Podcasts about palaeozoic

【欢迎订阅】 每天早上5:30，准时更新。 【阅读原文】 标题：Huawei and other Chinese chip firms are catching up fast But they still depend on America and its allies in a few vital areas 正文：A wave of optimism has lately swept through China's chip industry. Share traders in ShanghAI joke that Cambricon, a local firm, not only offers a substitute for Nvidia's processors, but for its stock, too. Although the Chinese semiconductor firm is worth but a fraction of its giant American rival, its share price has rocketed by 350% over the past year, around 15 times as much as Nvidia's. 知识点：Cambricon adj./'kæmbrian/ (geology) of the first period of the Palaeozoic; of the rocksformed during this time 获取外刊的完整原文以及精讲笔记，请关注微信公众号「早安英文」，回复“外刊”即可。更多有意思的英语干货等着你！ 【节目介绍】 《早安英文-每日外刊精读》，带你精读最新外刊，了解国际最热事件：分析语法结构，拆解长难句，最接地气的翻译，还有重点词汇讲解。 所有选题均来自于《经济学人》《纽约时报》《华尔街日报》《华盛顿邮报》《大西洋月刊》《科学杂志》《国家地理》等国际一线外刊。 【适合谁听】 1、关注时事热点新闻，想要学习最新最潮流英文表达的英文学习者 2、任何想通过地道英文提高听、说、读、写能力的英文学习者 3、想快速掌握表达，有出国学习和旅游计划的英语爱好者 4、参加各类英语考试的应试者（如大学英语四六级、托福雅思、考研等） 【你将获得】 1、超过1000篇外刊精读课程，拓展丰富语言表达和文化背景 2、逐词、逐句精确讲解，系统掌握英语词汇、听力、阅读和语法 3、每期内附学习笔记，包含全文注释、长难句解析、疑难语法点等，帮助扫除阅读障碍。

* List of Discoveries Squeezing Evolution: Did you know that dinosaurs ate rice before rice evolved? That turtle shells existed forty million years before turtle shells began evolving? That insects evolved tongues for eating from flowers 70 million years before flowers evolved? And that birds appeared before birds evolved? The fossil record is a wonderful thing. And more recently, only a 40,000-year squeeze, Neanderthal had blood types A, B, and O, shocking evolutionists but expected to us here at Real Science Radio! Sit back and get ready to enjoy another instant classic, today's RSR "list show" on Evolution's Big Squeeze! Our other popular list shows include: - scientists doubting Darwin - evidence against whale evolution - problems with 'the river carved the canyon' - carbon 14 everywhere it shouldn't be - dinosaur still-soft biological tissue - solar system formation problems - evidence against the big bang - evidence for the global flood - genomes that just don't fit - and our list of not so old things! (See also rsr.org/sq2 and rsr.org/sq3!) * Evolution's Big Squeeze: Many discoveries squeeze the Darwinian theory's timeframe and of course without a workable timeframe there is no workable theory. Examples, with their alleged (and falsified) old-earth timeframes, include: - Complex skeletons existed 9 million years before they were thought to have evolved, before even the "Cambrian explosion".- Butterflies existed 10 million years before they were thought to have evolved. - Parrots existed "much earlier than had been thought", in fact, 25 million years before they were thought to have evolved. - Cephalopod fossils (squids, cuttlefish, etc.) appear 35 million years before they were able to propagate. - Turtle shells 40 million years before turtle shells began evolving - Trees began evolving 45 million years before they were thought to evolve - Spores appearing 50 million years before the plants that made them (not unlike footprints systematically appearing "millions of years before" the creatures that made them, as affirmed by Dr. Marcus Ross, associate professor of geology). - Sponges existed 60 million years before they were believed to have evolved. - Dinosaurs ate rice before it evolved Example - Insect proboscis (tongue) in moths and butterflies 70 million years before previously believed has them evolving before flowers. - Arthropod brains fully developed with central nervous system running to eyes and appendages just like modern arthropods 90 million years earlier than previously known (prior to 2021, now, allegedly 310mya) - 100 million years ago and already a bird - Fossil pollen pushes back plant evolution 100 million years. - Mammalian hair allegedly 100-million-years-old show that, "the morphology of hair cuticula may have remained unchanged throughout most of mammalian evolution", regarding the overlapping cells that lock the hair shaft into its follicle. - Piranha-like flesh-eating teeth (and bitten prey) found pushing back such fish 125 million years earlier than previously claimed   - Shocking organic molecules in "200 million-years-old leaves" from ginkgoes and conifers show unexpected stasis. - Plant genetic sophistication pushed back 200 million years. - Jellyfish fossils (Medusoid Problematica :) 200 million years earlier than expected; here from 500My ago. - Green seaweed 200 million years earlier than expected, pushed back now to a billion years ago!  - The acanthodii fish had color vision 300 million years ago, but then, and wait, Cheiracanthus fish allegedly 388 million years ago already had color vision. - Color vision (for which there is no Darwinian evolutionary small-step to be had, from monochromatic), existed "300 million years ago" in fish, and these allegedly "120-million-year-old" bird's rod and cone fossils stun researchers :) - 400-million-year-old Murrindalaspis placoderm fish "eye muscle attachment, the eyestalk attachment and openings for the optic nerve, and arteries and veins supplying the eyeball" The paper's author writes, "Of course, we would not expect the preservation of ancient structures made entirely of soft tissues (e.g. rods and cone cells in the retina...)." So, check this next item... :) - And... no vertebrates in the Cambrian? Well, from the journal Nature in 2014, a "Lower-Middle Cambrian... primitive fish displays unambiguous vertebrate features: a notochord, a pair of prominent camera-type eyes, paired nasal sacs, possible cranium and arcualia, W-shaped myomeres, and a post-anal tail" Primitive? - Fast-growing juvenile bone tissue, thought to appear in the Cretaceous, has been pushed back 100 million years: "This pushes the origin of fibrolamellar bone in Sauropterygia back from the Cretaceous to the early Middle Triassic..."- Trilobites "advanced" (not the predicted primitive) digestion "525 million" years ago - And there's this, a "530 million year old" fish, "50 million years before the current estimate of when fish evolved" - Mycobacterium tuberculosis 100,000 yr-old MRCA (most recent common ancestor) now 245 million- Fungus long claimed to originate 500M years ago, now found at allegedly 950 Mya (and still biological "the distant past... may have been much more 'modern' than we thought." :) - A rock contained pollen a billion years before plants evolved, according to a 2007 paper describing "remarkably preserved" fossil spores in the French Alps that had undergone high-grade metamorphism - 2.5 billion year old cyanobacteria fossils (made of organic material found in a stromatolite) appear about "200 million years before the [supposed] Great Oxidation Event". - 2.7 billion year old eukaryotes (cells with a nucleus) existed (allegedly) 1 billion years before expected - 3.5 billion year "cell division evidently identical to that of living filamentous prokaryotes." - And even older cyanobacteria! At 220 million years earlier than thought, per Nature's 3.7 billion year old dating of stromatolites! - The universe and life itself (in 2019 with the universe dated a billion, now, no, wait, two billion!, years younger than previously thought, that's not only squeezing biological but also astronomical evolution, with the overall story getting really tight) - Mantis shrimp, with its rudimentary color but advanced UV vision, is allegedly ancient. - Hadrosaur teeth, all 1400 of them, were "more complex than those of cows, horses, and other well-known modern grazers." Professor stunned by the find! (RSR predicts that, by 2030 just to put an end date on it, more fossils will be found from the geologic column that will be more "advanced" as compared to living organisms, just like this hadrosaur and like the allegedly 100M year old hagfish  fossil having more slime glands than living specimens.)  - Trace fossils "exquisitely preserved" of mobile organisms (motility) dated at 2.1 billion years ago, a full 1.5 billion earlier than previously believed - Various multicellular organisms allegedly 2.1 billion years old, show multicellularity 1.5 billion years sooner than long believed   - Pre-sauropod 26,000-pound dinosaur "shows us that even as far back as 200 million years ago, these animals had already become the largest vertebrates to ever walk the Earth." - The Evo-devo squeeze, i.e., evolutionary developmental biology, as with rsr.org/evo-devo-undermining-darwinism. - Extinct Siberian one-horned rhinos coexisted with mankind. - Whale "evolution" is being crushed in the industry-wide "big squeeze". First, geneticist claims whales evolved from hippos but paleontologists say hippos evolved tens of millions of years too late! And what's worse than that is that fossil finds continue to compress the time available for whale evolution. To not violate its own plot, the Darwinist story doesn't start animals evolving back into the sea until the cast includes land animals suitable to undertake the legendary journey. The recent excavation of whale fossils on an island of the Antarctic Peninsula further compresses the already absurdly fast 10 million years to allegedly evolve from the land back to the sea, down to as little as one million years. BioOne in 2016 reported a fossil that is "among the oldest occurrences of basilosaurids worldwide, indicating a rapid radiation and dispersal of this group since at least the early middle Eocene." By this assessment, various techniques produced various published dates. (See the evidence that falsifies the canonical whale evolution story at rsr.org/whales.) * Ancient Hierarchical Insect Society: "Thanks to some well-preserved remains, researchers now believe arthropod social structures have been around longer than anyone ever imagined. The encased specimens of ants and termites recently studied date back [allegedly] 100 million years." Also from the video about "the bubonic plague", the "disease is well known as a Middle Ages mass killer... Traces of very similar bacteria were found on [an allegedly] 20-million-year-old flea trapped in amber." And regarding "Caribbean lizards... Even though they are [allegedly] 20 million years old, the reptiles inside the golden stones were not found to differ from their contemporary counterparts in any significant way. Scientists attribute the rarity [Ha! A rarity or the rule? Check out rsr.org/stasis.] to stable ecological surroundings." * Squeezing and Rewriting Human History: Some squeezing simply makes aspects of the Darwinian story harder to maintain while other squeezing contradicts fundamental claims. So consider the following discoveries, most of which came from about a 12-month period beginning in 2017 which squeeze (and some even falsify) the Out-of-Africa model: - find two teeth and rewrite human history with allegedly 9.7 million-year-old teeth found in northern Europe (and they're like Lucy, but "three times older") - date blue eyes, when humans first sported them, to as recently as 6,000 years ago   - get mummy DNA and rewrite human history with a thousand years of ancient Egyptian mummy DNA contradicting Out-of-Africa and demonstrating Out-of-Babel - find a few footprints and rewrite human history with allegedly 5.7 million-year-old human footprints in Crete - re-date an old skull and rewrite human history with a very human skull dated at 325,000 years old and redated in the Journal of Physical Anthropology at about 260,000 years old and described in the UK's Independent, "A skull found in China [40 years ago] could re-write our entire understanding of human evolution." - date the oldest language in India, Dravidian, with 80 derivatives spoken by 214 million people, which appeared on the subcontinent only about 4,500 years ago, which means that there is no evidence for human language for nearly 99% of the time that humans were living in Asia. (Ha! See rsr.org/origin-of-language for the correct explanation.) - sequence a baby's genome and rewrite human history with a 6-week old girl buried in Alaska allegedly 11,500 years ago challenging the established history of the New World. (The family buried this baby girl just beneath their home like the practice in ancient Mesopotamia, the Hebrews who sojourned in Egypt, and in Çatalhöyük in southern Turkey, one of the world's most ancient settlements.) - or was that 130,000? years ago as the journal Nature rewrites human history with a wild date for New World site - and find a jawbone and rewrite human history with a modern looking yet allegedly 180,000-year-old jawbone from Israel which "may rewrite the early migration story of our species" by about 100,000 years, per the journal Science - re-date a primate and lose yet another "missing link" between "Lucy" and humans, as Homo naledi sheds a couple million years off its age and drops from supposedly two million years old to (still allegedly) about 250,000 years old, far too "young" to be the allegedly missing link - re-analysis of the "best candidate" for the most recent ancestor to human beings, Australopithecus sediba, turns out to be a juvenile Lucy-like ape, as Science magazine reports work presented at the American Association of Physical Anthropologists 2017 annual meeting - find skulls in Morocco and "rewrite human history" admits the journal Nature, falsifying also the "East Africa" part of the canonical story - and from the You Can't Make This Stuff Up file, NPR reports in April 2019, Ancient Bones And Teeth Found In A Philippine Cave May Rewrite Human History. :) - Meanwhile, whereas every new discovery requires the materialists to rewrite human history, no one has had to rewrite Genesis, not even once. Yet, "We're not claiming that the Bible is a science textbook. Not at all. For the textbooks have to be rewritten all the time!"  - And even this from Science: "humans mastered the art of training and controlling dogs thousands of years earlier than previously thought."- RSR's Enyart commented on the Smithsonian's 2019 article on ancient DNA possibly deconstructing old myths...  This Smithsonian article about an ancient DNA paper in Science Advances, or actually, about the misuse of such papers, was itself a misuse. The published research, Ancient DNA sheds light on the genetic origins of early Iron Age Philistines, confirmed Amos 9:7 by documenting the European origin of the biblical Philistines who came from the island of Caphtor/Crete. The mainstream media completely obscured this astounding aspect of the study but the Smithsonian actually stood the paper on its head. [See also rsr.org/archaeology.]* Also Squeezing Darwin's Theory: - Evolution happens so slowly that we can't see it, yet - it happens so fast that millions of mutations get fixed in a blink of geologic time AND: - Observing a million species annually should show us a million years of evolution, but it doesn't, yet - evolution happens so fast that the billions of "intermediary" fossils are missing AND: - Waiting for helpful random mutations to show up explains the slowness of evolution, yet - adaption to changing environments is often immediate, as with Darwin's finches Finches Adapt in 17 Years, Not 2.3 Million: Charles Darwin's finches are claimed to have taken 2,300,000 years to diversify from an initial species blown onto the Galapagos Islands. Yet individuals from a single finch species on a U.S. Bird Reservation in the Pacific were introduced to a group of small islands 300 miles away and in at most 17 years, like Darwin's finches, they had diversified their beaks, related muscles, and behavior to fill various ecological niches. So Darwin's finches could diversify in just 17 years, and after 2.3 million more years, what had they evolved into? Finches! Hear this also at rsr.org/lee-spetner and see Jean Lightner's review of the Grants' 40 Years. AND: - Fossils of modern organisms are found "earlier" and "earlier" in the geologic column, and - the "oldest" organisms are increasingly found to have anatomical, proteinaceous, prokaryotic, and eukaryotic sophistication and similarity to "modern" organisms AND: - Small populations are in danger of extinction (yet they're needed to fix mutations), whereas - large populations make it impossible for a mutation to become standard AND: - Mutations that express changes too late in an organism's development can't effect its fundamental body plan, and - mutations expressed too early in an organism's development are fatal (hence among the Enyart sayings, "Like evolving a vital organ, most major hurdles for evolutionary theory are extinction-level events.") AND: - To evolve flight, you'd get bad legs - long before you'd get good wings AND: - Most major evolutionary hurdles appear to be extinction-level events- yet somehow even *vital* organs evolve (for many species, that includes reproductive organs, skin, brain, heart, circulatory system, kidney, liver, pancreas, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, lungs -- which are only a part of the complex respiration system) AND: - Natural selection of randomly taller, swifter, etc., fish, mammals, etc. explains evolution yet - development of microscopic molecular machines, feedback mechanisms, etc., which power biology would be oblivous to what's happening in Darwin's macro environment of the entire organism AND: - Neo-Darwinism suggests genetic mutation as the engine of evolution yet - the there is not even a hypothesis for modifying the vast non-genetic information in every living cell including the sugar code, electrical code, the spatial (geometric) code, and the epigenetic code AND: - Constant appeals to "convergent" evolution (repeatedly arising vision, echolocation, warm-bloodedness, etc.) - undermine most Darwinian anatomical classification especially those based on trivialities like odd or even-toed ungulates, etc. AND: - Claims that given a single species arising by abiogenesis, then - Darwinism can explain the diversification of life, ignores the science of ecology and the (often redundant) biological services that species rely upon AND: - humans' vastly superior intelligence indicates, as bragged about for decades by Darwinists, that ape hominids should have the greatest animal intelligence, except that - many so-called "primitive" creatures and those far distant on Darwin's tee of life, exhibit extraordinary rsr.org/animal-intelligence even to processing stimuli that some groups of apes cannot AND: - Claims that the tree of life emerges from a single (or a few) common ancestors - conflict with the discoveries of multiple genetic codes and of thousands of orphan genes that have no similarity (homology) to any other known genes AND (as in the New Scientist cover story, "Darwin Was Wrong about the tree of life", etc.): - DNA sequences have contradicted anatomy-based ancestry claims - Fossil-based ancestry claims have been contradicted by RNA claims - DNA-based ancestry claims have been contradicted by anatomy claims - Protein-based ancestry claims have been contradicted by fossil claims. - And the reverse problem compared to a squeeze. Like finding the largest mall in America built to house just a kid's lemonade stand, see rsr.org/200 for the astounding lack of genetic diversity in humans, plants, and animals, so much so that it could all be accounted for in just about 200 generations! - The multiplied things that evolved multiple times - Etc. * List of Ways Darwinists Invent their Tree of Life, aka Pop Goes the Weasle – Head and Shoulders, Knees and Toes: Evolutionists change their selection of what evidence they use to show 'lineage', from DNA to fossils to genes to body plans to teeth to many specific anatomical features to proteins to behavior to developmental similarities to habitat to RNA, etc. and to a combination of such. Darwinism is an entire endeavor based on selection bias, a kind of logical fallacy. By anti-science they arbitrarily select evidence that best matches whichever evolutionary story is currently preferred." -Bob E. The methodology used to create the family tree edifice to show evolutionary relationships classifies the descent of organisms based on such attributes as odd-toed and even-toed ungulates. Really? If something as wildly sophisticated as vision allegedly evolved multiple times (a dozen or more), then for cryin' out loud, why couldn't something as relatively simple as odd or even toes repeatedly evolve? How about dinosaur's evolving eggs with hard shells? Turns out that "hard-shelled eggs evolved at least three times independently in dinosaurs" (Nature, 2020). However, whether a genus has an odd or even number of toes, and similar distinctions, form the basis for the 150-year-old Darwinist methodology. Yet its leading proponents still haven't acknowledged that their tree building is arbitrary and invalid. Darwin's tree recently fell anyway, and regardless, it has been known to be even theoretically invalid all these many decades. Consider also bipedalism? In their false paradigm, couldn't that evolve twice? How about vertebrate and non-vertebrates, for that matter, evolving multiple times? Etc., etc., etc. Darwinists determine evolutionary family-tree taxonomic relationships based on numbers of toes, when desired, or on hips (distinguishing, for example, dinosaur orders, until they didn't) or limb bones, or feathers, or genes, or fossil sequence, or neck bone, or..., or..., or... Etc. So the platypus, for example, can be described as evolving from pretty much whatever story would be in vogue at the moment...   * "Ancient" Protein as Advanced as Modern Protein: A book review in the journal Science states, "the major conclusion is reached that 'analyses made of the oldest fossils thus far studied do not suggest that their [allegedly 145-million year-old] proteins were chemically any simpler than those now being produced.'" 1972, Biochemistry of Animal Fossils, p. 125 * "Ancient" Lampreys Just Modern Lampreys with Decomposed Brain and Mouth Parts: Ha! Researches spent half-a-year documenting how fish decay. RSR is so glad they did! One of the lessons learned? "[C]ertain parts of the brain and the mouth that distinguish the animals from earlier relatives begin a rapid decay within 24 hours..." :) * 140-million Year Old Spider Web: The BBC and National Geographic report on a 140-million year old spider web in amber which, as young-earth creationists expect, shows threads that resemble silk spun by modern spiders. Evolutionary scientists on the otherhand express surprise "that spider webs have stayed the same for 140 million years." And see the BBC. * Highly-Credentialed Though Non-Paleontologist on Flowers: Dr. Harry Levin who spent the last 15 years of a brilliant career researching paleontology presents much evidence that flowering plants had to originate not 150 million years ago but more than 300 million years ago. (To convert that to an actual historical timeframe, the evidence indicates flowers must have existed prior to the time that the strata, which is popularly dated to 300 mya, actually formed.) * Rampant Convergence: Ubiquitous appeals to "convergent" evolution (vision, echolocation, warm-bloodedness, icthyosaur/dolphin anatomy, etc.), all allegedly evolving multiple times, undermines anatomical classification based on trivialities like odd or even-toed ungulates, etc. * Astronomy's Big Evolution Squeeze: - Universe a billion, wait, two billion, years younger than thought   (so now it has to evolve even more impossibly rapidly) - Sun's evolution squeezes biological evolution - Galaxies evolving too quickly - Dust evolving too quickly - Black holes evolving too quickly - Clusters of galaxies evolving too quickly. * The Sun's Evolution Squeezes Life's Evolution: The earlier evolutionists claim that life began on Earth, the more trouble they have with astrophysicists. Why? They claim that a few billion years ago the Sun would have been far more unstable and cooler. The journal Nature reports that the Faint young Sun paradox remains for the "Sun was fainter when the Earth was young, but the climate was generally at least as warm as today". Further, our star would shoot out radioactive waves many of which being violent enough to blow out Earth's atmosphere into space, leaving Earth dead and dry like Mars without an atmosphere. And ignoring the fact that powerful computer simulators cannot validate the nebula theory of star formation, if the Sun had formed from a condensing gas cloud, a billion years later it still would have been emitting far less energy, even 30% less, than it does today. Forget about the claimed one-degree increase in the planet's temperature from man-made global warming, back when Darwinists imagine life arose, by this just-so story of life spontaneously generating in a warm pond somewhere (which itself is impossible), the Earth would have been an ice ball, with an average temperature of four degrees Fahrenheit below freezing! See also CMI's video download The Young Sun. * Zircons Freeze in Molten Eon Squeezing Earth's Evolution? Zircons "dated" 4 to 4.4 billion years old would have had to freeze (form) when the Earth allegedly was in its Hadean (Hades) Eon and still molten. Geophysicist Frank Stacey (Cambridge fellow, etc.) has suggested they may have formed above ocean trenches where it would be coolest. One problem is that even further squeezes the theory of plate tectonics requiring it to operate two billion years before otherwise claimed. A second problem (for these zircons and the plate tectonics theory itself) is that ancient trenches (now filled with sediments; others raised up above sea level; etc.) have never been found. A third problem is that these zircons contain low isotope ratios of carbon-13 to carbon-12 which evolutionists may try to explain as evidence for life existing even a half-billion years before they otherwise claim. For more about this (and to understand how these zircons actually did form) just click and then search (ctrl-f) for: zircon character. * Evolution Squeezes Life to Evolve with Super Radioactivity: Radioactivity today breaks chromosomes and produces neutral, harmful, and fatal birth defects. Dr. Walt Brown reports that, "A 160-pound person experiences 2,500 carbon-14 disintegrations each second", with about 10 disintergrations per second in our DNA. Worse for evolutionists is that, "Potassium-40 is the most abundant radioactive substance in... every living thing." Yet the percentage of Potassium that was radioactive in the past would have been far in excess of its percent today. (All this is somewhat akin to screws in complex machines changing into nails.) So life would have had to arise from inanimate matter (an impossibility of course) when it would have been far more radioactive than today. * Evolution of Uranium Squeezed by Contrasting Constraints: Uranium's two most abundant isotopes have a highly predictable ratio with 235U/238U equaling 0.007257 with a standard deviation of only 0.000017. Big bang advocates claim that these isotopes formed in distant stellar cataclysms. Yet that these isotopes somehow collected in innumerable small ore bodies in a fixed ratio is absurd. The impossibility of the "big bang" explanation of the uniformity of the uranium ratio (rsr.org/bb#ratio) simultaneously contrasts in the most shocking way with its opposite impossibility of the missing uniform distribution of radioactivity (see rsr.org/bb#distribution) with 90% of Earth's radioactivity in the Earth's crust, actually, the continental crust, and even at that, preferentially near granite! A stellar-cataclysmic explanation within the big bang paradigm for the origin of uranium is severely squeezed into being falsified by these contrasting constraints. * Remarkable Sponges? Yes, But For What Reason? Study co-author Dr. Kenneth S. Kosik, the Harriman Professor of Neuroscience at UC Santa Barbara said, "Remarkably, the sponge genome now reveals that, along the way toward the emergence of animals, genes for an entire network of many specialized cells evolved and laid the basis for the core gene logic of organisms that no longer functioned as single cells." And then there's this: these simplest of creatures have manufacturing capabilities that far exceed our own, as Degnan says, "Sponges produce an amazing array of chemicals of direct interest to the pharmaceutical industry. They also biofabricate silica fibers directly from seawater in an environmentally benign manner, which is of great interest in communications [i.e., fiber optics]. With the genome in hand, we can decipher the methods used by these simple animals to produce materials that far exceed our current engineering and chemistry capabilities." Kangaroo Flashback: From our RSR Darwin's Other Shoe program: The director of Australia's Kangaroo Genomics Centre, Jenny Graves, that "There [are] great chunks of the human genome… sitting right there in the kangaroo genome." And the 20,000 genes in the kangaroo (roughly the same number as in humans) are "largely the same" as in people, and Graves adds, "a lot of them are in the same order!" CMI's Creation editors add that "unlike chimps, kangaroos are not supposed to be our 'close relatives.'" And "Organisms as diverse as leeches and lawyers are 'built' using the same developmental genes." So Darwinists were wrong to use that kind of genetic similarity as evidence of a developmental pathway from apes to humans. Hibernating Turtles: Question to the evolutionist: What happened to the first turtles that fell asleep hibernating underwater? SHOW UPDATE Of Mice and Men: Whereas evolutionists used a very superficial claim of chimpanzee and human genetic similarity as evidence of a close relationship, mice and men are pretty close also. From the Human Genome Project, How closely related are mice and humans?, "Mice and humans (indeed, most or all mammals including dogs, cats, rabbits, monkeys, and apes) have roughly the same number of nucleotides in their genomes -- about 3 billion base pairs. This comparable DNA content implies that all mammals [RSR: like roundworms :)] contain more or less the same number of genes, and indeed our work and the work of many others have provided evidence to confirm that notion. I know of only a few cases in which no mouse counterpart can be found for a particular human gene, and for the most part we see essentially a one-to-one correspondence between genes in the two species." * Related RSR Reports: See our reports on the fascinating DNA sequencing results from roundworms and the chimpanzee's Y chromosome! * Genetic Bottleneck, etc: Here's an excerpt from rsr.org/why-was-canaan-cursed... A prediction about the worldwide distribution of human genetic sequencing (see below) is an outgrowth of the Bible study at that same link (aka rsr.org/canaan), in that scientists will discover a genetic pattern resulting from not three but four sons of Noah's wife. Relevant information comes also from mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) which is not part of any of our 46 chromosomes but resides outside of the nucleus. Consider first some genetic information about Jews and Arabs, Jewish priests, Eve, and Noah. Jews and Arabs Biblical Ancestry: Dr. Jonathan Sarfati quotes the director of the Human Genetics Program at New York University School of Medicine, Dr. Harry Ostrer, who in 2000 said: Jews and Arabs are all really children of Abraham … And all have preserved their Middle Eastern genetic roots over 4,000 years. This familiar pattern, of the latest science corroborating biblical history, continues in Dr. Sarfati's article, Genesis correctly predicts Y-Chromosome pattern: Jews and Arabs shown to be descendants of one man. Jewish Priests Share Genetic Marker: The journal Nature in its scientific correspondence published, Y Chromosomes of Jewish Priests, by scie

The gang discusses two papers that...   ok look. I'm going to level with you. No one in this podcast slept more than a few hours before we started recording. One of us was stuck on a plane and didn't get back home until 5 am the day of recording. Everyone was tired and stressed and so we all use this time to vent and drink. Sure, there are papers we talk about: growth rates of Triassic archosaurs and geographic gaps in our early tetrapod record. However, if what you want is focused discussion of the papers, this is not the podcast for you (it takes us 8 and a half minutes to get to the first paper). But if you like us at our most rambling, then do I have a podcast for you!   Up-Goer Five (Curt Edition): Last edition? Oh no the up-goer five word thing has gone down. I can not make an up-goer for this. That makes sense for this because also this time the friends are tired and talking about lots of things that are not the papers, which are about how animals get big and where animals are. But since the nice place that lets us do the word thing is gone, we might not be able to do this ever again. Sorry!   References: Marsicano, Claudia A., et al. "Giant stem tetrapod was apex predator in Gondwanan late Palaeozoic ice age." Nature (2024): 1-6. Klein, Nicole. "Diverse growth rates in Triassic archosaurs—insights from a small terrestrial Middle Triassic pseudosuchian." The Science of Nature 111.4 (2024): 1-5.

Scientists reveal a new giant salamander-like creature that lived before the dinosaurs, and on TDIH, the first travel agency is formed in the mid-1800s. This giant salamanderlike creature lived 40 million years before dinosaurs | AP News Giant stem tetrapod was apex predator in Gondwanan late Palaeozoic ice age | Nature Giant salamander-like predator with fangs existed 40 million years before dinosaurs, research reveals - CBS News A history of Thomas Cook, one of the world's oldest travel firms | CNN Contact the show - coolstuffcommute@gmail.com Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The gang discusses two papers that look at the shark fossil record. The first paper looks into the completeness of the record, and the second paper discusses the ecological implications of an exceptionally preserved specimen. Meanwhile, James has ideas of what is normal, Curt has a hard out, and Amanda shows her specific history interests.   Up-Goer Five (Curt Edition): The friends talk about two papers that look at animals with lots of soft parts that move through the water and have lots and lots of teeth. The first paper is looking at how well we know these animals in the past, since most of the time we may only know them by their teeth. They do a lot of things to see how much of the animals we have at any time. What they find is that, most of the time, we do not have many parts of these animals. However, there are some times in the past when we do see more parts that are not just teeth, so there might be times in the past that were better and making sure the soft parts were able to stick around and be found later. But most of the time, we really only have teeth or a few other parts, and that this makes these animals different from most other animals that are close to them and that makes sense because the rest of these animals have hard parts where these animals have soft parts. The second paper looks at one of these animals with soft parts where those soft parts were found today. This is the first time this type of animal has been found with its soft parts. Most of the time, we just find the teeth, which look like they were good at breaking hard things. With the soft parts, we can get an idea of how it would move through the water and if it was slow or fast. We can also find out what its brothers and sisters were. What they find is that the soft parts show that this animal looked like a lot of the animals in this group we see today that are not breaking hard things but are catching fast moving food in the water. This is not something we would think would happen, because today animals that have teeth like the ones this animal had don't need to move very fast to catch their food. This shows that this animal was doing something that we don't see today. This might be because there were lots of animals with hard parts on the outside that were moving in the water really fast at that time, which this one animal would have tried to catch for food.   References: Schnetz, Lisa, et al. "The skeletal completeness of the Palaeozoic chondrichthyan fossil record." Royal Society Open Science 11.1 (2024): 231451. Vullo, Romain, et al. "Exceptionally preserved shark fossils from Mexico elucidate the long-standing enigma of the Cretaceous elasmobranch Ptychodus." Proceedings of the Royal Society B 291.2021 (2024): 20240262.

The gang discusses two papers that look at the morphology and ecology of early fishes. The first paper investigates a hypothesis for how the pectoral girdle could have evolved, and the second paper looks at the functional morphology of a Paleozoic jawless fish. Meanwhile, Amanda missed some context, James throws some shade, and Curt is annoyed by AI.   Up-Goer Five (Curt Edition): The friends talk about two papers that look at animals from a long time ago that live in water. The first paper looks at how part of the shoulder in people may have first started as a part of another part of the animal in these animals that lived in water a long long time ago. They find these parts of this animals from a long long time ago that they can use to see how the parts around the head grew. They use this to say that the shoulder parts may have started as a part of the thing these animals use to breath. The second paper looks at the mouth of a type of animal that lived in water a long long time ago that did not have a hard part in the mouth to move up and down and eat food. They use an animal they found with a lot of parts to see how these animals may have lived and what they could have eaten. They find that this animal could have been picking up food from ground at the bottom of the water or they could have been of taking food out of the water. This shows that even animals without a hard part to move up and down to eat food were finding ways to eat a lot of different things.   References: Brazeau, Martin D., et al. "Fossil evidence for a pharyngeal origin of the vertebrate pectoral girdle." Nature 623.7987 (2023): 550-554. Dearden, Richard P., et al. "The three-dimensionally articulated oral apparatus of a Devonian heterostracan sheds light on feeding in Palaeozoic jawless fishes." Proceedings of the Royal Society B 291.2019 (2024): 20232258.

Eles são fofos, fedidos e mortais. Separe trinta minutinhos do seu dia e descubra, com a Mila Massuda, o reino dos fungos (Fungi), sua classificação, morfologia e importancia ecológica. Apresentação: Mila Massuda (@milamassuda) Roteiro: Mila Massuda (@milamassuda) e Emilio Garcia (@emilioblablalogia) Edição: @Matheus_Heredia (@mewmediaLAB) Produção: Prof. Vítor Soares (@profvitorsoares) e BláBláLogia (@blablalogia) REFERÊNCIAS: ALLSUP, Cassandra M.; GEORGE, Isabelle; LANKAU, Richard A. Shifting microbial communities can enhance tree tolerance to changing climates. Science, v. 380, n. 6647, p. 835-840, 2023. BENGTSON, Stefan et al. Fungus-like mycelial fossils in 2.4-billion-year-old vesicular basalt. Nature Ecology & Evolution, v. 1, n. 6, p. 0141, 2017. CASADEVALL, Arturo; KONTOYIANNIS, Dimitrios P.; ROBERT, Vincent. On the emergence of Candida auris: climate change, azoles, swamps, and birds. MBio, v. 10, n. 4, p. 10.1128/mbio. 01397-19, 2019. DOMEIGNOZ-HORTA, Luiz A. et al. Direct evidence for the role of microbial community composition in the formation of soil organic matter composition and persistence. ISME Communications, v. 1, n. 1, p. 64, 2021. GAN, Tian et al. Cryptic terrestrial fungus-like fossils of the early Ediacaran Period. Nature Communications, v. 12, n. 1, p. 641, 2021. KUHAR, Francisco et al. Delimitation of Funga as a valid term for the diversity of fungal communities: the Fauna, Flora & Funga proposal (FF&F). IMA Fungus, v. 9, n. 2, p. A71-A74, 2018. MILLS, Benjamin JW; BATTERMAN, Sarah A.; FIELD, Katie J. Nutrient acquisition by symbiotic fungi governs Palaeozoic climate transition. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, v. 373, n. 1739, p. 20160503, 2018

In the late 1930s, our understanding of the transition of fish to tetrapods — and the eventual jump to modern vertebrates — took an unexpected leap forward. The evolutionary a'ha came from a single partial fossil skull found on the shores of a riverbank in Eastern Canada.  Meet the Stegocephalian, Elpistostege watsoni, an extinct genus of finned tetrapodomorphs that lived during the Late Givetian to Early Frasnian of the Late Devonian — 382 million years ago.  Elpistostege watsoni — perhaps the sister taxon of all other tetrapods — was first described in 1938 by British palaeontologist and elected Fellow of the Royal Society of London, Thomas Stanley Westoll. Westoll's research interests were wide-ranging. He was a vertebrate palaeontologist and geologist best known for his innovative work on Palaeozoic fishes and their relationships with tetrapods.  As a specialist in early fish, Westoll was asked to interpret that single partial skull roof discovered at the Escuminac Formation in Quebec, Canada. His findings and subsequent publication named Elpistostege watsoni and helped us to better understand the evolution of fishes to tetrapods — four-limbed vertebrates — one of the most important transformations in vertebrate evolution.  www.fossilhuntress.com

Love warm, sandy beaches? Tropical azure seas? Metre-long sea scorpions? Then the Silurian is the backpacking destination for you! Join host David Mountain as he scuba dives through the Silurian period, the hidden gem of the Palaeozoic. Lasting from 444 to 419 million years again, this stretch of time sees the emergence of jawed fish, terrestrial arthropods, vascular plants and much, much more.Providing the expert advice are Dr James Lamsdell, a palaeobiologist at West Virginia University (http://jameslamsdell.com/; https://twitter.com/FossilDetective), and Dr Sandy Hetherington, a palaeobotanist at the University of Edinburgh (https://www.ed.ac.uk/profile/dr-sandy-hetherington; https://www.ed.ac.uk/biology/groups/hetherington; https://twitter.com/Sandy_Heth). If you want to find out more about the Silurian, be sure to check out their research!Follow the podcast on Twitter @prehistoryguide. Find out more at prehistoryguide.co.uk.Sound effects from Zapsplat.com.

What came before cute little fluffy birdies? Time to take a flight back to prehistoric Jordan to find out because the Derzelator has spoken and Peter is tasked with discovering what he can about ‘The Early Bird' in Jordan during the Palaeozoic! What's your favourite.. Wings, Legs, Breast, or.. neck bone? Put out some bird-seed and join the boys in a little bit of twitching.  Listen now to discover what a 2ft bone can tell you about the flying creatures of this long lost time.    Contact us hhepodcast.com hhepodcast@gmail.com instagram.com/hhepodcast https://vm.tiktok.com/ZMegovGJ6/ twitter.com/HHEPodcast facebook.com/HHEPod Reddit.com/r/hhepodcast   Links / Thanks  

In the late 1930s, our understanding of the transition of fish to tetrapods — and the eventual jump to modern vertebrates — took an unexpected leap forward. The evolutionary a'ha came from a single partial fossil skull found on the shores of a riverbank in Eastern Canada. Meet the Stegocephalian, Elpistostege watsoni, an extinct genus of finned tetrapodomorphs that lived during the Late Givetian to Early Frasnian of the Late Devonian — 382 million years ago. Elpistostege watsoni — perhaps the sister taxon of all other tetrapods — was first described in 1938 by British palaeontologist and elected Fellow of the Royal Society of London, Thomas Stanley Westoll.  Westoll's research interests were wide-ranging. He was a vertebrate palaeontologist and geologist best known for his innovative work on Palaeozoic fishes and their relationships with tetrapods. As a specialist in early fish, Westoll was asked to interpret a single partial skull roof discovered at the Escuminac Formation in Quebec, Canada. His findings gave us the publication that would name Elpistostege watsoni and helped us to better understand the evolution of fishes to tetrapods — four-limbed vertebrates — one of the most important transformations in vertebrate evolution. Hypotheses of tetrapod origins rely heavily on the anatomy of a few tetrapod-like fish fossils from the Middle and Late Devonian, 393–359 million years ago. These taxa — known as elpistostegalians — include Panderichthys, Elpistostege and Tiktaalik — none of which has yet revealed the complete skeletal anatomy of the pectoral fin. None until 2010, that is when a complete 1.57-metre-long articulated specimen was described by Richard Cloutier et al. in 2020. The specimen helped us to understand the origin of the vertebrate hand. It revealed a set of paired fins of Elpistostege containing bones homologous to the phalanges (finger bones) of modern tetrapods and is the most basal tetrapodomorph known to possess them. Once the phalanges were uncovered, prep work began on the fins. The fins were covered in scales and lepidotrichia (fin rays). The work was tiresome, taking more than 2,700 hours of preparation but the results were thrilling. We could now clearly see that the skeleton of the pectoral fin has four proximodistal rows of radials — two of which include branched carpals — as well as two distal rows organized as digits and putative digits. Despite this skeletal pattern — which represents the most tetrapod-like arrangement of bones found in a pectoral fin to date blurring the line between fish and land vertebrates — the fin retains lepidotrichia (those wee fin rays) distal to the radials. This arrangement confirmed an age-old question — showing us for the first time that the origin of phalanges preceded the loss of fin rays, not the other way around. This was evidence for the origins of the vertebrate hand that you and I use today.

The gang discusses two papers that look at the fossil record of fishes. The first paper looks at the ontogeny of ancient lampreys, and the second paper investigates the impact genome duplication had on the evolutionary history of teleost fishes. Meanwhile, James finds a gnome, Curt has an adorable ghost problem, Amanda appreciates good music, and we are all back on our b#ll$h!t.   Up-Goer Five (Curt Edition): Our friends talk about two papers that look at animals that live in the water and have hard parts on the inside. The first paper looks at some of these animals which have a round mouth. These animals today are very different as kids then as grown ups. As kids they live in the ground and pull food out of the water. As grown ups they move through the water and eat other animals. This paper looks at old parts of these animals from a long time ago to see if the kids always did this. They find that these very old animals did not have kids and grown ups acting so different. This means that having the kids do something different is a thing that is new, even though people have thought that these animals have always done this. The second paper looks at the how animals with hard parts that move through the water had the bits inside them that store how to build them get a times two. When there are more bits that store how to build them, it makes the homes in the hard parts bigger. So you can use how big these homes are in the hard parts to learn something about how many bits these animals have. Using old hard parts from old animals and a tree that shows which of the animals are close brothers and sisters to each other, they look at when changes in how big these homes in the hard parts were in the past. And since how big these homes are tells us how many bits that store how to build them they have, we can also see how these bits are changing through time. People have thought that getting more of these bits may be why there are so many of these types of animals. This paper shows that it may not be that simple. The number of bits goes up first, but the number of new animals does not go up at that time. Instead, it happens after big changes in the world. It is possible that these bits may have helped in bringing the number of these animals up, but it alone does not explain it.   References: Miyashita, Tetsuto, et al. "Non-ammocoete larvae of Palaeozoic stem lampreys." Nature 591.7850 (2021): 408-412. Davesne, Donald, et al. "Fossilized cell structures identify an ancient origin for the teleost whole-genome duplication." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118.30 (2021).

Las plantas han modificado la Tierra y han permitido el surgimiento de varias formas de vida, pero ¿Cómo surgieron las plantas? ¿Hace cuánto tiempo? ¿Qué sabemos sobre su evolución? PARA SABER MÁS: Harrison J. (2017) Development and genetics in the evolution of land plant body plans. The royal society. Kenrick P., Strullu-Derrien C. (2014) The Origin and Early Evolution of Roots. Plant Physiology. Lenton T., Crouch M., Johnson M., Pires N. & Dolan L. (2012) First plants cooled the Ordovician. Nature Geoscience Sauquet H., Balthazar M., Schönenberger J. (2017) The ancestral flower of angiosperms and its early diversification. Nature Communications Timothy S. Myers T. (2016) CO2 and late Palaeozoic glaciation. Nature Geoscience Guión: Mariana González Voz: Javier Lacroix Música: Miguel Solís, Mary Camarena y Jorge Verdín Edición: Erick Blackmer

Las plantas han modificado la Tierra y han permitido el surgimiento de varias formas de vida, pero ¿Cómo surgieron las plantas? ¿Hace cuánto tiempo? ¿Qué sabemos sobre su evolución? PARA SABER MÁS: Harrison J. (2017) Development and genetics in the evolution of land plant body plans. The royal society. Kenrick P., Strullu-Derrien C. (2014) The Origin and Early Evolution of Roots. Plant Physiology. Lenton T., Crouch M., Johnson M., Pires N. & Dolan L. (2012) First plants cooled the Ordovician. Nature Geoscience Sauquet H., Balthazar M., Schönenberger J. (2017) The ancestral flower of angiosperms and its early diversification. Nature Communications Timothy S. Myers T. (2016) CO2 and late Palaeozoic glaciation. Nature Geoscience Guión: Mariana González Voz: Javier Lacroix Música: Miguel Solís, Mary Camarena y Jorge Verdín Edición: Erick Blackmer

Today we celebrate a woman known as the Lady of Botany, yet today few people know her life story, and fewer still appreciate her difficult professional journey. We'll also learn about another female botanist who started one of the first degreed botany programs for women in England. We hear a story about a mink who set up residence in a winter garden from an avid gardener and writer. We Grow That Garden Library™ with a delightful book about Cottage Gardening. What could be more charming? And then we’ll wrap things up with the story of a dried flower expert who created everlastings for celebrities and he also shares some of his favorite flowers to preserve for long-term joy and delight.   Subscribe Apple | Google | Spotify | Stitcher | iHeart To listen to the show while you're at home, just ask Alexa or Google to “Play the latest episode of The Daily Gardener Podcast.” And she will. It's just that easy.   The Daily Gardener Friday Newsletter Sign up for the FREE Friday Newsletter featuring: A personal update from me Garden-related items for your calendar The Grow That Garden Library™ featured books for the week Gardener gift ideas Garden-inspired recipes Exclusive updates regarding the show Plus, each week, one lucky subscriber wins a book from the Grow That Garden Library™ bookshelf.   Gardener Greetings Send your garden pics, stories, birthday wishes, and so forth to Jennifer@theDailyGardener.org   Curated News Sir Isaac Bayley Balfour (1853-1922) – An Appreciation | RBGE.org |  Leonie Paterson   Facebook Group If you'd like to check out my curated news articles and original blog posts for yourself, you're in luck. I share all of it with the Listener Community in the Free Facebook Group - The Daily Gardener Community. So, there’s no need to take notes or search for links. The next time you're on Facebook, search for Daily Gardener Community, where you’d search for a friend... and request to join. I'd love to meet you in the group.   Important Events February 23, 1879 Today is the birthday of the British plant morphologist and anatomist, botanical historian, and philosopher of biology Agnes Arber. Since her father was the artist Henry Robertson, Agnes learned to draw as a child, and throughout her life, she illustrated all of her own botanical work. Agnes’ mom, also an Agnes, fostered her love of plants. Mentored and befriended by the botanist Ethel Sargent, Agnes mastered the microscope. Ethel was a profound role model in Agnes’ life. She not only taught Agnes her earliest lessons in botany, but she also modeled a unique approach to her work because Agnes watched Ethel successfully conduct her work in a small laboratory she had built in her home. Later, when Anges wrote her first book on her dear monocots (which are grass or grass-like flowering plants), she dedicated her work to the woman who was godmother to her only child Muriel Agnes Arber and the brightest beacon in her botanical career and: Ethel Sargent. In 1909, Agnes married a paleobotanist, Edward Alexander Newell Arber, of Trinity College at Cambridge. And it was thanks in part to Edward that Agnes moved to Cambridge from London and made a life there. Edward promised Agnes that “life in Cambridge offered unique opportunities for the observation of river and fenland plants.” Despite Edward’s appeal, for Agnes, Cambridge was tough. Cambridge was a much harder place for a female botanist than London - where Agnes would have had more opportunities, connections, and acceptance. Sadly, Agnes and Edward would be married for only nine years as Edward died in 1918. And so, before her 40th birthday, Agnes found herself both a widow and a single mother to six-year-old Muriel. After securing help with childcare and household duties, Agnes carried on with her botanical work -  she wrote constantly, she was poorly compensated for her work, and she never re-married. A few years after Agnes arrived in Cambridge, she started working at the Balfour Laboratory, which was owned by Newnham College and was a place for teaching women. Now, the creation of this laboratory was a direct result of allowing women admittance into Cambridge. And although women could attend Cambridge, they could not go to labs or classes, and so the Balfour Lab became their only option for conducting experiments. Over the 19 years that Agnes worked at Balfour, the female students gradually disappeared as classes and lab opportunities opened up for them in botany, chemistry, geography, etc. By 1925, Newnham College was ready to sell the lab to Cambridge; they needed the cash, and it seems only Agnes needed the lab. Yet when Agnes reached out to Cambridge, both the University and the head of botany, Albert Seward, rejected her - suggesting she might seek out a space to work at the botanic garden.  And so, an accomplished botanist and the widow of a Cambridge professor no less was left with nowhere to work. And so, seven years after her husband’s death, Agnes, like her mentor and friend Ethel Sargent, set up a home laboratory in the back of her house over the kitchen. Agnes worked from home for the rest of her life. A lover of researching whatever captured her curiosity, Agnes allowed her intellect to veer into areas seldom explored by her botanist peers, such as history, philosophy, poetry, and art. Yet, each of these disciplines molded and refined Agnes’s perspective on plant morphology, and they put her in a unique position to write her most impactful philosophical works in the twilight of her life. When it came time for Agnes to publish her final work, Cambridge snubbed her again when they declined to publish it. As per usual, Agnes persevered without the University’s help. Agnes became interested in botanical history after reading the old herbals. In 1912, Agnes released a book called Herbals: Their Origin and Evolution. Agnes's work reviewed the primary herbals written for a 200 year time period between 1470 and 1670. These beautiful books formed the basis for early botanical education, and, luckily for Agnes, many were housed at Cambridge. In her book, Agnes examined how the plant descriptions and illustrations evolved over time. An instant classic, Agnes forever changed the way herbals were reviewed and written. In her philosophical work, The Mind and the Eye, Agnes argued that there was a blurred line between the science and art of botany. Botanists cannot fully capture a flower through data alone, just as the painter cannot paint all that a flower contributes to nature. Any gardener who sees their garden with their head and their heart can relate to Agnes’ philosophy. When she was 67 years old, Agnes became the first female botanist to be elected as a Royal Society Fellow. Two years later, she became the first woman to receive the Linnean Society’s Gold Medal for her botanical work. Known by many in her circle as the “Lady of Botany,” Agnes wrote, “A record of research should not resemble a casual pile of quarried stone; it should seem "not built, but born,” as Vasari said in praise of a building.” Today, you can toast Agnes with a gin made in the UK. The gin is made in her honor and it's called Agnes Arber gin. And it's made with nine botanicals, including angelica, cassia, coriander, grapefruit, iris, juniper, lemon, licorice, and orange. And I think Agnes would be especially touched by the beautiful hand-drawn botanical illustrations on the label of every bottle. If ever there was a female botanist that deserved to be toasted, I believe Agnes Arber fits the bill.   February 23, 1980 Today is the anniversary of the death of the British botanist and botanical pioneer Marion Delf-Smith. A botanical trailblazer, Marion started the botany program at London's Westfield (a women’s college preparatory school) in 1906. To make the program a reality, Marion fundraised relentlessly, and then she bought everything the program needed to teach botany, mount specimens, store collections, and conduct fieldwork. Ultimately Westfield became one of the only places in the world where women could learn how to study botany. And in 1915, almost a decade after starting her degree program, Marion was finally able to award Bachelor’s degrees in botany to her students. Sixty-Seven years after starting her botany program, Marion was honored by her students on the occasion of her 90th birthday. Marion died seven years later, on this day in 1980. She was 97 years old. And there’s a lovely side note about Marion’s botanical career. At one point, Marion served as an editor for a botanical comedy magazine called "The Sportophyte." Marion’s poem,  "A Botanical Dream," was featured in a volume of The Sportophyte, and I thought I would share some quick definitions to help you appreciate her verse. Gymnosperms produce seed cones like conifers and the Ginko.  The Medullosae and Pteridosperms are extinct plants in the seed-fern group.  Calamites are extinct swamp plants related to horsetails - except that they could grow as tall as a ten-story building.  Cryptogams are plants that reproduce by spores (not flowers or seeds).   Sphenophyllum cones would refer to the spore-filled cone of an extinct group of plants that are a sister group to modern horsetails.  Finally, Palaeozoic is a reference to a long-ago era. The end of the Paleozoic period marked the most extraordinary extinction event on earth. A Botanical Dream Last night as I lay dreaming There came a dream so fair I stood mid ancient Gymnosperms Beside the Ginkgo rare. I saw the Medullosae With multipartite fronds, And watched the sunset rosy Through Calamites wands. Oh Cryptograms, Pteridosperms And Sphenophyllum cones, Why did ye ever fossilise To Palaeozoic stones?   Unearthed Words The most predaceous winter visitor we have had was a mink that took up residence under the woodpile one winter. The end of the pile was only 20 feet or so from the place where the drain pipe struck out of the pond, which tends to be open even when other areas of the pond are frozen. The Mink had found the perfect carryout restaurant right across from his winter Abode. We timed him: 20 seconds from leaving the woodpile to returning with a crayfish. We never saw him return empty-handed. — Jo Busha, Time and the Garden, February   Grow That Garden Library English Cottage Gardening by Margaret Hensel This book came out in 2000, and the subtitle is For American Gardeners, Revised Edition. In this book, Margaret shares everything she knows about English Cottage Gardening; and she’s as charming as her topic. Margaret breaks down ten cottage gardens owned by everyday gardeners in England and America. By deliberately not focusing on estate gardens, Margaret shows Daily Gardeners how anyone can cultivate the charm of a cottage garden. With inspiring photographs, Margaret focuses on plants that are easy to grow and give the look cottage gardeners love - enchanted shapes and natural forms, gentle colors, and endearing varieties. The last section of the book shares a glossary of 76 plant recommendations, including the Latin and common names, how to use them in the garden, as well as a list of places to find old rose varieties. This book is 256 pages of an English Cottage Garden masterclass taught by a garden designer who loves to teach the most novice gardener to create enchanting gardens and vistas right outside their windows. You can get a copy of English Cottage Gardening by Margaret Hensel and support the show using the Amazon Link in today's Show Notes for around $10    Today’s Botanic Spark Reviving the little botanic spark in your heart February 23, 1991 On this day, the Hartford Courant shared an article written by Anne Farrow called Garden of Everlasting Delights. This fantastic article features Gregg Fisk of Gregg Fisk Designs and his incredible dried arrangements and flower drying skills. Gregg’s creations are truly a cut above the rest, and his celebrity clients have included Barbara Streisand and Lady Bird Johnson. And a photo of one of his swags highlights outstanding features like small flower pots, hydrangea, globe amaranth, and love-in-a-mist. Now as for Gregg’s favorite plants to grow for drying, here’s what Gregg suggests: “Some of the basics are globe amaranth, the everlasting signifying immortality; American statice, a ruffle-edged annual that's durable and can be grown in a variety of colors; strawflowers; asters; zinnias; heather' in several different colors; and nigella, a flower with a delicate mauve seed head and a beautiful name: love-in-a-mist.  The current crop of books on growing flowers for drying also recommends hosta, the ubiquitous of shade-garden perennials; poppies, which have a globe-shaped seed case that dries easily, astilbe, ivy, baby's breath and the evocatively named money plant, which has a silvery, translucent seed case.  Another must-have for the home gardener is the rose. [Gregg] recommends planting a climbing rose, sometimes called the faerie rose… [which adds] a finished, old-fashioned appearance to dried arrangements.  From the herb family, [Gregg] chooses rosemary, which has a dark, blue-green needle and a wonderfully piney perfume; bay, for its fragrance; and both Silver King and Silver Queen artemisia. The artemisias, which really are silver-colored, look handsome and puffy in the garden and in dried arrangements.  The bright golden florets of yarrow, a perennial grown in the earliest New World gardens, is another of the herbs he always chooses, as are the low-growing lamb's ear, which has a velvety, gray-green leaf that is soft even when dried. Often shown in herb kits for children because it is so touchable, lamb's ears are particularly pretty in wreaths with a lot of pink flowers or placed in a bowl of homemade potpourri.  White lilacs can [hang-dry] easily and turn a pearlescent cream color.  Hydrangeas, too, can be hang-dried and then dyed in a variety of shades. Asters, a garden classic, dry beautifully in beach sand. Experimentation teaches you a lot, [and Gregg] has found an ally in… the microwave oven.  Though the procedure for drying flowers in the "mike" is more complicated than simple hang-drying methods, the results, particularly with… peonies, daffodils, marigolds, and roses, justify the effort required. The special advantage of microwave flower drying is that the delicate natural color of the bloom is preserved because the drying time is a fraction of traditional methods.”   Thanks for listening to The Daily Gardener. And remember: "For a happy, healthy life, garden every day."

Metalheads!! We continue our dig through our planet's back history and the Berliner outfit The Ocean Collective's work. The 2018 album Phanerozoic I: Palaeozoic. How did it compare to the 2020 release?

Of Collective Behavior and Trilobites Reading scientific papers can be a daunting prospect. Even the titles can contain layers of jargon. On Past Time, we work diligently to break down the barriers of science to make the discoveries of science for audiences of all ages. In this episode, we experiment with a new method: breaking […] The post Episode 34 – March of the Trilobites appeared first on Past Time Paleo.

Metal Mantra - O Podcast Onde o Metal é Sagrado Os melhores reviews do mundo heavy metal, todos dias na sua timeline Você está ouvindo Metal Mantra - Uma viagem pela história do Heavy Metal - SEG a SEX 00h Nos mande suas perguntas, sugestões, críticas, correções, elogios ou quaisquer outros comentários: Email - metalmantrapodcast@gmail.com Fb - Twitter - Instagram - @metalmantrapod Conheça o Heavy Bulletin - O Seu Guia Definitivo Para o Mundo do Heavy Metal - colabora.ai/metalmantra Ouça primeiro em - anchor.fm/metalsagrado Metal Mantra - Podcast Para o Metal Sagrado #MetalMantra

Conheça o mais recente trabalho do The Ocean! Metal Mantra - O Podcast Onde o Metal é Sagrado Você esta ouvindo Metal Mantra Best of 2018 - saiba mais em http://bit.ly/2GRzWpE ShowNotes Álbum do Episódio - The Ocean - Phanerozoic I: Palaeozoic Links comentados - Episódios Recomendados - Nos mande suas perguntas, sugestões, criticas, correções, elogios ou quaisquer outros comentários: Email - metalmantrapodcast@gmail.com Fb - Twitter - Instagram - @metalmantrapod Ouça primeiro em - anchor.fm/metalsagrado Metal Mantra - Podcast Para o Metal Sagrado #MetalMantra

Welcome to this special series of podcasts relating to a fieldtrip that I have been invited on by Dr Martin Brazeau of Imperial College London. I’m being flown out as the Palaeozoic arthropod “expert” of the team and I’ll be there to deal with all the eurypterids and phyllocaridids we come across, along as documenting the whole process for outreach and hopefully your enjoyment. In all, this trip will last around 6 weeks, during which time I’ll have no internet, electricity, running water or even any toilets. It’s going to be a gruelling trip, but hopefully one that will give you an insight into what life is like in the field. You will join us as we discuss the science, prepare for the trip, arrive in the field, go out digging and finally wrap things up. You will experience all the highs of discovering new and exciting fossils and the lows of when we’ve just all had enough. This expedition is a unique opportunity to share with you a single research project from start to finish, rather than just the results. In this first episode, we contextualise why we’re going into the field. What is the current lay of the research landscape? What we already know? and what are we aiming to find out about the early evolution of the jawed vertebrates, a group to which we ourselves belong?

Welcome to this special series of podcasts relating to a fieldtrip that I have been invited on by Dr Martin Brazeau of Imperial College London. I’m being flown out as the Palaeozoic arthropod “expert” of the team and I’ll be there to deal with all the eurypterids and phyllocaridids we come across, along as documenting the whole process for outreach and hopefully your enjoyment. In all, this trip will last around 6 weeks, during which time I’ll have no internet, electricity, running water or even any toilets. It’s going to be a gruelling trip, but hopefully one that will give you an insight into what life is like in the field. You will join us as we discuss the science, prepare for the trip, arrive in the field, go out digging and finally wrap things up. You will experience all the highs of discovering new and exciting fossils and the lows of when we’ve just all had enough. This expedition is a unique opportunity to share with you a single research project from start to finish, rather than just the results. We now move on to discussing the logistics of the trip. How do you go about making this kind of expedition happen? What are some of the challenges we will face? What will life be like in the camp? and how will we get our priceless fossils home?

Tooth shape and arrangement is strongly linked with diet, and palaeontologists often use teeth to determine what kind of food an animal may have been eating. Carnivorous teeth are generally more simple, while herbivorous teeth are more complicated. We know that herbivory evolved later, but how did the dentition of herbivores evolve? What kind of variation exists in herbivorous dentition? In this episode, we speak with Dr Aaron LeBlanc, a Killam Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Alberta. His research focuses on the evolution and development of teeth in amniotes, including some of his PhD work on the development of the dental system in herbivores, which we discuss in detail here, as well as the evolution of the mammalian system, which earned him the Alfred S. Romer Student Prize at last year’s SVP in Calgary.

The gang discusses the various ways that injuries and diseases can be preserved in the fossil record, as well as the information these pathologies can give us on ancient biodiversity and behavior. Also, Amanda is coerced into accepting a delivery, James discusses the ways in which he sizes up the world, and Curt makes cutting comparisons between fictional and real life characters.   Up-Goer Five (Amanda Edition): Today our friends talk about things that do not look right because the animal is broken or sick. First our friends talk about animals that are good to eat that have many arms. Some of these animals that are good to eat that have many arms are very old and do not live anymore. These animals that are gone have a rock inside their body that used to be on the outside but is now on the inside. One of these animals that are good to eat that have many arms has one of these rocks inside them and the rock has been hurt. We can look inside the rock where it has been hurt and see that it is not full of rock. We think that this rock was hurt by a little animal with many legs and a soft body that often makes water animals today sick or hurt. We think that this little animal with many legs and a soft body might have made this animal that is good to eat with many arms so sick it could not eat and died. Second our friends talk about an animal with four short legs and no hair. This animal with four short legs and no hair has a long behind. This long behind can sometimes fall off and the animal is fine. A big angry animal will eat the the behind and leave the animal with four short legs and no hair alone. Our friends talk about a very old animal with four short legs and no hair that had a behind that could fall off. It is the same as some living animals with four short legs and no hair, but it is also not the same. But it means that maybe the very oldest of these animals with four short legs and no hair could leave their behinds for big angry animals to eat, and they could run away and be safe, and so this thing that these animals can do is not a new thing but an old thing that has been around a long time, and not being able to do it is the new thing.    References: LeBlanc, A. R. H., et al. "Caudal autotomy as anti-predatory behaviour in Palaeozoic reptiles." Scientific reports 8.1 (2018): 3328.   Hoffmann, René, et al. "A Late Cretaceous pathological belemnite rostrum with evidence of infection by an endoparasite." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie-Abhandlungen287.3 (2018): 335-349. 

This episode was a blast to produce for a vertebrate scientist. I learned a ton about the echinoderms, the group of invertebrate animals to which sea stars, brittle stars, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, and crinoids belong. Be prepared for more adventures with invertebrate animals in the future. Engineering Echinoderms with Elizabeth Clark! This episode would […] The post Episode 23: Meet the Echinoderms! Adventures with Ancient Sea Stars! appeared first on Past Time Paleo.

When thinking of palaeontology in Asia, most people think of Mongolia and China, but there is actually a significant palaeontology community in Japan. Japan has many fossils, starting in the Ordovician, and ranging from everything from bivalves and trilobites to dinosaurs and mammals. In this episode, we speak with Dr. Makoto Manabe, the Director of the Centre for Collections and Centre for Molecular Biodiversity Research at the National Museum of Nature and Science in Tokyo. Makoto introduces us to Japanese palaeontology by walking Liz through the Japan Gallery at the museum, starting from the earliest fossils found up to more recent cave deposits.

The gang discusses how exceptional fossil preservation can change our understanding of ancient life, focusing specifically on two new studies that offer insight into trilobite reproduction and hyolith evolution respectively. And when faced with the challenge of describing the indescribable weirdness of hyoliths, the gang falls back on their old mainstay of saying "It's weird" and derailing the conversation every five minutes. But hey, there's a 20 minute conversation about science outreach in the middle there that comes out of nowhere that's not terrible.... so that's something... We're very... very... sorry. References: Hegna, Thomas A., Markus J. Martin, and Simon AF Darroch. "Pyritized in situ trilobite eggs from the Ordovician of New York (Lorraine Group): Implications for trilobite reproductive biology." Geology (2017): G38773-1. Moysiuk, Joseph, Martin R. Smith, and Jean-Bernard Caron. "Hyoliths are Palaeozoic lophophorates." Nature (2017).

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, Alan Dove, Rich Condit, and Kathy Spindler Guest: Trudy Rey Trudy joins the the TWiVlords to discuss new tests for detecting prions in the blood, and evidence showing that foamy retroviruses originated in the seas with their jawed vertebrate hosts at least 450 million years ago.   Become a patron of TWiV! Links for this episode Welcome omega tau to MicrobeTV Register for ASV 2017 Oliver Smithies dies Assays for prions in the blood (one, two) Biosafety working on prions (Michigan State) Marine origin of retroviruses in Palaeozoic era (Nature Comm) Cancer Virus by Dorothy Crawford Adenovirus and obesity (Int J Chronic Dis) Image credit Letters read on TWiV 424 Weekly Science Picks Trudy - Artist Jenni Viljaniemi Alan - Radio Garden Dickson - World's First Green Energy Boat Kathy - mSphereDirect video and web Rich - Deathworld Trilogy by Harry Harrison Vincent - Trump's Vaccine Panel (NYTimes), Offit's Response (Daily Beast), ASM Letter Send your virology questions and comments to twiv@microbe.tv

Brachiopods are some of the most common fossils to be found in rocks worldwide. Their thick, hard and (often) calcareous shells make them preferentially preserved in the fossil record. We probably all have found one, but how many of us overlooked them at the time? What can a brachiopod tell us? How big a role have they played throughout geological time? In this second part of a two-part episode we continue our interview with Prof. Lars Holmer, University Uppsala, Sweden, all about the humble brachiopod.

Richard Fortey found his first trilobite fossil when he was 14 years old and he spent the rest of his career discovering hundreds more, previously unknown to science. He is a Professor of Palaeontology at the Natural History Museum and talks to Jim al-Khalili about why these arthropods, joint-legged creatures which look a bit like woodlice and roamed the ancient oceans for almost 300 million years, are so important for helping us to understand the evolution of life on our planet. These new trilobite fossils were found at an exciting time for the earth sciences because of the emergence of plate tectonics. The discovery of communities of trilobite fossils could be used to reconstruct the shape of the ancient world and Richard used the new discoveries to help map the geologically very different Palaeozoic continents and seas. He admits that he is a born naturalist, fascinated by all aspects of the natural world (he's a leading expert on fungi) with a powerful drive to communicate its wonders to a wider public. His books and TV programmes on geology, the evolution of the earth, fossils as well as the creatures that survived mass extinctions, have brought him a whole new audience. And also he reveals an earlier secret life as a writer of humorous books, all written under a pseudonym. (Photo: Richard Fortey. Credit: BBC)

Brachiopods are some of the most common fossils to be found in rocks worldwide. Their thick, hard and (often) calcareous shells make them preferentially preserved in the fossil record. We probably all have found one, but how many of us overlooked them at the time? What can a brachiopod tell us? How big a role have they played throughout geological time? In this two-part episode we speak to Prof. Lars Holmer, University Uppsala, Sweden, all about the humble brachiopod.

The gang decides to revisit the past by returning to a few previous podcast topics and updating them with current research; starting with a survey of recent research into early vertebrate jaws. And like a snake eating its own tail, the conversation rambles about in circles and accomplishes very little. At the very least they manage to deliver an empathetic discussion of the impostor syndrome, seemingly for no reason. Meanwhile, Curt details teddy bear vivisection, James mixes pseudoephedrine and alcohol, and Amanda learns about the importance of eating before drinking.   References Pradel, Alan, et al. "A Palaeozoic shark with osteichthyan-like branchial arches." Nature (2014). Giles, Sam, Matt Friedman, and Martin D. Brazeau. "Osteichthyan-like cranial conditions in an Early Devonian stem gnathostome." Nature (2015).

Richard Fortey found his first trilobite fossil when he was 14 years old and he spent the rest of his career discovering hundreds more, previously unknown to science. Professor of Palaeontology at the Natural History Museum, he talks to Jim Al-Khalili about why these arthropods, joint-legged creatures which look a bit like woodlice and roamed the ancient oceans for almost 300 million years, are so important for helping us to understand the evolution of life on our planet. These new trilobite fossils were found at an exciting time for the earth sciences because of the emergence of plate tectonics. The discovery of communities of trilobite fossils could be used to reconstruct the shape of the ancient world and Richard used the new discoveries to help map the geologically very different Palaeozoic continents and seas. He admits that he's a born naturalist, fascinated by all aspects of the natural world (he's a leading expert on fungi) with a powerful drive to communicate its wonders to a wider public. His books and TV programmes on geology, the evolution of the earth, fossils as well as the creatures that survived mass extinctions have brought him a whole new audience. And Richard reveals to Jim an earlier secret life, as a writer of humorous books, all written under a pseudonym.

Echinoderms are characterised by a mineralised skeleton, specialised water vascular system and five-fold symmetry. It is this unusual body plane symmetry that gives the starfish its star-shape. None of these features, however, are possessed by the closest living relatives of echinoderms – the hemichordates. Palaeontology offers a unique perspective into the early evolution of echinoderms, revealing that echinoderm characteristics were acquired in a step-wise fashion from a bilaterally symmetrical ancestor. We speak to Dr Imran Rahman, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Bristol, about the early evolution of echinoderms, from worms to stars.

As Palaeocast celebrates it's 1st Birthday, we take the chance to look back over the past year and review our highlights. We also look towards the future and discuss our plans to attend some upcoming palaeontology conferences. We introduce a new member of the Palaeocast team and hear a little about the scientific work of all our members.

The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event, or 'GOBE', describes one of the most important increases in biodiversity in the history of life on earth. During a relatively short time span of some 25 million years, an explosion of new species, genera and families appeared. This increase in diversity was accompanied by an increase in ecosystem complexity. Plankton and suspension feeding organisms rapidly diversified and became important constituents of the food web. At the same time, large predators, such as the orthoconic nautiloids, evolved to exploit them. This biodiversity 'explosion' coincided with a dynamic period in earth's history during which continents were shifting, mountains were raised and massive volcanism occurred. Joining us to try and untangle the causes and consequences of this complex and fascinating period is Prof. David Harper of Durham University, UK.

Trilobites are one of the most instantly recognisable groups of fossils. They were present from the very start of the Paleozoic and went on the fill a great number of ecological roles before going extinct at the Permo-Triassic mass extinction event 252 million years ago. They ranged from the very small to the very large, from the most basic appearance to the most elaborately ornamented. We were lucky enough to get the opportunity to speak to Prof. Richard Fortey of the Natural History Museum, London, all about trilobite morphology and ecology.

The first animals came onto land sometime before 425 Ma. These early colonizers were members of a group called the arthropods - probably early relatives of the millipedes first. However, early land animals - especially those from the Palaeozoic era (542 - 252 Ma) - are relatively rarely preserved as fossils. The Carboniferous period (350-299 Ma) is an exception to this rule. During the Late Carboniferous, there is a window in which land animals are found preserved within the iron carbonate mineral siderite. This kind of preservation allows palaeontologists to use 3D reconstruction techniques - such as high resolution CT scanning - to investigate this unique insight into early land-based ecosystems. We talk to Dr. Russell Garwood - an 1851 research fellow at the University of Manchester - about the Carboniferous, the land animals which were around at the time, and the techniques he uses to study these.

Fossils are a glimpse into the distant past and fascinate young and old alike. This unit will introduce you to the explosion of evolution that took place during the Palaeozoic era. You will look at the many different types of creatures that existed at that time and how they managed to evolve to exist on land. This study unit is just one of many that can be found on LearningSpace, part of OpenLearn, a collection of open educational resources from The Open University. Published in ePub 2.0.1 format, some feature such as audio, video and linked PDF are not supported by all ePub readers.

Tue, 13 Jul 2004 12:00:00 +0100 https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/2413/ https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/2413/1/Schaetz_Michael.pdf Schätz, Michael ddc:550, ddc:500, Fakultä

Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit, wurden in verschiedenen Regionen Südamerikas detaillierte paläomagnetische Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Ziel dieser Arbeiten war die Erstellung einer hochauflösenden scheinbaren Polwanderkurve für Gondwana im Paläozoikum und eine Beschreibung der paläogeographischen Entwicklung des pazifischen Gondwanarandes. In den zentralen Anden wurden ordovizische bis früh-triassische Sequenzen untersucht. Im einzelnen wurden folgende Regionen detailliert bearbeitet: die Subandine Zone, die östliche Kordillere, der Altiplano, die Famatina Ketten die argentinische Vorkordillere sowie das Paganzo Becken. Zusätzlich wurden Sedimente und Vulkanite paläozoischen und kretazischen Alters auf dem südamerikanischen Kraton untersucht. Untersuchungsgebiete waren hier die Parnaíba, Araripe und Pernambuco-Paraiba Becken in Nordost Brasilien. Insgesamt wurden im Rahmen dieser Studie 1682 orientierte Proben an mehr als 320 Lokalitäten entnommen. Detaillierte paläomagnetische Experimente ergaben jedoch lediglich für einen Bruchteil dieser Kollektion zuverlässige Daten. Die Mehrheit des untersuchten Probenmaterials ist entweder remagnetisiert oder aber trägt Magnetisierungen, die als instabil zu bezeichnen sind. Dennoch konnte eine hohe Zahl paläomagnetischer Ergebnisse von hoher Qualität erzielt werden. Diese Ergebnisse liefern wichtige Parameter für das Verständnis der paläogeographischen Entwicklung Westgondwanas. Die mesozoischen Gesteine Nordost-Brasiliens (Sardinha Formation) weisen stabile, von Magnetit getragene Remenzrichtungen auf. Diese Remanenz wurde in der frühen Kreide erworben. Die gemittelte paläomagnetische Richtung dieser Einheit (120-130 Ma) ist D= 176°; I= +05.1°; a95= 2.0°; k= 355; n= 82 Proben; N= 15 Sites),was einer Pollage von l= 84.4°S; f= 090.7°E; A95= 1.8°; K= 441.9 entspricht. Dieser Pol ist in guter Übereinstimmung mit bereits publizierten Daten datierter paläomagnetischen Pole der Unterkreide Brasiliens. Fasst man die Ergebnisse der Sardinha Formation mit publizierten und verlässlichen Daten gleichen Alters zusammen so ergibt sich ein neuer paläomagnetischer Pol für die frühe Kreide (115-133 Ma) des stabilen Südamerikas (l= 84.3°S; f= 067.7°E ; A95= 2.3°; K= 867). Die Einheiten der Mitu und Copacabana „Groups“, aufgeschlossen in den südlichen peruanischen Anden, tragen primäre, gut definierte Remanenzrichtungen die in der frühen Trias bzw. dem frühen Perm erworben wurden. Sowohl inverse als auch normale Polarität konnten bei Proben der Mitu „Group“ (244 ±6 Ma) nachgewiesen werden (D= 349.3°; I= -35.3°; a95= 4.1°; k= 351.4; n= 36 Proben; N= 5 Sites). Die hohe Qualität der Daten wird durch einen positiven Faltentest (99% Konfidenz) und eine positiven Reversaltest der Kategorie B belegt. Durch Kombination dieser Daten mit bereits publizierten paläomagnetischen Ergebnissen ergibt sich ein neuer früh-triassischer Pol von l= 78.6°S; f= 351.9°E (A95= 3.7°; K= 447). Im Gegensatz zur Mitu „Group“ wurden bei den Proben der früh-permischen Copacabana „Group“ ausschließlich Remanenzrichtungen inverser Polarität identifiziert. Diese Tatsache legt einen Erwerb der Magnetisierung während der „Permian-Carboniferous Reverse Superchron“ (PCRS) nahe. Der Faltentest ist auf dem 99% Konfidenzniveau positiv. Die gemittelte paläomagnetische Richtung von D= 166.1°; I= +48.9° (a95= 4.5°; k= 131.5; n= 39 Proben; N= 9 Sites) und der damit definierte früh-permische Pol (l= 68.2°S; f= 321.3°E; A95= 5.2°; K= 99.8) kann daher als zuverlässig betrachtet werden. Auch in diesem Fall lässt sich ein neuer paläomagnetischer Pol berechnen. Zusammen mit Literaturdaten ergibt sich ein Pol für das frühe Perm des stabilen Südamerika von l= 70.4°S; f= 341.8°E; A95= 8.8°; K= 48.3; N= 7 Daten). Die neuen Ergebnisse für das frühe Perm und die frühe Trias des stabilen Südamerikas haben weitreichende Auswirkungen auf die paläogeographische Rekonstruktion Pangäas. Sie sind nicht kompatibel mit Polen gleichen Alters wie sie für Laurussia bestimmt wurden, wenn man ein Pangäa A Konfiguration annimmt. Geht man allerdings von einer Pangäa B Konfiguration im frühen Perm und dem Modell von Pangäa A2 in der frühen Trias aus, so werden diese Unstimmigkeiten aufgelöst. In diesem paläogeographischen Szenario muß man von einer westwärtigen Bewegung Gondwanas relativ zu Laurussia während des Perms ausgehen. Diese Relativbewegung hat sich möglicherweise im Jura fortgesetzt, bis die Pangäa A Konfiguration, so wie sie allgemein für den Zeitraum vor dem Zerbrechen Pangäas akzeptiert wird, erreicht wurde. Die Einheiten der „Subandine Zone“ Boliviens (Taiguati Formation) lieferten keine primären Remanenzrichtungen. Allerdings konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die ermittelte mittlere paläomagnetische Richtung (D= 149.0°; I= +54.0°; a95= 5.1°; k= 46; Pol: l= 58.3°S; f= 348.9°E; A95= 6.0°; K= 66) auf eine Remagnetisierung im späten Karbon zurückzuführen ist. Ein Vergleich mit Daten gleichaltriger Gestein aus anderer Regionen Südamerikas, Afrika und Australien ergibt eine sehr gute Übereinstimmung. Daher kann auch in diesem Fall ein neuer kombinierter spät-karbonischer Pol für Südamerika bestimmt werden (l= 53.0°S; f= 348.4°E; A95= 6.0°; K= 86.4; N= 8 Daten). Die neuen paläomagnetischen Pole erlauben die Erstellung einer vollständigen scheinbaren Polwanderkurve „apparent polar wander path“, APWP) für Südamerika und damit indirekt auch für Gondwana. Transferiert man diesen APWP in afrikanische Koordinaten, so zeigt es sich, dass der Paläosüdpol sich von der nördlichen Antarktis (spätes Karbon) südwärts bis in die südliche Antarktis (frühe Trias) bewegt hat. Daraus ergibt sich eine nordwärtige Drift Gondwanas mit einer mittleren Geschwindigkeit von 7.2 cm/a zwischen dem frühen Karbon und dem frühen Perm. Während des Perms liegt die aus den Daten abgeleitete mittlere Driftgeschwindigkeit bei 4.6 cm/a. Der in dieser Arbeit vorgeschlagene APWP unterstützt das Modell von Torsvik und Van der Voo (2002) und McElhinney et al. (2003) für das karbonische bis triassische Segment des APWPs Gondwanas. Widersprüche ergeben sich allerdings aus dem Vergleich der neuen spät-karbonischen Daten mit der APWP von Bachtadse und Briden (1991), Schmidt et al. (1990) und Smith (1998). Um weitere Daten für den APWP Gondwanas im frühen Paläozoikums zu gewinnen wurde die Umachiri Serie (Altiplano, Süd-Peru) beprobt. Es konnte eine stabile Magnetisierungskomponente isoliert werden (D= 003.6°; I= +45.5°; a95= +13.5°; K= 84; n= 18 Proben; N= 3 Sites). Der primäre Charakter dieser früh-ordovizischen Komponente wird durch einen positiven Faltentest (99% Konfidenzniveau) untermauert. Anhand der Remanenzrichtungen wurde die Paläobreitenlage von Süd-Peru mit 27 ±5°S bestimmt. Dieses Ergebnis ist konsistent mit der Lage des Randes Südamerikas innerhalb Gondwanas im frühen Ordoviz. Allerdings weicht die Pollage der Umachiri Serie deutlich vom Referenzpol Gondwanas für diesen Zeitbereich ab. Die Daten weisen auf eine Rotation des Beprobungsgebietes um 45° gegen den Uhrzeigersinn relativ zu dem stabilen Südamerika hin. Frühere Studien belegen, dass diese Rotationen nach dem Oligozän stattgefunden haben müssen. Sie stehen im Zusammenhang mit einer Scherzone, die sich während der andinen Deformation im nördlichen Altiplano gebildet hat. Ein anderer Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit ist mit Hilfe paläomagnetischer Methoden die komplexen tektonischen Prozesse Nordwest-Argentiniens während des Paläozoikums anhand der „Vorkordillere“ und der „Famatina Ketten“ zu untersuchen. Innerhalb der „Vorkodillere“ wurden unter anderem die Patquia, Guandacol, Los Espejos, San Juan und die La Silla Formationen beprobt. Jede dieser Einheiten ergab primäre Remanenzrichtungen. Im Fall der San Juan und der La Silla Formation kann dies durch einen positiven Faltentest nachgewiesen werden. Sowohl die Ergebnisse der spät-permischen Patquia Formation (D= 225.8°; I= +61.8°; a95= 3.0°; k=215; n=12 Proben) und der spät-karbonischen Guandacol Formation (D= 194.1°; I= +59.8°; a95= 4.4°; k= 279; n= 8 Proben) als auch die Daten der spät-silurischen Los Espejos Formation (D= 289.8°; I= -29.9°; a95= 17.6°; k= 50; n= 20 Proben, N= 3 Sites) deuten darauf hin, dass die „Prekordillera“ um 60° mit den Uhrzeigersinn relativ zu dem stabilen Teil Südamerikas rotiert ist. Auch hier ist der Ursprung der Rotation in der känozoischen andinen Deformation zu suchen. Ältere Einheiten zeigen ein davon abweichendes Richtungsverhalten. Die Ergebnisse der früh-ordovizischen San Juan und La Silla ergeben eine Paläobreitenlage der Vorkordillere von 39.5 ±4°S. Dies ist konsistent mit ihrer Lage relativ zu Südamerika innerhalb Gondwanas im frühen Ordoviz, d. h. die Vorkodillere war zu diesem Zeitpunkt bereits ein Teil Gondwanas. Der kombinierte Datensatz der San Juan und der La Silla Formation deutet allerdings eine relative Rotation dieser Einheiten von 45° gegen dem Uhrzeigersinn hin. Daher muß von einer Rotation von 105° (gegen dem Uhrzeigersinn) zwischen dem frühen Ordoviz und dem späten Silur ausgegangen werden. Wahrscheinlich steht sie in Verbindung mit der Ocloyíc Deformation, die zur Schließung des Puna Beckens geführt hat. Die Ergebnisse für die „Famatina Ketten“ basieren auf Untersuchungen an der De La Cuesta Formation (spätes Perm) und der Suri Formation (frühes Ordoviz). In beiden Fällen konnten stabile primäre Remanenzrichtungen isoliert werden. Vergleicht man sowohl die Daten der Suri Formation (D= 107°; I= 31°; a95= 7.1°; k= 97; n= 25 Proben; N= 5 Sites) als auch die der De La Cuesta Formation (D=163.2°; I= +43.8°; a95= 10.0°; k=59.5; n= 23 Proben; N= 5 Sites) mit dem jeweiligen gleichaltrigen Referenzpol des stabilen Südamerikas und Gondwanas, so stellt sich heraus, dass nur erste eine Rotation (60° mit dem Uhrzeigersinn) belegen. Wie schon bei der San Juan und der La Silla Formation ist auch hier wahrscheinlich die Ocloyíc Deformation dafür verantwortlich. Die aus den Resultaten der Suri Formation abgeleitet Paläobreitenlage der „Famatina“ (16.5 ±3°S) deckt sich mit ihrer Position innerhalb Gondwanas im frühen Ordoviz. Man kann daher davon ausgehen, dass sie ihre Lage relativ zu dem stabilen Südamerika seit dem frühen Ordiviz nicht verändert hat. Damit kann im Gegensatz zu anderen Modellen ein para-autochthone Ursprung der „Famatina“ ausgeschlossen werden. Zusammenfassend liefern die Rahmen dieser Arbeit erzielten Daten wichtige Parameter für die Bestimmung des Zeitpunkts der „terrane“ Akkretion und der Deformationsgeschichte am westlichen Rand Gondwanas. Basierend auf diesen Ergebnisse kann gezeigt werde, dass die argentinische Vorkordillere integraler Bestandteil Südamerikas bereits im frühen Ordoviz war. Die weitere Konsolidierung des südamerikanischen Rands war mit großmaßstäblichen, vorpermischen Rotationen verbunden. Weiter Rotationen fanden während der andinen Orogenese statt. Qualitativ hochwertige Ergebnisse für Südperu unterstützen paläogeographische Modelle vom Typ Pangäa B für das frühe Perm und Pangäa A2 Konstellationen in der frühen Trias.

The drift history of Gondwana following the break-up of Rodinia (or perhaps Pannotia) to the amalgamation into Pangaea has great implications in many disciplines in Earth sciences, but remains largely unknown. Among the apparent polar wander (APW) paths published for Gondwana in the last few decades, large discrepancies exist (sometimes up to thousands of kilometres). The mid Palaeozoic segment of the APW path is particularly problematic, and two primary schools of thought arise. Some authors favour a Silurian – Devonian loop in their APW path passing through southern South America (on a reconstruction of Gondwana), whereas others draw a path directly through Africa during this period. The main controversy stems essentially from whether or not palaeomagnetic data from eastern Australia are incorporated in order to compensate for the lack of mid Palaeozoic data. Determining whether the terranes of the Southern Tasmanides are (para-)autochthonous or allochthonous in origin is therefore of crucial importance and a matter of intense debate. The aim of the work presented herein is to palaeomagnetically define the positions of these terranes throughout the Palaeozoic in order to better constrain the complex tectonic history of this region and to help clarifying the APW path of Gondwana. The construction of an APW path is discussed herein. An attempt is made to determine whether only “objective” criteria can be employed to select data used to draw an APW path. However, it is shown that the palaeomagnetic database has not enough entries. Subjective data selection must be introduced leading to two end-members: the X-type and the Y-type, thought to be best illustrated by the X-path proposed by Bachtadse & Briden (1991) and the Y-path proposed by Schmidt et al. (1990). These two models are, therefore, used in the discussion of the results obtained for this study. The Southern Tasmanides had a complex tectonic history with several orogenic events throughout the Palaeozoic. The sampling coverage carried out for this study comprises fifty localities (289 sites, 1576 cores, 3969 specimens; see table 1, pages 54-55) distributed along an east-west transect across most of the subdivisions of the Southern Tasmanides. The sampled localities are gathered in three main areas: the Broken Hill area, the Mount Bowen area, and the Molong area, which are situated where no published palaeomagnetic studies were previously available providing, therefore, new information. Sampling and laboratory procedures have been carried out using standard techniques. In particular, detailed stepwise thermal demagnetisation, principal component analysis, anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility and rock magnetic measurements have been systematically employed. The routine measurement of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility allowed drawing the first maps of the magnetic fabrics throughout the region. A strong correlation between the magnetic fabrics and the main tectonic structures corroborates the existence of cross-structures (E-W) in the Southern Tasmanides. The directions of magnetisation obtained yielded much information, despite poor quality. The effects of weathering are deep, intense and widespread. For example, most of the samples from the Mount Arrowsmith Formation (localities ARR & ARO) and the Funeral Creek Limestone (FUN) in the Broken Hill area (western New South Wales) are totally remagnetised, as well as some from the Mitchell Formation (MIT) in the Molong area (eastern New South Wales). Secondary magnetisations are also largely responsible for the bad results obtained in most of the fifty localities studied. Intermediate directions of magnetisation are common and often result in significant data scattering, as illustrated for instance by results from the Kandie Tank Limestone (KAN; Broken Hill area) or the Ambone and Ural Volcanics (HOP, BOW, SHE; Mount Bowen area). In general, it has not been possible to precise the remagnetisation process leading to those scattering. Nevertheless, a major remagnetisation event, probably thermo-chemical in origin, has been also recognised. This event is thought to be Oligocene in age and triggered by changes in geothermal gradient prior to the onset of hot spot volcanism in the Molong area. The existence of Jurassic overprints are also suggested, in particular in the Broken Hill area, possibly in association of intrusion of mafic dykes. All other magnetic components described herein are considered Palaeozoic in age, but further constraints on age are very difficult to establish since field tests are most often not significant. Palaeopoles obtained from three localities, however, are believed to correspond to primary magnetisations. The pole from the Late Cambrian Cupala Creek Formation (CUP), confirmed by a positive unconformity test, implies that this zone can be regarded fixed relative to the craton since the Late Cambrian. In the Early Devonian Mount Daubeny Formation (DAU), the applied fold test, contact test and conglomerate test indicate the primary origin of the magnetisation carried by haematite. The corresponding pole (DAU) is, however, significantly distinct from the VGP deduced from the Early Devonian Ural Volcanics (MER) showing that at least one of the two localities has been rotated. The MER pole agrees with the remagnetisation pole associated with the Cupala Creek Formation, and favours the X-type of APW path proposed by Bachtadse & Briden (1991) for Gondwana. The outcome of this agreement contradicts the Y-type path and the existence of a Silurian – Devonian loop mainly anchored on the Early Devonian Snowy River Volcanics pole obtained by Schmidt et al. (1987). Invocation of terrane rotation, arising possibly from a pull-apart basin, may explain the discrepancy between the pole from Mount Daubeny Formation and the X-path. The most significant finding of this study is the widespread terrane rotation. This conclusion is based upon the inability of intermediate directions of magnetisation, alternate APW path for Gondwana, true polar wander or non-dipole field contribution to correctly explain the distribution of these new data. Consequently, one has to admit that block translation and rotation occurred in the Southern Tasmanides in the first half of the Palaeozoic Era and perhaps up to the Early Carboniferous. A possible scenario concerning the tectonic arrangement of blocks in the Southern Tasmanides is presented in conclusion. This palinspastic model involves block translation in the Siluro-Devonian, and rotation in the Early and more probably Middle Devonian, with late tectonic displacements and rotations in the South-Western Belt of the Lachlan Orogen in the Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous.

The present work combines palaeomagnetic and rock magnetic methods with clay mineralogy, isotope geochemistry of clay minerals and trace element geochemistry of Fe-oxide leachates to study remagnetised sedimentary rocks from Palaeozoic outcrops in Middle and Eastern Europe. Three areas were selected (NE Rhenish Massif, Barrandian and Holy Cross Mountains), where the causes of Late Palaeozoic remagnetisations are yet unclear. The results yield important implications for the processes and mechanisms responsible for the remagnetisations in the areas studied. NE Rhenish Massif: A Late Carboniferous remagnetisation (component B) is identified in Late Palaeozoic carbonate and clastic rocks from the NE Rhenish Massif. Three individual incremental regional fold tests across the area show a unique and distinctive variation in timing of remagnetisation relative to the age of folding. The remagnetisation is postfolding in the South and of synfolding origin in the North of the area. Consequently, the timing and the duration of the remagnetisation event is constrained by the age of folding, which varies throughout the area and reflects a northward migration of the deformation front during 325 Ma to 300 Ma. Comparison of the resulting palaeolatitude of the NE Rhenish Massif with the palaeolatitudinal drift history for the region yields an estimate for the age of remagnetisation of ca. 315 - 300 Ma, which is in good agreement with the age of deformation. The concordance of the magnetic palaeoinclinations obtained from the entire area indicates that the rocks were remagnetised during a relatively short period of only a few My. The thermal stability of the remanence up to 550°C the comparably low palaeotemperatures in the studied region and the short duration of the remagnetisation event favour a chemical remagnetisation process. Rock magnetic experiments reveal a complex magnetomineralogy of the remagnetised Palaeozoic sediments from the NE Rhenish Massif. The dominant carrier of the Carboniferous magnetisation component is magnetite, but pyrrhotite and hematite accompany magnetite as carrier of the NRM in some grey carbonates and red sandstones or red nodular limestones, respectively. The hysteresis ratios, magnetic viscosity and low temperature behaviour of the carbonate rocks give strong evidence for the presence of very fine grained (superparamagnetic) magnetic minerals. This material is also thought to be responsible for similar rock magnetic properties of siliciclastic rocks. This interpretation, however, is not unique for the siliciclastic rocks, due to the predominance of detrital MD magnetite and the high amount of paramagnetic material. The hysteresis ratios from medium to coarse grained rocks and reef carbonates fall in or close to the fields of MD magnetite and remagnetised carbonates, respectively. The fine grained clastic rocks (siltstones) and limestone turbidites have intermediate hysteresis properties. This implies the presence of very fine grained magnetic material in all lithologies of the NE Rhenish Massif, which is indicative for authigenic growth of magnetic minerals and formation of a CRM. However, the magnetic fingerprint of SP grains gets increasingly disguised with increasing amount of detrital MD magnetite in clastic rocks. K-Ar dating of

In the South Indian basement, several crustal-scale amphibolite facies shear zones occur between high-grade metamorphic units with a different geological history: the EW-trending Moyar Shear Zone (MSZ) is a zone of predominantly dip-slip transport separating the Archaean Dharwar Craton in the north from the late Archaean Nilgiri Block in the south. The NE-SW-trending, dextral-transpressive Bhavani Shear Zone (BSZ) constitutes the southern boundary of the Nilgiri Block in its western part and bounds the southern Dharwar Craton further east. South of the BSZ, the high-grade metasediments and metaintrusives of the Maddukarai region are separated from the 0.6 Ga-metamorphic Madurai Block by the EW-trending dextral Palghat Shear Zone (PSZ). MSZ, BSZ and PSZ are regarded as parts of the prominent Cauvery shear system. The N-S-trending sinistral Kollegal Shear Zone (KSZ), which transects the Dharwar Craton, is cut off by the Cauvery shear system. These shear zones play an important role in reconstructing the position of India within the East Gondwana terrane assembly. A combined Sm-Nd, Rb-Sr and U-Pb isotopic study was carried out on granulite remnants, amphibolite facies (mylonitic) gneisses and pre-, syn- und postmetamorphic intrusives in order to examine the tectonometamorphic evolution of the MSZ, BSZ, PSZ and KSZ. Whole rock data The majority of relic and retrogressed granulites from the MSZ (TDM 2.3–3.1 Ga) and BSZ (TDM 2.6-2.9 Ga) show late Archaean average crustal residence ages. With respect to their LIL-, Nb-depleted tonalitic nature and Nd-model ages, these rocks resemble the neighbouring Nilgiri granulites. Mylonitic gneisses and granulite remnants from the BSZ yielded a Sm-Nd-whole rock-age of 2520 ± 150 Ma (εNd(t) +0.6; MSWD = 2.2), which is interpreted as protolith age. I-Type granites and tonalites, which intruded the MSZ ~620 Ma ago (87Sr/86Sri 0.7039), gave unusually young Nd model ages of 1.8-1.9 Ma suggesting derivation from a Mid- to Neoproterozoic upper mantle source, presumably with minor contribution of an older crust. An allochthonous quarzite (TDM 3.3 Ga) of the BSZ is regarded as counterpart of the Archaean Sargur group, which is exposed in schist belts of the Dharwar Craton. As suggested by geochemical features (LIL-, Nd-rich granitoids) and Neoarchaean-Palaeoproterozoic Nd-model ages (TDM 2.3-3.0 Ga), the PSZ-gneisses show affinity to the adjacent Madurai Block. Sheared orthogneisses from the KSZ show Mesoarchaean average crustal residence ages (TDM 3.2-3.3 Ga) typical for Dharwar Craton gneisses. Mineral dating on granulites Mineral age data of relic granulites from the MSZ, BSZ and PSZ provide evidence for the metamorphic precursor history of the shear zone rocks: gnt-plag-px-granulites from low-strain domains yielded Sm-Ndgarnet- whole rock ages of 2355 ± 22 Ma (εNd(t) -1.4) for the MSZ and 2329 ± 19 Ma (εNd(t) -2.0) for the BSZ, both recording late-stage Palaeoproterozoic granulitisation of the rocks and corresponding with garnet data from the Nilgiri Block. Correlated low εNd-initial values reflect the short time span between crustal genesis and garnet crystallisation. Further Sm-Nd mineral data from BSZ-granulites are between 1275 ± 10 Ma and 1106 ± 48 Ma (garnet/plagioclase-whole rock-pairs; εNd(t) –5.8 to –25.4), indicating a Mesoproterozoic metamorphic imprint. A charnockite from the southern BSZ, which is interpreted as a separate lithological unit, yielded a reproducable Sm-Nd-garnet-whole rock age of 1705 ± 11 Ma (εNd(t) –12.4), presumably recording late Palaeoproterozoic metamorphism. Mineral dating on gneisses and younger intrusives Amphibolite facies rocks with younger fabrics yielded Neoproterozoic to early Palaeozoic mineral age data for the MSZ, BSZ and PSZ: Sm-Nd mineral ages from gneiss-mylonites imply a first stage of early Pan-African shearing in the MSZ ~745 Ma ago (garnet/plagioclase-hornblende-pairs: 743 ± 13 Ma, 747 ± 75 Ma) and in the BSZ ~730 Ma ago (garnetwhole rock-pair: 726 ± 9 Ma). This tectonic stage immediately followed a period of anorogenic alkalimagmatism in the eastern continuation of the BSZ suggesting that it may be attributed to an overall extensive regime. A second stage of late Pan-African shearing in the MSZ at ~620 Ma is constrained by statistically equivalent concordant U-Pb zircon ages that are interpreted to record crystallisation of syndeformative intrusives with Itype characteristics (granite: 616 ± 19 Ma, tonalite: 633 ± 23 Ma). Coeval to slightly younger metamorphic garnet growth in adjacent MSZ-gneisses and -mylonites is reflected by Sm-Nd-garnet-whole rock ages between 624 ± 9 Ma and 591 ± 5 Ma. Subsequent postdeformative cooling in the MSZ is constrained by Rb-Sr micawhole rock ages (muscovite: 594 ± 23 Ma; biotite: 603 ± 12 Ma to 547 ± 7 Ma). The 620 Ma-shearing event in the MSZ predates late Pan-African tectonometamorphism in the BSZ, which, according to garnet crystallisation, occurred ~550 Ma ago (Deters-Umlauf, 1997). Amphibolite facies shear deformation in the PSZ is even younger, as suggested by a Sm-Nd-garnet-whole rock age of 521 ± 8 Ma. A lower limit for the age of ductile shearing in the BSZ is provided by a Sm-Nd-garnet-whole rock-age of 513 ± 5 Ma reflecting postdeformative emplacement of a pegmatitic dyke in mylonitic host gneisses. According to Rb- Sr-mica age dating, postdeformative cooling of the sheared BSZ-gneisses (biotite-whole rock-pairs: 508 to 491 ± 12 Ma) and the undeformed dyke (muscovite-K'feldspar: 504 ± 13 Ma, biotite-K'feldspar: 488 ± 12 Ma) as well as cooling of the PSZ-gneisses (biotite-whole rock-pairs: 486, 487 and 488 ± 12 Ma) may have been slightly diachronous. In summary, the new geochronological data provide evidence for non-synchronousity of late Pan-African tectonometamorphism in the MSZ, BSZ and PSZ. At the time of structurally-controlled amphibolite facies metamorphism, all reworked gneisses had negative εNd(t) values (–24.7 to -9.4) reflecting their earlier crustal evolution. Sinistral shearing along the KSZ is not related to Pan-African processes, but has to be attributed to Palaeoproterozoic metamorphism in the Dharwar Craton: a lower limit for ductile tectonics is provided by a Sm- Nd-garnet-whole rock age of 2388 ± 16 Ma (εNd(t) –7.3). Strikingly younger Rb-Sr biotite-whole rock ages of 2137 ± 52 Ma and 2091 ± 51 Ma may be explained by local reheating of the crust that exceeded the closure temperature of biotite. The new results support the idea of a terrane boundary running along the southern BSZ. This terrane boundary separates the Archaean Dharwar/Nilgiri crustal province with 2.5 Ga metamorphism from the Proterozoic mobile belt of the Madurai province with a 0.6 Ga high-grade imprint. According to geochronological data, South India and Madagascar probably were subjected to different plate-tectonic regimes in the early Neoproterozoic. Late Neoproterozoic syndeformative emplacement of mantle-derived granitoids with crustal contamination both in the MSZ (~620 Ma) and in Central-Madagascar (~ 630 Ma) may point to a neighbouring position of the two East Gondwana continents at that time.

Die devonische bis unterpermlsche Phuket Group in Thailand und deren Aquivalent in Malaysia, die Singha Formation, gehSren zum SE-asiatischen ,~pebbly mudstone Giirtel% welcher sich vom siidlichen Tibet bis Sumatra erstreckt. Diese ca. 3000 m m~ichtigen klastischen Serien wurden yon MITCHELL et al. (1970) als Kontinentalhang Deposita gedeutet. In neueren Ver/Sffentlichungen wird eine glaziomarine Entstehung dieser Serien vorgeschlagen (Bu?4OPAS et al. 1978; STAUFFER 1983). Diese Autoren sind der Ansicht, dai~ Teile SE-Asiens (Shan-Thai Kraton) sich im nnteren Karbon yon Gondwana losgelrst und nach einer Rotation um 180 Grad in der oberen Trias mit Eurasien kollidiert haben. Die pebbly mudstones werden dabei als Zeugender Gondwana Vergletscherung (Karbon/Perm) und Beweis fiir diese Theorie angefiihrt. Die vorliegende Arbeit diskutiert die sedimentologischen Argumente fiir und wider eine glaziomarine Entstehung dieser Sedimentserien. Es wird gezeigt, daf~ diese Mixtite Kontinentalhangablagerungen sind, die am Nordrand der Tethys bzw. am siidlichen Kontinentalhang von Euroasien (Shan-Thai Kraton) sedimentiert wurden.