Podcasts about Lamu

Kate Adie introduces stories from Mexico, Canada, Kenya, the USA and Syria.As the first pope to come from Latin America, Pope Francis was hugely popular in the region, standing in solidarity with local priests who often have to walk a delicate line in communities under the control of drug cartels. Will Grant reflects on the late pope's legacy in Mexico.Canada goes to the polls on Monday, in a race that has become increasingly tight over the past few months. Reporting from Vancouver Island, Neal Razzell says it's the name that's not on the ballot that has proved to be the game changer.The Kenyan port town of Lamu is undergoing a radical transformation, as part of a Chinese-funded multi-billion dollar development project. While it promises to bring jobs and trade to the region, Beth Timmins finds some locals are less sure of the signs of progress.Once a seasonal threat, wild fires in California are now a year-round problem. So much so, that some homeowners are being told by insurers that they are no longer willing to honor their policies. Amy Steadman has been speaking to Californians who say they can no longer afford to live in the state.And finally to Syria - home to several UNESCO world heritage sites. After 14 years of civil war came to an end, and President Assad was driven from power. tour guides living in towns close to the country's famous ancient sites are hopeful that travellers will soon return.Series producer: Serena Tarling Production coordinators: Sophie Hill & Katie Morrison Editor: Richard Fenton-Smith

Letnia Akademia Młodych Umysłów to wakacyjny projekt Radia Naukowego, w którym role się odwracają! To Wy – Młode Umysły – zadajecie pytania, a eksperci i nauczyciele (akademiccy) na nie odpowiadają. Zapraszamy do udziału w 5. sezonie LAMU. Zgłoszenia prosimy nadsyłać od 26 kwietnia do 11 maja do północy.Pytania nagrywacie w formie audio, może być na zwykły dyktafon w smartfonie. Mówcie głośno i śmiało! Nie zapomnijcie dodać swojego imienia i wieku. Nie ma niemądrych pytań, pytajcie o wszystko, co Was ciekawiNagrania zbieramy pod adresem lamu@radionaukowe.plZ wybranymi pytaniami wybieramy się do znakomitych badaczy i badaczek, którzy postarają się na nie odpowiedziećEfekty będą publikowane w Radiu Naukowym jako specjalne odcinki w każdy poniedziałek lipca i sierpnia.Zachęcamy do zakończenia nagrania hasłem: "LAMU - to my to zadajemy pytania".Drodzy Rodzice i Opiekunowie: Nagranie musi być przesłane przez Was, do udziału w LAMU konieczne jest podpisanie i przesłanie skanu/zdjęcia oświadczenia, które znajdziecie tutaj: LINK DO ŚCIĄGNIĘCIA Nie wszystkie nagrania będą mogły być wykorzystane (niestety!). Prosimy o uczulenie dzieci, że mimo przesłania nagrań, mogą nie pojawić się w programie - nie chcielibyśmy, żeby były rozczarowane. Pytań przychodzi po prostu bardzo dużo.  TUTAJ lista z poprzednich edycji, na które już udzieliliśmy odpowiedzi. Prosimy o unikanie dublowania zagadnień. To tyle ze spraw technicznych.Bawcie się dobrze i niech ciekawość będzie z Wami!Poprzednie sezonu znajdziecie tu

gospel songs,health talk,sermon.

Send us a textThe Disney Villains need some advice and we're gonna give it to them right after we've had our cocktail, a Lamu Libation from Nomad Lounge at Animal Kingdom. You'll also get the chance to hear Aaron and Aaron not now basic words like noodling and prestige television. All for you this weekHere's who we are and what is in store for you

In this episode of The Ugandan Boy Talk Show, we sit down with Lamu Sounds, a talented musician from Kampala, Uganda. Lamu opens up about the challenges of navigating the music industry as an independent artist and shares why her highly anticipated EP Infinity faced delays. She also gives us an inside look into her creative process and the inspiration behind her latest release, Original, which dropped this December. Tune in for an inspiring conversation about resilience, artistry, and staying true to your sound.

On the coastal island of Lamu, off Kenya's east coast, workers are turning plastic waste into furniture, even boats. Lamu is contending with mounds of plastic waste—some washed up on its beaches, others created by its own population. “We are collecting the waste plastic around Lamu archipelago, and we process those ones to make boats, furniture, and also doing a lot of research on what we can do with the plastic,” explains Ali Skanda, co-founder of the Flipflopi Project, an NGO founded in 2016. The Flipflopi Project receives grants from other NGOs which they then use to buy plastic waste from locals. After it arrives at their facility, workers sort it into different types and colors. It's then crushed, washed, dried, melted, then molded into different colors, shapes and sizes. “After pre-sorting, we have our sorters, and they categorize into different types and colors. So, they keep plastic into types and colors, separately,” explains Skanda. From there, plastic waste is upcycled into furniture and dhow boats. But Skanda says recycling also comes with challenges. He says nowadays, plastic manufacturers are adding additives to plastics, which makes it more difficult to recycle. Elsewhere, some plastics may be degraded by the sun and lose quality. Since 2019, the NGO has been sailing Flipflopi, claimed to be the world's first recycled plastic sailing dhow. They've gone on expeditions, including sailing from the Indian Ocean to Lake Victoria, and have launched a further two boats made using recycled plastic waste. “We are doing this just for the world to understand that plastic is not waste,” says Skanda. “We can add value and make something like furniture, things like this. And more others, we are making dhows.” Each day, the equivalent of 2,000 garbage trucks full of plastic are dumped into the world's oceans, rivers and lakes, according to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). People are increasingly breathing, eating and drinking tiny plastic particles. Plastic production continues to ramp up globally and is projected to double or triple by 2050 if nothing changes.  This article was provided by The Associated Press. 

Hii leo jaridani tunaangazia machafuko katika ukanda wa Gaza na masuala ya afya nchini Kenya. Makala inatupeleka nchini DRC kumsikia mkimbizi mjasiriamali na mnufaika wa pesa taslimu kutoka WFP, na mashinani tunakupeleka nchini Lebanonon kwa waathirika wa vita.Kadri siku zinavyozidi kusonga mbele, hali ya usalama na kibinadamu huko Ukanda wa Gaza inazidi kuzorota huku raia na hata wafanyakazi wa kutoa misaada wakisalia wamepigwa butwaa kwani mashambulizi kutoka Israeli yanaendelea kila uchao.Serikali ya Kaunti ya Lamu katika pwani ya kaskazini ya Kenya, kwa ushirikiano na Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Kuhudumia Watoto (UNICEF), wanaendesha shughuli ya kuwafikia wanajamii ili kubadilishana taarifa kuhusu jinsi watu wanaweza kuwalinda watoto na familia zao dhidi ya mlipuko wa ugonjwa wa kipindupindu na kutoa huduma za maji, vifaa vya kujisafi na usafi kwa jamii zilizoathirika. Kutoka katika video iliyoandaliwa na UNICEF.Makala George Musubao, mwandishi wetu wa mashariki mwa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Congo, DRC anazungumza na mkimbizi Esther Josephine aliyeko kambi ya Bulengo nje kidogo ya mji wa Goma, jimboni Kivu Kaskazini ambaye amenufaika na msaada kutoka shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Mpango wa Chakula duniani, WFP.Mashinani tutakuwa Lebanon, kumsikia mama aliyenusurika kifo na wanawe kutokana na makombora ya Israel.Mwenyeji wako ni Flora Nducha, karibu! 

Serikali ya Kaunti ya Lamu katika pwani ya kaskazini ya Kenya, kwa ushirikiano na Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Kuhudumia Watoto (UNICEF), wanaendesha shughuli ya kuwafikia wanajamii ili kubadilishana taarifa kuhusu jinsi watu wanaweza kuwalinda watoto na familia zao dhidi ya mlipuko wa ugonjwa wa kipindupindu na kutoa huduma za maji, vifaa vya kujisafi na usafi kwa jamii zilizoathirika. Kutoka katika video iliyoandaliwa na UNICEF.Wamekaa chini ya mti, wanawake kwa wanaume. Nyuma ni nyumba ya makuti na matumbawe, Lamu, Pwani ya Kenya. Muelimishaji wa masuala ya afya anawaeleza namna ya kuweka mazingira safi ili kupambana na kipindupindu. Mwanajuma Kahidi yamewahi kumkuta. Anaposema Cholera anamaanisha hiyo hiyo kipindupindu iliyokuwa imetishia Uhai wake na familia yake.“Nilipopata maambukizi ya Kipindupindu nilihisi siko sawa kwa sababu nilikosa nguvu na nikakosa raha na nikapoteza nuru ya macho ndio nikakimbilia hospitali. Huo ugonjwa ulipitia kwenye maji na chakula. Mimi na watoto wangu tulipatwa na kipindupindu. Mimi nilichukua siku tatu. Watoto wangu wote mmoja baada ya mwingine walichukua siku nane nane. Madaktari wanajibidiisha sana juu yetu. Baada ya siku kadhaa wanajitokeza na kutuuliza, je mnafanya juhudi tulizowaambia?”Leila Abrar ni Mshauri katika UNICEF anayehusika na mabadiliko ya tabia katika jamii anasema, "kiwango cha ufahamu ni cha juu zaidi kuliko tulipokuwa tunaanza uelimishaji. Na pia tunaambiwa kuwa kiwango cha unawaji mikono kimeongezeka. Mabadiliko ya kijamii na tabia kwa kweli yanahusu kushirikisha jamii, kuwezesha jamii.

gospel song,health talk,sermon.

Finał 4. sezonu Letniej Akademii Młodych Umysłów! Udało się odpowiedzieć na 97 pytań (z 276 nadesłanych) 97 Młodych Umysłów (spośród 140). W odcinkach wystąpiło  39 osób – naukowców, naukowczyń, ale też praktyków. Dziękuję! A przed Wami odcinek na koniec lata. Motywem przewodnim: człowiek i cywilizacja

Send us a textImagine a city where you can walk amongst skyscrapers one moment and spot a giraffe the next. Our guest, Vincent, fresh from a two-month adventure in Nairobi, takes us on an extraordinary journey through Kenya, sharing firsthand experiences from his upbringing near Lake Victoria to his current life in the Bay Area. We explore Kenya's diverse tribes and educational system, and the unique blend of English and Kiswahili that colors daily conversations.This episode shines a light on Kenya's rich cultural traditions and culinary delights, especially during Christmas. Discover how Kenyans celebrate the festive season with grand feasts and family gatherings, rather than focusing on gift-giving. We also discuss the regional culinary treats you can't miss, from succulent tilapia to the freshest coastal seafood. And if you're a travel enthusiast, our guest's tips on the best times to visit Mombasa, Lamu, and Malindi will be invaluable.Finally, we delve into the vibrant sports culture and cosmopolitan lifestyle of modern Nairobi. Learn about the city's affordability compared to places like the Bay Area, the innovative mobile payment system M-Pesa, and the must-visit spots like Nairobi National Park and the Masai Mara National Reserve. Plus, get a taste of Kenya's sweet side with desserts like mandazi and mahamri, and explore the nation's music traditions that range from the ancient Nyatiti to contemporary Afrobeats. Tune in for a rich, multifaceted look at Kenyan life, culture, and travel that promises to both inform and inspire.Map of KenyaSupport the showPlease download, like, subscribe, share a review, and follow us on your favorite podcasts app and connect with us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/wherenextpodcast/View all listening options: https://wherenextpodcast.buzzsprout.com/HostsCarol Springer: https://www.instagram.com/carol.work.lifeKristen: https://www.instagram.com/team_wake/ If you can, please support the show or you can buy us a coffee.

Witajcie Młode Umysły!

Dotting East Africa's Swahili coast, Zanzibar, Lamu and Mombasa are synonymous with pristine waters and white sandy beaches. But many tourists are unaware that these UNESCO World Heritage Sites were the scene of a gruesome chapter in history. For centuries, the Swahili coast was central to the slave trade. 

Zanzibar, Lamu, Mombasa... trois noms qui font rêver, synonymes d'îles exotiques et de plages de sable blanc. Mais nombre de touristes venus en Afrique de l'Est ignorent qu'elles ont été le théâtre d'une histoire dramatique et méconnue : pendant des siècles, la côte swahilie a été au cœur du trafic des esclaves.

Witajcie Młode Umysły! LAMU na posterunku…. W tym odcinku stawiacie pytania o fizykę kwantową, teleportację, o matematykę, o czas, o codzienne obserwacje związane z pewną znaną cieczą… wodą. Uwaga! To odcinek, od którego paruje mózg!⏳ Czy dziesięć minut to długo czy krótko? Przemek, 4 lata♾️ Co się dzieje w nieskończoność albo co można robić w nieskończoność? Józio, 6 lat

Drogie Młode Umysły! Oto odcinek pod hasłem: chemia i życie codzienne. Moc świetnych pytań i nie mniej świetnych odpowiedzi. Zapraszam!Dlaczego galaretka z kiwi i ananasem nie tężeje? Ula, 7 latCzemu sól roztapia lód? Wiktor, 6 latOdpowiada prof. Katarzyna Siuzdak, Science Mission  Dlaczego proch wybucha? Dominik, 7 latOdpowiada dr Katarzyna Grochowska, Science Mission  Jak wydaje dźwięk ukulele, gitara lub skrzypce? Ala, 6 latOdpowiada dr Aleksander Bogucki, fizyk i muzyk, Wydział Fizyki Uniwersytet Warszawski   Jak powstają smaki? Dlaczego pieprz jest ostry, a cytryna kwaśna? Matylda, 7 latDlaczego cukier jest słodki? Wiktoria, 6 latDlaczego nożyczki tną? Tosia, 7 latOdpowiada dr Ula Koss-Wierzbicka, chemiczka, członkini Stowarzyszenia Rzecznicy NaukiW jaki sposób powstają diamenty i czy ludzie są w stanie produkować diamenty? Adam, 9 latProf. Robert Bogdanowicz, Kierownik Laboratorium Syntezy Innowacyjnych Materiałów i Elementów. Politechnika Gdańska

To odcinek o Was! O naszych ciałach i umysłach… Przyjrzymy się skórze, żołądkowi i naszym emocjom. A także zajrzymy do brzucha mamy i spróbujemy sobie przypomnieć, jak to było, kiedy byliśmy w środku!

Drogie Młode Umysły!Przed Wami soczysty odcinek, pełen informacji zaskakujących i ledwie w głowie się mieszczących. A to wszystko dzięki znakomitym pytaniom!✨ Dlaczego nocne niebo jest czarne, skoro jest tam tyle gwiazd? Wiktor, 7 lat

Drogie Młode Umysły! W tym odcinku Wasze pytania zabierają nas w góry i w głąb Ziemi. Zajmiemy się naszą planetą i geografią. Zapraszam!

Drogie Młode Umysły,w tym odcinku lecimy w kosmos! Dowiemy się, czy to niebezpieczna podróż, co warto w nią zabrać i czy w kosmosie mogą się przydać wrotki? Zapnijcie pasy, ruszamy!

Last time we spoke about the fall of Saipan. General Smith's coordinated attacks on June 27th led to significant progress, with the 4th Marine Division notably advancing. The 27th Division encountered resistance, and casualties rose. By early July, Americans gained ground, pushing toward Marpi Point. Japanese resistance remained fierce, but American forces steadily advanced, capturing strategic positions. The assault on Petosukara was swiftly countered, but intense action unfolded in the Makunsha region. The 3rd Battalion, 24th Marines faced a fierce enemy thrust, with over 200 attackers killed. Facing defeat, General Saito ordered a suicidal assault, resulting in a chaotic and desperate charge. Despite heavy losses, American forces repelled the onslaught. The battle lasted until midday on July 7, with sporadic skirmishes continuing. Efforts to persuade cave occupants to surrender intensified, yet many civilians chose mass suicide. Saipan was declared secured after extensive casualties on both sides.  This episode is the battle of Noemfoor  Welcome to the Pacific War Podcast Week by Week, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about world war two? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on world war two and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel you can find a few videos all the way from the Opium Wars of the 1800's until the end of the Pacific War in 1945.  General MacArthur unleashed a new offensive, seeing General Patrick's troops successfully landed on Noemfoor with little opposition, securing a beachhead. While the 3rd Battalion, 503rd Parachute Regiment was being airdropped on July 4, Colonel Sandlin's 3rd Battalion continued eastward through scattered minefields toward Kornasoren Drome, meeting no resistance. Simultaneously, the 1st Battalion crossed the Kamiri River and occupied Kamiri village without encountering any opposition. Moving out of Kamiri, the American forces followed a southeastern road to a sizable Japanese garden area, where they faced resistance on Hill 201.  The Japanese garden area was about 600 yards long, east and west, and 350 yards across, north to south. The ground was devoid of large trees except for a few atop Hill 201, but thick, secondary jungle growth covered the eastern and southern slopes of the hill, while the rest of the garden area was overgrown with partially cultivated papaya, taro, and cassava, all averaging about eight feet in height. The trail from Kamiri village passed over the southern slope of Hill 201, and 300 yards away, near the eastern edge of the gardens, joined the main road from Kamiri Drome to Namber Drome, located about six miles to the south. Another trail ran along the eastern side of the hill, branching to the north and northwest at the northeastern corner of the low terrain feature. To counter this, a double envelopment tactic was initiated, with Company C seizing Hill 180 to the north while Company B pushed the Japanese southeast over Mission Hill, a lower terrain feature situated southeast of Hill 201. By 15:15, the battalion secured the ground on both flanks of Hill 201 and consolidated around the hilltop for the night, establishing a tight defensive perimeter. At 05:20 on July 5, the Japanese launched an attack along the southern and southeastern sides of the perimeter with mortar support. The American forces responded with a deadly barrage of mortar and artillery fire, driving the enemy back and neutralizing their machine-gun positions. Some Japanese managed to get through the mortar and artillery barrages and continued up the sides of the trail from the south through fire from Company D's machine guns. The enemy found cover behind a low, 150-yard-long log fence which led from the southeast toward the center of the 1st Battalion's defenses. While the fence afforded some protection, the attacking infantrymen were silhouetted as they tried to clamber over the top. The main body of the attacking force therefore kept down behind the fence, trying to crawl along it to the top of the hill. Advancing cautiously, the attackers encountered sustained machine-gun and rifle fire from the defenders atop the hill, as the fence did not extend beyond the outer defenses of the 1st Battalion. The assault quickly deteriorated into a sequence of small suicide charges carried out by groups of three to six Japanese soldiers. The 1st Battalion now sent patrols out over the battlefield. From prisoners it was determined that the attacking force had consisted of 350 to 400 men--the 10th and 12th Companies, 219th Infantry, reinforced by approximately 150 armed Formosan laborers. During the morning over 200 dead Japanese were counted around the 1st Battalion's perimeter, and the number of enemy dead found or enemy wounded captured on subsequent days along trails leading south from the hill indicated that virtually the entire original attacking force had been annihilated.    By 06:30, the skirmish had concluded, with over 200 Japanese casualties tallied. Following this engagement, operations on Noemfoor transitioned into a series of patrol activities as Allied forces extended their dominance over the island and rapidly expanded the airfield facilities. On the morning of July 6, Sandlin's 2nd Battalion executed an amphibious landing on the deserted Namber Drome following a brief naval bombardment. By July 10, intensive patrolling had only encountered small Japanese groups, leading Patrick to conclude that no significant organized enemy presence remained on Noemfoor. To eradicate the remaining opposition, the 503rd Parachute Regiment was dispatched to the island's southern sector while the 158th addressed the northern half. By the end of August, Sandlin's efforts had resulted in the death of 611 Japanese soldiers, the capture of 179, the loss of 6 American lives with 41 wounded, and the liberation of 209 slave laborers.  The Japanese had never brought the Melanesians of Noemfoor entirely under their control, for the natives had either offered a passive resistance or had faded into the interior to live off the land. A few were impressed into service by the Japanese, while others who were captured but still refused to cooperate were executed. The natives greeted the Allied landings with great enthusiasm and came out of hideaways in the hills carrying Dutch flags which they had concealed from the Japanese. Under the direction of the Netherlands Indies Civil Administration, the natives were gradually resettled in their old villages. Late in July the village chiefs gathered in formal council and officially declared war on the Japanese. Thereafter, native cooperation increased. Up to August 31 the natives had captured and brought to Allied outposts more than 50 Japanese and had killed another 50. One tale of horror concerns the Javanese on Noemfoor. According to information gathered by the NICA Detachment, over 3000 Indonesians were shipped to Noemfoor in late 1943, mostly from Soerabaja and other large cities on Java. The shipment included many women and children. The Japanese, without regard to age or sex, put the Javanese to work constructing roads and airfields almost entirely by hand. Little or no clothing, shoes, bedding, or shelter was provided, and the Javanese had to supplement their very inadequate allowance of rations by shifting for themselves. Driven by hunger, many attempted to steal Japanese rations but for their pains were beheaded or hung by their hands or feet until dead. Starvation and disease took a steadily increasing toll. The dead were periodically collected for mass burial, and survivors alleged that many of the sick were buried alive. It was considered probable that not more than 10 or 15 Javanese were killed accidentally by Allied forces. Yet only 403 of the 3000-odd brought from Java were found alive on Noemfoor by August 31.  Meanwhile, Colonel Jones pursued the remnants of Colonel Shimizu's Noemfoor Detachment to Hill 670 in the south. From July 13 to 16, both sides engaged in fierce combat for control of the hill, with the Japanese ultimately managing to evade capture. Contact was reestablished on July 23 near Inasi, but Shimizu eluded capture once more. The primary Japanese force was finally located on August 10 near Hill 380, prompting Jones' 1st and 3rd Battalions to converge in an attempt to trap the enemy. However, on August 15, Shimizu once again evaded capture, slipping away towards Pakriki. Although the Japanese forces were either captured or eliminated by August 17, Shimizu evaded capture or death and remained at large by the operation's conclusion. Jones' forces endured 57 fatalities and 302 injuries, but managed to neutralize over 1100 Japanese soldiers and apprehend approximately 560 individuals, while liberating an additional 194 enslaved laborers. This brings the total casualties for the Battle of Noemfoor to 1730 Japanese casualties, with 740 taken prisoner, and 63 American fatalities, 343 wounded, and 3 missing, alongside the liberation of 403 slave laborers. Transitioning to the developments on the Aitape front post-Operation Persecution, significant changes occurred under General Gill's command starting May 4. The defensive setup in the Aitape region was revamped, and Colonel Howe's 127th Regiment bolstered its eastern positions, with the Nyaparake Force extending patrols to the Danmap River. However, General Nakai's advance forces arrived in early May. Shortly after 2:00am on 14 May, after a short preparation by grenades, light mortars, and light machine guns, 100 to 200 Japanese of the 78th Infantry, 20th Division, attacked from the east against the coastal sector of the perimeter. This assault was broken up by rifle and automatic weapons fire and by lobbing mortar shells to the rear of the advancing enemy group. The Japanese disappeared into the jungle south of the narrow beach. For the next hour Captain Fulmer's mortars placed harassing fire into suspected enemy assembly points east of the small stream. Meanwhile, the eight-man outpost reported that many small parties of Japanese were moving up the beach within 300 yards of the main perimeter and then slipping southward into the jungle. Such maneuvers seemed to presage another attack. The second assault came about 0330, this time against the eastern and southeastern third of the defenses. The Japanese were again beaten back by small arms and mortar fire, but at 5:00am they made a final effort which covered the entire eastern half of the perimeter. This last attack was quickly broken up and the Japanese quieted down. About 7:30am on the 14th, elements of Company A, 127th Infantry, began moving into the forward perimeter to reinforce Captain Fulmer's beleaguered units. The 1st Platoon of Company C and the 81-mm. mortar section also moved forward in preparation for continuing the advance. General Martin took charge of the East Sector on the same day, relocating all troops except the Nyaparake Force to the west bank of the Driniumor River. The East Sector forces were supplied by a variety of methods. Units along the coast were supported directly by small boat from BLUE Beach or by native ration trains moving along the coastal track. Supplies to the Afua area went south from the coast along the Anamo-Afua trail or, later, over the inland track from the Tadji fields through Chinapelli and Palauru. Wheeled transport was impracticable except along short stretches of the coastal track. In early June, when the Japanese ambushed many ration parties which attempted to reach Afua, experiments were made with air supply from the Tadji strips. Breakage and loss were heavy at first, but air supply rapidly became more successful as pilots gained experience and ground troops located good dropping grounds. A dropping ground cleared on the west bank of the Driniumor about 2200 yards north of Afua soon became the principal source of supply for troops in the Afua area. Communications during operations east of the Driniumor were carried out principally by radio, but between units along the river and from the stream back to higher headquarters telephone became the principal means of communication. Keeping the telephone lines in service was a task to which much time and effort had to be devoted. The Japanese continually cut the lines, or American troops and heavy equipment accidentally broke the wires. The enemy often stationed riflemen to cover breaks in the line, thus making repair work dangerous. Usually, it was found less time consuming and less hazardous to string new wire than to attempt to find and repair breaks. As a result, miles of telephone wire soon lined the ground along the trails or was strung along the trees in the Driniumor River area and back to the Tadji perimeter. Despite this adjustment, Nakai escalated pressure, advancing beyond Yakamul by month's end. In response, Gill replaced the Nyaparake Force with the 1st Battalion, 126th Regiment, which swiftly recaptured Yakamul and Parakovio. Despite initial success, Nakai's forces launched a heavy counterattack in early June, reclaiming Yakamul by June 5.   In the meantime, additional Japanese units had been conducting exploratory missions inland against Afua since the beginning of the month. However, Howe's 1st Battalion ultimately succeeded in repelling them. This allowed Martin's forces to establish an outer defensive line along the Driniumor River. From there, they continued forward patrols toward the Japanese lines. While the 41st and 51st Divisions struggled to move personnel and supplies to the forward assembly area, Nakai efficiently organized a counter-reconnaissance screen along Niumen Creek to prevent East Sector troops from gathering intelligence about deployments farther east. On June 20, due to the increasingly dire situation in Western New Guinea, the 18th Army was suddenly transferred from 2nd Area Army control to the direct command of the Southern Army. Although General Terauchi's directive was to execute a "delaying action at strategic positions," General Adachi opted to adhere to his original plans for a westward offensive. He was determined to maximize the effectiveness of his forces while they still possessed fighting capability, aiming to divert as much enemy strength as possible away from the Western New Guinea battlefront. Sensing an imminent heavy enemy assault, Generals Krueger and MacArthur decided to reinforce Aitape with General Cunningham's 112th Cavalry Regiment, arriving on June 27, and Colonel Edward “Ted” Starr's 124th Regiment, expected to arrive in early July. They also expedited the shipment of the 43rd Division from its New Zealand staging area to Aitape, necessitating the establishment of Major-General Charles Hall's 11th Corps. Upon assuming command of the task force on June 29, Hall reorganized his forces and implemented several troop redeployments in preparation for the looming enemy attack. By June 30th, Adachi had completed concentrating his forces in the assembly area. Consequently, he swiftly initiated preparations for launching an attack against the Driniumor River line on July 10th. His strategy involved Colonel Nara Masahiko's 237th Regiment crossing the river and launching an assault westward towards Koronal Creek, and northwest to clear Anamo and other Paup villages. Meanwhile, the 78th and 80th Regiments were tasked with clearing the Afua area and advancing all the way to Chinapelli. Success in this endeavor would pave the way for Japanese units to advance towards the Tadji airstrips. Furthermore, a Coastal Attack Force was designated to carry out a diversionary maneuver along the coast, aiming to engage the enemy and constrain them with artillery fire. In early July, as the Japanese finalized their preparations, Hall and Martin made the decision to dispatch robust patrols east of the Driniumor to the Harech River. However, these patrols were only able to advance as far as Yakamul, where they encountered only the enemy's forward units. Consequently, on July 10th, Hall and Martin ordered the 1st Battalion, 128th Regiment, and the 2nd Squadron, 112th Cavalry to conduct a reconnaissance mission across the Driniumor. Subsequently, the infantry faced significant resistance as they pushed towards Yakamul, while the cavalry's progress was limited to about a mile due to the dense jungle terrain. Despite these efforts yielding disappointing results, a captured Japanese soldier disclosed that their attack was imminent that night. However, this critical piece of information was mistakenly disregarded by the American command, leaving Adachi and Nakai poised to launch their counteroffensive. Around midnight, the assault commenced with the 1st Battalion, 78th Regiment charging across the Driniumor River, facing Company G of the 128th Regiment along a narrow front.  The Japanese attacked in two or three screaming waves, broadening the front after the first assault by throwing in the rest of the 78th Infantry and possibly elements of the 80th Infantry. Japanese reconnaissance had been good--the attackers knew the locations of company and battalion command posts all along the American defenses but not quite good enough. The enemy did not know that Company G had been reinforced during the afternoon of 10 July nor, apparently, had he discovered that the company's front was protected by low barbed wire. The attacks of the 78th Infantry were thrown back with heavy losses. Machine gun and mortar fire from the 2d Battalion, 128th Infantry, accounted for many Japanese, numbers of whom were caught as they tried to cross the barbed wire in front of Company G. According to Japanese sources, the results of American artillery fire were even more disastrous. As soon as the enemy attack had begun, the 120th and 129th Field Artillery Battalions had started firing previously prepared concentrations along the bed and east bank of the Driniumor. The Japanese units in or near the impact areas suffered heavy casualties. The 1st Battalion. 78th Infantry, was quickly reduced from 400 to 30 men, principally as a result of the American artillery fire, which also destroyed large numbers of artillery weapons, machine guns, and mortars. Despite this, the Americans, skillfully backed by artillery support, ultimately repelled them with significant casualties. Following this initial repulse, Martin concluded that a reconnaissance in force was unnecessary and ordered the units involved to retreat behind the Driniumor River. Confusion among many Japanese units, arriving late, had delayed the commencement of the 80th Regiment's attack, which was directed at Company E and was similarly pushed back. But a second wave of attackers, probably comprising the 237th Infantry and heretofore uncommitted elements of the Right Flank Unit, began pouring across the Driniumor toward Company E at approximately 0200. The new attackers overran the company command post and surrounded most of the unit's widely separated strong points. Fighting continued in the company sector for a little while, but the unit could not long withstand the overwhelming enemy pressure. Company organization and communications broke down. Worse still, the troops began to run out of ammunition. A general withdrawal commenced. By 03:00, the Japanese had breached a gap approximately 1300 yards wide in the American lines, physically occupying that territory. Fortunately, the following hours remained relatively calm as the 78th and 80th Regiments regrouped to the south to resume the offensive. This lull enabled Martin to dispatch the 1st Battalion, 128th Regiment to counterattack along the Anamo-Afua trail, aiming to reinforce the 2nd Battalion's positions. Initially encountering no resistance for the first 1500 yards, the Americans were eventually halted by intense enemy fire at 10:30, compelling them to retreat back to Tiver. This fierce opposition convinced Martin that the enemy could advance directly westward with minimal hindrance towards the Tadji strips unless he abandoned the Driniumor River line. He decided to reorganize his forces along the secondary delaying position at the X-ray River-Koronal Creek line, preparing for further counterattacks against the Japanese. Accordingly, while Company F maintained their position along the coast, the 128th Regiment began to fall back towards the creek. Further south, Cunningham opted to withdraw his cavalrymen in two stages, successfully reaching X-ray by midnight. However, communication issues delayed Howe's 3rd Battalion, with most of the unit arriving at the river the following day. A small contingent had to engage in combat with Japanese forces and couldn't reach X-ray until July 13. Despite this, Krueger and Hall disagreed with the decision to abandon the Driniumor, promptly deploying the 124th Regiment for a potential counterattack. Martin, who was instructed to hold his position, was replaced by Gill, assuming direct command of the divided covering force, now split into North and South Forces. However, before the American counterattack could commence, Nara's infantry launched an assault towards Tiver and Koronal Creek on July 12. The 128th Regiment successfully repelled them after a fierce confrontation. Meanwhile, Adachi dispatched the main body of the 41st Division and the reserve 66th Regiment towards the Driniumor, augmenting pressure on the Paup coast. To the south, Nakai's units gathered across the river near Afua and Kwamrgnirk, preparing for a final northward push. Finally, at 07:30 on July 13, the American counteroffensive commenced as the 1st Battalion, 128th Regiment swiftly moved from Tiver to Chakila, only to be ambushed by Japanese artillery. Nevertheless, precise artillery counterfire silenced most of the enemy artillery, enabling the Americans to advance eastward toward the mouth of the Driniumor. Meanwhile, the 124th Regiment under Starr's command advanced southward along the Anamo-Afua trail, facing strong opposition from the 237th Regiment. Despite encountering resistance, they managed to reach the river, although still positioned considerably north of their designated centerline. Cunningham's South Force began its eastward movement from the X-ray River at 10:00, successfully overcoming enemy positions along several stream crossings to reach the Driniumor near Afua. Consequently, all original crossing points on the Driniumor fell to the Allied forces, isolating the 20th Division and the 237th Regiment several miles west of the river's bank. By nightfall, Nara had regrouped his 237th Regiment for another assault on the 2nd Battalion, 128th Regiment. Company E demonstrated its combat effectiveness by holding firm and repelling the Japanese forces, with the rest of the battalion successfully defending against subsequent small-scale attacks, marking the conclusion of Nara's offensive actions. The following morning, Gill's forces consolidated their defensive positions along the reformed river line, albeit with a 1500-yard gap remaining in the center. Yet this all for today with Noemfoor as we now need to head over to the India-Burma theater. The final phase was coming for the Battle of Imphal. By the start of July, the reopening of the Imphal–Kohima Road facilitated the resupply of the 4th Corps, enabling them to launch an offensive against the fatigued and under-resourced troops under General Mutaguchi's command. Additionally, three brigades from General Stopford's 33rd Corps advanced from the north, swiftly joining General Gracey's 20th Division in an endeavor to reopen the Ukhrul Road. Under intense pressure, General Yamauchi's battered 15th Division units hastily abandoned Tongou and Sokpao, leading to the 80th Brigade occupying Lamu by July 2. The next day, the ailing general, who had long fallen out of favor with Mutaguchi, was carried from the battlefield on a stretcher and later died in a hospital at Maymyo. Lieutenant-General Shibata Uichi replaced him and promptly prepared the 51st and 67th Regiments to retreat. To cover their withdrawal, the newly arrived and utterly exhausted 60th Regiment was tasked with attacking towards Lamu, while General Miyazaki's troops assembled behind Ukhrul. However, the 60th Regiment was so weakened that its attacks were easily repelled, and the 67th Regiment retreated in disorder, leaving the 51st encircled. On July 8, Colonel Omoto's troops fiercely broke through the encirclement in three columns, allowing Stopford's brigades to finally overcome Japanese resistance at Ukhrul and capture the town. This forced Shibata to regroup his forces along a new line from Lungshong through Sangshak to Sakok, ultimately enabling the British-Indian forces to reopen the Ukhrul Road by July 10. With both supply roads reopened, the arrival of Stopford's brigades from the north, and the Japanese forces nearly routed, General Slim decided it was time to go on the offensive. Slim's plan involved the 33rd Corps taking over the Shenam Saddle and the Tamu–Palel Road while the 4th Corps cleared the Japanese from the Silchar Track and the Tiddim Road. On the other hand, Mutaguchi was still planning a combined attack on the Palel area involving the 15th Division, remnants of the 31st Division, and some units from the 33rd Division. Although he issued an attack order, the divisions were too battered to comply. The overall situation of the 15th Army went from bad to worse and the only hope remaining was to rally the 31st at Humine, give the troops a few days rest and then, after a reorganization, to dispatch them to the northern flank of the Yamamoto Detachment to capture Palel. In early July the 31st Division was concentrated in the area east of Myothit but discipline had disintegrated to the point that the Division could scarcely be termed a combat force. The Torikai Unit was organized with the 138th Infantry Regiment (less one battalion); the 2d Battalion, 124th Infantry Regiment and one artillery battalion to reinforce the Yamamoto Detachment. At the same time,the 15th Army ordered the 33rd Division to attack Palel from the south with the 214th Infantry Regiment. The newly formed Torikai' Unit, however, failed to join the Yamamoto Detachment and the order for the 33rd to attack Palel was never carried out. Consequently, on July 9, General Kawabe had no choice but to order preparations for a withdrawal to a line connecting the Zibyu Mountains, Mawlaik, Kalewa, and Gangaw. Mutaguchi intended to begin the retreat on July 16, directing the 15th Division towards Sittaung, the 31st Division to Thaungdut, and the 33rd Division to Tiddim, while the Yamamoto Detachment would hold the Shenam Saddle until July 24 and then retreat to the Kuntaung-Moreh line to cover the main Army's withdrawal from the Kabaw Valley.   On the southwest front, General Tanaka's forces had already started retreating from the Bishenpur area, leaving a small covering force at Ningthoukhong to prevent a pursuit by the 17th Division. As a result, General Cowan's brigades made limited progress against the stubborn rearguard, ultimately securing Ningthoukhong on July 16 after heavy bombardment, coinciding with Mutaguchi's general withdrawal. By the middle of July, Japanese resistance centered on Ningthoukhong Kha Khunou. A small hamlet about 300 meters wide and 500 meters long, it lay to the immediate south of Ningthoukhong. Despite probing attacks by the 48th Indian Brigade's infantry and artillery firing on their defenses, the Japanese held on. Finally, in the early hours of 16 July, this small space was subjected to what some describe as one of the heaviest artillery concentrations yet in the Burma Campaign; in the space of an hour, approximately 9,000 shells were fired on Ningthoukhong Kha Khunou. Fortunately for the Japanese, they had withdrawn from the village just before the shelling began. By the time it ended, the village had been completely flattened and was pockmarked with waterlogged craters. And so the last Japanese stronghold in the Imphal Valley was taken. The 63rd Indian Brigade also reached and occupied the Laimanai area around the same time. The 5th Indian Division, the other division in the reconstituted IV Corps, now took over and commenced the chase of the Japanese 33rd Division down the road towards Tiddim.  The 5th Division, now led by Major-General Geoffrey Evans, continued the pursuit while Stopford's brigades harassed the disordered retreat of the 15th and 31st Divisions. Despite their efforts, the 15th and 31st Divisions reached Thaungdut by early August, and the 33rd Division managed to assemble around Chikha by mid-August, under significant pressure and the serious threat of having their withdrawal route cut off. The 33rd Division distinguished itself by displaying almost superhuman fighting power and repeatedly launched counterattacks against the pursuing British-Indian 5th Division. The Yamamoto Detachment, however, had failed to cover the Yazagyo area and, in mid-August the 33rd Division found itself the vicinity of Chikha facing the serious threat of having its route of withdrawal cut by the enemy which was infiltrating into the Yazagyo area from Moreh and Shuganu through the Kabaw Valley. On the south-eastern approach to Imphal, the two armies continued to face each other on the Shenam Saddle. Yamamoto Force remained in place on these heights and the front line was still on Scraggy. It was in the second half of July that a final, concerted effort was made to evict Yamamoto Force and push it down the Tamu–Palel Road towards the India–Burma frontier. Led by the 23rd Indian Division , the operation involved five brigades in a three-pronged attack. The central thrust was by the 37th Indian Brigade on the Shenam Saddle, with the support of all available artillery and tanks; the 5th British Brigade was deployed behind it and readied to provide assistance. D-day was to be 24 July. The 1st Indian Brigade was sent through the hills on the right, to arrive behind the saddle. The two were to push the Japanese back on the road. It was hoped their withdrawal route would be cut by the 49th Indian Brigade, which would arrive on the road after looping in from the far left; the 268th Indian Brigade would be to its left, protecting its flank.    Before the Japanese could retreat, the 49th Brigade had cut off General Yamamoto's withdrawal route by looping in from the far left. However, Mutaguchi had sent Colonel Sato Genpachi's reserve 61st Regiment to Tamu, which quickly counterattacked and reopened the route. Consequently, Yamamoto withdrew to Moreh, allowing Roberts to swiftly capture Nippon Hill and Scraggy. Within two days, the 23rd Division advanced down the road, forcing the Yamamoto Detachment to retreat toward Mawlaik on July 30. This marked the end of the Battle of Imphal and Operation U-Go, the Japanese Army's largest land defeat. Estimates vary, but about 30,000 Japanese soldiers died and 23,000 were injured during the operation, including 6,000 killed at Kohima and 16,000 at Imphal. Additionally, the INA lost about 2,000 dead and 2,000 wounded. On the other hand, the British-Indians suffered 16,000 casualties, with over 12,000 at Imphal. Though Mutaguchi's plan was initially effective and nearly succeeded in capturing Imphal, he underestimated the enemy's ability to resist his troops and quickly bring reinforcements. Slim's overall strategy for Imphal succeeded, as the Japanese overextended themselves from the Chindwin River to the Imphal Valley, just as he had predicted. A crucial factor in the British-Indian success was the air support, which kept the 14th Army supplied despite the road to Kohima being cut off. Ultimately, in an attempt to thwart a potential British-Indian advance into Burma, Mutaguchi's 15th Army was utterly decimated by the failed attempt to capture Imphal. This failure allowed Slim to seize the moment and launch a rapid offensive into Burma, countering the Japanese U-Go plan. The Allies thus gained the upper hand, marking the beginning of the end for Japanese control over Burma. As a final note for this week by late July, Admiral Somerville executed Operation Crimson, a coordinated naval and air assault on Japanese airfields in Sabang, Lhoknga, and Kutaraja. Departing Trincomalee on July 22, Somerville's Task Force 62, comprising two carriers and four battleships, arrived off Sabang on the morning of July 25, ready to commence the bombardment. On 5th July 1944 the carriers Victorious and Indomitable arrived in Colombo. The former sailed with Illustrious on 22 July for Operation ‘Crimson', a bombardment of Sabang by the battleships over which the carrier-borne aircraft were to provide cover and take photographs of the damage. Illustrious embarked the same aircraft as before with Victorious for a total of thirty-nine Corsairs; together they comprised 47 Naval Fighter Wing commanded by Lieutenant Commander Turnbull. The force assembled for the operation was designated TF 62 and the carriers were supported by Queen Elizabeth, Valiant, Renown, Richelieu, Nigeria, Kenya, Gambia, Ceylon, Cumberland, Phoebe, Tromp, Relentless, Rotherham, Racehorse, Raider, Roebuck, Rocket, Rapid, Quilliam, Quality and Quickmatch. The submarines Templar and Tantalus were deployed to ASR positions. The carriers operated only thirty-five miles north of Sabang, not far from the battleships, which approached their bombardment positions at 06:40. The initial launch was planned for thirty-three minutes before sunrise but this proved to be too early as the morning was exceptionally dark and the launch was delayed for five minutes. Even then it was too early and the form-up was clumsy and slow, delaying departure. The fighters were briefed to attack Sabang, Lho Nga and Kotaraja airfields but 1838 NAS made a bad landfall since maps lacked detail and no photographs were available. When the target airfields were found it was still too dark for accurate strafing but the enemy was alert and opened fire as soon as aircraft came within range. To aircrew accustomed to the excellent intelligence material by then available in the Home Fleet, this caused concern and it had to be accepted that it was difficult to obtain good targets without losing the element of surprise. At very low level on a dark morning, flying at 400 knots with flashes from antiaircraft gunfire all around, camouflaged aircraft in revetments were inconspicuous and the strafing runs were not a success. One Corsair was shot down but the pilot was rescued. Concurrently, the battleships targeted harbor facilities and military barracks at Sabang, while cruisers and destroyers shelled radar and wireless stations and engaged enemy shore batteries. After the main bombardment, the destroyers Tromp, Quality, Quickmatch, and Quilliam entered Sabang harbor, attacking Japanese positions and launching torpedoes, sustaining light damage from return fire. On the return journey, two enemy reconnaissance aircraft were intercepted and shot down by fighters. Additionally, ten Zeros attacked Somerville's convoy but were intercepted by 13 Corsairs, leading to two Zeros being shot down and another two damageFollowing this engagement, British pilots noted that the Japanese airmen were not as proficient as they had been in 1942.  Although Operation Crimson's outcomes were not spectacular, Somerville's final offensive was still deemed successful enough. Due to health concerns, he was subsequently transferred to diplomatic duties at Admiral Mountbatten's request. Currently, Admiral Mountbatten was moving toward a complete rearrangement of the higher officers in SEAC. From the time of his arrival in the Far East, he had had trouble with his three commanders in chief. When the Imphal crisis arose, Mountbatten was dissatisfied with General Giffard's conduct of operations, and when he later found Giffard taking what Mountbatten considered a highly negative approach toward an aggressive conduct of operations he resolved to ask for Giffard's relief. Mountbatten's relations with Admiral Somerville had been equally difficult. Somerville had refused to treat him as a Supreme Commander and in Mountbatten's opinion tried to make him simply the chairman of a commanders-in-chief committee. As for the RAF commander, Air Chief Marshal Peirse, Mountbatten was not seeking his relief because he did not wish to change all of his principal subordinates simultaneously. After his relief, Somerville was placed in charge of the British naval delegation in Washington DC in October 1944 where he managed—to the surprise of almost everyone—to get on very well with the notoriously abrasive and anti-British Admiral Ernest King, the United States' Chief of Naval Operations. I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. The Battle of Noemfoor was just getting started, seeing General Douglas MacArthur not giving the Japanese a moment to catch their breath. Meanwhile the battle for Imphal was finally coming to a bitter end as Mutaguchi's megalomaniac operation was clearly a disaster.

Witajcie, Młode Umysły! Jest lato, jest LAMU. Zaczynamy sezon czwarty. Przysłaliście blisko 300 pytań! W tym odcinku zebrałam te o prehistorycznych, tajemniczych i oryginalnych istotach. Zapraszam!00:53 Jakie było największe zwierzę w historii świata? Tadeusz, 5 lat04:20 Dlaczego w Polsce było mało dinozaurów? Zosia, 4 lata6:26 Czy T-rex mógłby się zakumplować z brontozaurem? Krzyś, 4 lataOdpowiada dr Daniel Tyborowski, paleobiolog9:06 Czy istnieje potwór z Loch Ness? Zuzia, 6 lat oraz Franio, 7 latOdpowiada prof. Marcin Machalski, Instytut Paleobiologii PAN (nagranie w Muzeum Ewolucji PAN, w PKiN)15:49 Skąd w ośmiornicach bierze się atrament? Natalia, 8 lat19:05 Czy to prawda, że ośmiornica ma dziewięć mózgów? Matylda, 5 i pół rokuOdpowiada Mirela Król, Sekcja Badań Podwodnych, Uniwersytet Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu23:42 Czy żółw oddycha pod wodą? Natalka, 5 lat25:04 Dlaczego żółwie są takie wolne? Michał, 6 lat26:53 Dlaczego żółwie tak długo żyją? Filip, 5 latOdpowiada Radosław Olszewski z Zespołu ds. Ochrony Przyrody i Zasobów Kulturowych Poleskiego Parku Narodowego (gdzie żyją jedyne w Polsce  żółwie – żółwie błotne)LAMU powstaje dzięki społeczności Słuchaczek i Słuchaczy, którzy wspierają Radio Naukowe na https://patronite.pl/radionaukowe. Zapraszamy do dołączenia

Iegūstot vērtīgus izrakteņus no Zemes dzīlēm, kā blakusprodukts dažkārt nāk arī šis tas nevēlams, piemēram, radioaktīvais vai ķīmiskais piesārņojums. Kādas ir iespaidīgākās raktuves pasaulē un kāda ir šo vietu ģeoloģija? Kādus vides riskus var radīt šīs vietas, kad tiek iegūti vērtīgi izrakteņi no kilometriem dziļām dzīlēm? Par zināmo, nezināmo, vēlamo un nevēlamo derīgo izrakteņu ieguvēm raidījumā Zināmais nezināmajā sarunā ar Latvijas Universitātes Ķīmiskās fizikas institūta vadošo pētnieci Guntu Ķizāni un Latvijas Universitātes Ģeogrāfijas un Zemes zinātņu fakultātes Ģeoloģijas nodaļas asociēto profesoru Ģirtu Stinkuli. Dziļas šahtas pazemē, lai, piemēram, iegūtu ogles, noteikti nav vieglākais darbs fiziskā ziņā, un tas arī nav drošākais. Iespējams, būs gadījies dzirdēt visai biedējošus un patiesus stāstus par negadījumiem, kas piedzīvoti darbos raktuvēs, kur var veidoties gan eksplozijas, gan nogruvumi. Iespaidojoties arī no neseniem notikumiem pasaulē, runājam par to, kā dabas stihijas var radīt radioaktīvu elementu, piemēram, urāna, noplūdi no raktuvēm. Mērām radioaktīvitāti arī radio studijā.

Last time we spoke about the remarkable success of Operation Reckless and Persecution.  Colonel Oliver Newman led the drive towards Hollandia's airfields, encountering scattered opposition and discovering large undefended Japanese supply dumps. General MacArthur was forced to postpone future plans until May 21st. Meanwhile, Allied submarine interceptions disrupted IJN troop movements, and Task Force 58's airstrikes neutralized Truk. Within Burma, General Stilwell's offensive faced challenges from Japanese resistance and heavy monsoon rains. Despite setbacks, the 22nd Division aimed to capture Inkangahtawng while Chinese forces engaged the enemy along various fronts. Chindits continued Operation Thursday, facing logistical hurdles and Japanese attacks. Colonel Kinnison's Marauders encountered strong resistance near Tingkrukawng, while Colonel Hunter's force successfully surprised the Japanese at Myitkyina.  This episode is the Japanese Defeat at Imphal and Kohima Welcome to the Pacific War Podcast Week by Week, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about world war two? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on world war two and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel you can find a few videos all the way from the Opium Wars of the 1800's until the end of the Pacific War in 1945.  We are jumping right back into the heat of General Mutaguchi's insane Operation U-Go. Poor General Yamauchi after suffering a devastating defeat at Nungshigum, was now facing allied tanks he simply had no answer for. Yamauchi ordered his men to dig in around Sendgmai and Kanglatongbi, basically so they would at least be hung around the Kohima-Imphal road. The allies answer to this was 6000 sorties, dropping 1000 bombs in the sector. It was a tremendous amount of damage, but the Japanese did benefit from bunkers. Yamauchi's 15th Division due north of Imphal were now being contained successfully, allowing General Briggs and Roberts to initiate their own counter offensives by the end of April. Simultaneously the 33rd Division was struggling to advance upon Bishenpur and the Shenam Saddle; over at Kohima, General Sato's 31st Division was reluctantly falling onto the defensive as the looming threat of a full British-Indian counteroffensive was dawning upon them. Imphal was still facing a grave threat from the Japanese along the Tiddim Road. Mutaguchi was personally directing the 33rd Divisions actions around Bishenpur at this time. Mutaguchi planned a three-pronged attack, one prong along the Tiddim Road, another down south from the Silchar Track by the 215th Regiment and a lastly from the north by the 214th Regiment. For the assault the 33rd Division received reinforcements in the form of the 14th Tank Regiment; the 2nd Battalion, 18th Heavy Field Artillery Regiment; and the 1st Anti-Tank Battalion from the Yamamoto Detachment. In late May they would also be receiving the 151st regiment and the 14th Tank regiment, amongst other units. This of course meant other units like the Yamamoto Detachment were being deprived of men, thus they in turn would be reinforced. The Yamamoto Detachment received the 2nd battalion, 51st regiment who were previously engaged with the Chindits at Indaw. They would arrive at Kampang after the fall of Crete West. Now in preparation for Mutaguchis renewed offensive the IJA would be tossing aircraft against the Gun Box in Bsihenpur. The Japanese Army Air Force made four air raids on the Gun Box position in Bishenpur in the first ten days of May. There was good reason for this, for at Gun Box the 32nd Indian Brigade had concentrated its artillery support. This included four 3.7in. howitzers, eight 25-pdrs, six 6-pdrs and three A/A guns. From here the guns were able to support the infantry's actions both on and around the Silchar Track, as well as the villages on the Tiddim Road such as Potsangbam. The Japanese heavy field artillery was at Khoirentak. The 215th regiment meanwhile performed some preliminary attacks against the positions at Ngarangial. Attacks began in early May against positions between Wireless Hill and Ngarangial, with two battalions attacking from the north and one from the south. The enemy, in strong positions, withstood a series of attacks which continued until the middle of May. While Mutaguchi waited for reinforcements to arrive so he could renew his southern offensive, Generals Yamamoto and Gracey were slugging it out for control over Crete West. The extremely exhausted 3rd battalion, 213 Regiment finally made a break through against the Lynch Pimple on the 8th,  forcing the 80th Brigade to evacuate Crete West two days later. On the night of the 10th, Yamamoto launched his first attacks against Scraggy Hill, which was extensively shelled, followed by a massive infantry assault: in classic style, wave upon wave of Japanese soldiers crashed on Scraggy, overwhelming its forward defenses. A point was finally reached in the night when the British battalion commander on Scraggy felt that the hill would fall unless supporting artillery fire was directed on his own positions. This was called in and the Japanese advance finally halted on the morning of 11th. But parts of Scraggy were now under the control of Yamamoto Force, which dug in. General Scoones reacted by relieving the exhausted 20th Division with the fresher 23rd Division of General Roberts. The new arrivals were shocked to see the conditions on the forward positions of the Shenam Saddle. Scraggy stood out. The Japanese were on part of the hill, while the rest of it was under British control. Trenches and bunkers covered the feature; in places, mere meters separated the two sides' front trenches. Bits of body parts of soldiers lay everywhere and a terrible stench covered the hillside. Now Cowan was planning a counter to Mutaguchis incoming offensive. He planned for an anvil and hammer maneuver; the hammer would be the 63rd Indian Brigade recently relieved from Sekmai in the first week of May by the 89th Indian Brigade. They would push down from Bishenpur towards Potsangbam, Ningthoukhong and even further south while the 48th Brigade established a roadblock on the Tiddim Road around Torbung, deep behind enemy lines. Cowan hoped to crush the 33rd Division along the road between his hammer and anvil while also cutting off the incoming Japanese reinforcements. Thus Brigadier Ronald Cameron's 48th Brigade stealthily advanced south along the eastern shore of Lake Loktak, crossed the Manipur River at Shuganu. It was a long grueling march. Simultaneously, Brigadier Guy Burton's 63rd Brigade advanced south against Potsangbam on the 10th. In their frustrated push southwards on the Tiddim Road, Burton's men had to deal first with the determined Japanese defense of Potsangbam. Burton took over on the 9th from Mackenzie's 32nd Indian Brigade, which had gained a foothold in the village the day before and was now to give its full attention to the Silchar Track. The 63rd Indian Brigade put in a first attack on Potsangbam on 10th. This involved two Gurkha battalions, each supported by a troop of tanks from the 3rd Carabiniers. The area they targeted was the main part of the village east of the Tiddim Road. The initial full frontal attacks failed to make much progress. Burton then changed tack against the Japanese, who had withdrawn to their main defenses south of the Potsangbam turel. He called for a heavy artillery bombardment from the same direction as before in the northern half of Potsangbam to make it appear that he was repeating the previous line of attack. Except this time he instructed one of his battalions to pass secretly behind the other and make for the area to the immediate east of the road. The move worked and the road through the village and its immediate vicinity were captured by the 15th. The Tiddim Road through Potsangbam was now open, although the Japanese still held on in parts of the village. But it had all taken much longer than expected. While the anvil at Torbung was about to be put in place, the hammer had only inched forward. After a long and difficult march, the brigade arrived near Torbung in mid-May. The roadblock was set up on 17th where three nullahs crossed the road near Milestone 33. To the east were several low-lying hills where brigade headquarters was established, centered on one called Point 3404. The sluggish Khuga River flowed between the hills and the road. In the Torbung sector, the Americas surprised Lt. Colonel Matsuki of the 33rd Supply Regiment, who was given the mission of reopening the line of communications using whatever troops were available in the immediate area. A composite company from the 33rd Supply Regiment, which had been deployed in the Mountainous area west of Churachandpur, held Hill 4358 against several enemy attacks. On the night of 17th, approximately 100 men of the 33rd Supply Regiment were gathered from rear elements to make the first attack on the roadblock. The attacking group was mounted on trucks and the leaders miscalculating the location of the enemy position drove squarely up to the roadblock and the entire attacking unit was virtually annihilated. Mutaguchi reacted furiously to this by unleashing artillery fire upon Point 3404 and the roadblock from the surrounding hills. Cameron's guns responded with retaliatory fire. Simultaneously Mutaguchi tossed his 1st battalion, 67th regiment against the Torbung roadblock, but Cameron's men held on inflicting tremendous casualties against the Japanese. Meanwhile Burton unleashed an attack against the hills immediately west of the road in the hopes of cutting off the supply line of the 214th and 215th Regiments. The 63rd rigade set off on 18th; the next day it had captured the villages of Tokpa Khul and Kha Aimol, and near them Three Pimple Hill and OP Hill respectively. This directly threatened the 33rd Divisions HQ at Laimanai. Mutaguchi reacted by abandoning the assaults from the west and south, and redirected the 215th Regiment to deal with Burton's 63rd division. All three of Sasahara's battalions were thrown into the counterattack, the first of which went in on the 20th. Another major assault was made two days later; both were driven off. The Japanese lost over 110 men. But they persisted and put in further attacks over the next week, frustrating any further movement southwards for the 63rd Indian Brigade. The Japanese failed to clear Burton's position, their relentless attacks would completely pin down the 63rd Brigade, thus preventing any further movement southwards.  Now at this point the 32nd Brigade had managed to recapture Wireless Hill, prompting Mutaguchi to abandon Potsangbam by the 24th. The 4th Independent Engineer Regiment and 2nd battalion, 213th Regiment fell back to Ningthoukhong. Mutaguchi then tossed another battalion to help out in the attack against Burton's 63rd division. Without further support of the hammer, Cameron's anvil force had to repel a coordinated tank-infantry attack on the 21st and again on the 23rd. The 2nd Battalion, 154th Infantry Regiment and a composite company from the 14th Tank Regiment attacked on the 21st and again on the 23rd but were not only unsuccessful in dislodging the enemy, but also suffered extremely heavy losses. Two tanks were destroyed during these attacks. Though the anvil held firm, Burton's failed attempts to continue the push south would ultimately force Cameron to abandon the roadblock and head back.  On May 24th, the 48th Brigade was fighting through Bishenpur heading up the road finally linking up with the other brigade around Potsangbam. Thus the Torbung roadblock was an enormous success for Cowan, his men had inflicted 500 casualties and disrupted Mutaguchi's plan completely. Now Mutaguchi chose to go ahead with only part of his original plan, the attack from the north that would be carried out by Colonel Sakuma Takayoshi's 214th regiment. To oversee the Bishenpur offensive,  Major-General Tanaka Nobuo was appointed in command of the 33rd Division. Leaving Bungte on the night of the 19th, Sakuma's 1st battalion advanced south to attack Bishenpur from the north, while the 2nd battalion moved north from Wainen and attacked Hill 2926. Yet as they tried to storm Point 2926, they were beaten off by a platoon of the 7/10th Baluchs. Failing to take the peak, they captured the southern part of the feature and parts of the adjacent Maibam village. The 1st battalion proceeded with their assault against Bishenpur targeting the area at the northern end of the village, near the junction between the Tiddim Road and the Silchar Track. This is also the area where the Gun Box was. Once they had managed to infiltrate the road junction area, however, the Japanese were repeatedly counter-attacked in the next few days, British tanks firing on their positions at close range. Without any anti-tank guns and the British tanks firing on their positions at close range, they were ultimately wiped out.  Back over with the 2nd Battalion, they had successfully captured Maibam village and Hill 2926, very close to Cowan's headquarters, so the British would have to direct several reinforcements to lay siege on these enemy positions. Early on the 26th, Sakuma directed a composite company to launch a last charge on Bishenpur from the north, but this attack would also end in failure. Cowan then directed the brigade-strength Woodforce to evict the Japanese from Hill 2926.  Woodforce consisted of the 50th Indian Parachute Brigade's HQ, commanded by Brigadier Woods and was a composite force of tanks, artillery, sappers and infantry. Taking over the front on the 26th, Woodforce mounted robust counter-attacks over the next two days, finally overcoming all opposition and recapturing the hill and Maibam by the 29th. With most of the 33rd Division fighting to reopen the Tiddim road at Torbung, Sakuma's 214th Regiment was left to extricate itself as best it could. But the fall of the Torbung roadblock on the 24th also allowed Mutaguchi's reinforcements to finally reinforce Ningthoukong in preparation for an attack on Potsangbam.  At this point, the balance of power had shifted very definitely to the allies. Sakuma's early success at Hill 2926 was the closest any Japanese would get to Imphal from the south. Meanwhile General Yamamoto's attacks against the Shenam Saddle resumed on the 20th, with his men rushing the crest of Scraggy in waves throwing gelignite bombs and grenades, but ultimately getting pushed back each time. Meanwhile the 2nd battalion, 51st regiment and 1st battalion, 60th regiment began an attack against Gibraltar, a very steep hill along the saddle. Their initial attacks were repelled easily, but on the night of the 23rd they managed to gain a foothold on Gibraltar's crest and this in effect cut off the 37th Indian brigade at Malta and Scraggy. With the Fourteenth Army units on Malta and Scraggy cut off, the fate of the entire Shenam Saddle now hung in the balance, but the very next day the hill was recovered by a counter-attack led by the 5/6th Rajputana Rifles and 3/10th Gurkha Rifles. Gibraltar would be the farthest the Japanese would be able to advance on the Shenam Saddle and the closest they came to breaking through; and from then on, a stalemate developed with neither side making any important moves. After the Japanese had been evicted from Gibraltar on the 24th, they did not follow up with another major attempt to push through the Shenam Saddle for a fortnight. But there was never really a quiet moment on these heights. Sniper fire was ever-present, as was the booming of artillery guns. The situation was the worst on Scraggy, where both sides continued to maintain their respective positions. The British and Indian units here would be fired on from Nippon Hill, besides being subjected to rifle fire, mortaring and grenade attacks from Scraggy itself. To the north, General Brigg's resumed his counteroffensive against Molvom, tossing his 9th Brigade into a series of attacks against the Japanese held Hump. The infantry put in several attacks against the Hump, suffering increasing casualties. The men of the 3/14th Punjabis attacked Hump at least half a dozen times that month. Despite it all, the Japanese were still found in their bunkers at the end of May. Sited on the reverse slopes of Hump, their bunkers were difficult to target by guns firing from the other side. Even when they were hit, they were so solidly built that they suffered little damage. The defenders of Hump would wait until the 3/14th Punjabis neared the crest; they would then let loose a barrage of machine-gun fire and grenade attacks. Attack after attack had to be called off in the face of such furious resistance. Though heavy artillery and mortar fire and repeated air strikes were called in on it, the tenacious Japanese defenders would successfully repel all British-Indian attacks throughout early May.  On the other side, realizing the vital need for artillery support, General Yamauchi decided to bring to the front the field guns that had been left east of the Chindwin River. He also was reinforced with the 2nd Battalion, 67th Regiment, which would seize Lamu on May 10th, securing the rear of the 15th Division. On the 15th, thanks to the timely arrival of the 89th and 123rd Brigades, Briggs was able to renew his assaults in front of Sekmai with greater intensity, finally clearing Kanglatongbi and the hills to the immediate east six days later.  Colonel Matsumura responded by creating new defensive positions around Modbung. As the month came to a close, Briggs decided to concentrate both his division's brigades on the Imphal–Kohima Road. The 9th Indian Brigade was to be brought on to the road, swapping places with the 89th Indian Brigade, which would move to the Iril River Valley. The opening of the Imphal–Kohima Road was a far greater priority than clearing the Mapao– Molvom Range. The Japanese defenders of the latter would be left where they had hung on for weeks. In any case, the opening of the road was likely to encourage them much more to leave than any direct attacks on their positions.  On May 15th Yamauchi was relieved of his command. Yamauchi had really drawn the short end of the straw. As he admitted at the time, his men simply had no answer to the British tanks. His men had thrown themselves into the jungle as lightly as possible in order to strike Imphal quickly, so they did not have effective anti-tank weapons. Ymauchi's division was always the Japanese weak spot, but they valiantly had refused to lift their roadblock at Kanglatongbi. As a last desperate throw, Yamauchi had ordered the use of poison gas. Yamauchi was also a man who understood how strong the allies were, especially America. Unlike the xenophobic and ignorant Tojo and Mutaguchi, Yamauchi had spent time in the USA and this led him to be quite pessimistic. Regardless, without anti-tank weapons it was quite hopeless. Yamauchi was carried from the battlefield on a litter and would later die in a hospital in Maymyo. Back over at Kohima, Generals Stopford and Grover were continuing their counteroffensive. Brigadiers 4th Brigade were occupying Oaks Hill when on May 1st, they began to descend during  The Royal Scots stopped their advance and reoccupied Oaks Hill, the brigade artillery back in Jotsoma was on standby to pound any Japanese positions the Norfolks, who were pressing on down the ridge, encountered. The Japanese, alert now to the dangerous presence of enemy troops above them, moved up against Oaks Hill and fought hard to expel the Royal Scots during that first night, with no success. The morning that followed a night of screaming, fear-inducing attacks found the jungle undergrowth littered with Japanese bodies. It was usual practice for the Japanese to take away their dead and wounded, but on this occasion there were too few Japanese survivors for the task. As the Royal Scots repelled numerous enemy counterattacks, the Norfolks were continuing their descent towards the GPT ridge. On May 4th, the Norfolks found themselves in a good position to assault the crests of the ridge. They stormed up catching the Japanese by surprise, managing to seize numerous bunkers. At the same time, the 161st Brigade was able to seize the area southeast of Two Tree Hill, but the Japanese had a complex bunker system there preventing them from linking Jotsoma with Pulebadze. The bunker complex on GPT Ridge was much more substantial than the British had expected, with literally dozens of small, carefully sited bunkers littering the entire area with interlocking arcs of fire, while the entire position was also covered by Japanese machine guns further to the east on the Aradura Spur. No sooner would one be discovered and attacked, than another would open up against the attackers from somewhere else. Until the entirety of GPT Ridge was cleared, Goschen's brigade could not enjoy the shortcut through to Jotsoma via Two Tree Hill; the road to Imphal remained in Japanese hands and their machine guns continued to spray fire on 6th Brigade's exposed right flank. Within the center the 6th Brigade was attacking Kuki Piquet and FSD Hill. While the attack against Kuki Piquet was not seeing much progress, they did gain a toehold atop FSD Hill. Further north, the 5th Brigade were able to bypass the 138th regiments position on Merema Ridge. They managed to secure a small part of Naga Village by the end of the day. Being close in proximity to General Sato's HQ, the response from the Japanese was a series of fierce counterattacks. THe 33rd battalion, 14th regiment stormed the Cameron Highlanders who did not have time to consolidate their success by digging in, and heavy Japanese mortar fire at daylight forced the Jocks back to the western edge of the hill. Here Hawkins had them dig to secure the ground that had been seized and the Worcesters, who had protected the flanks of the night advance, were called up to help build a defensive position able to resist counterattack. The rain was by now constant. Everyone was drenched to the skin. The next morning the Japanese Air Force made one of their occasional forays into the deep valley that flowed out of the Kohima Ridge westward, but to limited effect.  Meanwhile Brigadier Frederick Loftus-Tottenham's newly arrived 33rd Brigade was in the process of reinforcing the exhausted 6th Brigade at Kohima Ridge, with preparations being made for a renewed general counteroffensive. Meanwhile, over on Pulebadze on the 6th, B Company of the Norfolks, commanded by Captain Jack Randle, was ordered to seize the remaining part of the bunker position at the bottom of GPT Ridge, while the 4/lst Gurkhas of , assisting the breakthrough in the center against Kohima Ridge and Jail Hill, were to attack the lower, western slopes of GPT Ridge. In these attacks the Norfolks were to seize the remaining Japanese bunkers but at high cost, in which Capt. Randle was awarded the posthumous VC.  The Norfolks remained in the positions they had seized and, after a night of heavy rain, a further attempt to attack the remaining Japanese positions was made at first light on the morning of 7 May by the 4/lst Gurkhas and the Royal Scots. It was important that this operation was successful, as at 10.30am an attempt was to be made by the 1st Queen's - part of 33rd Indian Brigade, who had arrived at Kohima exhausted and malaria-ridden from Arakan the day before - on Jail Hill. If the machine-gun nests on GPT Ridge could be wiped out before the Queen's attacked they would enjoy a much higher chance of success. The only result of this failed assault would be the death of Brigadier Goschen, shot by snipers.  The Queen's, aware that 4th Brigade had not managed to secure GPT Ridge, nevertheless went in against Jail Hill as planned and were slaughtered. In retrospect the attack was premature, but Stopford continued to demand speed to remove the Japanese stranglehold on Kohima in order to relieve beleaguered Imphal. There was a belief in some higher quarters - held in particular by those whose only experience of the terrain came from reading a map in the comfort of a headquarters tent in the rear - that 2nd Division's offensive lacked pace. These accusations were preposterous to the hard-pressed men on the ground. It was impossible for commanders and staff officers in the rear who could not see the ground to understand how a small piece of jungle-topped hillside could absorb the best part of a brigade; how a small group of well-sited bunkers could hold up an advance until every single one - together with every single occupant - had been systematically destroyed; how only medium artillery could penetrate the roof of a Japanese trench; how only direct and short-range sniping by Lee/Grant tanks was guaranteed to defeat a Japanese bunker; how the desperate terrain, incessant rain and humidity led even the fittest men to tire quickly and what an extraordinarily determined opponent they faced. With few exceptions, the Japanese gave in only when they were dead. Every conscious man who could lift a weapon fought until he collapsed.  Due to these defeats, the British-Indian morale plummeted, even though Sato's men were also facing a serious supply problem that was further weakening them with each passing day.  Nevertheless, the Japanese continued a brave defense under heavy artillery, mortar and aerial bombardment. Sato's defensive technique, while it was not going to enable him to break through Kohima by dint of offensive action, was designed to do the next best thing: to draw the enemy onto defences of great complexity and depth and to break them there, both physically and morally. In so doing his troops had to withstand the sort of conditions few other soldiers in history could have survived. They did so, and very nearly succeeded in persuading Stopford that battering through Kohima was an impossible task. Between the 4th and the 'Black 7th', for instance, the 38 3.7in. mountain guns dug in around Jotsoma fired over 3,000 rounds, the 48 25-pdrs fired over 7,000 rounds and the big 5.5in. guns of the medium artillery fired more than 1,500 shells at the Japanese positions, not to mention the almost continuous salvoes from the 3in. mortars of the infantry battalions and the constant strafing and bombing by Hurricanes and Vengeance dive-bombers. For the next few days, General Stopford's brigades were slowly reducing the Japanese defenses. British progress, though slow, remained sure, even though it seemed to the troops on the ground as if this battle would go on for ever. 4th Brigade cleared GPT Ridge on 11 May, by which time further costly attacks by the British 6th and 33rd Indian Brigades had finally forced the Japanese to relinquish their hold on Pimple, FSD and Jail hills, the latter of which was captured by the Queen's and C Company, 4/lst Gurkha Rifles. The tide was slowly - and painfully - beginning to turn. On the days that followed, the positions seized on 11 and 12 May were carefully consolidated, the remaining Japanese being exterminated one by one, sniper by sniper and gun by gun. The Berkshires cleared FSD Hill on 12 May, discovering that the Japanese had honeycombed the hill with tunnels, creating an elaborate underground fortress that included a battalion headquarters, repair shop, ammunition storage dump and hospital. Those Japanese bunkers on the western edge of the ridge that remained out of reach of the British artillery could now be engaged directly and at pointblank range by the Lee/Grants, trundling up the road that divides DIS and Jail hills. They did so to the cheers of the British and Indian infantry, who found themselves hugging the ground as the 75mm smashed the enemy foxholes only metres from them, the ground shaking and the shockwave of the blast sucking out their breath and showering them with dirt and debris. The capture of the southern part of Kohima Ridge a full 37 days after the arrival of Sato's units would force the Japanese to retreat to a secondary defensive line north of Aradura. On the 15th, patrols of the 5th Brigade advanced down from Naga Hill, securing Treasury Hill before meeting up with the exhausted victors of Kohima Ridge who were advancing along the Imphal road. Yet that is all for the India front, as we now need to jump back over to check out what is going on with Operation Ichi-Go. After the fall of Xuchang, General Uchiyama dispatched some units south to attack Luohe, while the bulk of his 12th Army advanced north to capture Luoyang and hopefully annihilate General Enbo's 31st Army Group. On May 2nd, General Uchiyama dispatched the 110th Division against Dengfeng, the 62nd Division against Yuzhou and the bulk of his 37th Division, 3rd armored division and 4th cavalry Brigade against Jia and Ruzhou. On 2nd, the 4th Cavalry Brigade defeated the enemy force in the sector southwest of Yingchiaochen and, on the 4th, advanced to the sector northwest of Linju. The 3rd Armored Division routed the retreating enemy heading west and, on the 4th, mopped up the enemy in the vicinity of Linju. Also on the 4th, the 37th Division arrived at Linju. On the same day, the 7th Independent Mixed Brigade occupied Hsiangcheng. on the 3rd the 62nd defeated the 29th Army at Yuzhou while the 3rd Armored Division and the 4th Cavalry Brigade pursued the retreating Chinese towards Ruzhou. On the 4th, Uchiyama's main forces were able to capture Ruzhou and the 110th Division managed to dislodge the 13th Army's position east of Dengfeng. After this Uchiyama's main forces enveloped the area, annihilating the 13th and 29th Armies at Dengfeng while the 62nd and 110th Divisions made a frontal assault of the city. Alongside this the 7th Independent Mixed Brigade attacked the enemy near Likouzhen. Yet before Uchiyama's men could complete the envelopment, General Enbo's men pulled out towards Tangjiezhen and Changshuixiang around midnight on the 5th. On the 7th, the 37th Division and 7th Brigade managed to envelop Tangjiezhen, and with air support inflicted heavy casualties on the outflanked defenders. Simultaneously, the 27th Division captured Luohe and Suipin. General Yokoyama had dispatched the 11th Independent Brigade to aid Uchiyamas men from the south, facing little resistance as they captured Queshan and Zhumadian before linking up with the 27th Division on the 11th.  On the other side, General Jiang Dingwen's 1st War Area Army was regrouping the bulk of its forces along the Luoyang-Yiyang line. General Okamura Ysuji ordered the 12th Army to advance upon Luoyang while Lt General Yoshimoto Teiichi's 1st Army crossed the Yellow River to try and cut off the Chinese retreat at Xin'An and Xiashichiang. Having defeated the enemy in the sector southwest of Dengfeng, the 12th Army continued to keep the enemy in the Loyang area under strict observation while, at the same time, it ordered the 110th Division to pursue the enemy toward Iyang, the 62nd Division to pursue them toward Pingteng, the main force of the 3rd Armored Division toward Iyang and Hsinan and the 4th Cavalry Brigade to the western sector of Pingteng. Okamura dispatched his reserve 63rd Division led by Lt General Nozoe Masanori to try and break through at Sishuizhen so they could join the attack upon Luoyang. They were successful and in the process, defeated the 177th Division and managed to reach the northeastern sector of Luoyang by the 12th. With assistance from the 59th Brigade coming from the west, Nozoe captured Xin'an by the 14th. The 62nd Division and the 4th Cavalry Brigade captured Pingdengxiang on the 13th and part of the 110th Division captured Yiyang on the 14th. Most of the 110th Division, however, moved to Lungmenchieh below Luoyang. The 3rd Armored Division also reached the area southwest of Lungmenchieh at this point. The 37th Division, meanwhile, was directed to move towards Sunghsien. These actions effectively enveloped Luoyang as Uchiyama had his 110th Division advance through the Luohe River Valley; Yoshimoto's men advance to Sanmenxia which would fall by the 18th. The 37th Division captured Song alongside the aidromes at Luoning and Lushi by the 20th. But the main effort would be made by the 63rd Division assisted by elements o the 110th Division who launched the assault against Luoyang, being defended by the 36th Army Group. On the 19th, the 63rd Division initiated its attack against enemy positions on the outskirts of Loyang, however, the enemy positions were so strong that the battle situation did not progress as planned. As a result of this the North China Area Army ordered the 12th Army to place the main force of the 3rd Armored Division and 4th Cavalry Brigade together with part of the 110th Division under the command of the 63rd Division commander. At the same time, the 63rd Division was ordered to defend the railway east of Mienchih. At 1pm on the 23rd, the 12th Army dispatched the 63rd Division to attack Luoyang Castle from the north and northeastern fronts of Luoyang to the northeastern corner of the castle while the 3rd Armored Division was to attack the castle from the western front toward the northwestern corner of the castle. The Army also directed the Cavalry Brigade to capture and destroy the enemy which it was expected would flee to the south at the line of the Lo Ho. On the 24th, the Army-called on the enemy in Luoyang to surrender but they refused. At 1pm, therefore, the Army opened its attack and, on the 25th, completely occupied the castle. During this battle, Lieutenant-General Li Jiayu would heroically die covering the retreat of the remaining troops of his battered 36th Army Group. With the fall of Luoyang and the near destruction of the 1st War Area, Operation Kogo ended in a resounding success for the Japanese, thus securing the South Beijing-Hankou railway. The Japanese estimated over 32000 Chinese casualties and some 7800 troops captured. In turn, they claimed to have lost only 2000 casualties. Interestingly, Operation Kogo also saw the Henan peasants attack the Kuomintang forces in revenge for the Yellow River flood of 1938 and the Henan Famine of 1942. As told to us by General Jiang Dingwen "During the campaign, the unexpected phenomenon was that the people of the mountains in western Henan attacked our troops, taking guns, bullets, and explosives, and even high-powered mortars and radio equipment... They surrounded our troops and killed our officers. We heard this pretty often. The heads of the villages and baojia (village mutual-responsibility groups) just ran away. At the same time, they took away our stored grain, leaving their houses and fields empty, which meant that our officers and soldiers had no food for many days… Actually this is truly painful for me to say: in the end the damages we suffered from the attacks by the people were more serious than the losses from battles with the enemy." In the end, the peasants would be able to disarm over 50000 troops, picking their weapons to defend themselves from the Japanese, but also causing much damage to the Nationalist defense. For their role in this disaster, Generals Dingwen and Enbo would be relieved from their commands, with General Chen Cheng later taking over the 1st War Area in July to oversee its recovery. Meanwhile, the Japanese would continue to prepare for Operation Togo, the Hunan offensive. Yet to finish off this episode we also need to mention some progress in the future plans to invade Wakde. Admiral King had requested support from the British Eastern Fleet. At this time the Eastern Fleet was organized into three forces for Operation Transom, the invasion of Japanese occupied Surabaya. Force 65 consisted of Battleships Queen Elizabeth, Valiant, Renown, the French battleship Richelieu, two cruisers and eight destroyers, under the direct command of Admiral Somerville; Force 66 consisted of aircraft carriers Illustrious, Saratoga, two cruisers and six destroyers, under the command of Rear-Admiral Clement Moody aboard Illustrious. Force 67 was the replenishment group and comprised six tankers, a water distilling ship and the cruisers London and Suffolk. Somerville commanded the entire fleet from Queen Elizabeth. The warships were drawn from six navies, the capital ships being accompanied by three American destroyers, four British cruisers and three destroyers, four Australian destroyers, a Dutch cruiser and destroyer and a New Zealand cruiser. The Australian light cruiser HMAS Adelaide also sailed from Fremantle in Western Australia to protect the tankers while they were at Exmouth Gulf; this allowed their two escorting cruisers to augment Force 66 during the attack. Two squadrons of Supermarine Spitfire fighters were transferred from No. 1 Wing RAAF at Darwin to Exmouth Gulf to protect the Eastern Fleet while it refueled and Australian and American maritime patrol aircraft were assigned to operate offshore. Each carrier had an air group made up of units from their parent navies. Illustrious embarked two squadrons equipped with 14 Vought F4U Corsair fighters each and two squadrons with nine Avengers. Saratoga's air group comprised a squadron with 26 Grumman F6F Hellcat fighters, a squadron with 24 Douglas SBD Dauntless dive bombers and a squadron operating 18 Avenger torpedo bombers, as well as a single Hellcat allocated to the Air Group Leader. As for Surabaya, its defenses against air attack at the time of Operation Transom included a few anti-aircraft guns, whose crews were inadequately trained. Radar stations and a network of observer posts were also sited to detect minelaying aircraft. The Japanese forces stationed in the city included the Imperial Japanese Army's 28th Independent Mixed Brigade and the headquarters of the Imperial Japanese Navy's 2nd Southern Expeditionary Fleet under Vice-Admiral Mikawa Gunichi. Because of the distance to be covered from Ceylon and the Royal Navy's lack of experience in underway replenishment, the final plans for the operation involved the Eastern Fleet refueling at Exmouth Gulf in Western Australia before striking Surabaya. Force 67 was the first element of the Eastern Fleet to sail, departing on April 30th. Forces 65 and 66 sailed on May 6th. The Allied ships proceeded to Exmouth Gulf on a course that kept them at least 600 miles from Japanese airfields to avoid being detected or attacked. The carriers air wings practiced the attack they would conduct on Surabaya three times during the voyage. The warships arrived at Exmouth Gulf on 14 and 15th ofMay. The Eastern Fleet departed Exmouth Gulf on the afternoon of the 15th and proceeded north. It arrived at the flying off point at 6:30 am local time on the 17th without being detected by the Japanese. One British and seven American submarines also took up positions near Surabaya, the southern entrance to the Strait of Malacca and the Bali, Lombok and Sunda Straits to support the Eastern Fleet. The submarines were positioned to rescue Allied aircrew that were forced down, attack ships that tried to escape from Surabaya and intercept any Japanese warships that attempted to attack the Allied fleet. Operation Transom opened up with 76 aircraft launched from Illustrious and Saratoga. The aircraft launched by the carriers were organized into two strike forces. Force A was made up of nine Avengers from Illustrious, twelve Dauntless dive bombers and an escort of eight Corsairs. Force A's Avengers were to bomb the Braat Engineering Works and the Dauntlesses the oil refinery. Force B was to attack shipping and dock facilities in Surabaya's port. It comprised twenty-one Avengers and six Dauntlesses escorted by eight Corsairs and twelve Hellcats. The commander of Saratoga's air group, Commander Joseph C. Clifton, led both carriers' air wings during the attack. All of the aircraft were launched and formed up with the rest of their force by 7:20 am. Two British Avengers crashed during takeoff, their crews being rescued. The attack on Surabaya commenced at 8:30 am. The Japanese had not detected the aircraft as they approached, and were taken by surprise. The two forces made a well-synchronized attack, Force A approaching Wonokromo from the south and Force B attacking the port from the north. No Japanese fighter aircraft were encountered, and the anti-aircraft guns were largely ineffective. One of Saratoga's Avengers was shot down, and both members of its crew became prisoners of war. The two forces claimed to have damaged 10 ships, demolished the Wonokromo oil refinery and the Braat Engineering Works, destroyed 16 aircraft and leveled several buildings. Saratoga and her three escorting American destroyers detached from the Eastern Fleet shortly before sunset on the 18th, and proceeded to Fremantle. The remainder of the Eastern Fleet reached Exmouth Gulf the next morning, and sailed for Ceylon before sunset after refueling again. Adelaide and one of the Australian destroyers that had been attached to the Eastern Fleet left Exmouth Gulf bound for Fremantle after the tanker group departed on 19 May. The Eastern Fleet arrived back at Ceylon on the 27th. Saratoga reached Bremerton, Washington, on June 10th and after a refit re-joined the Pacific Fleet in September 1944. Though the Japanese would not really divert any forces from western New Guinea in response to the raid and despite the fact that the Japanese claim that not much damage had been inflicted on their shipping or shore facilities, with only one vessel confirmed sunk, Operation Transom would provide Somerville's Eastern Fleet important experience of carrier strike operations and exposure to superior American carrier tactics.  I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. The Allies were gradually countering Operation U-Go as the intense battles at Kohima Ridge and Pulebadze saw British-Indian forces slowly gaining ground amid heavy casualties. Meanwhile, Operation Ichi-Go saw major Japanese successes in China. Lastly Operation Transom saw British-Dutch-American successful carrier strikes against Surabaya, yielding experience despite limited damage.

Few topics have shaped perceptions about China's engagement in Africa more than the presence of Chinese construction sites across the continent. Chinese contractors have built countless ports, roads, railways, and more, but how that work was done has been very controversial over the years. There've been widespread complaints about mismanagement, abuse, and discrimination at Chinese-run construction sites across the continent. While there's no doubt some veracity to those claims, many of the allegations are also rooted in vastly different expectations between Chinese managers and local workers. For some perspective on this complex dynamic, Eric & Cobus spoke with two longtime Africa-China scholars, Mandira Bagwandeen, a political science lecturer at Stellenbosch University in Cape Town, and Elisa Gambino, a Hallsworth Research Fellow in political economy at the University of Manchester, to discuss their latest research on Chinese-African labor relations in the construction sector. JOIN THE DISCUSSION: X: @ChinaGSProject | @stadenesque | @eric_olander Facebook: www.facebook.com/ChinaAfricaProject YouTube: www.youtube.com/@ChinaGlobalSouth FOLLOW CAP IN FRENCH AND ARABIC: Français: www.projetafriquechine.com | @AfrikChine Arabic: عربي: www.alsin-alsharqalawsat.com | @SinSharqAwsat JOIN US ON PATREON! Become a CAP Patreon member and get all sorts of cool stuff, including our Week in Review report, an invitation to join monthly Zoom calls with Eric & Cobus, and even an awesome new CAP Podcast mug! www.patreon.com/chinaglobalsouth  

Last time we spoke about General Douglas MacArthur's operations against western New Guinea  Operation Desecrate One, and the death of Admiral Koga. MacArthur unleashed hell from the skies above against Hollandia and other key target in the Western parts of New Guinea. Accompanying this was Operation Desecrate One, a carrier raid against Palau followed by strikes on Yap and Woleai in the eastern Carolines, in order to prevent the Japanese from reinforcing Western New Guinea. Lastly the commander in chief of the IJN, Admiral Koga, like his predecessor, met his end at the hands of an aircraft crash. But the Japanese had not just lost their commander in chief, they also lost the Z Plan to the allies. The Z Plan documents were taken by Filipino guerillas and found their way to Nimitz who would put them to good use in the future battle of the Philippine sea. This episode is the Battle of Kohima Welcome to the Pacific War Podcast Week by Week, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about world war two? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on world war two and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel you can find a few videos all the way from the Opium Wars of the 1800's until the end of the Pacific War in 1945.  We are back in the exciting Burma Front to start off this podcast. The Japanese attack against Imphal was being directed by the ambitious and to be frank, quite insane General Mutaguchi Renya. Mutaguchi sought to seize Imphal by a combination of guile, dislocation and surprise. Mutaguchi needed to destroy the British-Indian army at Imphal while also cutting off their rear escape at Kohima. Operation U-Go, was not Go-ing very well, yet I made a pun. The Indian troops were digging their heels in, providing much more resistance than expected. Added to this the Chindits unleashed Operation Thursday, delivering a dangerous thrust into the Japanese flank. Now last we left off, the Japanese 33rd and 15th divisions were launching their first attacks against Imphal, while General Sato's 31st division advanced northwest upon Kohima. Sato's intentions were to cut off the British-Indian defenders  by taking Kohima and seizing the vast depots and stores of Dimapur. To defend Kohima and Dimapur, General Slim had given the task to Major-General Robert, whose HQ was at Dimapur. Robert had the Kohima Garrison at his disposal,  roughly 2500-strong men led by Colonel Hugh Richards since March 22nd,  built around the 1st Assam Regiment. The 1st Assam Regiment was led by Lt Colonel William Felix “Bruno” Brown, and they had orders to “fight to the last man” at the Jessami-Kharasom position. Now relief was going to be provided by Lt General Montagu Stopford whose 33rd corps, formed around the 5th and 7th indian divisions and British 2nd division arrived in early april. Stopford planned to concentrate his men at Jorhat, about 105km north-east of Dimapur, where they could be ready to launch a counterstroke against Dimapur. A single brigade would be dispatched as soon as it arrived to defend the Nichugard Pass, about 13km south-east of Kohima on the road to Dimapur. They would support the 161st Brigade already at Dimapur and the 23rd Long Range Penetration Brigade of Brigadier Lancelot Perowne was going to reinforce Kohima by April 12th. Lancelot's group would disrupt and cut the Japanese lines of communication back to the Chindwin. Meanwhile, General Yamauchi's 15th division and General Sato's 33rd division were on their way towards the Imphal-Kohima road. South of them was the Honda Raiding Unit, built around the 3rd Battalion of the 67th Infantry Regiment. Their job was to cut off the road at the Kangpokpi Mission in the Ukhrul area. Luckily for Honda and his men, they were able to dodge the catastrophic battle at Sangshak. His unit would reach the road by the 28th, blowing up a bridge near Kangpokpi. There were other units performing similar roles, such as Colonel Matsumura Hiroshi's 60th regiment who were given the task of cutting off the road at Satarmaina. After the Battle of Sangshak, the Hiroshi's Unit advanced through Lamu, Tongou, Shongphel, Nungga and Angam cutting the Imphal-Kohima Road at Satarmaina by April 3rd. There was also Colonel Omoto Kisaso's 51st regiment, who advanced against Hill 4950 by March 31st encountering little to no resistance. After this they advanced further and took Hill 4192 on April 1st.  Up in the north, the 3rd battalion, 138th regiment had advanced through Layshi without much opposition while the bulk of the division approached Jessami. On the 26th, Colonel Torikai Tsuneo's 138th regiment crashed into defensive positions held by the 1st Assam Regiment who held their enemy at bay for 5 days. General Slim watched over the developments at Sangshak and Jessami with great interest. Then a unit captured Japanese order from Sangshak confirmed his worst fears. “Within a week of the start of the Japanese offensive, it became clear that the situation in the Kohima area was likely to be even more dangerous than that at Imphal. Not only were the enemy columns closing in on Kohima at much greater speed than I had expected, but they were obviously in much greater strength.” Slim had expected a strike against Kohima by a Japanese regiment, but the entire 31st Division was on its way. “We were  not prepared for so heavy a thrust. Kohima with its rather scratch garrison and, what was worse, Dimapur with no garrison at all, were in deadly peril.” Luckily, the rapid arrival of the 161st Brigade at Dimapur and the dispatch of the 33rd Corps to reinforce Kohima could give him a fighting chance.  Both locations received attacks on the 26th, and over the next five days both units held their own. But they had lost communications with Kohima, and recall orders could not be issued. A American colonel flew a Piper Cub to airdrop orders, which Brown finally received on the 31st. Brown pulled back April 1st, but Lt Young never got the message. On his own ordered his men out. “I shall be the last man,” he declared, and with difficulty got his company moving toward Kohima. No one ever saw Young alive again, nor was his body identified. The 1st battalion, 58th regiment had also been dispatched from Ukhrul on the 24th and would cut the Imphal-Kohima road at Tuphema by March 30th.  After the disastrous battle at Sangshak, General Miyazaki ordered a battalion to head over to Pulomi, while the 3rd battalion, 58th regiment advanced to Kohima via Chakhabama and the rest of his unit advanced to Kohima using the road. Sato planned to launch a two-pronged assault against Kohima, with Colonel Fukunaga Ten's 58th regiment from the south while the 138th regiment swung around Naga village to cut off the Dimapur road. This saw a race to feed units into Dimapur before the Japanese arrived. The first units of Major General Grover 2nd division arrived in piecemeal to Dimapur between April 1st and 11th. They came by small-gauge steam train arriving at Dimapur in a panic. The undefended base area expecting attack at any moment and riven with rumors of the impending arrival of the Japanese. Stopfords men were still several days away by the end of March, prompting Slim to order Brigadier Dermot Warren's 161st brigade to rush over to Kohima. By April 3rd, Stopford established his HQ at Jorhat, where he made a disastrous blunder. Stopford at this point was still under the belief the Japanese main objective was Dimapur. He had some false intelligence indicating Japanese units were at any moment in the process of outflanking Kohima. With this knowledge he ordered 161st to evacuate Kohima immediately. For the units currently at Kohima, they could not believe the order. Warren, Colonel Hugh Richards and the civilian Deputy Commissioner, Charles Pawsey - were aghast at, and vehemently protested the decision. When told that the Japanese were outflanking Kohima to the north Pawsey scoffed, retorting that if true, 'my Nagas would have told me'. Major General Ranking, believing that Stopford was making a mistake, went over the head of his new superior officer and called Slim directly by telephone to petition him to leave Warren at Kohima. General Slim, perhaps unwilling to overrule Stopford, and in any case as convinced as Stopford that Dimapur was the Japanese objective, confirmed Stopford's original order. Warren's 161st Brigade, which had been in the process of organizing the desperately needed defense of the ridge, left Kohima virtually undefended only one day before Japanese attacks began. Had Warren's men been allowed to remain where they were the trauma of the siege that followed would have been much reduced and the stranglehold that Sato was able to maintain on the vital road to Imphal for two long months would have been significantly weaker than it turned out to be. Thus reluctantly, Warren pulled his men back towards Nichugard Pass, leaving only Colonel Richards with the original garrison. Meanwhile Sato's unit were rapidly advancing through the mountainous terrain of the Naga Hills. Japanese and INA reconnaissance patrols were able to help the unit forage for food on the go, adding to their speed. Perhaps they took some time to eat turtle eggs like Wingate advised. Sorry just had to bring up that weird one, been stuck on my mind. On the morning of April 4th, the 58th regiment began assaulting the southern edge of Kohima at GPT ridge while Miyazaki's other units were advancing through the hills and valleys leading into Kohima from the east. Colonel Hugh Richard alerted Stopford of the Japanese assault, who immediately realized his grave error. Stopford desperately sent Warren's men back over to Kohima. Yet only 446 men of the 4th Royal West Kents would manage to get to Kohima in time to help her garrison. They dug in on Kohima Ridge, which is really a series of hills running north-south along the road to Imphal. Gently sloping saddles connect each feature. Since development as a supply base a year earlier, some of its various hills had become known by their function. From south to north, they were GPT “General Purpose Transport” Ridge, Jail Hill, DIS “Detail Issue Store”, FSD “Field Supply Depot”, Kuki Picquet, and Garrison Hill. A northwest extension of Garrison Hill housed a hospital and became known as IGH “Indian General Hospital” Spur. Thick woods, interspersed with the town's and base's structures, covered most of these hills. Garrison Hill was terraced and landscaped, and included the home, complete with clubhouse and tennis court of the deputy commissioner for the area, Charles Pawsey. The Imphal-Dimapur Road skirted the ridge to the east before turning west past Garrison Hill. Treasury Hill and a Naga Village settlement overlooked the ridge from the northeast; those heights also extended north to the hamlet of Merema. Southward loomed the imposing Pulebadze Mountain, whereas three miles to the west rose a knoll topped by the village of Jotsoma. Kohima Ridge thus was overlooked by surrounding heights: Pulebadze to the south, Jotsoma to the west, and the Naga Village/Merema to the east and northeast. The same night they dug in on the ride, Sato had just launched attacks against Garrison Hill. The remainder of the brigade were not able to get in and would remain on Jotsoma ridge to the west, where Warren had emplaced his mountain guns to support the defenders. On April the 5th, the action kicked up with Fukunaga's 58th regiment attacking from the south while a vanguard overcame the Shere Regiment's sentries on the Naga Hill to the north, successfully securing a place for their artillery at Naga village. 4 mountain guns would support Miyazaki's attack, also allowing the Japanese to seize the GPT ridge. In a surprise raid, elements of the 3rd battalion, 58th regiment were able to grab the old town part of Kohima and Treasury Hill. As a result of this, Miyazaki wrongly assumed the enemy had simply withdrawn from Kohima, so he ordered his men to begin an advance upon Cheswema. This in turn gave the defenders some time to reinforce their lines. Japanese pressure on the perimeter increased on the morning of April 6, with repeated attacks by the 58th Regiment on Jail Hill. Heavy artillery and mortar fire quickly denuded trees of their foliage, snapping branches and scattering jagged splinters to accompany the whine and hiss of exploding shrapnel. By 11am the surviving defenders were forced off Jail Hill and down into the steep valley through which ran the road, and then up into the relative safety of the trees on DIS Hill, where Major Shaw's C Company were desperately digging in. The Japanese attack was relentless and, although they secured Jail Hill dominating the south-eastern edge of the Kohima Ridge, they suffered extensive casualties, including Captain Nagaya, the commander of 3rd battalion, 58th Regiment, who was killed. Major Donald Easten was also ordered to retake Jail Hill with D Company, 4th Royal West Kents, but by now the Japanese had already dug deeply into the hillside and could not be ejected without considerable expenditure of life. Easten took his company and dug them in around FSD Hill.  Since Jail Hill dominated the southern edge of the ridge defensive lines, the disappearing tree cover quickly became a problem for the defenders who were becoming more and more visible to the enemy. It got some bad, the defenders were soon forced to only move positions at night. A company of the 4/7th Rajputs were able to reinforce Kohima by the end of the night, yet overall now 2500 defenders were surrounded by over 15,000 Japanese. The lost of GPT and Jail Hill also meant the defenders had lost access to water, excluding a small spring on Garrison Hill. Richards was forced to limit the men to a single pint of water per day. On the night of the 6th, a company of the 2nd Battalion, 58th Regiment launched a frontal attack against DIS Hill screaming wildly. The fire from the awaiting Royal West Kents scythed into the attackers, as did bombs from Sergeant Victor King's mortars, landing within meters of the West Kent positions. Miyazaki kept sending more and more men, until some infiltrated the defenders positions ending in a confused hand to hand combat brawl. By dawn on the 7th, a counterattack from FSD Hill would be broken by the ferocious Japanese machine-gun and artillery fire. Sergeant-Major Haines led a spirited attack against these positions, dashing 37 meters  up the hill with a mixed group of West Kents and Gurkhas, bayonets fixed and lobbing grenades amongst the bashas. Those Japanese who ran were cut down by waiting Bren guns; those who stayed put were burned alive as the thin structures caught fire. The bakery, whose large brick ovens in peacetime produced several thousand loaves of bread each day, was more impervious to these tactics, but combat engineers destroyed the doors with the help of large quantities of gun cotton. Instead of merely blowing in the doors the ensuing explosion destroyed the entire building, only the brick ovens inside withstanding the blast. Escaping Japanese were brought down by rifle fire. Unusually, two Japanese soldiers were taken prisoner, and although one died later of his wounds, the other provided details about the strength and dispositions of the attacking forces. Captain Shiro Sato, Nagaya's successor in charge of 3rd, 58th Regiment, was killed. Over 60 Japanese were killed in this struggle alone, leading the men to mutter among themselves that this was a worse ordeal than Sangshak. One of the problems now encountered by the men of C and D Companies of the Royal West Kents was the fact that hundreds of bodies lay littered across the position, some of friends but mostly of Japanese, attracting clouds of slow-moving bluebottles that feasted on the carpet of corpses covering the ground. Attempts were made to remove bodies where it was possible, but snipers and the sheer number meant that it was not possible to dispose of them all. As the days went by the effects of artillery bombardment dispersed some of the remains, with the result that DIS Hill became an unpleasant place to defend at best, and injurious to health at worst. The West Kents attempted to burn the bodies at night, but this had a poor effect on morale as the appalling smell of burning flesh drifted across the position. Where they could, the Japanese cremated their dead.  Realizing his enemy was strongly entrenched, Miyazaki now decided to order his 3rd battalion to turn back. Meanwhile the bulk of Torikai's forces were just reaching the battlefront, so Miyazaki ordered his 1st battalion to reinforce their attack. Sato was under the belief they would be capturing the ridge at any moment, so he ordered Torikai to cut off the Kohima-Dimapur road, within the vicinity of Zubza. Sato also dispatched the reserved 124th regiment to Cheswema to get ready for an operation in the north. Torikai's 2nd battalion advanced into the Dzuzu valley, and their 6th company occupied Zubza, effectively cutting off Warren's base at Jotsoma. During that night the Japanese launched both real and 'jitter' attacks against the southern perimeter. During the next morning it was discovered, Japanese soldiers had infiltrated back onto DIS Hill during the confusion of the night, placing soldiers and a machine gun in a bunker on the top of the hill. Despite the Japanese machine guns posted on top of the hill, a hero would emerge to knock them out. A fearless 29-year-old Lance-Corporal John Harman demonstrated the type of behavior that was to lead within days to the award of a Victoria Cross, and his death. Realizing that the Japanese machine gun could cause untold damage if unchecked he crawled alone up the hill, standing up at the last minute to charge the Japanese-held bunker. Miraculously the enemy fire tore into the empty air above his head, and Harman reached the bunker door, coolly extracted the pin from a grenade, released the firing lever, counted to three, on a four-second fuse and lobbed it inside. The occupants were killed instantly and Harman returned triumphant with the captured machine gun down the hill to the cheers of his comrades. The Japanese would launch attacks through the day, gradually pushing the defenders up the hills towards Kohima. General Mutaguchi then personally ordered Sato to continue past Kohima and seize Dimapur. Now Sato and Mutaguchi did not get along well, but he reluctantly obeyed the command, sending his 3rd battalion, 138t regiment along the Merema track to Bokajan. Yet all of a sudden General Kawabe, countermanded the order and instead ordered Sato's battalion to rapidly be recalled. This was one of those famed “what if” moments. What if Sato had turned a Nelsonian blind eye to the counter order, or if he had delayed its official receipt for another 24 hours? Sato was apparently happy to obey Kawabe and withdraw to Kohima partly because his deep-seated animosity toward Mutaguchi led him to assume the army commander's demands were motivated solely by visions of military glory. Sato's hatred of Mutaguchi blinded him to the strategic possibilities offered by continuing his offensive through to Dimapur, and lost for the Japanese a crucial opportunity for victory in 1944. The failure to secure Dimapur while the British were in a state of confusion at the speed and scale of Mutaguchi's march on Delhi was indeed, as General Slim recognized, one of the great missed opportunities of the Burma war. It led directly to the failure of the Kohima thrust, and contributed to the collapse of the entire Operation. It was the consequence of Sato's lack of strategic imagination, framed by Kawabe's rejection of what he regarded as an attempt by Mutaguchi to secure for himself undying glory. What he and Sato for that matter  failed entirely to see was that Mutaguchi was right. The capture of Dimapur might have been the decisive strategic movement of the campaign leading to a dramatic worsting of the British reminiscent of Malaya and Burma in 1942. Despite the megalomania and terrible planning on Mutaguchi's part for even initiating Operation U-GO, to not try and make it work was even more criminal.  On the morning of the 9th, the Japanese once again managed to infiltrate the DIS Hill and again corporal Harman lept into action and mounted a solo attack to remove the threat. Covered by two Bren guns firing from his left and his right, Harman dashed up the hill. Frantically the Japanese returned fire but in their excitement fired wide. Harman reached the trench and, standing 4 meters to its front and firing his Lee Enfield from the hip, shot four Japanese dead, before jumping into the trench and bayoneting the fifth. He then stood up, triumphantly holding the captured enemy machine gun above his head, before throwing it to the ground. The cheers of his comrades reverberated around the hill. Harman then nonchalantly began to walk back down the slope. Unfortunately he had forgotten that with the denuded foliage he was in full view of the Japanese positions on Jail Hill. Unheeding of the shouted cries of his comrades to run, he leisurely made his way back down to his weapon pit, only to be struck by a burst of machine-gun fire in his back just as he reached safety. Donald Easten ran out into the Japanese fire, and dragged Harman into a trench. Within a few minutes, however, this extraordinarily brave man was dead.   On that day, Warren dispatched the 1/1st Punjabs to break through towards Kohima, but they ran into a number of log-covered bunkers at Piquet Hill, held by the 6th Company, 138th Regiment. The Japanese fired upon them causing 25 casualties by the day's end. Upon the ridge the killing continued. Large numbers of fiercely brave Japanese from the 58th Regiment were killed by the remorseless chatter of the British Bren guns, as during the night three successive assaults were made on C and D Companies of the Royal West Kents, the Japanese being denied success by the interlocking fire of eight Bren guns, whose red-hot barrels had to be changed repeatedly. Casualties on both sides were high, the Japanese attempting to gain access to the hill from the road by use of ladders, seemingly unperturbed by their losses. On the northern side of Garrison Hill the 138th Regiment again launched attacks against A Company. The attack was held, Bren guns, bayonets and grenades in the darkness bloodily halting Japanese ambitions. Victor King's mortars fired in support, the bombs landing with superb accuracy in front of Maj. Tom Kenyon's positions. It had seemed for a while that sheer weight of numbers would overwhelm the much-reduced A Company, but the reliable Brens, considerable reserves of grenades, the accuracy of King's mortars and the determined courage of the Royal West Kents denied the penetration so desperately desired by the Japanese.   Low on ammunition and suffering heavy casualties, the decision was made to abandon DIS and FSD Hill's on the night of the 10th. To make matters worse the monsoon rains had come early, and heavy, driving rain on 10th, together with the effects of battle and of sleep deprivation, had pushed men to the edge of exhaustion. Tea was rationed to half a mug per man. Fortunately, the rain somewhat made up for the acute lack of water within the perimeter, men lying back in their weapon pits and trenches to allow the rain to fall directly into parched, open mouths. It was found that a trickle of water was available from a pipe leading onto the road behind the ADS, behind the Japanese positions. Dangerous nightly journeys were made, through hundreds of wounded lying in the open, down the slope to the road, to fill hundreds of water bottles. The exhausted men made their way off the hills under Japanese sniper and mortar fire. On the 11th, A company over at Garrison Hill were still managing to hold strong against numerous assaults over the tennis court. During the night they were relieved by B company. Meanwhile Grover had finally assembled his 2nd division at Dimapur and dispatched the Cameron Highlanders and 2nd battalion, Durham light infantry with Lee-Grant tank support to open a road back up to Warren's HQ. The next day, while B company was repelling more assault, the 1st battalion, 58th regiment advanced upon Jotsoma from Pulomi, but could not penetrate through the defensive line. At the same time, the 3rd Battalion, 138th Regiment advanced to Khabvuma, though and was likewise unable to break through towards the Kohima-Dimapur Road. On the 13th, which would become known to the besieged British garrison as “black thirteenth”, B company continued to resist suicidal Japanese assaults across the tennis court, Japanese artillery managed to kill many men atop the IGH Spur. Casualties were mounting, the Royal West Kents had lost a total of 150 men by this point. 3 Dakotas had tried air supplying, but they accidentally dropped atop the Japanese position on Kohima Ridge. Over at FDS Hill, the situation was quite desperate as the Japanese were squeezing the British from the ridge and to prevent them from using the supplies raining from the sky. Captain Mitchell of the Rajputs was killed on the morning of 12th, and furious counterattacks against the Japanese who had infiltrated amongst C and D Companies of the Royal West Kents failed to remove the intruders; A Company, after their short rest on Kuki, now moved to support C and D Companies. That night the Japanese attempted to rush FSD Hill. The defenders were ordered to wait until they could see the whites of the Japanese eyes before opening fire. During a lull in the fighting Private Peacock from A Company dropped off, exhausted with fatigue. When he came round he discovered that he was sharing his trench with a Japanese officer who had assumed that Peacock was dead. Unable to find his rifle Peacock leapt at the officer and strangled him after a fierce struggle with his bare hands. Then, to make sure, he ran him through with the man's own sword By the 14th, the Assam Rifles relieved B company over at Garrison Hill, where Richards commemorated his remaining men for the bulwark defense. “By your efforts you have prevented the Japanese from attaining this objective. All attempts to overrun the garrison have been frustrated by your determination and devotion to duty…”. Meanwhile a patrol of the 4/7th Rajputs had advanced up the western valley. The patrol had the unfortunate result of raising some expectations of relief on the ridge. To the fighting men still desperately resisting every Japanese encroachment this made little difference to their lives. Instead, life and death continued their seemingly arbitrary, parallel journeys. The shattered hillside was now almost bare of foliage, the remaining trees standing forlornly, others leaning drunkenly where shells had smashed the trunk or branches. The ground was a churned morass of mud, which the defenders shared with rotting corpses, excrement and the inevitable detritus of war: scattered equipment, discarded helmets, broken weapons and unexploded shells. Yet the troops all knew that they had achieved a remarkable feat of endurance, and resistance. On the 15th the 1/1st Punjabs had finally broken through Piquet Hill and reopened the road to the garrisons perimeter. By the 16th, the 5th Brigade linked up with Warren's troops for the first time.The Japanese did not let up at all. On the 17th, they finally seized FSD Hill and stormed Kuki Piquet, overcoming some depleted defenders with their sheer weight of numbers. It seemed the exhausted Kohima Garrison were doomed, now crammed into a small area. Then B Company, 1/1st Punjab with Lee-Grant tanks arrived on the 18th, just in time to give the boys a fighting chance. Under heavy Japanese sniper and artillery fire, Warren and Grover's men advanced towards the besieged ridge positions. The 1st battalion, Royal Berkshire regiment made it to Kohima on the 20th to relieve Richards spent garrison.  On 19 April, the day before the first of the relieving troops made their way onto the position, Hurribombers strafed the Japanese positions, Dakotas dropped ammunition, water and food accurately on the ridge and the 25-pdrs of the 2nd Division pounded away relentlessly, firing from Zubza. The relief took place in the nick of time. The men of the 1st Battalion, Royal Berkshire Regiment, could not believe their eyes or noses as they climbed up onto Summerhouse Hill on the morning of April 20. Warned by anxious defenders to keep their heads down, many gagged at the repulsive smell of death and excrement that hung like a repressive fog over the position, weighing the hill down with the stench of horror. As Japanese bullets and shells continued to fall the weary veterans of the siege made their way down the gulleys adjacent to the IGH spur, strewn with Japanese corpses, to waiting trucks, guarded by the Lee/Grants. The fresh relief troops on the road were astonished by what they saw when the red-eyed, unshaven survivors made their way quietly out of the trees, but were in no doubt that they were witnessing the end of the first phase of one of the grimmest struggles of the entire war.  The Indian troops called out 'Shabash, Royal West Kents!' in warm acknowledgement of what all the defenders of the Kohima Ridge had achieved, congratulating the tired, bearded scarecrows even as shells fell among the convoy, injuring some of the wounded again and killing some, even as they were being lifted into the trucks. As the trucks crawled down the pitted road towards Jotsoma, and then Zubza, before making their slow way down through the green mountains into hot, steamy Dimapur, the exhausted survivors had long collapsed into deep, delicious sleep. Their ordeal was over. After 16 days of brutal siege, 278 men had been killed or wounded in a small stand, but one that would prove decisive for the CBI theater. Yet that is all for today on the Burma front as we now need to hope over to the Admiralties. The campaign for the Admiralty islands was coming to an end, now General Swift's division just had to mop up the islands of Los Negros and Manus. Over on Los Negros, the 5th Cavalry at Papitalai had been pushing west towards the Papitalai Mission since March the 14th. They were still encountering heavy resistance, requiring support from heavy artillery and aerial bombardment.  At 7:30am on the 15th, Troop A advanced after artillery and mortar concentrations, towards their third objective without any resistance. Troop A dug in there and Troop B sent out patrols 200 yards to the front. Yet still no opposition was encountered. Difficulties of supplying the troops over an extended supply line which consisted of 1 and a half miles of narrow, rutted, and slippery trail prevented further advance. Troop C, aided by a section furnished by the 82d Field Artillery Battalion, took 5 hours for a round trip. The 1st Squadron's last objective was the largest knob, Hill 260, on which it was now estimated were 100 well-entrenched Japanese. By the 17th, sufficient supplies had been brought up to enable Troop C, which had relieved Troop A, to push on toward this knob. After the usual artillery and mortar preparation, Troop C, protected in the rear by Troop B which was dug in on the third objective, advanced to within 50 yards of the hill crest before being stopped by machine-gun and rifle fire. Squadron commander Lt. Col. Charles E. Brady then dispatched Troop B north to envelop the enemy from his left flank. Although Troop B had to cut its way laboriously and noisily through the jungle, the envelopment was highly successful. The Japanese put up little resistance and both troops moved onto the hill and secured it by 1:10pm. About 40 or 50 dead Japanese were counted, although the total, which was impossible to determine in the jungle, was undoubtedly much higher. The 1st Squadron's losses in the day's attack were four killed and seven wounded.  Meanwhile, patrols from the 12th cavalry had been going around inland in the region southwest of Papitalai Mission and Lombrum. They found more resistance than anticipated. After failing to connect the perimeters, Troops A and B were landed at Chaporowan Point on the 16th where more patrols advanced along the coast, also finding some resistance. Over on the Rossum Road, Troop F of the 7th cavalry were seeing their fare share of resistance at a position 800 yards down the road. Though the cavalrymen were able to push through to the northern edge of Old Rossum, the Japanese fought so hard, Troop F was forced to withdraw. Because of this action, the position was bombed on the 21st before a full assault was launched by the 1st Squadron, 7th cavalry. This time the cavalrymen were able to secure the northern edge of Old Rossum with the support of artillery and tanks. On the 23rd, the squadron pressed their attack, gradually edging through Old Rossum. To gain 1000 yards here the Americans suffered 68 casualties, then on the 24th they yet again had to withdraw undering increasingly heavy Japanese fire. Finally on the 25th, the 1st Squadron, 8th cavalry relieved the battered men. After a heavy artillery and aerial bombardment, the Japanese defenders were finally broken. That day saw the 8th cavalry suffered 7 dead, 29 wounded, for the Japanese it was close to 100. Overall the 2nd Brigade had suffered 36 deaths, 128 wounded in the week of fighting over the Rossum area, they estimated they had killed 200 Japanese. The 2nd Brigade would patrol inland for the next two months, penetrating deep jungles, swamps and high mountains. In the end they would count a total of 586 dead Japanese on Manus. Meanwhile General Chase ordered a brigade to complete the occupation of Los Negros on March 21st. The 1st Squadron, 5th cavalry and 2nd Squadron, 12th cavalry attacked southwest towards some highground, due west of Hill 260. Troop C of the 12th cavalry advanced towards Juarez Village, supported by Troop B who performed an encircling maneuver against the retreating enemy. The 2nd Squadron, 5th cavalry would manage to clear the southern portion of Los Negros with an assault against Palapi Hill. All of Chase's units were successful in their assaults, though they faced tough resistance. For the following days, the Japanese would fight back against the invaders and by the 25th, over 500 of them paid the price with their lives. Since February 19th, 1917 Japanese had died on Los Negros, while the 1st Brigade had suffered 143 killed and 408 wounded. There were also mop up operations against the outlying islands with the 1st Squadron, 7th cavalry landing on Pityilu island on the 30th; the 1st Squadron, 12th cavalry assaulted Koruniat and Ndrilo islands on the 1st of april and the 2nd Squadron, 12th cavalry attacked Rambutyo on the 3rd. The 7th cavalry faced heavy resistance from a 60 man garrison on Pityilu, the 12th cavalry found no Japanese on Koruniat and Ndrilo and only a handful of Japanese were found on Rambutyo. On the 9th of april, the 1st Squadron, 12th cavalry landed on Pak island and with that the liberation of the Admiralty islands was complete. In total, General Krueger reported 326 killed, 1189 wounded and 4 missing while also counting a total of 3280 Japanese killed and 75 captured.  General Krueger would go on to partially explain the heavy enemy losses in the Admiralties operation were due to, "Our troops were gaining superiority on the ground against an enemy whose tactical knowledge envisioned only the offensive." Allied tactics of guaranteeing naval, air, and artillery superiority to the troops in each operation were making the heavy proportion of Japanese casualties an expected result in the Pacific. In the Admiralties invasion, fire from destroyers kept the enemy under cover during the landing and the artillery gave the troopers an enormous advantage against an enemy who possessed only two 75-mm mountain guns and one 70-mm howitzer. Bad weather had greatly restricted air operations during the first week after the invasion, and the weather probably accounted in part for the weakness of enemy air defense throughout the campaign; but the constant pounding of Japanese air bases within range of the Admiralties was a more important factor. General MacArthur's decision to send a limited number of men and ships to take an enemy stronghold far in advance of Allied-held territory, and within striking distance of enemy planes, had proved worth the risks involved. At a small cost, the neutralization of Rabaul and Kavieng was completed; and from the new base in the Admiralties, Allied air and naval forces could now launch surprise attacks on the Dutch New Guinea coast and could threaten essential enemy sea lanes within a 1500-mile radius including the Marianas, the east coast of Mindanao, and the southern limits of the Celebes Sea.  I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. Fate had rolled her dice yet again, and the Japanese had lost another decisive moment whereupon they could have perhaps changed the entire war in the India-Burma front. Likewise General Douglas MacArthur gambled by attacking the Admiralty Islands, but it would pay off heavily. It seems the allies were winning with every hand dealt to them.

¡Os damos la bienvenida al Reseñotrón de Zona Negativa! Esta es nuestra entrega de febrero de 2024 de nuestra sección mensual de reseñas sobre cómics recientes. Los tiempos y tebeos son los siguientes: 1:44 - Torpe de nacimiento 7:51 - Los Maestros Cerveceros: Integral 16:14 - La carrera del siglo 24:19 - Intermedio 29:29 - Lamu nº 01/17 35:27 - Soy su silencio 41:46 - Cuando el viento sopla 54:27 - Despedida Colaboradores: Fer García, Sergio Fernández, Diego García Rouco y Nacho Teso. Suscríbete a nuestro podcast en... iVoox - https://bit.ly/znpivoox Spotify - https://bit.ly/znpspo Apple Podcasts - http://bit.ly/znpapple Google Podcast - http://bit.ly/znpgoogle Y búscanos en tu app de podcast favorita. Música de entrada y salida: "IkouZe ! - acoustic" de Sumashu - https://bit.ly/ZNPintro Música de intermedio: "Herald of Darkness" de Old Gods of Asgard - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LPAttydeahg Para estar al día de todo el mundo del cómic y sus galaxias cercanas, ¡visita Zona Negativa!

We began our show with the CEO of Parliament Real Estate Partners; President of Parliament Consulting LLC; Co-Founder of Broad Street Brewing Company; and Co-Owner of Jericho Mountain Beef Company, Edward Webber. Webber and his partners have a strong focus on sustainability and leveled-up by using the brewer's used ingredients to feed the cattle on their ranch. It's a rather ingenious move, and a new way that beef and beer can go together so well. There's so much more to upack in Webber's interview, so we recommend you stick around to find out!Next, we sat down with Kindness Kookies Owner and Baker, Ashley Naftaly. Ashley began her cookie venture during the pandemic, making and offering her tasty treats to fellow gym enthusiasts. She is not shy when it comes to admitting the irony of it all, but that little gesture turned into a much larger one--as she now bakes cookies with a cause. Her sweet baked goods do good deeds, as you can designate an organization to help out. There are also special recipe creations to look forward to, so spread a smile on your face by tuning in and finding out more about Ashley and her Kindness Kookies!Speaking of spreading joy, our final guest joined us from Santa Fe, New Mexico! Ahmed Obo, who is the Chef and Owner of Jambo Cafe and Jambo Bobcat Bite, was born and raised in Lamu, Kenya. And in 1995 he immigrated to the USA via New York, finally landing in New Mexico to work and help support his family members living in Kenya. Little did Santa Fe know that in gaining a new resident, their palates would be opened up to a whole new world of tasting sensations. Ahmed's business' began as a suggestion for a special dinner night at a local Zia Diner, and very soon after it was a huge hit. Now, Ahmed's Jambo Cafe has gained him attention from numerous media outlets, earned him a James Beard Foundation Nomination, and caused many celebrities to be enamored with his cuisine. Curious to find out more? Then stay tuned till the end, and hear from Ahmed why you need to visit Jambo Cafe and Jambo Bobcat Bite in New Mexico!

Join me as I chat with esteemed yogi and photographer, Leo Lourdes, as he explores ways that yoga can help us overcome trauma.Creating Wellness From Within is a podcast devoted to empowering you to live your best life by taking accountability for your own personal wellness … brought to you in part by Integrated Health Systems located in Denver, CO. Women in particular have a tendency to take care of everyone else around them first, while putting their own self care and wellness on the back burner. This podcast is designed to give you actionable advice and tools to help you power up your own wellness journey, and live the best life possible!I am your host, Amy Zellmer. I am editor-in-chief of MN YOGA + Life magazine and author of The Chair Yoga Pocket Guide. Additionally I am passionate about yoga, photography, wellness, and all things glittery! You can find out more about me at www.creatingwellnessfromwithin.comFollow me on: Instagram, Facebook, LinkedIn, and Twitter         Today's guest is: Leo LourdesLeo Lourdes is a globally renowned yoga master and transformational coach who has committed his life to helping clients improve their well-being in their private and professional lives. As the creator of Brahma Yoga and a wellness entrepreneur, he has taught, coached, and shared wisdom with, more than 40,000 people globally, including Elle Macpherson, Donna Karan, Dua Lipa, Helena Bonham Carter, and Oprah Winfrey. At the age of 22, he was the youngest consultant on London's prestigious Harley Street. He is a motivational speaker and a personal coach for business leaders. He has also been a consultant for organizations such as Accenture, Unilever, Disney, Bank of America Merrill Lynch, and Tottenham Hotspur Football Club, as well as the yoga master for Blackstone, an investment company. He has an avid interest in the ecology and biodiversity of the planet, and he spends time in East Africa each year helping protect endangered wildlife and the rights of Indigenous people. He also supports an orphanage in the Himalayas that looks after more than 40 children. In addition to running yoga retreats and wellness festivals globally, he is passionate about songwriting and producing music, climbing mountains, and walking his beautiful beagle, Lamu. Www.ysyoga.co.ukPurchase his photo book: https://amzn.to/47f5HAhConsider supporting the podcast for $5 though BuyMeACoffeeSupport the show

“From a hidden region of Colombia to a high-profile hotel debut in London, this episode is for adventurers, foodies, escapists, and big-city lovers—basically anyone who cherishes travel and is interested in exploring new places,” Bruce says. Throughout the episode, you will hear the insights and advice of luxury travel leaders whom Bruce Wallin, Travel That Matters host and award-winning travel writer and editor, surveyed at the annual Virtuoso Travel Week, the world's leading luxury travel conference. You'll also hear the reactions and analysis of Bruce and his guest, fellow travel journalist Jackie Caradonio. While the better-known locations were not forgotten, like New York City, Boston, London, and Tokyo, Bruce and Jackie take listeners to Lamu and Ko Yao Yai, Riga and Dubrovnik, and far beyond.  Listeners of this Travel That Matters episode will be ahead of the travel curve, discovering new hot spots to visit before they're on everyone's vacation radar. Some of the destinations will shock you! Plus, listeners learn things like which country has the largest variety of bird species, where the first Blue Zone was, where the 2026 Olympic Winter Games will be held, how you can cycle over 900 miles across six prefectures, and other unique facts about this beautiful world we love to explore. --- Travel That Matters would like to thank Virtuoso, the leading global network of luxury travel advisors, for including us at the annual Virtuoso Travel Week in Las Vegas. You can find out more details about all of the locations mentioned in the episode, below:  Dolomiti Superski - https://www.dolomitisuperski.com/en/home Sella Ronda ski circuit - https://www.dolomitisuperski.com/en/Experience/Sellaronda-Grande-Guerra Via ferrata mountaineering circuit - https://www.dolomitemountains.com/en/resources/dolomites-tips/via-ferrata-climbing-the-iron-paths-of-the-dolomites Rosa Alpina - https://www.aman.com/resorts/rosa-alpina Hotel Cristallo - https://www.hotelcristallo-altabadia.it/en Hotel de Lën - https://hoteldelen.it/en/hotel-de-len/ Alpinn Food Space & Restaurant - https://alpinn.it/en/ Hotel Ciasa Salares - https://www.ciasasalares.it/en/ Jannah Lamu - https://www.jannahlamu.com/ White Sand Villas Zanzibar - https://www.whitesandvillas.com/ The Surrey - https://www.corinthia.com/new-york/ Tatiana by Kwame Onwuachi - https://www.tatiananyc.com/ The Hispanic Museum & Library - https://hispanicsociety.org/ Good Food Festival Dubrovnik - https://tzdubrovnik.hr/lang/en/news/good_food_fest/index.html Four Seasons Resort Costa Rica - https://www.fourseasons.com/costarica/ Hacienda Altagracia, Auberge Resorts Collection - https://aubergeresorts.com/altagracia/stay/ Nayara Springs - https://nayarasprings.com/ Rocco Forte Hotels, Liscia di Vacca - https://www.roccofortehotels.com/hotels-and-resorts/liscia-di-vacca-sardinia/ Nordic Luxury - https://www.nordicluxury.is/ Mandarin Oriental, Costa Navarino - https://www.mandarinoriental.com/en/costa-navarino/messenia Kempinski Grand Hotel Riga - https://www.kempinski.com/en/grand-hotel-kempinski-riga Seabourn Cruises - https://www.seabourn.com/en/us Raffles Boston - https://www.raffles.com/boston/ Raffles London at the OWO - https://theowo.london/ Four Seasons Hotel Boston - https://www.fourseasons.com/boston/ The Newbury Boston - https://www.thenewburyboston.com/ O Ya - https://www.o-ya.restaurant/ ICAA New England - https://www.classicist-ne.org/ Grace by Nia - https://www.gracebynia.com/ Anantara Koh Yao Yai Resort & Villas - https://www.anantara.com/en/koh-yao-yai-phuket 62 Nord - https://www.62.no/en Secret Atlas - https://www.secretatlas.com/ Pacific Cycling Road Japan - https://www.mlit.go.jp/road/bicycleuse/good-cycle-japan/national_cycle_route/pacific_en.html Tswalu Kalahari Reserve - https://tswalu.com/ Mount Nelson, a Belmond Hotel - https://www.belmond.com/hotels/africa/south-africa/cape-town/belmond-mount-nelson-hotel/ Rebecca Masri - Little Emperors - https://littleemperors.com/ Pavia Rosati - Fathom - https://www.fathomaway.com/  Andrea Grisdale - IC Bellagio - https://icbellagio.com/ Javier Arredondo - Virtuoso - https://www.virtuoso.com/travel Amanda Elder - Kempinski Hotels - https://www.kempinski.com/en Omer Acar - Raffles - https://www.raffles.com/home/ and Orient Express - https://www.orient-express.com/ Ian di Tullio - Minor Hotels - https://www.minorhotels.com/en Deborah Frank - Luxury Magazine - https://www.luxurycard.com/magazine Gilberto Salcedo - ProColombia - https://procolombia.co/ Pradeep Raman - Corinthia New York - https://www.corinthia.com/new-york/ Christian Leibel-Cote - Collette - https://www.gocollette.com/en Mina Agnos - travelive - https://www.travelive.com/ Bobby Huebner - Skylark - https://skylark.com/ --- To learn more about what Jackie is up to, be sure to follow her https://www.instagram.com/jackiecaradonio/ or check out her website https://www.jackiecaradonio.com/ Travel That Matters is a CurtCo Media production. Host: Bruce Wallin Producer: AJ Moseley Marketing: Catrin Skaperdas Music: Joey SalviaSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This episode features a conversation about poetic traditions in East Africa. Earlier this year, Brill published In This Fragile World: Swahili Poetry of Commitment by Ustadh Mahmoud Mau. Ustadh Mau is a spiritual leader and popular poet from Lamu, Kenya. When he visited the Netherlands in May 2023, a local bookshop in Leiden hosted a reading to launch this new collection of English translations. In this episode, we will be playing some recordings from that event to give listeners a sense of the poems in their original Swahili (see also the audio recordings that supplement the book itself). To guide us through the poems and introduce their broader context, the podcast was pleased to welcome Clarissa Vierke and Annachiara Raia, who served as editors and translators of In This Fragile World. Clarissa Vierke is a professor of Literatures in African Languages at the University of Bayreuth. Her PhD examined the specific poetics of a narrative poetic genre from the Swahili Coast in Eastern Africa. Since then, she has worked on manuscript cultures in Eastern Africa and travelling texts along the East African Coast from Kenya to Mozambique and across the Indian Ocean. Annachiara Raia is a University Lecturer at the Leiden University Centre for the Arts in Society (LUCAS). She specializes in African languages and literatures, and her research focuses on the role of texts and performative practices in forging Swahili Islamic networks across Muslim lands of the Indian Ocean and the African continent. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Kenyan-born entrepreneur Vava Angwenyi is a specialty coffee exporter, producer and roaster. She founded Vava Coffee Inc, which is B-Corp Certified entity and later co-founded Gente Del Futuro with a Tanzania-based Colombian partner, with the mission of having a meaningful impact on the monopolized coffee trade in East Africa. This episode takes us deep into the rich tapestry of the African coffee industry, as Vava recounts her personal journey and the transformative initiatives she's launched. Vava's passion for coffee is not just about savoring its taste. She's dedicated to educating local youth about the industry, empowering them with practical skills and opening doors of opportunity. Her story takes us through the rough terrains of global trade standards, shedding light on how they shape the continent's coffee sector. We also discuss  how colonial legacy lingers in  Africa's coffee consumption habits and highlight how the Gente del Futuro project is having a positive impact on this factor and unlocking other areas of  potential within the African coffee industry. Through education, Gente del Futuro is addressing unemployment, elevating women and girls' exposure to the coffee industry and serves as a career launchpad into the industry young people. We celebrate the opening of the first-ever coffee house in Lamu, a historic milestone in promoting agriculture and coffee. Wrapping up our discussion, we explore the role of ancestral wisdom in decision-making and the profound influence of authenticity in our lives. And don't miss out on hearing about Vava's book 'Coffee, Milk, Blood' - a celebration of African culture and Vava's journey in the coffee industry. So, are you ready for a cup of brewed insights?LINKS AND MENTIONS Vava Coffee Inc. - https://www.vavacoffeeinc.comKuijenga - a Vava Coffee project showcasing their impact work in Lamu, Kenya - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qmrdTvPrkgs Coffee Milk Blood - An insider's view of Kenya's coffee industry - https://www.coffeemilkblood.com/new-products-1/swahili-soul-event-lamu Support the showNEWSLETTER, stay in the loop and subscribe to our newsletterLISTEN ON Apple and Spotify FOLLOW US ON Instagram and FacebookSUPPORT this work so that we can keep it free. Become a MONTHLY SUPPORTER

Drogie Młode Umysły! Oto finałowy, 10 odcinek LAMU 2023. Na pożegnanie wakacji. Pytacie o ciało i umysł… Dotykacie w nim tematów, co do których nauka często nie ma jeszcze jednoznacznych odpowiedzi…0:55 Część I – Umysł1:00 Skąd się wziął sen i sny? Maja, 7 latOdpowiada dr Małgorzata Hołda, Pracownia Psychologii Snu, Instytut Psychologii, Uniwersytet Jagielloński8:55 Po co są horrory? Pyta Kacper, 7 latOdpowiada prof. Ewelina Knapska, badaczka m.in. strachu, Instytut Nenckiego12:41 Skąd się wziął nasz charakter? Sebastian, 9 lat17:16 Dlaczego ludzie walczą? Staś, 8 latNa oba pytania odpowiada dr Alicja Puścian, neurobiolożka zachowania z Instytutu Nenckiego21:11 Część II – Ciało Jak to jest, że goją się rany? Tamara, 5 latOdpowiada Paulina Łopatniuk, patomorfolożka, autorka profilu „Patolodzy na Klatce” oraz książki „Na własnej skórze. Mała księga o wielkim narządzie” https://www.facebook.com/patolodzynaklatce27:06 Po co chłopcom są sutki? Janusz, 5 lat28:47 Dlaczego dorosłe dziewczyny mają tak owłosione cipki? Ala, 5 latNa oba pytania odpowiada dr Anna Parzyńska, ginekolożka https://www.instagram.com/doctorashtangaLAMU – to wakacyjne podcasty dla dzieci, bez reklam, sponsorów, otwarte i bezpłatne. Powstają w ramach Radia Naukowego. Naszą działalność można wesprzeć na https://patronite.pl/radionaukowe

Witajcie, witajcie Młode Umysły! Przed Wami przedostatnie LAMU sezonu 2023. Będzie o elektryczności, lataniu i innych wynalazkach. Gęsty odcinek! Dużo pytań wielu ekspertów!00:53 Część I Prąd i kableOdpowiada dr hab. inż. prof. Politechniki Warszawskiej, Bartosz Sawicki00:53 Skąd wziął się prąd? Jak powstaje prąd? Skąd się bierze prąd Pytają: Tola, 7 lat, Franek 5 lat, Max, 6 lat04:08 Co to jest prąd i dlaczego można go zmienić w światło, ciepło, a nawet zimno w lodówce? Wiktor, 6 lat05:30 Dlaczego urządzenia elektryczne się grzeją? Natalka, 7 lat06:46 Jak żarówka świeci? Jagoda, 9 lat 09:09 Jak działają kable? Pyta 7-letnia Maja, odpowiada Konrad Machowski, szef techniki w Radiu TOK FM 16:29 Część II Internet, roboty i plastik 16:52 Jak router odczytuje internet? Pyta 5-letni Artur, odpowiada dr hab. Inż. Bartosz Walter z Politechniki Poznańskiej, Stowarzyszenie Rzecznicy Nauki 19:30 Jak się buduje roboty? Pyta 5-letni Gerard, odpowiada dr Tomasz Łuczyński, robotyk, Stowarzyszenie Rzecznicy Nauki24:17 Czy można zrobić roboty, które będą rosły jak rośliny? Pyta 6-letni Janek, odpowiada prof. Aleksandra Przegalińska, specjalistka sztucznej inteligencji, Akademia Leona Koźmińskiego, MIT 26:18 Dlaczego ludzie stworzyli plastik? Pyta 5-letnia Iza, odpowiada dr inż. Rafał Wróblewski z Politechniki Warszawskiej 30:57 Część III Samoloty i wycieczkaOdpowiada i oprowadza dr inż. Adam Dziubiński z Sieci Badawczej Łukasiewicz – Instytutu Lotnictwa32:00 Jak samoloty latają? Jak się robi siła nośna, która unosi samoloty w powietrzu? Jak samoloty i helikoptery latają? Pytają Krzyś, 6 lat, Kuba, 5 lat Adam 8 lat37:10 Jak to jest, że jak samolot leci szybko w dół to nie ma w nim grawitacji? Józio, 8 lat LAMU – to wakacyjne podcasty dla dzieci, bez reklam, sponsorów, otwarte i bezpłatne. Powstają w ramach Radia Naukowego. Naszą działalność można wesprzeć na https://patronite.pl/radionaukowe

Drogie Młode Umysły! Dzisiaj lecimy w gwiazdy! Zapraszam na naprawdę kosmiczny odcinek :)0:43 Część I - Planety Na pytania odpowiada dr Stanisław Bajtlik z Centrum Astronomicznego im. Mikołaja Kopernika Polskiej Akademii Nauk1:02 Dlaczego planety nie zmieniają orbit i kto je tam ustawił? - Sonia, 5 lat1:20 Dlaczego Ziemia nie odlatuje od Słońca chociaż nie trzyma jej żaden łańcuch ani sznur? - Wiktor, 6 lat4:55 Czy planeta może oddalić się od słońca? - Jagoda, 9 lat9:21 Część II - Gwiazdy Na pytania odpowiada dr Monika Sitek z Obserwatorium Astronomicznego Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego11:12 Gdzie się rodzą gwiazdy i jak? - Nela, 6 lat11:21 Jak się Słońce stworzyło, bo przecież nie może się stworzyć z chmur, ptaków i różnych tam innych rzeczy? - Ala, 5 lat13:27 Z czego jest zbudowana gwiazda i dlaczego świeci? - Sara, 10 lat15:43 Co by było gdyby w Układzie Słonecznym były dwie gwiazdy? - Staś, 5 lat17:57 Jak naukowcy zmierzyli największą gwiazdę i najmniejszą? - Tymoteusz, 6 lat20:21 Część III - Czarne i białe dziury Odpowiada dr Jan Skowron z z Obserwatorium Astronomicznego Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego20:40 Dlaczego niektóre gwiazdy zamieniają się w czarne dziury a niektóre nie? - Olek, 8 lat24:05 Czy Słońce będzie kiedyś czarną dziurą? - Henryk, 7 lat26:00 Jak rozpoznać czarną dziurę w kosmosie? - Ignaś, 7 lat29:36 Czym są białe dziury, czym się różnią od czarnych dziur i czemu niby wyrzucają rzeczy? Michał, 8 lat***LAMU - to wakacyjne podcasty dla dzieci, bez reklam, sponsorów, otwarte i bezpłatne. Powstają w ramach Radia Naukowego. Naszą działalność można wesprzeć na https://patronite.pl/radionaukowe

Live from Pretoria Join Asshur in an engaging conversation with the intrepid traveler, Jovenchi, as they delve into his expedition through Namibia and his explorations across Southern Africa. From lightheartedly debating the pronunciation of "Tanzania" to immersing themselves in the rich tapestry of food, people, and experiences across East and Southern Africa, this dialogue brims with enthusiasm and motivation for every wanderlust-driven soul. Uncover Jovenchi's expert insights on navigating Mozambique's hidden gems, contrasting the allure of Lamu and Diani in Kenya, and being captivated by the breathtaking landscapes of Namibia's deserts and beaches. Whether you're a seasoned globetrotter or embarking on your maiden voyage, this episode promises to kindle your desire to roam and set forth on an unforgettable journey. Embark on this exhilarating adventure through some of Africa's most enchanting and awe-inspiring destinations! --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/youngblacktravelers/message Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/youngblacktravelers/support

LAMU'23 #7 Skąd tygrys wie, gdzie ma iść? Odcinek zwierzęcyNajmilsze Młode Umysły! Dzięki Wam przygotowałam odcinek skrzący się od celnych pytań o świat zwierząt i… nasion. Posłuchajcie!Część I Rośliny, motyle i rekiny00:40 Co się dzieje w środku nasionka kiedy wykiełkowuje? Pyta 9-letnia Hania, odpowiada dr Katarzyna Roguz z Ogrodu Botanicznego UW06:00 Dlaczego motyle latają mimo, że mają delikatne skrzydła? Pyta 6-letnia Helena, odpowiada Izabela Dziekańska, lepidopterolożka z Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku, autorka książki „Motyle dzienne i nocne”10:31 Ile razy w życiu odrastają rekinowi zęby? Pyta 7-letni Szymon, odpowiada dr Szymon Smoliński z Morskiego Instytutu Rybackiego-PIB15:27 Część II KotyOdpowiada prof. Robert Mysłajek, badacz dzikich ssaków z Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego16:02 Skąd tygrys wie, gdzie ma iść? No bo tak chodzi i chodzi po lasach… Staś, 8 lat18:06 Czy da się oswoić lamparta? Agatka, 5 lat19:52 Czemu koty się wszędzie zmieszczą, a psy nie? Jaś, 7 lat22:21 Dlaczego psy mają tak dużo ras, a psy tak mało? Mikołaj, 7 lat24:42 Część III Węże i pająkiOdpowiada prof. Agnieszka Babczyńska, arachnolożka z Uniwersytetu Śląskiego25:37 Czy pająki mogą się zaplątać we własną sieć? Jagoda, 9 lat28:35 Dlaczego skorpiony są pajęczakami mimo tego, że nie przypominają pająków? Franek, 9 latNa pytania o węże odpowiada dr Mikołaj Kaczmarski, herpetolog z Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Poznaniu32:29 Dlaczego węże nie mają łap? Kinga, 6 lat35:17 Czym się różnią płazy wyglądające jak węże od zwykłych węży? Bruno, 6 lat

Witajcie Kochane Młode Umysły! W tym odcinku dajecie popis spostrzegawczości zauważając i pytając o różne dziwne rzeczy dziejące się na co dzień dokoła nas. Zapraszam do naukowej wycieczki przez nasze łazienki, szuflady i zakurzone kąty w mieszkaniach!00:48 Część I ChemiaOdpowiada dr Urszula Koss-Wierzbicka, chemiczka, Stowarzyszenie Rzecznicy Nauki00:48 Dlaczego klej klei? Kuba, 5 lat05:17 Z czego tworzy się guma? Nie ta do żucia. Szczepan, 6 lat08:20 Część II Kurz i wietrzenie.08:29 Skąd się bierze kurz? Pyta 7-letnia Laura, odpowiada Stanisław Łoboziak z Centrum Nauki Kopernik; po cleanroom Centrum Badań Kosmicznych oprowadza Waldemar Bujwan16:51 Od kiedy na świecie jest wentylacja? Pyta 5-letni Leon, odpowiada prof. Piotr Dyczek, archeolog z Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego21:52 Fizyka w wodzieOdpowiada Dariusz Aksamit, fizyk medyczny, nauczyciel, popularyzator nauki, Politechnika Warszawska22:42 Czemu w wodzie łatwiej podnosi się rzeczy? Sebastian, 9 lat26:56 Dlaczego jedne przedmioty unoszą się na wodzie, a inne toną? Adam, 8 lat33:00 Dlaczego jak wkładam zabawki pod wodę to robią się większe? Zosia, 5 lat***LAMU - to wakacyjne podcasty dla dzieci, bez reklam, sponsorów, otwarte i bezpłatne. Powstają w ramach Radia Naukowego. Naszą działalność można wesprzeć na https://patronite.pl/radionaukowe

Inside this Episode with Mitch Hampton I first met our guest Jill Nadine Clements through my late father, probably about thirty odd years ago. My father, Aubrey Hampton, was the founder, of course, of Aubrey Organics, a completely unique natural cosmetics company that was the first of its kind when it debuted in 1967. That business closed in January of last year after a fifty year run. Jill is literally carrying on that tradition however; her emphasis is on creams and lotions as well as her unusually fabulous designs and "packaging." It is one of the precious few businesses of its kind that upholds the ecological, health and cosmetic integrity that we started at Aubrey so very long ago. It was also great to see her on video since it has been the far too long twelve years since we have been in contact! I do hope that this episode inspires folks to purchase some of her products and I actually learned some things during it which I did not know. I certainly hope you enjoy this episode as much as we did our reunion. Links to Nadina's Cremes: Shop her cremes: https://nadinascremes.com/collections/all Website: https://nadinascremes.com/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/NadinasCremes Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/nadinas.cre... More About Nadina: For the full version, visit her website (https://nadinascremes.com/pages/about...) In Hawaii there is a term: " talking Story" (it's not lies, it's your Life and the wonders that have happened). After 30 years of Nadina's Cremes and 1,000's of stores that have carried Nadina's... another dream come true: of moving to Hawaii and making Nadina's Cremes both East Coast and Hawaii. First I'd like to tell of the joy and honor of the famous people who have shared appreciation for Nadina's Cremes. Every person's Love of the product matters to me, but what fun to have the memories of these special talents. I started Nadina's Cremes while traveling in the Renaissance Faires being an apprentice Potter. After three years doing the Renaissance Faires I had the pleasure and adventure of crossing Africa with a best friend from college volunteering In The Peace Corp. We traveled all the way from West to East Africa! It was on the island of Lamu where lovely Muslim women took me into their homes to make cremes their way... I then returned home in mid 1989 with only 5 accounts, Whole Foods being the first when they had only 2 stores.... I moved into my Grandmother's kitchen end of '89 and by '92, Nadina's Cremes had become a million dollar business in over a 1,000 stores. I kept working hard, endless shows... grateful to have the tags of the jars be an avenue to educating about how important the Rain Forest is for our planet. Through the purchase of Nadina's Cremes we donated $1,000 to different environmental organizations; one being Rain Forest Action Network. The tags would fold out in color and show the canopy, slash and burn, logging then desertification. Plus, the address for RFAN at the end, they sent a testimonial that the tags helped. A few more years go by and by luck Sarah Mac Lachlan purchased our Cremes in the special town of Captain Cook on the Big Island of Hawaii, and in 1997 calls our company asking us to join her concert and craft vendor in the outdoor venues. WOW again... Mac Lachlan to be sold with her CD's and her artwork and t-shirts at her booth... I have always cared to educate through our brochues to help our environment. #hawaii #cosmetics #herbalism #aubreyorganics #nadinascremes #rainforest #maryland #organic #natural #healthfood #Florida Paulsimon #sarahmachlachlan #ylangylang #swahili #africa #hope #nadina #peacecorps #aubreyhampton #nasa #marylandrenaissancefestival #anitaroddick #baltimore #bodyshop #breadandcircus #johnwaters #california #wholefoods #crueltyfree #texasam #cameroon #crescenthotel #dallas #carolinerosehunt #essentialoil #ireland #organic --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/mitch-hampton/message Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/mitch-hampton/support

In this episode of Chica Travel, I am thrilled to chat to Zillah, a native of Lamu and a travel curator. Zillah's deep-rooted connection to Lamu (Kenya) shines through as he takes us on a journey through the enchanting coastal town. With his passion for curating travel experiences, Zillah shares his insights on Lamu's most captivating attractions, the rich culinary heritage, and the vibrant local culture. Hear all about how Zillah's personal connection to Lamu shapes the way he crafts unique and authentic adventures for his clients. From must-see landmarks to off-the-beaten-path gems, Zillah's expertise opens the door to a world of unforgettable experiences in Lamu. Tune in for an insider's perspective to the wonders of Lamu and get to know Lamu through the eyes of a true local curator. Interview starts at 6:35 You can connect with Zillah on social media @Zillah_Black or @Zillah_Safaris I hope you enjoy this episode, and if you do, please show love on social media @ChicatravelPodcast / @mslelob or leave a review.

Szanowne Młode Umysły! Przed Wami piąty odcinek LAMU sezonu 2023, jesteśmy w połowie naszej intelektualnej przygody. Zaczniemy od duetu Marysi i Sanah, zapraszam!0:38 Część I Matematyka Odpowiada prof. Piotr Nowak z Instytutu Matematycznego Polskiej Akademii Nauk0:38 Dlaczego równanie a2 + b2 = c2 jest takie ważne, że aż Sanah o nim zaśpiewała? Marysia, 7 lat5:11 Co to jest liczba Grahama, ile ma zer i do czego służy? Pola, 8 lat8:18 Część II Historia Czy Polska mogła być imperium kolonialnym? Pyta 11-letni Marek, odpowiada Michał Bąk z Muzeum Historii Polski18:39 Kiedy wymyślono budynki? Pyta 5-letni Artur, odpowiada prof. Piotr Dyczek, archeolog z Uniwersytet Warszawskiego25:54 Część III Mowa Odpowiada dr Magdalena Babiszewska, biolożka ewolucyjna, Warszawski Uniwersytet MedycznyDlaczego my umiemy mówić a inne zwierzęta nie? - Marysia, 5 latDlaczego ludzie mówią i jak to się stało, że zaczęli mówić? - Jaś, 5 latJak ludzie wymyślili języki? - Irena, 5 lat*** LAMU - to wakacyjne podcasty dla dzieci, bez reklam, sponsorów, otwarte i bezpłatne. Powstają w ramach Radia Naukowego. Naszą działalność można wesprzeć na https://patronite.pl/radionaukowe

LAMU - to wakacyjne podcasty dla dzieci, bez reklam, sponsorów, otwarte i bezpłatne. Powstają w ramach Radia Naukowego. Naszą działalność można wesprzeć na https://patronite.pl/radionaukowe***Witajcie, witajcie Młode Umysły! W tym odcinku porozmawiamy o życiu! Po co ono jest? Pytacie o organizmy duże (jak ludzie i zwierzęta) i o te maluteńkie - bakterie i wirusy. Zapraszam do wspólnego zajrzenia w ten niezwykły świat! 0:42 Część I Życie Odpowiada prof. Marek Konarzewski, prezes Polskiej Akademii Nauk.1:59 Po co jest życie? Janek, 10 lat 5:07 Dlaczego matka natura dała zwierzętom takie wielkie uszy? Natalka, 6 lat8:20 Czemu większość zwierząt ma dwoje oczu? Tymoteusz, 9 lat10:55 Dlaczego bez rodzica zwierzęcego nie można wyhodować zwierzęcia? Lew, 5 lat14:15 Część II Ewolucja człowieka Odpowiada dr Martyna Molak, biolożka, ekspertka od antycznego DNA z Centrum Nowych Technologii Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego 14:42 Jak powstał człowiek? Kamilek, 5 lat17:56 Czy wszyscy ludzie na całym świecie są ze sobą spokrewnieni? Kazik, 6 lat19:48 Część III Mikrobiologia Odpowiadają prof. Rafał Mostowy z Małopolskiego Centrum Biotechnologii Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego oraz prof. Aleksandra Ziembińska-Buczyńska z Katedry Biotechnologii Środowiskowej na Wydziale Inżynierii Środowiska i Energetyki Politechniki Śląskiej19:54 Dlaczego powstał pierwszy wirus? Kaja, 6 lat24:01 Jak się tworzą bakterie? Marcel, 5,5 lat27:06 Jak się tworzą złe bakterie? Basia, 6 lat29:13 Ile jest bakterii na całym świecie? Maja, 5 lat30:52 Czy bakterie jedzą to co my jemy? Maja, 6 lat

LAMU - to wakacyjne podcasty dla dzieci, bez reklam, sponsorów, otwarte i bezpłatne. Powstają w ramach Radia Naukowego. Naszą działalność można wesprzeć na https://patronite.pl/radionaukowe***Witajcie, witajcie Młode Umysły! W tym odcinku jest ogniście! Ale pytacie też o najgłębszą naturę świata. Zapraszam do wspólnej intelektualnej wycieczki!00:40 Część I FizykaOdpowiada dr Marek Walczak, AstroCENT Centrum Astronomicznego im. Mikołaja Kopernika PAN, projekt DarkWave, grupie współfinansowanej z programu Horyzont 2020 komisji europejskiej00:40 Co to jest nic? A jeżeli nic to jest nic, to co to jest to nic? Klara, 8 lat5:28 Czy coś może mieć ujemną masę? Mikołaj, 7 lat7:24 Czy da się rozbić elektron? Maks, 6 lat9:30 Czy pojedynczy atom można powiększyć? Nie chodzi o doczepianie kolejnych cząstek, tylko o takie napompowanie. Jakby atom był w pustym pokoju, w zupełnej próżni, to czy atom można powiększyć, żeby zajmował cały pokój? Tadeusz, 9 lat13:40 Część II Ogień i pożarOdpowiada dr Jan Stefan Bihałowicz, fizyk, ekspert od pożarów składowisk odpadów14:10 Jak się tworzy pożar? Nikodem, 6 lat18:10 Czemu jak się zapala ogień to w powietrzu się robią takie fale dźwiękowe? Krzyś, 6 lat20:46 Czemu ogień jest gorący? I jak się go zgasi to gdzie znika płomień? Bo jeśli świeczkę się zdmuchnie a podpali się dym, to ogień wraca na swoje miejsce, dlaczego? Sebastian, 9 lat21:53 Jak powstał ogień? Maks, 6 lat24:04 Część III WulkanyOdpowiada Andrzej Jagielski, muzealnik i geolog, Muzeum Geologiczne Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego24:18 Jak lawa wychodzi z wulkanów? Filip, 8 lat30:15 Czy dałoby się kamień wulkaniczny zamienić z powrotem w lawę? A jeżeli tak, to jak to można zrobić? Tymoteusz, 9 lat

W tym odcinku LAMU eksplorujemy tajemnice naszych ciał. Bardzo Was interesowały różne szczegóły…0:39 Część I – nos i gardło O pytania dotyczące obszary laryngologicznego odpowiada dr hab. Wojciech Kukwa, kierownik Oddziału Otolaryngologicznego Szpitala Czerniakowskiego, wykładowca na Warszawskim Uniwersytecie Medycznym2:11 Dlaczego człowiek kaszle? Jaś, 7 lat4:08 Skąd się biorą smarki w nosie? Witek, 7 lat. Co to jest i skąd się bierze katar? Kuba, 5 lat8:03 Dlaczego kicham, jak patrzę na Słońce? Tadzio, 7 lat10:22 Część II – Jedzenie Odpowiada dr Hanna Stolińska, dietetyczka kliniczna, autorka książek o zdrowym odżywianiu (i fanka marchewki)11:19 Dlaczego jedzenie i picie jest w życiu dla nas takie ważne? Marysia, 7 lat12:52 Dlaczego warzywa są zdrowe, a cukierki nie? Mela, 7 lat16:13 Dlaczego mój tata ma taki duży brzuch? Tola, 7 lat18:08 Część III – Trawienie i robienie kupy Odpowiada (bez żadnego tabu!) gastrolog dziecięcy, dr hab. Piotr Dziechciarz, Dziecięcy Szpital Kliniczny, Warszawski Uniwersytet Medyczny19:06 Dlaczego można przełykać jedzenie, jak się stoi na głowie? Ignacy, 8 lat21:33 Dlaczego puszczamy bąki i dlaczego bąki śmierdzą? Jaś, 5 lat22:31 Z czego składa się kupa? Maja, 6 lat26:58 Bonus: Jak działają mięśnie? Pyta 8-letni Antek, odpowiada Katarzyna Emich, fizjoterapeutka z Białostockiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego oraz Fundacji Aktywnej Rehabilitacji-----LAMU jest częścią Radia Naukowego. Działamy dzięki wsparciu na https://patronite.pl/radionaukowePlaylista LAMU na Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/playlist/59UUulzylUrfcFP7HZBagM

LAMU powraca! Jeszcze więcej pytań od Młodych Umysłów i jeszcze więcej odpowiedzi! Zapraszamy na odcinek pierwszy00:33 Część pierwsza: meteorologia Odpowiada prof. Szymon Malinowski, fizyk atmosfery, Wydział Fizyki Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego01:20 Dlaczego zwykłe chmury są białe, a deszczowe szare? Kacper, 10 lat 03:44 Czy chmury są ciężkie, czy nie? Bo czasem wyglądają jak wata cukrowa (takie mięciutkie), a czasami takie burzowe wyglądają na ciężkie i metalowe. Ile chmury ważą? Gabrysia 7 i pół lat 6:48 Jak powstaje burza? Robert, 4 lata9:34 Jak się robi przeciąg? Wojtuś, 5 lat 11:52 Część druga: wodaOdpowiadają: dr Anna Łosiak, geolożka planetarna z z Instytutu Nauk Geologicznych Polskiej Akademii NaukDariusz Aksamit, fizyk medyczny, nauczyciel, popularyzator nauki, Politechnika Warszawska12:53 Jak powstała woda? Max, 6 lat15:25 Co by było, gdyby nie było wody na świecie? Alicja, prawie 6 lat 18:31 Dlaczego śnieg jest biały? Janek, 4 lata Jak to jest, że śnieg jest biały, a lód jest przezroczysty i woda jest przezroczysta i są zrobione oba z wody? Filipek, prawie 5 lat-----LAMU jest częścią Radia Naukowego. Działamy dzięki wsparciu na https://patronite.pl/radionaukowePlaylista LAMU: https://open.spotify.com/playlist/59UUulzylUrfcFP7HZBagM

Join Asshur as he sits down with the adventurous Jovenchi to discuss his recent journey through Namibia and his travels throughout Southern Africa. From debating the proper pronunciation of Tanzania to exploring the diverse food, people, and experiences of East and Southern Africa, this conversation is full of excitement and inspiration for any travel enthusiast. Discover Jovenchi's insider tips on navigating Mozambique, the differences between Lamu and Diani in Kenya, and the stunning landscapes of Namibia's desert and beach. Whether you're a seasoned explorer or a first-time adventurer, this episode is sure to spark your wanderlust and leave you itching to pack your bags and hit the road. Don't miss out on this thrilling journey through some of the most beautiful and captivating destinations in Africa! --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/youngblacktravelers/message Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/youngblacktravelers/support

The Bklyn Combine ends our East Africa series with part 2 of our discussion with the charismatic, Mr. Lee, an 82 year old, legend in Lamu, Kenya. This Harlem expat has lived life fully and we are honored to have him as our guest. Join us as he shares stories and life advice. We are the Brooklyn Combine, a non-profit community organization. We work with schools, community organizations, and dedicated city officials to help provide mentorship, critical education, leadership, and social support programs to youth and young adults in low-income and underserved communities. Music: 1. Everybody Wants To Rule The World by Robert Glasper, feat. Lalah Hathaway 2. Try A Little Tenderness by Otis Redding 3. F by Raheim Supreme