Podcasts about scand j med sci sports

Michael See MS, ACSM-CEP, NBCHWC, CDES joins the Huddle to share his expertise and experiences in bringing physical activity to people with type 2 diabetes who also have physical limitations. He covers topics like how to assess physical limitations, their prevalence in people with type 2 diabetes, and how to use a motivational interviewing approach in conversations with your clients. This episode was made possible with support from Lilly, A Medicine Company. Learn more about this topic in our latest patient/client handout (support for the development of this handout was provided by Lilly, A Medicine Company): adces_tipsheet_physical_activity2.pdf ReferencesAmerican Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee; 5. Facilitating Positive Health Behaviors and Well-being to Improve Health Outcomes: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024. Diabetes Care 1 January 2024; 47 (Supplement_1): S77–S110.Ahmad E, Sargeant JA, Yates T, Webb DR, Davies MJ. Type 2 Diabetes and Impaired Physical Function: A Growing Problem. Diabetology. 2022; 3(1):30-45. https://doi.org/10.3390/diabetology3010003Angulo, J., Assar, M. E., Álvarez-Bustos, A., & Rodríguez-Mañas, L. (2020). Physical activity and exercise: Strategies to manage frailty. Redox Biology, 35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2020.101513Colberg SR, Sigal RJ, Yardley JE, et al. Physical Activity/Exercise and Diabetes: A Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(11):2065-2079. doi:10.2337/dc16-1728O'Neill D, Forman DE. The importance of physical function as a clinical outcome: Assessment and enhancement. Clin Cardiol. 2020;43(2):108-117. doi:10.1002/clc.23311Pedersen BK, Saltin B. Exercise as medicine - evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2015;25 Suppl 3:1-72. doi:10.1111/sms.1258136-Item Short form survey instrument (SF-36). Available at: https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/www/external/health/surveys_tools/mos/mos_core_36item_survey.pdf (Accessed: 21 October 2024). Physical activity vital sign. Available at: https://www.exerciseismedicine.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/EIM-Physical-Activity-Vital-Sign.pdf (Accessed: 21 October 2024).  Listen to more episodes of The Huddle at adces.org/perspectives/the-huddle-podcast.Learn more about ADCES and the many benefits of membership at adces.org/join.

Would you run 100 miles with zero calories? Should you? In episode two, we break down the history - and the science - of fasting. We dive into why athletes seem drawn to a mentality of doing more with less fuel and the potential benefits of fasting compared with the downsides. Melin A, Tornberg ÅB, Skouby S, Møller SS, Sundgot-Borgen J, Faber J, Sidelmann JJ, Aziz M, Sjödin A. Energy availability and the female athlete triad in elite endurance athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2015 Oct;25(5):610-22. doi: 10.1111/sms.12261. Epub 2014 May 30.  Fensham NC, Heikura IA, McKay AKA, Tee N, Ackerman KE, Burke LM. Short-Term Carbohydrate Restriction Impairs Bone Formation at Rest and During Prolonged Exercise to a Greater Degree than Low Energy Availability. J Bone Miner Res. 2022 Oct;37(10):1915-1925. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.4658. Epub 2022 Aug 10. Vilaça-Alves J, Muller F, Rosa C, Payan-Carreira R, Lund R, Matos F, Garrido N, Saavedra FJ, Machado Reis V. Cardiorespiratory, enzymatic and hormonal responses during and after walking while fasting. PLoS One. 2018 Mar 1;13(3):e0193702. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193702. PMID: 29494664; PMCID: PMC5833199. Roche, D. (2021, June 11). Fasted training may have long-term risks, especially for female athletes. Trail Runner Magazine. https://www.trailrunnermag.com/training/trail-tips-training/fasted-training-may-have-long-term-risks-especially-for-female-athletes/ Oakes, John. The Fast: The History, Science, Philosophy, and Promise of Doing Without. United States, Avid Reader Press / Simon & Schuster, 2024. The works of Benjamin Franklin, Vol. xi letters and MISC. writings 1784-1788: Online library of liberty. The Works of Benjamin Franklin, Vol. XI Letters and Misc. Writings 1784-1788 | Online Library of Liberty. (n.d.). https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/franklin-the-works-of-benjamin-franklin-vol-xi-letters-and-misc-writings-1784-1788 Sandip T Gaikwad, "Apprehending Concept, Canons and Types of Fasting in Buddhism", International Journal of Innovative Research and Creative Technology vol. 2, issue 4, pp. 164–168. 2017.

I denne episoden snakker vi med Arnlaug Wangensteen om hamstringskader. Vi diskuterer de ulike skadetypene og skademekanismene, kliniske og billeddiagnostiske undersøkelser, konservativ vs operativ tilnærming og selvfølgelig rehabilitering og retur til idrett. Arnlaug er utdannet fysioterapeut fra Høgskolen i Oslo (2007) og tok mastergrad i idrettsfysioterapi ved Norges idrettshøgskole 2009-11. Hun forsvarte sitt doktorgradsprosjekt med tittelen «Diagnosis and prognosis after acute hamstring injuries in male athletes» i 2018. Prosjektet ble utført i samarbeid mellom Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital i Doha (hvor hun var ansatt som Post Graduate Researcher i perioden 2013-2016) og Senter for idrettsskadeforskning på Nih. Hun jobber nå som klinisk fysioterapeut på NIMI (Volvat) og har en liten forskerstilling på Senter for idrettsskadeforskning som koordinator i korsbåndsprosjektet «Tryggere retur til idrett». PATREON: Fra 2024 spør vi lytterne våre om å bidra til podcasten ved å bli patreons. For prisen av en Oslokaffe i måneden gir du oss muligheten til å fortsette podcasten, samtidig som du skaffer deg selv VIP-billetter til VONDT fellesskapet. Her får du blant annet tilgang på lukket diskusjonsforum, referanselister fra episodene, mulighet til å stille gjestene spørsmål og rabatter på kurs&fagdager. Les mer og bli en patreon i dag på: patreon.com/vondt LITTERATUR (NB! Kun et lite utvalg. Patreons får tilgang på full litteraturliste) Skademekanisme: Kerin F.  Its not all about sprinting: mechanisms of acute hamstring strain injuries in professional male rugby union-a systematic visual video analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2022Klinisk undersøkelse: Whiteley R. Clinical implications from daily physiotherapy examination of 131 acute hamstring injuries and their association with running speed and rehabilitation progression. Br J Sports Med 2018MR klassifikasjoner: Kerin F. Are all hamstring injuries equal? A retrospective analysis of time to return to full training following BAMIC type ‘c' and T-junction injuries in professional men's rugby union. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2024Rehabilitering av akutt hamstringskade: Ishøi L. Diagnosis, prevention and treatment of common lower extremity muscle injuries in sport – grading the evidence: a statement paper commissioned by the Danish Society of Sports Physical Therapy (DSSF)Br J Sports Med 2020Proksimal totalruptur: van der Made AD. Potential hamstring injury blind spot: we need to raise awareness of proximal hamstring tendon avulsion injuries. Br J Sports Med 2019Proximal hamstrings tendinopatiGoom T. Proximal Hamstring Tendinopathy: Clinical Aspects of Assessment and Management. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2016 MUSIKK: Joseph McDade - Mirrors

Plantar fasciitis or fasciopathy (PF) is the most common cause of heel pain and occurs in sedentary and active individuals. The pain most commonly occurs at the front of the heel where the plantar fascia attaches to the heel bone (calcaneus).  Symptoms are typically sharp in nature and present after initially standing in the morning, after prolonged standing or when returning to standing after being seated for some time. PF is more common in runners and overweight individuals and can be associated with other factors like arch type, lower quarter strength and overall ankle and foot mobility. For a FREE PDF with some of the best, evidence-based exercises used to treat plantar fasciitis, make sure to subscribe to my podcast webpage at the following link. My book has comprehensive programs for the 50 most common conditions including a program for plantar fasciitis. The programs guide you through three phases of rehab and have pictures of me doing all of the exercises. Click HERE to learn more about my book. References: 1. Monteagudo M, de Albornoz PM, Gutierrez B, Tabuenca J, Álvarez I. Plantar fasciopathy: A current concepts review. EFORT Open Rev. 2018;3(8):485-493. 2018. 2. Rathleff MS, et al. High-load strength training improves outcome in patients with plantar fasciitis: A randomized controlled trial with 12-month follow-up. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2015.

Dans l'épisode de cette semaine je te partage une découverte récente que j'ai fait des mes études et mes recherches sur la prise de masse. J'essaye de vulgariser le tout pour toi aussi tu puisse optimiser grandement tes résultats de prise de masse musculaire! Bon podcast! Subramanian D, Alers A, Sommer MA. Corollary Discharge for Action and Cognition. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2019 Enoka RM, Fuglevand AJ. Motor unit physiology: some unresolved issues. Muscle Nerve. 2001 Piazzesi G, Reconditi M, Linari M, et al. Skeletal muscle performance determined by modulation of number of myosin motors rather than motor force or stroke size. Cell. 2007 Karageorghis CI, Cheek P, Simpson SD, Bigliassi M. Interactive effects of music tempi and intensities on grip strength and subjective affect. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2018 Belkhiria C, De Marco G, Driss T. Effects of verbal encouragement on force and electromyographic activations during exercise. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2018 Rhea MR, Landers DM, Alvar BA, Arent SM. The effects of competition and the presence of an audience on weight lifting performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2003 Muddle TWD, Colquhoun RJ, Magrini MA, Luera MJ, DeFreitas JM, Jenkins NDM. Effects of fatiguing, submaximal high- versus low-torque isometric exercise on motor unit recruitment and firing behavior. Physiol Rep. 2018 Río-Rodríguez D, Iglesias-Soler E, Fernández Del Olmo M. Set Configuration in Resistance Exercise: Muscle Fatigue and Cardiovascular Effects. PLoS One. 2016 Bampouras TM, Reeves ND, Baltzopoulos V, Maganaris CN. Interplay between body stabilisation and quadriceps muscle activation capacity. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2017

High‐impact jumping mitigates the short‐term effects of low energy availability on bone resorption but not formation in regularly menstruating females: A randomized control trial. Hutson MJ, O'Donnell E, Brooke‐Wavell K, et al. Scand J Med Sci Sports. Published Ahead of Print. doi:10.1111/sms.14437 Due to copyright laws, unless the article is open source we cannot legally post the PDF on the website for the world to download at will. Brought to you by CSMi – https://www.humacnorm.com/ptinquest Learn more about/Buy Erik's courses – The Science PT Support us on the Patreons! Music for PT Inquest: “The Science of Selling Yourself Short” by Less Than Jake Used by Permission Other Music by Kevin MacLeod – incompetech.com: MidRoll Promo – Mining by Moonlight

Nachdem wir in der letzten Ausgabe die Basics zur Trainingsintensitätsverteiung (TID) geklärt haben, widmen wir uns diesmal den richtig spannenden Fragen zur Evidenz: - Welche TID ist "die beste"? UND: - Was muss man dabei (noch) beachten? Den Rahmen dieser Episode bildet der "Schlagabtausch" zwischen zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsgruppen, die das für und wider polarisierten Trainings diskutieren. Wer am Ende die Oberhand behält und wie ihr die individuell "beste" TID findet, erfahrt ihr in dieser Folge. Link zum Videopodcast auf YouTube: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLGrWhjV7T1HabXM9m-UvepBHn36iFphEX 0:00:00 Intro 0:01:54 Recap zu den Basics 0:05:37 Welche TID ist optimal? 0:07:39 PRO polarisierte TID 0:08:39 Korrelationsanalysen 0:13:14 Meta-Analyse 0:18:28 Interventionsstudien 0:23:15 CONTRA polarisierte TID 0:25:08 pyramidale TIDs 0:28:34 fehlende Evidenz 0:37:10 Response von Foster et al. 0:45:56 Response von Burnley et al. 0:50:38 Was sollte man beachten? 1:02:20 alternative Konzepte 1:04:31 Konzentrationsprofile 1:06:53 Zusammenfassung 1:09:43 Outro Literatur: Bourgois et al. (2019). Int J Sports Physiol Perform: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31484159/ Burnley et al. (2022). Med Sci Sports Exerc: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35135998/ Burnley et al. (2022). Response to Forster et al.: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35576139/ Casado et al. (2021). J Strength Cond Res: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31045681/ Esteve-Lanao et al. (2007). J Strength Cond Res: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17685689/ Filipas et al. (2022). Scand J Med Sci Sports: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34792817/ Foster et al. (2022) Med Sci Sports Exerc: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35136001/ Forster et al. (2022). Response to Burnley et al.: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35576138/ Henritze et al. (1985). Eur J Appl Physiol: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4018061/ Hydren & Cohen (2015). J Strength Cond Res: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26595137/ Muñoz et al. (2014a). Int J Sports Physiol Perform: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23921084/ Muñoz et al. (2014b). Int J Sports Physiol Perform: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23752040/ Neal et al. (1985). J Appl Physiol:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23264537/ Passfield & Hopker (2017). Int J Sports Physiol Perfrom: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27967295/ Röhrken et al (2020). Front Physiol: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33281607/ Rosenblat et al. (2019). J Strength Cond Res: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29863593/ Seiler & Kjerland (2006). Sand J Med Sci Sports: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16430681/ Sjödin et al. (1982). Eur J Appl Physiol: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6213407/ Sperlich et al. (2022). Med Sci Sports Exerc: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35704443/ Stöggl & Sperlich (2014). Front Physiol: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3912323/ Stöggl & Sperlich (2019). Front Physiol: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31178747/ Zinner et al. (2018). Med Sci Sports Exerc: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29509644

Die Trainingsintensitätsverteilung (TID) ist im Ausdauersport bedeutsam und stark diskutiert zugleich. In diesem ersten Part erfahrt ihr die wichtigsten Basics: 1) Welche TIDs gibt es überhaupt? 2) Wie kann ich die TID bestimmen? 3) Wie haben sich TIDs entwickelt? UND:  4) Welche TIDs finden wir heutzutage im Leistungssport? Ihr wollt wissen, welche TID "die beste" ist? Das erfahrt ihr dann im zweiten Part! ;-) Außerdem gibt's ein kurzes Update zum Thema "Menstruationszyklus und Training" mit einem brandneuen und spannenden Artikel:  Oosthuyse et al. (2023). Eur J Appl Physiol Link zum Videopodcast auf YouTube Kapitel: 0:00:00 Intro  0:02:33 Update - Zyklus + Training 0:04:09 Themen der Episode 0:07:49 Wie sollte man trainieren? 0:09:23 Trainingsumfang 0:13:14 Warum nicht nur HIIT? 0:18:13 Trainingszonen 0:21:39 TID-Varianten 0:25:35 Wie bestimmt man TID? 0:27:31 Der 80/20 Mythos 0:32:51 Methodenvergleiche 0:42:16 Entwicklung von TIDs 0:49:26 Neuere TIDs 0:51:33 Tendenz zur Mitte 0:53:26 TIDs im Laufen 0:58:32 Lauflegenden 1:01:29 Zusammenfassung 1:04:08 Outro Literatur:  Bellinger et al. (2019). Int J Sports Physiol Perform: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31188692/ Bourgois et al. (2019). Int J Sports Physiol Perform: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31484159/ Campos et al. (2021). Int J Sports Med https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34749417/ Casado et al. (2022). Int J Sports Physiol Perform https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35418513/ Esteve-Lanao et al. (2007). J Strength Cond Res https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17685689/ Fiskerstrand & Seiler (2004). Scand J Med Sci Sports: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15387804/ Foster et al. (2001). S Afr J Sports Med: https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA10155163_1372 Foster et al. (2022) Med Sci Sports Exerc: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35136001/ Haugen et al. (2022). Sports Med Open: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35362850/ Hopkins (2009). Med Sci Sports Exerc: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19092709/ Hydren & Cohen (2015). J Strength Cond Res: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26595137/ Kenneally et al. (2018). Int J Sports Physiol Perform: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29182410/ Kenneally et al. (2021). Eur J Sport Sci: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32449500/ Laursen (2010). Scand J Med Sci Sports: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20840557/ Manzi et al. (2015). Int J Sports Physiol Perform: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25803237/ McGawley et al. (2017). Front Physiol: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28659826/ Robinson et al. (1991). Med Sci Sports Exerc: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1943629/ Seiler et al. (2010). Int J Sports Physiol Perfrom: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20861519/ Seiler & Kjerland (2006). Sand J Med Sci Sports: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16430681/ Seiler & Tønnessen (2009). Sportsci: https://sportsci.org/2009/sai.pdf Stanley et al. Sports Med: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23912805/ Stöggl (2018). Front Young Minds: https://kids.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frym.2018.00017 Stöggl & Sperlich (2015). Front Physiol: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26578968/ Tjelta et al. (2013). Int J Appl Sports Sci: https://www.kci.go.kr/kciportal/landing/article.kci?arti_id=ART001778301 Tjelta et al. (2014). Int J Sports Sci Coach: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1260/1747-9541.9.1.139 Treff et al. (2019). Front Physiol: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31249533/

[7:25] Dr. Baar's background[11:36] Testosterone and performance[15:31] Females, stress and muscle mass[24:11] Volume for size and strength[31:38} Frequency and intensity exercise research[37:43] How Dr. Baar got interested in collagen[44:45] Downstream effects of collagen[48:58] Collagen dosing[56:27} Collagen for gen pop gym-goersFind Dr. Baar: https://health.ucdavis.edu/physiology/faculty/baar.htmlReferences:Baar K. (2014). Using molecular biology to maximize concurrent training. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 44 Suppl 2(Suppl 2), S117–S125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0252-0Baar K. Stress Relaxation and Targeted Nutrition to Treat Patellar Tendinopathy. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2019 Jul 1;29(4):453–457. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0231. PMID: 30299199.Davidyan A, Pathak S, Baar K, Bodine SC. Maintenance of muscle mass in adult male mice is independent of testosterone. PLoS One. 2021 Mar 25;16(3):e0240278. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240278. PMID: 33764986; PMCID: PMC7993603.Halson, S. L., Shaw, G., Versey, N., Miller, D. J., Sargent, C., Roach, G. D., . . . Baar, K. (2020). Optimisation and Validation of a Nutritional Intervention to Enhance Sleep Quality and Quantity. Nutrients, 12(9). doi:10.3390/nu12092579  Jerger, S., Centner, C., Lauber, B., Seynnes, O., Sohnius, T., Jendricke, P., . . . König, D. (2022). Effects of specific collagen peptide supplementation combined with resistance training on Achilles tendon properties. Scand J Med Sci Sports. doi:10.1111/sms.14164  Lis DM, Baar K. Effects of Different Vitamin C-Enriched Collagen Derivatives on Collagen Synthesis. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2019 Sep 1;29(5):526-531. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0385. PMID: 30859848.Lis DM, Jordan M, Lipuma T, Smith T, Schaal K, Baar K. Collagen and Vitamin C Supplementation Increases Lower Limb Rate of Force Development. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2022 Mar 1;32(2):65-73. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0313. Epub 2021 Nov 22. PMID: 34808597.Langer, H. T., West, D., Senden, J., Spuler, S., van Loon, L. J. C., & Baar, K. (2022). Myofibrillar protein synthesis rates are increased in chronically exercised skeletal muscle despite decreased anabolic signaling. Sci Rep, 12(1), 7553. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-11621-x  Paxton JZ, Grover LM, Baar K. Engineering an in vitro model of a functional ligament from bone to bone. Tissue Eng Part A. 2010 Nov;16(11):3515-25. doi: 10.1089/ten.TEA.2010.0039. Epub 2010 Aug 28. PMID: 20593972.Pechanec, M. Y., Boyd, T. N., Baar, K., & Mienaltowski, M. J. (2020). Adding exogenous biglycan or decorin improves tendon formation for equine peritenon and tendon proper cells in vitro. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 21(1), 627. doi:10.1186/s12891-020-03650-2  Steffen, D., Mienaltowski, M. J., & Baar, K. (2022). Scleraxis and collagen I expression increase following pilot isometric loading experiments in a rodent model of patellar tendinopathy. Matrix Biol, 109, 34-48. doi:10.1016/j.matbio.2022.03.006  Shaw, G., Lee-Barthel, A., Ross, M. L., Wang, B., & Baar, K. (2017). Vitamin C-enriched gelatin supplementation before intermittent activity augments collagen synthesis. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 105(1), 136–143. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.116.138594 

Dr. Baar's backgroundTestosterone research on muscle buildingmuscle qualitymen vs. womenSex differences in effects of cortisolAre there strategies around cortisol for building muscle faster?Nutrition strategies?Would Dr. Baar suggest doing less frequent but more intense bouts of exercise?How Dr. Baar got interested in collagen researchDiscussion of upcoming collagen studyCollagen synthesisSoft tissue injury preventionFind Dr. Baar: https://health.ucdavis.edu/physiology/faculty/baar.htmlThe Flex Diet Podcast is brought to you by the Flex Diet Certification. Go to https://flexdiet.com/ for 8 interventions on nutrition and recovery. The course is open for enrollment June 6 - June 13, 2022. If you are outside the enrollment window, sign up for the waitlist and you'll be notified when the course opens again.References:Baar K. (2014). Using molecular biology to maximize concurrent training. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 44 Suppl 2(Suppl 2), S117–S125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0252-0Baar K. Stress Relaxation and Targeted Nutrition to Treat Patellar Tendinopathy. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2019 Jul 1;29(4):453–457. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0231. PMID: 30299199.Davidyan A, Pathak S, Baar K, Bodine SC. Maintenance of muscle mass in adult male mice is independent of testosterone. PLoS One. 2021 Mar 25;16(3):e0240278. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240278. PMID: 33764986; PMCID: PMC7993603.Halson, S. L., Shaw, G., Versey, N., Miller, D. J., Sargent, C., Roach, G. D., . . . Baar, K. (2020). Optimisation and Validation of a Nutritional Intervention to Enhance Sleep Quality and Quantity. Nutrients, 12(9). doi:10.3390/nu12092579  Jerger, S., Centner, C., Lauber, B., Seynnes, O., Sohnius, T., Jendricke, P., . . . König, D. (2022). Effects of specific collagen peptide supplementation combined with resistance training on Achilles tendon properties. Scand J Med Sci Sports. doi:10.1111/sms.14164  Lis DM, Baar K. Effects of Different Vitamin C-Enriched Collagen Derivatives on Collagen Synthesis. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2019 Sep 1;29(5):526-531. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0385. PMID: 30859848.Lis DM, Jordan M, Lipuma T, Smith T, Schaal K, Baar K. Collagen and Vitamin C Supplementation Increases Lower Limb Rate of Force Development. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2022 Mar 1;32(2):65-73. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0313. Epub 2021 Nov 22. PMID: 34808597.Langer, H. T., West, D., Senden, J., Spuler, S., van Loon, L. J. C., & Baar, K. (2022). Myofibrillar protein synthesis rates are increased in chronically exercised skeletal muscle despite decreased anabolic signaling. Sci Rep, 12(1), 7553. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-11621-x  Paxton JZ, Grover LM, Baar K. Engineering an in vitro model of a functional ligament from bone to bone. Tissue Eng Part A. 2010 Nov;16(11):3515-25. doi: 10.1089/ten.TEA.2010.0039. Epub 2010 Aug 28. PMID: 20593972.Pechanec, M. Y., Boyd, T. N., Baar, K., & Mienaltowski, M. J. (2020). Adding exogenous biglycan or decorin improves tendon formation for equine peritenon and tendon proper cells in vitro. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 21(1), 627. doi:10.1186/s12891-020-03650-2  Steffen, D., Mienaltowski, M. J., & Baar, K. (2022). Scleraxis and collagen I expression increase following pilot isometric loading experiments in a rodent model of patellar tendinopathy. Matrix Biol, 109, 34-48. doi:10.1016/j.matbio.2022.03.006  Shaw, G., Lee-Barthel, A., Ross, M. L., Wang, B., & Baar, K. (2017). Vitamin C-enriched gelatin supplementation before intermittent activity augments collagen synthesis. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 105(1), 136–143. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.116.138594 

Overview of the REC Conference (Speakers are named in the audio)Long-term effects of strength training: research and findingsGood to Go: What the Athlete in All of Us Can Learn from the Strange Science of Recovery by Christine AschwandenRecovery as a businessDoes more recovery work = the ability to train more?Top recovery methodsHow to use social mediaYour brand as a businessTime-efficient strategies for trainingMulti-joint vs. single-joint exercises of hypertrophyThe minimum effective dose for increases in strengthProtein around a workout and how beneficial is supplementing proteinTraining to failure and hypertrophy gainsHormone hypothesisThe role of effort with supervision in resistance training: failure vs. non-failureReview on variations of exerciseMentioned article: Does Lifting Boost Testosterone – at T-NationThe Flex Diet Podcast is brought to you by the Flex Diet Certification. Go to https://flexdiet.com/ for 8 interventions on nutrition and recovery. The course will open again in June 2022.Speaker InformationDr James FisherDr Brad Broenfeld (Schoenfeld)Dr Stu PhillipsDr James SteeleAndrew CoatesKristin Rowell Luke CarlsonDiscover Strength Dr PakChristie AschwandenSelected ReferencesAndroulakis-Korakakis, P., Michalopoulos, N., Fisher, J. P., Keogh, J., Loenneke, J. P., Helms, E., . . . Steele, J. (2021). The Minimum Effective Training Dose Required for 1RM Strength in Powerlifters. Front Sports Act Living, 3, 713655. doi:10.3389/fspor.2021.713655Angleri, V., Damas, F., Phillips, S. M., Selistre-de-Araujo, H. S., Cornachione, A. S., Stotzer, U. S., . . . Libardi, C. A. (2022). Resistance training variable manipulations are less relevant than intrinsic biology in affecting muscle fiber hypertrophy. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 32(5), 821-832. doi:10.1111/sms.14134Barbalho, M., Coswig, V. S., Steele, J., Fisher, J. P., Giessing, J., & Gentil, P. (2020). Evidence of a Ceiling Effect for Training Volume in Muscle Hypertrophy and Strength in Trained Men - Less is More? Int J Sports Physiol Perform, 15(2), 268-277. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2018-0914Behm, D. G., Alizadeh, S., Hadjizedah Anvar, S., Hanlon, C., Ramsay, E., Mahmoud, M. M. I., . . . Steele, J. (2021). Non-local Muscle Fatigue Effects on Muscle Strength, Power, and Endurance in Healthy Individuals: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. Sports Med, 51(9), 1893-1907. doi:10.1007/s40279-021-01456-3Burd, N. A., Mitchell, C. J., Churchward-Venne, T. A., & Phillips, S. M. (2012). Bigger weights may not beget bigger muscles: evidence from acute muscle protein synthetic responses after resistance exercise. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, 37(3), 551-554. doi:10.1139/h2012-022Burd, N. A., Moore, D. R., Mitchell, C. J., & Phillips, S. M. (2013). Big claims for big weights but with little evidence. Eur J Appl Physiol, 113(1), 267-268. doi:10.1007/s00421-012-2527-1Burd, N. A., West, D. W., Staples, A. W., Atherton, P. J., Baker, J. M., Moore, D. R., . . . Phillips, S. M. (2010). Low-load high volume resistance exercise stimulates muscle protein synthesis more than high-load low volume resistance exercise in young men. PLoS One, 5(8), e12033. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012033Carlson, L., Gschneidner, D., Steele, J., & Fisher, J. P. (2022). Short-term supervised virtual training maintains intensity of effort and represents an efficacious alternative to traditional studio-based, supervised strength training. Physiol Behav, 249, 113748. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113748Farrow, J., Steele, J., Behm, D. G., Skivington, M., & Fisher, J. P. (2021). Lighter-Load Exercise Produces Greater Acute- and Prolonged-Fatigue in Exercised and Non-Exercised Limbs. Res Q Exerc Sport, 92(3), 369-379. doi:10.1080/02701367.2020.1734521Gomes, G. K., Franco, C. M., Nunes, P. R. P., & Orsatti, F. L. (2019). High-Frequency Resistance Training Is Not More Effective Than Low-Frequency Resistance Training in Increasing Muscle Mass and Strength in Well-Trained Men. J Strength Cond Res, 33 Suppl 1, S130-S139. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000002559Grgic, J., Lazinica, B., Mikulic, P., Krieger, J. W., & Schoenfeld, B. J. (2017). The effects of short versus long inter-set rest intervals in resistance training on measures of muscle hypertrophy: A systematic review. Eur J Sport Sci, 17(8), 983-993. doi:10.1080/17461391.2017.1340524Grgic, J., Schoenfeld, B. J., Davies, T. B., Lazinica, B., Krieger, J. W., & Pedisic, Z. (2018). Effect of Resistance Training Frequency on Gains in Muscular Strength: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med, 48(5), 1207-1220. doi:10.1007/s40279-018-0872-xHenselmans, M., & Schoenfeld, B. J. (2014). The effect of inter-set rest intervals on resistance exercise-induced muscle hypertrophy. Sports Med, 44(12), 1635-1643. doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0228-0Iversen, V. M., Norum, M., Schoenfeld, B. J., & Fimland, M. S. (2021). No Time to Lift? Designing Time-Efficient Training Programs for Strength and Hypertrophy: A Narrative Review. Sports Med, 51(10), 2079-2095. doi:10.1007/s40279-021-01490-1Lim, C., Nunes, E. A., Currier, B. S., McLeod, J. C., Thomas, A. C. Q., & Phillips, S. M. (2022). An Evidence-based Narrative Review of Mechanisms of Resistance Exercise-induced Human Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy. Med Sci Sports Exerc. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000002929McKendry, J., Stokes, T., McLeod, J. C., & Phillips, S. M. (2021). Resistance Exercise, Aging, Disuse, and Muscle Protein Metabolism. Compr Physiol, 11(3), 2249-2278. doi:10.1002/cphy.c200029Mitchell, C. J., Churchward-Venne, T. A., West, D. W., Burd, N. A., Breen, L., Baker, S. K., & Phillips, S. M. (2012). Resistance exercise load does not determine training-mediated hypertrophic gains in young men. J Appl Physiol (1985), 113(1), 71-77. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00307.2012Morton, R. W., Oikawa, S. Y., Wavell, C. G., Mazara, N., McGlory, C., Quadrilatero, J., . . . Phillips, S. M. (2016). Neither load nor systemic hormones determine resistance training-mediated hypertrophy or strength gains in resistance-trained young men. J Appl Physiol (1985), 121(1), 129-138. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00154.2016Morton, R. W., Sonne, M. W., Farias Zuniga, A., Mohammad, I. Y. Z., Jones, A., McGlory, C., . . . Phillips, S. M. (2019). Muscle fibre activation is unaffected by load and repetition duration when resistance exercise is performed to task failure. J Physiol, 597(17), 4601-4613. doi:10.1113/JP278056Nunes, E. A., Colenso-Semple, L., McKellar, S. R., Yau, T., Ali, M. U., Fitzpatrick-Lewis, D., . . . Phillips, S. M. (2022). Systematic review and meta-analysis of protein intake to support muscle mass and function in healthy adults. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle, 13(2), 795-810. doi:10.1002/jcsm.12922Nunes, J. P., Schoenfeld, B. J., Nakamura, M., Ribeiro, A. S., Cunha, P. M., & Cyrino, E. S. (2020). Does stretch training induce muscle hypertrophy in humans? A review of the literature. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging, 40(3), 148-156. doi:10.1111/cpf.12622Phillips, S. M. (2014). A brief review of critical processes in exercise-induced muscular hypertrophy. Sports Med, 44 Suppl 1, S71-77. doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0152-3Phillips, S. M., & Van Loon, L. J. (2011). Dietary protein for athletes: from requirements to optimum adaptation. J Sports Sci, 29 Suppl 1, S29-38. doi:10.1080/02640414.2011.619204Santos, W., Vieira, C. A., Bottaro, M., Nunes, V. A., Ramirez-Campillo, R., Steele, J., . . . Gentil, P. (2021). Resistance Training Performed to Failure or Not to Failure Results in Similar Total Volume, but With Different Fatigue and Discomfort Levels. J Strength Cond Res, 35(5), 1372-1379. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000002915Saric, J., Lisica, D., Orlic, I., Grgic, J., Krieger, J. W., Vuk, S., & Schoenfeld, B. J. (2019). Resistance Training Frequencies of 3 and 6 Times Per Week Produce Similar Muscular Adaptations in Resistance-Trained Men. J Strength Cond Res, 33 Suppl 1, S122-S129. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000002909Schoenfeld, B. J. (2010). The mechanisms of muscle hypertrophy and their application to resistance training. J Strength Cond Res, 24(10), 2857-2872. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181e840f3Schoenfeld, B. J., Contreras, B., Krieger, J., Grgic, J., Delcastillo, K., Belliard, R., & Alto, A. (2019). Resistance Training Volume Enhances Muscle Hypertrophy but Not Strength in Trained Men. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 51(1), 94-103. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000001764Schoenfeld, B. J., Grgic, J., Contreras, B., Delcastillo, K., Alto, A., Haun, C., . . . Vigotsky, A. D. (2019). To Flex or Rest: Does Adding No-Load Isometric Actions to the Inter-Set Rest Period in Resistance Training Enhance Muscular Adaptations? A Randomized-Controlled Trial. Front Physiol, 10, 1571. doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.01571Schoenfeld, B. J., Grgic, J., & Krieger, J. (2019). How many times per week should a muscle be trained to maximize muscle hypertrophy? A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies examining the effects of resistance training frequency. J Sports Sci, 37(11), 1286-1295. doi:10.1080/02640414.2018.1555906Schoenfeld, B. J., Ogborn, D., & Krieger, J. W. (2017a). The dose-response relationship between resistance training volume and muscle hypertrophy: are there really still any doubts? J Sports Sci, 35(20), 1985-1987. doi:10.1080/02640414.2016.1243800Schoenfeld, B. J., Ogborn, D., & Krieger, J. W. (2017b). Dose-response relationship between weekly resistance training volume and increases in muscle mass: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sports Sci, 35(11), 1073-1082. doi:10.1080/02640414.2016.1210197Schoenfeld, B. J., Ogborn, D. I., & Krieger, J. W. (2015). Effect of repetition duration during resistance training on muscle hypertrophy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med, 45(4), 577-585. doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0304-0Schoenfeld, B. J., Pope, Z. K., Benik, F. M., Hester, G. M., Sellers, J., Nooner, J. L., . . . Krieger, J. W. (2016). Longer Interset Rest Periods Enhance Muscle Strength and Hypertrophy in Resistance-Trained Men. J Strength Cond Res, 30(7), 1805-1812. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000001272Steele, J., Androulakis-Korakakis, P., Carlson, L., Williams, D., Phillips, S., Smith, D., . . . Fisher, J. P. (2021). The Impact of Coronavirus (COVID-19) Related Public-Health Measures on Training Behaviours of Individuals Previously Participating in Resistance Training: A Cross-Sectional Survey Study. Sports Med, 51(7), 1561-1580. doi:10.1007/s40279-021-01438-5West, D. W., Burd, N. A., Staples, A. W., & Phillips, S. M. (2010). Human exercise-mediated skeletal muscle hypertrophy is an intrinsic process. Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 42(9), 1371-1375. doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2010.05.012West, D. W., Burd, N. A., Tang, J. E., Moore, D. R., Staples, A. W., Holwerda, A. M., . . . Phillips, S. M. (2010). Elevations in ostensibly anabolic hormones with resistance exercise enhance neither training-induced muscle hypertrophy nor strength of the elbow flexors. J Appl Physiol (1985), 108(1), 60-67. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01147.2009West, D. W., Cotie, L. M., Mitchell, C. J., Churchward-Venne, T. A., MacDonald, M. J., & Phillips, S. M. (2013). Resistance exercise order does not determine postexercise delivery of testosterone, growth hormone, and IGF-1 to skeletal muscle. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, 38(2), 220-226. doi:10.1139/apnm-2012-0397 

Lactate's  potential  benefitsLactate as a fuel sourceWhy lactate gets a bad rapReview of a new study published in Current Research Physiology, September 2021: The Effect of Lactate Administration on Mouse Skeletal Muscle Under Caloric RestrictionMethodologyTestingResultsMy thoughts on the  studyWhere more data is neededThis podcast is brought to you by the physiologic flexibility certification course. In the course, I talk about the body's homeostatic regulators and how you can train them. The benefit is enhanced recovery and greater robustness. We cover breathing techniques, CWI, sauna, HIIT, diet, and more. Sign up for the waitlist, and you'll be notified as soon as the course opens.Selected ReferencesMorris, D. (2012). Effects of oral lactate consumption on metabolism and exercise performance. Curr Sports Med Rep, 11(4), 185-188. doi:10.1249/JSR.0b013e31825da992. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22777328/Morris, D. M., Shafer, R. S., Fairbrother, K. R., & Woodall, M. W. (2011). Effects of lactate consumption on blood bicarbonate levels and performance during high-intensity exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 21(4), 311-317. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.21.4.311. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21813914/Nalbandian, M., & Takeda, M. (2016). Lactate as a Signaling Molecule That Regulates Exercise-Induced Adaptations. Biology (Basel), 5(4). doi:10.3390/biology5040038. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5192418/Northgraves, M. J., Peart, D. J., Jordan, C. A., & Vince, R. V. (2014). Effect of lactate supplementation and sodium bicarbonate on 40-km cycling time trial performance. J Strength Cond Res, 28(1), 273-280. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182986a4c. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23660571/Oliveira, L. F., de Salles Painelli, V., Nemezio, K., Gonçalves, L. S., Yamaguchi, G., Saunders, B., . . . Artioli, G. G. (2017). Chronic lactate supplementation does not improve blood buffering capacity and repeated high-intensity exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 27(11), 1231-1239. doi:10.1111/sms.12792. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27882611/Painelli Vde, S., da Silva, R. P., de Oliveira, O. M., Jr., de Oliveira, L. F., Benatti, F. B., Rabelo, T., . . . Artioli, G. G. (2014). The effects of two different doses of calcium lactate on blood pH, bicarbonate, and repeated high-intensity exercise performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 24(3), 286-295. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0191  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24296517/

Afinal, esses exercício serve para alguma coisa ou é puro invencionismo. Artigos citados:Arnason A, Andersen TE, Holme I, Engebretsen L, Bahr R. Prevention of hamstring strains in elite soccer: an intervention study. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2008 Feb;18(1):40-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2006.00634.x. Epub 2007 Mar 12. PMID: 17355322.Oakley et al. (2017). Holistic hamstring health: not just […]

Apesar de muitos acreditarem que ter muito músuclo é um sinal de saúde, os estudos mostram que isso não é verdade. Artigos citados:Colpitts BH, Bouchard DR, Keshavarz M, Boudreau J, Sénéchal M. Does lean body mass equal health despite body mass index? Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020 Apr;30(4):672-679. doi: 10.1111/sms.13605.Ortega FB, Sui X, Lavie […]

¿Quién no ha entrenado al fallo alguna vez? ¿Quién no ha intentado hacer el máximo número de repeticiones posible en un ejercicio concreto? Creo que todos, yo el primero. En este episodio, analizamos los beneficios de esta forma de entrenar la fuerza y lo comparamos con otras estrategias que quizá, sean más óptimas para lo que buscamos como deportistas de resistencia. 📚 Para crear este episodio me he basado en: 1. Folland JP, Irish CS, Roberts JC, Tarr JE, Jones DA (2002) Fatigue is not a necessary stimulus for strength gains during resistance training. Br J Sports Med 36(5):370-373 2. Izquierdo M, et al (2006). Differential effects of strength training leading to failure versus not to failure on hormonal responses, strength, and muscle power gains. J Apply Physiol 100(5):1647-1656 3. Pareja Blanco F, et al (2007) Effects of velocity loss during resistance training on athletic performance, strength gains and muscle adaptations. Scand J Med Sci Sports 27(7): 724-735 🍱 Link a la plataforma de EMFIT con un 10% de descuento incluído: 👉🏽 http://bit.ly/EmFit10 ---------------------------------------- ¿Quieres suscribirte a nuestra newsletter? 👉🏽 https://rubenespinosa.com/landing-newsletter-la-huella/ Únete a nuestro grupo de Telegram y mantente al día de todo: 👉🏽 https://t.me/HijosdelaResistencia ¿Quieres profundizar más? Puedes hacerlo en nuestros cursos: 👉🏽 https://rubenespinosa.com/tienda/ ---------------------------------------- Puedes seguirnos en: - Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAvGpXI6rSQar-TLSxYGlcQ - Instagram del programa: https://www.instagram.com/hijosdelaresistencia_oficial/ - Instagram personal: https://www.instagram.com/rubenespinosapt/ ---------------------------------------- Puedes suscribirte al podcast en: - Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/es/podcast/hijos-de-la-resistencia/id1486172817 - Ivoox: https://www.ivoox.com/s_p2_795124_1.html - Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/1HKsbrIb06U3RaGIH5xwJT?si=NnpMMe1pQbuTl8hojYjYdw - Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAvGpXI6rSQar-TLSxYGlcQ

References1. Flores DV, Mejia Gomez C, Estrada-Castrillon M, Smitaman E, Pathria MN. MR Imaging of Muscle Trauma: Anatomy, Biomechanics, Pathophysiology, and Imaging Appearance. Radiographics. 2018;38(1):124-48.2. Pathria M. MRI traumatic changes 2009 (Radiology Assistant)3. Study Group of the M, Tendon System from the Spanish Society of Sports T, Balius R, Blasi M, Pedret C, Alomar X, et al. A Histoarchitectural Approach to Skeletal Muscle Injury: Searching for a Common Nomenclature. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8(3):2325967120909090.4. Balius R, Alomar X, Pedret C, Blasi M, Rodas G, Pruna R, et al. Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Muscle Injuries: Histoarchitectural Considerations for Muscle Injuries. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018;6(9):2325967118795863.5. Gillies AR, Lieber RL. Structure and function of the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix. Muscle Nerve. 2011;44(3):318-31.6. Ekstrand J, Healy JC, Walden M, Lee JC, English B, Hagglund M. Hamstring muscle injuries in professional football: the correlation of MRI findings with return to play. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(2):112-7.7. Mueller-Wohlfahrt HW, Haensel L, Mithoefer K, Ekstrand J, English B, McNally S, et al. Terminology and classification of muscle injuries in sport: the Munich consensus statement. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(6):342-50.8. DA C. Longitudinal Study Comparing Sonographic and MRI Assessments of Acute and Healing Hamstring Injuries. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183:975-84.9. Blankenbaker DG, Tuite MJ. Temporal changes of muscle injury. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2010;14(2):176-93.10. Cruz J, Mascarenhas V. Adult thigh muscle injuries-from diagnosis to treatment: what the radiologist should know. Skeletal Radiol. 2018;47(8):1087-98.11. MP M. Muscle strain injury vs muscle damage: Two mutually exclusive clinical entities. Transl Sports Med. 2019;2:102-8.12. Valle X, Alentorn-Geli E, Tol JL, Hamilton B, Garrett WE, Jr., Pruna R, et al. Muscle Injuries in Sports: A New Evidence-Informed and Expert Consensus-Based Classification with Clinical Application. Sports Med. 2017;47(7):1241-53.13. Bencardino JT, Mellado JM. Hamstring injuries of the hip. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):677-90, vi.14. Hall MM. Return to Play After Thigh Muscle Injury: Utility of Serial Ultrasound in Guiding Clinical Progression. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2018;17(9):296-301.15. Isern-Kebschull J, Mecho S, Pruna R, Kassarjian A, Valle X, Yanguas X, et al. Sports-related lower limb muscle injuries: pattern recognition approach and MRI review. Insights Imaging. 2020;11(1):108.16. AF Y. Diagnostic Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: New Concepts and Radiological Approach. Curr Radiol Rep. 2017;5(27).17. Opar DA, Williams MD, Shield AJ. Hamstring strain injuries: factors that lead to injury and re-injury. Sports Med. 2012;42(3):209-26.18. Grassi A, Quaglia A, Canata GL, Zaffagnini S. An update on the grading of muscle injuries: a narrative review from clinical to comprehensive systems. Joints. 2016;4(1):39-46.19. Pollock N, Patel A, Chakraverty J, Suokas A, James SL, Chakraverty R. Time to return to full training is delayed and recurrence rate is higher in intratendinous ('c') acute hamstring injury in elite track and field athletes: clinical application of the British Athletics Muscle Injury Classification. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(5):305-10.20. Pollock N, James SL, Lee JC, Chakraverty R. British athletics muscle injury classification: a new grading system. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(18):1347-51.21. Pezzotta G, Querques G, Pecorelli A, Nani R, Sironi S. MRI detection of soleus muscle injuries in professional football players. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(11):1513-20.22. Guermazi A, Roemer FW, Robinson P, Tol JL, Regatte RR, Crema MD. Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: Sports Imaging Series. Radiology. 2017;285(3):1063.23. Pedret C, Balius R, Blasi M, Davila F, Aramendi JF, Masci L, et al. Ultrasound classification of medial gastrocnemious injuries. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020;30(12):2456-65.24. Fields KB, Rigby MD. Muscular Calf Injuries in Runners. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2016;15(5):320-4.25. Dalmau-Pastor M, Fargues-Polo B, Jr., Casanova-Martinez D, Jr., Vega J, Golano P. Anatomy of the triceps surae: a pictorial essay. Foot Ankle Clin. 2014;19(4):603-35.26. Balius R, Rodas G, Pedret C, Capdevila L, Alomar X, Bong DA. Soleus muscle injury: sensitivity of ultrasound patterns. Skeletal Radiol. 2014;43(6):805-12.27. Delgado GJ, Chung CB, Lektrakul N, Azocar P, Botte MJ, Coria D, et al. Tennis leg: clinical US study of 141 patients and anatomic investigation of four cadavers with MR imaging and US. Radiology. 2002;224(1):112-9.28. Bright JM, Fields KB, Draper R. Ultrasound Diagnosis of Calf Injuries. Sports Health. 2017;9(4):352-5.29. Olewnik L, Zielinska N, Paulsen F, Podgorski M, Haladaj R, Karauda P, et al. A proposal for a new classification of soleus muscle morphology. Ann Anat. 2020;232:151584.30. Kimura N, Kato K, Anetai H, Kawasaki Y, Miyaki T, Kudoh H, et al. Anatomical study of the soleus: Application to improved imaging diagnoses. Clin Anat. 2020:e23667.31. Waterworth G, Wein S, Gorelik A, Rotstein AH. MRI assessment of calf injuries in Australian Football League players: findings that influence return to play. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(3):343-50.32. Balius R, Pedret C, Iriarte I, Saiz R, Cerezal L. Sonographic landmarks in hamstring muscles. Skeletal Radiol. 2019;48(11):1675-83.33. Beltran L, Ghazikhanian V, Padron M, Beltran J. The proximal hamstring muscle-tendon-bone unit: a review of the normal anatomy, biomechanics, and pathophysiology. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3772-9.34. Ahmad CS, Redler LH, Ciccotti MG, Maffulli N, Longo UG, Bradley J. Evaluation and management of hamstring injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(12):2933-47.35. van der Made AD, Wieldraaijer T, Kerkhoffs GM, Kleipool RP, Engebretsen L, van Dijk CN, et al. The hamstring muscle complex. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23(7):2115-22.36. Kumazaki T, Ehara Y, Sakai T. Anatomy and physiology of hamstring injury. Int J Sports Med. 2012;33(12):950-4.37. Koulouris G, Connell D. Hamstring muscle complex: an imaging review. Radiographics. 2005;25(3):571-86.38. Tosovic D, Muirhead JC, Brown JM, Woodley SJ. Anatomy of the long head of biceps femoris: An ultrasound study. Clin Anat. 2016;29(6):738-45.39. Silder A, Heiderscheit BC, Thelen DG, Enright T, Tuite MJ. MR observations of long-term musculotendon remodeling following a hamstring strain injury. Skeletal Radiol. 2008;37(12):1101-9.40. Pasta G, Nanni G, Molini L, Bianchi S. Sonography of the quadriceps muscle: Examination technique, normal anatomy, and traumatic lesions. J Ultrasound. 2010;13(2):76-84.41. Bordalo-Rodrigues M, Rosenberg ZS. MR imaging of the proximal rectus femoris musculotendinous unit. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):717-25.42. Pesquer L, Poussange N, Sonnery-Cottet B, Graveleau N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B, et al. Imaging of rectus femoris proximal tendinopathies. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(7):889-97.43. Ouellette H, Thomas BJ, Nelson E, Torriani M. MR imaging of rectus femoris origin injuries. Skeletal Radiol. 2006;35(9):665-72.44. Hasselman CT, Best TM, Hughes Ct, Martinez S, Garrett WE, Jr. An explanation for various rectus femoris strain injuries using previously undescribed muscle architecture. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23(4):493-9.45. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Intramuscular degloving injuries to the rectus femoris: findings at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014;202(5):W475-80.46. Iriuchishima T, Shirakura K, Yorifuji H, Fu FH. Anatomical evaluation of the rectus femoris tendon and its related structures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2012;132(11):1665-8.47. Gyftopoulos S, Rosenberg ZS, Schweitzer ME, Bordalo-Rodrigues M. Normal anatomy and strains of the deep musculotendinous junction of the proximal rectus femoris: MRI features. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190(3):W182-6.48. Bianchi S, Martinoli C, Waser NP, Bianchi-Zamorani MP, Federici E, Fasel J. Central aponeurosis tears of the rectus femoris: sonographic findings. Skeletal Radiol. 2002;31(10):581-6.49. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Current concepts in MRI of rectus femoris musculotendinous (myotendinous) and myofascial injuries in elite athletes. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3763-71.50. Omar IM, Zoga AC, Kavanagh EC, Koulouris G, Bergin D, Gopez AG, et al. Athletic pubalgia and "sports hernia": optimal MR imaging technique and findings. Radiographics. 2008;28(5):1415-38.51. Robinson P, Salehi F, Grainger A, Clemence M, Schilders E, O'Connor P, et al. Cadaveric and MRI study of the musculotendinous contributions to the capsule of the symphysis pubis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(5):W440-5.52. Pesquer L, Reboul G, Silvestre A, Poussange N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B. Imaging of adductor-related groin pain. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2015;96(9):861-9.53. Robertson BA, Barker PJ, Fahrer M, Schache AG. The anatomy of the pubic region revisited: implications for the pathogenesis and clinical management of chronic groin pain in athletes. Sports Med. 2009;39(3):225-34.54. Cunningham PM, Brennan D, O'Connell M, MacMahon P, O'Neill P, Eustace S. Patterns of bone and soft-tissue injury at the symphysis pubis in soccer players: observations at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(3):W291-6.55. Morley N, Grant T, Blount K, Omar I. Sonographic evaluation of athletic pubalgia. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(5):689-99.56. Murphy G, Foran P, Murphy D, Tobin O, Moynagh M, Eustace S. "Superior cleft sign" as a marker of rectus abdominus/adductor longus tear in patients with suspected sportsman's hernia. Skeletal Radiol. 2013;42(6):819-25.57. Schilders E, Mitchell AWM, Johnson R, Dimitrakopoulou A, Kartsonaki C, Lee JC. Proximal adductor avulsions are rarely isolated but usually involve injury to the PLAC and pectineus: descriptive MRI findings in 145 athletes. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2020.58. Schilders E,

References1. Flores DV, Mejia Gomez C, Estrada-Castrillon M, Smitaman E, Pathria MN. MR Imaging of Muscle Trauma: Anatomy, Biomechanics, Pathophysiology, and Imaging Appearance. Radiographics. 2018;38(1):124-48.2. Pathria M. MRI traumatic changes 2009 (Radiology Assistant)3. Study Group of the M, Tendon System from the Spanish Society of Sports T, Balius R, Blasi M, Pedret C, Alomar X, et al. A Histoarchitectural Approach to Skeletal Muscle Injury: Searching for a Common Nomenclature. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8(3):2325967120909090.4. Balius R, Alomar X, Pedret C, Blasi M, Rodas G, Pruna R, et al. Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Muscle Injuries: Histoarchitectural Considerations for Muscle Injuries. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018;6(9):2325967118795863.5. Gillies AR, Lieber RL. Structure and function of the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix. Muscle Nerve. 2011;44(3):318-31.6. Ekstrand J, Healy JC, Walden M, Lee JC, English B, Hagglund M. Hamstring muscle injuries in professional football: the correlation of MRI findings with return to play. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(2):112-7.7. Mueller-Wohlfahrt HW, Haensel L, Mithoefer K, Ekstrand J, English B, McNally S, et al. Terminology and classification of muscle injuries in sport: the Munich consensus statement. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(6):342-50.8. DA C. Longitudinal Study Comparing Sonographic and MRI Assessments of Acute and Healing Hamstring Injuries. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183:975-84.9. Blankenbaker DG, Tuite MJ. Temporal changes of muscle injury. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2010;14(2):176-93.10. Cruz J, Mascarenhas V. Adult thigh muscle injuries-from diagnosis to treatment: what the radiologist should know. Skeletal Radiol. 2018;47(8):1087-98.11. MP M. Muscle strain injury vs muscle damage: Two mutually exclusive clinical entities. Transl Sports Med. 2019;2:102-8.12. Valle X, Alentorn-Geli E, Tol JL, Hamilton B, Garrett WE, Jr., Pruna R, et al. Muscle Injuries in Sports: A New Evidence-Informed and Expert Consensus-Based Classification with Clinical Application. Sports Med. 2017;47(7):1241-53.13. Bencardino JT, Mellado JM. Hamstring injuries of the hip. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):677-90, vi.14. Hall MM. Return to Play After Thigh Muscle Injury: Utility of Serial Ultrasound in Guiding Clinical Progression. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2018;17(9):296-301.15. Isern-Kebschull J, Mecho S, Pruna R, Kassarjian A, Valle X, Yanguas X, et al. Sports-related lower limb muscle injuries: pattern recognition approach and MRI review. Insights Imaging. 2020;11(1):108.16. AF Y. Diagnostic Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: New Concepts and Radiological Approach. Curr Radiol Rep. 2017;5(27).17. Opar DA, Williams MD, Shield AJ. Hamstring strain injuries: factors that lead to injury and re-injury. Sports Med. 2012;42(3):209-26.18. Grassi A, Quaglia A, Canata GL, Zaffagnini S. An update on the grading of muscle injuries: a narrative review from clinical to comprehensive systems. Joints. 2016;4(1):39-46.19. Pollock N, Patel A, Chakraverty J, Suokas A, James SL, Chakraverty R. Time to return to full training is delayed and recurrence rate is higher in intratendinous ('c') acute hamstring injury in elite track and field athletes: clinical application of the British Athletics Muscle Injury Classification. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(5):305-10.20. Pollock N, James SL, Lee JC, Chakraverty R. British athletics muscle injury classification: a new grading system. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(18):1347-51.21. Pezzotta G, Querques G, Pecorelli A, Nani R, Sironi S. MRI detection of soleus muscle injuries in professional football players. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(11):1513-20.22. Guermazi A, Roemer FW, Robinson P, Tol JL, Regatte RR, Crema MD. Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: Sports Imaging Series. Radiology. 2017;285(3):1063.23. Pedret C, Balius R, Blasi M, Davila F, Aramendi JF, Masci L, et al. Ultrasound classification of medial gastrocnemious injuries. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020;30(12):2456-65.24. Fields KB, Rigby MD. Muscular Calf Injuries in Runners. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2016;15(5):320-4.25. Dalmau-Pastor M, Fargues-Polo B, Jr., Casanova-Martinez D, Jr., Vega J, Golano P. Anatomy of the triceps surae: a pictorial essay. Foot Ankle Clin. 2014;19(4):603-35.26. Balius R, Rodas G, Pedret C, Capdevila L, Alomar X, Bong DA. Soleus muscle injury: sensitivity of ultrasound patterns. Skeletal Radiol. 2014;43(6):805-12.27. Delgado GJ, Chung CB, Lektrakul N, Azocar P, Botte MJ, Coria D, et al. Tennis leg: clinical US study of 141 patients and anatomic investigation of four cadavers with MR imaging and US. Radiology. 2002;224(1):112-9.28. Bright JM, Fields KB, Draper R. Ultrasound Diagnosis of Calf Injuries. Sports Health. 2017;9(4):352-5.29. Olewnik L, Zielinska N, Paulsen F, Podgorski M, Haladaj R, Karauda P, et al. A proposal for a new classification of soleus muscle morphology. Ann Anat. 2020;232:151584.30. Kimura N, Kato K, Anetai H, Kawasaki Y, Miyaki T, Kudoh H, et al. Anatomical study of the soleus: Application to improved imaging diagnoses. Clin Anat. 2020:e23667.31. Waterworth G, Wein S, Gorelik A, Rotstein AH. MRI assessment of calf injuries in Australian Football League players: findings that influence return to play. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(3):343-50.32. Balius R, Pedret C, Iriarte I, Saiz R, Cerezal L. Sonographic landmarks in hamstring muscles. Skeletal Radiol. 2019;48(11):1675-83.33. Beltran L, Ghazikhanian V, Padron M, Beltran J. The proximal hamstring muscle-tendon-bone unit: a review of the normal anatomy, biomechanics, and pathophysiology. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3772-9.34. Ahmad CS, Redler LH, Ciccotti MG, Maffulli N, Longo UG, Bradley J. Evaluation and management of hamstring injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(12):2933-47.35. van der Made AD, Wieldraaijer T, Kerkhoffs GM, Kleipool RP, Engebretsen L, van Dijk CN, et al. The hamstring muscle complex. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23(7):2115-22.36. Kumazaki T, Ehara Y, Sakai T. Anatomy and physiology of hamstring injury. Int J Sports Med. 2012;33(12):950-4.37. Koulouris G, Connell D. Hamstring muscle complex: an imaging review. Radiographics. 2005;25(3):571-86.38. Tosovic D, Muirhead JC, Brown JM, Woodley SJ. Anatomy of the long head of biceps femoris: An ultrasound study. Clin Anat. 2016;29(6):738-45.39. Silder A, Heiderscheit BC, Thelen DG, Enright T, Tuite MJ. MR observations of long-term musculotendon remodeling following a hamstring strain injury. Skeletal Radiol. 2008;37(12):1101-9.40. Pasta G, Nanni G, Molini L, Bianchi S. Sonography of the quadriceps muscle: Examination technique, normal anatomy, and traumatic lesions. J Ultrasound. 2010;13(2):76-84.41. Bordalo-Rodrigues M, Rosenberg ZS. MR imaging of the proximal rectus femoris musculotendinous unit. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):717-25.42. Pesquer L, Poussange N, Sonnery-Cottet B, Graveleau N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B, et al. Imaging of rectus femoris proximal tendinopathies. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(7):889-97.43. Ouellette H, Thomas BJ, Nelson E, Torriani M. MR imaging of rectus femoris origin injuries. Skeletal Radiol. 2006;35(9):665-72.44. Hasselman CT, Best TM, Hughes Ct, Martinez S, Garrett WE, Jr. An explanation for various rectus femoris strain injuries using previously undescribed muscle architecture. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23(4):493-9.45. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Intramuscular degloving injuries to the rectus femoris: findings at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014;202(5):W475-80.46. Iriuchishima T, Shirakura K, Yorifuji H, Fu FH. Anatomical evaluation of the rectus femoris tendon and its related structures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2012;132(11):1665-8.47. Gyftopoulos S, Rosenberg ZS, Schweitzer ME, Bordalo-Rodrigues M. Normal anatomy and strains of the deep musculotendinous junction of the proximal rectus femoris: MRI features. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190(3):W182-6.48. Bianchi S, Martinoli C, Waser NP, Bianchi-Zamorani MP, Federici E, Fasel J. Central aponeurosis tears of the rectus femoris: sonographic findings. Skeletal Radiol. 2002;31(10):581-6.49. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Current concepts in MRI of rectus femoris musculotendinous (myotendinous) and myofascial injuries in elite athletes. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3763-71.50. Omar IM, Zoga AC, Kavanagh EC, Koulouris G, Bergin D, Gopez AG, et al. Athletic pubalgia and "sports hernia": optimal MR imaging technique and findings. Radiographics. 2008;28(5):1415-38.51. Robinson P, Salehi F, Grainger A, Clemence M, Schilders E, O'Connor P, et al. Cadaveric and MRI study of the musculotendinous contributions to the capsule of the symphysis pubis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(5):W440-5.52. Pesquer L, Reboul G, Silvestre A, Poussange N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B. Imaging of adductor-related groin pain. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2015;96(9):861-9.53. Robertson BA, Barker PJ, Fahrer M, Schache AG. The anatomy of the pubic region revisited: implications for the pathogenesis and clinical management of chronic groin pain in athletes. Sports Med. 2009;39(3):225-34.54. Cunningham PM, Brennan D, O'Connell M, MacMahon P, O'Neill P, Eustace S. Patterns of bone and soft-tissue injury at the symphysis pubis in soccer players: observations at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(3):W291-6.55. Morley N, Grant T, Blount K, Omar I. Sonographic evaluation of athletic pubalgia. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(5):689-99.56. Murphy G, Foran P, Murphy D, Tobin O, Moynagh M, Eustace S. "Superior cleft sign" as a marker of rectus abdominus/adductor longus tear in patients with suspected sportsman's hernia. Skeletal Radiol. 2013;42(6):819-25.57. Schilders E, Mitchell AWM, Johnson R, Dimitrakopoulou A, Kartsonaki C, Lee JC. Proximal adductor avulsions are rarely isolated but usually involve injury to the PLAC and pectineus: descriptive MRI findings in 145 athletes. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2020.58. Schilders E,

References1. Flores DV, Mejia Gomez C, Estrada-Castrillon M, Smitaman E, Pathria MN. MR Imaging of Muscle Trauma: Anatomy, Biomechanics, Pathophysiology, and Imaging Appearance. Radiographics. 2018;38(1):124-48.2. Pathria M. MRI traumatic changes 2009 (Radiology Assistant)3. Study Group of the M, Tendon System from the Spanish Society of Sports T, Balius R, Blasi M, Pedret C, Alomar X, et al. A Histoarchitectural Approach to Skeletal Muscle Injury: Searching for a Common Nomenclature. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8(3):2325967120909090.4. Balius R, Alomar X, Pedret C, Blasi M, Rodas G, Pruna R, et al. Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Muscle Injuries: Histoarchitectural Considerations for Muscle Injuries. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018;6(9):2325967118795863.5. Gillies AR, Lieber RL. Structure and function of the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix. Muscle Nerve. 2011;44(3):318-31.6. Ekstrand J, Healy JC, Walden M, Lee JC, English B, Hagglund M. Hamstring muscle injuries in professional football: the correlation of MRI findings with return to play. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(2):112-7.7. Mueller-Wohlfahrt HW, Haensel L, Mithoefer K, Ekstrand J, English B, McNally S, et al. Terminology and classification of muscle injuries in sport: the Munich consensus statement. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(6):342-50.8. DA C. Longitudinal Study Comparing Sonographic and MRI Assessments of Acute and Healing Hamstring Injuries. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183:975-84.9. Blankenbaker DG, Tuite MJ. Temporal changes of muscle injury. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2010;14(2):176-93.10. Cruz J, Mascarenhas V. Adult thigh muscle injuries-from diagnosis to treatment: what the radiologist should know. Skeletal Radiol. 2018;47(8):1087-98.11. MP M. Muscle strain injury vs muscle damage: Two mutually exclusive clinical entities. Transl Sports Med. 2019;2:102-8.12. Valle X, Alentorn-Geli E, Tol JL, Hamilton B, Garrett WE, Jr., Pruna R, et al. Muscle Injuries in Sports: A New Evidence-Informed and Expert Consensus-Based Classification with Clinical Application. Sports Med. 2017;47(7):1241-53.13. Bencardino JT, Mellado JM. Hamstring injuries of the hip. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):677-90, vi.14. Hall MM. Return to Play After Thigh Muscle Injury: Utility of Serial Ultrasound in Guiding Clinical Progression. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2018;17(9):296-301.15. Isern-Kebschull J, Mecho S, Pruna R, Kassarjian A, Valle X, Yanguas X, et al. Sports-related lower limb muscle injuries: pattern recognition approach and MRI review. Insights Imaging. 2020;11(1):108.16. AF Y. Diagnostic Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: New Concepts and Radiological Approach. Curr Radiol Rep. 2017;5(27).17. Opar DA, Williams MD, Shield AJ. Hamstring strain injuries: factors that lead to injury and re-injury. Sports Med. 2012;42(3):209-26.18. Grassi A, Quaglia A, Canata GL, Zaffagnini S. An update on the grading of muscle injuries: a narrative review from clinical to comprehensive systems. Joints. 2016;4(1):39-46.19. Pollock N, Patel A, Chakraverty J, Suokas A, James SL, Chakraverty R. Time to return to full training is delayed and recurrence rate is higher in intratendinous ('c') acute hamstring injury in elite track and field athletes: clinical application of the British Athletics Muscle Injury Classification. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(5):305-10.20. Pollock N, James SL, Lee JC, Chakraverty R. British athletics muscle injury classification: a new grading system. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(18):1347-51.21. Pezzotta G, Querques G, Pecorelli A, Nani R, Sironi S. MRI detection of soleus muscle injuries in professional football players. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(11):1513-20.22. Guermazi A, Roemer FW, Robinson P, Tol JL, Regatte RR, Crema MD. Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: Sports Imaging Series. Radiology. 2017;285(3):1063.23. Pedret C, Balius R, Blasi M, Davila F, Aramendi JF, Masci L, et al. Ultrasound classification of medial gastrocnemious injuries. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020;30(12):2456-65.24. Fields KB, Rigby MD. Muscular Calf Injuries in Runners. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2016;15(5):320-4.25. Dalmau-Pastor M, Fargues-Polo B, Jr., Casanova-Martinez D, Jr., Vega J, Golano P. Anatomy of the triceps surae: a pictorial essay. Foot Ankle Clin. 2014;19(4):603-35.26. Balius R, Rodas G, Pedret C, Capdevila L, Alomar X, Bong DA. Soleus muscle injury: sensitivity of ultrasound patterns. Skeletal Radiol. 2014;43(6):805-12.27. Delgado GJ, Chung CB, Lektrakul N, Azocar P, Botte MJ, Coria D, et al. Tennis leg: clinical US study of 141 patients and anatomic investigation of four cadavers with MR imaging and US. Radiology. 2002;224(1):112-9.28. Bright JM, Fields KB, Draper R. Ultrasound Diagnosis of Calf Injuries. Sports Health. 2017;9(4):352-5.29. Olewnik L, Zielinska N, Paulsen F, Podgorski M, Haladaj R, Karauda P, et al. A proposal for a new classification of soleus muscle morphology. Ann Anat. 2020;232:151584.30. Kimura N, Kato K, Anetai H, Kawasaki Y, Miyaki T, Kudoh H, et al. Anatomical study of the soleus: Application to improved imaging diagnoses. Clin Anat. 2020:e23667.31. Waterworth G, Wein S, Gorelik A, Rotstein AH. MRI assessment of calf injuries in Australian Football League players: findings that influence return to play. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(3):343-50.32. Balius R, Pedret C, Iriarte I, Saiz R, Cerezal L. Sonographic landmarks in hamstring muscles. Skeletal Radiol. 2019;48(11):1675-83.33. Beltran L, Ghazikhanian V, Padron M, Beltran J. The proximal hamstring muscle-tendon-bone unit: a review of the normal anatomy, biomechanics, and pathophysiology. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3772-9.34. Ahmad CS, Redler LH, Ciccotti MG, Maffulli N, Longo UG, Bradley J. Evaluation and management of hamstring injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(12):2933-47.35. van der Made AD, Wieldraaijer T, Kerkhoffs GM, Kleipool RP, Engebretsen L, van Dijk CN, et al. The hamstring muscle complex. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23(7):2115-22.36. Kumazaki T, Ehara Y, Sakai T. Anatomy and physiology of hamstring injury. Int J Sports Med. 2012;33(12):950-4.37. Koulouris G, Connell D. Hamstring muscle complex: an imaging review. Radiographics. 2005;25(3):571-86.38. Tosovic D, Muirhead JC, Brown JM, Woodley SJ. Anatomy of the long head of biceps femoris: An ultrasound study. Clin Anat. 2016;29(6):738-45.39. Silder A, Heiderscheit BC, Thelen DG, Enright T, Tuite MJ. MR observations of long-term musculotendon remodeling following a hamstring strain injury. Skeletal Radiol. 2008;37(12):1101-9.40. Pasta G, Nanni G, Molini L, Bianchi S. Sonography of the quadriceps muscle: Examination technique, normal anatomy, and traumatic lesions. J Ultrasound. 2010;13(2):76-84.41. Bordalo-Rodrigues M, Rosenberg ZS. MR imaging of the proximal rectus femoris musculotendinous unit. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):717-25.42. Pesquer L, Poussange N, Sonnery-Cottet B, Graveleau N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B, et al. Imaging of rectus femoris proximal tendinopathies. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(7):889-97.43. Ouellette H, Thomas BJ, Nelson E, Torriani M. MR imaging of rectus femoris origin injuries. Skeletal Radiol. 2006;35(9):665-72.44. Hasselman CT, Best TM, Hughes Ct, Martinez S, Garrett WE, Jr. An explanation for various rectus femoris strain injuries using previously undescribed muscle architecture. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23(4):493-9.45. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Intramuscular degloving injuries to the rectus femoris: findings at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014;202(5):W475-80.46. Iriuchishima T, Shirakura K, Yorifuji H, Fu FH. Anatomical evaluation of the rectus femoris tendon and its related structures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2012;132(11):1665-8.47. Gyftopoulos S, Rosenberg ZS, Schweitzer ME, Bordalo-Rodrigues M. Normal anatomy and strains of the deep musculotendinous junction of the proximal rectus femoris: MRI features. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190(3):W182-6.48. Bianchi S, Martinoli C, Waser NP, Bianchi-Zamorani MP, Federici E, Fasel J. Central aponeurosis tears of the rectus femoris: sonographic findings. Skeletal Radiol. 2002;31(10):581-6.49. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Current concepts in MRI of rectus femoris musculotendinous (myotendinous) and myofascial injuries in elite athletes. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3763-71.50. Omar IM, Zoga AC, Kavanagh EC, Koulouris G, Bergin D, Gopez AG, et al. Athletic pubalgia and "sports hernia": optimal MR imaging technique and findings. Radiographics. 2008;28(5):1415-38.51. Robinson P, Salehi F, Grainger A, Clemence M, Schilders E, O'Connor P, et al. Cadaveric and MRI study of the musculotendinous contributions to the capsule of the symphysis pubis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(5):W440-5.52. Pesquer L, Reboul G, Silvestre A, Poussange N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B. Imaging of adductor-related groin pain. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2015;96(9):861-9.53. Robertson BA, Barker PJ, Fahrer M, Schache AG. The anatomy of the pubic region revisited: implications for the pathogenesis and clinical management of chronic groin pain in athletes. Sports Med. 2009;39(3):225-34.54. Cunningham PM, Brennan D, O'Connell M, MacMahon P, O'Neill P, Eustace S. Patterns of bone and soft-tissue injury at the symphysis pubis in soccer players: observations at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(3):W291-6.55. Morley N, Grant T, Blount K, Omar I. Sonographic evaluation of athletic pubalgia. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(5):689-99.56. Murphy G, Foran P, Murphy D, Tobin O, Moynagh M, Eustace S. "Superior cleft sign" as a marker of rectus abdominus/adductor longus tear in patients with suspected sportsman's hernia. Skeletal Radiol. 2013;42(6):819-25.57. Schilders E, Mitchell AWM, Johnson R, Dimitrakopoulou A, Kartsonaki C, Lee JC. Proximal adductor avulsions are rarely isolated but usually involve injury to the PLAC and pectineus: descriptive MRI findings in 145 athletes. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2020.58. Schilders E,

References1. Flores DV, Mejia Gomez C, Estrada-Castrillon M, Smitaman E, Pathria MN. MR Imaging of Muscle Trauma: Anatomy, Biomechanics, Pathophysiology, and Imaging Appearance. Radiographics. 2018;38(1):124-48.2. Pathria M. MRI traumatic changes 2009 (Radiology Assistant)3. Study Group of the M, Tendon System from the Spanish Society of Sports T, Balius R, Blasi M, Pedret C, Alomar X, et al. A Histoarchitectural Approach to Skeletal Muscle Injury: Searching for a Common Nomenclature. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8(3):2325967120909090.4. Balius R, Alomar X, Pedret C, Blasi M, Rodas G, Pruna R, et al. Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Muscle Injuries: Histoarchitectural Considerations for Muscle Injuries. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018;6(9):2325967118795863.5. Gillies AR, Lieber RL. Structure and function of the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix. Muscle Nerve. 2011;44(3):318-31.6. Ekstrand J, Healy JC, Walden M, Lee JC, English B, Hagglund M. Hamstring muscle injuries in professional football: the correlation of MRI findings with return to play. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(2):112-7.7. Mueller-Wohlfahrt HW, Haensel L, Mithoefer K, Ekstrand J, English B, McNally S, et al. Terminology and classification of muscle injuries in sport: the Munich consensus statement. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(6):342-50.8. DA C. Longitudinal Study Comparing Sonographic and MRI Assessments of Acute and Healing Hamstring Injuries. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183:975-84.9. Blankenbaker DG, Tuite MJ. Temporal changes of muscle injury. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2010;14(2):176-93.10. Cruz J, Mascarenhas V. Adult thigh muscle injuries-from diagnosis to treatment: what the radiologist should know. Skeletal Radiol. 2018;47(8):1087-98.11. MP M. Muscle strain injury vs muscle damage: Two mutually exclusive clinical entities. Transl Sports Med. 2019;2:102-8.12. Valle X, Alentorn-Geli E, Tol JL, Hamilton B, Garrett WE, Jr., Pruna R, et al. Muscle Injuries in Sports: A New Evidence-Informed and Expert Consensus-Based Classification with Clinical Application. Sports Med. 2017;47(7):1241-53.13. Bencardino JT, Mellado JM. Hamstring injuries of the hip. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):677-90, vi.14. Hall MM. Return to Play After Thigh Muscle Injury: Utility of Serial Ultrasound in Guiding Clinical Progression. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2018;17(9):296-301.15. Isern-Kebschull J, Mecho S, Pruna R, Kassarjian A, Valle X, Yanguas X, et al. Sports-related lower limb muscle injuries: pattern recognition approach and MRI review. Insights Imaging. 2020;11(1):108.16. AF Y. Diagnostic Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: New Concepts and Radiological Approach. Curr Radiol Rep. 2017;5(27).17. Opar DA, Williams MD, Shield AJ. Hamstring strain injuries: factors that lead to injury and re-injury. Sports Med. 2012;42(3):209-26.18. Grassi A, Quaglia A, Canata GL, Zaffagnini S. An update on the grading of muscle injuries: a narrative review from clinical to comprehensive systems. Joints. 2016;4(1):39-46.19. Pollock N, Patel A, Chakraverty J, Suokas A, James SL, Chakraverty R. Time to return to full training is delayed and recurrence rate is higher in intratendinous ('c') acute hamstring injury in elite track and field athletes: clinical application of the British Athletics Muscle Injury Classification. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(5):305-10.20. Pollock N, James SL, Lee JC, Chakraverty R. British athletics muscle injury classification: a new grading system. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(18):1347-51.21. Pezzotta G, Querques G, Pecorelli A, Nani R, Sironi S. MRI detection of soleus muscle injuries in professional football players. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(11):1513-20.22. Guermazi A, Roemer FW, Robinson P, Tol JL, Regatte RR, Crema MD. Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: Sports Imaging Series. Radiology. 2017;285(3):1063.23. Pedret C, Balius R, Blasi M, Davila F, Aramendi JF, Masci L, et al. Ultrasound classification of medial gastrocnemious injuries. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020;30(12):2456-65.24. Fields KB, Rigby MD. Muscular Calf Injuries in Runners. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2016;15(5):320-4.25. Dalmau-Pastor M, Fargues-Polo B, Jr., Casanova-Martinez D, Jr., Vega J, Golano P. Anatomy of the triceps surae: a pictorial essay. Foot Ankle Clin. 2014;19(4):603-35.26. Balius R, Rodas G, Pedret C, Capdevila L, Alomar X, Bong DA. Soleus muscle injury: sensitivity of ultrasound patterns. Skeletal Radiol. 2014;43(6):805-12.27. Delgado GJ, Chung CB, Lektrakul N, Azocar P, Botte MJ, Coria D, et al. Tennis leg: clinical US study of 141 patients and anatomic investigation of four cadavers with MR imaging and US. Radiology. 2002;224(1):112-9.28. Bright JM, Fields KB, Draper R. Ultrasound Diagnosis of Calf Injuries. Sports Health. 2017;9(4):352-5.29. Olewnik L, Zielinska N, Paulsen F, Podgorski M, Haladaj R, Karauda P, et al. A proposal for a new classification of soleus muscle morphology. Ann Anat. 2020;232:151584.30. Kimura N, Kato K, Anetai H, Kawasaki Y, Miyaki T, Kudoh H, et al. Anatomical study of the soleus: Application to improved imaging diagnoses. Clin Anat. 2020:e23667.31. Waterworth G, Wein S, Gorelik A, Rotstein AH. MRI assessment of calf injuries in Australian Football League players: findings that influence return to play. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(3):343-50.32. Balius R, Pedret C, Iriarte I, Saiz R, Cerezal L. Sonographic landmarks in hamstring muscles. Skeletal Radiol. 2019;48(11):1675-83.33. Beltran L, Ghazikhanian V, Padron M, Beltran J. The proximal hamstring muscle-tendon-bone unit: a review of the normal anatomy, biomechanics, and pathophysiology. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3772-9.34. Ahmad CS, Redler LH, Ciccotti MG, Maffulli N, Longo UG, Bradley J. Evaluation and management of hamstring injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(12):2933-47.35. van der Made AD, Wieldraaijer T, Kerkhoffs GM, Kleipool RP, Engebretsen L, van Dijk CN, et al. The hamstring muscle complex. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23(7):2115-22.36. Kumazaki T, Ehara Y, Sakai T. Anatomy and physiology of hamstring injury. Int J Sports Med. 2012;33(12):950-4.37. Koulouris G, Connell D. Hamstring muscle complex: an imaging review. Radiographics. 2005;25(3):571-86.38. Tosovic D, Muirhead JC, Brown JM, Woodley SJ. Anatomy of the long head of biceps femoris: An ultrasound study. Clin Anat. 2016;29(6):738-45.39. Silder A, Heiderscheit BC, Thelen DG, Enright T, Tuite MJ. MR observations of long-term musculotendon remodeling following a hamstring strain injury. Skeletal Radiol. 2008;37(12):1101-9.40. Pasta G, Nanni G, Molini L, Bianchi S. Sonography of the quadriceps muscle: Examination technique, normal anatomy, and traumatic lesions. J Ultrasound. 2010;13(2):76-84.41. Bordalo-Rodrigues M, Rosenberg ZS. MR imaging of the proximal rectus femoris musculotendinous unit. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):717-25.42. Pesquer L, Poussange N, Sonnery-Cottet B, Graveleau N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B, et al. Imaging of rectus femoris proximal tendinopathies. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(7):889-97.43. Ouellette H, Thomas BJ, Nelson E, Torriani M. MR imaging of rectus femoris origin injuries. Skeletal Radiol. 2006;35(9):665-72.44. Hasselman CT, Best TM, Hughes Ct, Martinez S, Garrett WE, Jr. An explanation for various rectus femoris strain injuries using previously undescribed muscle architecture. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23(4):493-9.45. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Intramuscular degloving injuries to the rectus femoris: findings at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014;202(5):W475-80.46. Iriuchishima T, Shirakura K, Yorifuji H, Fu FH. Anatomical evaluation of the rectus femoris tendon and its related structures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2012;132(11):1665-8.47. Gyftopoulos S, Rosenberg ZS, Schweitzer ME, Bordalo-Rodrigues M. Normal anatomy and strains of the deep musculotendinous junction of the proximal rectus femoris: MRI features. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190(3):W182-6.48. Bianchi S, Martinoli C, Waser NP, Bianchi-Zamorani MP, Federici E, Fasel J. Central aponeurosis tears of the rectus femoris: sonographic findings. Skeletal Radiol. 2002;31(10):581-6.49. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Current concepts in MRI of rectus femoris musculotendinous (myotendinous) and myofascial injuries in elite athletes. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3763-71.50. Omar IM, Zoga AC, Kavanagh EC, Koulouris G, Bergin D, Gopez AG, et al. Athletic pubalgia and "sports hernia": optimal MR imaging technique and findings. Radiographics. 2008;28(5):1415-38.51. Robinson P, Salehi F, Grainger A, Clemence M, Schilders E, O'Connor P, et al. Cadaveric and MRI study of the musculotendinous contributions to the capsule of the symphysis pubis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(5):W440-5.52. Pesquer L, Reboul G, Silvestre A, Poussange N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B. Imaging of adductor-related groin pain. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2015;96(9):861-9.53. Robertson BA, Barker PJ, Fahrer M, Schache AG. The anatomy of the pubic region revisited: implications for the pathogenesis and clinical management of chronic groin pain in athletes. Sports Med. 2009;39(3):225-34.54. Cunningham PM, Brennan D, O'Connell M, MacMahon P, O'Neill P, Eustace S. Patterns of bone and soft-tissue injury at the symphysis pubis in soccer players: observations at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(3):W291-6.55. Morley N, Grant T, Blount K, Omar I. Sonographic evaluation of athletic pubalgia. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(5):689-99.56. Murphy G, Foran P, Murphy D, Tobin O, Moynagh M, Eustace S. "Superior cleft sign" as a marker of rectus abdominus/adductor longus tear in patients with suspected sportsman's hernia. Skeletal Radiol. 2013;42(6):819-25.57. Schilders E, Mitchell AWM, Johnson R, Dimitrakopoulou A, Kartsonaki C, Lee JC. Proximal adductor avulsions are rarely isolated but usually involve injury to the PLAC and pectineus: descriptive MRI findings in 145 athletes. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2020.58. Schilders E,

References1. Flores DV, Mejia Gomez C, Estrada-Castrillon M, Smitaman E, Pathria MN. MR Imaging of Muscle Trauma: Anatomy, Biomechanics, Pathophysiology, and Imaging Appearance. Radiographics. 2018;38(1):124-48.2. Pathria M. MRI traumatic changes 2009 (Radiology Assistant)3. Study Group of the M, Tendon System from the Spanish Society of Sports T, Balius R, Blasi M, Pedret C, Alomar X, et al. A Histoarchitectural Approach to Skeletal Muscle Injury: Searching for a Common Nomenclature. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8(3):2325967120909090.4. Balius R, Alomar X, Pedret C, Blasi M, Rodas G, Pruna R, et al. Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Muscle Injuries: Histoarchitectural Considerations for Muscle Injuries. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018;6(9):2325967118795863.5. Gillies AR, Lieber RL. Structure and function of the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix. Muscle Nerve. 2011;44(3):318-31.6. Ekstrand J, Healy JC, Walden M, Lee JC, English B, Hagglund M. Hamstring muscle injuries in professional football: the correlation of MRI findings with return to play. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(2):112-7.7. Mueller-Wohlfahrt HW, Haensel L, Mithoefer K, Ekstrand J, English B, McNally S, et al. Terminology and classification of muscle injuries in sport: the Munich consensus statement. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(6):342-50.8. DA C. Longitudinal Study Comparing Sonographic and MRI Assessments of Acute and Healing Hamstring Injuries. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183:975-84.9. Blankenbaker DG, Tuite MJ. Temporal changes of muscle injury. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2010;14(2):176-93.10. Cruz J, Mascarenhas V. Adult thigh muscle injuries-from diagnosis to treatment: what the radiologist should know. Skeletal Radiol. 2018;47(8):1087-98.11. MP M. Muscle strain injury vs muscle damage: Two mutually exclusive clinical entities. Transl Sports Med. 2019;2:102-8.12. Valle X, Alentorn-Geli E, Tol JL, Hamilton B, Garrett WE, Jr., Pruna R, et al. Muscle Injuries in Sports: A New Evidence-Informed and Expert Consensus-Based Classification with Clinical Application. Sports Med. 2017;47(7):1241-53.13. Bencardino JT, Mellado JM. Hamstring injuries of the hip. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):677-90, vi.14. Hall MM. Return to Play After Thigh Muscle Injury: Utility of Serial Ultrasound in Guiding Clinical Progression. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2018;17(9):296-301.15. Isern-Kebschull J, Mecho S, Pruna R, Kassarjian A, Valle X, Yanguas X, et al. Sports-related lower limb muscle injuries: pattern recognition approach and MRI review. Insights Imaging. 2020;11(1):108.16. AF Y. Diagnostic Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: New Concepts and Radiological Approach. Curr Radiol Rep. 2017;5(27).17. Opar DA, Williams MD, Shield AJ. Hamstring strain injuries: factors that lead to injury and re-injury. Sports Med. 2012;42(3):209-26.18. Grassi A, Quaglia A, Canata GL, Zaffagnini S. An update on the grading of muscle injuries: a narrative review from clinical to comprehensive systems. Joints. 2016;4(1):39-46.19. Pollock N, Patel A, Chakraverty J, Suokas A, James SL, Chakraverty R. Time to return to full training is delayed and recurrence rate is higher in intratendinous ('c') acute hamstring injury in elite track and field athletes: clinical application of the British Athletics Muscle Injury Classification. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(5):305-10.20. Pollock N, James SL, Lee JC, Chakraverty R. British athletics muscle injury classification: a new grading system. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(18):1347-51.21. Pezzotta G, Querques G, Pecorelli A, Nani R, Sironi S. MRI detection of soleus muscle injuries in professional football players. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(11):1513-20.22. Guermazi A, Roemer FW, Robinson P, Tol JL, Regatte RR, Crema MD. Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: Sports Imaging Series. Radiology. 2017;285(3):1063.23. Pedret C, Balius R, Blasi M, Davila F, Aramendi JF, Masci L, et al. Ultrasound classification of medial gastrocnemious injuries. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020;30(12):2456-65.24. Fields KB, Rigby MD. Muscular Calf Injuries in Runners. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2016;15(5):320-4.25. Dalmau-Pastor M, Fargues-Polo B, Jr., Casanova-Martinez D, Jr., Vega J, Golano P. Anatomy of the triceps surae: a pictorial essay. Foot Ankle Clin. 2014;19(4):603-35.26. Balius R, Rodas G, Pedret C, Capdevila L, Alomar X, Bong DA. Soleus muscle injury: sensitivity of ultrasound patterns. Skeletal Radiol. 2014;43(6):805-12.27. Delgado GJ, Chung CB, Lektrakul N, Azocar P, Botte MJ, Coria D, et al. Tennis leg: clinical US study of 141 patients and anatomic investigation of four cadavers with MR imaging and US. Radiology. 2002;224(1):112-9.28. Bright JM, Fields KB, Draper R. Ultrasound Diagnosis of Calf Injuries. Sports Health. 2017;9(4):352-5.29. Olewnik L, Zielinska N, Paulsen F, Podgorski M, Haladaj R, Karauda P, et al. A proposal for a new classification of soleus muscle morphology. Ann Anat. 2020;232:151584.30. Kimura N, Kato K, Anetai H, Kawasaki Y, Miyaki T, Kudoh H, et al. Anatomical study of the soleus: Application to improved imaging diagnoses. Clin Anat. 2020:e23667.31. Waterworth G, Wein S, Gorelik A, Rotstein AH. MRI assessment of calf injuries in Australian Football League players: findings that influence return to play. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(3):343-50.32. Balius R, Pedret C, Iriarte I, Saiz R, Cerezal L. Sonographic landmarks in hamstring muscles. Skeletal Radiol. 2019;48(11):1675-83.33. Beltran L, Ghazikhanian V, Padron M, Beltran J. The proximal hamstring muscle-tendon-bone unit: a review of the normal anatomy, biomechanics, and pathophysiology. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3772-9.34. Ahmad CS, Redler LH, Ciccotti MG, Maffulli N, Longo UG, Bradley J. Evaluation and management of hamstring injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(12):2933-47.35. van der Made AD, Wieldraaijer T, Kerkhoffs GM, Kleipool RP, Engebretsen L, van Dijk CN, et al. The hamstring muscle complex. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23(7):2115-22.36. Kumazaki T, Ehara Y, Sakai T. Anatomy and physiology of hamstring injury. Int J Sports Med. 2012;33(12):950-4.37. Koulouris G, Connell D. Hamstring muscle complex: an imaging review. Radiographics. 2005;25(3):571-86.38. Tosovic D, Muirhead JC, Brown JM, Woodley SJ. Anatomy of the long head of biceps femoris: An ultrasound study. Clin Anat. 2016;29(6):738-45.39. Silder A, Heiderscheit BC, Thelen DG, Enright T, Tuite MJ. MR observations of long-term musculotendon remodeling following a hamstring strain injury. Skeletal Radiol. 2008;37(12):1101-9.40. Pasta G, Nanni G, Molini L, Bianchi S. Sonography of the quadriceps muscle: Examination technique, normal anatomy, and traumatic lesions. J Ultrasound. 2010;13(2):76-84.41. Bordalo-Rodrigues M, Rosenberg ZS. MR imaging of the proximal rectus femoris musculotendinous unit. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):717-25.42. Pesquer L, Poussange N, Sonnery-Cottet B, Graveleau N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B, et al. Imaging of rectus femoris proximal tendinopathies. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(7):889-97.43. Ouellette H, Thomas BJ, Nelson E, Torriani M. MR imaging of rectus femoris origin injuries. Skeletal Radiol. 2006;35(9):665-72.44. Hasselman CT, Best TM, Hughes Ct, Martinez S, Garrett WE, Jr. An explanation for various rectus femoris strain injuries using previously undescribed muscle architecture. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23(4):493-9.45. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Intramuscular degloving injuries to the rectus femoris: findings at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014;202(5):W475-80.46. Iriuchishima T, Shirakura K, Yorifuji H, Fu FH. Anatomical evaluation of the rectus femoris tendon and its related structures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2012;132(11):1665-8.47. Gyftopoulos S, Rosenberg ZS, Schweitzer ME, Bordalo-Rodrigues M. Normal anatomy and strains of the deep musculotendinous junction of the proximal rectus femoris: MRI features. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190(3):W182-6.48. Bianchi S, Martinoli C, Waser NP, Bianchi-Zamorani MP, Federici E, Fasel J. Central aponeurosis tears of the rectus femoris: sonographic findings. Skeletal Radiol. 2002;31(10):581-6.49. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Current concepts in MRI of rectus femoris musculotendinous (myotendinous) and myofascial injuries in elite athletes. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3763-71.50. Omar IM, Zoga AC, Kavanagh EC, Koulouris G, Bergin D, Gopez AG, et al. Athletic pubalgia and "sports hernia": optimal MR imaging technique and findings. Radiographics. 2008;28(5):1415-38.51. Robinson P, Salehi F, Grainger A, Clemence M, Schilders E, O'Connor P, et al. Cadaveric and MRI study of the musculotendinous contributions to the capsule of the symphysis pubis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(5):W440-5.52. Pesquer L, Reboul G, Silvestre A, Poussange N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B. Imaging of adductor-related groin pain. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2015;96(9):861-9.53. Robertson BA, Barker PJ, Fahrer M, Schache AG. The anatomy of the pubic region revisited: implications for the pathogenesis and clinical management of chronic groin pain in athletes. Sports Med. 2009;39(3):225-34.54. Cunningham PM, Brennan D, O'Connell M, MacMahon P, O'Neill P, Eustace S. Patterns of bone and soft-tissue injury at the symphysis pubis in soccer players: observations at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(3):W291-6.55. Morley N, Grant T, Blount K, Omar I. Sonographic evaluation of athletic pubalgia. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(5):689-99.56. Murphy G, Foran P, Murphy D, Tobin O, Moynagh M, Eustace S. "Superior cleft sign" as a marker of rectus abdominus/adductor longus tear in patients with suspected sportsman's hernia. Skeletal Radiol. 2013;42(6):819-25.57. Schilders E, Mitchell AWM, Johnson R, Dimitrakopoulou A, Kartsonaki C, Lee JC. Proximal adductor avulsions are rarely isolated but usually involve injury to the PLAC and pectineus: descriptive MRI findings in 145 athletes. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2020.58. Schilders E,

References1. Flores DV, Mejia Gomez C, Estrada-Castrillon M, Smitaman E, Pathria MN. MR Imaging of Muscle Trauma: Anatomy, Biomechanics, Pathophysiology, and Imaging Appearance. Radiographics. 2018;38(1):124-48.2. Pathria M. MRI traumatic changes 2009 (Radiology Assistant)3. Study Group of the M, Tendon System from the Spanish Society of Sports T, Balius R, Blasi M, Pedret C, Alomar X, et al. A Histoarchitectural Approach to Skeletal Muscle Injury: Searching for a Common Nomenclature. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8(3):2325967120909090.4. Balius R, Alomar X, Pedret C, Blasi M, Rodas G, Pruna R, et al. Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Muscle Injuries: Histoarchitectural Considerations for Muscle Injuries. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018;6(9):2325967118795863.5. Gillies AR, Lieber RL. Structure and function of the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix. Muscle Nerve. 2011;44(3):318-31.6. Ekstrand J, Healy JC, Walden M, Lee JC, English B, Hagglund M. Hamstring muscle injuries in professional football: the correlation of MRI findings with return to play. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(2):112-7.7. Mueller-Wohlfahrt HW, Haensel L, Mithoefer K, Ekstrand J, English B, McNally S, et al. Terminology and classification of muscle injuries in sport: the Munich consensus statement. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(6):342-50.8. DA C. Longitudinal Study Comparing Sonographic and MRI Assessments of Acute and Healing Hamstring Injuries. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183:975-84.9. Blankenbaker DG, Tuite MJ. Temporal changes of muscle injury. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2010;14(2):176-93.10. Cruz J, Mascarenhas V. Adult thigh muscle injuries-from diagnosis to treatment: what the radiologist should know. Skeletal Radiol. 2018;47(8):1087-98.11. MP M. Muscle strain injury vs muscle damage: Two mutually exclusive clinical entities. Transl Sports Med. 2019;2:102-8.12. Valle X, Alentorn-Geli E, Tol JL, Hamilton B, Garrett WE, Jr., Pruna R, et al. Muscle Injuries in Sports: A New Evidence-Informed and Expert Consensus-Based Classification with Clinical Application. Sports Med. 2017;47(7):1241-53.13. Bencardino JT, Mellado JM. Hamstring injuries of the hip. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):677-90, vi.14. Hall MM. Return to Play After Thigh Muscle Injury: Utility of Serial Ultrasound in Guiding Clinical Progression. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2018;17(9):296-301.15. Isern-Kebschull J, Mecho S, Pruna R, Kassarjian A, Valle X, Yanguas X, et al. Sports-related lower limb muscle injuries: pattern recognition approach and MRI review. Insights Imaging. 2020;11(1):108.16. AF Y. Diagnostic Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: New Concepts and Radiological Approach. Curr Radiol Rep. 2017;5(27).17. Opar DA, Williams MD, Shield AJ. Hamstring strain injuries: factors that lead to injury and re-injury. Sports Med. 2012;42(3):209-26.18. Grassi A, Quaglia A, Canata GL, Zaffagnini S. An update on the grading of muscle injuries: a narrative review from clinical to comprehensive systems. Joints. 2016;4(1):39-46.19. Pollock N, Patel A, Chakraverty J, Suokas A, James SL, Chakraverty R. Time to return to full training is delayed and recurrence rate is higher in intratendinous ('c') acute hamstring injury in elite track and field athletes: clinical application of the British Athletics Muscle Injury Classification. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(5):305-10.20. Pollock N, James SL, Lee JC, Chakraverty R. British athletics muscle injury classification: a new grading system. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(18):1347-51.21. Pezzotta G, Querques G, Pecorelli A, Nani R, Sironi S. MRI detection of soleus muscle injuries in professional football players. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(11):1513-20.22. Guermazi A, Roemer FW, Robinson P, Tol JL, Regatte RR, Crema MD. Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: Sports Imaging Series. Radiology. 2017;285(3):1063.23. Pedret C, Balius R, Blasi M, Davila F, Aramendi JF, Masci L, et al. Ultrasound classification of medial gastrocnemious injuries. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020;30(12):2456-65.24. Fields KB, Rigby MD. Muscular Calf Injuries in Runners. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2016;15(5):320-4.25. Dalmau-Pastor M, Fargues-Polo B, Jr., Casanova-Martinez D, Jr., Vega J, Golano P. Anatomy of the triceps surae: a pictorial essay. Foot Ankle Clin. 2014;19(4):603-35.26. Balius R, Rodas G, Pedret C, Capdevila L, Alomar X, Bong DA. Soleus muscle injury: sensitivity of ultrasound patterns. Skeletal Radiol. 2014;43(6):805-12.27. Delgado GJ, Chung CB, Lektrakul N, Azocar P, Botte MJ, Coria D, et al. Tennis leg: clinical US study of 141 patients and anatomic investigation of four cadavers with MR imaging and US. Radiology. 2002;224(1):112-9.28. Bright JM, Fields KB, Draper R. Ultrasound Diagnosis of Calf Injuries. Sports Health. 2017;9(4):352-5.29. Olewnik L, Zielinska N, Paulsen F, Podgorski M, Haladaj R, Karauda P, et al. A proposal for a new classification of soleus muscle morphology. Ann Anat. 2020;232:151584.30. Kimura N, Kato K, Anetai H, Kawasaki Y, Miyaki T, Kudoh H, et al. Anatomical study of the soleus: Application to improved imaging diagnoses. Clin Anat. 2020:e23667.31. Waterworth G, Wein S, Gorelik A, Rotstein AH. MRI assessment of calf injuries in Australian Football League players: findings that influence return to play. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(3):343-50.32. Balius R, Pedret C, Iriarte I, Saiz R, Cerezal L. Sonographic landmarks in hamstring muscles. Skeletal Radiol. 2019;48(11):1675-83.33. Beltran L, Ghazikhanian V, Padron M, Beltran J. The proximal hamstring muscle-tendon-bone unit: a review of the normal anatomy, biomechanics, and pathophysiology. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3772-9.34. Ahmad CS, Redler LH, Ciccotti MG, Maffulli N, Longo UG, Bradley J. Evaluation and management of hamstring injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(12):2933-47.35. van der Made AD, Wieldraaijer T, Kerkhoffs GM, Kleipool RP, Engebretsen L, van Dijk CN, et al. The hamstring muscle complex. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23(7):2115-22.36. Kumazaki T, Ehara Y, Sakai T. Anatomy and physiology of hamstring injury. Int J Sports Med. 2012;33(12):950-4.37. Koulouris G, Connell D. Hamstring muscle complex: an imaging review. Radiographics. 2005;25(3):571-86.38. Tosovic D, Muirhead JC, Brown JM, Woodley SJ. Anatomy of the long head of biceps femoris: An ultrasound study. Clin Anat. 2016;29(6):738-45.39. Silder A, Heiderscheit BC, Thelen DG, Enright T, Tuite MJ. MR observations of long-term musculotendon remodeling following a hamstring strain injury. Skeletal Radiol. 2008;37(12):1101-9.40. Pasta G, Nanni G, Molini L, Bianchi S. Sonography of the quadriceps muscle: Examination technique, normal anatomy, and traumatic lesions. J Ultrasound. 2010;13(2):76-84.41. Bordalo-Rodrigues M, Rosenberg ZS. MR imaging of the proximal rectus femoris musculotendinous unit. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):717-25.42. Pesquer L, Poussange N, Sonnery-Cottet B, Graveleau N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B, et al. Imaging of rectus femoris proximal tendinopathies. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(7):889-97.43. Ouellette H, Thomas BJ, Nelson E, Torriani M. MR imaging of rectus femoris origin injuries. Skeletal Radiol. 2006;35(9):665-72.44. Hasselman CT, Best TM, Hughes Ct, Martinez S, Garrett WE, Jr. An explanation for various rectus femoris strain injuries using previously undescribed muscle architecture. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23(4):493-9.45. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Intramuscular degloving injuries to the rectus femoris: findings at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014;202(5):W475-80.46. Iriuchishima T, Shirakura K, Yorifuji H, Fu FH. Anatomical evaluation of the rectus femoris tendon and its related structures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2012;132(11):1665-8.47. Gyftopoulos S, Rosenberg ZS, Schweitzer ME, Bordalo-Rodrigues M. Normal anatomy and strains of the deep musculotendinous junction of the proximal rectus femoris: MRI features. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190(3):W182-6.48. Bianchi S, Martinoli C, Waser NP, Bianchi-Zamorani MP, Federici E, Fasel J. Central aponeurosis tears of the rectus femoris: sonographic findings. Skeletal Radiol. 2002;31(10):581-6.49. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Current concepts in MRI of rectus femoris musculotendinous (myotendinous) and myofascial injuries in elite athletes. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3763-71.50. Omar IM, Zoga AC, Kavanagh EC, Koulouris G, Bergin D, Gopez AG, et al. Athletic pubalgia and "sports hernia": optimal MR imaging technique and findings. Radiographics. 2008;28(5):1415-38.51. Robinson P, Salehi F, Grainger A, Clemence M, Schilders E, O'Connor P, et al. Cadaveric and MRI study of the musculotendinous contributions to the capsule of the symphysis pubis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(5):W440-5.52. Pesquer L, Reboul G, Silvestre A, Poussange N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B. Imaging of adductor-related groin pain. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2015;96(9):861-9.53. Robertson BA, Barker PJ, Fahrer M, Schache AG. The anatomy of the pubic region revisited: implications for the pathogenesis and clinical management of chronic groin pain in athletes. Sports Med. 2009;39(3):225-34.54. Cunningham PM, Brennan D, O'Connell M, MacMahon P, O'Neill P, Eustace S. Patterns of bone and soft-tissue injury at the symphysis pubis in soccer players: observations at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(3):W291-6.55. Morley N, Grant T, Blount K, Omar I. Sonographic evaluation of athletic pubalgia. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(5):689-99.56. Murphy G, Foran P, Murphy D, Tobin O, Moynagh M, Eustace S. "Superior cleft sign" as a marker of rectus abdominus/adductor longus tear in patients with suspected sportsman's hernia. Skeletal Radiol. 2013;42(6):819-25.57. Schilders E, Mitchell AWM, Johnson R, Dimitrakopoulou A, Kartsonaki C, Lee JC. Proximal adductor avulsions are rarely isolated but usually involve injury to the PLAC and pectineus: descriptive MRI findings in 145 athletes. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2020.58. Schilders E,

References1. Flores DV, Mejia Gomez C, Estrada-Castrillon M, Smitaman E, Pathria MN. MR Imaging of Muscle Trauma: Anatomy, Biomechanics, Pathophysiology, and Imaging Appearance. Radiographics. 2018;38(1):124-48.2. Pathria M. MRI traumatic changes 2009 (Radiology Assistant)3. Study Group of the M, Tendon System from the Spanish Society of Sports T, Balius R, Blasi M, Pedret C, Alomar X, et al. A Histoarchitectural Approach to Skeletal Muscle Injury: Searching for a Common Nomenclature. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8(3):2325967120909090.4. Balius R, Alomar X, Pedret C, Blasi M, Rodas G, Pruna R, et al. Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Muscle Injuries: Histoarchitectural Considerations for Muscle Injuries. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018;6(9):2325967118795863.5. Gillies AR, Lieber RL. Structure and function of the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix. Muscle Nerve. 2011;44(3):318-31.6. Ekstrand J, Healy JC, Walden M, Lee JC, English B, Hagglund M. Hamstring muscle injuries in professional football: the correlation of MRI findings with return to play. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(2):112-7.7. Mueller-Wohlfahrt HW, Haensel L, Mithoefer K, Ekstrand J, English B, McNally S, et al. Terminology and classification of muscle injuries in sport: the Munich consensus statement. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(6):342-50.8. DA C. Longitudinal Study Comparing Sonographic and MRI Assessments of Acute and Healing Hamstring Injuries. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183:975-84.9. Blankenbaker DG, Tuite MJ. Temporal changes of muscle injury. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2010;14(2):176-93.10. Cruz J, Mascarenhas V. Adult thigh muscle injuries-from diagnosis to treatment: what the radiologist should know. Skeletal Radiol. 2018;47(8):1087-98.11. MP M. Muscle strain injury vs muscle damage: Two mutually exclusive clinical entities. Transl Sports Med. 2019;2:102-8.12. Valle X, Alentorn-Geli E, Tol JL, Hamilton B, Garrett WE, Jr., Pruna R, et al. Muscle Injuries in Sports: A New Evidence-Informed and Expert Consensus-Based Classification with Clinical Application. Sports Med. 2017;47(7):1241-53.13. Bencardino JT, Mellado JM. Hamstring injuries of the hip. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):677-90, vi.14. Hall MM. Return to Play After Thigh Muscle Injury: Utility of Serial Ultrasound in Guiding Clinical Progression. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2018;17(9):296-301.15. Isern-Kebschull J, Mecho S, Pruna R, Kassarjian A, Valle X, Yanguas X, et al. Sports-related lower limb muscle injuries: pattern recognition approach and MRI review. Insights Imaging. 2020;11(1):108.16. AF Y. Diagnostic Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: New Concepts and Radiological Approach. Curr Radiol Rep. 2017;5(27).17. Opar DA, Williams MD, Shield AJ. Hamstring strain injuries: factors that lead to injury and re-injury. Sports Med. 2012;42(3):209-26.18. Grassi A, Quaglia A, Canata GL, Zaffagnini S. An update on the grading of muscle injuries: a narrative review from clinical to comprehensive systems. Joints. 2016;4(1):39-46.19. Pollock N, Patel A, Chakraverty J, Suokas A, James SL, Chakraverty R. Time to return to full training is delayed and recurrence rate is higher in intratendinous ('c') acute hamstring injury in elite track and field athletes: clinical application of the British Athletics Muscle Injury Classification. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(5):305-10.20. Pollock N, James SL, Lee JC, Chakraverty R. British athletics muscle injury classification: a new grading system. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(18):1347-51.21. Pezzotta G, Querques G, Pecorelli A, Nani R, Sironi S. MRI detection of soleus muscle injuries in professional football players. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(11):1513-20.22. Guermazi A, Roemer FW, Robinson P, Tol JL, Regatte RR, Crema MD. Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: Sports Imaging Series. Radiology. 2017;285(3):1063.23. Pedret C, Balius R, Blasi M, Davila F, Aramendi JF, Masci L, et al. Ultrasound classification of medial gastrocnemious injuries. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020;30(12):2456-65.24. Fields KB, Rigby MD. Muscular Calf Injuries in Runners. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2016;15(5):320-4.25. Dalmau-Pastor M, Fargues-Polo B, Jr., Casanova-Martinez D, Jr., Vega J, Golano P. Anatomy of the triceps surae: a pictorial essay. Foot Ankle Clin. 2014;19(4):603-35.26. Balius R, Rodas G, Pedret C, Capdevila L, Alomar X, Bong DA. Soleus muscle injury: sensitivity of ultrasound patterns. Skeletal Radiol. 2014;43(6):805-12.27. Delgado GJ, Chung CB, Lektrakul N, Azocar P, Botte MJ, Coria D, et al. Tennis leg: clinical US study of 141 patients and anatomic investigation of four cadavers with MR imaging and US. Radiology. 2002;224(1):112-9.28. Bright JM, Fields KB, Draper R. Ultrasound Diagnosis of Calf Injuries. Sports Health. 2017;9(4):352-5.29. Olewnik L, Zielinska N, Paulsen F, Podgorski M, Haladaj R, Karauda P, et al. A proposal for a new classification of soleus muscle morphology. Ann Anat. 2020;232:151584.30. Kimura N, Kato K, Anetai H, Kawasaki Y, Miyaki T, Kudoh H, et al. Anatomical study of the soleus: Application to improved imaging diagnoses. Clin Anat. 2020:e23667.31. Waterworth G, Wein S, Gorelik A, Rotstein AH. MRI assessment of calf injuries in Australian Football League players: findings that influence return to play. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(3):343-50.32. Balius R, Pedret C, Iriarte I, Saiz R, Cerezal L. Sonographic landmarks in hamstring muscles. Skeletal Radiol. 2019;48(11):1675-83.33. Beltran L, Ghazikhanian V, Padron M, Beltran J. The proximal hamstring muscle-tendon-bone unit: a review of the normal anatomy, biomechanics, and pathophysiology. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3772-9.34. Ahmad CS, Redler LH, Ciccotti MG, Maffulli N, Longo UG, Bradley J. Evaluation and management of hamstring injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(12):2933-47.35. van der Made AD, Wieldraaijer T, Kerkhoffs GM, Kleipool RP, Engebretsen L, van Dijk CN, et al. The hamstring muscle complex. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23(7):2115-22.36. Kumazaki T, Ehara Y, Sakai T. Anatomy and physiology of hamstring injury. Int J Sports Med. 2012;33(12):950-4.37. Koulouris G, Connell D. Hamstring muscle complex: an imaging review. Radiographics. 2005;25(3):571-86.38. Tosovic D, Muirhead JC, Brown JM, Woodley SJ. Anatomy of the long head of biceps femoris: An ultrasound study. Clin Anat. 2016;29(6):738-45.39. Silder A, Heiderscheit BC, Thelen DG, Enright T, Tuite MJ. MR observations of long-term musculotendon remodeling following a hamstring strain injury. Skeletal Radiol. 2008;37(12):1101-9.40. Pasta G, Nanni G, Molini L, Bianchi S. Sonography of the quadriceps muscle: Examination technique, normal anatomy, and traumatic lesions. J Ultrasound. 2010;13(2):76-84.41. Bordalo-Rodrigues M, Rosenberg ZS. MR imaging of the proximal rectus femoris musculotendinous unit. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):717-25.42. Pesquer L, Poussange N, Sonnery-Cottet B, Graveleau N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B, et al. Imaging of rectus femoris proximal tendinopathies. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(7):889-97.43. Ouellette H, Thomas BJ, Nelson E, Torriani M. MR imaging of rectus femoris origin injuries. Skeletal Radiol. 2006;35(9):665-72.44. Hasselman CT, Best TM, Hughes Ct, Martinez S, Garrett WE, Jr. An explanation for various rectus femoris strain injuries using previously undescribed muscle architecture. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23(4):493-9.45. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Intramuscular degloving injuries to the rectus femoris: findings at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014;202(5):W475-80.46. Iriuchishima T, Shirakura K, Yorifuji H, Fu FH. Anatomical evaluation of the rectus femoris tendon and its related structures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2012;132(11):1665-8.47. Gyftopoulos S, Rosenberg ZS, Schweitzer ME, Bordalo-Rodrigues M. Normal anatomy and strains of the deep musculotendinous junction of the proximal rectus femoris: MRI features. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190(3):W182-6.48. Bianchi S, Martinoli C, Waser NP, Bianchi-Zamorani MP, Federici E, Fasel J. Central aponeurosis tears of the rectus femoris: sonographic findings. Skeletal Radiol. 2002;31(10):581-6.49. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Current concepts in MRI of rectus femoris musculotendinous (myotendinous) and myofascial injuries in elite athletes. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3763-71.50. Omar IM, Zoga AC, Kavanagh EC, Koulouris G, Bergin D, Gopez AG, et al. Athletic pubalgia and "sports hernia": optimal MR imaging technique and findings. Radiographics. 2008;28(5):1415-38.51. Robinson P, Salehi F, Grainger A, Clemence M, Schilders E, O'Connor P, et al. Cadaveric and MRI study of the musculotendinous contributions to the capsule of the symphysis pubis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(5):W440-5.52. Pesquer L, Reboul G, Silvestre A, Poussange N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B. Imaging of adductor-related groin pain. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2015;96(9):861-9.53. Robertson BA, Barker PJ, Fahrer M, Schache AG. The anatomy of the pubic region revisited: implications for the pathogenesis and clinical management of chronic groin pain in athletes. Sports Med. 2009;39(3):225-34.54. Cunningham PM, Brennan D, O'Connell M, MacMahon P, O'Neill P, Eustace S. Patterns of bone and soft-tissue injury at the symphysis pubis in soccer players: observations at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(3):W291-6.55. Morley N, Grant T, Blount K, Omar I. Sonographic evaluation of athletic pubalgia. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(5):689-99.56. Murphy G, Foran P, Murphy D, Tobin O, Moynagh M, Eustace S. "Superior cleft sign" as a marker of rectus abdominus/adductor longus tear in patients with suspected sportsman's hernia. Skeletal Radiol. 2013;42(6):819-25.57. Schilders E, Mitchell AWM, Johnson R, Dimitrakopoulou A, Kartsonaki C, Lee JC. Proximal adductor avulsions are rarely isolated but usually involve injury to the PLAC and pectineus: descriptive MRI findings in 145 athletes. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2020.58. Schilders E,

References1. Flores DV, Mejia Gomez C, Estrada-Castrillon M, Smitaman E, Pathria MN. MR Imaging of Muscle Trauma: Anatomy, Biomechanics, Pathophysiology, and Imaging Appearance. Radiographics. 2018;38(1):124-48.2. Pathria M. MRI traumatic changes 2009 (Radiology Assistant)3. Study Group of the M, Tendon System from the Spanish Society of Sports T, Balius R, Blasi M, Pedret C, Alomar X, et al. A Histoarchitectural Approach to Skeletal Muscle Injury: Searching for a Common Nomenclature. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8(3):2325967120909090.4. Balius R, Alomar X, Pedret C, Blasi M, Rodas G, Pruna R, et al. Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Muscle Injuries: Histoarchitectural Considerations for Muscle Injuries. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018;6(9):2325967118795863.5. Gillies AR, Lieber RL. Structure and function of the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix. Muscle Nerve. 2011;44(3):318-31.6. Ekstrand J, Healy JC, Walden M, Lee JC, English B, Hagglund M. Hamstring muscle injuries in professional football: the correlation of MRI findings with return to play. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(2):112-7.7. Mueller-Wohlfahrt HW, Haensel L, Mithoefer K, Ekstrand J, English B, McNally S, et al. Terminology and classification of muscle injuries in sport: the Munich consensus statement. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(6):342-50.8. DA C. Longitudinal Study Comparing Sonographic and MRI Assessments of Acute and Healing Hamstring Injuries. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183:975-84.9. Blankenbaker DG, Tuite MJ. Temporal changes of muscle injury. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2010;14(2):176-93.10. Cruz J, Mascarenhas V. Adult thigh muscle injuries-from diagnosis to treatment: what the radiologist should know. Skeletal Radiol. 2018;47(8):1087-98.11. MP M. Muscle strain injury vs muscle damage: Two mutually exclusive clinical entities. Transl Sports Med. 2019;2:102-8.12. Valle X, Alentorn-Geli E, Tol JL, Hamilton B, Garrett WE, Jr., Pruna R, et al. Muscle Injuries in Sports: A New Evidence-Informed and Expert Consensus-Based Classification with Clinical Application. Sports Med. 2017;47(7):1241-53.13. Bencardino JT, Mellado JM. Hamstring injuries of the hip. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):677-90, vi.14. Hall MM. Return to Play After Thigh Muscle Injury: Utility of Serial Ultrasound in Guiding Clinical Progression. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2018;17(9):296-301.15. Isern-Kebschull J, Mecho S, Pruna R, Kassarjian A, Valle X, Yanguas X, et al. Sports-related lower limb muscle injuries: pattern recognition approach and MRI review. Insights Imaging. 2020;11(1):108.16. AF Y. Diagnostic Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: New Concepts and Radiological Approach. Curr Radiol Rep. 2017;5(27).17. Opar DA, Williams MD, Shield AJ. Hamstring strain injuries: factors that lead to injury and re-injury. Sports Med. 2012;42(3):209-26.18. Grassi A, Quaglia A, Canata GL, Zaffagnini S. An update on the grading of muscle injuries: a narrative review from clinical to comprehensive systems. Joints. 2016;4(1):39-46.19. Pollock N, Patel A, Chakraverty J, Suokas A, James SL, Chakraverty R. Time to return to full training is delayed and recurrence rate is higher in intratendinous ('c') acute hamstring injury in elite track and field athletes: clinical application of the British Athletics Muscle Injury Classification. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(5):305-10.20. Pollock N, James SL, Lee JC, Chakraverty R. British athletics muscle injury classification: a new grading system. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(18):1347-51.21. Pezzotta G, Querques G, Pecorelli A, Nani R, Sironi S. MRI detection of soleus muscle injuries in professional football players. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(11):1513-20.22. Guermazi A, Roemer FW, Robinson P, Tol JL, Regatte RR, Crema MD. Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: Sports Imaging Series. Radiology. 2017;285(3):1063.23. Pedret C, Balius R, Blasi M, Davila F, Aramendi JF, Masci L, et al. Ultrasound classification of medial gastrocnemious injuries. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020;30(12):2456-65.24. Fields KB, Rigby MD. Muscular Calf Injuries in Runners. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2016;15(5):320-4.25. Dalmau-Pastor M, Fargues-Polo B, Jr., Casanova-Martinez D, Jr., Vega J, Golano P. Anatomy of the triceps surae: a pictorial essay. Foot Ankle Clin. 2014;19(4):603-35.26. Balius R, Rodas G, Pedret C, Capdevila L, Alomar X, Bong DA. Soleus muscle injury: sensitivity of ultrasound patterns. Skeletal Radiol. 2014;43(6):805-12.27. Delgado GJ, Chung CB, Lektrakul N, Azocar P, Botte MJ, Coria D, et al. Tennis leg: clinical US study of 141 patients and anatomic investigation of four cadavers with MR imaging and US. Radiology. 2002;224(1):112-9.28. Bright JM, Fields KB, Draper R. Ultrasound Diagnosis of Calf Injuries. Sports Health. 2017;9(4):352-5.29. Olewnik L, Zielinska N, Paulsen F, Podgorski M, Haladaj R, Karauda P, et al. A proposal for a new classification of soleus muscle morphology. Ann Anat. 2020;232:151584.30. Kimura N, Kato K, Anetai H, Kawasaki Y, Miyaki T, Kudoh H, et al. Anatomical study of the soleus: Application to improved imaging diagnoses. Clin Anat. 2020:e23667.31. Waterworth G, Wein S, Gorelik A, Rotstein AH. MRI assessment of calf injuries in Australian Football League players: findings that influence return to play. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(3):343-50.32. Balius R, Pedret C, Iriarte I, Saiz R, Cerezal L. Sonographic landmarks in hamstring muscles. Skeletal Radiol. 2019;48(11):1675-83.33. Beltran L, Ghazikhanian V, Padron M, Beltran J. The proximal hamstring muscle-tendon-bone unit: a review of the normal anatomy, biomechanics, and pathophysiology. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3772-9.34. Ahmad CS, Redler LH, Ciccotti MG, Maffulli N, Longo UG, Bradley J. Evaluation and management of hamstring injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(12):2933-47.35. van der Made AD, Wieldraaijer T, Kerkhoffs GM, Kleipool RP, Engebretsen L, van Dijk CN, et al. The hamstring muscle complex. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23(7):2115-22.36. Kumazaki T, Ehara Y, Sakai T. Anatomy and physiology of hamstring injury. Int J Sports Med. 2012;33(12):950-4.37. Koulouris G, Connell D. Hamstring muscle complex: an imaging review. Radiographics. 2005;25(3):571-86.38. Tosovic D, Muirhead JC, Brown JM, Woodley SJ. Anatomy of the long head of biceps femoris: An ultrasound study. Clin Anat. 2016;29(6):738-45.39. Silder A, Heiderscheit BC, Thelen DG, Enright T, Tuite MJ. MR observations of long-term musculotendon remodeling following a hamstring strain injury. Skeletal Radiol. 2008;37(12):1101-9.40. Pasta G, Nanni G, Molini L, Bianchi S. Sonography of the quadriceps muscle: Examination technique, normal anatomy, and traumatic lesions. J Ultrasound. 2010;13(2):76-84.41. Bordalo-Rodrigues M, Rosenberg ZS. MR imaging of the proximal rectus femoris musculotendinous unit. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):717-25.42. Pesquer L, Poussange N, Sonnery-Cottet B, Graveleau N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B, et al. Imaging of rectus femoris proximal tendinopathies. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(7):889-97.43. Ouellette H, Thomas BJ, Nelson E, Torriani M. MR imaging of rectus femoris origin injuries. Skeletal Radiol. 2006;35(9):665-72.44. Hasselman CT, Best TM, Hughes Ct, Martinez S, Garrett WE, Jr. An explanation for various rectus femoris strain injuries using previously undescribed muscle architecture. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23(4):493-9.45. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Intramuscular degloving injuries to the rectus femoris: findings at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014;202(5):W475-80.46. Iriuchishima T, Shirakura K, Yorifuji H, Fu FH. Anatomical evaluation of the rectus femoris tendon and its related structures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2012;132(11):1665-8.47. Gyftopoulos S, Rosenberg ZS, Schweitzer ME, Bordalo-Rodrigues M. Normal anatomy and strains of the deep musculotendinous junction of the proximal rectus femoris: MRI features. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190(3):W182-6.48. Bianchi S, Martinoli C, Waser NP, Bianchi-Zamorani MP, Federici E, Fasel J. Central aponeurosis tears of the rectus femoris: sonographic findings. Skeletal Radiol. 2002;31(10):581-6.49. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Current concepts in MRI of rectus femoris musculotendinous (myotendinous) and myofascial injuries in elite athletes. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3763-71.50. Omar IM, Zoga AC, Kavanagh EC, Koulouris G, Bergin D, Gopez AG, et al. Athletic pubalgia and "sports hernia": optimal MR imaging technique and findings. Radiographics. 2008;28(5):1415-38.51. Robinson P, Salehi F, Grainger A, Clemence M, Schilders E, O'Connor P, et al. Cadaveric and MRI study of the musculotendinous contributions to the capsule of the symphysis pubis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(5):W440-5.52. Pesquer L, Reboul G, Silvestre A, Poussange N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B. Imaging of adductor-related groin pain. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2015;96(9):861-9.53. Robertson BA, Barker PJ, Fahrer M, Schache AG. The anatomy of the pubic region revisited: implications for the pathogenesis and clinical management of chronic groin pain in athletes. Sports Med. 2009;39(3):225-34.54. Cunningham PM, Brennan D, O'Connell M, MacMahon P, O'Neill P, Eustace S. Patterns of bone and soft-tissue injury at the symphysis pubis in soccer players: observations at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(3):W291-6.55. Morley N, Grant T, Blount K, Omar I. Sonographic evaluation of athletic pubalgia. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(5):689-99.56. Murphy G, Foran P, Murphy D, Tobin O, Moynagh M, Eustace S. "Superior cleft sign" as a marker of rectus abdominus/adductor longus tear in patients with suspected sportsman's hernia. Skeletal Radiol. 2013;42(6):819-25.57. Schilders E, Mitchell AWM, Johnson R, Dimitrakopoulou A, Kartsonaki C, Lee JC. Proximal adductor avulsions are rarely isolated but usually involve injury to the PLAC and pectineus: descriptive MRI findings in 145 athletes. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2020.58. Schilders E,

References1. Flores DV, Mejia Gomez C, Estrada-Castrillon M, Smitaman E, Pathria MN. MR Imaging of Muscle Trauma: Anatomy, Biomechanics, Pathophysiology, and Imaging Appearance. Radiographics. 2018;38(1):124-48.2. Pathria M. MRI traumatic changes 2009 (Radiology Assistant)3. Study Group of the M, Tendon System from the Spanish Society of Sports T, Balius R, Blasi M, Pedret C, Alomar X, et al. A Histoarchitectural Approach to Skeletal Muscle Injury: Searching for a Common Nomenclature. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8(3):2325967120909090.4. Balius R, Alomar X, Pedret C, Blasi M, Rodas G, Pruna R, et al. Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Muscle Injuries: Histoarchitectural Considerations for Muscle Injuries. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018;6(9):2325967118795863.5. Gillies AR, Lieber RL. Structure and function of the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix. Muscle Nerve. 2011;44(3):318-31.6. Ekstrand J, Healy JC, Walden M, Lee JC, English B, Hagglund M. Hamstring muscle injuries in professional football: the correlation of MRI findings with return to play. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(2):112-7.7. Mueller-Wohlfahrt HW, Haensel L, Mithoefer K, Ekstrand J, English B, McNally S, et al. Terminology and classification of muscle injuries in sport: the Munich consensus statement. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(6):342-50.8. DA C. Longitudinal Study Comparing Sonographic and MRI Assessments of Acute and Healing Hamstring Injuries. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183:975-84.9. Blankenbaker DG, Tuite MJ. Temporal changes of muscle injury. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2010;14(2):176-93.10. Cruz J, Mascarenhas V. Adult thigh muscle injuries-from diagnosis to treatment: what the radiologist should know. Skeletal Radiol. 2018;47(8):1087-98.11. MP M. Muscle strain injury vs muscle damage: Two mutually exclusive clinical entities. Transl Sports Med. 2019;2:102-8.12. Valle X, Alentorn-Geli E, Tol JL, Hamilton B, Garrett WE, Jr., Pruna R, et al. Muscle Injuries in Sports: A New Evidence-Informed and Expert Consensus-Based Classification with Clinical Application. Sports Med. 2017;47(7):1241-53.13. Bencardino JT, Mellado JM. Hamstring injuries of the hip. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):677-90, vi.14. Hall MM. Return to Play After Thigh Muscle Injury: Utility of Serial Ultrasound in Guiding Clinical Progression. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2018;17(9):296-301.15. Isern-Kebschull J, Mecho S, Pruna R, Kassarjian A, Valle X, Yanguas X, et al. Sports-related lower limb muscle injuries: pattern recognition approach and MRI review. Insights Imaging. 2020;11(1):108.16. AF Y. Diagnostic Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: New Concepts and Radiological Approach. Curr Radiol Rep. 2017;5(27).17. Opar DA, Williams MD, Shield AJ. Hamstring strain injuries: factors that lead to injury and re-injury. Sports Med. 2012;42(3):209-26.18. Grassi A, Quaglia A, Canata GL, Zaffagnini S. An update on the grading of muscle injuries: a narrative review from clinical to comprehensive systems. Joints. 2016;4(1):39-46.19. Pollock N, Patel A, Chakraverty J, Suokas A, James SL, Chakraverty R. Time to return to full training is delayed and recurrence rate is higher in intratendinous ('c') acute hamstring injury in elite track and field athletes: clinical application of the British Athletics Muscle Injury Classification. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(5):305-10.20. Pollock N, James SL, Lee JC, Chakraverty R. British athletics muscle injury classification: a new grading system. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(18):1347-51.21. Pezzotta G, Querques G, Pecorelli A, Nani R, Sironi S. MRI detection of soleus muscle injuries in professional football players. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(11):1513-20.22. Guermazi A, Roemer FW, Robinson P, Tol JL, Regatte RR, Crema MD. Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: Sports Imaging Series. Radiology. 2017;285(3):1063.23. Pedret C, Balius R, Blasi M, Davila F, Aramendi JF, Masci L, et al. Ultrasound classification of medial gastrocnemious injuries. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020;30(12):2456-65.24. Fields KB, Rigby MD. Muscular Calf Injuries in Runners. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2016;15(5):320-4.25. Dalmau-Pastor M, Fargues-Polo B, Jr., Casanova-Martinez D, Jr., Vega J, Golano P. Anatomy of the triceps surae: a pictorial essay. Foot Ankle Clin. 2014;19(4):603-35.26. Balius R, Rodas G, Pedret C, Capdevila L, Alomar X, Bong DA. Soleus muscle injury: sensitivity of ultrasound patterns. Skeletal Radiol. 2014;43(6):805-12.27. Delgado GJ, Chung CB, Lektrakul N, Azocar P, Botte MJ, Coria D, et al. Tennis leg: clinical US study of 141 patients and anatomic investigation of four cadavers with MR imaging and US. Radiology. 2002;224(1):112-9.28. Bright JM, Fields KB, Draper R. Ultrasound Diagnosis of Calf Injuries. Sports Health. 2017;9(4):352-5.29. Olewnik L, Zielinska N, Paulsen F, Podgorski M, Haladaj R, Karauda P, et al. A proposal for a new classification of soleus muscle morphology. Ann Anat. 2020;232:151584.30. Kimura N, Kato K, Anetai H, Kawasaki Y, Miyaki T, Kudoh H, et al. Anatomical study of the soleus: Application to improved imaging diagnoses. Clin Anat. 2020:e23667.31. Waterworth G, Wein S, Gorelik A, Rotstein AH. MRI assessment of calf injuries in Australian Football League players: findings that influence return to play. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(3):343-50.32. Balius R, Pedret C, Iriarte I, Saiz R, Cerezal L. Sonographic landmarks in hamstring muscles. Skeletal Radiol. 2019;48(11):1675-83.33. Beltran L, Ghazikhanian V, Padron M, Beltran J. The proximal hamstring muscle-tendon-bone unit: a review of the normal anatomy, biomechanics, and pathophysiology. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3772-9.34. Ahmad CS, Redler LH, Ciccotti MG, Maffulli N, Longo UG, Bradley J. Evaluation and management of hamstring injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(12):2933-47.35. van der Made AD, Wieldraaijer T, Kerkhoffs GM, Kleipool RP, Engebretsen L, van Dijk CN, et al. The hamstring muscle complex. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23(7):2115-22.36. Kumazaki T, Ehara Y, Sakai T. Anatomy and physiology of hamstring injury. Int J Sports Med. 2012;33(12):950-4.37. Koulouris G, Connell D. Hamstring muscle complex: an imaging review. Radiographics. 2005;25(3):571-86.38. Tosovic D, Muirhead JC, Brown JM, Woodley SJ. Anatomy of the long head of biceps femoris: An ultrasound study. Clin Anat. 2016;29(6):738-45.39. Silder A, Heiderscheit BC, Thelen DG, Enright T, Tuite MJ. MR observations of long-term musculotendon remodeling following a hamstring strain injury. Skeletal Radiol. 2008;37(12):1101-9.40. Pasta G, Nanni G, Molini L, Bianchi S. Sonography of the quadriceps muscle: Examination technique, normal anatomy, and traumatic lesions. J Ultrasound. 2010;13(2):76-84.41. Bordalo-Rodrigues M, Rosenberg ZS. MR imaging of the proximal rectus femoris musculotendinous unit. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):717-25.42. Pesquer L, Poussange N, Sonnery-Cottet B, Graveleau N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B, et al. Imaging of rectus femoris proximal tendinopathies. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(7):889-97.43. Ouellette H, Thomas BJ, Nelson E, Torriani M. MR imaging of rectus femoris origin injuries. Skeletal Radiol. 2006;35(9):665-72.44. Hasselman CT, Best TM, Hughes Ct, Martinez S, Garrett WE, Jr. An explanation for various rectus femoris strain injuries using previously undescribed muscle architecture. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23(4):493-9.45. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Intramuscular degloving injuries to the rectus femoris: findings at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014;202(5):W475-80.46. Iriuchishima T, Shirakura K, Yorifuji H, Fu FH. Anatomical evaluation of the rectus femoris tendon and its related structures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2012;132(11):1665-8.47. Gyftopoulos S, Rosenberg ZS, Schweitzer ME, Bordalo-Rodrigues M. Normal anatomy and strains of the deep musculotendinous junction of the proximal rectus femoris: MRI features. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190(3):W182-6.48. Bianchi S, Martinoli C, Waser NP, Bianchi-Zamorani MP, Federici E, Fasel J. Central aponeurosis tears of the rectus femoris: sonographic findings. Skeletal Radiol. 2002;31(10):581-6.49. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Current concepts in MRI of rectus femoris musculotendinous (myotendinous) and myofascial injuries in elite athletes. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3763-71.50. Omar IM, Zoga AC, Kavanagh EC, Koulouris G, Bergin D, Gopez AG, et al. Athletic pubalgia and "sports hernia": optimal MR imaging technique and findings. Radiographics. 2008;28(5):1415-38.51. Robinson P, Salehi F, Grainger A, Clemence M, Schilders E, O'Connor P, et al. Cadaveric and MRI study of the musculotendinous contributions to the capsule of the symphysis pubis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(5):W440-5.52. Pesquer L, Reboul G, Silvestre A, Poussange N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B. Imaging of adductor-related groin pain. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2015;96(9):861-9.53. Robertson BA, Barker PJ, Fahrer M, Schache AG. The anatomy of the pubic region revisited: implications for the pathogenesis and clinical management of chronic groin pain in athletes. Sports Med. 2009;39(3):225-34.54. Cunningham PM, Brennan D, O'Connell M, MacMahon P, O'Neill P, Eustace S. Patterns of bone and soft-tissue injury at the symphysis pubis in soccer players: observations at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(3):W291-6.55. Morley N, Grant T, Blount K, Omar I. Sonographic evaluation of athletic pubalgia. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(5):689-99.56. Murphy G, Foran P, Murphy D, Tobin O, Moynagh M, Eustace S. "Superior cleft sign" as a marker of rectus abdominus/adductor longus tear in patients with suspected sportsman's hernia. Skeletal Radiol. 2013;42(6):819-25.57. Schilders E, Mitchell AWM, Johnson R, Dimitrakopoulou A, Kartsonaki C, Lee JC. Proximal adductor avulsions are rarely isolated but usually involve injury to the PLAC and pectineus: descriptive MRI findings in 145 athletes. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2020.58. Schilders E,

References1.Flores DV, Mejia Gomez C, Estrada-Castrillon M, Smitaman E, Pathria MN. MR Imaging of Muscle Trauma: Anatomy, Biomechanics, Pathophysiology, and Imaging Appearance. Radiographics. 2018;38(1):124-48.2.Pathria M. MRI traumatic changes 2009 [Available from: https://radiologyassistant.nl/musculoskeletal/muscle/mri-traumatic-changes.3.Study Group of the M, Tendon System from the Spanish Society of Sports T, Balius R, Blasi M, Pedret C, Alomar X, et al. A Histoarchitectural Approach to Skeletal Muscle Injury: Searching for a Common Nomenclature. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8(3):2325967120909090.4.Balius R, Alomar X, Pedret C, Blasi M, Rodas G, Pruna R, et al. Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Muscle Injuries: Histoarchitectural Considerations for Muscle Injuries. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018;6(9):2325967118795863.5.Gillies AR, Lieber RL. Structure and function of the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix. Muscle Nerve. 2011;44(3):318-31.6.Ekstrand J, Healy JC, Walden M, Lee JC, English B, Hagglund M. Hamstring muscle injuries in professional football: the correlation of MRI findings with return to play. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(2):112-7.7.Mueller-Wohlfahrt HW, Haensel L, Mithoefer K, Ekstrand J, English B, McNally S, et al. Terminology and classification of muscle injuries in sport: the Munich consensus statement. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(6):342-50.8.DA C. Longitudinal Study Comparing Sonographic and MRI Assessments of Acute and Healing Hamstring Injuries. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183:975-84.9.Blankenbaker DG, Tuite MJ. Temporal changes of muscle injury. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2010;14(2):176-93.10.Cruz J, Mascarenhas V. Adult thigh muscle injuries-from diagnosis to treatment: what the radiologist should know. Skeletal Radiol. 2018;47(8):1087-98.11.MP M. Muscle strain injury vs muscle damage: Two mutually exclusive clinical entities. Transl Sports Med. 2019;2:102-8.12.Valle X, Alentorn-Geli E, Tol JL, Hamilton B, Garrett WE, Jr., Pruna R, et al. Muscle Injuries in Sports: A New Evidence-Informed and Expert Consensus-Based Classification with Clinical Application. Sports Med. 2017;47(7):1241-53.13.Bencardino JT, Mellado JM. Hamstring injuries of the hip. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):677-90, vi.14.Hall MM. Return to Play After Thigh Muscle Injury: Utility of Serial Ultrasound in Guiding Clinical Progression. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2018;17(9):296-301.15.Isern-Kebschull J, Mecho S, Pruna R, Kassarjian A, Valle X, Yanguas X, et al. Sports-related lower limb muscle injuries: pattern recognition approach and MRI review. Insights Imaging. 2020;11(1):108.16.AF Y. Diagnostic Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: New Concepts and Radiological Approach. Curr Radiol Rep. 2017;5(27).17.Opar DA, Williams MD, Shield AJ. Hamstring strain injuries: factors that lead to injury and re-injury. Sports Med. 2012;42(3):209-26.18.Grassi A, Quaglia A, Canata GL, Zaffagnini S. An update on the grading of muscle injuries: a narrative review from clinical to comprehensive systems. Joints. 2016;4(1):39-46.19.Pollock N, Patel A, Chakraverty J, Suokas A, James SL, Chakraverty R. Time to return to full training is delayed and recurrence rate is higher in intratendinous ('c') acute hamstring injury in elite track and field athletes: clinical application of the British Athletics Muscle Injury Classification. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(5):305-10.20.Pollock N, James SL, Lee JC, Chakraverty R. British athletics muscle injury classification: a new grading system. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(18):1347-51.21.Pezzotta G, Querques G, Pecorelli A, Nani R, Sironi S. MRI detection of soleus muscle injuries in professional football players. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(11):1513-20.22.Guermazi A, Roemer FW, Robinson P, Tol JL, Regatte RR, Crema MD. Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: Sports Imaging Series. Radiology. 2017;285(3):1063.23.Pedret C, Balius R, Blasi M, Davila F, Aramendi JF, Masci L, et al. Ultrasound classification of medial gastrocnemious injuries. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020;30(12):2456-65.24.Fields KB, Rigby MD. Muscular Calf Injuries in Runners. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2016;15(5):320-4.25.Dalmau-Pastor M, Fargues-Polo B, Jr., Casanova-Martinez D, Jr., Vega J, Golano P. Anatomy of the triceps surae: a pictorial essay. Foot Ankle Clin. 2014;19(4):603-35.26.Balius R, Rodas G, Pedret C, Capdevila L, Alomar X, Bong DA. Soleus muscle injury: sensitivity of ultrasound patterns. Skeletal Radiol. 2014;43(6):805-12.27.Delgado GJ, Chung CB, Lektrakul N, Azocar P, Botte MJ, Coria D, et al. Tennis leg: clinical US study of 141 patients and anatomic investigation of four cadavers with MR imaging and US. Radiology. 2002;224(1):112-9.28.Bright JM, Fields KB, Draper R. Ultrasound Diagnosis of Calf Injuries. Sports Health. 2017;9(4):352-5.29.Olewnik L, Zielinska N, Paulsen F, Podgorski M, Haladaj R, Karauda P, et al. A proposal for a new classification of soleus muscle morphology. Ann Anat. 2020;232:151584.30.Kimura N, Kato K, Anetai H, Kawasaki Y, Miyaki T, Kudoh H, et al. Anatomical study of the soleus: Application to improved imaging diagnoses. Clin Anat. 2020:e23667.31.Waterworth G, Wein S, Gorelik A, Rotstein AH. MRI assessment of calf injuries in Australian Football League players: findings that influence return to play. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(3):343-50.32.Balius R, Pedret C, Iriarte I, Saiz R, Cerezal L. Sonographic landmarks in hamstring muscles. Skeletal Radiol. 2019;48(11):1675-83.33.Beltran L, Ghazikhanian V, Padron M, Beltran J. The proximal hamstring muscle-tendon-bone unit: a review of the normal anatomy, biomechanics, and pathophysiology. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3772-9.34.Ahmad CS, Redler LH, Ciccotti MG, Maffulli N, Longo UG, Bradley J. Evaluation and management of hamstring injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(12):2933-47.35.van der Made AD, Wieldraaijer T, Kerkhoffs GM, Kleipool RP, Engebretsen L, van Dijk CN, et al. The hamstring muscle complex. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23(7):2115-22.36.Kumazaki T, Ehara Y, Sakai T. Anatomy and physiology of hamstring injury. Int J Sports Med. 2012;33(12):950-4.37.Koulouris G, Connell D. Hamstring muscle complex: an imaging review. Radiographics. 2005;25(3):571-86.38.Tosovic D, Muirhead JC, Brown JM, Woodley SJ. Anatomy of the long head of biceps femoris: An ultrasound study. Clin Anat. 2016;29(6):738-45.39.Silder A, Heiderscheit BC, Thelen DG, Enright T, Tuite MJ. MR observations of long-term musculotendon remodeling following a hamstring strain injury. Skeletal Radiol. 2008;37(12):1101-9.40.Pasta G, Nanni G, Molini L, Bianchi S. Sonography of the quadriceps muscle: Examination technique, normal anatomy, and traumatic lesions. J Ultrasound. 2010;13(2):76-84.41.Bordalo-Rodrigues M, Rosenberg ZS. MR imaging of the proximal rectus femoris musculotendinous unit. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):717-25.42.Pesquer L, Poussange N, Sonnery-Cottet B, Graveleau N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B, et al. Imaging of rectus femoris proximal tendinopathies. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(7):889-97.43.Ouellette H, Thomas BJ, Nelson E, Torriani M. MR imaging of rectus femoris origin injuries. Skeletal Radiol. 2006;35(9):665-72.44.Hasselman CT, Best TM, Hughes Ct, Martinez S, Garrett WE, Jr. An explanation for various rectus femoris strain injuries using previously undescribed muscle architecture. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23(4):493-9.45.Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Intramuscular degloving injuries to the rectus femoris: findings at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014;202(5):W475-80.46.Iriuchishima T, Shirakura K, Yorifuji H, Fu FH. Anatomical evaluation of the rectus femoris tendon and its related structures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2012;132(11):1665-8.47.Gyftopoulos S, Rosenberg ZS, Schweitzer ME, Bordalo-Rodrigues M. Normal anatomy and strains of the deep musculotendinous junction of the proximal rectus femoris: MRI features. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190(3):W182-6.48.Bianchi S, Martinoli C, Waser NP, Bianchi-Zamorani MP, Federici E, Fasel J. Central aponeurosis tears of the rectus femoris: sonographic findings. Skeletal Radiol. 2002;31(10):581-6.49.Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Current concepts in MRI of rectus femoris musculotendinous (myotendinous) and myofascial injuries in elite athletes. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3763-71.50.Omar IM, Zoga AC, Kavanagh EC, Koulouris G, Bergin D, Gopez AG, et al. Athletic pubalgia and "sports hernia": optimal MR imaging technique and findings. Radiographics. 2008;28(5):1415-38.51.Robinson P, Salehi F, Grainger A, Clemence M, Schilders E, O'Connor P, et al. Cadaveric and MRI study of the musculotendinous contributions to the capsule of the symphysis pubis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(5):W440-5.52.Pesquer L, Reboul G, Silvestre A, Poussange N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B. Imaging of adductor-related groin pain. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2015;96(9):861-9.53.Robertson BA, Barker PJ, Fahrer M, Schache AG. The anatomy of the pubic region revisited: implications for the pathogenesis and clinical management of chronic groin pain in athletes. Sports Med. 2009;39(3):225-34.54.Cunningham PM, Brennan D, O'Connell M, MacMahon P, O'Neill P, Eustace S. Patterns of bone and soft-tissue injury at the symphysis pubis in soccer players: observations at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(3):W291-6.55.Morley N, Grant T, Blount K, Omar I. Sonographic evaluation of athletic pubalgia. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(5):689-99.56.Murphy G, Foran P, Murphy D, Tobin O, Moynagh M, Eustace S. "Superior cleft sign" as a marker of rectus abdominus/adductor longus tear in patients with suspected sportsman's hernia. Skeletal Radiol. 2013;42(6):819-25.57.Schilders E, Mitchell AWM, Johnson R, Dimitrakopoulou A, Kartsonaki C, Lee JC. Proximal adductor avulsions are rarely isolated but usually involve injury to the PLAC and pectineus: descriptive MRI findings in 14

References1. Flores DV, Mejia Gomez C, Estrada-Castrillon M, Smitaman E, Pathria MN. MR Imaging of Muscle Trauma: Anatomy, Biomechanics, Pathophysiology, and Imaging Appearance. Radiographics. 2018;38(1):124-48.2. Pathria M. MRI traumatic changes 2009 (Radiology Assistant)3. Study Group of the M, Tendon System from the Spanish Society of Sports T, Balius R, Blasi M, Pedret C, Alomar X, et al. A Histoarchitectural Approach to Skeletal Muscle Injury: Searching for a Common Nomenclature. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8(3):2325967120909090.4. Balius R, Alomar X, Pedret C, Blasi M, Rodas G, Pruna R, et al. Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Muscle Injuries: Histoarchitectural Considerations for Muscle Injuries. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018;6(9):2325967118795863.5. Gillies AR, Lieber RL. Structure and function of the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix. Muscle Nerve. 2011;44(3):318-31.6. Ekstrand J, Healy JC, Walden M, Lee JC, English B, Hagglund M. Hamstring muscle injuries in professional football: the correlation of MRI findings with return to play. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(2):112-7.7. Mueller-Wohlfahrt HW, Haensel L, Mithoefer K, Ekstrand J, English B, McNally S, et al. Terminology and classification of muscle injuries in sport: the Munich consensus statement. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(6):342-50.8. DA C. Longitudinal Study Comparing Sonographic and MRI Assessments of Acute and Healing Hamstring Injuries. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183:975-84.9. Blankenbaker DG, Tuite MJ. Temporal changes of muscle injury. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2010;14(2):176-93.10. Cruz J, Mascarenhas V. Adult thigh muscle injuries-from diagnosis to treatment: what the radiologist should know. Skeletal Radiol. 2018;47(8):1087-98.11. MP M. Muscle strain injury vs muscle damage: Two mutually exclusive clinical entities. Transl Sports Med. 2019;2:102-8.12. Valle X, Alentorn-Geli E, Tol JL, Hamilton B, Garrett WE, Jr., Pruna R, et al. Muscle Injuries in Sports: A New Evidence-Informed and Expert Consensus-Based Classification with Clinical Application. Sports Med. 2017;47(7):1241-53.13. Bencardino JT, Mellado JM. Hamstring injuries of the hip. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):677-90, vi.14. Hall MM. Return to Play After Thigh Muscle Injury: Utility of Serial Ultrasound in Guiding Clinical Progression. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2018;17(9):296-301.15. Isern-Kebschull J, Mecho S, Pruna R, Kassarjian A, Valle X, Yanguas X, et al. Sports-related lower limb muscle injuries: pattern recognition approach and MRI review. Insights Imaging. 2020;11(1):108.16. AF Y. Diagnostic Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: New Concepts and Radiological Approach. Curr Radiol Rep. 2017;5(27).17. Opar DA, Williams MD, Shield AJ. Hamstring strain injuries: factors that lead to injury and re-injury. Sports Med. 2012;42(3):209-26.18. Grassi A, Quaglia A, Canata GL, Zaffagnini S. An update on the grading of muscle injuries: a narrative review from clinical to comprehensive systems. Joints. 2016;4(1):39-46.19. Pollock N, Patel A, Chakraverty J, Suokas A, James SL, Chakraverty R. Time to return to full training is delayed and recurrence rate is higher in intratendinous ('c') acute hamstring injury in elite track and field athletes: clinical application of the British Athletics Muscle Injury Classification. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(5):305-10.20. Pollock N, James SL, Lee JC, Chakraverty R. British athletics muscle injury classification: a new grading system. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(18):1347-51.21. Pezzotta G, Querques G, Pecorelli A, Nani R, Sironi S. MRI detection of soleus muscle injuries in professional football players. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(11):1513-20.22. Guermazi A, Roemer FW, Robinson P, Tol JL, Regatte RR, Crema MD. Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: Sports Imaging Series. Radiology. 2017;285(3):1063.23. Pedret C, Balius R, Blasi M, Davila F, Aramendi JF, Masci L, et al. Ultrasound classification of medial gastrocnemious injuries. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020;30(12):2456-65.24. Fields KB, Rigby MD. Muscular Calf Injuries in Runners. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2016;15(5):320-4.25. Dalmau-Pastor M, Fargues-Polo B, Jr., Casanova-Martinez D, Jr., Vega J, Golano P. Anatomy of the triceps surae: a pictorial essay. Foot Ankle Clin. 2014;19(4):603-35.26. Balius R, Rodas G, Pedret C, Capdevila L, Alomar X, Bong DA. Soleus muscle injury: sensitivity of ultrasound patterns. Skeletal Radiol. 2014;43(6):805-12.27. Delgado GJ, Chung CB, Lektrakul N, Azocar P, Botte MJ, Coria D, et al. Tennis leg: clinical US study of 141 patients and anatomic investigation of four cadavers with MR imaging and US. Radiology. 2002;224(1):112-9.28. Bright JM, Fields KB, Draper R. Ultrasound Diagnosis of Calf Injuries. Sports Health. 2017;9(4):352-5.29. Olewnik L, Zielinska N, Paulsen F, Podgorski M, Haladaj R, Karauda P, et al. A proposal for a new classification of soleus muscle morphology. Ann Anat. 2020;232:151584.30. Kimura N, Kato K, Anetai H, Kawasaki Y, Miyaki T, Kudoh H, et al. Anatomical study of the soleus: Application to improved imaging diagnoses. Clin Anat. 2020:e23667.31. Waterworth G, Wein S, Gorelik A, Rotstein AH. MRI assessment of calf injuries in Australian Football League players: findings that influence return to play. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(3):343-50.32. Balius R, Pedret C, Iriarte I, Saiz R, Cerezal L. Sonographic landmarks in hamstring muscles. Skeletal Radiol. 2019;48(11):1675-83.33. Beltran L, Ghazikhanian V, Padron M, Beltran J. The proximal hamstring muscle-tendon-bone unit: a review of the normal anatomy, biomechanics, and pathophysiology. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3772-9.34. Ahmad CS, Redler LH, Ciccotti MG, Maffulli N, Longo UG, Bradley J. Evaluation and management of hamstring injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(12):2933-47.35. van der Made AD, Wieldraaijer T, Kerkhoffs GM, Kleipool RP, Engebretsen L, van Dijk CN, et al. The hamstring muscle complex. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23(7):2115-22.36. Kumazaki T, Ehara Y, Sakai T. Anatomy and physiology of hamstring injury. Int J Sports Med. 2012;33(12):950-4.37. Koulouris G, Connell D. Hamstring muscle complex: an imaging review. Radiographics. 2005;25(3):571-86.38. Tosovic D, Muirhead JC, Brown JM, Woodley SJ. Anatomy of the long head of biceps femoris: An ultrasound study. Clin Anat. 2016;29(6):738-45.39. Silder A, Heiderscheit BC, Thelen DG, Enright T, Tuite MJ. MR observations of long-term musculotendon remodeling following a hamstring strain injury. Skeletal Radiol. 2008;37(12):1101-9.40. Pasta G, Nanni G, Molini L, Bianchi S. Sonography of the quadriceps muscle: Examination technique, normal anatomy, and traumatic lesions. J Ultrasound. 2010;13(2):76-84.41. Bordalo-Rodrigues M, Rosenberg ZS. MR imaging of the proximal rectus femoris musculotendinous unit. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):717-25.42. Pesquer L, Poussange N, Sonnery-Cottet B, Graveleau N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B, et al. Imaging of rectus femoris proximal tendinopathies. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(7):889-97.43. Ouellette H, Thomas BJ, Nelson E, Torriani M. MR imaging of rectus femoris origin injuries. Skeletal Radiol. 2006;35(9):665-72.44. Hasselman CT, Best TM, Hughes Ct, Martinez S, Garrett WE, Jr. An explanation for various rectus femoris strain injuries using previously undescribed muscle architecture. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23(4):493-9.45. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Intramuscular degloving injuries to the rectus femoris: findings at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014;202(5):W475-80.46. Iriuchishima T, Shirakura K, Yorifuji H, Fu FH. Anatomical evaluation of the rectus femoris tendon and its related structures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2012;132(11):1665-8.47. Gyftopoulos S, Rosenberg ZS, Schweitzer ME, Bordalo-Rodrigues M. Normal anatomy and strains of the deep musculotendinous junction of the proximal rectus femoris: MRI features. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190(3):W182-6.48. Bianchi S, Martinoli C, Waser NP, Bianchi-Zamorani MP, Federici E, Fasel J. Central aponeurosis tears of the rectus femoris: sonographic findings. Skeletal Radiol. 2002;31(10):581-6.49. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Current concepts in MRI of rectus femoris musculotendinous (myotendinous) and myofascial injuries in elite athletes. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3763-71.50. Omar IM, Zoga AC, Kavanagh EC, Koulouris G, Bergin D, Gopez AG, et al. Athletic pubalgia and "sports hernia": optimal MR imaging technique and findings. Radiographics. 2008;28(5):1415-38.51. Robinson P, Salehi F, Grainger A, Clemence M, Schilders E, O'Connor P, et al. Cadaveric and MRI study of the musculotendinous contributions to the capsule of the symphysis pubis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(5):W440-5.52. Pesquer L, Reboul G, Silvestre A, Poussange N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B. Imaging of adductor-related groin pain. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2015;96(9):861-9.53. Robertson BA, Barker PJ, Fahrer M, Schache AG. The anatomy of the pubic region revisited: implications for the pathogenesis and clinical management of chronic groin pain in athletes. Sports Med. 2009;39(3):225-34.54. Cunningham PM, Brennan D, O'Connell M, MacMahon P, O'Neill P, Eustace S. Patterns of bone and soft-tissue injury at the symphysis pubis in soccer players: observations at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(3):W291-6.55. Morley N, Grant T, Blount K, Omar I. Sonographic evaluation of athletic pubalgia. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(5):689-99.56. Murphy G, Foran P, Murphy D, Tobin O, Moynagh M, Eustace S. "Superior cleft sign" as a marker of rectus abdominus/adductor longus tear in patients with suspected sportsman's hernia. Skeletal Radiol. 2013;42(6):819-25.57. Schilders E, Mitchell AWM, Johnson R, Dimitrakopoulou A, Kartsonaki C, Lee JC. Proximal adductor avulsions are rarely isolated but usually involve injury to the PLAC and pectineus: descriptive MRI findings in 145 athletes. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2020.58. Schilders E,

References1. Flores DV, Mejia Gomez C, Estrada-Castrillon M, Smitaman E, Pathria MN. MR Imaging of Muscle Trauma: Anatomy, Biomechanics, Pathophysiology, and Imaging Appearance. Radiographics. 2018;38(1):124-48.2. Pathria M. MRI traumatic changes 2009 (Radiology Assistant)3. Study Group of the M, Tendon System from the Spanish Society of Sports T, Balius R, Blasi M, Pedret C, Alomar X, et al. A Histoarchitectural Approach to Skeletal Muscle Injury: Searching for a Common Nomenclature. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8(3):2325967120909090.4. Balius R, Alomar X, Pedret C, Blasi M, Rodas G, Pruna R, et al. Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Muscle Injuries: Histoarchitectural Considerations for Muscle Injuries. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018;6(9):2325967118795863.5. Gillies AR, Lieber RL. Structure and function of the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix. Muscle Nerve. 2011;44(3):318-31.6. Ekstrand J, Healy JC, Walden M, Lee JC, English B, Hagglund M. Hamstring muscle injuries in professional football: the correlation of MRI findings with return to play. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(2):112-7.7. Mueller-Wohlfahrt HW, Haensel L, Mithoefer K, Ekstrand J, English B, McNally S, et al. Terminology and classification of muscle injuries in sport: the Munich consensus statement. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(6):342-50.8. DA C. Longitudinal Study Comparing Sonographic and MRI Assessments of Acute and Healing Hamstring Injuries. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183:975-84.9. Blankenbaker DG, Tuite MJ. Temporal changes of muscle injury. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2010;14(2):176-93.10. Cruz J, Mascarenhas V. Adult thigh muscle injuries-from diagnosis to treatment: what the radiologist should know. Skeletal Radiol. 2018;47(8):1087-98.11. MP M. Muscle strain injury vs muscle damage: Two mutually exclusive clinical entities. Transl Sports Med. 2019;2:102-8.12. Valle X, Alentorn-Geli E, Tol JL, Hamilton B, Garrett WE, Jr., Pruna R, et al. Muscle Injuries in Sports: A New Evidence-Informed and Expert Consensus-Based Classification with Clinical Application. Sports Med. 2017;47(7):1241-53.13. Bencardino JT, Mellado JM. Hamstring injuries of the hip. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):677-90, vi.14. Hall MM. Return to Play After Thigh Muscle Injury: Utility of Serial Ultrasound in Guiding Clinical Progression. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2018;17(9):296-301.15. Isern-Kebschull J, Mecho S, Pruna R, Kassarjian A, Valle X, Yanguas X, et al. Sports-related lower limb muscle injuries: pattern recognition approach and MRI review. Insights Imaging. 2020;11(1):108.16. AF Y. Diagnostic Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: New Concepts and Radiological Approach. Curr Radiol Rep. 2017;5(27).17. Opar DA, Williams MD, Shield AJ. Hamstring strain injuries: factors that lead to injury and re-injury. Sports Med. 2012;42(3):209-26.18. Grassi A, Quaglia A, Canata GL, Zaffagnini S. An update on the grading of muscle injuries: a narrative review from clinical to comprehensive systems. Joints. 2016;4(1):39-46.19. Pollock N, Patel A, Chakraverty J, Suokas A, James SL, Chakraverty R. Time to return to full training is delayed and recurrence rate is higher in intratendinous ('c') acute hamstring injury in elite track and field athletes: clinical application of the British Athletics Muscle Injury Classification. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(5):305-10.20. Pollock N, James SL, Lee JC, Chakraverty R. British athletics muscle injury classification: a new grading system. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(18):1347-51.21. Pezzotta G, Querques G, Pecorelli A, Nani R, Sironi S. MRI detection of soleus muscle injuries in professional football players. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(11):1513-20.22. Guermazi A, Roemer FW, Robinson P, Tol JL, Regatte RR, Crema MD. Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: Sports Imaging Series. Radiology. 2017;285(3):1063.23. Pedret C, Balius R, Blasi M, Davila F, Aramendi JF, Masci L, et al. Ultrasound classification of medial gastrocnemious injuries. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020;30(12):2456-65.24. Fields KB, Rigby MD. Muscular Calf Injuries in Runners. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2016;15(5):320-4.25. Dalmau-Pastor M, Fargues-Polo B, Jr., Casanova-Martinez D, Jr., Vega J, Golano P. Anatomy of the triceps surae: a pictorial essay. Foot Ankle Clin. 2014;19(4):603-35.26. Balius R, Rodas G, Pedret C, Capdevila L, Alomar X, Bong DA. Soleus muscle injury: sensitivity of ultrasound patterns. Skeletal Radiol. 2014;43(6):805-12.27. Delgado GJ, Chung CB, Lektrakul N, Azocar P, Botte MJ, Coria D, et al. Tennis leg: clinical US study of 141 patients and anatomic investigation of four cadavers with MR imaging and US. Radiology. 2002;224(1):112-9.28. Bright JM, Fields KB, Draper R. Ultrasound Diagnosis of Calf Injuries. Sports Health. 2017;9(4):352-5.29. Olewnik L, Zielinska N, Paulsen F, Podgorski M, Haladaj R, Karauda P, et al. A proposal for a new classification of soleus muscle morphology. Ann Anat. 2020;232:151584.30. Kimura N, Kato K, Anetai H, Kawasaki Y, Miyaki T, Kudoh H, et al. Anatomical study of the soleus: Application to improved imaging diagnoses. Clin Anat. 2020:e23667.31. Waterworth G, Wein S, Gorelik A, Rotstein AH. MRI assessment of calf injuries in Australian Football League players: findings that influence return to play. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(3):343-50.32. Balius R, Pedret C, Iriarte I, Saiz R, Cerezal L. Sonographic landmarks in hamstring muscles. Skeletal Radiol. 2019;48(11):1675-83.33. Beltran L, Ghazikhanian V, Padron M, Beltran J. The proximal hamstring muscle-tendon-bone unit: a review of the normal anatomy, biomechanics, and pathophysiology. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3772-9.34. Ahmad CS, Redler LH, Ciccotti MG, Maffulli N, Longo UG, Bradley J. Evaluation and management of hamstring injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(12):2933-47.35. van der Made AD, Wieldraaijer T, Kerkhoffs GM, Kleipool RP, Engebretsen L, van Dijk CN, et al. The hamstring muscle complex. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23(7):2115-22.36. Kumazaki T, Ehara Y, Sakai T. Anatomy and physiology of hamstring injury. Int J Sports Med. 2012;33(12):950-4.37. Koulouris G, Connell D. Hamstring muscle complex: an imaging review. Radiographics. 2005;25(3):571-86.38. Tosovic D, Muirhead JC, Brown JM, Woodley SJ. Anatomy of the long head of biceps femoris: An ultrasound study. Clin Anat. 2016;29(6):738-45.39. Silder A, Heiderscheit BC, Thelen DG, Enright T, Tuite MJ. MR observations of long-term musculotendon remodeling following a hamstring strain injury. Skeletal Radiol. 2008;37(12):1101-9.40. Pasta G, Nanni G, Molini L, Bianchi S. Sonography of the quadriceps muscle: Examination technique, normal anatomy, and traumatic lesions. J Ultrasound. 2010;13(2):76-84.41. Bordalo-Rodrigues M, Rosenberg ZS. MR imaging of the proximal rectus femoris musculotendinous unit. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):717-25.42. Pesquer L, Poussange N, Sonnery-Cottet B, Graveleau N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B, et al. Imaging of rectus femoris proximal tendinopathies. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(7):889-97.43. Ouellette H, Thomas BJ, Nelson E, Torriani M. MR imaging of rectus femoris origin injuries. Skeletal Radiol. 2006;35(9):665-72.44. Hasselman CT, Best TM, Hughes Ct, Martinez S, Garrett WE, Jr. An explanation for various rectus femoris strain injuries using previously undescribed muscle architecture. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23(4):493-9.45. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Intramuscular degloving injuries to the rectus femoris: findings at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014;202(5):W475-80.46. Iriuchishima T, Shirakura K, Yorifuji H, Fu FH. Anatomical evaluation of the rectus femoris tendon and its related structures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2012;132(11):1665-8.47. Gyftopoulos S, Rosenberg ZS, Schweitzer ME, Bordalo-Rodrigues M. Normal anatomy and strains of the deep musculotendinous junction of the proximal rectus femoris: MRI features. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190(3):W182-6.48. Bianchi S, Martinoli C, Waser NP, Bianchi-Zamorani MP, Federici E, Fasel J. Central aponeurosis tears of the rectus femoris: sonographic findings. Skeletal Radiol. 2002;31(10):581-6.49. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Current concepts in MRI of rectus femoris musculotendinous (myotendinous) and myofascial injuries in elite athletes. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3763-71.50. Omar IM, Zoga AC, Kavanagh EC, Koulouris G, Bergin D, Gopez AG, et al. Athletic pubalgia and "sports hernia": optimal MR imaging technique and findings. Radiographics. 2008;28(5):1415-38.51. Robinson P, Salehi F, Grainger A, Clemence M, Schilders E, O'Connor P, et al. Cadaveric and MRI study of the musculotendinous contributions to the capsule of the symphysis pubis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(5):W440-5.52. Pesquer L, Reboul G, Silvestre A, Poussange N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B. Imaging of adductor-related groin pain. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2015;96(9):861-9.53. Robertson BA, Barker PJ, Fahrer M, Schache AG. The anatomy of the pubic region revisited: implications for the pathogenesis and clinical management of chronic groin pain in athletes. Sports Med. 2009;39(3):225-34.54. Cunningham PM, Brennan D, O'Connell M, MacMahon P, O'Neill P, Eustace S. Patterns of bone and soft-tissue injury at the symphysis pubis in soccer players: observations at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(3):W291-6.55. Morley N, Grant T, Blount K, Omar I. Sonographic evaluation of athletic pubalgia. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(5):689-99.56. Murphy G, Foran P, Murphy D, Tobin O, Moynagh M, Eustace S. "Superior cleft sign" as a marker of rectus abdominus/adductor longus tear in patients with suspected sportsman's hernia. Skeletal Radiol. 2013;42(6):819-25.57. Schilders E, Mitchell AWM, Johnson R, Dimitrakopoulou A, Kartsonaki C, Lee JC. Proximal adductor avulsions are rarely isolated but usually involve injury to the PLAC and pectineus: descriptive MRI findings in 145 athletes. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2020.58. Schilders E,

References1.Flores DV, Mejia Gomez C, Estrada-Castrillon M, Smitaman E, Pathria MN. MR Imaging of Muscle Trauma: Anatomy, Biomechanics, Pathophysiology, and Imaging Appearance. Radiographics. 2018;38(1):124-48.2.Pathria M. MRI traumatic changes 2009 [Available from: https://radiologyassistant.nl/musculoskeletal/muscle/mri-traumatic-changes.3.Study Group of the M, Tendon System from the Spanish Society of Sports T, Balius R, Blasi M, Pedret C, Alomar X, et al. A Histoarchitectural Approach to Skeletal Muscle Injury: Searching for a Common Nomenclature. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8(3):2325967120909090.4.Balius R, Alomar X, Pedret C, Blasi M, Rodas G, Pruna R, et al. Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Muscle Injuries: Histoarchitectural Considerations for Muscle Injuries. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018;6(9):2325967118795863.5.Gillies AR, Lieber RL. Structure and function of the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix. Muscle Nerve. 2011;44(3):318-31.6.Ekstrand J, Healy JC, Walden M, Lee JC, English B, Hagglund M. Hamstring muscle injuries in professional football: the correlation of MRI findings with return to play. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(2):112-7.7.Mueller-Wohlfahrt HW, Haensel L, Mithoefer K, Ekstrand J, English B, McNally S, et al. Terminology and classification of muscle injuries in sport: the Munich consensus statement. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(6):342-50.8.DA C. Longitudinal Study Comparing Sonographic and MRI Assessments of Acute and Healing Hamstring Injuries. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183:975-84.9.Blankenbaker DG, Tuite MJ. Temporal changes of muscle injury. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2010;14(2):176-93.10.Cruz J, Mascarenhas V. Adult thigh muscle injuries-from diagnosis to treatment: what the radiologist should know. Skeletal Radiol. 2018;47(8):1087-98.11.MP M. Muscle strain injury vs muscle damage: Two mutually exclusive clinical entities. Transl Sports Med. 2019;2:102-8.12.Valle X, Alentorn-Geli E, Tol JL, Hamilton B, Garrett WE, Jr., Pruna R, et al. Muscle Injuries in Sports: A New Evidence-Informed and Expert Consensus-Based Classification with Clinical Application. Sports Med. 2017;47(7):1241-53.13.Bencardino JT, Mellado JM. Hamstring injuries of the hip. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):677-90, vi.14.Hall MM. Return to Play After Thigh Muscle Injury: Utility of Serial Ultrasound in Guiding Clinical Progression. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2018;17(9):296-301.15.Isern-Kebschull J, Mecho S, Pruna R, Kassarjian A, Valle X, Yanguas X, et al. Sports-related lower limb muscle injuries: pattern recognition approach and MRI review. Insights Imaging. 2020;11(1):108.16.AF Y. Diagnostic Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: New Concepts and Radiological Approach. Curr Radiol Rep. 2017;5(27).17.Opar DA, Williams MD, Shield AJ. Hamstring strain injuries: factors that lead to injury and re-injury. Sports Med. 2012;42(3):209-26.18.Grassi A, Quaglia A, Canata GL, Zaffagnini S. An update on the grading of muscle injuries: a narrative review from clinical to comprehensive systems. Joints. 2016;4(1):39-46.19.Pollock N, Patel A, Chakraverty J, Suokas A, James SL, Chakraverty R. Time to return to full training is delayed and recurrence rate is higher in intratendinous ('c') acute hamstring injury in elite track and field athletes: clinical application of the British Athletics Muscle Injury Classification. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(5):305-10.20.Pollock N, James SL, Lee JC, Chakraverty R. British athletics muscle injury classification: a new grading system. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(18):1347-51.21.Pezzotta G, Querques G, Pecorelli A, Nani R, Sironi S. MRI detection of soleus muscle injuries in professional football players. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(11):1513-20.22.Guermazi A, Roemer FW, Robinson P, Tol JL, Regatte RR, Crema MD. Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: Sports Imaging Series. Radiology. 2017;285(3):1063.23.Pedret C, Balius R, Blasi M, Davila F, Aramendi JF, Masci L, et al. Ultrasound classification of medial gastrocnemious injuries. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020;30(12):2456-65.24.Fields KB, Rigby MD. Muscular Calf Injuries in Runners. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2016;15(5):320-4.25.Dalmau-Pastor M, Fargues-Polo B, Jr., Casanova-Martinez D, Jr., Vega J, Golano P. Anatomy of the triceps surae: a pictorial essay. Foot Ankle Clin. 2014;19(4):603-35.26.Balius R, Rodas G, Pedret C, Capdevila L, Alomar X, Bong DA. Soleus muscle injury: sensitivity of ultrasound patterns. Skeletal Radiol. 2014;43(6):805-12.27.Delgado GJ, Chung CB, Lektrakul N, Azocar P, Botte MJ, Coria D, et al. Tennis leg: clinical US study of 141 patients and anatomic investigation of four cadavers with MR imaging and US. Radiology. 2002;224(1):112-9.28.Bright JM, Fields KB, Draper R. Ultrasound Diagnosis of Calf Injuries. Sports Health. 2017;9(4):352-5.29.Olewnik L, Zielinska N, Paulsen F, Podgorski M, Haladaj R, Karauda P, et al. A proposal for a new classification of soleus muscle morphology. Ann Anat. 2020;232:151584.30.Kimura N, Kato K, Anetai H, Kawasaki Y, Miyaki T, Kudoh H, et al. Anatomical study of the soleus: Application to improved imaging diagnoses. Clin Anat. 2020:e23667.31.Waterworth G, Wein S, Gorelik A, Rotstein AH. MRI assessment of calf injuries in Australian Football League players: findings that influence return to play. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(3):343-50.32.Balius R, Pedret C, Iriarte I, Saiz R, Cerezal L. Sonographic landmarks in hamstring muscles. Skeletal Radiol. 2019;48(11):1675-83.33.Beltran L, Ghazikhanian V, Padron M, Beltran J. The proximal hamstring muscle-tendon-bone unit: a review of the normal anatomy, biomechanics, and pathophysiology. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3772-9.34.Ahmad CS, Redler LH, Ciccotti MG, Maffulli N, Longo UG, Bradley J. Evaluation and management of hamstring injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(12):2933-47.35.van der Made AD, Wieldraaijer T, Kerkhoffs GM, Kleipool RP, Engebretsen L, van Dijk CN, et al. The hamstring muscle complex. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23(7):2115-22.36.Kumazaki T, Ehara Y, Sakai T. Anatomy and physiology of hamstring injury. Int J Sports Med. 2012;33(12):950-4.37.Koulouris G, Connell D. Hamstring muscle complex: an imaging review. Radiographics. 2005;25(3):571-86.38.Tosovic D, Muirhead JC, Brown JM, Woodley SJ. Anatomy of the long head of biceps femoris: An ultrasound study. Clin Anat. 2016;29(6):738-45.39.Silder A, Heiderscheit BC, Thelen DG, Enright T, Tuite MJ. MR observations of long-term musculotendon remodeling following a hamstring strain injury. Skeletal Radiol. 2008;37(12):1101-9.40.Pasta G, Nanni G, Molini L, Bianchi S. Sonography of the quadriceps muscle: Examination technique, normal anatomy, and traumatic lesions. J Ultrasound. 2010;13(2):76-84.41.Bordalo-Rodrigues M, Rosenberg ZS. MR imaging of the proximal rectus femoris musculotendinous unit. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):717-25.42.Pesquer L, Poussange N, Sonnery-Cottet B, Graveleau N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B, et al. Imaging of rectus femoris proximal tendinopathies. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(7):889-97.43.Ouellette H, Thomas BJ, Nelson E, Torriani M. MR imaging of rectus femoris origin injuries. Skeletal Radiol. 2006;35(9):665-72.44.Hasselman CT, Best TM, Hughes Ct, Martinez S, Garrett WE, Jr. An explanation for various rectus femoris strain injuries using previously undescribed muscle architecture. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23(4):493-9.45.Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Intramuscular degloving injuries to the rectus femoris: findings at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014;202(5):W475-80.46.Iriuchishima T, Shirakura K, Yorifuji H, Fu FH. Anatomical evaluation of the rectus femoris tendon and its related structures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2012;132(11):1665-8.47.Gyftopoulos S, Rosenberg ZS, Schweitzer ME, Bordalo-Rodrigues M. Normal anatomy and strains of the deep musculotendinous junction of the proximal rectus femoris: MRI features. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190(3):W182-6.48.Bianchi S, Martinoli C, Waser NP, Bianchi-Zamorani MP, Federici E, Fasel J. Central aponeurosis tears of the rectus femoris: sonographic findings. Skeletal Radiol. 2002;31(10):581-6.49.Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Current concepts in MRI of rectus femoris musculotendinous (myotendinous) and myofascial injuries in elite athletes. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3763-71.50.Omar IM, Zoga AC, Kavanagh EC, Koulouris G, Bergin D, Gopez AG, et al. Athletic pubalgia and "sports hernia": optimal MR imaging technique and findings. Radiographics. 2008;28(5):1415-38.51.Robinson P, Salehi F, Grainger A, Clemence M, Schilders E, O'Connor P, et al. Cadaveric and MRI study of the musculotendinous contributions to the capsule of the symphysis pubis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(5):W440-5.52.Pesquer L, Reboul G, Silvestre A, Poussange N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B. Imaging of adductor-related groin pain. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2015;96(9):861-9.53.Robertson BA, Barker PJ, Fahrer M, Schache AG. The anatomy of the pubic region revisited: implications for the pathogenesis and clinical management of chronic groin pain in athletes. Sports Med. 2009;39(3):225-34.54.Cunningham PM, Brennan D, O'Connell M, MacMahon P, O'Neill P, Eustace S. Patterns of bone and soft-tissue injury at the symphysis pubis in soccer players: observations at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(3):W291-6.55.Morley N, Grant T, Blount K, Omar I. Sonographic evaluation of athletic pubalgia. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(5):689-99.56.Murphy G, Foran P, Murphy D, Tobin O, Moynagh M, Eustace S. "Superior cleft sign" as a marker of rectus abdominus/adductor longus tear in patients with suspected sportsman's hernia. Skeletal Radiol. 2013;42(6):819-25.57.Schilders E, Mitchell AWM, Johnson R, Dimitrakopoulou A, Kartsonaki C, Lee JC. Proximal adductor avulsions are rarely isolated but usually involve injury to the PLAC and pectineus: descriptive MRI findings in 14

References1. Flores DV, Mejia Gomez C, Estrada-Castrillon M, Smitaman E, Pathria MN. MR Imaging of Muscle Trauma: Anatomy, Biomechanics, Pathophysiology, and Imaging Appearance. Radiographics. 2018;38(1):124-48.2. Pathria M. MRI traumatic changes 2009 (Radiology Assistant)3. Study Group of the M, Tendon System from the Spanish Society of Sports T, Balius R, Blasi M, Pedret C, Alomar X, et al. A Histoarchitectural Approach to Skeletal Muscle Injury: Searching for a Common Nomenclature. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8(3):2325967120909090.4. Balius R, Alomar X, Pedret C, Blasi M, Rodas G, Pruna R, et al. Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Muscle Injuries: Histoarchitectural Considerations for Muscle Injuries. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018;6(9):2325967118795863.5. Gillies AR, Lieber RL. Structure and function of the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix. Muscle Nerve. 2011;44(3):318-31.6. Ekstrand J, Healy JC, Walden M, Lee JC, English B, Hagglund M. Hamstring muscle injuries in professional football: the correlation of MRI findings with return to play. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(2):112-7.7. Mueller-Wohlfahrt HW, Haensel L, Mithoefer K, Ekstrand J, English B, McNally S, et al. Terminology and classification of muscle injuries in sport: the Munich consensus statement. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(6):342-50.8. DA C. Longitudinal Study Comparing Sonographic and MRI Assessments of Acute and Healing Hamstring Injuries. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183:975-84.9. Blankenbaker DG, Tuite MJ. Temporal changes of muscle injury. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2010;14(2):176-93.10. Cruz J, Mascarenhas V. Adult thigh muscle injuries-from diagnosis to treatment: what the radiologist should know. Skeletal Radiol. 2018;47(8):1087-98.11. MP M. Muscle strain injury vs muscle damage: Two mutually exclusive clinical entities. Transl Sports Med. 2019;2:102-8.12. Valle X, Alentorn-Geli E, Tol JL, Hamilton B, Garrett WE, Jr., Pruna R, et al. Muscle Injuries in Sports: A New Evidence-Informed and Expert Consensus-Based Classification with Clinical Application. Sports Med. 2017;47(7):1241-53.13. Bencardino JT, Mellado JM. Hamstring injuries of the hip. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):677-90, vi.14. Hall MM. Return to Play After Thigh Muscle Injury: Utility of Serial Ultrasound in Guiding Clinical Progression. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2018;17(9):296-301.15. Isern-Kebschull J, Mecho S, Pruna R, Kassarjian A, Valle X, Yanguas X, et al. Sports-related lower limb muscle injuries: pattern recognition approach and MRI review. Insights Imaging. 2020;11(1):108.16. AF Y. Diagnostic Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: New Concepts and Radiological Approach. Curr Radiol Rep. 2017;5(27).17. Opar DA, Williams MD, Shield AJ. Hamstring strain injuries: factors that lead to injury and re-injury. Sports Med. 2012;42(3):209-26.18. Grassi A, Quaglia A, Canata GL, Zaffagnini S. An update on the grading of muscle injuries: a narrative review from clinical to comprehensive systems. Joints. 2016;4(1):39-46.19. Pollock N, Patel A, Chakraverty J, Suokas A, James SL, Chakraverty R. Time to return to full training is delayed and recurrence rate is higher in intratendinous ('c') acute hamstring injury in elite track and field athletes: clinical application of the British Athletics Muscle Injury Classification. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(5):305-10.20. Pollock N, James SL, Lee JC, Chakraverty R. British athletics muscle injury classification: a new grading system. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(18):1347-51.21. Pezzotta G, Querques G, Pecorelli A, Nani R, Sironi S. MRI detection of soleus muscle injuries in professional football players. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(11):1513-20.22. Guermazi A, Roemer FW, Robinson P, Tol JL, Regatte RR, Crema MD. Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: Sports Imaging Series. Radiology. 2017;285(3):1063.23. Pedret C, Balius R, Blasi M, Davila F, Aramendi JF, Masci L, et al. Ultrasound classification of medial gastrocnemious injuries. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020;30(12):2456-65.24. Fields KB, Rigby MD. Muscular Calf Injuries in Runners. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2016;15(5):320-4.25. Dalmau-Pastor M, Fargues-Polo B, Jr., Casanova-Martinez D, Jr., Vega J, Golano P. Anatomy of the triceps surae: a pictorial essay. Foot Ankle Clin. 2014;19(4):603-35.26. Balius R, Rodas G, Pedret C, Capdevila L, Alomar X, Bong DA. Soleus muscle injury: sensitivity of ultrasound patterns. Skeletal Radiol. 2014;43(6):805-12.27. Delgado GJ, Chung CB, Lektrakul N, Azocar P, Botte MJ, Coria D, et al. Tennis leg: clinical US study of 141 patients and anatomic investigation of four cadavers with MR imaging and US. Radiology. 2002;224(1):112-9.28. Bright JM, Fields KB, Draper R. Ultrasound Diagnosis of Calf Injuries. Sports Health. 2017;9(4):352-5.29. Olewnik L, Zielinska N, Paulsen F, Podgorski M, Haladaj R, Karauda P, et al. A proposal for a new classification of soleus muscle morphology. Ann Anat. 2020;232:151584.30. Kimura N, Kato K, Anetai H, Kawasaki Y, Miyaki T, Kudoh H, et al. Anatomical study of the soleus: Application to improved imaging diagnoses. Clin Anat. 2020:e23667.31. Waterworth G, Wein S, Gorelik A, Rotstein AH. MRI assessment of calf injuries in Australian Football League players: findings that influence return to play. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(3):343-50.32. Balius R, Pedret C, Iriarte I, Saiz R, Cerezal L. Sonographic landmarks in hamstring muscles. Skeletal Radiol. 2019;48(11):1675-83.33. Beltran L, Ghazikhanian V, Padron M, Beltran J. The proximal hamstring muscle-tendon-bone unit: a review of the normal anatomy, biomechanics, and pathophysiology. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3772-9.34. Ahmad CS, Redler LH, Ciccotti MG, Maffulli N, Longo UG, Bradley J. Evaluation and management of hamstring injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(12):2933-47.35. van der Made AD, Wieldraaijer T, Kerkhoffs GM, Kleipool RP, Engebretsen L, van Dijk CN, et al. The hamstring muscle complex. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23(7):2115-22.36. Kumazaki T, Ehara Y, Sakai T. Anatomy and physiology of hamstring injury. Int J Sports Med. 2012;33(12):950-4.37. Koulouris G, Connell D. Hamstring muscle complex: an imaging review. Radiographics. 2005;25(3):571-86.38. Tosovic D, Muirhead JC, Brown JM, Woodley SJ. Anatomy of the long head of biceps femoris: An ultrasound study. Clin Anat. 2016;29(6):738-45.39. Silder A, Heiderscheit BC, Thelen DG, Enright T, Tuite MJ. MR observations of long-term musculotendon remodeling following a hamstring strain injury. Skeletal Radiol. 2008;37(12):1101-9.40. Pasta G, Nanni G, Molini L, Bianchi S. Sonography of the quadriceps muscle: Examination technique, normal anatomy, and traumatic lesions. J Ultrasound. 2010;13(2):76-84.41. Bordalo-Rodrigues M, Rosenberg ZS. MR imaging of the proximal rectus femoris musculotendinous unit. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):717-25.42. Pesquer L, Poussange N, Sonnery-Cottet B, Graveleau N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B, et al. Imaging of rectus femoris proximal tendinopathies. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(7):889-97.43. Ouellette H, Thomas BJ, Nelson E, Torriani M. MR imaging of rectus femoris origin injuries. Skeletal Radiol. 2006;35(9):665-72.44. Hasselman CT, Best TM, Hughes Ct, Martinez S, Garrett WE, Jr. An explanation for various rectus femoris strain injuries using previously undescribed muscle architecture. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23(4):493-9.45. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Intramuscular degloving injuries to the rectus femoris: findings at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014;202(5):W475-80.46. Iriuchishima T, Shirakura K, Yorifuji H, Fu FH. Anatomical evaluation of the rectus femoris tendon and its related structures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2012;132(11):1665-8.47. Gyftopoulos S, Rosenberg ZS, Schweitzer ME, Bordalo-Rodrigues M. Normal anatomy and strains of the deep musculotendinous junction of the proximal rectus femoris: MRI features. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190(3):W182-6.48. Bianchi S, Martinoli C, Waser NP, Bianchi-Zamorani MP, Federici E, Fasel J. Central aponeurosis tears of the rectus femoris: sonographic findings. Skeletal Radiol. 2002;31(10):581-6.49. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Current concepts in MRI of rectus femoris musculotendinous (myotendinous) and myofascial injuries in elite athletes. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3763-71.50. Omar IM, Zoga AC, Kavanagh EC, Koulouris G, Bergin D, Gopez AG, et al. Athletic pubalgia and "sports hernia": optimal MR imaging technique and findings. Radiographics. 2008;28(5):1415-38.51. Robinson P, Salehi F, Grainger A, Clemence M, Schilders E, O'Connor P, et al. Cadaveric and MRI study of the musculotendinous contributions to the capsule of the symphysis pubis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(5):W440-5.52. Pesquer L, Reboul G, Silvestre A, Poussange N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B. Imaging of adductor-related groin pain. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2015;96(9):861-9.53. Robertson BA, Barker PJ, Fahrer M, Schache AG. The anatomy of the pubic region revisited: implications for the pathogenesis and clinical management of chronic groin pain in athletes. Sports Med. 2009;39(3):225-34.54. Cunningham PM, Brennan D, O'Connell M, MacMahon P, O'Neill P, Eustace S. Patterns of bone and soft-tissue injury at the symphysis pubis in soccer players: observations at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(3):W291-6.55. Morley N, Grant T, Blount K, Omar I. Sonographic evaluation of athletic pubalgia. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(5):689-99.56. Murphy G, Foran P, Murphy D, Tobin O, Moynagh M, Eustace S. "Superior cleft sign" as a marker of rectus abdominus/adductor longus tear in patients with suspected sportsman's hernia. Skeletal Radiol. 2013;42(6):819-25.57. Schilders E, Mitchell AWM, Johnson R, Dimitrakopoulou A, Kartsonaki C, Lee JC. Proximal adductor avulsions are rarely isolated but usually involve injury to the PLAC and pectineus: descriptive MRI findings in 145 athletes. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2020.58. Schilders E,

References1. Flores DV, Mejia Gomez C, Estrada-Castrillon M, Smitaman E, Pathria MN. MR Imaging of Muscle Trauma: Anatomy, Biomechanics, Pathophysiology, and Imaging Appearance. Radiographics. 2018;38(1):124-48.2. Pathria M. MRI traumatic changes 2009 (Radiology Assistant)3. Study Group of the M, Tendon System from the Spanish Society of Sports T, Balius R, Blasi M, Pedret C, Alomar X, et al. A Histoarchitectural Approach to Skeletal Muscle Injury: Searching for a Common Nomenclature. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8(3):2325967120909090.4. Balius R, Alomar X, Pedret C, Blasi M, Rodas G, Pruna R, et al. Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Muscle Injuries: Histoarchitectural Considerations for Muscle Injuries. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018;6(9):2325967118795863.5. Gillies AR, Lieber RL. Structure and function of the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix. Muscle Nerve. 2011;44(3):318-31.6. Ekstrand J, Healy JC, Walden M, Lee JC, English B, Hagglund M. Hamstring muscle injuries in professional football: the correlation of MRI findings with return to play. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(2):112-7.7. Mueller-Wohlfahrt HW, Haensel L, Mithoefer K, Ekstrand J, English B, McNally S, et al. Terminology and classification of muscle injuries in sport: the Munich consensus statement. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(6):342-50.8. DA C. Longitudinal Study Comparing Sonographic and MRI Assessments of Acute and Healing Hamstring Injuries. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183:975-84.9. Blankenbaker DG, Tuite MJ. Temporal changes of muscle injury. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2010;14(2):176-93.10. Cruz J, Mascarenhas V. Adult thigh muscle injuries-from diagnosis to treatment: what the radiologist should know. Skeletal Radiol. 2018;47(8):1087-98.11. MP M. Muscle strain injury vs muscle damage: Two mutually exclusive clinical entities. Transl Sports Med. 2019;2:102-8.12. Valle X, Alentorn-Geli E, Tol JL, Hamilton B, Garrett WE, Jr., Pruna R, et al. Muscle Injuries in Sports: A New Evidence-Informed and Expert Consensus-Based Classification with Clinical Application. Sports Med. 2017;47(7):1241-53.13. Bencardino JT, Mellado JM. Hamstring injuries of the hip. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):677-90, vi.14. Hall MM. Return to Play After Thigh Muscle Injury: Utility of Serial Ultrasound in Guiding Clinical Progression. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2018;17(9):296-301.15. Isern-Kebschull J, Mecho S, Pruna R, Kassarjian A, Valle X, Yanguas X, et al. Sports-related lower limb muscle injuries: pattern recognition approach and MRI review. Insights Imaging. 2020;11(1):108.16. AF Y. Diagnostic Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: New Concepts and Radiological Approach. Curr Radiol Rep. 2017;5(27).17. Opar DA, Williams MD, Shield AJ. Hamstring strain injuries: factors that lead to injury and re-injury. Sports Med. 2012;42(3):209-26.18. Grassi A, Quaglia A, Canata GL, Zaffagnini S. An update on the grading of muscle injuries: a narrative review from clinical to comprehensive systems. Joints. 2016;4(1):39-46.19. Pollock N, Patel A, Chakraverty J, Suokas A, James SL, Chakraverty R. Time to return to full training is delayed and recurrence rate is higher in intratendinous ('c') acute hamstring injury in elite track and field athletes: clinical application of the British Athletics Muscle Injury Classification. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(5):305-10.20. Pollock N, James SL, Lee JC, Chakraverty R. British athletics muscle injury classification: a new grading system. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(18):1347-51.21. Pezzotta G, Querques G, Pecorelli A, Nani R, Sironi S. MRI detection of soleus muscle injuries in professional football players. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(11):1513-20.22. Guermazi A, Roemer FW, Robinson P, Tol JL, Regatte RR, Crema MD. Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: Sports Imaging Series. Radiology. 2017;285(3):1063.23. Pedret C, Balius R, Blasi M, Davila F, Aramendi JF, Masci L, et al. Ultrasound classification of medial gastrocnemious injuries. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020;30(12):2456-65.24. Fields KB, Rigby MD. Muscular Calf Injuries in Runners. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2016;15(5):320-4.25. Dalmau-Pastor M, Fargues-Polo B, Jr., Casanova-Martinez D, Jr., Vega J, Golano P. Anatomy of the triceps surae: a pictorial essay. Foot Ankle Clin. 2014;19(4):603-35.26. Balius R, Rodas G, Pedret C, Capdevila L, Alomar X, Bong DA. Soleus muscle injury: sensitivity of ultrasound patterns. Skeletal Radiol. 2014;43(6):805-12.27. Delgado GJ, Chung CB, Lektrakul N, Azocar P, Botte MJ, Coria D, et al. Tennis leg: clinical US study of 141 patients and anatomic investigation of four cadavers with MR imaging and US. Radiology. 2002;224(1):112-9.28. Bright JM, Fields KB, Draper R. Ultrasound Diagnosis of Calf Injuries. Sports Health. 2017;9(4):352-5.29. Olewnik L, Zielinska N, Paulsen F, Podgorski M, Haladaj R, Karauda P, et al. A proposal for a new classification of soleus muscle morphology. Ann Anat. 2020;232:151584.30. Kimura N, Kato K, Anetai H, Kawasaki Y, Miyaki T, Kudoh H, et al. Anatomical study of the soleus: Application to improved imaging diagnoses. Clin Anat. 2020:e23667.31. Waterworth G, Wein S, Gorelik A, Rotstein AH. MRI assessment of calf injuries in Australian Football League players: findings that influence return to play. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(3):343-50.32. Balius R, Pedret C, Iriarte I, Saiz R, Cerezal L. Sonographic landmarks in hamstring muscles. Skeletal Radiol. 2019;48(11):1675-83.33. Beltran L, Ghazikhanian V, Padron M, Beltran J. The proximal hamstring muscle-tendon-bone unit: a review of the normal anatomy, biomechanics, and pathophysiology. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3772-9.34. Ahmad CS, Redler LH, Ciccotti MG, Maffulli N, Longo UG, Bradley J. Evaluation and management of hamstring injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(12):2933-47.35. van der Made AD, Wieldraaijer T, Kerkhoffs GM, Kleipool RP, Engebretsen L, van Dijk CN, et al. The hamstring muscle complex. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23(7):2115-22.36. Kumazaki T, Ehara Y, Sakai T. Anatomy and physiology of hamstring injury. Int J Sports Med. 2012;33(12):950-4.37. Koulouris G, Connell D. Hamstring muscle complex: an imaging review. Radiographics. 2005;25(3):571-86.38. Tosovic D, Muirhead JC, Brown JM, Woodley SJ. Anatomy of the long head of biceps femoris: An ultrasound study. Clin Anat. 2016;29(6):738-45.39. Silder A, Heiderscheit BC, Thelen DG, Enright T, Tuite MJ. MR observations of long-term musculotendon remodeling following a hamstring strain injury. Skeletal Radiol. 2008;37(12):1101-9.40. Pasta G, Nanni G, Molini L, Bianchi S. Sonography of the quadriceps muscle: Examination technique, normal anatomy, and traumatic lesions. J Ultrasound. 2010;13(2):76-84.41. Bordalo-Rodrigues M, Rosenberg ZS. MR imaging of the proximal rectus femoris musculotendinous unit. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):717-25.42. Pesquer L, Poussange N, Sonnery-Cottet B, Graveleau N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B, et al. Imaging of rectus femoris proximal tendinopathies. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(7):889-97.43. Ouellette H, Thomas BJ, Nelson E, Torriani M. MR imaging of rectus femoris origin injuries. Skeletal Radiol. 2006;35(9):665-72.44. Hasselman CT, Best TM, Hughes Ct, Martinez S, Garrett WE, Jr. An explanation for various rectus femoris strain injuries using previously undescribed muscle architecture. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23(4):493-9.45. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Intramuscular degloving injuries to the rectus femoris: findings at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014;202(5):W475-80.46. Iriuchishima T, Shirakura K, Yorifuji H, Fu FH. Anatomical evaluation of the rectus femoris tendon and its related structures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2012;132(11):1665-8.47. Gyftopoulos S, Rosenberg ZS, Schweitzer ME, Bordalo-Rodrigues M. Normal anatomy and strains of the deep musculotendinous junction of the proximal rectus femoris: MRI features. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190(3):W182-6.48. Bianchi S, Martinoli C, Waser NP, Bianchi-Zamorani MP, Federici E, Fasel J. Central aponeurosis tears of the rectus femoris: sonographic findings. Skeletal Radiol. 2002;31(10):581-6.49. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Current concepts in MRI of rectus femoris musculotendinous (myotendinous) and myofascial injuries in elite athletes. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3763-71.50. Omar IM, Zoga AC, Kavanagh EC, Koulouris G, Bergin D, Gopez AG, et al. Athletic pubalgia and "sports hernia": optimal MR imaging technique and findings. Radiographics. 2008;28(5):1415-38.51. Robinson P, Salehi F, Grainger A, Clemence M, Schilders E, O'Connor P, et al. Cadaveric and MRI study of the musculotendinous contributions to the capsule of the symphysis pubis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(5):W440-5.52. Pesquer L, Reboul G, Silvestre A, Poussange N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B. Imaging of adductor-related groin pain. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2015;96(9):861-9.53. Robertson BA, Barker PJ, Fahrer M, Schache AG. The anatomy of the pubic region revisited: implications for the pathogenesis and clinical management of chronic groin pain in athletes. Sports Med. 2009;39(3):225-34.54. Cunningham PM, Brennan D, O'Connell M, MacMahon P, O'Neill P, Eustace S. Patterns of bone and soft-tissue injury at the symphysis pubis in soccer players: observations at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(3):W291-6.55. Morley N, Grant T, Blount K, Omar I. Sonographic evaluation of athletic pubalgia. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(5):689-99.56. Murphy G, Foran P, Murphy D, Tobin O, Moynagh M, Eustace S. "Superior cleft sign" as a marker of rectus abdominus/adductor longus tear in patients with suspected sportsman's hernia. Skeletal Radiol. 2013;42(6):819-25.57. Schilders E, Mitchell AWM, Johnson R, Dimitrakopoulou A, Kartsonaki C, Lee JC. Proximal adductor avulsions are rarely isolated but usually involve injury to the PLAC and pectineus: descriptive MRI findings in 145 athletes. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2020.58. Schilders E,

References1. Flores DV, Mejia Gomez C, Estrada-Castrillon M, Smitaman E, Pathria MN. MR Imaging of Muscle Trauma: Anatomy, Biomechanics, Pathophysiology, and Imaging Appearance. Radiographics. 2018;38(1):124-48.2. Pathria M. MRI traumatic changes 2009 (Radiology Assistant)3. Study Group of the M, Tendon System from the Spanish Society of Sports T, Balius R, Blasi M, Pedret C, Alomar X, et al. A Histoarchitectural Approach to Skeletal Muscle Injury: Searching for a Common Nomenclature. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8(3):2325967120909090.4. Balius R, Alomar X, Pedret C, Blasi M, Rodas G, Pruna R, et al. Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Muscle Injuries: Histoarchitectural Considerations for Muscle Injuries. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018;6(9):2325967118795863.5. Gillies AR, Lieber RL. Structure and function of the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix. Muscle Nerve. 2011;44(3):318-31.6. Ekstrand J, Healy JC, Walden M, Lee JC, English B, Hagglund M. Hamstring muscle injuries in professional football: the correlation of MRI findings with return to play. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(2):112-7.7. Mueller-Wohlfahrt HW, Haensel L, Mithoefer K, Ekstrand J, English B, McNally S, et al. Terminology and classification of muscle injuries in sport: the Munich consensus statement. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(6):342-50.8. DA C. Longitudinal Study Comparing Sonographic and MRI Assessments of Acute and Healing Hamstring Injuries. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183:975-84.9. Blankenbaker DG, Tuite MJ. Temporal changes of muscle injury. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2010;14(2):176-93.10. Cruz J, Mascarenhas V. Adult thigh muscle injuries-from diagnosis to treatment: what the radiologist should know. Skeletal Radiol. 2018;47(8):1087-98.11. MP M. Muscle strain injury vs muscle damage: Two mutually exclusive clinical entities. Transl Sports Med. 2019;2:102-8.12. Valle X, Alentorn-Geli E, Tol JL, Hamilton B, Garrett WE, Jr., Pruna R, et al. Muscle Injuries in Sports: A New Evidence-Informed and Expert Consensus-Based Classification with Clinical Application. Sports Med. 2017;47(7):1241-53.13. Bencardino JT, Mellado JM. Hamstring injuries of the hip. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):677-90, vi.14. Hall MM. Return to Play After Thigh Muscle Injury: Utility of Serial Ultrasound in Guiding Clinical Progression. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2018;17(9):296-301.15. Isern-Kebschull J, Mecho S, Pruna R, Kassarjian A, Valle X, Yanguas X, et al. Sports-related lower limb muscle injuries: pattern recognition approach and MRI review. Insights Imaging. 2020;11(1):108.16. AF Y. Diagnostic Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: New Concepts and Radiological Approach. Curr Radiol Rep. 2017;5(27).17. Opar DA, Williams MD, Shield AJ. Hamstring strain injuries: factors that lead to injury and re-injury. Sports Med. 2012;42(3):209-26.18. Grassi A, Quaglia A, Canata GL, Zaffagnini S. An update on the grading of muscle injuries: a narrative review from clinical to comprehensive systems. Joints. 2016;4(1):39-46.19. Pollock N, Patel A, Chakraverty J, Suokas A, James SL, Chakraverty R. Time to return to full training is delayed and recurrence rate is higher in intratendinous ('c') acute hamstring injury in elite track and field athletes: clinical application of the British Athletics Muscle Injury Classification. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(5):305-10.20. Pollock N, James SL, Lee JC, Chakraverty R. British athletics muscle injury classification: a new grading system. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(18):1347-51.21. Pezzotta G, Querques G, Pecorelli A, Nani R, Sironi S. MRI detection of soleus muscle injuries in professional football players. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(11):1513-20.22. Guermazi A, Roemer FW, Robinson P, Tol JL, Regatte RR, Crema MD. Imaging of Muscle Injuries in Sports Medicine: Sports Imaging Series. Radiology. 2017;285(3):1063.23. Pedret C, Balius R, Blasi M, Davila F, Aramendi JF, Masci L, et al. Ultrasound classification of medial gastrocnemious injuries. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020;30(12):2456-65.24. Fields KB, Rigby MD. Muscular Calf Injuries in Runners. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2016;15(5):320-4.25. Dalmau-Pastor M, Fargues-Polo B, Jr., Casanova-Martinez D, Jr., Vega J, Golano P. Anatomy of the triceps surae: a pictorial essay. Foot Ankle Clin. 2014;19(4):603-35.26. Balius R, Rodas G, Pedret C, Capdevila L, Alomar X, Bong DA. Soleus muscle injury: sensitivity of ultrasound patterns. Skeletal Radiol. 2014;43(6):805-12.27. Delgado GJ, Chung CB, Lektrakul N, Azocar P, Botte MJ, Coria D, et al. Tennis leg: clinical US study of 141 patients and anatomic investigation of four cadavers with MR imaging and US. Radiology. 2002;224(1):112-9.28. Bright JM, Fields KB, Draper R. Ultrasound Diagnosis of Calf Injuries. Sports Health. 2017;9(4):352-5.29. Olewnik L, Zielinska N, Paulsen F, Podgorski M, Haladaj R, Karauda P, et al. A proposal for a new classification of soleus muscle morphology. Ann Anat. 2020;232:151584.30. Kimura N, Kato K, Anetai H, Kawasaki Y, Miyaki T, Kudoh H, et al. Anatomical study of the soleus: Application to improved imaging diagnoses. Clin Anat. 2020:e23667.31. Waterworth G, Wein S, Gorelik A, Rotstein AH. MRI assessment of calf injuries in Australian Football League players: findings that influence return to play. Skeletal Radiol. 2017;46(3):343-50.32. Balius R, Pedret C, Iriarte I, Saiz R, Cerezal L. Sonographic landmarks in hamstring muscles. Skeletal Radiol. 2019;48(11):1675-83.33. Beltran L, Ghazikhanian V, Padron M, Beltran J. The proximal hamstring muscle-tendon-bone unit: a review of the normal anatomy, biomechanics, and pathophysiology. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3772-9.34. Ahmad CS, Redler LH, Ciccotti MG, Maffulli N, Longo UG, Bradley J. Evaluation and management of hamstring injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(12):2933-47.35. van der Made AD, Wieldraaijer T, Kerkhoffs GM, Kleipool RP, Engebretsen L, van Dijk CN, et al. The hamstring muscle complex. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23(7):2115-22.36. Kumazaki T, Ehara Y, Sakai T. Anatomy and physiology of hamstring injury. Int J Sports Med. 2012;33(12):950-4.37. Koulouris G, Connell D. Hamstring muscle complex: an imaging review. Radiographics. 2005;25(3):571-86.38. Tosovic D, Muirhead JC, Brown JM, Woodley SJ. Anatomy of the long head of biceps femoris: An ultrasound study. Clin Anat. 2016;29(6):738-45.39. Silder A, Heiderscheit BC, Thelen DG, Enright T, Tuite MJ. MR observations of long-term musculotendon remodeling following a hamstring strain injury. Skeletal Radiol. 2008;37(12):1101-9.40. Pasta G, Nanni G, Molini L, Bianchi S. Sonography of the quadriceps muscle: Examination technique, normal anatomy, and traumatic lesions. J Ultrasound. 2010;13(2):76-84.41. Bordalo-Rodrigues M, Rosenberg ZS. MR imaging of the proximal rectus femoris musculotendinous unit. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13(4):717-25.42. Pesquer L, Poussange N, Sonnery-Cottet B, Graveleau N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B, et al. Imaging of rectus femoris proximal tendinopathies. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(7):889-97.43. Ouellette H, Thomas BJ, Nelson E, Torriani M. MR imaging of rectus femoris origin injuries. Skeletal Radiol. 2006;35(9):665-72.44. Hasselman CT, Best TM, Hughes Ct, Martinez S, Garrett WE, Jr. An explanation for various rectus femoris strain injuries using previously undescribed muscle architecture. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23(4):493-9.45. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Intramuscular degloving injuries to the rectus femoris: findings at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014;202(5):W475-80.46. Iriuchishima T, Shirakura K, Yorifuji H, Fu FH. Anatomical evaluation of the rectus femoris tendon and its related structures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2012;132(11):1665-8.47. Gyftopoulos S, Rosenberg ZS, Schweitzer ME, Bordalo-Rodrigues M. Normal anatomy and strains of the deep musculotendinous junction of the proximal rectus femoris: MRI features. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190(3):W182-6.48. Bianchi S, Martinoli C, Waser NP, Bianchi-Zamorani MP, Federici E, Fasel J. Central aponeurosis tears of the rectus femoris: sonographic findings. Skeletal Radiol. 2002;31(10):581-6.49. Kassarjian A, Rodrigo RM, Santisteban JM. Current concepts in MRI of rectus femoris musculotendinous (myotendinous) and myofascial injuries in elite athletes. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3763-71.50. Omar IM, Zoga AC, Kavanagh EC, Koulouris G, Bergin D, Gopez AG, et al. Athletic pubalgia and "sports hernia": optimal MR imaging technique and findings. Radiographics. 2008;28(5):1415-38.51. Robinson P, Salehi F, Grainger A, Clemence M, Schilders E, O'Connor P, et al. Cadaveric and MRI study of the musculotendinous contributions to the capsule of the symphysis pubis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(5):W440-5.52. Pesquer L, Reboul G, Silvestre A, Poussange N, Meyer P, Dallaudiere B. Imaging of adductor-related groin pain. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2015;96(9):861-9.53. Robertson BA, Barker PJ, Fahrer M, Schache AG. The anatomy of the pubic region revisited: implications for the pathogenesis and clinical management of chronic groin pain in athletes. Sports Med. 2009;39(3):225-34.54. Cunningham PM, Brennan D, O'Connell M, MacMahon P, O'Neill P, Eustace S. Patterns of bone and soft-tissue injury at the symphysis pubis in soccer players: observations at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(3):W291-6.55. Morley N, Grant T, Blount K, Omar I. Sonographic evaluation of athletic pubalgia. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(5):689-99.56. Murphy G, Foran P, Murphy D, Tobin O, Moynagh M, Eustace S. "Superior cleft sign" as a marker of rectus abdominus/adductor longus tear in patients with suspected sportsman's hernia. Skeletal Radiol. 2013;42(6):819-25.57. Schilders E, Mitchell AWM, Johnson R, Dimitrakopoulou A, Kartsonaki C, Lee JC. Proximal adductor avulsions are rarely isolated but usually involve injury to the PLAC and pectineus: descriptive MRI findings in 145 athletes. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2020.58. Schilders E,

The Muscle & The Brain sprechen über das Training. Doch diesmal kommt die wissenschaftliche Seite durch Massimo definitiv nicht zu kurz. Warum brauchen wir überhaupt Training oder Sport? Dafür gibt es genau eine Antwort: "Wir sind einfach faul und wir brauchen gewisse Belastungen", meint ReWork Coach Alexander. Außerdem berichten wir kurz über das Rennen der Rennen in dieser Saison Challenge Daytona. Alex macht einen kurzen Call nach Florida und telefoniert spontan mit Topstar Arnold Schwarzenegger, ah sorry wir meinten Thomas Steger. Thomas wurde bester Österreicher, obwohl er keinen guten Tag erwischte und wurde somit Sieger der Herzen. Wir lieben den Sport, wir lieben Thomas! REEEWOOORRRKKK. Also ab in die Sportsachen und höre selbst rein... Bei Fragen oder Anregungen meldet euch einfach via: Instagram: instagram.com/re_work.at Facebook: facebook.com/rework.at E-mail: office@re-work.at Homepage: www.re-work.at Ihr wollt noch genauer ins Detail gehen und mehr über das Training und die Adaptionen erfahren hier sind Studien dazu: Adaptionen: 1. Laursen, P.B., Training for intense exercise performance: high-intensity or high-volume training? Scand J Med Sci Sports, 2010. 20 (2): p. 1-10. 2. Coffey, V.G. and J.A. Hawley, The molecular bases of training adaptation. Sports Med, 2007. 37(9): p. 737-63. 3. Dudley, G.A., W.M. Abraham, and R.L. Terjung, Influence of exercise intensity and duration on biochemical adaptations in skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol, 1982. 53(4): p. 844-50. Physiologische Zonen : 1. Faude, O., W. Kindermann, and T. Meyer, Lactate threshold concepts: how valid are they? Sports Med, 2009. 39(6): p. 469-90. 2. Urhausen, A., et al., Plasma catecholamines during endurance exercise of different intensities as related to the individual anaerobic threshold. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, 1994. 69(1): p. 16-20. 3. Seiler, S., O. Haugen, and E. Kuffel, Autonomic recovery after exercise in trained athletes: intensity and duration effects. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2007. 39(8): p. 1366-73. 4. Messonnier, L.A., et al., Lactate kinetics at the lactate threshold in trained and untrained men. Journal of Applied Physiology, 2013. 114(11): p. 1593-1602. Intensitätsverteilung und Polarized Training Model:  1. Seiler, K.S. and G.O. Kjerland, Quantifying training intensity distribution in elite endurance athletes: is there evidence for an “optimal” distribution? Scand J Med Sci Sports, 2006. 16(1): p. 49-56. 2. Seiler, S., What is best practice for training intensity and duration distribution in endurance athletes? Int J Sports Physiol Perform, 2010. 5(3): p. 276-91. 3. Seiler, S.a.T., Espen, Intervals, Thresholds, and Long Slow Distance: the Role of Intensity and Duration in Endurance Training. SportsScience, 2009(13): p. 32.53. 4. Guellich, A., S. Seiler, and E. Emrich, Training methods and intensity distribution of young world-class rowers. Int J Sports Physiol Perform, 2009. 4(4): p. 448-60. Immunsystem und Training: 1. Gleeson, M., Immune system adaptation in elite athletes. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 2006. 9(6): p. 659-65. 2. Gleeson, M. and C. Williams, Intense exercise training and immune function. Nestle Nutr Inst Workshop Ser, 2013. 76: p. 39-50. 3. Suzuki, K., et al., Systemic inflammatory response to exhaustive exercise. Cytokine kinetics. Exerc Immunol Rev, 2002. 8: p. 6-48.

Vi tar foten i bakken med Eirik som er hjemme fra sesongåpningen på ski, og forteller om sin opplevelse med de falsk positive corona-testene på finsk jord før verdenscupstart. Ukens tema er ergogene kosttilskudd. Det vil si kosttilskudd som har påståtte eller dokumenterte prestasjonsfremmende effekter. Vår eminente gjest til å dissekere dette temaet er Martin Norum. Norum er et kjent navn innen treningsbransjen og idrettsvitenskapelig sektor. Han har en mastergrad i idrettsernæring fra University of Middlesex, London, i samarbeid med Norges Idrettshøgskole. Martin Norum er aktiv med mange faglige hatter blant annet er han redaksjonsmedlem i Norsk Tidsskrift for Ernæring, driver podcasten STERKERE og er fagansvarlig på Sprek Fritid, i tillegg til å drive foredragsvirksomhet og coaching. Martin er proppfull av detaljert kunnskap om de ulike tilskuddene vi går gjennom og vi ønsker dere god lytt!Martin Norum finner du påhttps://www.martinnorum.noog på Instagram på @martinnorumLink: https://instagram.com/martinnorum?igshid=12mvgwmw7amf2 Studien han har gjort finner du her:Norum M, Risvang LC, Bjørnsen T, Dimitriou L, Rønning PO, Bjørgen M, Raastad T. Caffeine increases strength and power performance in resistance-trained females during early follicular phase. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020 Nov;30(11):2116-2129. doi: 10.1111/sms.13776. Epub 2020 Aug 26. PMID: 32681596https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32681596/Denne artikkelen om klinisk/medisinsk bruk av kreatin snakker vi om i episoden:Kreider, R.B., Kalman, D.S., Antonio, J. et al.International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 14, 18 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-017-0173-zhttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28615996/ See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

I denne episoden snakker vi med ortoped Kaare Midtgaard. Kaare har nylig publisert en leder hvor han peker på at pasienter med traumatisk, fremre skulderluksasjon antageligvis bør opereres langt tidligere og langt hyppigere enn det man gjør i dag. Han viser til en systematisk gjennomgang fra 2020 som viser at pasienter som ikke blir opereret etter førstegangsluksasjon har 7 ganger høyere sjanse for å reluksere enn pasienter som stabiliseres kirurgisk allerede etter første traumet. I denne podcasten diskuterer vi de mange momentene rundt dette. Ser du pasienter med skulderinstabilitet i din kliniske praksis er dette en podcast vi virkelig kan anbefale. AKTUELLE REFERANSER: Antonio, G.E., et al.: First-time shoulder dislocation: High prevalence of labral injury and age-related differences revealed by MR arthrography. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2007. 26(4): p. 983-91.Brownson, P., et al.: BESS/BOA Patient Care Pathways: Traumatic anterior shoulder instability. Shoulder Elbow, 2015. 7(3): p. 214-26.Easwaran, R., et al.: Imaging in shoulder instability with focus on identifying and measuring bone loss: A narrative review. Journal of Arthroscopy and Joint Surgery, 2018. 5(2): p. 71-78.Enger, M., et al.: Shoulder injuries from birth to old age A 1-year prospective study of 3031 shoulder injuries in an urban population. Injury, 2018.Gooding, B.W.T., et al.: The Management of Acute Traumatic Primary Anterior Shoulder Dislocation in Young Adults. Shoulder & Elbow, 2017. 2(3): p. 141-146.Hasebroock, A.W., et al.: Management of primary anterior shoulder dislocations: a narrative review. Sports Med Open, 2019. 5(1): p. 31.Hurley, E.T., et al.: Arthroscopic Bankart Repair Versus Conservative Management for First-Time Traumatic Anterior Shoulder Instability: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Arthroscopy, 2020. 36(9): p. 2526-2532.Kavaja, L., et al.: Treatment after traumatic shoulder dislocation: a systematic review with a network meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med, 2018. 52(23): p. 1498-1506.King, S.W., et al.: Management of first time shoulder dislocation. Journal of Arthroscopy and Joint Surgery, 2018. 5(2): p. 86-89.Liavaag, S., et al.: The epidemiology of shoulder dislocations in Oslo.Scand J Med Sci Sports, 2011. 21(6): p. e334-40.Nakagawa, S., et al.: The Development Process of Bipolar Bone Defects From Primary to Recurrent Instability in Shoulders With Traumatic Anterior Instability. Am J Sports Med, 2019. 47(3): p. 695-703.Olds, M.K., et al.: Who will redislocate his/her shoulder? Predicting recurrent instability following a first traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation.BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, 2019. 5(1).Ozbaydar, M., et al.: Results of arthroscopic capsulolabral repair: Bankart lesion versus anterior labroligamentous periosteal sleeve avulsion lesion.Arthroscopy, 2008. 24(11): p. 1277-83.Provencher, C.M.T., et al.: Editorial Commentary: Evidence to Support Surgical Intervention for First-Time Shoulder Instability: Stabilize Them Early! Arthroscopy, 2020. 36(9): p. 2533-2536.Robinson, C.M., et al.: Functional outcome and risk of recurrent instability after primary traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation in young patients. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2006. 88(11): p. 2326-36.Rugg, C.M., et al.: Surgical stabilization for first-time shoulder dislocators: a multicenter analysis. J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 2018. 27(4): p. 674-

Entenda o que comer após o treino e qual a importância dessa refeição Artigo citado:Cheng AJ, Chaillou T, Kamandulis S, Subocius A, Westerblad H, Brazaitis M, Venckunas T. Carbohydrates do not accelerate force recovery after glycogen-depleting followed by high-intensity exercise in humans. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020 Jun;30(6):998-1007. doi: 10.1111/sms.13655. Epub 2020 Apr 6. […]

Szczęśliwie jestem daleki od dyskusji światopoglądowych. Dla mnie te skróty różnią się jedną literką. W ortopedii LHBT to ścięgno głowy długiej bicepsa.W odcinku omawiam budowę mięśnia, odmienności budowy mięśnia dwugłowego oraz możliwe patologie tego ścięgna. Dla ciekawych przygotowana jest zagadka: " W ilu stawach biceps ramienia powoduje ruch?"Jeśli wiesz, to napisz w komentarzu. Jeśli nie, to może dowiesz się tego z Podcastu.A na koniec omównienie postepowania pooperacyjnego - interesujące zarówno dla fizjoterapeutów jak i lekarzy i pewnie samych pacjentów. Literatura do statystki:Sturzenegger M, Beguin D, Grunig B, Jakob RP. Muscular strength after rupture of the long head of the biceps. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1986;105:18–23Mariani EM, Cofield RH, Askew LJ, Li GP, Chao EY. Rupture of the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii.Surgical versus nonsurgical treatment. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1988:233–9.Deutch SR, Gelineck J, Johannsen HV, Sneppen O. Permanent disabilities in the displaced muscle from rupture of the long head tendon of the biceps. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2005;15:159–62. Linki do innych opracowańOdcinek 28 – Zerwanie bicepsa w części dalszejOdcinek 31 – Obrąbek, SLAP & moreSzycie mięśnia nadgrzebieniowego – na kanale YT Michal Drwiega

Hoy en día la crioterapia se utiliza en multitud de campos. En el ámbito sanitario se usa para tratar lesiones, problemas vasculares, digestivos, para atacar ciertos tipos de cáncer de piel y órganos, así como en tratamientos estéticos y de belleza, no obstante, en el audioartículo de hoy nos centraremos en sus aplicaciones para la recuperación muscular. Definición, objetivos, como funciona, sus beneficios si existen, la relación entre la temperatura, las lesiones y la recuperación, los tipos de crioterapia y sus contraindicaciones así con una valoración personal como conclusión basada en la consulta de la evidencia científica que existe hasta la fecha. . Cupón descuento PROZIS y MANAFOODS: LOTAIREFIT Enlace directo en www.prozis.com/nc9 y www.manafoods.es  . Datos de contacto: Mail: lotairefit@gmail.com Web: http://fittaradosalaparato.libsyn.com Instagram: @LOTAIREFIT https://www.instagram.com/lotairefit/?hl=es Canal de YouTube: LOTAIREFIT https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCpzyE3unfCMLTGWFRy219Ww Referencias: Vieira y col, 2016; Int J Sports Med 24-ago 20 Mar 2015 JL Chicharro Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research: Post Acceptance: August 16, 2016 doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001591 Vieira y col, 2016; Int J Sports Med 24-ago Point y col, 2017; Scand J Med Sci Sports 6-ma Roberts, et al. "Post-exercise cold water immersion attenuates acute anabolic signalling and long-term adaptations in muscle to strength training." The Journal of Physiology (2015) Yamane, M., N. Ohnishi, and T. Matsumoto. "Does Regular Post-exercise Cold Application Attenuate Trained Muscle Adaptation?." International journal of sports medicine (2015) Abaïdia y col, 2016; Int J Sports Physiol 11-jul Post-Workout Ice Baths May Weaken Muscles. Para LiveScience [Revisado en octubre de 2015] Post-excercise cold water immersion attenuates acute anabolic signalling and long-term adaptations in muscle to strength training. Para The Journal of Physiology [Revisado en octubre de 2015] The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness: Ice massage, effects on exercise-induced muscle damage 2. T-Nation Research: 7 secrets to rapdi recovery .

Hoy ponemos sobre la balanza estos dos tipos de entrenamiento. ¿Qué adaptaciones conseguiremos con cada uno de ellos? ¿Cuándo debemos hacer cada uno de ellos? ¿Son compatibles? ¿Son imprescindibles? Vamos a dar respuesta a estas preguntas y alguna más para que tengas claro cuando y por qué debes hacer cada uno de estos entrenamientos. 📚 Referencias científicas: 1. Seiler, Stephen et al. Quantifying training intensity distribution in elite endurance athletes is there evidence for an “optimal” distribution. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 2004 2. Helgerud, J., Høydal, K., Wang, E., Karlsen, T., Berg, P., et al. (2007). Aerobic high-intensity intervals improve VO2max more than moderate training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39(4), 665-671 3. Slørdahl, S.A., Madslien, V.O., Støylen, A., Kjos, A., Helgerud, J., and Wisløff, U. (2004). Atrioventricular plane displacement in untrained and trained females. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(11), 1871-1875. 📜 SUSCRÍBETE A LA HUELLA 👣 En este enlace 👉🏽 https://rubenespinosagil.activehosted.com/f/14 Nuestras redes sociales: @hijosdelaresistencia_oficial @rubenespinosapt

Hoy ponemos sobre la balanza estos dos tipos de entrenamiento. ¿Qué adaptaciones conseguiremos con cada uno de ellos? ¿Cuándo debemos hacer cada uno de ellos? ¿Son compatibles? ¿Son imprescindibles? Vamos a dar respuesta a estas preguntas y alguna más para que tengas claro cuando y por qué debes hacer cada uno de estos entrenamientos. 📚 Referencias científicas: 1. Seiler, Stephen et al. Quantifying training intensity distribution in elite endurance athletes is there evidence for an “optimal” distribution. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 2004 2. Helgerud, J., Høydal, K., Wang, E., Karlsen, T., Berg, P., et al. (2007). Aerobic high-intensity intervals improve VO2max more than moderate training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39(4), 665-671 3. Slørdahl, S.A., Madslien, V.O., Støylen, A., Kjos, A., Helgerud, J., and Wisløff, U. (2004). Atrioventricular plane displacement in untrained and trained females. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(11), 1871-1875. 📜 SUSCRÍBETE A LA HUELLA 👣 En este enlace 👉🏽 https://rubenespinosagil.activehosted.com/f/14 Nuestras redes sociales: @hijosdelaresistencia_oficial @rubenespinosapt

Twitter: @Happysport_dk According to the literature, a substantial reduction in injury rates in youth sport is achievable. So why isn’t this translating into meaningful injury prevention in the real world? And what can we do about it? In this episode, Dr. Erin Macri asks Dr. Merete Møller to share her powerful insights on this topic and to introduce a novel research project (the HAPPY project) that aims to bridge the gap from injury prevention trials to real-world results on the field. Related Articles and Links Soomro N, Sanders R, Hackett D, et al. The Efficacy of Injury Prevention Programs in Adolescent Team Sports: A Meta-analysis. Am J Sports Med. 2016;44(9):2415‐2424. doi:10.1177/0363546515618372 Owoeye OBA, Palacios-Derflingher LM, Emery CA. Prevention of Ankle Sprain Injuries in Youth Soccer and Basketball: Effectiveness of a Neuromuscular Training Program and Examining Risk Factors. Clin J Sport Med. 2018;28(4):325‐331. doi:10.1097/JSM.0000000000000462 Emery CA, van den Berg C, Richmond SA, et al. Implementing a junior high school-based programme to reduce sports injuries through neuromuscular training (iSPRINT): a cluster randomised controlled trial (RCT) [published online ahead of print, 2019 Dec 10]. Br J Sports Med. 2019;bjsports-2019-101117. Sakata J, Nakamura E, Suzuki T, et al. Throwing Injuries in Youth Baseball Players: Can a Prevention Program Help? A Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Sports Med. 2019;47(11):2709‐2716. doi:10.1177/0363546519861378 Bekker, S., Paliadelis, P. & Finch, C.F. The translation of sports injury prevention and safety promotion knowledge: insights from key intermediary organisations. Health Res Policy Sys 15, 25 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-017-0189-5 O'Brien J, Finch CF. The implementation of musculoskeletal injury-prevention exercise programmes in team ball sports: a systematic review employing the RE-AIM framework. Sports Med. 2014;44(9):1305‐1318. doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0208-4 Lindblom H, Carlfjord S, Hägglund M. Adoption and use of an injury prevention exercise program in female football: A qualitative study among coaches. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2018;28(3):1295‐1303. doi:10.1111/sms.13012 Ageberg E, Bunke S, Lucander K, Nilsen P, Donaldson A. Facilitators to support the implementation of injury prevention training in youth handball: A concept mapping approach. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2019;29(2):275‐285. doi:10.1111/sms.13323 Richmond SA, Donaldson A, Macpherson A, et al. Facilitators and Barriers to the Implementation of iSPRINT: A Sport Injury Prevention Program in Junior High Schools. Clin J Sport Med. 2020;30(3):231‐238. doi:10.1097/JSM.0000000000000579

Periodisering er et av de sentrale treningsprinsippene, og en hjørnesten i treningsplanlegging. For å komme i form til riktig tid, og samtidig ivareta og utvikle ulike fysiske og tekniske egenskaper bruker idrettsutøvere periodisering av trening både for å gire opp, og gire ned treningen. Eirik og Melina diskuterer forskjellige modeller for periodisering, blant annet blokkperiodisering, Canova, Lydiard mfl. Hvordan periodiserer man treningen? Hvem passer de ulike modellene for?Mølmen, K. S., Øfsteng, S. J., & Rønnestad, B. R. (2019). Block periodization of endurance training - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Open access journal of sports medicine, 10, 145-160. https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJSM.S180408https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6802561/#CIT0006Hartmann H, Wirth K, Keiner M, Mickel C, Sander A, Szilvas E. Short-term Periodization Models: Effects on Strength and Speed-strength Performance. Sports Med. 2015;45(10):1373-1386. doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0355-2https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26133514/Kiely J. Periodization paradigms in the 21st century: evidence-led or tradition-driven?. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2012;7(3):242-250. doi:10.1123/ijspp.7.3.242https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230756715_Periodization_Paradigms_in_the_21st_Century_Evidence-Led_or_Tradition-DrivenRønnestad BR, Øfsteng SJ, Ellefsen S. Block periodization of strength and endurance training is superior to traditional periodization in ice hockey players. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2019;29(2):180-188. doi:10.1111/sms.13326https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/sms.13326?casa_token=426NWx6oWS8AAAAA%3A5EErMyOEDe7ztVRQPRlfUf8uSkc0m-f-4-M8NMlM-Uc758mccd481gAe4VLY7CegXSGPcrYLbEkX4Yw#accessDenialLayout? See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

PADRÃO DE ACOMETIMENTO ESPONDILOARTROPÁTICO NA F. CHIKUNGUNYA: O RETORNO ÀS IDEIAS DE BENJAMIM E MACGONAGLE. PARTE I: ANATOMIA DAS ENTESESEste podcast e o webinar sobre o tema que vai acontecer na próxima sexta, 17/04/2020, estão intrinsicamente ligados. Esta parte I do podcast discute conceitos básicos, modernos e importantes sobre as enteses. Sem isso, não se entende o que F. Chikungunya tem a ver com o tema.Referências Bibliográficas:1- Benjamin M, McGonagle D. The anatomical basis for disease localisation in seronegative spondyloarthropathy at entheses and related sites. J Anat 2001; 199(Pt 5): 503–5262- Shaw HM, Benjamin M. Structure-function relationships of entheses in relation to mechanical load and exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2007; 17(4): 303–3153- Benjamin M, Moriggl B, Brenner E, Emery P, McGonagle D, Redman S. The "enthesis organ" concept: why enthesopathies may not present as focal insertional disorders. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 50(10): 3306–33134- McGonagle D, Marzo-Ortega H, Benjamin M, Emery P. Report on the Second international Enthesitis Workshop. Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48(4): 896–9055- Eshed I, Bollow M, McGonagle DG, et al. MRI of enthesitis of the appendicular skeleton in spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2007; 66(12): 1553–15596- Kaeley GS, Eder L, Aydin SZ et al. Enthesitis: A hallmark of psoriatic arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2018; 48(1): 35–43. 7- Watad A, Eshed I, McGonagle D. Lessons Learned from Imaging on Enthesitis in Psoriatic Arthritis. Isr Med Assoc J 2017; 19(11): 708–7118- McGonagle D, Lories RJ, Tan AL, Benjamin M. The concept of a "synovio-entheseal complex" and its implications for understanding joint inflammation and damage in psoriatic arthritis and beyond. Arthritis Rheum 2007; 56(8): 2482–24919- Benjamin M, McGonagle D. Histopathologic changes at "synovio-entheseal complexes" suggesting a novel mechanism for synovitis in osteoarthritis and spondylarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2007; 56(11): 3601–360910- Benjamin M, Qin S, Ralphs JR. Fibrocartilage associated with human tendons and their pulleys. J Anat 1995; 187 ( Pt 3)(Pt 3): 625–63311- Tan AL, Fukuba E, Halliday NA, Tanner SF, Emery P, McGonagle D. High-resolution MRI assessment of dactylitis in psoriatic arthritis shows flexor tendon pulley and sheath-related enthesitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2015; 74(1): 185–189

Timestamps: 00:36 - Texas Method, Weight Loss, and Powerlifting https://www.barbellmedicine.com/how-t... https://www.barbellmedicine.com/584-2/ https://www.barbellmedicine.com/the-b... https://startingstrength.com/article/... 04:29 Fructose and calorie balance Lowndes J, Kawiecki D, Pardo S, et al. The effects of four hypocaloric diets containing different levels of sucrose or high fructose corn syrup on weight loss and related parameters. Nutrition Journal. 2012;11:55. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-11-55. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti... 11:22 Golf specific training Torres-Ronda L, Sánchez-Medina L, González-Badillo JJ. Muscle Strength And Golf Performance: A Critical Review. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine. 2011;10(1):9-18. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti... 16:05 Muscle fiber type shifting, sprinting, and jumping higher Liu Y, Schlumberger A, Wirth K, Schmidtbleicher D, Steinacker JM. Different effects on human skeletal myosin heavy chain isoform expression: strength vs. combination training. J Appl Physiol. 2003;94(6):2282-2288. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1... Luden N, Hayes E, Minchev K, Louis E, Raue U, Conley T, Trappe S. Skeletal muscle plasticity with marathon training in novice runners. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2012;22(5):662-670. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2... Wilson JM, Loenneke JP, Jo E, Wilson GJ, Zourdos MC, Kim JS. The effects of endurance, strength, and power training on muscle fiber type shifting. J Strength Cond Res. 2012;26(6):1724-1729. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2... https://www.barbellmedicine.com/the-p... 24:55 Gaining weight, losing body fat, and getting stronger 27:30 Coming back from an illness and training 30:18 Rack pulls and snatch grip movements instead of deadlifts 35:00 Supersetting Got a question or a form check for us? Submit it to media@barbellmedicine.com If submitting a video, please shoot it in landscape, from the side at 1080p or higher resolution (4k ideally) at 30 or 60 frames per second. Please trim your video as well and include the amount of weight lifted in the email. Otherwise, we can't use it :( For more of our stuff: Podcasts: goo.gl/X4H4z8 Website: www.barbellmedicine.com Instagram: @austin_barbellmedicine @jordan_barbellmedicine @leah_barbellmedicine @vaness_barbellmedicine @untamedstrength @michael.ray.dc @mderek4011 Email: info@barbellmedicine.com Supplements/Templates/Seminars/Apparel: http://www.barbellmedicine.com/shop/ Forum: https://forum.barbellmedicine.com/ Newsletter: http://eepurl.com/cpqB3nd

Episodio #2 El secreto de la eterna juventud: el entrenamiento de fuerza Descripción: Analizamos junto a la nutricionista clínica-deportiva y atleta wellness (Campeona Overall Ecuador 2017, Top 4 Sudamericana 2017) Xiomara Coronado, y el personal trainer Ronald Chavez (Top 9 Arnold Classic Ohio 2016, Top 6 Mr Olympia South America 2017) la importancia del entrenamiento de fuerza: - Beneficios médicos - Beneficios para distintos grupos etarios - Nutrición, hidratación, reposo - Suplementación - Cuantificación de cargas - Recomendaciones Fuentes: - Aagaard P, Suetta C, Caserotti P, Magnusson SP, Kjaer M. Role of the nervous system in sarcopenia and muscle atrophy with aging: strength training as a countermeasure. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2010; 20: 49-64. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01084.x - OMS | La actividad física en los adultos http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_adults/es/#.W1F6bkZa8DA. - Lorenz. D, Reiman. N. The role and implementation of eccentric training in athletic rehabilitation: tendinopathy, hamstring strains and ACL reconsruction. The international Journal of sports Physical Therapy. 2011; 6(2):22-44 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3105370/ - Bruusgaard JC, Johansen IB, Egner IM, Rana ZA, Gundersen K. 2010. Myonuclei acquired by overload exercise precede hypertrophy and are not lost on detraining. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 107(34): 15111-15116. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0913935107 Redes sociales: Twitter: https://twitter.com/evi_deportiva Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/evidenciadeportiva/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/evidenciadeportiva/ Youtube : https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCOzJM6QhyBBlc8Fw4o5JR9Q Itunes : https://itunes.apple.com/ec/podcast/evidencia-deportiva/id1412905425?l=en&mt=2

Injuries to the hamstrings are more common than just about any other muscle injury in sport. And once you do it once, you are more likely to do it again. What is the problem here? Are some people just good at injuring that muscle and simple are destined to repeat it? Or are there deficits that just aren't fully rehabilitated prior to return to sport? Also, does anyone know how to pronounce Vodafone? THIS ARTICLE IS CURRENTLY OPEN ACCESS SO FOLLOW THE LINK TO READ IT! Change in knee flexor torque after fatiguing exercise identifies previous hamstring injury in football players. Lord C, Ma'ayah F, Blazevich AJ. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2018 Mar;28(3):1235-1243. doi: 10.1111/sms.13007. Epub 2018 Jan 8. Due to copyright laws, unless the article is open source we cannot legally post the PDF on the website for the world to download at will. That said, if you are having difficulty obtaining an article, contact us. Music for PT Inquest: "The Science of Selling Yourself Short" by Less Than Jake Used by Permission

If you are a parent, then you have been sleep deprived more often than you probably remember (or would like to admit). Heck, many parents I know operate in a cycle of sleep deprivation wherein half of the time they are sleeping decently and the other half is a solid 3-4 hours of interrupted and crappy sleep. Consider this the rule book on how to workout while sleep deprived. When my son was born and put me through the navy seal-style sleep deprivation training, I couldn't find anything helpful out there to guide me in not giving up my workout habit without injuring myself or making the exhaustion worse. Enjoy! And note, whether its the job, familial issues, or the kids that's ruining your sleep, this will not last forever. Hang in there!Citations:http://www.gallup.com/poll/166553/less-recommended-amount-sleep.aspx[ii] Jean-Louis G, Kripke DF, and Ancoli-Israel S. Sleep and quality of well-being. Sleep 23: 1115–1121, 2000.[iii] Slow-wave sleep: a recovery period after exercise CM Shapiro, R Bortz, D Mitchell, P Bartel, and P Jooste Science 11 December 1981: 214 (4526), 1253-1254. [DOI:10.1126/science.7302594][iv] S Taheri. The link between short sleep duration and obesity: we should recommend more sleep to prevent obesity. Arch Dis Child 2006;91:11 881-884 doi:10.1136/adc.2005.093013[v] Ayalon RD1, Friedman F Jr. The effect of sleep deprivation on fine motor coordination in obstetrics and gynecology residents. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Nov;199(5):576.e1-5. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2008.06.080. Epub 2008 Sep 25.[vi] 5. Lehmann M, Baumgartl P, Wiesenack C, Seidel A, Baumann H, et al. Training-overtraining: influence of a defined increase in training volume vs training intensity on performance, catecholamines and some metabolic parameters in experienced middle- and long-distance runners. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology. 1992;64:169–177. [PubMed][vii] Kellmann M. Preventing overtraining in athletes in high-intensity sports and stress/recovery monitoring. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2010;20(Suppl 2):95–102.[viii] Snyder AC. Overtraining and glycogen depletion hypothesis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;30:1146–1150.[ix] Lehmann M, Dickhuth HH, Gendrisch G, Lazar W, Thum M, et al. Training-overtraining. A prospective, experimental study with experienced middle- and long-distance runners. Int J Sports Med. 1991;12:444–452[x] Swanson DR. Atrial fibrillation in athletes: implicit literature-based connections suggest that overtraining and subsequent inflammation may be a contributory mechanism. Med Hypotheses. 2006;66:1085–1092[xi] Eudi, A. Efficacy and safety of ingredients found in preworkout supplements. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy April 1, 2013 vol. 70 no. 7 577-588.[xii] Spiegel K, Leproult R, and Van Cauter E. Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function. Lancet 354: 1435–1439, 1999.[xiii] Sellwood KL, Brukner P, Williams D, Nicol A, Hinman R. Ice-water immersion and delayed-onset muscle soreness: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med. 2007;41:392–7.[xiv] http://www.lifetime-weightloss.com/blog/2015/7/14/why-exercise-isnt-enough.htmlBecome a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/faithful-fitness-by-better-daily--5150768/support.

If you are a parent, then you have been sleep deprived more often than you probably remember (or would like to admit). Heck, many parents I know operate in a cycle of sleep deprivation wherein half of the time they are sleeping decently and the other half is a solid 3-4 hours of interrupted and crappy sleep. Consider this the rule book on how to workout while sleep deprived. When my son was born and put me through the navy seal-style sleep deprivation training, I couldn't find anything helpful out there to guide me in not giving up my workout habit without injuring myself or making the exhaustion worse. Enjoy! And note, whether its the job, familial issues, or the kids that's ruining your sleep, this will not last forever. Hang in there!Citations:http://www.gallup.com/poll/166553/less-recommended-amount-sleep.aspx[ii] Jean-Louis G, Kripke DF, and Ancoli-Israel S. Sleep and quality of well-being. Sleep 23: 1115–1121, 2000.[iii] Slow-wave sleep: a recovery period after exercise CM Shapiro, R Bortz, D Mitchell, P Bartel, and P Jooste Science 11 December 1981: 214 (4526), 1253-1254. [DOI:10.1126/science.7302594][iv] S Taheri. The link between short sleep duration and obesity: we should recommend more sleep to prevent obesity. Arch Dis Child 2006;91:11 881-884 doi:10.1136/adc.2005.093013[v] Ayalon RD1, Friedman F Jr. The effect of sleep deprivation on fine motor coordination in obstetrics and gynecology residents. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Nov;199(5):576.e1-5. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2008.06.080. Epub 2008 Sep 25.[vi] 5. Lehmann M, Baumgartl P, Wiesenack C, Seidel A, Baumann H, et al. Training-overtraining: influence of a defined increase in training volume vs training intensity on performance, catecholamines and some metabolic parameters in experienced middle- and long-distance runners. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology. 1992;64:169–177. [PubMed][vii] Kellmann M. Preventing overtraining in athletes in high-intensity sports and stress/recovery monitoring. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2010;20(Suppl 2):95–102.[viii] Snyder AC. Overtraining and glycogen depletion hypothesis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;30:1146–1150.[ix] Lehmann M, Dickhuth HH, Gendrisch G, Lazar W, Thum M, et al. Training-overtraining. A prospective, experimental study with experienced middle- and long-distance runners. Int J Sports Med. 1991;12:444–452[x] Swanson DR. Atrial fibrillation in athletes: implicit literature-based connections suggest that overtraining and subsequent inflammation may be a contributory mechanism. Med Hypotheses. 2006;66:1085–1092[xi] Eudi, A. Efficacy and safety of ingredients found in preworkout supplements. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy April 1, 2013 vol. 70 no. 7 577-588.[xii] Spiegel K, Leproult R, and Van Cauter E. Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function. Lancet 354: 1435–1439, 1999.[xiii] Sellwood KL, Brukner P, Williams D, Nicol A, Hinman R. Ice-water immersion and delayed-onset muscle soreness: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med. 2007;41:392–7.[xiv] http://www.lifetime-weightloss.com/blog/2015/7/14/why-exercise-isnt-enough.html

If you are a parent, then you have been sleep deprived more often than you probably remember (or would like to admit). Heck, many parents I know operate in a cycle of sleep deprivation wherein half of the time they are sleeping decently and the other half is a solid 3-4 hours of interrupted and crappy sleep. Consider this the rule book on how to workout while sleep deprived. When my son was born and put me through the navy seal-style sleep deprivation training, I couldn't find anything helpful out there to guide me in not giving up my workout habit without injuring myself or making the exhaustion worse. Enjoy! And note, whether its the job, familial issues, or the kids that's ruining your sleep, this will not last forever. Hang in there!Citations:http://www.gallup.com/poll/166553/less-recommended-amount-sleep.aspx[ii] Jean-Louis G, Kripke DF, and Ancoli-Israel S. Sleep and quality of well-being. Sleep 23: 1115–1121, 2000.[iii] Slow-wave sleep: a recovery period after exercise CM Shapiro, R Bortz, D Mitchell, P Bartel, and P Jooste Science 11 December 1981: 214 (4526), 1253-1254. [DOI:10.1126/science.7302594][iv] S Taheri. The link between short sleep duration and obesity: we should recommend more sleep to prevent obesity. Arch Dis Child 2006;91:11 881-884 doi:10.1136/adc.2005.093013[v] Ayalon RD1, Friedman F Jr. The effect of sleep deprivation on fine motor coordination in obstetrics and gynecology residents. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Nov;199(5):576.e1-5. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2008.06.080. Epub 2008 Sep 25.[vi] 5. Lehmann M, Baumgartl P, Wiesenack C, Seidel A, Baumann H, et al. Training-overtraining: influence of a defined increase in training volume vs training intensity on performance, catecholamines and some metabolic parameters in experienced middle- and long-distance runners. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology. 1992;64:169–177. [PubMed][vii] Kellmann M. Preventing overtraining in athletes in high-intensity sports and stress/recovery monitoring. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2010;20(Suppl 2):95–102.[viii] Snyder AC. Overtraining and glycogen depletion hypothesis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;30:1146–1150.[ix] Lehmann M, Dickhuth HH, Gendrisch G, Lazar W, Thum M, et al. Training-overtraining. A prospective, experimental study with experienced middle- and long-distance runners. Int J Sports Med. 1991;12:444–452[x] Swanson DR. Atrial fibrillation in athletes: implicit literature-based connections suggest that overtraining and subsequent inflammation may be a contributory mechanism. Med Hypotheses. 2006;66:1085–1092[xi] Eudi, A. Efficacy and safety of ingredients found in preworkout supplements. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy April 1, 2013 vol. 70 no. 7 577-588.[xii] Spiegel K, Leproult R, and Van Cauter E. Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function. Lancet 354: 1435–1439, 1999.[xiii] Sellwood KL, Brukner P, Williams D, Nicol A, Hinman R. Ice-water immersion and delayed-onset muscle soreness: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med. 2007;41:392–7.[xiv] http://www.lifetime-weightloss.com/blog/2015/7/14/why-exercise-isnt-enough.html

Key Tagwords: usain bolt, gait, gait asymmetry, isometrics, isotonics, RF ablation, COOLIEF, OA, deafferentation, knee arthritis, ibuprofin, kidney damage, NSAIDS, heel drop, achilles, tendonitis, heel pain,  Our Websites: www.thegaitguys.com summitchiroandrehab.com   doctorallen.co     shawnallen.net Our website is all you need to remember. Everything you want, need and wish for is right there on the site. Interested in our stuff ? Want to buy some of our lectures or our National Shoe Fit program? Click here (thegaitguys.com or thegaitguys.tumblr.com) and you will come to our websites. In the tabs, you will find tabs for STORE, SEMINARS, BOOK etc. We also lecture every 3rd Wednesday of the month on onlineCE.com. We have an extensive catalogued library of our courses there, you can take them any time for a nominal fee (~$20).   Our podcast is on iTunes, Soundcloud, and just about every other podcast harbor site, just google "the gait guys podcast", you will find us.   Show Notes: Healing Tech in Neuroscience: New device can heal with a single touch https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2017/08/07/miracle-device-can-heal-single-touch-and-even-repair-brain-injuries/537326001/ Cool radiofrequency ablation http://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/cool-new-knee-procedure-eases-arthritis-pain-without-surgery-n771221 Updates on Ibuprofin in runners http://womensrunning.competitor.com/2017/07/news/ibuprofen-risks-endurance-runners_78580#EyIoMyAdkPW9UBpP.97 PeerJ. 2017 Jul 19;5:e3592. doi: 10.7717/peerj.3592. eCollection 2017. Sonographic evaluation of the immediate effects of eccentric heel drop exercise on Achilles tendon and gastrocnemius muscle stiffness using shear wave elastography. Leung WKC1, Chu KL1, Lai C1. Front Physiol. 2017 Feb 28;8:91. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00091. eCollection 2017. Quantification of Internal Stress-Strain Fields in Human Tendon: Unraveling the Mechanisms that Underlie Regional Tendon Adaptations and Mal-Adaptations to Mechanical Loading and the Effectiveness of Therapeutic Eccentric Exercise. Maganaris CN1, Chatzistergos P2, Reeves ND3, Narici MV4. Oman Med J. 2010 Jul; 25(3): 155–1661. An Overview of Clinical Pharmacology of Ibuprofen Rabia Bushra* and Nousheen Aslam  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3191627/ Pharm Biol. 2014 Feb;52(2):182-6. doi: 10.3109/13880209.2013.821665. Epub 2013 Sep 30. Zizyphus jujuba protects against ibuprofen-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Awad DS1, Ali RM, Mhaidat NM, Shotar AM. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24074058 Gait asymmetry ? https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28759127 Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2017 Jul 31. doi: 10.1111/sms.12953. [Epub ahead of print] Kinematic stride cycle asymmetry is not associated with sprint performance and injury prevalence in athletic sprinters. Haugen T1, Danielsen J2, McGhie D2, Sandbakk Ø1,2, Ettema G2.