Podcasts about haemoglobin

* List of Discoveries Squeezing Evolution: Did you know that dinosaurs ate rice before rice evolved? That turtle shells existed forty million years before turtle shells began evolving? That insects evolved tongues for eating from flowers 70 million years before flowers evolved? And that birds appeared before birds evolved? The fossil record is a wonderful thing. And more recently, only a 40,000-year squeeze, Neanderthal had blood types A, B, and O, shocking evolutionists but expected to us here at Real Science Radio! Sit back and get ready to enjoy another instant classic, today's RSR "list show" on Evolution's Big Squeeze! Our other popular list shows include: - scientists doubting Darwin - evidence against whale evolution - problems with 'the river carved the canyon' - carbon 14 everywhere it shouldn't be - dinosaur still-soft biological tissue - solar system formation problems - evidence against the big bang - evidence for the global flood - genomes that just don't fit - and our list of not so old things! (See also rsr.org/sq2 and rsr.org/sq3!) * Evolution's Big Squeeze: Many discoveries squeeze the Darwinian theory's timeframe and of course without a workable timeframe there is no workable theory. Examples, with their alleged (and falsified) old-earth timeframes, include: - Complex skeletons existed 9 million years before they were thought to have evolved, before even the "Cambrian explosion".- Butterflies existed 10 million years before they were thought to have evolved. - Parrots existed "much earlier than had been thought", in fact, 25 million years before they were thought to have evolved. - Cephalopod fossils (squids, cuttlefish, etc.) appear 35 million years before they were able to propagate. - Turtle shells 40 million years before turtle shells began evolving - Trees began evolving 45 million years before they were thought to evolve - Spores appearing 50 million years before the plants that made them (not unlike footprints systematically appearing "millions of years before" the creatures that made them, as affirmed by Dr. Marcus Ross, associate professor of geology). - Sponges existed 60 million years before they were believed to have evolved. - Dinosaurs ate rice before it evolved Example - Insect proboscis (tongue) in moths and butterflies 70 million years before previously believed has them evolving before flowers. - Arthropod brains fully developed with central nervous system running to eyes and appendages just like modern arthropods 90 million years earlier than previously known (prior to 2021, now, allegedly 310mya) - 100 million years ago and already a bird - Fossil pollen pushes back plant evolution 100 million years. - Mammalian hair allegedly 100-million-years-old show that, "the morphology of hair cuticula may have remained unchanged throughout most of mammalian evolution", regarding the overlapping cells that lock the hair shaft into its follicle. - Piranha-like flesh-eating teeth (and bitten prey) found pushing back such fish 125 million years earlier than previously claimed   - Shocking organic molecules in "200 million-years-old leaves" from ginkgoes and conifers show unexpected stasis. - Plant genetic sophistication pushed back 200 million years. - Jellyfish fossils (Medusoid Problematica :) 200 million years earlier than expected; here from 500My ago. - Green seaweed 200 million years earlier than expected, pushed back now to a billion years ago!  - The acanthodii fish had color vision 300 million years ago, but then, and wait, Cheiracanthus fish allegedly 388 million years ago already had color vision. - Color vision (for which there is no Darwinian evolutionary small-step to be had, from monochromatic), existed "300 million years ago" in fish, and these allegedly "120-million-year-old" bird's rod and cone fossils stun researchers :) - 400-million-year-old Murrindalaspis placoderm fish "eye muscle attachment, the eyestalk attachment and openings for the optic nerve, and arteries and veins supplying the eyeball" The paper's author writes, "Of course, we would not expect the preservation of ancient structures made entirely of soft tissues (e.g. rods and cone cells in the retina...)." So, check this next item... :) - And... no vertebrates in the Cambrian? Well, from the journal Nature in 2014, a "Lower-Middle Cambrian... primitive fish displays unambiguous vertebrate features: a notochord, a pair of prominent camera-type eyes, paired nasal sacs, possible cranium and arcualia, W-shaped myomeres, and a post-anal tail" Primitive? - Fast-growing juvenile bone tissue, thought to appear in the Cretaceous, has been pushed back 100 million years: "This pushes the origin of fibrolamellar bone in Sauropterygia back from the Cretaceous to the early Middle Triassic..."- Trilobites "advanced" (not the predicted primitive) digestion "525 million" years ago - And there's this, a "530 million year old" fish, "50 million years before the current estimate of when fish evolved" - Mycobacterium tuberculosis 100,000 yr-old MRCA (most recent common ancestor) now 245 million- Fungus long claimed to originate 500M years ago, now found at allegedly 950 Mya (and still biological "the distant past... may have been much more 'modern' than we thought." :) - A rock contained pollen a billion years before plants evolved, according to a 2007 paper describing "remarkably preserved" fossil spores in the French Alps that had undergone high-grade metamorphism - 2.5 billion year old cyanobacteria fossils (made of organic material found in a stromatolite) appear about "200 million years before the [supposed] Great Oxidation Event". - 2.7 billion year old eukaryotes (cells with a nucleus) existed (allegedly) 1 billion years before expected - 3.5 billion year "cell division evidently identical to that of living filamentous prokaryotes." - And even older cyanobacteria! At 220 million years earlier than thought, per Nature's 3.7 billion year old dating of stromatolites! - The universe and life itself (in 2019 with the universe dated a billion, now, no, wait, two billion!, years younger than previously thought, that's not only squeezing biological but also astronomical evolution, with the overall story getting really tight) - Mantis shrimp, with its rudimentary color but advanced UV vision, is allegedly ancient. - Hadrosaur teeth, all 1400 of them, were "more complex than those of cows, horses, and other well-known modern grazers." Professor stunned by the find! (RSR predicts that, by 2030 just to put an end date on it, more fossils will be found from the geologic column that will be more "advanced" as compared to living organisms, just like this hadrosaur and like the allegedly 100M year old hagfish  fossil having more slime glands than living specimens.)  - Trace fossils "exquisitely preserved" of mobile organisms (motility) dated at 2.1 billion years ago, a full 1.5 billion earlier than previously believed - Various multicellular organisms allegedly 2.1 billion years old, show multicellularity 1.5 billion years sooner than long believed   - Pre-sauropod 26,000-pound dinosaur "shows us that even as far back as 200 million years ago, these animals had already become the largest vertebrates to ever walk the Earth." - The Evo-devo squeeze, i.e., evolutionary developmental biology, as with rsr.org/evo-devo-undermining-darwinism. - Extinct Siberian one-horned rhinos coexisted with mankind. - Whale "evolution" is being crushed in the industry-wide "big squeeze". First, geneticist claims whales evolved from hippos but paleontologists say hippos evolved tens of millions of years too late! And what's worse than that is that fossil finds continue to compress the time available for whale evolution. To not violate its own plot, the Darwinist story doesn't start animals evolving back into the sea until the cast includes land animals suitable to undertake the legendary journey. The recent excavation of whale fossils on an island of the Antarctic Peninsula further compresses the already absurdly fast 10 million years to allegedly evolve from the land back to the sea, down to as little as one million years. BioOne in 2016 reported a fossil that is "among the oldest occurrences of basilosaurids worldwide, indicating a rapid radiation and dispersal of this group since at least the early middle Eocene." By this assessment, various techniques produced various published dates. (See the evidence that falsifies the canonical whale evolution story at rsr.org/whales.) * Ancient Hierarchical Insect Society: "Thanks to some well-preserved remains, researchers now believe arthropod social structures have been around longer than anyone ever imagined. The encased specimens of ants and termites recently studied date back [allegedly] 100 million years." Also from the video about "the bubonic plague", the "disease is well known as a Middle Ages mass killer... Traces of very similar bacteria were found on [an allegedly] 20-million-year-old flea trapped in amber." And regarding "Caribbean lizards... Even though they are [allegedly] 20 million years old, the reptiles inside the golden stones were not found to differ from their contemporary counterparts in any significant way. Scientists attribute the rarity [Ha! A rarity or the rule? Check out rsr.org/stasis.] to stable ecological surroundings." * Squeezing and Rewriting Human History: Some squeezing simply makes aspects of the Darwinian story harder to maintain while other squeezing contradicts fundamental claims. So consider the following discoveries, most of which came from about a 12-month period beginning in 2017 which squeeze (and some even falsify) the Out-of-Africa model: - find two teeth and rewrite human history with allegedly 9.7 million-year-old teeth found in northern Europe (and they're like Lucy, but "three times older") - date blue eyes, when humans first sported them, to as recently as 6,000 years ago   - get mummy DNA and rewrite human history with a thousand years of ancient Egyptian mummy DNA contradicting Out-of-Africa and demonstrating Out-of-Babel - find a few footprints and rewrite human history with allegedly 5.7 million-year-old human footprints in Crete - re-date an old skull and rewrite human history with a very human skull dated at 325,000 years old and redated in the Journal of Physical Anthropology at about 260,000 years old and described in the UK's Independent, "A skull found in China [40 years ago] could re-write our entire understanding of human evolution." - date the oldest language in India, Dravidian, with 80 derivatives spoken by 214 million people, which appeared on the subcontinent only about 4,500 years ago, which means that there is no evidence for human language for nearly 99% of the time that humans were living in Asia. (Ha! See rsr.org/origin-of-language for the correct explanation.) - sequence a baby's genome and rewrite human history with a 6-week old girl buried in Alaska allegedly 11,500 years ago challenging the established history of the New World. (The family buried this baby girl just beneath their home like the practice in ancient Mesopotamia, the Hebrews who sojourned in Egypt, and in Çatalhöyük in southern Turkey, one of the world's most ancient settlements.) - or was that 130,000? years ago as the journal Nature rewrites human history with a wild date for New World site - and find a jawbone and rewrite human history with a modern looking yet allegedly 180,000-year-old jawbone from Israel which "may rewrite the early migration story of our species" by about 100,000 years, per the journal Science - re-date a primate and lose yet another "missing link" between "Lucy" and humans, as Homo naledi sheds a couple million years off its age and drops from supposedly two million years old to (still allegedly) about 250,000 years old, far too "young" to be the allegedly missing link - re-analysis of the "best candidate" for the most recent ancestor to human beings, Australopithecus sediba, turns out to be a juvenile Lucy-like ape, as Science magazine reports work presented at the American Association of Physical Anthropologists 2017 annual meeting - find skulls in Morocco and "rewrite human history" admits the journal Nature, falsifying also the "East Africa" part of the canonical story - and from the You Can't Make This Stuff Up file, NPR reports in April 2019, Ancient Bones And Teeth Found In A Philippine Cave May Rewrite Human History. :) - Meanwhile, whereas every new discovery requires the materialists to rewrite human history, no one has had to rewrite Genesis, not even once. Yet, "We're not claiming that the Bible is a science textbook. Not at all. For the textbooks have to be rewritten all the time!"  - And even this from Science: "humans mastered the art of training and controlling dogs thousands of years earlier than previously thought."- RSR's Enyart commented on the Smithsonian's 2019 article on ancient DNA possibly deconstructing old myths...  This Smithsonian article about an ancient DNA paper in Science Advances, or actually, about the misuse of such papers, was itself a misuse. The published research, Ancient DNA sheds light on the genetic origins of early Iron Age Philistines, confirmed Amos 9:7 by documenting the European origin of the biblical Philistines who came from the island of Caphtor/Crete. The mainstream media completely obscured this astounding aspect of the study but the Smithsonian actually stood the paper on its head. [See also rsr.org/archaeology.]* Also Squeezing Darwin's Theory: - Evolution happens so slowly that we can't see it, yet - it happens so fast that millions of mutations get fixed in a blink of geologic time AND: - Observing a million species annually should show us a million years of evolution, but it doesn't, yet - evolution happens so fast that the billions of "intermediary" fossils are missing AND: - Waiting for helpful random mutations to show up explains the slowness of evolution, yet - adaption to changing environments is often immediate, as with Darwin's finches Finches Adapt in 17 Years, Not 2.3 Million: Charles Darwin's finches are claimed to have taken 2,300,000 years to diversify from an initial species blown onto the Galapagos Islands. Yet individuals from a single finch species on a U.S. Bird Reservation in the Pacific were introduced to a group of small islands 300 miles away and in at most 17 years, like Darwin's finches, they had diversified their beaks, related muscles, and behavior to fill various ecological niches. So Darwin's finches could diversify in just 17 years, and after 2.3 million more years, what had they evolved into? Finches! Hear this also at rsr.org/lee-spetner and see Jean Lightner's review of the Grants' 40 Years. AND: - Fossils of modern organisms are found "earlier" and "earlier" in the geologic column, and - the "oldest" organisms are increasingly found to have anatomical, proteinaceous, prokaryotic, and eukaryotic sophistication and similarity to "modern" organisms AND: - Small populations are in danger of extinction (yet they're needed to fix mutations), whereas - large populations make it impossible for a mutation to become standard AND: - Mutations that express changes too late in an organism's development can't effect its fundamental body plan, and - mutations expressed too early in an organism's development are fatal (hence among the Enyart sayings, "Like evolving a vital organ, most major hurdles for evolutionary theory are extinction-level events.") AND: - To evolve flight, you'd get bad legs - long before you'd get good wings AND: - Most major evolutionary hurdles appear to be extinction-level events- yet somehow even *vital* organs evolve (for many species, that includes reproductive organs, skin, brain, heart, circulatory system, kidney, liver, pancreas, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, lungs -- which are only a part of the complex respiration system) AND: - Natural selection of randomly taller, swifter, etc., fish, mammals, etc. explains evolution yet - development of microscopic molecular machines, feedback mechanisms, etc., which power biology would be oblivous to what's happening in Darwin's macro environment of the entire organism AND: - Neo-Darwinism suggests genetic mutation as the engine of evolution yet - the there is not even a hypothesis for modifying the vast non-genetic information in every living cell including the sugar code, electrical code, the spatial (geometric) code, and the epigenetic code AND: - Constant appeals to "convergent" evolution (repeatedly arising vision, echolocation, warm-bloodedness, etc.) - undermine most Darwinian anatomical classification especially those based on trivialities like odd or even-toed ungulates, etc. AND: - Claims that given a single species arising by abiogenesis, then - Darwinism can explain the diversification of life, ignores the science of ecology and the (often redundant) biological services that species rely upon AND: - humans' vastly superior intelligence indicates, as bragged about for decades by Darwinists, that ape hominids should have the greatest animal intelligence, except that - many so-called "primitive" creatures and those far distant on Darwin's tee of life, exhibit extraordinary rsr.org/animal-intelligence even to processing stimuli that some groups of apes cannot AND: - Claims that the tree of life emerges from a single (or a few) common ancestors - conflict with the discoveries of multiple genetic codes and of thousands of orphan genes that have no similarity (homology) to any other known genes AND (as in the New Scientist cover story, "Darwin Was Wrong about the tree of life", etc.): - DNA sequences have contradicted anatomy-based ancestry claims - Fossil-based ancestry claims have been contradicted by RNA claims - DNA-based ancestry claims have been contradicted by anatomy claims - Protein-based ancestry claims have been contradicted by fossil claims. - And the reverse problem compared to a squeeze. Like finding the largest mall in America built to house just a kid's lemonade stand, see rsr.org/200 for the astounding lack of genetic diversity in humans, plants, and animals, so much so that it could all be accounted for in just about 200 generations! - The multiplied things that evolved multiple times - Etc. * List of Ways Darwinists Invent their Tree of Life, aka Pop Goes the Weasle – Head and Shoulders, Knees and Toes: Evolutionists change their selection of what evidence they use to show 'lineage', from DNA to fossils to genes to body plans to teeth to many specific anatomical features to proteins to behavior to developmental similarities to habitat to RNA, etc. and to a combination of such. Darwinism is an entire endeavor based on selection bias, a kind of logical fallacy. By anti-science they arbitrarily select evidence that best matches whichever evolutionary story is currently preferred." -Bob E. The methodology used to create the family tree edifice to show evolutionary relationships classifies the descent of organisms based on such attributes as odd-toed and even-toed ungulates. Really? If something as wildly sophisticated as vision allegedly evolved multiple times (a dozen or more), then for cryin' out loud, why couldn't something as relatively simple as odd or even toes repeatedly evolve? How about dinosaur's evolving eggs with hard shells? Turns out that "hard-shelled eggs evolved at least three times independently in dinosaurs" (Nature, 2020). However, whether a genus has an odd or even number of toes, and similar distinctions, form the basis for the 150-year-old Darwinist methodology. Yet its leading proponents still haven't acknowledged that their tree building is arbitrary and invalid. Darwin's tree recently fell anyway, and regardless, it has been known to be even theoretically invalid all these many decades. Consider also bipedalism? In their false paradigm, couldn't that evolve twice? How about vertebrate and non-vertebrates, for that matter, evolving multiple times? Etc., etc., etc. Darwinists determine evolutionary family-tree taxonomic relationships based on numbers of toes, when desired, or on hips (distinguishing, for example, dinosaur orders, until they didn't) or limb bones, or feathers, or genes, or fossil sequence, or neck bone, or..., or..., or... Etc. So the platypus, for example, can be described as evolving from pretty much whatever story would be in vogue at the moment...   * "Ancient" Protein as Advanced as Modern Protein: A book review in the journal Science states, "the major conclusion is reached that 'analyses made of the oldest fossils thus far studied do not suggest that their [allegedly 145-million year-old] proteins were chemically any simpler than those now being produced.'" 1972, Biochemistry of Animal Fossils, p. 125 * "Ancient" Lampreys Just Modern Lampreys with Decomposed Brain and Mouth Parts: Ha! Researches spent half-a-year documenting how fish decay. RSR is so glad they did! One of the lessons learned? "[C]ertain parts of the brain and the mouth that distinguish the animals from earlier relatives begin a rapid decay within 24 hours..." :) * 140-million Year Old Spider Web: The BBC and National Geographic report on a 140-million year old spider web in amber which, as young-earth creationists expect, shows threads that resemble silk spun by modern spiders. Evolutionary scientists on the otherhand express surprise "that spider webs have stayed the same for 140 million years." And see the BBC. * Highly-Credentialed Though Non-Paleontologist on Flowers: Dr. Harry Levin who spent the last 15 years of a brilliant career researching paleontology presents much evidence that flowering plants had to originate not 150 million years ago but more than 300 million years ago. (To convert that to an actual historical timeframe, the evidence indicates flowers must have existed prior to the time that the strata, which is popularly dated to 300 mya, actually formed.) * Rampant Convergence: Ubiquitous appeals to "convergent" evolution (vision, echolocation, warm-bloodedness, icthyosaur/dolphin anatomy, etc.), all allegedly evolving multiple times, undermines anatomical classification based on trivialities like odd or even-toed ungulates, etc. * Astronomy's Big Evolution Squeeze: - Universe a billion, wait, two billion, years younger than thought   (so now it has to evolve even more impossibly rapidly) - Sun's evolution squeezes biological evolution - Galaxies evolving too quickly - Dust evolving too quickly - Black holes evolving too quickly - Clusters of galaxies evolving too quickly. * The Sun's Evolution Squeezes Life's Evolution: The earlier evolutionists claim that life began on Earth, the more trouble they have with astrophysicists. Why? They claim that a few billion years ago the Sun would have been far more unstable and cooler. The journal Nature reports that the Faint young Sun paradox remains for the "Sun was fainter when the Earth was young, but the climate was generally at least as warm as today". Further, our star would shoot out radioactive waves many of which being violent enough to blow out Earth's atmosphere into space, leaving Earth dead and dry like Mars without an atmosphere. And ignoring the fact that powerful computer simulators cannot validate the nebula theory of star formation, if the Sun had formed from a condensing gas cloud, a billion years later it still would have been emitting far less energy, even 30% less, than it does today. Forget about the claimed one-degree increase in the planet's temperature from man-made global warming, back when Darwinists imagine life arose, by this just-so story of life spontaneously generating in a warm pond somewhere (which itself is impossible), the Earth would have been an ice ball, with an average temperature of four degrees Fahrenheit below freezing! See also CMI's video download The Young Sun. * Zircons Freeze in Molten Eon Squeezing Earth's Evolution? Zircons "dated" 4 to 4.4 billion years old would have had to freeze (form) when the Earth allegedly was in its Hadean (Hades) Eon and still molten. Geophysicist Frank Stacey (Cambridge fellow, etc.) has suggested they may have formed above ocean trenches where it would be coolest. One problem is that even further squeezes the theory of plate tectonics requiring it to operate two billion years before otherwise claimed. A second problem (for these zircons and the plate tectonics theory itself) is that ancient trenches (now filled with sediments; others raised up above sea level; etc.) have never been found. A third problem is that these zircons contain low isotope ratios of carbon-13 to carbon-12 which evolutionists may try to explain as evidence for life existing even a half-billion years before they otherwise claim. For more about this (and to understand how these zircons actually did form) just click and then search (ctrl-f) for: zircon character. * Evolution Squeezes Life to Evolve with Super Radioactivity: Radioactivity today breaks chromosomes and produces neutral, harmful, and fatal birth defects. Dr. Walt Brown reports that, "A 160-pound person experiences 2,500 carbon-14 disintegrations each second", with about 10 disintergrations per second in our DNA. Worse for evolutionists is that, "Potassium-40 is the most abundant radioactive substance in... every living thing." Yet the percentage of Potassium that was radioactive in the past would have been far in excess of its percent today. (All this is somewhat akin to screws in complex machines changing into nails.) So life would have had to arise from inanimate matter (an impossibility of course) when it would have been far more radioactive than today. * Evolution of Uranium Squeezed by Contrasting Constraints: Uranium's two most abundant isotopes have a highly predictable ratio with 235U/238U equaling 0.007257 with a standard deviation of only 0.000017. Big bang advocates claim that these isotopes formed in distant stellar cataclysms. Yet that these isotopes somehow collected in innumerable small ore bodies in a fixed ratio is absurd. The impossibility of the "big bang" explanation of the uniformity of the uranium ratio (rsr.org/bb#ratio) simultaneously contrasts in the most shocking way with its opposite impossibility of the missing uniform distribution of radioactivity (see rsr.org/bb#distribution) with 90% of Earth's radioactivity in the Earth's crust, actually, the continental crust, and even at that, preferentially near granite! A stellar-cataclysmic explanation within the big bang paradigm for the origin of uranium is severely squeezed into being falsified by these contrasting constraints. * Remarkable Sponges? Yes, But For What Reason? Study co-author Dr. Kenneth S. Kosik, the Harriman Professor of Neuroscience at UC Santa Barbara said, "Remarkably, the sponge genome now reveals that, along the way toward the emergence of animals, genes for an entire network of many specialized cells evolved and laid the basis for the core gene logic of organisms that no longer functioned as single cells." And then there's this: these simplest of creatures have manufacturing capabilities that far exceed our own, as Degnan says, "Sponges produce an amazing array of chemicals of direct interest to the pharmaceutical industry. They also biofabricate silica fibers directly from seawater in an environmentally benign manner, which is of great interest in communications [i.e., fiber optics]. With the genome in hand, we can decipher the methods used by these simple animals to produce materials that far exceed our current engineering and chemistry capabilities." Kangaroo Flashback: From our RSR Darwin's Other Shoe program: The director of Australia's Kangaroo Genomics Centre, Jenny Graves, that "There [are] great chunks of the human genome… sitting right there in the kangaroo genome." And the 20,000 genes in the kangaroo (roughly the same number as in humans) are "largely the same" as in people, and Graves adds, "a lot of them are in the same order!" CMI's Creation editors add that "unlike chimps, kangaroos are not supposed to be our 'close relatives.'" And "Organisms as diverse as leeches and lawyers are 'built' using the same developmental genes." So Darwinists were wrong to use that kind of genetic similarity as evidence of a developmental pathway from apes to humans. Hibernating Turtles: Question to the evolutionist: What happened to the first turtles that fell asleep hibernating underwater? SHOW UPDATE Of Mice and Men: Whereas evolutionists used a very superficial claim of chimpanzee and human genetic similarity as evidence of a close relationship, mice and men are pretty close also. From the Human Genome Project, How closely related are mice and humans?, "Mice and humans (indeed, most or all mammals including dogs, cats, rabbits, monkeys, and apes) have roughly the same number of nucleotides in their genomes -- about 3 billion base pairs. This comparable DNA content implies that all mammals [RSR: like roundworms :)] contain more or less the same number of genes, and indeed our work and the work of many others have provided evidence to confirm that notion. I know of only a few cases in which no mouse counterpart can be found for a particular human gene, and for the most part we see essentially a one-to-one correspondence between genes in the two species." * Related RSR Reports: See our reports on the fascinating DNA sequencing results from roundworms and the chimpanzee's Y chromosome! * Genetic Bottleneck, etc: Here's an excerpt from rsr.org/why-was-canaan-cursed... A prediction about the worldwide distribution of human genetic sequencing (see below) is an outgrowth of the Bible study at that same link (aka rsr.org/canaan), in that scientists will discover a genetic pattern resulting from not three but four sons of Noah's wife. Relevant information comes also from mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) which is not part of any of our 46 chromosomes but resides outside of the nucleus. Consider first some genetic information about Jews and Arabs, Jewish priests, Eve, and Noah. Jews and Arabs Biblical Ancestry: Dr. Jonathan Sarfati quotes the director of the Human Genetics Program at New York University School of Medicine, Dr. Harry Ostrer, who in 2000 said: Jews and Arabs are all really children of Abraham … And all have preserved their Middle Eastern genetic roots over 4,000 years. This familiar pattern, of the latest science corroborating biblical history, continues in Dr. Sarfati's article, Genesis correctly predicts Y-Chromosome pattern: Jews and Arabs shown to be descendants of one man. Jewish Priests Share Genetic Marker: The journal Nature in its scientific correspondence published, Y Chromosomes of Jewish Priests, by scie

Send us a textFetal haemoglobin and oxygen requirement in preterm infants: an observational study.Ulinder T, Hellström W, Gadsbøll C, Nilsson L, Gebka M, Robertz G, Bruschettini M, Hellstrom A, Ley D.Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2024 Sep 25:fetalneonatal-2024-327411. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2024-327411. Online ahead of print.PMID: 39322316As always, feel free to send us questions, comments, or suggestions to our email: nicupodcast@gmail.com. You can also contact the show through Instagram or Twitter, @nicupodcast. Or contact Ben and Daphna directly via their Twitter profiles: @drnicu and @doctordaphnamd. The papers discussed in today's episode are listed and timestamped on the webpage linked below. Enjoy!

Im ersten Teil von Folge 67 hat Sebastian Sina interviewt. Was genau ist Gelotologie? wo sitzt eigentlich das Lachzentrum und welche positiven physiologischen Auswirkungen hat Lachen, Humor als Copingstrategie und woher kommen die mysteriösen Luftballons ?? Im zweiten Teil erzählt uns Marius von der wunderbaren Welt des Hämoglobins. Unter anderem wieviel Sauerstoffmoleküle ein Erythrozyt binden kann, unter welchen Umständen das Blut Schokoladenbraun werden kann, über COHb, HbF und MetHb. Viel Spass beim Hören und wie immer freuen wir uns über Feedback und Rückmeldungen. Im ersten Teil von Folge 67 hat Sebastian Sina interviewt. Was genau ist Gelotologie? wo sitzt eigentlich das Lachzentrum und welche positiven physiologischen Auswirkungen hat Lachen, Humor als Copingstrategie und woher kommen die mysteriösen Luftballons ?? Im zweiten Teil erzählt uns Marius von der wunderbaren Welt des Hämoglobins. Unter anderem wieviel Sauerstoffmoleküle ein Erythrozyt binden kann, unter welchen Umständen das Blut Schokoladenbraun werden kann, über COHb, HbF und MetHb. Viel Spass beim Hören und wie immer freuen wir uns über Feedback und Rückmeldungen. Quellen: https://smf.swisshealthweb.ch/fileadmin/assets/SMF/2023/smf.2023.09167/smf-2023-09167.pdf Barker SJ, Tremper KK, Hyatt J. Effects of methe- moglobinemia on pulse oximetry and mixed venous oxi- metry. Anesthesiology. 1989;70(1):112–7. Rangan A, Savedra ME, Dergam-Larson C, Swanson KC, Szuberski J, Go RS, et al. Interpreting sulfhemoglo- bin and methemoglobin in patients with cyanosis: An overview of patients with M-hemoglobin variants. Int J Lab Hematol. 2021 Aug;43(4):837–44. Coleman MD, Coleman NA. Drug-induced methae- moglobinaemia. Treatment issues. Drug Saf. 1996;14(6):394–405. Centre Antipoisons belge [Internet]. Bruxelles: Agents méthémoglobinisants: Bleu de méthylène (Metiblo®, Methylthioninium Chloride Proveblue®) [cited 2023 August 13]. Available from: https://www.centreantipoi- sons.be/professionnels-de-la-sant/articles-pour-profes- sionnels-de-la-sant/intoxications-aigu-s-et-antidot-17 6 Elgendy F, Rio-Pertuz GD, Nguyen D, Payne D. «Pop- per» induced methemoglobinemia. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2022 Feb 2;35(3):385-386.

In a recent article on the Escape Collective, claims were made that Tour de France cyclists are using carbon monoxide to enhance their performance. But is it really that big a deal or is there more to this story? Mike and Ross break down how carbon monoxide is used and potentially abused as cyclists looked for any means to get an advantage. The team also break down some the incredible numbers being pushed out by Tadej Pogacar at Le Tour and ask the question on everyone's lips: Can we believe it?SHOW NOTES:Carbon monoxide use:The original Carbon monoxide article A paper on how Hb Mass is related closely to VO2max One of the first published studies that describes how breathing CO might unlock performance enhancement. In this study, college student football players also breathed in 1ml per kilogram body weight before all sessions. It drove an increase in EPO, haemoglobin levels and VO2max.Another study, by Schmidt, where moderately trained subjects inhaled CO five times a day. Haemoglobin mass increased, they made more reticulocytes, and VO2max increased (though not significantly)Some sources for power output estimates at the Tour de France:Ammatti on TwitterThe detailed analysis of the Plateau du Beille stage, and comparison against historical performances Get bonus content on Patreon Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Dr Sabine Braat and Dr Katherine Fielding join us to discuss their study presenting new haemoglobin thresholds for defining anaemia.Read the full article:https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanhae/article/PIIS2352-3026(24)00030-9/fulltext?dgcid=buzzsprout_icw_podcast_generic_lanhaeContinue this conversation on social!Follow us today at...https://twitter.com/thelancethttps://instagram.com/thelancetgrouphttps://facebook.com/thelancetmedicaljournalhttps://linkedIn.com/company/the-lancethttps://youtube.com/thelancettv

A systematic approach to blood gas interpretation (blood gas analysis) in 6 main steps,  including some extra tips.  Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicineBuy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicineTimestamps:0:00 What does a blood gas show? 0:34 Systematic Approach - 1) Details1:05 Systematic Approach - 2) Partial Pressures3:05 Systematic Approach - 3) Haemoglobin 4:09 Systematic Approach - 4) pH -General 5:30 Systematic Approach - 5) pH - Specific 7:34 Systematic Approach - 6) pH- Compensation8:15 Systematic Approach - 7) Lactate 9:24 Systematic Approach - 8) Electrolytes & Glucose 9:57 Blood Gas PearlsReferencesDavid A. Kaufman - American Thoracic Society Interpretation of Arterial Blood Gases (ABGs). Available at https://www.thoracic.org/professionals/clinical-resources/critical-care/clinical-education/abgs.phpOxford Medical Education (2014) Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) interpretation for medical students, OSCEs and MRCP PACES. Available at **https://oxfordmedicaleducation.com/abgs/abg-interpretation/Gillian Kelly - Royal College of Emergency Medicine (2021) Arterial Blood Gas Analysis. Available at https://www.rcemlearning.co.uk/reference/arterial-blood-gas-analysis/Nickson, C - Life in the Fast Lane (2020) Anion Gap. Available at https://litfl.com/anion-gap/Scott A Helgeson (2017) Normal carboxyhaemoglobin level in carbon monoxide poisoning treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Available at https://casereports.bmj.com/content/2017/bcr-2017-221174SKYLER LENTZ - Emergency Physician Monthly (2019) Blood Gases: ABG vs. VBG. Available at https://epmonthly.com/article/blood-gases-abg-vs-vbg/Yarstev, A - Deranged Physiology (2023) Concentration of total haemoglobin in the ABG sample. Available at https://derangedphysiology.com/main/cicm-primary-exam/required-reading/respiratory-system/Chapter 122/concentration-total-haemoglobin-abg-samplePlease remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Red blood cells is also known as Erythrocytes. In the human body, erythrocytes (RBCs) are the most prevalent cell type. It performs the task of carrying oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues. Haemoglobin, which is present in large amounts in RBCs, mediates oxygen transfer. 

This month, how an extinct marine mammal made its haemoglobin work in the cold, how does learning compassion change the shape of the human brain, women publishing cautiously, how populations evolve to social distance in disease conditions, and can biochemical clocks accurately track ageing in children? Join Dr Chris Smith for a look at some of eLife's latest leading papers... Get the references and the transcripts for this programme from the Naked Scientists website

Dr Eric Ohuma joins us to tell us about a study recently published in The Lancet Haematology on the association between maternal haemoglobin concentrations and maternal and neonatal outcomes.Read the full article:https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanhae/article/PIIS2352-3026(23)00170-9/fulltext?dgcid=buzzsprout_icw_podcast_generic_lanhaeContinue this conversation on social!Follow us today at...https://twitter.com/thelancethttps://instagram.com/thelancetgrouphttps://facebook.com/thelancetmedicaljournalhttps://linkedIn.com/company/the-lancethttps://youtube.com/thelancettv

In der heutigen Episode freue ich mich einerseits, dass mein Haus und Hof Biologie Prof. Erich Eder sich wieder die Zeit für ein Gespräch nimmt, und nicht nur das, er bringt den Physiker Werner Gruber mit — wie man früher gesagt hat:  bekannt (unter anderem) aus Rundfunk und Fernsehen, Kabarett sowie Autor mehrerer Bücher.  Der Titel der heutigen Episode ergibt sich gleich daraus, dass wir nur ca. ein bis zwei der von mir überlegten Fragen überhaupt angegangen sind: »Gott und die Welt«. Ich beginne das Gespräch mit einem Zitat des britischen Philosophen Roger Scruton: »The Enlightenment had replaced mystery with mastery.«, Roger Scruton? Was ist Aufklärung? Wer ist Verantwortlich für Fortschritt und Rückschritt? Was ist die Aufgabe der Wissenschaft, welche Rolle spielt Galileo bei der Frage nach dem Warum und nach dem Wie? Welche epistemologische Rolle spielt das Messgerät, die Technik in Wechselwirkung mit Wissenschaft? Was ist der Unterschied zwischen Wissenschaftern und Technikern? Und... ist die Medizin eine Wissenschaft? Erich hat da in der Ansprache zu Medizinstudenten einen pragmatischen Zugang: »Ihr seid eh auch irgendwie Biologen, ihr beschäftigt euch halt nur mit einer Affenart. und da nur mit den Krankheiten und wie man sie heilen kann« In diesem Zusammenhang gibt Werner Gruber auch einen wesentlichen Tipp: was sollten Sie tun, wenn Sie von Außerirdischen entführt werden und auf dieser Reise erkranken? Welche Rolle spielt der Nobelpreis für die Wissenschaft und was ist notwendig um einen Nobelpreis zu gewinnen? Der Österreicher Anton Zeilinger hat zuletzt den Nobelpreis für Physik erhalten, was steckt da fachlich und methodisch dahinter? Ohne die Freiheit, "Sachen zu machen die nicht Mainstream waren", sei seine Forschungsarbeit nicht möglich gewesen, Anton Zeilinger Der in Österreich geborene Physiker Max Perutz, der in den 1930er Jahren vor den Nazis nach England fliehen musste und dort im berühmten Cavendish Laboratorium arbeiten könnte, erhielt einen Nobelpreis mit John Kendrew für seine Arbeiten am Haemoglobin. Später leitete er selbst das Labor und in dieser Zeit erhielten neun (!) seiner Mitarbeiter ebenfalls Nobelpreise. Auf die Frage, wie er das Labor führt und diesen Erfolg ermöglicht hat: »no politics, no committees, no reports, no referees, no interviews; just gifted, highly motivated people, picked by a few men of good judgement.« Sind wir an unseren Universitäten für Forschung und Lehre richtig aufgestellt? Was könnten und sollten wir verändern? Welche Rolle spielen schräge Vögeln in der Forschung und erlauben wir diese überhaupt noch an den Unis und Forschungseinrichtungen?  »Quantität in der Wissenschaft hat massiv zugenommen, aber nicht die Qualität« Welche Rolle spielt die Ruhe und Nachdenken in Bildung und Wissenschaft? Schule kommt immerhin vom griechischen σχολή (scholē) was Muße bedeutet. Nutzen wir die Strukturen, die wir eingeführt haben (Universität, Fachhochschule) richtig? »Ich würde heute nicht mehr studieren wollen« Was ist die wichtigste Erfindung des 20. Jahrhunderts? Wie grenzen sich Wissenschaft und Aktivismus ab, und welche Rolle spielt Wissenschaft und Expertise in politischen Entscheidungsprozessen? Warum halten sich so viele Menschen heute für Experten einer Sache (z.B. der Physik) ohne auch nur die relevanten Grundkenntnisse zu besitzen — wer ist nun ein Experte? In den Medien ist jeder Wissenschafter (oder jemand der wie ein solcher wirkt) Experte (für eh alles)? »Wir forcieren in der Politik nicht die Personen, die auch Mut zum Versagen haben« Gefühl oder Zahlen? Wie ein Statistiker die Küche des Schweizerhauses optimiert. Wie haben wir die Covid-Pandemie bewältigt? Was den Bürgermeister von Rostock geleitet hat und welche Kritik aktuelle Cochran Studie aufwerfen. Was hat es mit Plagiatsjägern und Betrug in der Ausbildung auf sich? Hat die höhere Bildung überhaupt den Wert den wir ihr zuschreiben, oder ist sie im Wesentlichen Signalisierung? »Es ist eigentlich wurscht wo es hinführt, ich persönlich will es wissen.« Referenzen Andere Episoden Episode 67: Wissenschaft, Hype und Realität — ein Gespräch mit Stephan Schleim Episode 50: Die Geburt der Gegenwart und die Entdeckung der Zukunft — ein Gespräch mit Prof. Achim Landwehr Episode 48: Evolution, ein Gespräch mit Erich Eder Episode 47: Große Worte Episode 44: Was ist Fortschritt? Ein Gespräch mit Philipp Blom Episode 41: Intellektuelle Bescheidenheit: Was wir von Bertrand Russel und der Eugenik lernen können Episode 38: Eliten, ein Gespräch mit Prof. Michael Hartmann Episode 28: Jochen Hörisch: Für eine (denk)anstössige Universität! Episode 2: Was wissen wir? Werner Gruber Werner Gruber auf Wikipedia Erich Eder Erich Eder an der SFU fachliche Referenzen Roger Scruton, Fools, Frauds and Firebrands, Bloomsbury (2019) Physik Nobelpreis für österr. Quantenphysiker Anton Zeilinger (2022) Max Perutz: Geoffrey West, Scale: The Universal Laws of Life and Death in Organisms, Cities and Companies, W&N (2018) Mark Alan Smith, Masking Uncertainty in Public Health, Quintette (2023) Bryan Caplan, The Case against Education — Why the Education System Is a Waste of Time and Money, Princeton University Press (2019) »Plagiatsjäger« Stefan Weber

In this episode, we discuss the structure and functions of adult haemoglobin.

#AskDrJohnWatts  Different questions related to baldness, hair grafts, hair loss, hair transplant procedures and medical treatments for hair loss are being raised by patients now and then including the followers of Dr John Watts, who keep flooding his series of hugely popular educational videos on his popular YouTube channel with queries related to different hair issues. In this video session, Hyderabad's noted dermatologist & trichologist and one of the Best Hair Transplant Surgeons in Hyderabad Dr John Watts answers select shortlisted questions of viewers related to hair loss issues. He has performed over 2000+ hair transplant surgeries successfully. Mahesh Seelam asks: Sir, I have been using Minoxidil. I want to know what happens if I skip the medication. Will it affect my hair growth if I skip Minoxidil for three days in a row? Please explain.    While responding to the query by Mahesh Seelam, Dr John Watts said that many hair loss patients who have been prescribed Minoxidil often tend to forget to use the topical lotion. Sometimes, it happens due to forgetfulness and on certain occasions, it is done intentionally by the patients.  However, Dr John Watts said that on both occasions, it would affect hair growth results that one managed with the use of Minoxidil.  “Even for 1-2 days, one should not skip the application of Minoxidil. Starting Minoxidil after a gap of 3 days of non-use is equivalent to starting afresh. Whatever results one has achieved may run the risk of loss. Hence, it should never be skipped,” advised Dr John Watts. Prasad asks: Sir, I have DHT induced hair loss problem. I have been using Minoxidil 5%, Finasteride 1% and Ketoconazole shampoo. I noticed that if I do not use shampoo for two days in a row, it leads to itching and irritation on my scalp. What should I do? Please suggest a long-term solution.    While responding to the query by Prasad, Dr John Watts said that he may be suffering from an aggressive form of dandruff and baldness. In such a scenario, he advised him never to discontinue the shampoo use. “The best long-term solution for you is to continue using the Ketoconazole shampoo along with the other hair medications. You must regularly use it to avoid itching on your scalp,” he advised. Vinod asks: Sir, I recently underwent a blood test for hair loss. The results showed that I am high on Haemoglobin, Red Blood Cells (RBCs) and Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV). I want to know if they are linked to hair loss. Please explain.    While responding to the query by Vinod, Dr John Watts said that when one performs a Complete Blood Picture (CBP) test one may get the following indicators but their high presence may not be linked to hair loss.  “Their high presence may be indicative of other health issues for which you may need to consult a doctor. Usually, a marginal increase in their count should not be a cause for worry. However, iron overload can lead to hair loss besides causing skin issues in a person,” informed Dr John Watts. Trichos provides state-of-the-art treatment for various hair loss conditions and offers advanced hair transplant solutions. Call us Today for a Life-Changing Experience.

The Collin Chartier Doping ScandalJoin us on today's more serious episode about the hot off the press news about Pro triathlete Collin Chartier being caught for using EPOs, a drug with linear increase in VO2 potential. As always, if you enjoy the show, please give us a follow, and go into the settings and turn on auto downloads so that you will be able to listen to our show on the go whenever you want! Also hit the bell icon to be notified when a new episode is released!Thanks so much for listening guys! See you in the next one!Liam and Sam

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.25.525148v1?rss=1 Authors: Warming, H., Deinhardt, K., Garland, P., More, J., Bulters, D., Galea, I., Vargas-Caballero, M. Abstract: During subarachnoid haemorrhage, a blood clot forms in the subarachnoid space releasing extracellular haemoglobin (Hb), which causes oxidative damage and cell death in surrounding tissues. High rates of disability and cognitive decline in SAH survivors is attributed to loss of neurons and functional connections during secondary brain injury. Haptoglobin sequesters Hb for clearance, but this scavenging system is overwhelmed after a haemorrhage. Whilst exogenous haptoglobin application can attenuate cytotoxicity of Hb in vitro and in vivo, the functional effects of sub-lethal Hb concentrations on surviving neurons and whether cellular function can be protected with haptoglobin treatment remain unclear. Here we use cultured neurons to investigate neuronal health and function across a range of Hb concentrations to establish the thresholds for cellular damage and investigate synaptic function. Hb impairs ATP concentrations and cytoskeletal structure. At clinically relevant but sublethal Hb concentrations, synaptic AMPAR-driven currents are reduced, accompanied by a reduction in GluA1 subunit expression. Haptoglobin co-application can prevent these deficits by scavenging free Hb to reduce it to sub-threshold concentrations and does not need to be present at stoichiometric amounts to achieve efficacy. Haptoglobin itself does not impair measures of neuronal health and function at any concentration tested. Our data highlight a role for Hb in modifying synaptic function after SAH, which may link to impaired cognition or plasticity, and support the development of haptoglobin as a therapy for subarachnoid haemorrhage. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

The episode with Blood doctor - 'Anaemia - low Haemoglobin' We've discussed the various causes of low Haemoglobin ranging from dietary deficiency to genetic predisposition. What is the normal reading for adults and how to logically think about this most common blood disorder?

*The information in this podcast is intended for Healthcare Practitioners. This week's guest, Professor Toby Richards delivers a schooling on all things iron, including the mechanisms in place to maintain iron homeostasis, signs and symptoms of deficiency, pathology interpretation tips, and the role this essential nutrient plays in health and physical fitness. If you're seeing clients in clinical practice or simply eager to learn more about iron, this episode confers valuable insights and updates from an expert in the field. Professor Richards is the Lawrence Brown Chair in Vascular Surgery, Head of Division of Surgery and Director of the Clinical Trials Unit at University of Western Australia (UWA). He is also Honorary Professor at the Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, University College London (UCL) and Honorary Professor of Anaesthesia at Monash University. Professor Richards has led a series of international clinical trials and supervised 16 PhD students and well over 60 graduate research projects (Masters/ MSc/BSc). He is a mentor to trainees in surgical research internationally. He is actively engaged in the international trials networks; the International VASCC & UK VERN Research Group in vascular surgery. Professor Richards has over 150 peer reviewed publications and $14M of research funding in the last decade. *Highlights * How anaemia influences physical fitness 5:00 Symptoms of iron deficiency (9:20) Iron homeostasis (20:00) Haemoglobin (36:00) Iron infusion (42:00) Lactoferrin and other therapeutics to treat iron deficiency (49:00) Links Prof Toby Richard's biography and link to research: https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/persons/toby-richards

Tonight's special guest is Alvin Richard and Alvin gets us started by talking about how he had a resurgence in running back in 2019. He ended up breaking 50 minutes for a 10km run, something he hadn't done in 10 years. Alvin tells about how he discovered someone that decided to run every street in Toronto as a pandemic project, all 10,000. Alvin starts planning on running all the streets in Moncton. The app that was being used was called City Strides and Alvin started using it. Now running all the streets in the city was manageable, way easier than printing out every street and colour codding them. After that, we get into Alvin's injuries and there is a great deal to talk about. It's amazing how Alvin never gave up and he kept ongoing. Yes, some years were lean on running but Alvin always came back somehow, simply amazing. We talk about how long Alvin has been running and what got him started down this path. At 15 years old Alvin knew someday he would run the Boston marathon, we talk about how Alvin came to this conclusion and the journey he took to get to his very first marathon. Alvin is such a wealth of knowledge and his stories are simply the best. This is just the first part of the interview so make sure you tune in next week for the second part of this episode.

Blood transfusions are a very common medical procedure, and it's important to balance the potential benefits and harms. In December 2021, Jeffrey Carson from Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, in New Brunswick in the USA, and colleagues updated the Cochrane Review of research comparing different triggers for transfusing red blood cells and we asked him to tell us more about the importance of the review and its findings.

Blood transfusions are a very common medical procedure, and it's important to balance the potential benefits and harms. In December 2021, Jeffrey Carson from Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, in New Brunswick in the USA, and colleagues updated the Cochrane Review of research comparing different triggers for transfusing red blood cells and we asked him to tell us more about the importance of the review and its findings.

"Rudolph the red-nosed reindeer, had a very shiny nose..." Many of us will be very familiar with Santa's famous antlered friend. But did you know that many reindeer actually do have red noses? But why? In this festive episode of the Big Questions Podcast, we ask Oxford polar biologist Ignacio (Nacho) Juarez Martinez to share some of the reasons we find red pigments in animals, and to explain why he thinks Rudolph's nose is so red!

Casey is a three times Cancer Survivor and a Cancer Coach. She helps Cancer Survivors through #cancersurvivorship. In 2013, she started feeling lethargic and developed a nodule in the neck without any reason. She consulted an ENT, and he prescribed some antibiotics. As she began the antibiotic course, she started having purple bruises all over the body, including Jaundice. After five days, when she visited the doctor, the doctor immediately asked her to get admitted to the ER and do some blood works. She had a Haemoglobin level of four. They did a blood transfusion and conducted a Bone marrow Biopsy. She underwent chemotherapy as a part of the treatment, and the treatment was prolonged for one and a half years. But after seven weeks, the Cancer relapsed, but this time Chemotherapy was not working anymore. She signed for Clinical trials and underwent Stem Cell transplants. Her brother was her donor, and Once again, she was cancer-free. Time passed, and Cancer knocked on the door again after six months. This time they tried Immunotherapy, and finally, she was cancer-free. Casey says she is more compassionate and empathetic than before after her cancer journey. Negatives are everywhere regarding Cancer, but it's up to us to face the challenges.

We discuss iron deficiency in endurance athletes with Dr Rich Burden who works for the English Institute of Sport and has academic affiliations with St Mary's University and Loughborough University. He's an expert when it comes to iron and iron deficiency anaemia - he did his PhD in iron deficiency and iron repletion in elite endurance athletes. You'll hear: 05:20 Helen explains some of her symptoms in the lead up to being diagnosed with iron deficiency anaemia including feeling lethargic, shortness of breath, struggling to do easy runs, lacking energy, unable to hit certain intensities on the bike and struggling with heavy legs. 10:30 Why iron deficiency anaemia doesn't present overnight and can take some time to present itself. 'if iron deficiency occurred overnight, that would instantly cause you to start asking questions, but it creeps up on you, so it is not noticable over short periods of time. It's not until you're at the top of peak training that it can being obvious.' 13:40 If finger prick blood tests at home would pick up iron deficiency 'for Haemoglobin, yes, but as long as you know what you are looking for and what your normal is. For a lot of people when iron deficiency is slowly deteriorating over time, you could take a blood test which is in the 'normal range' but it might not be in the normal range for you. 16:00 Why iron is crucial for health. 'if at any point your iron status is compromised, it will compromise the number size and health of red blood cells which means the ability of the red blood cells to transport oxygen around the body is compromised. ' 17:53 Ferritin is your iron store. If your iron store is depleted then your ability to make healthy new blood cells is reduced and therefore you find exercise harder. Iron is key to transport oxygen around the body and for your muscles to take that oxygen out of the blood and turn it into energy. If those systems are depleted, your ability to exercise is compromised. 19:20 What is the difference being iron deficient and having iron deficiency anaemia? Iron deficiency anaemia is the last stage of iron deficiency. 23:30 How iron deficiency can also occur in men, even though it is more prevalent in women because menstruating women loose iron through their periods. 23:40 Why endurance athletes are more susceptible to iron deficiency, including muscular micro traumas, intravascular hemolysis (the destruction of red blood cells). Endurance runners have a greater rate of red blood cell destruction because of the impact forces and striking the ground so often. 26:00 The role of diet and nutrition in relation to iron deficiency. Vegetarians are more at risk of iron deficiency but it doesn't always have to be red meat. There are iron fortified cereals, pasta, bread, nuts. For vegans and for vegetarians it's a bit more complicated but there are expert nutritionists out there who have dietary restrictions 30:00 Iron supplementation - is it worth it? There is no evidence to show that if you are not iron deficient then taking a supplement would do anything positive. There are risks of being iron deficient but there are also risks of having too much iron in your system. 33:00 The role of iron infusions. "The problem with oral supplements is that they have to go through the gut and so you lose a lot of iron that way, so it can take months for someone to have their iron deficiency corrected." 34:38 Why taking iron supplements is not a form of doping or performance enhancing. "There is no evidence to suggest that giving someone iron if they don't need it will enhance performance, unless it is in combination with other things that we know will improve performance, like EPO." 37:40 The role of hepcidin in iron absorption. 41:10 Why timing is important to support absorption of iron. 44:15 Are there any differences between pre and post menopausal women and iron deficiency and any particular factors to take into account? Find out more Support this podcast

The interaction of glycolysis and lactic acid transport from skeletal muscle to the liver plays a significant role in oxygen uptake, transport and release in association with pulmonary carbon dioxide efflux . Dr. Daniel J. Guerra. An Authentic Biochemistry Production 19.8.21. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/dr-daniel-j-guerra/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/dr-daniel-j-guerra/support

Any chronic decrease in the ability for molecular oxygen to bind to circulating Hb will diminish its availability in the Central Nervous System and Skeletal Muscle resulting in the potential for long-term Pathophysiology and Illness. Dr. Dan Guerra Published 11 August 2021. Authentic Biochemistry. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/dr-daniel-j-guerra/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/dr-daniel-j-guerra/support

Trying to keep up with the medical literature butEngland have just scored a goal against an average team in  Euro 2020 and you just can't help singing 3 lions on a shirt over and over…Your ears are in the right place. In this bumper episode, Jon and Barney are joined by the RCP podcast superstar Dr Amie Burbridge as we digest the key practice changing articles from the last month or so.Listen to the end to change how you view ventilation, and bums, forever.To LP or not when suspecting SAH with a normal CT?Good news with new Malaria vaccine.COVID Zone:      Recovery - Tocilizumab and Convalescent Plasma.       Methlypred vs Dexamethasone.Risk of malignancy with CT abdomen.Finally a shorter TB course?Nursing ratios reducing mortality.Haemoglobin levels vs position .Sleep and risk of depression.Anal oxygen delivery (yes, really).

Let's learn all about Haemoglobin and the transportation of oxygen to cells in the body!Find us on the internet!Our website - Teachmescience.co.ukEmail - teachmebiologycast@gmail.comTwitter - twitter.com/teachmebiocastInstagram - @teachmebiologycast

Sickle cell disease is an inherited abnormality of haemoglobin (which is the oxygen-carrying protein found in red blood cells). It is characterised by red blood cells changing shape to become sickle (or crescent)-shaped which then causes them to block tiny blood vessels causing ischaemia and also makes them more prone to haemolysing, causing anaemia. Links and resources: Follow us on Instagram @yourekiddingrightdoctors Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/yourekiddingrightpod-107273607638323/ Our email is yourekiddingrightpod@gmail.com Make sure you hit SUBSCRIBE/FOLLOW so you don’t miss out on any pearls of wisdom and RATE if you can to help other people find us! (This isn’t individual medical advice, please use your own clinical judgement and local guidelines when caring for your patients)

Oxygen in, Carbon Dioxide out. We learn this basic paradigm about breathing from a very early age on. But how does it work? From a chemical viewpoint this is a lot of fun! So let's look into it

Anaemia is an incredibly common blood condition in which you lack enough red blood cells - or haemoglobin within them - to adequately deliver and supply oxygen to the body’s tissues. Worldwide, children and pregnant women are disproportionately affected, though we’ve had a number of clients benefit from lifestyle changes aimed at increasing haemoglobin. And I can tell you from personal experience, anaemia can have a measurable impact on athletic performance. On this podcast, NBT Scientific Director Megan Hall and I are talking about low oxygen deliverability resulting from anaemia and the many factors that can lead to this condition. We discuss in detail the blood tests that suggest anaemia is affecting your health, along with science-based optimal reference ranges for the most important markers. Megan also details steps you can take to improve your oxygen deliverability status if your haemoglobin is low (and taking an iron pill is not always the answer!). There’s a ton of great information in this one, so be sure to follow along with the outline Megan wrote to prepare for the podcast.  Here’s the outline of this interview with Megan Hall: [00:03:07] What is oxygen deliverability? Background and physiology. [00:05:00] Anaemia. [00:07:00] Why care about haemoglobin? [00:07:02] Haemoglobin's effect on athletic performance. [00:09:56] Causal relationship between iron deficiency anaemia and aerobic capacity; Review: Haas, Jere D., and Thomas Brownlie IV. "Iron deficiency and reduced work capacity: a critical review of the research to determine a causal relationship." The Journal of nutrition 131.2 (2001): 676S-690S. [00:11:06] Haemoglobin and anaerobic threshold. [00:12:10] Study of speed skaters: Kuipers, Harm, et al. "Hemoglobin levels and athletic performance in elite speed skaters during the olympic season 2006." Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 17.2 (2007): 135-139.  [00:12:16] Megan's outline for this podcast.  [00:13:51] Fatigue and energy levels. [00:14:33] Anaemia and quality of life issues. [00:15:46] Anaemia during pregnancy. [00:16:38] Potential causes of anaemia. [00:30:14] Malcolm Kendrick podcast discussing sickle cell anaemia and endothelial damage: A Statin Nation: Damaging Millions in a Brave New Post-health World.  [00:32:25] "Sports anaemia" ("pseudoanaemia"); Studies: 1. Eichner, E. RANDY. "Sports anemia, iron supplements, and blood doping." Medicine and science in sports and exercise 24.9 Suppl (1992): S315-8; 2. Weight, L. M., et al. "‘Sports Anemia’-A Real or Apparent Phenomenon in Endurance-Trained Athletes?." International journal of sports medicine 13.04 (1992): 344-347.  [00:33:55] How to tell if it's a true anaemia: history, diet, symptoms, blood chemistry. [00:34:16] Occult blood testing: test on 3-4 consecutive days. [00:37:02] Blood chemistry markers that can reveal anaemia. [00:40:54] Elevated MCV in athletes. (elevated = greater than 92 fL); Studies supporting reference range: 1. Anderson, Jeffrey L., et al. "Usefulness of a complete blood count-derived risk score to predict incident mortality in patients with suspected cardiovascular disease." The American journal of cardiology 99.2 (2007): 169-174 and 2. Mueller, Thomas, et al. "Association between erythrocyte mean corpuscular volume and peripheral arterial disease in male subjects: a case control study." Angiology 52.9 (2001): 605-613. [00:43:55] Haemoglobin - optimal reference ranges: 13.0 - 14.5 g/dL (women) and 14.5 - 16 g/dL (men); Study supporting reference range: Fulks, Michael, Vera F. Dolan, and Robert L. Stout. "Hemoglobin Screening Independently Predicts All-Cause Mortality." (2015): 75-80. [00:44:22] Elevated haemoglobin and sleep apnea. [00:45:23] Red blood cells (RBC) - optimal reference ranges: 4.4 to 4.8 m/cumm (women) and 4.8 to 5/5 m/cumm; Study: Kim, Yong Chul, et al. "The low number of red blood cells is an important risk factor for all-cause mortality in the general population." The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine 227.2 (2012): 149-159.  [00:46:40] RDW (optimal is up to 13%); Studies supporting reference range: 1. Anderson, Jeffrey L., et al. "Usefulness of a complete blood count-derived risk score to predict incident mortality in patients with suspected cardiovascular disease." The American journal of cardiology 99.2 (2007): 169-174; 2. Hou, Haifeng, et al. "An overall and dose-response meta-analysis of red blood cell distribution width and CVD outcomes." Scientific reports 7.1 (2017): 1-10; 3. Lippi, Giuseppe, et al. "Relation between red blood cell distribution width and inflammatory biomarkers in a large cohort of unselected outpatients." Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine 133.4 (2009): 628-632; 4. Öztürk, Zeynel Abidin, et al. "Is increased red cell distribution width (RDW) indicating the inflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD)?." Archives of gerontology and geriatrics 56.1 (2013): 50-54. [00:48:02] Test reticulocytes to identify production, destruction, or loss. [00:49:10] Iron panel: ferritin, serum iron, TIBC. [00:50:10] What to do about anaemia? [00:51:03] Review: Tardy, Anne-Laure, et al. "Vitamins and minerals for energy, fatigue and cognition: a narrative review of the biochemical and clinical evidence." Nutrients 12.1 (2020): 228.  [00:51:22] Nutritionally dense foods list on the NBT forum. (Support NBT on Patreon to get access to the forum). [00:55:24] Join our group program (blood test + bloodsmart report + forum + 4 group coaching session).  [00:57:04] Josh Turknett's 4-quadrant model.

This episode covers fetal haemoglobin.Written notes can be found at https://zerotofinals.com/paediatrics/haematology/fetalhaemoglobin/ or in the haematology section of the Zero to Finals paediatrics book.The audio in the episode was expertly edited by Harry Watchman.

Tahnee is back on The Women's Series today for a moving conversation with Dr. Oscar Serrallach, author of The Postnatal Depletion Cure, Integrative GP specialising in women's postnatal health, and devoted father, working passionately to bring more focus on mothers postnatal health into the world. His project The Postnatal Depletion Cure has been inspired by witnessing/treating so many women with chronic postnatal depletion and the lack of awareness this dilemma has, both at a societal and medical level. Dr. Oscar believes mothers are the fabric of our society, and through supporting healthy mothers, we create a healthier world for everyone.  This heart centred conversation is of relevance to everyone. The time to honour and support all mothers, including the great Mother Earth, is now. "We almost forget as a collective that there is no more important job than making another human being, and there is no more important job than teaching that human being how to love, that's a mother's job. As a father, I can teach my kids around the complexities of love, but the actual fundamentals, that starts in the womb and is learned early on, in that house of love".   Tahnee and Dr. Oscar discuss:  The often undervalued role of mothers; Mothers are the centre of society, and as a collective, it's everyone's responsibility to make sure they are well supported. Motherhood in the 21st Century, how far have we fallen? Motherhood has shifted from being a role of central importance to a secondary thing that women add to their already busy lives. Displaced badges of honour; the pressure put on mothers to  get back to work instead of honouring and supporting the transition of the maiden to mother. Brain changes women experience during a single pregnancy and how these fundamental changes relate to cultural beliefs around holding a mother in the postpartum period. The importance of a postnatal care plan. What Dr. Oscar recommends and why. The idea of the super mum; how this term can be detrimental to the health and well-being of mothers. The essential role of the matriarch and the 'grandmother hypothesis'. Why the menopausal years are about giving back and passing on wisdom. The increase in Postnatal Neuro Inflammatory Disorders (postpartum fatigue, postnatal depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder). What are the causes? How can we avoid them? Autoimmune conditions during and post-pregnancy. Harnessing the power of the placenta; how this amazing organ and  subsequent pregnancies can provide an opportunity for healing the mother. Nervous system practices to maintain and rebuild a mother's health.  Who is Dr. Oscar Serrallach? Dr. Oscar Serrallach graduated with a medical degree (MBChB) from the Auckland School of Medicine, New Zealand in 1996. He received his fellowship of Family Medicine and General Practice in 2008 and is currently completing a Fellowship in Nutritional and Environmental Medicine. He is the owner and principal doctor at the Mullumbimby Integrative Medical Centre based in Northern NSW Australia, which he has been running since 2011. Dr Serrallach is the author of the groundbreaking book for women The Postnatal Depletion Cure, a programme and book for women that bridges that gap in women’s postanal health, and has brought hope and healing to so many women suffering with postnatal depletion. Dr Oscar Serrallach is dedicated to remaining at the cutting edge of wellness healthcare and continues to advance and bring awareness to the field of women's postantal health. Resources: Dr. Oscar Serrallach websiite The Postnatal Depletion Cure Dr. Oscar Serrallach Facebook Dr. Oscar Serrallach Instagram Q: How Can I Support The SuperFeast Podcast?   A: Tell all your friends and family and share online! We’d also love it if you could subscribe and review this podcast on iTunes. Or  check us out on Stitcher, CastBox, iHeart RADIO:)! Plus  we're on Spotify!   Check Out The Transcript Here:   Tahnee: (00:01) Hi everybody, and welcome to the SuperFeast Podcast. Today I'm here with Dr. Serrallach and we're going to talk about his book, The Postnatal Depletion Cure and his work with women on going and sort of helping them to restore their vitality after having babies, which is a big and beautiful job. So thank you for joining me today.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (00:22) Thanks Tahnee, and thanks for the invitation. I really admire your work with SuperFeast and your role in mother care as well. As we know, mothers centre everything and, as a society and as communities, we need our mothers to be as well as possible.   Tahnee: (00:38) Yeah. I loved that right at the beginning of your book where you say ... I'm going to read it, that the well-being of mothers is the fabric from which the cloth of the future of our society is made. I read that and just thought yes, because it sets the framework for our children, how they live, how they raise their children. It's just a cascade.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (00:58) It's central and it's primary, whereas I think in this 21st century, motherhood has become decentralised and a secondary kind of thing that mothers just add on to their already busy lives. We almost forget as a collective that there is no more important job than making another human being, and there is no more important job teaching that human being how to love. That's a mother's job. As a father, I can teach my kids around the complexities of love, but the actual fundamentals, that starts in the womb and is learned really early on, just that house of love.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (01:44) I think it's useful to kind of reframe that because a lot of mothers feel like they want to stay home and stay in that role, and they're feeling pulled into all the trappings of the 21st century living and jobs and success. We've got a very academic way of kind of even judging one's success.   Tahnee: (02:07) Rationalising. I think a lot of rationalising happens when you become a mother.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (02:12) Well, and externalising, comparing.   Tahnee: (02:14) Yeah.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (02:14) It can be very tough landscape, especially they're not really that aware of the deep transformation that's kind of occurring within not only mother's kind of psyche, but also within her biology in terms of her brain, her nervous system. Such massive changes occur and everyone's going into parenthood with quite an abstract idea of what they're in for. We talked about Pinterest parenting. It's like you ever go, well, I quite like this and we're going to do this. No, we're not going to do dummies or thumb sucking. We kind of have a checklist of these quite important but not that important issues and actual fundamentals of looking after a helpless human being we don't really have much experience in. We think we'll just kind of wing it.   Tahnee: (03:17) Well, it's funny because there's that old joke where people say, oh you should get a licence to have a child, and there is sort of this element of, culturally, you used to be raised around small children. I see my child and the other children in the street. They kind of raise each other in a way and they learn to be with a smaller person. I can imagine that that gives them this kind of sense that later on they're going to be a little more adapt at handling children when they have their children. I think we miss so much of that because we have these nuclear families and we've lost large families with lots of siblings. That's not really our norm anymore.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (03:56) Yeah, that's right. In traditional societies, there's not a way you would have reached the possibility of becoming a parent without significant experience in actually looking after young children and slightly older children. Again, the analogy of the licence. You wouldn't have needed a licence because you've already had a lot of experience. The sort of research of American. The average couple researches more time in buying a new vehicle than they do in actually becoming a parent. So there's often a lot of research in the antenatal pregnancy, but the parenting side of things, we don't ...   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (04:33) So when I'm making a joke about winging it, that's what we all do, expecting that somehow we'll know what to do or someone's going to turn up and help us.   Tahnee: (04:45) Yeah.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (04:48) We can really struggle and suffer when a mother hasn't slept for months and, at 3:00 in the morning, she can't settle baby. Then she's trying to work out what's going on. It's a very deep, dark place to try to pull yourself back from, especially when you don't have a cultural context.   Tahnee: (05:09) Yeah.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (05:10) Or even a default place to go, where to get support or ideas, or solutions. As a society, we're very unkind to mothers generally. If there's anything wrong with the baby, who gets blamed? The mom. I think it should almost be the opposite. If there's any issues with the child, it should almost be a collective, ah, the society didn't turn up enough to help that mother for the child.   Tahnee: (05:37) Yep.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (05:39) Because I don't meet bad mums. I just meet unsupported mums who have struggled and haven't been supported and were unaware. Most mothers are in it boots and all, so it's not a matter of not trying hard enough. It's just not having the right resources, the right knowledge, the right preparation, or even awareness around the certain times of vulnerability that can occur during motherhood. We almost have the opposite in terms of these badges of honour, the super mum getting back to work as early as possible. Working mums, when they're at work, they're pretending they're not a mother. When they're mothering, they pretend they don't have a job.   Tahnee: (06:31) Fragmentation of self.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (06:34) Quite damaging and pretty much impossible because you can't switch off your mother-ness.   Tahnee: (06:39) If only. No, you don't want to. I think when you first ... I certainly remember being a couple of weeks in and being like, oh my gosh, who am I now, because I'm not that person who gave birth to this child and I'm not a mother yet because I don't know that role intimately. It was just this funny little liminal space of I didn't really know who I was becoming and I didn't know who I was ... I sort of knew who I was leaving behind, but there's a grieving period, which happened for me in pregnancy and then again postpartum. It's interesting and there aren't a lot of elders now to even take ...   Tahnee: (07:22) We had an older friend who doesn't have children, and she's raised or helped raise many nieces and nephews. She showed up and swaddled my daughter and picked her up and walked her around a couple of days after I had her. I just was like, whoa, that's cool.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (07:36) And so necessary as well.   Tahnee: (07:38) Yeah, because she was friends and close, she just came in and did it. I thought, wow, there's so few women that I know that could help me like that and that sort of can support. I think that's a big part of it, right?   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (07:52) Yeah. What you're describing very beautifully is that transition from maiden to mother. We can talk about that more, but this idea of matrescence, of becoming a mother, is a very profound idea. Many mothers describe this heart ripping experience with those first few days post birth, and that's a real time of vulnerability. One of the most important things that a mother experiences really in that time is safety and that everything is going to be okay, and that her team around her have got this, because she cannot feel the edges anymore and she's getting used to these mother upgrades in terms of nervous system and brain changes and hormones.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (08:43) It can take several years to get used to these upgrades. What I like about that story that you were sort of sharing is that you had someone, who probably wasn't even asked to help, turning up and doing what was necessary. That's real support, but in a trusting environment. When a mother is actually having to ask for support, it's already too late because, if she senses she's struggling, she's been struggling for quite a bit of time before she's raising her hand, or she may not feel justified to raise her hand to ask for help or feel that she's doing a bad job, and that she's a bad mom and she should know better, which is part of a negative feedback that we often get culturally around motherhood that you just should divinely know how to be a mother at the birth of a child, and shame on you if you didn't get that sort of download.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (09:42) Of course, mothering is a learned skill. As we alluded to before, we don't have the learning prior to becoming mothers often because they're not looking after lots of children and what have you. Then some women learning on the job. In the sense of vulnerability with the massive changes that have occurred and getting a sense that you're not a maiden anymore but you're not a mother yet, this is a classic challenge of matrescence, the becoming of a mother. Who am I? What does my purpose look like? It can be very derailing if that isn't held or there isn't a container to explain the transition.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (10:29) This is why I quite like the term adolescence, to compare to matrescence, because that's the only other thing that's comparable. Adolescence, you don't become and adult at your 18th birthday. It's obviously an important time. And you don't become a mother at the birth of your child, even though that's an obviously very important milestone to transformation. We know that adolescence has massive brain changes that occur during adolescence, but there are actually more brain changes that occur during a single pregnancy than for the entire adolescence.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (11:10) Again, it takes a few years for the adolescent to get used to their brain and they can seem kind of less human for a short period during that, but literally they start feeling more before they start thinking. That's part of ... and for mothers, it's a very similar thing. They can feel so much more than they ever have before, and their brain is infused with millions of oxytocin receptors that maidens don't have and men don't have. That is one of the critical issues in that early phase. This is why so many cultures have such deep cultural beliefs and teachings around holding mother in that early time because, if you think about it, oxytocin not only is the hormone of childbirth in all the contractions of the uterus, but it's also the hormone of skin to skin contact, intimacy, trust and safety.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (12:08) So essentially, the way I'm interpreting the research is that a mother's stress response system has gone from her previous me, am I safe, am I okay, to this oxytocin infused we. Are we safe, are we okay, does this make sense for us? That can sometimes be ... That is what the baby bubble is, but it also can sometimes extend way beyond the baby. Sometimes it can be the family unit. Sometimes it can be the community. Sometimes it can be the world. That is a very raw feeling that mothers can have. I hear so many mothers, they can't watch the news anymore, they cry at commercials. Their ability to be able to tolerate things really changes.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (12:53) They can feel like an alien at their workplace, whereas obviously their workplace hasn't changed at all. They have changed. So they're having to ... They are in a liminal space for a while, but the challenge is in the reintegration. One that their liminal space is allowed to go through its force of process, and this is what those cultural practises are essentially around. Then just to have a healthy reintegration. Otherwise, it can be quite destructive on some levels in terms of the mother's sense of self and her psyche and her emotional well-being. She knows that she's different, but no one's told her that she's going to be different.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (13:41) Trying to deal with that dissonance alone, it's fraught with problems. So a mother suffering on her own is one of the worst things ever really. I think, as a society, that would have never happened in antiquity. Then we're seeing it happen all the time now. We're even seeing sub nuclear families now.   Tahnee: (14:10) Yeah.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (14:10) So intentional single parenting. Mothers who aren't having a primary partner, having children, so they have even less support than the overwhelmed nuclear family. I see a lot of mothers having to lean on their partners for emotional support, whereas traditionally a partner would have only been doing a small part of that.   Tahnee: (14:33) Yeah.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (14:34) And the mother could have leaned on so many other people, including aunties and grandmothers and sisters, and really be held deeply with a lot of experience. Yeah, so it's definitely a journey that's fraught with challenges. I think as a collective, and I think this is where you and I have a lot of overlap, is that we understand that. From a traditional Chinese medicine point of view, that's actually well described over many millennia that this potential vulnerability is there. As a collective, we have to make sure that mothers never go there wherever possible and support them as much as possible.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (15:20) A big part of my recent work is not only sort of helping mothers with postnatal depletion and other neuro inflammatory disorders, but actually to do really good postnatal planning.   Tahnee: (15:31) Yeah.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (15:32) To avoid the pothole in the road. If you can see it, then you can drive around it.   Tahnee: (15:37) Totally, because so much work goes into birth plans. I can't remember how many people asked me about my birth, like every second person. Postpartum, nothing.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (15:50) Yeah, and if you can imagine having half the amount of energy that went into the birth plan going to your postnatal plan, and then enabling a team of people to enact it, because I think part of the ... Like the birth plan, a mother is in a liminal space during birth and she's in a very vulnerable space post birth. She shouldn't be the one enacting the birth plan or enacting the postnatal plan. She should have agreed on what it looks like and then things are happening without her having to really sort of focus on that, because that can be very challenging for a mother to kind of try to be an advocate in that birth space when she's in such an oxytocin infused vulnerable space, or to even have ...   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (16:43) She's often in such a time dilated baby bubble that it can be really hard to pull herself out of that to kind of negotiate-   Tahnee: (16:53) A timeframe or delivery schedule, yeah.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (16:53) ... food rosters, yeah.   Tahnee: (16:53) What day is it? Who am I?   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (16:54) Yeah, whose plate does this belong to.   Tahnee: (17:00) Totally.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (17:01) And having to get stressed out by detail. So part of the birth plan is to enable the guardians. So they can be dads or other primary caregivers, and really give them the keys to the car, so to speak, so they're not having to keep on asking mom is it okay if we do this. What about just things that are happening?   Tahnee: (17:25) Which I guess is sort of an impetus to articulate how you like to be supported. I think that's something where ... Certainly I'm speaking for myself and some friends that I've spoken to this about, but it can be hard to know what you need in that time, especially if you're a first time mum. I think if it's second or third ... I've had friends with a second baby who are like, all right, you're in charge of the food roster and you're in charge of this. They kind of knew what they would need.   Tahnee: (17:51) So in your book, you speak about just the basics of getting enough sleep, good nutrition, those kinds of things. If someone is thinking about what's my postnatal care plan, what are the things that you think are essential to have on there?   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (18:06) Yeah. So I talk about one month of deep rest, 100 days of deep support, and then priority on sleep for one year. So, that's kind of just some of the themes. I really try to enable the guardian, so the dads or the other primary caregivers, to be free of other duties. Their main job is to focus on the mother. Not focusing on the jobs that need to be done. We talk about visitors only start. If anyone's coming over, they've eventually got jobs to do.   Tahnee: (18:42) Mm-hmm (affirmative).   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (18:44) To give them permission to do as little as possible. As we know with TCM and setting the moon, in traditional Chinese culture, the mothers are allowed to do essentially nothing. They're allowed to go to the toilet, feed the baby, feed themselves and that's it. Some places are not even allowed to shower in the first month. If you're seen with a newborn baby out on the street, in traditional China, you're going to get shooed back into your home pretty quickly.   Tahnee: (19:15) Yeah, by one of those aunties.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (19:21) Yeah, yeah. Well, meaning they're quite full on aunties, yeah. Whereas we don't have that context or those sort of boundaries here. There are other things I sort of talk about with sort of postnatal planning is ... I think the food roster is just a great way. So again, food preferences, those kinds of things, email a group, WhatsApp group, whatever it looks like. Then the mother doesn't get involved.   Tahnee: (19:46) Yeah.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (19:46) Food's arriving. If somebody can't deliver, you've got your backup in the freezer, whatever. Mother doesn't even know. She's not having to kind of be pulled out of the baby bubble. I think social media is a really big trap, especially for the social media inclined. You want to show off your joy to the world, and I totally get that, but have that for four weeks, social media silence. That would be an accepted norm.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (20:21) For the baby and the mother and the birth weight and everything went well. See you in four weeks.   Tahnee: (20:27) But you even talk about that, that focus on the birth weight, the stats and the kind of ... I remember reading that in your book. It's like there's this real emphasis on that, and then there's kind of just this like, great the baby is here. Forget about mom. Then it becomes baby, baby, baby, baby, baby, baby, baby.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (20:46) Yeah, and this was my personal experience. If the spotlight that had been so beautifully on mother during the pregnancy suddenly just disappears and suddenly, hang on, everyone's forgotten about her. I think is a collective ... that's literally what we've done. We're not honouring mothers and we're not honouring the great mother obviously in terms of what we're doing with global pollution and climate change. Who better to enable that change? I think mothers are able to teach children about being agents of change, and this is why we need mothers who are really just grounded, who are well in themselves, who reengage with their purpose.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (21:33) I call it the birth of the lioness's idea that, once a mother's at a vulnerable kind of stage with her mother upgrades in terms of all these extra brain neurons and receptors, and altered sort of stress responders and hormones, that she's actually got super powers that she didn't have before. She cares more than she ever has, and she'll often care about others more than she cares about herself. That's a gift and a curse, but the gift part of that is we need that sort of energy in all aspects of education, medicine, politics.   Tahnee: (22:12) Life.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (22:13) Life. I keep coming back to the fact that there are 10 countries in the world that are governed by mothers, by women. Five of them at least, possibly six, are mothers from what I can see. 193 countries governed in the world, so it's a very small percentage, but are the countries that are doing the best from a COVID-19 point of view. Of those 12 countries governed by women, seven of the top 10 in terms of COVID stats are governed by women. Statistically, that's outrageous in terms of the correlation there. I think partly it's a culture that enables females to be prime minister's and it's also that those cultures are obviously more evolved.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (23:04) Then you've got people in places of power who care a whole lot, and that sounds quite obvious, but we're in a pretty low care political system.   Tahnee: (23:18) But I think that ... I think what I've read in your book, and I'm hoping I'm getting this right, but it's like we need to wait a while. We need to wait until the kids are a bit older before we're sort of ready to express that super power. Would that be fair to say? I feel for me, my daughter is nearly four, and it's really time for me to step back from my leadership role and to give that over. Then there'll be a time when she's a bit more independent when I come back into that with that sort of gathered wisdom.   Tahnee: (23:47) But that pressure to stay on and run the company and all those things, I've really had to drop that over the last four years. It's something that I can feel that I'm capacitated, but I can also feel that my priorities are elsewhere. I think I need to honour that shift in priority. So I wonder if you could talk to that. I know your wife was quite a go getter from what I sort of-   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (24:08) Yeah.   Tahnee: (24:09) She's now the mum of three, so I imagine things have changed dramatically for her. So what's your sort of take on that shift? I watched Lucinda Ardern. She's just had a baby and she's running a country.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (24:21) Yeah.   Tahnee: (24:21) That's not very good in my mind.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (24:21) Well, from a postnatal depletion point of view, I was like ... I think she must have gotten pregnant around the time of winning the election from what I can kind of gather.   Tahnee: (24:32) Yeah.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (24:34) Just doing a little bit of subtraction mathematics. She's had great support.   Tahnee: (24:42) But she also said in an interview she sleeps four or five hours a night, lives on coffee. She's pushing it.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (24:48) Yeah.   Tahnee: (24:49) I think that's where this fine line. I remember travelling for three months ... sorry, at three months with my daughter for a month, almost nonstop. It was dreadful. I felt terrible the whole time. I was barely keeping up. It's a totally different game when you have a kid.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (25:06) Yeah. Lucinda Ardern is probably quite an interesting example where she is supermom, but the idea of a supermom is actually quite dangerous and it shouldn't be something we're aiming for.   Tahnee: (25:17) No.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (25:18) For me, an analogy is it's like driving around without your seat belt on going, look at me, I didn't have an accident. It's like, well yeah, but you should still wear the seat belt. I've often thought about this question, what is the ideal time. I think it's partly dependent on each mum, but when I kind of look at cultural groups, these are first nations or cultures that are still living quite traditionally, the mothers are very involved with a zero to one year old, but then thereafter the grandmother hypothesis. The one to five year old, even the mother is still very involved, the primary care giving is actually by the aunties and the grandmothers.   Tahnee: (26:03) So that hypothesis, just for people that don't understand, is that the menopausal years are really about giving back to the community in service of raising children, and that the younger mothers were actually doing a lot of the physical work to keep the community going?   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (26:19) Exactly. We're only one of two species that has menopause. Apes, for example, they just become less fertile until death.   Tahnee: (26:31) Yes. Is it whales and us?   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (26:31) Orca whales, yeah. There's probably one other whale that you're thinking about, but they know exactly why orcas have menopause at 30. So they're fertile from 15 to 30 and then they can live up to 80.   Tahnee: (26:42) Wow.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (26:43) So these matriarchs pass on cultural knowledge and they learn seasonal changes. So they've studied orcas. It's a bit weird that they have a hypothesis for humans, but ... I think part of the programme, stopping of the ovaries at 15 and menopause is around, suddenly that cultural knowledge becomes more important than fertility and offspring, because you're supporting direct genetics.   Tahnee: (27:15) Lineage, yeah.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (27:15) Anyway. So it's investing in grandchildren and the great grandchildren, as opposed to more children. Because there can be so many seasonal changes, and then changes with climate that could occur naturally anyway, it's very important to have that flexibility. That can take a long time to learn. So grandmothers have a really important role. Again, we would have had children much younger.   Tahnee: (27:49) Yeah.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (27:49) The average age in Australia, one of the oldest countries in the world, 30.9 is the average age for your first child. Now that would have never happened in prehistory. That wouldn't have been the age of your first child. In this culture, we've had these deep practises to get mother back on board that first year. Baby bonding, really just focus on baby, and then she's kind of released from her role. So we need at least a year, but the effects of not allowing the hormonal system to recalibrate can cause neuro inflammation, which basically all the problems postnatally that we know about, postpartum fatigue, postnatal depression, all the mood disorders including anxiety and obsessive compulsive disorder, they are neuro inflammatory in nature, which are very different to men and maiden for similar symptoms. They're a unique group.   Tahnee: (28:50) Mm-hmm (affirmative). So you're saying postpartum, all of those symptoms or syndromes can be traced back to this inflammation of the brain.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (28:59) Yeah.   Tahnee: (28:59) Yeah, okay.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (29:00) It's a very tiny part of the brain. The research in the last few years has really increased in understanding of which parts of the brain and what you can potentially do about it is just really starting. So this idea of neuro inflammation is quite ... It's not new, but the idea with mothers in terms of as a community and as doctors and healers, this idea is relatively sort of new. It makes a lot of sense. The pattern fits exactly with what anyone sees clinically or if you're watching mothers kind of struggle with depression or fatigue, you realise this is not just stock standard symptoms.   Tahnee: (29:47) Yeah.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (29:47) There's something very different or unique going on. So with that neuro inflammation, that can last for years and years afterwards. The peak incidence of depression after a child is four to five years after birth of a child but, because it's outside the six months definition, they can't call it postnatal depression. They have to call it depression postnatally. So it just shows you there's an accumulation of factors that can occur.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (30:20) When they do electrical scans of a mother's brain who has depression, they look very different to a maiden's brain who has the same symptoms. We shouldn't be calling these conditions postpartum depression, postnatal anxiety. They should actually be postnatal neuro inflammatory disorder.   Tahnee: (30:44) Yeah. The implication is you're not going to treat them with antidepressant in the same kind of treatment, right?   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (30:51) It just happens that some of the antidepressants have an accidental effect on neuro inflammation through something called gabber.   Tahnee: (30:57) Oh yeah.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (30:58) Not through serotonin, which is ... Serotonin often takes two weeks for these medications to start working. If one of these serotonergic agents has this accidental gabber effect, you can start getting benefits within two to three days.   Tahnee: (31:14) Okay, but then herbs like Mucuna and things that work on gabber as well are going to be beneficial, right? Yeah.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (31:20) One thing just to be aware of regarding that is the first ever approved drug for postpartum depression came out last year in America. It's not available in Australia.   Tahnee: (31:30) I saw it, yeah.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (31:31) Yeah, it's a pretty big topic, but I think what's profound about it is it's not actually a drug as much as a repurposed placental hormone that's been tweaked and infused into the mother who has depression, anxiety, can't look after herself. It essentially switches off that neuro inflammation within 12 hours typically.   Tahnee: (31:59) Wow.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (31:59) So pretty profound that one hormone can help a psychiatric condition, or that a hormone or anything can switch off a psychiatric condition, because that's relatively new ground. Normally you'd be managing or treating, not switching off. They give it as an infusion over 60 hours and mothers usually don't relay need any treatment after that.   Tahnee: (32:24) Wow.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (32:25) It's very expensive. It's not available in Australia, and I'm sure the pharmaceutical industry is going to do what it does and try to push it out to every mother who is struggling. But the idea is the unique landscape of the mother's brain, that this intervention probably wouldn't make much difference for a man or a maiden with the same symptoms. So if we can just really feel how profound that idea is, it's actually totally different. Anyone who works with mothers senses that. I think the science is just giving us permission to treat mothers differently, and it also is giving us an imperative that mother care is super, super important.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (33:17) I think one of the aha moments for me was looking at traditional Chinese medical texts when they described what happens to a mother who isn't supported. Even though the language is very different to what the concept of that a mother can be left in this fragile, nervous, depleted state ongoing, that's been known about for thousands of years. Hence the elaborate cultural practises and bullying by well meaning aunties because it's become-   Tahnee: (33:59) They observed that and they found solutions, which is science really. It's replicable over time and we're watching generations of women benefit from that. But then we don't really want to adopt those practises necessarily in our culture because it feels like who's going to ... Even the binding and all of those things, it's so rare that that's-   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (34:22) It can almost seem antifeminist as well.   Tahnee: (34:24) Yeah.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (34:26) This is some of the feedback that I've certainly got from my mothers. What's quite cute for me is all my medical software that I use with pregnant mothers, it still has the initials EDC on there, estimated date of confinement. So it's alluding back to kind of the Victorian idea that mothers needed to be confined. Of course that seems quite-   Tahnee: (34:50) Antiquated.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (34:50) Yeah. That's very antifeminist, but the idea is that the confinement was a necessary part of the care. Then the confinement kind of occurred in hospitals, and then we just forgot about the confinement. Off you go, do what you want, good luck.   Tahnee: (35:12) Yeah. I've always said feminism has a lot to answer for because I think even some of those concepts of supermom and that comparison of ... I used to say I'll just bring my daughter to work. It'll be fine. I think there was this programing, I suppose, around my own upbringing and what I'd sort of witnessed in media and my friends and peers. It seemed like they kind of had the baby and they maybe disappeared for a month and then they were back to normal, in inverted comma's invariably not.   Tahnee: (35:44) But you talk about all of these things that come up. You talk in your book about treating women four years down the track that have all sorts of debilitating, whether it's anaemia or things like chronic colds and flues.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (35:57) Fatigue.   Tahnee: (35:58) Fatigue.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (35:58) Sleep problems, emotional health.   Tahnee: (35:59) Yeah, and it's like that's still happening.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (36:00) yeah.   Tahnee: (36:02) It's almost normalised. So many of my mom friends would just sort of accept that you're tired all the time and your brain doesn't work properly, but I don't know that that's ... When I'm really careful, I actually feel really good, but I have to have very strong boundaries and really take responsibility for my health as a priority over anything else I do. I think that's the sense of we normalise this business and this kind of deep fatigue and exhaustion, but it's really not normal. It's what everyone does.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (36:33) Well, what's common. So what is normal and what is common. 50% of people get cancer in their lifetime, so that's pretty common. You cannot convince me that cancer is normal. Many conditions alike, diabetes 50% rate past the age of 50, heart disease. It's so common that they're normalised. America is interesting that it's often four or five years ahead of what the statistics show in Australia. Currently in America, and I'm expecting to see this in Australia in four to five years time, is the rate of PMS or perinatal mood and anxiety disorder. That can be depression, anxiety or obsessive compulsive disorder, is 40% within that first three to six months.   Tahnee: (37:24) Wow.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (37:25) So that's ... it was 30, 20%, and we're seeing ... It's not that the diagnosis is getting better or more-   Tahnee: (37:36) More sensitive, yeah.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (37:38) It's just we're having more mothers that are just struggling and strung out, and really just pushed beyond their capacity, and then left in this neuro inflammatory state, and then they get the label, and then they get pharmaceutical treatment.   Tahnee: (37:56) Yeah.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (37:58) So if you see the rates increasing, we have to then go, well as a collective, are we just okay with that?   Tahnee: (38:07) Yeah, take responsibility as a community.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (38:09) Yeah, also just go, okay, the stakes are getting higher. It's not that we're getting softer with each generation. It's just that there's epigenetic change over generations. I think there's more toxins, there's more-   Tahnee: (38:22) Totally.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (38:23) The modern woman doesn't have any downtime, whereas the ancient woman had a lot of stress for sure, but she had a lot of downtime as well. Times of boredom, times of just relaxation. The modern 21st Century woman and the modern mother, it's 24/7. She just keeps peddling, keeps peddling, and isn't supported to not do that. Then the expectation is that's what a mother does. Why you can blame her. You wanted the child. You've got a healthy ... The negative feedback that a mother gets if she is struggling is terrible. The judgement from well meaning others.   Tahnee: (39:05) Yeah, the undermining of their experience.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (39:07) Then a mother then judges herself, and then she starts undermining her own abilities. She may also pass it onto the next generation, this idea of the mother wound where intergenerational we can pass on the non supportive mothers. It doesn't have to be directly from your own mother. The mother wound is really about a cultural norm.   Tahnee: (39:34) Collective, yeah.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (39:36) I wasn't supported. I wasn't allowed to shine my light. Why should you? That's part of the unspoken energy that sort of can happen in between generations. Yeah, it's devastating.   Tahnee: (39:51) It comes back to mother care, which is this essential what you do. So we're talking ... You mentioned a lot the autoimmune factor. I think, when I was pregnant, I was reading about how the baby's cells end up in the mother's heart or her brain or long after the kind of sharing a space.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (40:13) Yeah.   Tahnee: (40:13) Which still blows me away sometimes. There was a baby in my belly. But yeah, that can lead to really drastic immunological ... it can have a really positive effect, I've read. It can have these sort of ... I know people who have not been able to eat gluten before and suddenly have great digestion and don't have those inflammation responses, but then it can go the other way too, right?   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (40:33) Yeah. This is the-   Tahnee: (40:35) Opportunity and curse, I guess.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (40:37) Well, it's placental inflammation really. You need some inflammation, but too much inflammation during pregnancy, the immune system can get quite stressed. Essentially, most autoimmune conditions, apart from Lupus, improve-   Tahnee: (40:56) During pregnancy.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (40:57) During pregnancy. Mothers can feel amazing during pregnancy. Not all mothers, but because of progesterone and some of those other hormones. Then, once the placenta is delivered, you're in this vulnerable state, and then the immune rebound hypothesis is that the immune system can literally not only swing back to normal, but you've got a baby that's 50% foreign in you that swings too far the other way and becomes over reactive. So you can get a lot of things that are kicked off because of the pregnancy, and Hashimoto's seems to be one of those postpartum [inaudible 00:41:39]. Hashimoto's is an autoimmune disease of the thyroid seem to be conditions that may be very much pregnancy related, but the research is surprisingly sparse.   Tahnee: (41:54) Really?   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (41:54) Yeah. You think we'd know this really well. Again, we've got the wrong definitions. If you don't go to the endocrinologist or the rheumatologist within the first six months, you are treated like a man or a maiden.   Tahnee: (42:10) Sure.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (42:10) They don't even ask you have you had kids.   Tahnee: (42:13) That change hasn't been factored into a diagnosis.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (42:17) They're just going, do you have this condition, yes or no? Checklist, blood test, xrays, next and next, rather than looking at the timeline and going, you didn't have this before the pregnancy and you have it after the pregnancy. Sometimes mothers have no idea what's going on until maybe a year or two after the birth of the child. Then it kind of dawns on them that this is not just-   Tahnee: (42:41) Yeah, fatigue.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (42:44) Fatigue or sleep deprivation.   Tahnee: (42:44) Yeah.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (42:46) So I think I really like this idea of a special field of medicine for mothers that we might call matriarchs or something like that to kind of really show the unique landscape and the unique things that can happen. We've got paediatrics, we've got geriatrics.   Tahnee: (43:05) Yeah.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (43:06) I think there's definitely enough research to kind of look at mothers as a separate group.   Tahnee: (43:15) Yeah I seem to remember Chinese medicine, there was ... I can't remember her name now. It might come to me, but there was a textbook translation on sort of gynaecology. They did speak to treating mothers differently and at different stages since the birth as well. Maybe you've come across it. I'll see if I can find it, but I thought it was super interesting because it was sort of the first time I'd been exposed to that idea that you're different and that you might be different 10 years, 20 years.   Tahnee: (43:46) I think from that cellular ... when they talk about the baby's cells, they can stay for a couple of decades sometimes.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (43:52) 20-30 years.   Tahnee: (43:53) Yeah, which is like having a foreign cell in your body.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (43:58) It can somehow turn the system for good, but then it can also stress the system. This is probably what we're seeing with autoimmune diseases is too many foetal cells come into the mother's circulation and stressing the immune system too much.   Tahnee: (44:11) So would that mean a more, sort of ... I can't remember the word right now, but the barrier of the placenta is more porous.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (44:20) Yeah, so leaky placenta. Researchers don't call it that, increased permeability of the placental membrane.   Tahnee: (44:27) Permeability, that's the word.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (44:29) It's basically leaky placenta and this idea of preg formation. The placenta is going to be slightly leaky and we've had to revert to a very unique old type of placenta as humans that most apes and most mammals don't use.   Tahnee: (44:43) Yeah, I think you were saying we're one of the only ones ... 20% of something are like us, or not even.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (44:48) Well, it's more the fact that it's not the classic mammal, advanced mammal placenta.   Tahnee: (44:56) Okay, it's larger, right?   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (44:59) It's larger and it has more surface area.   Tahnee: (45:01) Yeah, okay. So it takes up more space.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (45:03) So rather than the kind of finger and finger type placenta, which is kind of a 50/50 transaction, it's what they call the mop in the bucket analogy to enable much wider surface area to enable more nutrients-   Tahnee: (45:17) More blood flow.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (45:18) ... and essentially fat. So fat's one of the things that-   Tahnee: (45:21) Yeah, in the last stages, a lot of fat.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (45:24) Seven grams of fat, which is a major biological back flip that the placenta has to do to enable that. So it means that the placenta is more easily damaged than the placenta of a horse or a pig or something like that, which are pretty stable. So you don't see inflammatory issues in these kinds of animals very often.   Tahnee: (45:45) That makes me think, if a mother comes into pregnancy with leaky gut or something, is there a higher chance of her developing a leaky placenta?   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (45:54) You would think so, but again zero research.   Tahnee: (45:57) Yeah, this is hypothesis.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (45:59) If you've already got too much inflammation, increasing intestinal permeability or leaky gut, even sort of increased brain permeability, sort of leaky brain. Basically conditions of too much inflammation. So if you're having that going into pregnancy, it can work both ways. Sometimes people think it can actually have a massive healing effect with all these hormones.   Tahnee: (46:27) Yeah.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (46:28) I've seen that happen. Often I'll try to coach mothers who have had very negative pregnancies or postnatal experiences to then use subsequent pregnancies as a healing experience.   Tahnee: (46:43) Yeah, that's a Chinese medicine concept too, that each pregnancy is an opportunity ...   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (46:47) Yeah, I love that. I call it harnessing the power of the placenta. The placenta produces hormones to a volume that we can't even imagine.   Tahnee: (46:57) Yeah, it's an amazing organ just in terms of that it's not really either the child or the mother's either. It's this kind of thing.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (47:07) Genetically it's the child.   Tahnee: (47:08) It's the child, yeah okay.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (47:09) But serving two masters.   Tahnee: (47:11) Yeah.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (47:14) It's having to kind of do a trade off sometimes. If it doesn't get it right, one or the other is going to suffer. Then it would be a bad outcome for both.   Tahnee: (47:23) Yeah. So does the child initiate its formation, but the mother provides the nutrition for it, because from what I've understood there's this unusual sharing of resources in that it demands a lot of the mother and the mother will give more than she has if necessary.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (47:40) Yeah. So apart from vitamin D, which isn't even a vitamin. It's a-   Tahnee: (47:45) Hormone.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (47:45) Pro-hormone, which is kind of a 50/50 sort of share. Everything else is preference for the child, even oxygen. So if a mother were to be drowning or something like that, she would drown first before the child because of fetal ... Haemoglobin will just grab onto the oxygen at the expense of the mother. So, that's how ... Not that it's a very nice example, but it's an example of just how profound that one way street is.   Tahnee: (48:16) Yeah.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (48:17) It's true with iron, with DHA, with basically all the vitamins, nutrients, minerals. Daylight robbery is one term I've heard.   Tahnee: (48:25) Yeah, we used to call it a parasite. Kindly, but-   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (48:30) Yeah. So this is why the focus shouldn't be really on the child. It should be on the mother because, from an animal kingdom point of view, they've got quite a unique set up in terms of we've got this massive brain. People don't realise that we're not like any other animal. 20-25% of our energy goes to feeding our brain, whereas the next animal, which I think is a whale or a gorilla maybe, clocks in at about nine percent.   Tahnee: (49:03) Wow.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (49:04) Nature's done a trade off that we have less muscles than other apes. We have shorter digestive tracks and a smaller liver to offset the cost. It's kind of like a budget.   Tahnee: (49:17) Totally. You have this much for the brain, but you've got to lose the liver.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (49:20) Then the child is born much earlier because upright walking is more of the pelvis. Instead, we've got this massive head that other primates don't have.   Tahnee: (49:30) Mm-hmm (affirmative). It has to get out before it gets too big to leave the birth canal.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (49:33) Yeah. They look at comparative studies are looking at apes. Humans should be born around 22 months.   Tahnee: (49:46) For our perfect health.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (49:48) Well, for just how capable that infant is.   Tahnee: (49:52) Yeah.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (49:52) You look at other infants that can do stuff.   Tahnee: (49:54) Totally, not just blimps.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (49:58) From chimpanzees and gorillas. So from nine months to 22 months, they've got this totally helpless being.   Tahnee: (50:05) Little guy or girl.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (50:06) This is why, again, mother nature's had to work out some extra things in terms of more oxytocin to care more about this liability.   Tahnee: (50:17) Sure, and that's where social sort of things came from. I think I've read some anthropolitical stuff that said the reason we've developed societies and cultures and all those villages was because we have these liabilities. It wasn't as easy to move around constantly with helpless babies.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (50:35) And we've grown those parts of the brain that enable ... If you look at chimps, they can live in groups of 30. Then enobos, who are much more social, can live in groups of 50.   Tahnee: (50:50) Yeah, ours is like 150.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (50:52) 150, and that's because of gossip. No, no, gossip is not a bad thing. You have to keep connection with everyone in your tribe.   Tahnee: (51:01) Mm-hmm (affirmative), so you'll talk about people.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (51:04) So you can talk about something you may not have seen for a few days, and that's ... of course it's meant to be a really healthy thing. People checking in, how's so and so down by the river? He's collecting fish from the tribe. How's he or she doing? So gossip is actually part of what enables us to live in those groups of 120 and 150. Then another instalment that we've had is the religious part of the brain that then we can live in super clans. So you can meet someone from a super clan and, if you share a religious ideology, that suddenly goes from 150 to thousands and thousands.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (51:41) Research around that is super interesting. The only problem is, when you have a super clan meeting another super clan with different religious ideologies and we don't need to get down to that-   Tahnee: (51:52) We all know what happens.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (51:55) Especially if there's resources to be had.   Tahnee: (51:58) Yeah. So one of the things I think, if we just want to start thinking about wrapping up, but the real ... I guess this sense that the mother can be prepared, because this is something I've always seen out of ancestral kind of writings on women. It's like there's this sense of before conception of building the mother's reserves, and then there's obviously the pregnancy, so sort of nutritious and well managed pregnancy. Chinese medicine is very big on that as well. I'm sure most other countries are too.   Tahnee: (52:33) Then this sense of postpartum rebuilding the stores, rebuilding what's been kind of depleted through the pregnancy. That seems to be a really big missing factor in our thinking around pregnancy. I think the nutrition and stuff ... I had a friend who didn't eat anything except for chocolate for her whole pregnancy because she just felt crap the whole time. I'm sure she was okay. The baby is healthy, whatever, but there's this sense that it's not a huge priority a lot of the time for people.   Tahnee: (53:04) So if you're talking nutrition and how to build ... I always think about building healthy blood, building healthy hormones and all these things. What are the main things you emphasise with your clients?   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (53:15) One thing I've grown to realise in sort of many years of working with mothers is that, behind the hormonal system, behind the immune system and behind a lot of these layers that we kind of see is the nervous system. A key part of maintaining good health and a key part of recovering is around nervous system practises. So these are essentially things that enable us to recalibrate back to a zero point. Knowing that your inflammation, as an example, is immune system out of control.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (53:53) Then that drives the immune system, and then that drives the hormonal system, because those are key parts of the brain that decide hormones and the immune response or not are in the brain. When people say it's all in your head, they're being unkind, but they're kind of-   Tahnee: (54:09) Kind of true.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (54:09) Yeah, unwittingly telling the truth. So, that's become much more of a theme. The nutrients, the supplements in the food I think all support, but if you're not doing the nervous system practises, then you're losing a lot of the benefit. Of course, the great nervous system practise is called sleep. We know that the average mother loses up to 700 hours of sleep in that first year, so she's already on the back foot.   Tahnee: (54:43) Yeah.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (54:43) So how to do you then support her nervous system during the day? Ideally we're doing nervous system practises preconception during pregnancy. I was talking before about 3:00 in the morning, you're baby's not sleeping, you haven't slept for months. That's not the time ideally to start nervous system practises.   Tahnee: (55:06) Mm-hmm (affirmative).   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (55:10) So I'm really trying to coach a lot of my pre-mothers and pregnant mothers to really start looking into ... What's interesting with nervous system practise is the researchers often say that there is a sense of stillness. There's often paced respiration, so slowed down respiration, slow in breath, slow out breath. There are many things that can potentially tick a nervous system practise, meditation, gratitude practise, yoga, yoga nidra, micro naps, walking meditations, sometimes even craft or creative pursuits.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (55:50) Well, if you bring in the breath awareness, you can get into a flow [inaudible 00:55:53] that can really help recalibrate the nervous system. Just realising that can do way more than what a lot of supplements can do.   Tahnee: (56:02) Yeah.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (56:03) So we shouldn't just be focusing on that without really giving importance to those nervous system practise. Then re enabling mothers to do these things, because when you're 24/7 busy, the universe is never going to come along and say, hey mom, do you want to-   Tahnee: (56:21) Take off an hour.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (56:22) Yeah, a 30 minute guided meditation. No one will disturb you. That's just not going to happen.   Tahnee: (56:25) Okay.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (56:28) So ideally the concept's already there. The practise is already there. Then that inner circle, that team, the guardians-   Tahnee: (56:37) Facilitating.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (56:38) Facilitating and honouring. It takes more than a tantrum for one of your kids to come knock that off your schedule. Whereas I see so many mothers just going, today was a weird day, I didn't do my practise. It's like, well when did you last do your practise? Two weeks ago. It's like, we really need to empower mothers to ... Something I've recently started comparing these nervous system practises to is like brushing your teeth. Dental health practise, you do it twice a day. You don't really think about it too much. It feels odd if we don't do it and we're looking for a longterm dental health. Teeth don't fall out tomorrow if you haven't brushed your teeth, but we'll kind of go out of our way. If we're out camping and we don't have a toothbrush, we'll sort it out pretty quickly usually.   Tahnee: (57:36) Yeah.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (57:38) So we kind of need a mental health practise, [inaudible 00:57:41] we don't have to really think about it too much and it feels a bit strange if we don't.   Tahnee: (57:45) Yep.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (57:46) So what I really encourage mothers to do is what does that look like to you. Then what have you done in the past that might fit that. What are you thinking about that might fit that. Then you here a few suggestions. Then once you're doing those practises, guard them.   Tahnee: (58:04) Yeah, with your life.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (58:05) Well, as if your life depends on it because, ironically, it does.   Tahnee: (58:10) It does, yeah. You mentioned yoga nidra, and it's funny because I haven't had the experience of not ... I'm a yoga teacher and I had a practise since I was 15 at various degrees of commitment as I was in my 20s and stuff. But from my mid 20s to now, I've been very committed, and I can find myself, if I put on a major recording, it's the equivalent of a good nap for me or something like that. 20, 30 minutes can revitalise me.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (58:43) Yeah.   Tahnee: (58:44) If I feel myself coming down with something, I can do a yoga nidra and it seems to ... What you're saying about it actually turning off the kind of stress response and the information makes some sense. It always puts me in that heal response.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (58:57) It's a recalibration.   Tahnee: (58:59) Yeah. I don't get sick a lot of the time if I'm consistent with it. But it is something that ... I can imagine if it's not something in your repertoire, it can feel a little bit confronting to go and find. Do you have any resources or places, people that you recommend to your mums?   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (59:19) Well, I first kind of acknowledge the situation. I explore what mothers have done in the past. It's kind of maybe that we have to reinvent the wheel. Yoga nidra is very easy to find. Many things on the web now, so I'm not kind of attached to any particular style. Essentially it's a guided meditation with body awareness and breath awareness.   Tahnee: (59:43) So anything along those lines is going to be of service.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (59:47) Even micro napping where you technically you don't go to sleep. You touch a sleep space.   Tahnee: (59:51) Like a liminal or half awake naps? Is that what you mean?   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (59:55) Yeah, for 15 or 20 minutes.   Tahnee: (59:56) Yeah.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (59:56) You literally touch the sleep space. You may need to put an alarm on. The guided meditation is kind of your alarm in some way because it-   Tahnee: (01:00:02) Sure. It tells you to come up again.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (01:00:05) Yeah. You can get a good four hours after that. Even place like Google and all of these large corporations.   Tahnee: (01:00:13) Yeah, we do it here. It's only twice a week. The guys have a half hour meditation session.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (01:00:22) Okay. Probably wht Google have sleep pods where they kind of expect people to have a micro nap, not because they care about their employee, but-   Tahnee: (01:00:27) Better productivity   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (01:00:28) Well, then the product of your research. Your product nosedives after six hours. It doesn't matter who you are.   Tahnee: (01:00:35) Yeah.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (01:00:36) If you're a mother, if you're working, if you've had six hours you're toast. You need something rejuvenating and something that's relatively easy. I often talk to my mothers about cue points, and a cue point is where you are cued to do a relaxation of some sort. So a cue point might be on the toilet. It's usually a place where you're physically still. It doesn't always have to be. So at traffic lights. Literally in a cue at the super market, those kinds of things.   Tahnee: (01:01:04) Cue, cue.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (01:01:06) That's just an invitation to do maybe five slow in breaths and five slow out breaths. It's really amazing when you become more practised at these things. You think oh my gosh, I kind of just felt a bit frazzled before, but I'm a little bit more centred now, a little bit more resilient. That can make all the difference. If you're doing that enough times and then you're doing some bigger practises once a week and looking at your nutrition and your purpose, and being active enough but not over-exercising, and eating the right food for your body type at the right kind of stage.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (01:01:44) Motherhood, that nervous system intervention can make all the difference. Then it can actually improve the quality of your sleep. There's so many ... I talk about a virtuous cycle. This is a vicious cycle. A vicious cycle is I haven't slept well, I'm so tired, my cortisol is low, my blood sugar is not great, I'm just eating on the run. I'm not making the best decisions, I'm frustrated, I'm getting angry and then I'm feeling bad about myself because of the anger. That's a real vicious cycle. Then I'm being combative with my partner. We're not having that kind of connection time. Then dominoes for that can be just a constant state.   Tahnee: (01:02:28) Totally.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (01:02:29) A vicious cycle. Whereas a virtuous cycle is you do something that makes it a little bit easier to then maybe do some ... make a better food choice or make sure you protect that space for your nervous system practise that makes it easier for a healthy interaction with your partner, that makes it easy to then advocate for yourself. It makes it then easier to kind of see what's kind of going on, realise okay I actually need to kind of change a little bit.   Tahnee: (01:02:53) Totally, react to your kids.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (01:02:55) Yeah, you just go, okay this isn't working, and have the energy and insight to kind of change in a healthy kind of way. Whereas, if you're just in postpartum rage or anger, while that energy is there to motivate change, the change is often not whether you want is what you're really desiring.   Tahnee: (01:03:13) Yeah.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (01:03:16) It fuels ... So again, it's not about perfection. It's just about slightly better.   Tahnee: (01:03:21) Yeah.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (01:03:21) Then slightly better leads to slightly better. That's what a virtuous cycle is.   Tahnee: (01:03:25) Mm-hmm (affirmative). Instead of those little steps in a downward spiral, it's little steps in an upward spiral.   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (01:03:31) Yeah. Sort of week to week, month to month. I often see mothers going, I'm still tired but I'm doing so much more and I feel better in myself, and I'm a bit clearer. The other thing is that I've stopped asking mothers how are you feeling because probably a better question is how much are you doing.   Tahnee: (01:03:52) Mm-hmm (affirmative).   Dr. Oscar Serrallach: (01:03:53) In

explains about Beta Thalassemia in Hindi. Beta Thalassemia is disorder in which synthesis of Beta globin chain is imbalanced. There are 2 genes on chromosome 11 which are responsible for synthesizing beta globin chains of Haemoglobin. There are 3 possibilities for Beta Thalassemia Normal, Beta Thalassemia minor, Beta Thalassemia major.  This video is for Educational purpose only and are not intended to be substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek advice of registered medical practitioner for any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/dhiren-pathak/message

what is Thalassemia? & Alpha Thalassemia type in detail. Thalassemia is hereditary haemolytic disorders characterized by genes. There are 4 copies of genes that are producing 2 alpha globin chains of Haemoglobin. If the gene coding for alpha globin chain is missing then there will be alpha Thalassemia disorders. According to the number of genes that are missing, Alpha Thalassemias are of 4 sub-types i.e. silent carrier, alpha thalassemia trait, Haemoglobin H disease & Hydrops fetalis. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/dhiren-pathak/message

The July 2019 supplement of the The Bone and Joint Journal consists of papers from The Knee Society. In this episode, Mr Andrew Duckworth interviews Dr Noam Shohat, who is the lead author of one of the articles published in this supplement. The article "Fructosamine is a better glycaemic marker compared with glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C) in predicting adverse outcomes following total knee arthroplasty: a prospective multicentre study" was the recipient of the 2019 John Insall award.Click here to read the articleClick here to view the table of contents for The Knee Society supplement

How low is too low when it comes to Haemoglobin? This week we cover blood transfusions, including when to transfuse, complications,  how to organise transufsions, evidence and as always tips and advice relevant to Junior Doctor's and Medical Students alike. Thanks to Dr. Jeram Hyde, the walking encyclopaedia on all things ICU. Keep an eye on the facebook page for links to handy resources 

Patient blood management (PBM) is a multifaceted approach to reducing allogenic blood transfusion (ABT) in the surgical population. In this podcast Professor Manuel Munoz, a haematologist from Malaga in Spain, talks to us about the way in which a PBM program functions to reduce ABT and in so doing, can have a dramatic impact on patient morbidity and mortality. One of the cornerstones of PBM is the detection and treatment of preoperative anaemia which is in itself an independent and potentially modifiable risk factor in both elective and emergency surgery. Professor Munoz dispels some of the widely held misconceptions regarding anaemia, talks through the implications of starting surgery with sub-optimal haemoglobin levels and describes some of the effective and surprisingly expeditious treatments available in the preoperative period.

That thingy that carries oxygen in the blood? Did we confuse you enough, listen to the episode to clear it out.

The Future of Bleeding. Anthony Holley enthralls the crowd with exciting advances in blood product replacements.

Frederic Piel discusses the effect of global migration on the distribution of the sickle-cell gene.

Audiovortrag zum Thema Haemoglobin Simple und komplexe Fakten und Meinungen rund um dieses Thema aus dem Yoga Blickwinkel von Sukadev, dem Gründer des gemeinnützigen Vereines Yoga Vidya e.V. Dieser Audiovortrag ist eine Ausgabe des Audiovortrag zum Thema Fastenaufbau Simple und komplexe Fakten und Meinungen rund um dieses Thema aus dem Yoga Blickwinkel von Sukadev, dem Gründer des gemeinnützigen Vereines Yoga Vidya e.V. Dieser Audiovortrag ist eine Ausgabe des Naturheilkunde Podcast. Er ist ursprünglich aufgenommen als Diktat für einen Lexikonbeitrag im Yoga Wiki Bewusst Leben Lexikon. Zum ganzheitlichen Yoga kann man auch die Theorie von Karma und Reinkarnation dazu zählen. In Ayurveda Ausbildungen erfährst du mehr zum Thema Gesundheit und Prävention. Vielleicht magst du ja deine Gedanken dazu in die Kommentare schreiben. Anmerkung: Gesundheitliche Informationen in diesem Podcast sind nicht gedacht für Selbstdiagnose und Selbstbehandlung, sondern Gedankenanstöße. Bei eigener Erkrankung brauchst du einen Arzt oder Heilpraktiker. Hier findest du: Seminare mit Sukadev Seminarübersicht Themenbezogene Seminare Yoga Vidya YouTube Live Kanal Online Seminare Video Seminare Yoga Vidya kostenlose App Yoga Vidya Newsletter Unseren Online Shop Schon ein kleiner Beitrag kann viel bewegen... Spende an Yoga Vidya e.V.! kunde-podcast.podspot.de">Naturheilkunde Podcast. Er ist ursprünglich aufgenommen als Diktat für einen Lexikonbeitrag im Yoga Wiki Bewusst Leben Lexikon. Zum ganzheitlichen Yoga kann man auch die Theorie von Karma und Reinkarnation dazu zählen. In Ayurveda Ausbildungen erfährst du mehr zum Thema Gesundheit und Prävention. Vielleicht magst du ja deine Gedanken dazu in die Kommentare schreiben. Anmerkung: Gesundheitliche Informationen in diesem Podcast sind nicht gedacht für Selbstdiagnose und Selbstbehandlung, sondern Gedankenanstöße. Bei eigener Erkrankung brauchst du einen Arzt oder Heilpraktiker. Hier findest du: Seminare mit Sukadev Seminarübersicht Yoga Vidya YouTube Live Kanal Online Seminare Video Seminare Yoga Vidya kostenlose App Yoga Vidya Newsletter »

Oli Flower gives an iconoclastic view of neurocritical care. This is a talk that was given at the College of Intensive Care Medicine's ASM in Wellington in June 2013. It focuses on three aspects of traumatic brain injury management: prognostication, transfusion thresholds and the role of ICP monitoring. For the references and more click here.

How does radio reach out of the studio? This week, we tune in explore the science and technology of broadcasting to find out how a voice hits the airwaves. We discover the difference between AM, FM and DAB, and use basic physics to build our own microphone. Plus, the 7000 year old cheese and the surprisingly simple solution to a box jellyfish sting. Like this podcast? Please help us by supporting the Naked Scientists

How does radio reach out of the studio? This week, we tune in explore the science and technology of broadcasting to find out how a voice hits the airwaves. We discover the difference between AM, FM and DAB, and use basic physics to build our own microphone. Plus, the 7000 year old cheese and the surprisingly simple solution to a box jellyfish sting. Like this podcast? Please help us by supporting the Naked Scientists

Epigenetics controls the activity of genes inside cells and holds the key to new treatments for old diseases. We explore the impacts of epigenetics on embryonic development, cancer, and stem cell biology, and find out how epigenetic changes during pregnancy can even affect your grandchildren! Plus, why parenthood extends your lifespan, and the genetic recipe for the red blood cell. Like this podcast? Please help us by supporting the Naked Scientists

Epigenetics controls the activity of genes inside cells and holds the key to new treatments for old diseases. We explore the impacts of epigenetics on embryonic development, cancer, and stem cell biology, and find out how epigenetic changes during pregnancy can even affect your grandchildren! Plus, why parenthood extends your lifespan, and the genetic recipe for the red blood cell. Like this podcast? Please help us by supporting the Naked Scientists

Haemoglobin podcast from Chemistry World - the magazine of the Royal Society of Chemistry

June issue highlights, including faecal blood tests to assess future colorectal cancer risk, and of the 'dangerous liaison' between cancer and tuberculosis.

Professor Sunetra Gupta explains the surprising relationship between blood disorders and malaria in humans. Could two blood disorders ever be better than one? Part of the Oxford Abridged series of short talks.

Professor Sunetra Gupta explains the surprising relationship between blood disorders and malaria in humans. Could two blood disorders ever be better than one? Part of the Oxford Abridged series of short talks.

If blood is full of iron does that mean magnetic jewellery is good for you? We find out. Plus, we ask if there is any science to being photogenic. Like this podcast? Please help us by supporting the Naked Scientists

Transcript -- An introduction to the album, Sickle cell disease: a lethal advantage.

Transcript -- An introduction to the album, Sickle cell disease: a lethal advantage.

An introduction to the album, Sickle cell disease: a lethal advantage.

An introduction to the album, Sickle cell disease: a lethal advantage.

Transcript -- Professor David Matthews on the history of research into the treatment of diabetes and how patients can manage the condition by modifying their behaviour.

Professor David Matthews on the history of research into the treatment of diabetes and how patients can manage the condition by modifying their behaviour.

Professor David Matthews on the history of research into the treatment of diabetes and how patients can manage the condition by modifying their behaviour.

Transcript -- Professor David Matthews on the history of research into the treatment of diabetes and how patients can manage the condition by modifying their behaviour.

How an anxious mind causes rapid removal of carbon dioxide from lungs, leading to significant consequences.

Transcript -- How an anxious mind causes rapid removal of carbon dioxide from lungs, leading to significant consequences.

Transcript -- How an anxious mind causes rapid removal of carbon dioxide from lungs, leading to significant consequences.

How an anxious mind causes rapid removal of carbon dioxide from lungs, leading to significant consequences.

Professor David Mathhews on the history of research into the treatment of diabetes and how patients can manage the condition by modifying their behaviour.

Transcript -- Professor David Mathhews on the history of research into the treatment of diabetes and how patients can manage the condition by modifying their behaviour.

Professor David Mathhews on the history of research into the treatment of diabetes and how patients can manage the condition by modifying their behaviour.

Transcript -- Professor David Mathhews on the history of research into the treatment of diabetes and how patients can manage the condition by modifying their behaviour.