third book (entitled Vimānasthāna) of the oldest classical text corpus of Āyurveda, the Carakasaṃhitā. Since 2009 he is a member of the “Historical Sourcebooks on Classical Indian Thought” project, convened by Prof. Sheldon Pollock, to which he contributes with a monograph on the development of Yoga-related ideas in pre-modern South Asian intellectual history.

The Austrian satirical writer Karl Kraus used his forensic pen to expose the Hapsburg Empire and 20th century Vienna for its dishonesty and decay. He was the master of the punchy one liner, as well as being extremely prolific: his magazine Die Fackel ran to 922 editions, that's some 22 thousand pages, and Kraus wrote most of them. He was also full of contradictions: he could be both progressive and reactionary, sometimes profound and sometimes petty, and while he was born into affluence he remained concerned by other people's poverty. Many of his contradictions could be equally applied to the cultural world of Vienna itself in this period of turmoil and transition. And this makes Kraus - the journalist, poet, playwright, actor, lecturer and acerbic aphorist - a uniquely scathing and illuminating guide to this important historical epoch and the city at its heart. Rajan Datar talks about Kraus with Dr. Katharina Prager from the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for History and Society, Dr. Simon Ganahl from the Austrian Academy of Sciences, both in Vienna, and Germanist Dr. Ari Linden from the University of Kansas. Photo: Karl Kraus (Imagno/Getty Images)

In the Late Middle Ages, the Kingdom of Hungary rose from the ashes, leaving behind a dismal episode in Hungarian history. The mid-15th century soon marked the nation’s Golden Age. At the height of its prosperity, a revered ruler, hailed the Raven King, commanded an eminent presence on the European stage. But, in the end, it wasn’t his conquests or his castles or his culture-forward mentality that made him so remarkable. His legacy may be better defined by his unorthodox relationship with Dracula and his magnificent library. Have you ever heard of Matthias Corvinus? DOWNLOAD NOW Credit: It was an honor to speak with Joe Hajdu, and an urban and cultural geographer and author of the book Budapest: A History of Grandeur and Catastrophe, and Dr. Katalin Szende, an associate professor in the Department of Medieval Studies at Hungary’s Central European University. Their brilliant insight brought the Raven King back to life, even if for just a moment. Sources: Budapest: A History of Grandeur and Catastrophe; Hajdu, Joe; Austin Macauley Publishers Ltd.; July 31, 2015. The Names in the Family of King Matthias Corvinus; Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Eötvös Loránd University; Retrieved August 2018. Bloody Bibliophile Matthias Corvinus; Book Review; The Telegraph; May 25, 2008. Marcus Tanner: 'Did you know that Dracula's best friend was a warrior bookworm?'; O’Brien, Murrough; The Independent; April 20, 2008. Matthias Corvinus of Hungary; New World Encyclopedia; Retrieved August 2018. Bibliotheca Corviniana: The library of Matthias Corvinus of Hungary; Csapodi, Csaba; Irish University Press; 1969. Matthias Corvinus and His Time: Europe in Transition from the Middle Ages to Modern Times between Vienna and Constantinople; Simon, Alexandru, et al; Austrian Academy of Sciences Press; December 7, 2011. The Raven King: Matthias Corvinus and the Fate of His Lost Library; Tanner, Marcus; Yale University Press; July 1, 2008. Once the Greatest Army in Europe – The Black Army of Hungary; Gaskill, Matthew; War History Online; May 31, 2018. Will to Survive: A History of Hungary; Cartledge, Bryan; Oxford University Press; April 19, 2011.

In this episode of Science Fiction Double Feature, we talk to Malka Older about Infomocracy and Stefan Strauß from the Institute of Technology Assessment of the Austrian Academy of Sciences about e-democracy and e-particpation.

Dr Michael Waibel is a Senior Lecturer at Jesus College (Cambridge), and also Harvard Link Coordinator and Deputy Director of the Lauterpacht Centre for International Law. His main research interests are public international law and international economic law, with a particular focus on finance and the settlement of international disputes. He teaches international law, WTO law and European Union law. In 2008, the American Society for International Law awarded him the Francis Deak prize for his AJIL article, 'Opening Pandora's Box: Sovereign Bonds in International Arbitration'. The European Society of International Law awarded him their 2012 book prize for his monograph Sovereign Defaults before International Courts and Tribunals (Cambridge University Press, 2011). He was previously a British Academy Postdoctoral Fellow at the Lauterpacht Centre and a DOC scholar of the Austrian Academy of Sciences.

For more than 50 years we women have been sold birth control pills. I first came upon it when I was 21 years old. Having given birth to a little girl my second child—and I was concerned about not becoming pregnant again. At that time birth control pills were dolled out for free to women. You just showed up at the Margaret Sanger Clinic, then housed in a building at 17 W. 16th St in New York not far from where I lived. I went there believing this new discovery—the birth control pill—would prevent me from having any unwanted pregnancies in the future. I was given a container of pills and told to take one each day. Believing in this wondrous new discovery, I returned to my apartment and took the first pill. Within two or three hours I felt quite sick. But, trying to be a good girl, I persisted. Over the next three days I swallowed the second and third pill as well. I spent those three days sitting in my king-size bed literally moaning because I felt so unwell. It was at that point I realized that this marvelous new discovery was most certainly not for me. I never touched the birth control pill, or any other pharmaceutical akin to it from that day until this. Meanwhile, over the next 30 years "The Pill" became a worldwide success. Or so it seemed. In the early 1980s "Direct To Consumers" advertising came into being. Women everywhere began to be bombarded on television and in magazines with a lot of hyped information about a wide variety of birth control pills and other artificial drugs, all of which were full of artificial hormones. By now of course birth control pills have become a multi-billion dollar industry. In fact, 50% of all oral contraceptive drugs are now sold worldwide. There's no question that being able to take a pill to prevent pregnancy can be convenient. But at what cost to the health of any woman who takes them long term? It’s essential that women learn to balance the risks of taking these pharmaceuticals with their supposed great benefits and convenience. These days, contraceptives are offered in many forms. Most women are prescribed an IUD containing artificial hormones. These are widely used in the UK. Meanwhile, in a few European countries—from Denmark and Sweden to Norway and the Czech Republic—hormone-free intrauterine devices are available. Some of these non-hormonal products are given free in countries with universal government health insurance. In the United States, however, there is only one nonhormonal IUD. It's known as Paragard. And it is by no means the top seller. There all sorts of other products you can use for family planning. These include condoms, diaphragms, spermicides, and other non-hormonal birth control methods such as regular injections and permanent sterilization. So what's the problem? Let’s start here: In 2012 a huge study was carried out on Depo-Provera. This is a contraceptive injection based on an artificial hormone called a progestogen. It found that women who received prescribed shots of Depo-Provera every few months more than doubled their risk of developing breast cancer. Of course birth control is not the only reason that women take "The Pill." Many, especially teenagers, are prescribed "The Pill" in an attempt to make their experience of menstruation more bearable hopefully easing monthly cramps and helping to alleviate premenstrual syndrome. What few women regardless of age are aware of—especially young women—is that using artificial hormones, in the form of “The Pill” or any other form, which are doled out almost like candies these days, can seriously undermine their health long-term and do damage to their lives. Austrian geneticist Josef Penninger discovered that there is a dangerous connection between progestin—an artificial hormone used in many birth control pills—and conventional HRT significantly increases a woman’s risk of breast cancer. Researchers at the Institute of Molecular Biology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences have identified the mechanism that allows synthetic sex hormones to influence these cells. It can switch on a hormone in your body known as RANKL within the cells—especially your breast cells—which makes them divide and multiply. It can also prevent cells from dying as they are supposed to in order to make room for new healthier cells. And since stem cells in the breast have the ability to renew themselves, this can make you prone to breast cancer. As Penninger says, “I have to admit it completely surprised me just how massive the effects on the system were. Millions of women take progesterone derivatives in contraceptives and for hormonal replacement therapy.” There are lots of natural alternatives to clearing PMS and the monthly menstrual agonies that women—particularly young women—experience. Homeopathy, acupuncture, and chiropractors can be of tremendous help. Simply supplementing your diet with a good form of magnesium can make a huge difference. Steering clear of plastic water bottles that contain dangerous BPA (Bisphenol A) is also important. So can making simple changes in what you choose to eat, like avoiding packaged convenience foods of all kinds. For many women, just giving up cows milk products including cream, cow’s milk yogurt, and cows milk cheese makes a huge difference in clearing up cramps and PMS. Also, stay away from carbohydrates that come from grains and cereals and refuse to take sugar in any form. Sheep, goat, and buffalo milk make wonderful cheeses, yogurts, and other products. Finally, eat REAL FOODS—proteins from animals that have been raised on green grass, together with organic vegtables and a few fruits. Do this for as short a time as three weeks to a month, and your health can literally be transformed. Try it and find out for yourself.

For more than 50 years we women have been sold birth control pills. I first came upon it when I was 21 years old. Having given birth to a little girl my second child—and I was concerned about not becoming pregnant again. At that time birth control pills were dolled out for free to women. You just showed up at the Margaret Sanger Clinic, then housed in a building at 17 W. 16th St in New York not far from where I lived. I went there believing this new discovery—the birth control pill—would prevent me from having any unwanted pregnancies in the future. I was given a container of pills and told to take one each day. Believing in this wondrous new discovery, I returned to my apartment and took the first pill. Within two or three hours I felt quite sick. But, trying to be a good girl, I persisted. Over the next three days I swallowed the second and third pill as well. I spent those three days sitting in my king-size bed literally moaning because I felt so unwell. It was at that point I realized that this marvelous new discovery was most certainly not for me. I never touched the birth control pill, or any other pharmaceutical akin to it from that day until this. Meanwhile, over the next 30 years "The Pill" became a worldwide success. Or so it seemed. In the early 1980s "Direct To Consumers" advertising came into being. Women everywhere began to be bombarded on television and in magazines with a lot of hyped information about a wide variety of birth control pills and other artificial drugs, all of which were full of artificial hormones. By now of course birth control pills have become a multi-billion dollar industry. In fact, 50% of all oral contraceptive drugs are now sold worldwide. There's no question that being able to take a pill to prevent pregnancy can be convenient. But at what cost to the health of any woman who takes them long term? It’s essential that women learn to balance the risks of taking these pharmaceuticals with their supposed great benefits and convenience. These days, contraceptives are offered in many forms. Most women are prescribed an IUD containing artificial hormones. These are widely used in the UK. Meanwhile, in a few European countries—from Denmark and Sweden to Norway and the Czech Republic—hormone-free intrauterine devices are available. Some of these non-hormonal products are given free in countries with universal government health insurance. In the United States, however, there is only one nonhormonal IUD. It's known as Paragard. And it is by no means the top seller. There all sorts of other products you can use for family planning. These include condoms, diaphragms, spermicides, and other non-hormonal birth control methods such as regular injections and permanent sterilization. So what's the problem? Let’s start here: In 2012 a huge study was carried out on Depo-Provera. This is a contraceptive injection based on an artificial hormone called a progestogen. It found that women who received prescribed shots of Depo-Provera every few months more than doubled their risk of developing breast cancer. Of course birth control is not the only reason that women take "The Pill." Many, especially teenagers, are prescribed "The Pill" in an attempt to make their experience of menstruation more bearable hopefully easing monthly cramps and helping to alleviate premenstrual syndrome. What few women regardless of age are aware of—especially young women—is that using artificial hormones, in the form of “The Pill” or any other form, which are doled out almost like candies these days, can seriously undermine their health long-term and do damage to their lives. Austrian geneticist Josef Penninger discovered that there is a dangerous connection between progestin—an artificial hormone used in many birth control pills—and conventional HRT significantly increases a woman’s risk of breast cancer. Researchers at the Institute of Molecular Biology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences have identified the mechanism that allows synthetic sex hormones to influence these cells. It can switch on a hormone in your body known as RANKL within the cells—especially your breast cells—which makes them divide and multiply. It can also prevent cells from dying as they are supposed to in order to make room for new healthier cells. And since stem cells in the breast have the ability to renew themselves, this can make you prone to breast cancer. As Penninger says, “I have to admit it completely surprised me just how massive the effects on the system were. Millions of women take progesterone derivatives in contraceptives and for hormonal replacement therapy.” There are lots of natural alternatives to clearing PMS and the monthly menstrual agonies that women—particularly young women—experience. Homeopathy, acupuncture, and chiropractors can be of tremendous help. Simply supplementing your diet with a good form of magnesium can make a huge difference. Steering clear of plastic water bottles that contain dangerous BPA (Bisphenol A) is also important. So can making simple changes in what you choose to eat, like avoiding packaged convenience foods of all kinds. For many women, just giving up cows milk products including cream, cow’s milk yogurt, and cows milk cheese makes a huge difference in clearing up cramps and PMS. Also, stay away from carbohydrates that come from grains and cereals and refuse to take sugar in any form. Sheep, goat, and buffalo milk make wonderful cheeses, yogurts, and other products. Finally, eat REAL FOODS—proteins from animals that have been raised on green grass, together with organic vegtables and a few fruits. Do this for as short a time as three weeks to a month, and your health can literally be transformed. Try it and find out for yourself.

Sigrid Brell-Cokcan & Johannes Braumann are the founding directors of the Association for Robots in Architecture whose goal is to make industrial robots accessible for creative industry, artists, designers and architects by sharing ideas, research results and technological developments. Founded in December 2010, Robots in Architecture is an open platform engaged in applied research, software and hardware development, and “robot pedagogics” – and in the question: how soon will robots revolutionize architecture? In 2011, Robots in Architecture presented KUKA | prc (“parametric robot control”), a plugin for Grasshopper that enables robot control from within architectural software. Sigrid and Johannes pursue the association’s goals through workshops, lectures, and via the international conference Rob|Arch, which first ran in 2012. In addition to steering the Association for Robots in Architecture, Sigrid Brell-Cokcan is one of the founding partners of II Architects Istanbul/ Vienna. She has previously worked with Coop Himmelblau, Frank Gehry, Peter Cook and Bollinger & Grohmann on projects such as Kunsthaus Graz, MARTA Herford and BMW World Munich. Ms Brell-Cokcan has been teaching design, geometry and fabrication classes in the field of architecture and industrial design at the University of Applied Arts Vienna and the University of Technology Vienna. Her current research focuses on the design and computation of large scale freeform structures, computer aided manufacturing and design immanent robotic fabrication. Association for Robots in Architecture co-founder Johannes Braumann is the main developer of KUKA|prc (parametric robot control). His research on robotic fabrication has been presented at many international peer-reviewed conferences and published in research journals and books. Additionally, Braumann teaches both technical classes and design studios at TU Vienna. He is a graduate of Master Building Science and Technology, and a fellow of the Austrian Academy of Sciences.

Tony DeRose and Michelle Hlubinka discuss Young Makers, a collaboration between Pixar, the Exploratorium, and Maker Media to connect kids with adult mentors to develop projects for the Maker Faire (May 19-20, 2012 in San Mateo). www.youngmakers.orgTranscriptSpeaker 1: Spectrum's next Speaker 2: [inaudible].Speaker 1: [00:00:30] Welcome to spectrum the science and technology show on k a l x Berkeley, a biweekly 30 minute program bringing you interviews featuring bay area scientists and technologists as well as a calendar of local events and news. Speaker 3: Hi, I'm Rick Karnofsky. Brad swift and I are the hosts of today's show. We are speaking with Dr Tony Rose who got his graduate degree from cal and is now the head of research at Pixar [00:01:00] and Michelle who Banka the educational director for our Riley and maker media. They are here to discuss the young makers program, this collaboration between Pixar mic magazine and the exploratorium teams, young people with adult makers to create and construct amazing projects for the maker fair. Each year they'll talk about the program and what you might expect to see from the teams that this year's maker fair at the San Mateo Fair gowns on May 19th and 20th how you might get involved next year and about the future of educating and encouraging more young people to make more things in the [00:01:30] physical world. And please stay tuned for a chance to win tickets to the maker fair after this program. Tony and Michelle, thanks for joining us. Thanks. It's nice to be here. Yeah, thank you. And can you tell us a little bit about the young makers program? Sure. I can start. The Speaker 4: program was based, at least in part on my own family's experience where several years ago, my older son who's always loved to build things, grew out of Legos and we realized there was nothing for him to really graduate into until we discovered maker fair in 2006 [00:02:00] so we went to maker fair a couple of times as spectators and then starting in 2008 we started creating our own projects to share and we had such a great time and we all learned so much that the young makers program is an attempt to try to bring that sort of experience to other kids and other families. Speaker 5: Tony came to us, uh, make and make are fair and was also having a conversation with our collaborators, Mike and Karen at the exploratorium about potentially doing some work that could get more kids [00:02:30] excited about science and technology. We all agree that this is something that really needs to be done and we're all excited about working together. Let's do it. So that can was 2010, right? We launched a pilot and we had 20 kids come create projects, which they exhibited at maker fair that year. Everything from a hamster habitat that functions also as a coffee table to a fire breathing dragon, all things that the kids came up with of their own design and worked with [00:03:00] mentors to create over the space of a few months leading up to maker fair. Speaker 4: So Michelle said in the pilot run in 2010 we had about 20 kids. Last year we had about 150 participants total. About a hundred were cads and a hundred were adult supporters in various roles, mentors and club managers. This year we have about 300 so we're growing pretty rapidly and what we're trying to do now is start to think about how to scale beyond the bay area and help to create similar efforts and at least other metropolitan regions, if not, you know, even rural [00:03:30] regions Speaker 5: nationally or eventually internationally. Eventually internationally. There's nothing that would constrain this to the U s we're already international. I think we have a group in Calgary, Alberta. Right. That's started up. And do you see an advantage or disadvantage? Young makers is mostly outside of schools. Speaker 4: It started mostly outside of schools, but we're really looking for early adopter kind of teachers like Aaron at the lighthouse school to see if we can adapt it to in school. School curriculum is a really complicated thing, so we don't want [00:04:00] to be gated on, you know, widespread immediate adoption. So we're trying to develop a lot of models and materials and resources and best practices in whatever setting we can run the fastest, which happens to be informal out of school after school. But I think a lot of the materials that we're developing will hopefully be usable by teachers address toward academic curriculum during the school day. Speaker 5: Hmm. I'm just to follow up on the lighthouse charter school. Sure. So we're hoping they're going to be [00:04:30] a part of a project that we're doing to get more making back into high schools. So I'm sure you know that a lot of schools have been getting their technical arts programs, technical education, really. They've got lots of vocational ads. They've also been calling these, we're trying to reverse that trend and we got some funding from DARPA to work on getting, making back into schools and it's called the makerspace project. So we are trying to find 10 schools in California this year and then a hundred the following year and then a thousand the year after that [00:05:00] all around the country have thousand and this is to try to create those kinds of shop spaces. So this kind of thing is happening at lighthouse charter school already, but we'd like to see a lot more of it happening. Are there other corporate sponsors that are interested in joining the program? Yes, there has been a lot of uh, corporate interest in getting involved with the maker movement. And so as part of that we are starting the maker education collaborative. Do you want to say something about that Tony Speaker 4: w [00:05:30] what are the motivations for the, the collaborative is w w we began to realize that there are so many different ways to connect kids with making the young makers program is, you know, out of school typically more ambitious, middle and high school level. But you could change all those traces to be in school younger. And so there's a whole bunch of variations and probably so many variations that no one company or no one organization could, could do it. But if you look at the [00:06:00] various different programs that could be created, there's a lot of overlap in the, in the needs and the resources and so one of the things the collaborative is trying to do is pull together a common platform so that as companies or organizations want to launch something, they don't have to start from dirt. There's a big network that they can plug into and you know, get off and running really quickly. Speaker 2: [inaudible]Speaker 6: you are listening to the spectrum on k a l ex [00:06:30] today we are talking with Michelle [inaudible] of maker Media and Tony de Rosa Pixar about the young makers program that promotes young people to make fantastic things. Speaker 5: Maker fairs, this really family friendly event. Tony came with his family and what we love about the family model is that it's a really nice way that people have been able to engage and get closer and work together with their kids. [00:07:00] In the way that I think we imagine happened back in the Norman Rockwell era a lot more than it does today. Now that we're much more in a screen-based society. But part of our job is getting kids to either get away from the screens or only use those screens when they need to find out what they need to do to get back off the screens again. What's certainly interesting coming from someone from Pixar who makes it relatively passive entertainment, right? Speaker 4: Right. But if you think about the, the, the kinds of people that we have now and that we [00:07:30] want to continue to hire, they're, there are people that know how to learn on their own. They work really well in groups. They're highly multidisciplinary. And those are, those are exactly the attributes that, that the young makers program is designed to develop. And the kids that participate have those traits. We're just trying to, you know, help, help them grow in all those ways. And one of the nice things about the, this more ambitious project that we have this year is it's not just our family, it's, it's five families working together. So it becomes really a community building [00:08:00] activity. And you know, the neighbors that walk by, you know, get drawn in because they see all this crazy stuff going on in the driveway and it, so it's just a really wonderful healthy thing that everybody can contribute to and feel good about. So you touched upon the kinds of people that Pixar is interested in. Are there other things that set Pixar and O'Reilly and exploratory in that part that make them natural fits for sponsors? Well, for one thing, we're not afraid to make mistakes. So when we started working on this program and none of us [00:08:30] knew how this was going to work, so in true maker spirit we just sort of jumped in and were figuring out stuff as we go. Yeah, we all appreciate, yeah, the Speaker 5: learning by making, I think all of us appreciate story in a different way. Mike and Karen, especially at the exploratorium, are very good about documenting the work that they do and sharing that story and helping other museums explore that same theme. Tony, obviously I Pixar, they're in the business of making stories and we're all about hunting out those stories and sharing them with others. Speaker 4: What do you think of [00:09:00] creativity in digital environments? I think we're all fans of creativity in whatever form it takes. My younger son is really into Minecraft right now. One of the things you can really see is his facial reasoning has become incredibly honed. He can go into one of these environments that he's built and you know, they're very extensive. He can, he can navigate through those. Those amazes very quickly. It has become a community thing too. So he has friends that, you know, get out and play together. [00:09:30] You know, I think you can take anything too far and so we have to work to dial that back a little bit. But I think our point of view is that there are lots of burgeoning virtual opportunities for creativity. Minecraft is one video editing, web design, but the opportunities to express creativity in physical form is diminishing. And that that's the trend we're trying to reverse. Speaker 5: What kinds of things did you make when you were younger? Uh, well I am well known in my circle of friends for making calendars [00:10:00] of all things. I had a character named to Bianca, obviously a pseudonym for Mays who went on adventures around the world and then I tried to pack in as many facts into this calendar as I could. So I did oodles a research trying to find something related to my theme every year. So one year it was being, it goes to ancient Egypt, it goes to the art museum and so I tried to find facts for every single day of the year to share with people. Part of the reason I left those calendars though is [00:10:30] because I was getting more and more excited that we learn in a hands on way. And so the kind of pedagogical stance of this fact filled trivia based calendar had nothing to do with hands on learning and so I've been trying to resolve them. Speaker 5: What do you think makes for a good project for the young makers? I think the most important thing for a project to have is that the person making it has a passion about it and is excited [00:11:00] to make it. Usually the more successful projects also have something a little bit quirky or unusual about it. Sometimes bringing together two disparate things that nobody has put together before. So I'm trying to think of a great example of that habitat combat for example of bringing together a need for a base for a hamster to live and wanting it to be an attractive centerpiece [00:11:30] of a living room in the form of a coffee table. If that would be an example of a quirky approach to solving your problem. Speaker 4: I think a couple of other attributes that make a project, you know really worthwhile as to is for the team to pick a project that is just beyond or maybe even a little bit further than just beyond their current abilities so that when they complete it they really feel a sense of accomplishment. It's not a done deal going in. There's, there are all sorts of twists and turns and one of the challenges that the mentors are posed [00:12:00] with is how do I assess the skills of the team and help to dial in so that you hit that, that sweet spot that's just, it's ambitious but not too ambitious. It's just a natural part of the process to hit failures and roadblocks and our approach is learn from the failures and figure out how to get around the roadblocks and pick up the pieces and go on. So for us, failure isn't something to be avoided. It's something to be embraced and, and learn from. Speaker 5: And are most of the projects finished to completion? [00:12:30] We were, we've been doing Speaker 4: very surprised the, my expectation anyway was we might get completion rates of maybe 30 to 50% something like that. And we've seen typically more like 80% completion rates. So Speaker 5: it's amazing how motivating a deadline is. Is it? A lot of that completion has to do with, we work very hard to help them find the mentoring that they need in order to complete it. I remember last year, something that seems like it was going to be pretty simple. [00:13:00] A couple of girls will not, the project wasn't simple, but finding them a mentor seemed like it would be simple. They wanted to create a pedal powered car. So we tapped into some of our bike networks because as you can imagine, the bicycling network and the network of people who are excited about making overlap pretty heavily sent out email after email. And then we discovered that part of the problem was that these girls were making it at their school, Lighthouse Charter school here in Oakland. They're working on their project at school, but they don't have the facilities for fabricating [00:13:30] and doing the welding there. And so it's also a matter of trying to get the kids to the fabrication facility or get that convinced that bike guy to haul all the welding stuff probably on his bike to lighthouse charter school. So those are the kinds of things that we're trying to figure out in these first few years when we're doing the mentor matching. You're listening to the spectrum on k a l, X. Today Speaker 6: we're talking with Michelle Lupica of maker Media and Tony de Rosa Pixar [00:14:00] about the young makers program that encourages young makers to team with adult mentors to make fantastic projects and show them off at the maker. Speaker 5: Okay, and do you think the kids who don't finish still get a lot out of the program? Oh yeah, so they, they did finish, I want to say they did finish it. It was a beautiful pink pedal powered bike, but what it meant is that, you know, as we were getting closer and closer to that deadline of maker fair, we had to work harder and harder to persuade someone to come and [00:14:30] work with them and help them achieve what they were trying to do. But they of course I think also had to scale back a little bit. That's a big part of this is setting real expectations for what can be accomplished in time for it. One thing that we're very excited about this program in contrast to other programs is that we really put an emphasis on exhibition of our competition. This is an where you know whether you have succeeded or failed based on how you interact with others and how they can understand [00:15:00] what motivated you and what the project is all about and kids know whether or not their project worked or not. Speaker 4: One of the other things that distinguishes the program from a lot of other activities right now is that the projects aren't in response to a challenge that's posed by adults or organizers. The project visions come from the kids themselves, so they're very open ended. They're very broad. They're often extremely multidisciplinary, you know, combining in very natural ways, various branches [00:15:30] of science, engineering, art, music, and there's this unifying vision that pulls all those disciplines together. And I think the non-competition and open-endedness is one of the reasons that we see a higher percentage of girls than a lot of other programs. We're about 40% girls right now where I think a lot of other activities, science fairs and competitions are much more male oriented. Speaker 5: Is the way that the girls and boys approach a program different in any way? Speaker 4: Yes, there are a few gender [00:16:00] differences. I think that that that tend to occur, and not universally of course, but one is that the boys often want to work in small groups or alone, whereas the girls tend to want to work in larger groups. How large is large? Three or four is the typical size. Speaker 5: We had one group I think last year with about seven girls working together on a water totter. It was a pump that was powered by us. You saw, Speaker 4: I think another gender difference we've seen echoed in a number of projects. Has girls tend to want to work on things that are [00:16:30] socially beneficial and kind of right or or the hamster habitat. Whereas the boys often gravitate towards something that is a little edgier or more dangerous spits out fire. Yeah, fire is a good one. Yeah, and that's okay. One of our mottoes is, you know, anything cool is fair game. Do something cool, do something you're passionate about and it'll probably fit right in. Speaker 5: And how do you guys help recruit and improve mentors for this program? Speaker 4: Well, for recruiting, we've tapped into our [00:17:00] own social networks, so there are a lot of participants. For Pixar for instance, that are sort of natural born makers themselves. [inaudible] are interested in teaching. Speaker 5: Yeah. This upcoming maker fair I believe is our 13th event and at each one we have 600 to a thousand makers. So often what we'll do is we'll say a kid has a specific question, we'll try to find a mentor some times local, but sometimes they're okay with asking and answering questions from farther away. When the makers [00:17:30] would sign up for maker fair, we would ask them, would you be willing to mentor? I think for this round we actually took that question out because we found that most makers, again, because of that generosity of spirit that characterizes the bay area, and I think makers in any place, they don't say no when you ask them a question because they're for there to be more people like them that have this innate curiosity. So they're, they're happy to fuel that. Speaker 4: We also get people finding the website and you know, hearing stories like this [00:18:00] and they are drawn into the program through those means as well. Speaker 6: You are listening to spectrum on k a l LX today. We're talking to Tony Darrow's, a Pixar and Michelle Lupica of maker media about the young makers program that helps students create an exhibit, their projects and maker fair. Speaker 4: Another great example is a boy in Arizona, Joey Hoodie. So we got to talking with Joey, created a project, brought it to maker fair. It was a pneumatic marshmallow cannon and we'd come to find out that [00:18:30] Joey suffers from Aspbergers syndrome, but he's just flourishes in the making community. So he came to maker fair. He had a great time. I think they've been to basically every making event in every city since then. And it was really exciting to see him invited to the White House who was a wonderful picture of Joey and the president and this, it's the most wonderful you probably just off camera. Yeah. But the, the look on President Obama's face is just priceless. You know, his, his jaw dropped basically. So it was just, [00:19:00] I think it'd been a life changing experience for Joey and, and hopefully can be for a lot of other similar kids. Speaker 5: The kids at the next table. Two are in the New York Times picture kind of cowering in horror. They watch him launch this marshmallow into the wall of the state room. I'm also interested in if any of the young makers who have made projects before are interested in coming back and being mentors. Are they sort of Gung Ho about continuing the program? Speaker 4: We don't have a long enough track record to have kids that have graduated, come [00:19:30] back as mentors. Most of them that graduate go off to college. Typically studying engineering programs. What we have seen as some of the more advanced and older young makers mentoring some of the younger young makers in the program. And that's another reason that the club model is really nice because there's not only enter age learning, but we've seen intergenerational learning. In fact, we had one team last year where there was a young maker, the father was the main mentor and the grandfather was also participating. The grandfather was kind of an old school electrical [00:20:00] engineer and the project was to build police car instrumented with various sensors and sounds. So the grandfather's first reaction was, you know, let's build custom circuits for each of those functions. And somebody in one of the blessings sessions suggested looking at Ardwino, which is a, an embedded microprocessor system. And so they ended up adopting Ardwino for the project. The, the young maker ended up teaching the grandfather about embedded micro control software. [00:20:30] And so the, the learning goes both ways. How can people get involved with young makers next year? If you're interested in participating in the 2013 season of young makers, go to young makers.org there's a signup link on the left margin. We'll get you on our mailing list and we'll let you know as the season starts to spin up and can people expect Speaker 7: from maker fair in a couple of weeks. Speaker 5: So maker fairs coming up May 19th and 20th Saturday and Sunday at the San Mateo Expo Center. It's this fun filled weekend of DIY. Do it yourself. Technology and art is a little bit like burning [00:21:00] man without the drugs. Sandstorms and unity. The team that was working on the water totter. They were thinking of making a three hump lump from Dr Seuss, but scaled back. I think the original is a seven Hump Hump. We have everything from the Coke Zero Mentos fountains and that architect, which is a performance of Tesla coils and heavy rock music, which is fantastic to [00:21:30] 600 other people showing off their projects and arts, crafts, engineering, green design, music, science, technology, rockets and robots, felting, beekeeping. We've got it all. If you want more information, go to maker fair.com that's m a k e r f a I r e.com. Don't forget the e. It's the greatest show and Chow on earth. Thank you both for joining us. [00:22:00] Thank you for having us. It's been great. Thanks. Speaker 6: A regular feature of spectrum is a calendar of some of the science and technology events happening in the bay area. Over the next two weeks. We say Katovich and Brad swift join me for this. Speaker 8: One of the most fundamental questions in biology is why we age. On Monday May 7th the Department of Molecular and cell biology at UC Berkeley will present the seminar cellular metabolism, aging and disease from four to 5:00 PM at the Lee Ka-shing Center. [00:22:30] The featured Speaker is Donica Chen from Berkeley Center for nutritional science and toxicology. Chen will address the aging process and therapeutic targets to slow down aging,Speaker 7: putting water online. On Wednesday May 9th the floating Sensor Network Team will conduct a major experiment. They will launch the complete 100 unit floating sensor fleet and introduce the fleet and its realtime sensing capabilities to the public. Wednesday morning. The fleet will be launched [00:23:00] from Walnut Grove, California and cycled through the Sacramento River Georgiana SLU environment for the rest of the day at 4:00 PM in sweetheart or dye hall and the UC Berkeley campus. There will be around table discussion and public seminar. During the round table discussion, water researchers will explore the implications of this emerging sensing technology on the future of California's water management challenges. For more information or to RSVP for the event contact Lori Mariano. [00:23:30] Her email address is laurie@citrus-uc.org the general meeting of the bay area and Mycological Society is on Thursday May 10th from seven 30 to 9:30 PM in room three three eight of UC Berkeley's Kaushal and hall. At Speaker 3: this free event, you can have your mushrooms identified and then listen to an 8:00 PM presentation by Alan Rockefeller on the mushrooms of Mexico. He discusses his extensive fieldwork from his most recent format strip as well as other trips over the past five years in seven [00:24:00] Mexican states. He'll show images of the edible poisonous in psychoactive mushrooms. Yes collected DNA sequences, phylogenetic trees, micrographs, and mushroom food. For more information, visit www.bayareamushrooms.org nerd night. San Francisco is celebrating their second anniversary soon. We all have the organizers on spectrum. On June 15th they host a monthly gathering of nerds with three presentations and drinking on the third Wednesday of every month at the rickshaw [00:24:30] stop, one 55 fell street at Venice in San Francisco. The 24th installment will be an audio show on May 16th doors at seven 30 show at eight and mission has $8 I'm excited to have two of my friends give me in Texas time around UC Berkeley. POSTDOC Brian Patton discusses atomic magnetometry. Megan Carlson talks about [inaudible] the art of super cute and Logan Hesser weighs in on the vagaries of the English language. For more information, visit sf.internet.com that's [00:25:00] s f dot. Nerd and ite.com and now for some science news headlines. Here's Lisa Katovich and Brad Swift. Speaker 8: A study presented at the experimental biology conference in San Diego in April reported that migraine sufferers are more likely to experience brain freeze by bringing on brain freeze in the lab and volunteers and studying blood flow in their brains. Researchers from the Department of veteran affairs, the National University of Ireland in Galloway and Harvard Medical School [00:25:30] found that the sudden headache seems to be triggered by an abrupt increase in blood flow in the anterior cerebral artery and disappears when the artery constricts. The findings could eventually lead to new treatments for a variety of different headaches. This dilation. Then quick constriction may be a type of self defense for the brain because the skull is a closed structure, the sudden influx of blood could raise pressure and induced pain. This vessel constriction may be the way to bring pressure down in the brain before it reaches dangerous levels. Drugs that block [00:26:00] sudden vessel dilation or target channels involved specifically in the vessel. Dilation of headaches could be one way of changing a headaches course and that would be good news for the approximately 10% of the population that suffers from migraines. Speaker 3: Will Johnson sent in an ars technica summary of an April 22nd nature physics article by Zau Song, Ma and others from the Austrian Academy of Sciences. Quantum entanglement is a process by which 14 one particle into a given state can make a second particle go into [00:26:30] another given state, even if it is far away. Ma's team has shown experimentally that through a process known as delayed choice entanglement swapping, the result of a measurement may be dependent upon whether entanglement is performed after the measurement. They use the pulse ultraviolet laser beam and Beta [inaudible] boray crystals to generate two polarized entangled photon pairs, we'll call them photons one and two and photons three and four photons one in four have their polarities measured. Photons two and three are each delayed [00:27:00] and then subjected to either an entangles state measurement or a separable state measurement, but the choice of this measurement determines what was measured for photons. One in for this quantum steering of the past challenges, the ordinary notion of space time, Speaker 7: DNA traces cattle back to a small herd domesticated around 10,500 years ago. All cattle are descendant from as few as 80 animals that were domesticated from wild ox in the Near East some 10,500 years ago. According to a genetic study reported by science daily [00:27:30] and international team of scientists from the National Museum of Natural History and see n r s in France, the University of man's in Germany and UCL in the U K we're able to conduct the study by first extracting DNA from the bones of domestic cattle excavated in Iranian archeological sites. These sites. Date two not long after the invention of farming and are in the region where cattle were first domesticated, the team examined how small differences in the DNA [00:28:00] sequence of those cattle as well as cattle living today could have arisen given different population histories using computer simulations. They found that the DNA differences could only have arisen if a small number of animals approximately 80 were domesticated from wild ox. The study is published in the current issue of the journal of molecular biology and evolution Speaker 9: [inaudible].Speaker 2: [00:28:30] Okay. Speaker 9: The music you heard during today's program was by lost Donna David from his album folk and acoustic. It is released under creative Commons attribution only. License version three point here. Speaker 2: [inaudible]Speaker 9: spectrum was recorded and edited by me, Rick Carnesi, and by Brad Swift Speaker 2: [inaudible].Speaker 9: [00:29:00] Thank you for listening to spectrum. We are happy to hear from listeners. If you have comments about the show, please send them to us via email. Our email address is spectrum dot k a l s@yahoo.com join us in two weeks at this same time. Speaker 2: [inaudible] [00:29:30] [inaudible]. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Tony DeRose and Michelle Hlubinka discuss Young Makers, a collaboration between Pixar, the Exploratorium, and Maker Media to connect kids with adult mentors to develop projects for the Maker Faire (May 19-20, 2012 in San Mateo). www.youngmakers.orgTranscriptSpeaker 1: Spectrum's next Speaker 2: [inaudible].Speaker 1: [00:00:30] Welcome to spectrum the science and technology show on k a l x Berkeley, a biweekly 30 minute program bringing you interviews featuring bay area scientists and technologists as well as a calendar of local events and news. Speaker 3: Hi, I'm Rick Karnofsky. Brad swift and I are the hosts of today's show. We are speaking with Dr Tony Rose who got his graduate degree from cal and is now the head of research at Pixar [00:01:00] and Michelle who Banka the educational director for our Riley and maker media. They are here to discuss the young makers program, this collaboration between Pixar mic magazine and the exploratorium teams, young people with adult makers to create and construct amazing projects for the maker fair. Each year they'll talk about the program and what you might expect to see from the teams that this year's maker fair at the San Mateo Fair gowns on May 19th and 20th how you might get involved next year and about the future of educating and encouraging more young people to make more things in the [00:01:30] physical world. And please stay tuned for a chance to win tickets to the maker fair after this program. Tony and Michelle, thanks for joining us. Thanks. It's nice to be here. Yeah, thank you. And can you tell us a little bit about the young makers program? Sure. I can start. The Speaker 4: program was based, at least in part on my own family's experience where several years ago, my older son who's always loved to build things, grew out of Legos and we realized there was nothing for him to really graduate into until we discovered maker fair in 2006 [00:02:00] so we went to maker fair a couple of times as spectators and then starting in 2008 we started creating our own projects to share and we had such a great time and we all learned so much that the young makers program is an attempt to try to bring that sort of experience to other kids and other families. Speaker 5: Tony came to us, uh, make and make are fair and was also having a conversation with our collaborators, Mike and Karen at the exploratorium about potentially doing some work that could get more kids [00:02:30] excited about science and technology. We all agree that this is something that really needs to be done and we're all excited about working together. Let's do it. So that can was 2010, right? We launched a pilot and we had 20 kids come create projects, which they exhibited at maker fair that year. Everything from a hamster habitat that functions also as a coffee table to a fire breathing dragon, all things that the kids came up with of their own design and worked with [00:03:00] mentors to create over the space of a few months leading up to maker fair. Speaker 4: So Michelle said in the pilot run in 2010 we had about 20 kids. Last year we had about 150 participants total. About a hundred were cads and a hundred were adult supporters in various roles, mentors and club managers. This year we have about 300 so we're growing pretty rapidly and what we're trying to do now is start to think about how to scale beyond the bay area and help to create similar efforts and at least other metropolitan regions, if not, you know, even rural [00:03:30] regions Speaker 5: nationally or eventually internationally. Eventually internationally. There's nothing that would constrain this to the U s we're already international. I think we have a group in Calgary, Alberta. Right. That's started up. And do you see an advantage or disadvantage? Young makers is mostly outside of schools. Speaker 4: It started mostly outside of schools, but we're really looking for early adopter kind of teachers like Aaron at the lighthouse school to see if we can adapt it to in school. School curriculum is a really complicated thing, so we don't want [00:04:00] to be gated on, you know, widespread immediate adoption. So we're trying to develop a lot of models and materials and resources and best practices in whatever setting we can run the fastest, which happens to be informal out of school after school. But I think a lot of the materials that we're developing will hopefully be usable by teachers address toward academic curriculum during the school day. Speaker 5: Hmm. I'm just to follow up on the lighthouse charter school. Sure. So we're hoping they're going to be [00:04:30] a part of a project that we're doing to get more making back into high schools. So I'm sure you know that a lot of schools have been getting their technical arts programs, technical education, really. They've got lots of vocational ads. They've also been calling these, we're trying to reverse that trend and we got some funding from DARPA to work on getting, making back into schools and it's called the makerspace project. So we are trying to find 10 schools in California this year and then a hundred the following year and then a thousand the year after that [00:05:00] all around the country have thousand and this is to try to create those kinds of shop spaces. So this kind of thing is happening at lighthouse charter school already, but we'd like to see a lot more of it happening. Are there other corporate sponsors that are interested in joining the program? Yes, there has been a lot of uh, corporate interest in getting involved with the maker movement. And so as part of that we are starting the maker education collaborative. Do you want to say something about that Tony Speaker 4: w [00:05:30] what are the motivations for the, the collaborative is w w we began to realize that there are so many different ways to connect kids with making the young makers program is, you know, out of school typically more ambitious, middle and high school level. But you could change all those traces to be in school younger. And so there's a whole bunch of variations and probably so many variations that no one company or no one organization could, could do it. But if you look at the [00:06:00] various different programs that could be created, there's a lot of overlap in the, in the needs and the resources and so one of the things the collaborative is trying to do is pull together a common platform so that as companies or organizations want to launch something, they don't have to start from dirt. There's a big network that they can plug into and you know, get off and running really quickly. Speaker 2: [inaudible]Speaker 6: you are listening to the spectrum on k a l ex [00:06:30] today we are talking with Michelle [inaudible] of maker Media and Tony de Rosa Pixar about the young makers program that promotes young people to make fantastic things. Speaker 5: Maker fairs, this really family friendly event. Tony came with his family and what we love about the family model is that it's a really nice way that people have been able to engage and get closer and work together with their kids. [00:07:00] In the way that I think we imagine happened back in the Norman Rockwell era a lot more than it does today. Now that we're much more in a screen-based society. But part of our job is getting kids to either get away from the screens or only use those screens when they need to find out what they need to do to get back off the screens again. What's certainly interesting coming from someone from Pixar who makes it relatively passive entertainment, right? Speaker 4: Right. But if you think about the, the, the kinds of people that we have now and that we [00:07:30] want to continue to hire, they're, there are people that know how to learn on their own. They work really well in groups. They're highly multidisciplinary. And those are, those are exactly the attributes that, that the young makers program is designed to develop. And the kids that participate have those traits. We're just trying to, you know, help, help them grow in all those ways. And one of the nice things about the, this more ambitious project that we have this year is it's not just our family, it's, it's five families working together. So it becomes really a community building [00:08:00] activity. And you know, the neighbors that walk by, you know, get drawn in because they see all this crazy stuff going on in the driveway and it, so it's just a really wonderful healthy thing that everybody can contribute to and feel good about. So you touched upon the kinds of people that Pixar is interested in. Are there other things that set Pixar and O'Reilly and exploratory in that part that make them natural fits for sponsors? Well, for one thing, we're not afraid to make mistakes. So when we started working on this program and none of us [00:08:30] knew how this was going to work, so in true maker spirit we just sort of jumped in and were figuring out stuff as we go. Yeah, we all appreciate, yeah, the Speaker 5: learning by making, I think all of us appreciate story in a different way. Mike and Karen, especially at the exploratorium, are very good about documenting the work that they do and sharing that story and helping other museums explore that same theme. Tony, obviously I Pixar, they're in the business of making stories and we're all about hunting out those stories and sharing them with others. Speaker 4: What do you think of [00:09:00] creativity in digital environments? I think we're all fans of creativity in whatever form it takes. My younger son is really into Minecraft right now. One of the things you can really see is his facial reasoning has become incredibly honed. He can go into one of these environments that he's built and you know, they're very extensive. He can, he can navigate through those. Those amazes very quickly. It has become a community thing too. So he has friends that, you know, get out and play together. [00:09:30] You know, I think you can take anything too far and so we have to work to dial that back a little bit. But I think our point of view is that there are lots of burgeoning virtual opportunities for creativity. Minecraft is one video editing, web design, but the opportunities to express creativity in physical form is diminishing. And that that's the trend we're trying to reverse. Speaker 5: What kinds of things did you make when you were younger? Uh, well I am well known in my circle of friends for making calendars [00:10:00] of all things. I had a character named to Bianca, obviously a pseudonym for Mays who went on adventures around the world and then I tried to pack in as many facts into this calendar as I could. So I did oodles a research trying to find something related to my theme every year. So one year it was being, it goes to ancient Egypt, it goes to the art museum and so I tried to find facts for every single day of the year to share with people. Part of the reason I left those calendars though is [00:10:30] because I was getting more and more excited that we learn in a hands on way. And so the kind of pedagogical stance of this fact filled trivia based calendar had nothing to do with hands on learning and so I've been trying to resolve them. Speaker 5: What do you think makes for a good project for the young makers? I think the most important thing for a project to have is that the person making it has a passion about it and is excited [00:11:00] to make it. Usually the more successful projects also have something a little bit quirky or unusual about it. Sometimes bringing together two disparate things that nobody has put together before. So I'm trying to think of a great example of that habitat combat for example of bringing together a need for a base for a hamster to live and wanting it to be an attractive centerpiece [00:11:30] of a living room in the form of a coffee table. If that would be an example of a quirky approach to solving your problem. Speaker 4: I think a couple of other attributes that make a project, you know really worthwhile as to is for the team to pick a project that is just beyond or maybe even a little bit further than just beyond their current abilities so that when they complete it they really feel a sense of accomplishment. It's not a done deal going in. There's, there are all sorts of twists and turns and one of the challenges that the mentors are posed [00:12:00] with is how do I assess the skills of the team and help to dial in so that you hit that, that sweet spot that's just, it's ambitious but not too ambitious. It's just a natural part of the process to hit failures and roadblocks and our approach is learn from the failures and figure out how to get around the roadblocks and pick up the pieces and go on. So for us, failure isn't something to be avoided. It's something to be embraced and, and learn from. Speaker 5: And are most of the projects finished to completion? [00:12:30] We were, we've been doing Speaker 4: very surprised the, my expectation anyway was we might get completion rates of maybe 30 to 50% something like that. And we've seen typically more like 80% completion rates. So Speaker 5: it's amazing how motivating a deadline is. Is it? A lot of that completion has to do with, we work very hard to help them find the mentoring that they need in order to complete it. I remember last year, something that seems like it was going to be pretty simple. [00:13:00] A couple of girls will not, the project wasn't simple, but finding them a mentor seemed like it would be simple. They wanted to create a pedal powered car. So we tapped into some of our bike networks because as you can imagine, the bicycling network and the network of people who are excited about making overlap pretty heavily sent out email after email. And then we discovered that part of the problem was that these girls were making it at their school, Lighthouse Charter school here in Oakland. They're working on their project at school, but they don't have the facilities for fabricating [00:13:30] and doing the welding there. And so it's also a matter of trying to get the kids to the fabrication facility or get that convinced that bike guy to haul all the welding stuff probably on his bike to lighthouse charter school. So those are the kinds of things that we're trying to figure out in these first few years when we're doing the mentor matching. You're listening to the spectrum on k a l, X. Today Speaker 6: we're talking with Michelle Lupica of maker Media and Tony de Rosa Pixar [00:14:00] about the young makers program that encourages young makers to team with adult mentors to make fantastic projects and show them off at the maker. Speaker 5: Okay, and do you think the kids who don't finish still get a lot out of the program? Oh yeah, so they, they did finish, I want to say they did finish it. It was a beautiful pink pedal powered bike, but what it meant is that, you know, as we were getting closer and closer to that deadline of maker fair, we had to work harder and harder to persuade someone to come and [00:14:30] work with them and help them achieve what they were trying to do. But they of course I think also had to scale back a little bit. That's a big part of this is setting real expectations for what can be accomplished in time for it. One thing that we're very excited about this program in contrast to other programs is that we really put an emphasis on exhibition of our competition. This is an where you know whether you have succeeded or failed based on how you interact with others and how they can understand [00:15:00] what motivated you and what the project is all about and kids know whether or not their project worked or not. Speaker 4: One of the other things that distinguishes the program from a lot of other activities right now is that the projects aren't in response to a challenge that's posed by adults or organizers. The project visions come from the kids themselves, so they're very open ended. They're very broad. They're often extremely multidisciplinary, you know, combining in very natural ways, various branches [00:15:30] of science, engineering, art, music, and there's this unifying vision that pulls all those disciplines together. And I think the non-competition and open-endedness is one of the reasons that we see a higher percentage of girls than a lot of other programs. We're about 40% girls right now where I think a lot of other activities, science fairs and competitions are much more male oriented. Speaker 5: Is the way that the girls and boys approach a program different in any way? Speaker 4: Yes, there are a few gender [00:16:00] differences. I think that that that tend to occur, and not universally of course, but one is that the boys often want to work in small groups or alone, whereas the girls tend to want to work in larger groups. How large is large? Three or four is the typical size. Speaker 5: We had one group I think last year with about seven girls working together on a water totter. It was a pump that was powered by us. You saw, Speaker 4: I think another gender difference we've seen echoed in a number of projects. Has girls tend to want to work on things that are [00:16:30] socially beneficial and kind of right or or the hamster habitat. Whereas the boys often gravitate towards something that is a little edgier or more dangerous spits out fire. Yeah, fire is a good one. Yeah, and that's okay. One of our mottoes is, you know, anything cool is fair game. Do something cool, do something you're passionate about and it'll probably fit right in. Speaker 5: And how do you guys help recruit and improve mentors for this program? Speaker 4: Well, for recruiting, we've tapped into our [00:17:00] own social networks, so there are a lot of participants. For Pixar for instance, that are sort of natural born makers themselves. [inaudible] are interested in teaching. Speaker 5: Yeah. This upcoming maker fair I believe is our 13th event and at each one we have 600 to a thousand makers. So often what we'll do is we'll say a kid has a specific question, we'll try to find a mentor some times local, but sometimes they're okay with asking and answering questions from farther away. When the makers [00:17:30] would sign up for maker fair, we would ask them, would you be willing to mentor? I think for this round we actually took that question out because we found that most makers, again, because of that generosity of spirit that characterizes the bay area, and I think makers in any place, they don't say no when you ask them a question because they're for there to be more people like them that have this innate curiosity. So they're, they're happy to fuel that. Speaker 4: We also get people finding the website and you know, hearing stories like this [00:18:00] and they are drawn into the program through those means as well. Speaker 6: You are listening to spectrum on k a l LX today. We're talking to Tony Darrow's, a Pixar and Michelle Lupica of maker media about the young makers program that helps students create an exhibit, their projects and maker fair. Speaker 4: Another great example is a boy in Arizona, Joey Hoodie. So we got to talking with Joey, created a project, brought it to maker fair. It was a pneumatic marshmallow cannon and we'd come to find out that [00:18:30] Joey suffers from Aspbergers syndrome, but he's just flourishes in the making community. So he came to maker fair. He had a great time. I think they've been to basically every making event in every city since then. And it was really exciting to see him invited to the White House who was a wonderful picture of Joey and the president and this, it's the most wonderful you probably just off camera. Yeah. But the, the look on President Obama's face is just priceless. You know, his, his jaw dropped basically. So it was just, [00:19:00] I think it'd been a life changing experience for Joey and, and hopefully can be for a lot of other similar kids. Speaker 5: The kids at the next table. Two are in the New York Times picture kind of cowering in horror. They watch him launch this marshmallow into the wall of the state room. I'm also interested in if any of the young makers who have made projects before are interested in coming back and being mentors. Are they sort of Gung Ho about continuing the program? Speaker 4: We don't have a long enough track record to have kids that have graduated, come [00:19:30] back as mentors. Most of them that graduate go off to college. Typically studying engineering programs. What we have seen as some of the more advanced and older young makers mentoring some of the younger young makers in the program. And that's another reason that the club model is really nice because there's not only enter age learning, but we've seen intergenerational learning. In fact, we had one team last year where there was a young maker, the father was the main mentor and the grandfather was also participating. The grandfather was kind of an old school electrical [00:20:00] engineer and the project was to build police car instrumented with various sensors and sounds. So the grandfather's first reaction was, you know, let's build custom circuits for each of those functions. And somebody in one of the blessings sessions suggested looking at Ardwino, which is a, an embedded microprocessor system. And so they ended up adopting Ardwino for the project. The, the young maker ended up teaching the grandfather about embedded micro control software. [00:20:30] And so the, the learning goes both ways. How can people get involved with young makers next year? If you're interested in participating in the 2013 season of young makers, go to young makers.org there's a signup link on the left margin. We'll get you on our mailing list and we'll let you know as the season starts to spin up and can people expect Speaker 7: from maker fair in a couple of weeks. Speaker 5: So maker fairs coming up May 19th and 20th Saturday and Sunday at the San Mateo Expo Center. It's this fun filled weekend of DIY. Do it yourself. Technology and art is a little bit like burning [00:21:00] man without the drugs. Sandstorms and unity. The team that was working on the water totter. They were thinking of making a three hump lump from Dr Seuss, but scaled back. I think the original is a seven Hump Hump. We have everything from the Coke Zero Mentos fountains and that architect, which is a performance of Tesla coils and heavy rock music, which is fantastic to [00:21:30] 600 other people showing off their projects and arts, crafts, engineering, green design, music, science, technology, rockets and robots, felting, beekeeping. We've got it all. If you want more information, go to maker fair.com that's m a k e r f a I r e.com. Don't forget the e. It's the greatest show and Chow on earth. Thank you both for joining us. [00:22:00] Thank you for having us. It's been great. Thanks. Speaker 6: A regular feature of spectrum is a calendar of some of the science and technology events happening in the bay area. Over the next two weeks. We say Katovich and Brad swift join me for this. Speaker 8: One of the most fundamental questions in biology is why we age. On Monday May 7th the Department of Molecular and cell biology at UC Berkeley will present the seminar cellular metabolism, aging and disease from four to 5:00 PM at the Lee Ka-shing Center. [00:22:30] The featured Speaker is Donica Chen from Berkeley Center for nutritional science and toxicology. Chen will address the aging process and therapeutic targets to slow down aging,Speaker 7: putting water online. On Wednesday May 9th the floating Sensor Network Team will conduct a major experiment. They will launch the complete 100 unit floating sensor fleet and introduce the fleet and its realtime sensing capabilities to the public. Wednesday morning. The fleet will be launched [00:23:00] from Walnut Grove, California and cycled through the Sacramento River Georgiana SLU environment for the rest of the day at 4:00 PM in sweetheart or dye hall and the UC Berkeley campus. There will be around table discussion and public seminar. During the round table discussion, water researchers will explore the implications of this emerging sensing technology on the future of California's water management challenges. For more information or to RSVP for the event contact Lori Mariano. [00:23:30] Her email address is laurie@citrus-uc.org the general meeting of the bay area and Mycological Society is on Thursday May 10th from seven 30 to 9:30 PM in room three three eight of UC Berkeley's Kaushal and hall. At Speaker 3: this free event, you can have your mushrooms identified and then listen to an 8:00 PM presentation by Alan Rockefeller on the mushrooms of Mexico. He discusses his extensive fieldwork from his most recent format strip as well as other trips over the past five years in seven [00:24:00] Mexican states. He'll show images of the edible poisonous in psychoactive mushrooms. Yes collected DNA sequences, phylogenetic trees, micrographs, and mushroom food. For more information, visit www.bayareamushrooms.org nerd night. San Francisco is celebrating their second anniversary soon. We all have the organizers on spectrum. On June 15th they host a monthly gathering of nerds with three presentations and drinking on the third Wednesday of every month at the rickshaw [00:24:30] stop, one 55 fell street at Venice in San Francisco. The 24th installment will be an audio show on May 16th doors at seven 30 show at eight and mission has $8 I'm excited to have two of my friends give me in Texas time around UC Berkeley. POSTDOC Brian Patton discusses atomic magnetometry. Megan Carlson talks about [inaudible] the art of super cute and Logan Hesser weighs in on the vagaries of the English language. For more information, visit sf.internet.com that's [00:25:00] s f dot. Nerd and ite.com and now for some science news headlines. Here's Lisa Katovich and Brad Swift. Speaker 8: A study presented at the experimental biology conference in San Diego in April reported that migraine sufferers are more likely to experience brain freeze by bringing on brain freeze in the lab and volunteers and studying blood flow in their brains. Researchers from the Department of veteran affairs, the National University of Ireland in Galloway and Harvard Medical School [00:25:30] found that the sudden headache seems to be triggered by an abrupt increase in blood flow in the anterior cerebral artery and disappears when the artery constricts. The findings could eventually lead to new treatments for a variety of different headaches. This dilation. Then quick constriction may be a type of self defense for the brain because the skull is a closed structure, the sudden influx of blood could raise pressure and induced pain. This vessel constriction may be the way to bring pressure down in the brain before it reaches dangerous levels. Drugs that block [00:26:00] sudden vessel dilation or target channels involved specifically in the vessel. Dilation of headaches could be one way of changing a headaches course and that would be good news for the approximately 10% of the population that suffers from migraines. Speaker 3: Will Johnson sent in an ars technica summary of an April 22nd nature physics article by Zau Song, Ma and others from the Austrian Academy of Sciences. Quantum entanglement is a process by which 14 one particle into a given state can make a second particle go into [00:26:30] another given state, even if it is far away. Ma's team has shown experimentally that through a process known as delayed choice entanglement swapping, the result of a measurement may be dependent upon whether entanglement is performed after the measurement. They use the pulse ultraviolet laser beam and Beta [inaudible] boray crystals to generate two polarized entangled photon pairs, we'll call them photons one and two and photons three and four photons one in four have their polarities measured. Photons two and three are each delayed [00:27:00] and then subjected to either an entangles state measurement or a separable state measurement, but the choice of this measurement determines what was measured for photons. One in for this quantum steering of the past challenges, the ordinary notion of space time, Speaker 7: DNA traces cattle back to a small herd domesticated around 10,500 years ago. All cattle are descendant from as few as 80 animals that were domesticated from wild ox in the Near East some 10,500 years ago. According to a genetic study reported by science daily [00:27:30] and international team of scientists from the National Museum of Natural History and see n r s in France, the University of man's in Germany and UCL in the U K we're able to conduct the study by first extracting DNA from the bones of domestic cattle excavated in Iranian archeological sites. These sites. Date two not long after the invention of farming and are in the region where cattle were first domesticated, the team examined how small differences in the DNA [00:28:00] sequence of those cattle as well as cattle living today could have arisen given different population histories using computer simulations. They found that the DNA differences could only have arisen if a small number of animals approximately 80 were domesticated from wild ox. The study is published in the current issue of the journal of molecular biology and evolution Speaker 9: [inaudible].Speaker 2: [00:28:30] Okay. Speaker 9: The music you heard during today's program was by lost Donna David from his album folk and acoustic. It is released under creative Commons attribution only. License version three point here. Speaker 2: [inaudible]Speaker 9: spectrum was recorded and edited by me, Rick Carnesi, and by Brad Swift Speaker 2: [inaudible].Speaker 9: [00:29:00] Thank you for listening to spectrum. We are happy to hear from listeners. If you have comments about the show, please send them to us via email. Our email address is spectrum dot k a l s@yahoo.com join us in two weeks at this same time. Speaker 2: [inaudible] [00:29:30] [inaudible]. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.