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El James Webb revela la presencia de dióxido de carbono y agua oxigenada en Caronte, la luna de Plutón (¿o es al revés?). Extracto del Ep480
Losing Touch - Episode 123 - Reef Beef Podcast. In this episode we talk about connecting a chiller to an Apex, being a noob, treating with H2O2, and more! Thank you to our sponsors: Saltwater Aquarium: https://tinyurl.com/RBSaltwaterAquarium Saltwater Aquarium Wholesale: https://tinyurl.com/SWAWholesale PolypLab: https://www.polyplab.com/ Champion Lighting: https://www.championlighting.com/ Champion Lighting Wholesale: https://www.championlightingdealer.com/ Links: Relay: https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00WV7GMA2/ref=ppx_yo_dt_b_search_asin_title?ie=UTF8&psc=1 Merch is now available! https://reefbeefpodcast.com/merch/ Join our Discord: https://discord.gg/reefbeef Get notified of new episodes by receiving an email from Reef Beef! https://reefbeefpodcast.com/notify/ Get our help / advice: https://reefbeefpodcast.com/consult/ Buy Reef Beef a Beer! https://reefbeefpodcast.com Become a Member: https://reefbeefpodcast.com/membership Follow Us: Youtube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@ReefBeefPodcast Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KA5CRWWe8dDmitJGOAG1J Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/reef-beef/id1552005275 Amazon: https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/db09c6a8-5f0e-46c2-ac2d-25ed555a549f/reef-beef Player.fm: https://player.fm/series/reef-beef
Episode #154 In this Fasting Q&A episode, hosted by Coach Lisa Chance, Dr. Jason Fung answers questions from the TFM Community: If someone is glucose sensitive, not insulin resistant, with an A1C of under 5.0, would they still have a dawn effect happen? If they did, what would the dawn effect bump in glucose possibly be? [02:12] I have a smart scale. In addition to weight, it has metabolic rate, body fat %, etc. I am interested in knowing if the relative changes (as opposed to the absolute number) would be useful to know. Similarly, I am interested in reducing visceral fat. If that number goes down by 10%, might that be a helpful indicator about the direction that things are going in and whether what I am doing is working? [05:56] What's your take on kombucha? [09:35] I read a book named “The One Minute Cure: The Secret to Healing Virtually All Diseases.” It is a therapy with H2O2 in Food Grade of 35% or 3% (diluted in Distilled Water). I have tried this therapy and every time I test my blood sugar after 30 minutes of taking it, it lowers my blood sugar by more than 17 mg/dL. I was wondering if you have studied this therapy and what you think about it? [11:32] I find it easier to fast during work. However, I have a stressful job with long hours. Could cortisol/high stress be negating the benefits of the fast? Would I be better off using TRE and save fasting for my off days? [13:08] This month's TFM Group Challenge is ‘Giving Up Your Vices'. Megan's first video discussed A2 dairy. What is your take on this and what is the appropriate amount of A2 dairy each day? I know Coach Nadia says ‘sparingly', but it's not clear what that means when it comes to sheep/goat/A2 dairy. Does it matter what kind of dairy it is if it's still all insulinogenic? [15:13] I've tried many different forms of salt and even tried making my own salt capsules, yet, without fail, I end up feeling nauseous shortly after taking it. Is there anything else I can do to quell the nausea? Do some people just not need salt or have a medical reason why salt makes them nauseous? Is there anything else I can try? [19:06] How high should a [blood sugar] spike be after meals, and when should your blood sugar levels return to the pre-meal range? [21:46] How do I know when I'm fat-adapted?[23:37] If someone has high triglycerides, is it a pretty good guess that they also have non-alcoholic fatty liver disease? [26:07] Do you have any tips on how I can do intermittent fasting without losing weight? My goal is to lower my A1C and be less dependent on medication while improving my health. [28:02] I am a lifetime vegetarian and have always eaten very clean, whole foods. I have been fasting since 1979 and I easily fast for weeks, change up the fasting protocol, etc, but the pounds just will not budge. How can I use fasting to drop this weight? [30:39] Please note that you need to be a member of the TFM Community to submit questions to the Q&A webinars with Dr. Fung but you can submit questions to our regular Q&A episodes here: https://bit.ly/TFMPodcastQs Transcripts of all episodes are available at www.thefastingmethod.com on the Podcast page. Learn More About Our Community: https://www.thefastingmethod.com Join our FREE Facebook Group: https://bit.ly/TFMNetwork Watch Us On YouTube: https://bit.ly/TFMYouTube Follow Us on Instagram: @fastingmethod This podcast is for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional care by a doctor or other qualified medical professional. You should always speak with your physician or other healthcare professional before doing any fasting, changing your diet, taking or adjusting any medication or supplements, or adopting any treatment for a health problem. The use of any other products or services purchased by you as a result of this podcast does not create a healthcare provider-patient relationship between you and any of the experts affiliated with this podcast. Information and statements regarding dietary supplements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration and are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
BUFFALO, NY- May 22, 2024 – A new #research paper was #published in Aging (listed by MEDLINE/PubMed as "Aging (Albany NY)" and "Aging-US" by Web of Science) Volume 16, Issue 9, entitled, “Cell type-dependent modulation of senescence features using Weo electrolyzed water.” Electrolyzed-reduced water has powerful antioxidant properties with constituents that scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are known to be produced by several intrinsic and extrinsic processes. When there is an imbalance between ROS production and antioxidant defenses, oxidative stress occurs. Persistent oxidative stress leads to cellular senescence, an important hallmark of aging, and is involved in several age-related conditions and illnesses. In this new study, researchers Brenda L. Court-Vazquez, Shirley A. Arroyo-Vizcarrondo, Jonathan A. Poli, Lara Nyman, Kelly Halderman, Anthony Ginter, and Pierre-Yves Desprez from Weo LLC and California Pacific Medical Center investigated whether Weo electrolyzed water (WEW) could modulate the phenotype of senescent cells. “The focus of this study was to utilize two different cell types, human normal fibroblasts and human breast cancer cells, to investigate the impact of Weo electrolyzed water (WEW) on markers of cellular senescence, inflammation, and stress response genes.” The researchers compared normal human lung fibroblasts (BJ) and breast cancer cells (T47D) treated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to induce senescence. They assessed the molecular impact of WEW on markers of cellular senescence, senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors, and stress response genes. Treatment with WEW modulated markers of cellular senescence, such as the senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity, EdU incorporation and p21 expression, similarly in both cell types. However, WEW modulated the expression of SASP factors and stress response genes in a cell type-dependent and opposite fashion, significantly decreasing them in BJ cells, while stimulating their expression in T47D cells. Reduction in the expression of SASP factors and stress-related genes in BJ cells suggests that WEW acts as a protective factor, thereby reducing oxidative stress in normal cells, while making cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of cellular stress, thus increasing their elimination and consequently reducing their deleterious effects. “In conclusion, we have shown here that the new technology developed by Weo, WEW, could attenuate the overall process of cellular senescence in both normal BJ fibroblasts and cancer T47D cells.” DOI - https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.205789 Corresponding authors - Brenda L. Court-Vazquez - bco@we-o.com, and Pierre-Yves Desprez - pydesprez@cpmcri.org Subscribe for free publication alerts from Aging - https://www.aging-us.com/subscribe-to-toc-alerts Keywords - aging, cellular senescence, senescence-associated secretory phenotype, oxidative stress, lung fibroblasts, breast cancer cells, senomorphic About Aging-US Aging publishes research papers in all fields of aging research, including but not limited to aging processes (from yeast to mammals), cellular senescence, age-related diseases (such as cancer and Alzheimer's disease) and their prevention and treatment, anti-aging strategies and drug development, and, importantly, the role of signal transduction pathways in aging (such as mTOR) and potential approaches to modulate these signaling pathways to extend lifespan. Please visit our website at https://www.Aging-US.com and connect with us: Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/AgingUS/ X - https://twitter.com/AgingJrnl Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/agingjrnl/ YouTube - https://www.youtube.com/@AgingJournal LinkedIn - https://www.linkedin.com/company/aging/ Pinterest - https://www.pinterest.com/AgingUS/ Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/show/1X4HQQgegjReaf6Mozn6Mc MEDIA@IMPACTJOURNALS.COM
Does whitening have a role in orthodontics? A popular cosmetic procedure which 1 in 4 adults partake in, and was proposed recently at a conference as part of finishing in orthodontics. So this podcast reviews whitening as a topic and the latest evidence in combining whitening with aligners. Reminder the podcast is an opinion piece and is the independent work of myself and the orthodontics in summary team. 24% of adults have whitening their teeth (dentalhealth.org) How does it work: Bleaching is the chemical changing of darker staining on teeth termed chromogens, with the active ingredient hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide reacts to oxidize the chromogen, which becomes a lighter colored compound. Hydrogen Peroxide is not a stable chemical, so Carbamide peroxide is used, which roughly breaks down to 1/3 H2O2 when mixed with water. Hydrogen Peroxide UK limit 6%, or Carbamide peroxide 16% is used, USA, greater concentrations are used with 10% hydrogen peroxide for at home whitening, and 35% hydrogen peroxide for in office bleaching. Children UK guidelines GDC 2014 – no bleaching until 18, unless purpose of treating or preventing disease.' USA: The AAPD 2023 s Safe and effective for whitening discolored teeth of children and adolescents. Avoid full-arch bleaching mixed dentition and primary dentitions Risks Sensitivity - about 80% of patient's experience sensitivity Tooth sensitivity usually occurs at the time of treatment and can last several days Upper lateral incisors – greatest sensitivity Directly correlated with concentration Greater intensity if tooth was restored Bonafe 2013 Gingival irritation gingival irritation begins within a day of the treatment and can also last several days Susceptibility to demineralisation Suggested surface demineralization occurs as the pH of the whitening agent are acidic and hydrogen ions affect the enamel crystals, No difference when using manufacturers protocols including 35% H202 Tompkins 2014 However aggressive whitening: excessive use of in office whitening Shi 2012 How long does the whitening last Duration of correction, depends on lifestyle, with smoking and coffee reducing the correction. Expected 6-12 months of stable colour change. Wiegand 2008 Aligners Bleaching tray is different – reservoir for bleach, 1 or 1.5mm soft ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), Straight cut 2mm beyond gingiva or scalloped, with 2 mm extension onto the gingiva giving a better seal and greater patient comfort. Dosage dots to limit application beyond 2mm Aligners Usually gingival bevelled, but as effective as bleaching trays, Levrini 2020 improvement of 3.5 shades on average Seleem 2021 tooth sensitivity and gingival irritation does not disrupt of treatment 16% Carbamide peroxide Oliverio 2019, Levrini 2020 2 mm thick layer of gel is advised at incisal or facial central surface of the aligner Bleaching with attachments present, when bleaching complete attachments removed: hydrogen peroxide diffuses through spaces between enamel prisms The composite attachment was thought to affect pigment infiltration, however with enamel polishing after composite removal, color equalization occurs without discrepancies Staley 2004 Minimal change to aligner structure Oliverio 2019 Retainers as bleaching trays? Use of 0.8mm Zendura, no resivoir, effective bleaching with marked or extremely marked improvement in 78% of cases with 10% Carbamide peroxide, however but this changed the VFRs' biomechanical properties, decrease in tensile strength and an increase in hardness and internal roughness, unclear what the medium and long term effects are .Jin 2024 Bond strength By Bleaching a tooth there is enamel bond strength reduction by 25 % Miguel 2006 Wait 2 weeks after bleaching for aligner attachment placement. Bonded retainer has not been researched
Shownotes Heute haben wir für euch die Segmente Wollprojektzeug Häkelzeug Strickzeug Nähzeug Kaufzeug Gelerntes Zeug Das gute Zeug Hausmeisterei: Auch wir stehen für "Keinen Millimeter nach rechts" Nächster Stricktreff: Mo, 18.3. 19:30, anmelden bis 11.3. 18:00 bei frieda@stilles-kaemmerchen.de Fährt jemand nach Leipzig? Wollprojektzeug neue Wolle ist nicht so grau, dafür aber wohl deutlich weicher - bleichen wir ein bisschen! Und zwar umweltfreundlich mit H2O2. Probe ist unterwegs Newsletter - www.rhool.de Adventskalender Update - evtl. hat Laura gar nicht so wenige Ministränge rh:ool bestellt ;) Häkelzeug Lauras Häkelzeug Mütze aus rh:ool single angehäkelt (ungefähr so wie diese) Strickzeug Lauras Strickzeug Monday Sweater von PetiteKnit aus Aurinkokehrä Rock aus PRU Adventskalender Friedas Strickzeug Sweater No.19 von my favorite things knitwear aus Bohei Appledore DK Big love (Ravelry-Link) von ANKESTRICK aus rh:ool 2.0 single - wilde Konstruktion! Nähzeug Lauras Nähzeug Kopfkissen von IKEA (von Hand zugenäht) Friedas Nähzeug Kopfkissen (auch von IKEA) auf Malle mit den gewaschenen Federn aus Düsseldorf gefüllt (auch von Hand zugenäht) Kaufzeug Lauras Kaufzeug Hue Loco Bestellung Gelerntes Zeug Friedas gelerntes Zeug Erinnert ihr euch an den Tipp fürs Abmessen des Fadens beim long tail cast on? 10 mal drumwickeln und das Stück dann hochrechnen? Ja, oder einfach 10 Maschen anschlagen und hochrechnen. So schlau. Garter heißt Strumpfband, garter stitch (kraus rechts) ist also wörtlich übersetzt die Strumpfband-Masche Lauras gelerntes Zeug Man kann Tüll bügeln 🤯 Das gute Zeug Lauras gutes Zeug Puzzeln & @karenpuzzles Führung in der Obstbrennerei Brauweiler in Meckenheim EMF The Great Knit-Off Geburtstagsgeschenke Friedas gutes Zeug Gerolsteiner Erfrischungsgetränke: Grilled Watermelon Mint (schmeckt ein bisschen künstlich, aber ich lieb's), Citrus Mint (schmeckt wie Mojito), Grilled Lemon Rosemary, Orange Passionsfrucht und Elstar Apfelschorle Küchen-Tipps: Broccoli von unten waschen und schneiden, Granatapfel mit Löffel ausklopfen (Variante 2), Pilze ohne Öl in der Pfanne braten Universal-“Chinasauce” Hagebuttenkernöl bzw. Wildrosenöl Malle: gutes Wetter und wenig Entscheidungen Wo ihr uns findet Podcasting auf Deutsch Gruppe auf Ravelry, dort und auf Instagram kündigen wir auch an, wenn eine neue Folge online ist www.wollkanal.de iTunes wollkanal@podcasts.social auf Mastodon Wollkanal auf Instagram 🕵🏻♀️🤓 Frieda: als @craftraum auf Ravelry und Instagram und als @rhoolyarn auf Instagram Laura: als @Philaine auf Ravelry und als @spektralwolle auf Instagram
Shownotes Heute haben wir für euch die Segmente Wollprojektzeug Häkelzeug Strickzeug Nähzeug Kaufzeug Gelerntes Zeug Das gute Zeug Hausmeisterei: Auch wir stehen für "Keinen Millimeter nach rechts" Nächster Stricktreff: Mo, 18.3. 19:30, anmelden bis 11.3. 18:00 bei frieda@stilles-kaemmerchen.de Fährt jemand nach Leipzig? Wollprojektzeug neue Wolle ist nicht so grau, dafür aber wohl deutlich weicher - bleichen wir ein bisschen! Und zwar umweltfreundlich mit H2O2. Probe ist unterwegs Newsletter - www.rhool.de Adventskalender Update - evtl. hat Laura gar nicht so wenige Ministränge rh:ool bestellt ;) Häkelzeug Lauras Häkelzeug Mütze aus rh:ool single angehäkelt (ungefähr so wie diese) Strickzeug Lauras Strickzeug Monday Sweater von PetiteKnit aus Aurinkokehrä Rock aus PRU Adventskalender Friedas Strickzeug Sweater No.19 von my favorite things knitwear aus Bohei Appledore DK Big love (Ravelry-Link) von ANKESTRICK aus rh:ool 2.0 single - wilde Konstruktion! Nähzeug Lauras Nähzeug Kopfkissen von IKEA (von Hand zugenäht) Friedas Nähzeug Kopfkissen (auch von IKEA) auf Malle mit den gewaschenen Federn aus Düsseldorf gefüllt (auch von Hand zugenäht) Kaufzeug Lauras Kaufzeug Hue Loco Bestellung Gelerntes Zeug Friedas gelerntes Zeug Erinnert ihr euch an den Tipp fürs Abmessen des Fadens beim long tail cast on? 10 mal drumwickeln und das Stück dann hochrechnen? Ja, oder einfach 10 Maschen anschlagen und hochrechnen. So schlau. Garter heißt Strumpfband, garter stitch (kraus rechts) ist also wörtlich übersetzt die Strumpfband-Masche Lauras gelerntes Zeug Man kann Tüll bügeln 🤯 Das gute Zeug Lauras gutes Zeug Puzzeln & @karenpuzzles Führung in der Obstbrennerei Brauweiler in Meckenheim EMF The Great Knit-Off Geburtstagsgeschenke Friedas gutes Zeug Gerolsteiner Erfrischungsgetränke: Grilled Watermelon Mint (schmeckt ein bisschen künstlich, aber ich lieb's), Citrus Mint (schmeckt wie Mojito), Grilled Lemon Rosemary, Orange Passionsfrucht und Elstar Apfelschorle Küchen-Tipps: Broccoli von unten waschen und schneiden, Granatapfel mit Löffel ausklopfen (Variante 2), Pilze ohne Öl in der Pfanne braten Universal-“Chinasauce” Hagebuttenkernöl bzw. Wildrosenöl Malle: gutes Wetter und wenig Entscheidungen Wo ihr uns findet Podcasting auf Deutsch Gruppe auf Ravelry, dort und auf Instagram kündigen wir auch an, wenn eine neue Folge online ist www.wollkanal.de iTunes wollkanal@podcasts.social auf Mastodon Wollkanal auf Instagram 🕵🏻♀️🤓 Frieda: als @craftraum auf Ravelry und Instagram und als @rhoolyarn auf Instagram Laura: als @Philaine auf Ravelry und als @spektralwolle auf Instagram
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.27.550831v1?rss=1 Authors: Homolak, J., Varvaras, K., Sciacca, V., Perhoc, A. B., Virag, D., Knezovic, A., Barilar, J. O., Salkovic-Petrisic, M. Abstract: Introduction: Recent evidence suggests that the gut plays a vital role in the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by triggering systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. The well-established rat model of AD, induced by intracerebroventricular administration of streptozotocin (STZ-icv), provides valuable insights into the GI implications of neurodegeneration. Notably, this model leads to pathophysiological changes in the gut, including redox dyshomeostasis, resulting from central neuropathology. Our study aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying gut redox dyshomeostasis and assess the effects of D-galactose, which is known to benefit gut redox homeostasis and alleviate cognitive deficits in this model. Materials and Methods: Duodenal rings isolated from STZ-icv animals and control groups were subjected to a prooxidative environment using AAPH or H2O2 with or without D-galactose in oxygenated Krebs buffer ex vivo. Redox homeostasis was analyzed through protein microarrays and functional biochemical assays, alongside cell survival assessment. Structural equation modeling, univariate, and multivariate models were employed to evaluate the differential response of STZ-icv and control samples to the controlled prooxidative challenge. Results: STZ-icv samples showed suppressed expression of catalase and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and increased baseline activity of enzymes involved in H2O2 and superoxide homeostasis. The altered redox homeostasis status was associated with an inability to respond to oxidative challenges and D-galactose. Conversely, the presence of D-galactose increased antioxidant capacity, enhanced catalase and peroxidase activity, and upregulated superoxide dismutases in the control samples. Conclusion: STZ-icv-induced gut dysfunction is characterized by a diminished ability of the redox regulatory system to maintain long-term protection through the transcription of antioxidant response genes, as well as compromised activation of enzymes responsible for immediate antioxidant defense. D-galactose can exert beneficial effects on gut redox homeostasis under physiological conditions. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.24.550385v1?rss=1 Authors: Bramey, N., Melo-Narvaez, M. C., See, F., Ballester-Llobell, B., Steinchen, C., Jain, E., Hafner, K., Yildirim, A. O., Koenigshoff, M., Lehmann, M. Abstract: Aging is the main risk factor for chronic lung diseases including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Accordingly, hallmarks of aging such as cellular senescence are increased in different cell types such as fibroblasts in the lungs of patients. However, whether the senescent phenotype of fibroblasts derived from IPF or COPD differs is still unknown. Therefore, we characterized senescence at baseline and after exposure to disease-relevant insults (H2O2, bleomycin, and TGF-{beta}1) in primary human lung fibroblasts (phLF) from control donors, IPF, and COPD patients. We found that phLF from different disease origins have a low baseline senescence. Moreover, senescence trigger and not disease origin defines their senescence phenotype. Finally, senescent fibroblasts interfere with the stem cell capacity of alveolar progenitors in vitro. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.11.548505v1?rss=1 Authors: Preat, T., Rabah, Y., Pasquer, L., Sagar, N., Placais, P.-Y. Abstract: Astrocytes interact with neurons during cognitive processes. In particular, astrocytes help neurons to fight oxidative stress, a needed function since active neurons are prone to reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage due to their high mitochondrial activity and relatively poor antioxidant defenses. ROS also play major physiological functions, but it remains unknown how neuronal ROS signaling is activated during memory formation and if astrocytes play a role in that process. We discovered in Drosophila an astrocyte-to-neuron H2O2 signaling cascade essential for long-term memory formation. Stimulation of astrocytes by acetylcholine induces an intracellular calcium increase that triggers the formation of extracellular O2- by astrocytic NADPH oxidase. Superoxide dismutase 3 secreted by astrocytes converts O2- into H2O2, which is imported into neurons of the olfactory memory center (the mushroom body), as revealed by in vivo H2O2 imaging using an ultrasensitive sensor. Importantly, SOD3 activity requires Cu2+, which we show is delivered by the neuronal Amyloid Precursor Protein. Furthermore, we found that human amyloid-beta peptide, involved in Alzheimer s disease, inhibits the astrocytic cholinergic receptor and hampers memory formation by preventing H2O2 import into neurons. These findings could have major implications for the understanding of Alzheimer s disease etiology, as soluble synaptic Abeta42 correlates better with the pattern of cognitive decline in AD than amyloid plaques, and since early pathology in cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain predicts memory defects. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC
On this week's edition of the Beyond Clean Expert Series On-The-Go, tune in for the conversation entitled, "Demystifying H2O2". To hear more from this expert, follow us on Facebook and Linkedin, or subscribe to the Beyond Clean mailing list by visiting: https://educate.beyondclean.net/cleanfreaks or text BEYONDCLEAN to 22828 Do you know a #SterileProcessing expert who you'd love to hear from on our series? Or do you have a question for one of our current experts? Contact us at any time via email at: info@beyondclean.net Until next time, keep fighting dirty! #SterileProcessing #BeyondClean #ExpertSeries #Podcast
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.05.03.539306v1?rss=1 Authors: den Toom, W. T. F., van Soest, D. M. K., Polderman, P. E., van Triest, M. H., Bruurs, L. J. M., Burgering, B. M. T., De Henau, S., Dansen, T. B. Abstract: Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in the form of H2O2 can act both as physiological signaling molecules as well as damaging agents, depending on its concentration and localization. The downstream biological effects of H2O2 were often studied making use of exogenously added H2O2, generally as a bolus and at supraphysiological levels. But this does not mimic the continuous, low levels of intracellular H2O2 production by for instance mitochondrial respiration. The enzyme D-Amino Acid Oxidase (DAAO) catalyzes H2O2 formation using D-amino acids, which are absent from culture media, as a substrate. Ectopic expression of DAAO has recently been used in several studies to produce inducible and titratable intracellular H2O2. However, a method to directly quantify the amount of H2O2 produced by DAAO has been lacking, making it difficult to assess whether observed phenotypes are the result of physiological or artificially high levels of H2O2. Here we describe a simple assay to directly quantify DAAO activity by measuring the oxygen consumed during H2O2 production. The oxygen consumption rate of DAAO can directly be compared to the basal mitochondrial respiration in the same assay, allowing to estimate whether the ensuing level of H2O2 production is within the range of physiological mitochondrial ROS production. We show that the assay can also be used to select clones that express differently localized DAAO with the same absolute level of H2O2 production to be able to discriminate the effects of H2O2 production at different subcellular locations from differences in total oxidative burden. This method therefore greatly improves the interpretation and applicability of DAAO-based models, thereby moving the redox biology field forward. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.29.534749v1?rss=1 Authors: van Soest, D. M. K., Polderman, P. E., den Toom, W. T., Zwakenberg, S., De Henau, S., Burgering, B. M. T., Dansen, T. B. Abstract: Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) derived from mitochondrial respiration are frequently cited as a major source of genomic DNA damage and subsequent mutations that contribute to cancer development and aging. However, experimental evidence showing that ROS released by mitochondrial can directly damage nuclear DNA under (patho)physiological conditions has been largely lacking. In this study we modeled the effects of mitochondrial H2O2 release and compared this to H2O2 production at the nucleosomes in an untransformed human cell line. We used a chemogenetic approach to produce localized H2O2 and combined it with a new method we developed to directly quantify the amount of H2O2 produced. This enabled us to precisely investigate to what extent DNA damage occurs downstream of near- and supraphysiological amounts of localized H2O2 generation. Nuclear H2O2 production gives rise to DNA strand breaks, subsequent activation of the DNA damage response, cell cycle arrest and eventually senescence. Release of H2O2 from mitochondria on the other hand shows none of these effects, even at levels that are orders of magnitude higher than what mitochondria normally produce. Artificially high levels of mitochondrial H2O2 release do result in DNA strand breaks, but in parallel invariably cause ferroptosis-mediated cell death, preventing propagation of DNA damage-induced mutations. This study shows that H2O2 released from mitochondria is unlikely to directly damage genomic DNA, limiting its contribution to oncogenic transformation and aging. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC
If you want to try 35% H2O2, Save yourself over $13 from that company Dr Ardis mentioned, and look at this site, instead. I've seen it as low as $16.45 in the past. The outfit I displayed wanted $30 for a 10 oz bottle. This here is a 16 oz bottle for $18.99https://sbnf.net/products/oxygen-wellness-food-grade-hydrogen-peroxide-35***NOTE: I MAKE NOTHING FROM THE SALE OF THIS 35% H2O2 PRODUCT I just don't like greedy companies overcharging people who are desperately in need of a health intervention. I find it detestable. You can get a better deal elsewhere. Dr Ardis: https://theDrArdisShow.comCall-in: 619.354.8879 or On Telegram: https://t.me/BaalBustersStudiosPatreon: https://patreon.com/DisguisetheLimitsSubscribe Option 2: https://www.tipeeestream.com/baalbusters/SuperChat Alternative: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/baalbustersHot Sauce lovers, Go Here! I make it: https://SemperFryLLC.comBa'al Busters Subscribers get 11% off with Code: HSFAMILY plus a Free 2 oz Bonus sauce!Help the Show Remain: https://GiveSendGo.com/BaalBustersor https://paypal.me/BaalBustersThank You for the Much Needed Support!SHIRTS & MERCH https://my-store-c960b1.creator-spring.com/Get Healthy and Independent: https://riseupintohealth.com/?=ndhealthSubscribe to my Rumble Channel: https://rumble.com/c/c-1121444Subscribe on Brighteon: https://Brighteon.com/channels/BaalBustersFull Channel: https://BaalBuster.JoshWhoTV.comTelegram: https://t.me/BaalBustersStudiosSpotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/3N7fqqG6MX84vKbANtxrWSTik Tok: https://www.tiktok.com/@baalbusters (shadow banned)Twitter: https://twitter.com/DisguiseLimitsFREE Roku TV channel: https://channelstore.roku.com/details/a44cff88b32c2fcc7e090320c66c4d09/baal-busters-broadcastFor COPPERINE which my whole family uses, go here: https://BioChemScience.com and use BB2022 for Free ShippingThe Host, Daniel Kristos, is a US Coast Guard veteran, author, a father, small business owner, researcher, avid reader, and independent historian.
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.07.531593v1?rss=1 Authors: Jose, E., March-Steinman, W., Wilson, B. A., Shanks, L., Paek, A. L. Abstract: The p53 and FOXO transcription factors (TFs) share many similarities despite their distinct evolutionary origins. Both TFs are activated by a variety of cellular stresses and upregulate genes in similar pathways including cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. Oxidative stress from excess H2O2 activates both FOXO1 and p53, yet whether they are activated at the same time is unclear. Here we found that cells respond to high H2O2 levels in two temporal phases. In the first phase FOXO1 rapidly shuttles to the nucleus while p53 levels remain low. In the second phase FOXO1 exits the nucleus and p53 levels rise. We found that other oxidative stress induced TFs are activated in the first phase with FOXO1 (NF-{kappa}B, NFAT1), or the second phase with p53 (NRF2, JUN) but not both following H2O2 stress. The two TF phases result in large differences in gene expression patterns. Finally, we provide evidence that 2-Cys peroxiredoxins control the timing of the TF phases in response to H2O2. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.22.529417v1?rss=1 Authors: Hino, C., Chan, G., Jordaan, G., Chang, S. S., Saunders, J., Bashir, M. T., Hansen, J. E., Gera, J., Weisbart, R. H., Nishimura, R. N. Abstract: Heat shock proteins (HSPs), especially Hsp70 (HSPA1), have been associated with cellular protection from various cellular stresses including heat, hypoxia-ischemia, neurodegeneration, toxins, and trauma. Endogenous HSPs are often synthesized in direct response to these stresses but in many situations are inadequate in protecting cells. The present study addresses the transduction of Hsp70 into cells providing protection from acute oxidative stress by H2O2. The recombinant Fv-Hsp70 protein and two mutant Fv-Hsp70 proteins minus the ATPase domain, and minus the ATPase and terminal lid domains were tested at 0.5 and 1.0 uM concentrations after two different concentrations of H2O2 treatment. All three recombinant proteins protected SH-SY5Y cells from acute H2O2 toxicity. This data indicated that the protein binding domain was responsible for cellular protection. In addition, experiments pretreating cells with inhibitors of antioxidant proteins catalase and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthase (GGCS) before H2O2 resulted in cell death despite treatment with Fv-Hsp70, implying that both enzymes were protected from acute oxidative stress after treatment with Fv-Hsp70. This study demonstrates that Fv-Hsp70 is protective in our experiments primarily by the protein-binding domain. The Hsp70 terminal lid domain was also not necessary for protection. Cellular protection was protective via the antioxidant proteins catalase and GGCS. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.15.528776v1?rss=1 Authors: Altun, H. Y., Secilmis, M., Akgul Caglar, T., Vatandaslar, E., Ozturk, G., Vilain, S. P., Eroglu, E. Abstract: The relationship between hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO) in the vasculature is multifaceted and remains controversial because the dynamic detection of these reactive molecules is challenging. Genetically encoded biosensors (GEBs) allow visualizing real-time dynamics in living cells and permit multiparametric detection of several analytes. Although robust, GEBs' utility depends on several parameters that need fine-tuning for proper imaging and correct data analysis: i.e., camera binning, temperature, and the resolution power of the imaging instruments are some critical parameters that require optimization. We have generated a new double-stable transgenic endothelial cell line stably expressing the biosensors HyPer7 and O-geNOp and systematically tested different imaging modes and their impact on the performance of each biosensor. Ambient temperature and the type of imaging mode did not influence the results, while camera resolution settings significantly affected readouts of HyPer probes but not O-geNOp. Changing a single parameter in a co-imaging mode significantly altered the biosensor's dynamic measurements, potentially causing misinterpretation. This study provides a general guide and the pitfalls of employing GEBs in a multispectral imaging mode. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.21.521533v1?rss=1 Authors: Montgomery-Song, A., Ashraf, S., Santerre, P., Kandel, R. Abstract: Senescence, particularly in the nucleus pulposus (NP) cells, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of disc degeneration, however, the mechanism(s) of annulus fibrosus (AF) cell senescence is still not well understood. Both TNF and H2O2, have been implicated as contributors to the senescence pathways, and their levels are increased in degenerated discs when compared to healthy discs. This the objective of this study is to identify factor(s) that induces inner AF (iAF) cell senescence Under TNF exposure, at a concentration that can induce senescence in NP cells, bovine iAF cells did not undergo senescence, indicated by their ability to continue to proliferate as demonstrated by Ki67 staining and growth curves and lack of expression of the senescent markers, p16 and p21. Unlike iAF cells, NP cells treated with TNF accumulated more intracellular ROS and secreted more H2O2. Following TNF treatment, only iAF cells had increased expression of the superoxide scavengers SOD1 and SOD2 whereas NP cells had increased NOX4 gene expression, an enzyme that can generate H2O2. Treating iAF cells with low dose H2O2 (50 M) induced senescence, however unlike TNF, H2O2 did not induce degenerative-like changes as there was no difference in COL2, ACAN, MMP13, or IL6 gene expression or number of COL2 and ACAN immunopositive cells compared to untreated controls. The latter result suggests that iAF cells have distinct degenerative and senescent phenotypes. To evaluate paracrine signalling, iAF and TNF-treated NP cells were co-cultured. In contact co-culture the NP cells did induce iAF senescence. Thus, senescent NP cells may secrete soluble factors that induce degenerative and senescent changes within the iAF. This may contribute to a positive feedback loop of disc degeneration, and these processes could include H2O2 and cytokines (TNF). Further studies will investigate if human disc cells respond similarly. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.11.23.517709v1?rss=1 Authors: Ivaldo, C., Passalacqua, M., Furfaro, A. L., d'Abramo, C., Ruiz, S., Chatterjee, P. K., Metz, C. N., Nitti, M., Marambaud, P. Abstract: Classical cadherins, including vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, are targeted by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and {gamma}-secretase during adherens junction (AJ) disassembly, a mechanism that might have relevance for endothelial cell (EC) integrity and vascular homeostasis. Here, we show that oxidative stress triggered by H2O2 exposure induced efficient VE-cadherin proteolysis by MMPs and {gamma}-secretase in human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVECs). The cytoplasmic domain of VE-cadherin produced by {gamma}-secretase, VE-Cad/CTF2 - a fragment that has eluded identification so far - could readily be detected after H2O2 treatment. VE-Cad/CTF2, released into the cytosol, was tightly regulated by proteasomal degradation and was sequentially produced from an ADAM10/17-generated C-terminal fragment, VE-Cad/CTF1. Interestingly, BMP9 and BMP10, two circulating ligands critically involved in vascular maintenance, significantly reduced VE-Cad/CTF2 levels during H2O2 challenge, as well as mitigated H2O2- mediated actin cytoskeleton disassembly during VE-cadherin processing. Notably, BMP9/10 pretreatments efficiently reduced apoptosis induced by H2O2, favoring endothelial cell recovery. Thus, oxidative stress is a trigger of MMP- and {gamma}-secretase-mediated endoproteolysis of VE-cadherin and AJ disassembly from the cytoskeleton in ECs, a mechanism that is negatively controlled by the EC quiescence factors, BMP9 and BMP10. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.10.20.513094v1?rss=1 Authors: Taylor, M. F., Black, M. A., Hampton, M. B., Ledgerwood, E. C. Abstract: Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a ubiquitous oxidant produced in a regulated manner by various enzymes in mammalian cells. H2O2 reversibly oxidises thiol groups of cysteine residues to mediate intracellular signalling. Whilst examples of H2O2 dependent signalling have been reported, the exact molecular mechanism(s) of signalling and the pathways affected are not well understood. Here, the transcriptomic response of Jurkat T cells to H2O2 was investigated to determine global effects on gene expression. With a low H2O2 concentration (10 M) that did not induced an oxidative stress response or cell death, extensive changes in gene expression occurred after 4 hours (6803 differentially expressed genes). Of the genes with greater then 2-fold change in expression, 85% were upregulated suggesting that in a physiological setting H2O2 predominantly activates gene expression. Pathway analysis identified gene expression signatures associated with FOXO and NTRK signalling. These signatures were associated with an overlapping set of transcriptional regulators. Overall, our results provide a snapshot of gene expression changes in response to H2O2, which, along with further studies, will lead to new insights into the specific pathways that are activated in response to endogenous production of H2O2, and the molecular mechanisms of H2O2 signalling. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC
Intravenous Hydrogen Peroxide Therapy is an alternative health therapy that can be used to treat common infections such as cold, flu, sinus infections, or chronic infections like EBV and Lyme disease. Treatments are used to stimulate natural immunity. IV peroxide therapy contains a dilute dose of pharmaceutical-grade H2O2 along with vitamins and minerals. The infusion is introduced through a needle in the arm or hand and infused into the body for up to over 90 minutes. If you have questions about getting treatment for chronic infections here are the resources you should know about. https://www.westcliniconline.com/askmedicalquestion https://www.drjasonwest.live https://www.westcliniconline.com/new-patient-paperwork
Dr. Hartmut Fischer, bekannt durch das DMSO Handbuch, möchte die Medizin zurück zu den Menschen bringen. Wir sprechen über sein neues Buch „Medizin zum Selbermachen“ und stellen einige der Dinge vor, die jedermann kinderleicht zu Hause anwenden kann. Dies kann oftmals den Gang zum Mediziner sparen und führt zu Selbstwirksamkeit. Hol dir jetzt den ultimativen Schutz für deinen Darm und dein Immunsystem mit Gut Care von Braineffect. Mit dem Gutscheincode “bio360” bekommst du einen satten Rabatt! >>>Jetzt anschauen
Dr. Hartmut Fischer, bekannt durch das DMSO Handbuch, möchte die Medizin zurück zu den Menschen bringen. Wir sprechen über sein neues Buch „Medizin zum Selbermachen“ und stellen einige der Dinge vor, die jedermann kinderleicht zu Hause anwenden kann. Dies kann oftmals den Gang zum Mediziner sparen und führt zu Selbstwirksamkeit. Hol dir jetzt den ultimativen Schutz für deinen Darm und dein Immunsystem mit Gut Care von Braineffect. Mit dem Gutscheincode “bio360” bekommst du einen satten Rabatt! >>>Jetzt anschauen
Dr. Hartmut Fischer, bekannt durch das DMSO Handbuch, möchte die Medizin zurück zu den Menschen bringen. Wir sprechen über sein neues Buch „Medizin zum Selbermachen“ und stellen einige der Dinge vor, die jedermann kinderleicht zu Hause anwenden kann. Dies kann oftmals den Gang zum Mediziner sparen und führt zu Selbstwirksamkeit. Hol dir jetzt den ultimativen Schutz für deinen Darm und dein Immunsystem mit Gut Care von Braineffect. Mit dem Gutscheincode “bio360” bekommst du einen satten Rabatt! >>>Jetzt anschauen
Welcome to the Instant Trivia podcast episode 580, where we ask the best trivia on the Internet. Welcome to the Instant Trivia podcast episode 580, where we ask the best trivia on the Internet. Round 1. Category: Wow! My Own Label! 1: In the 1970s this "Rocket Man" founded Rocket Records. Elton John. 2: The 3 double CDs of the Beatle "Anthology" series are on this label founded by the Beatles. Apple. 3: He do be the founder of Reprise, yes he do be do be do. Frank Sinatra. 4: Alanis Morissette's "Supposed Former Infatuation Junkie" is on Maverick, this Material Girl's label. Madonna. 5: He's the best seller of all the artists in his own Paisley Park stable. Prince. Round 2. Category: Historical Text Messaging 1: 323 B.C.:chrgd w/impiety. nt ltng thm sin 2x vs. phlsphy. off 2 chalcis. lyceum ltr. Aristotle. 2: 1989:stk @ embassy.u.s. blsting vh @ me.:(ttyl. (Manuel) Noriega. 3: 1670s:dsgnd st. bride's chrch.englnd 4evr!. Christopher Wren. 4: 1981:am canada's pm. dont no zonker r b.d. u kp txtng me abt. pls stp. Pierre Trudeau. 5: 1890:wilhelm ii mkng me quit chnclr gig. off 2 est8s @ friedrichsruh, wch is impsbl 2 abbrv and b undrstd. (Otto von) Bismarck. Round 3. Category: Alloys 1: An alloy called babbitt metal is used to line bearings and bushings to reduce this. friction. 2: Simple carbon steels are just a little carbon and manganese and a lot of this. iron. 3: For this alloy, mix your zinc and copper in a crucible and work with your ingots after they cool. brass. 4: Adding platinum to gold turns it from yellow gold to this. white gold. 5: Osmiridium is, you guessed it, an alloy of this and iridium. osmium. Round 4. Category: Ladies Home Journal 1: It's the detachable part of an advertisement that entitles you to a discount at the supermarket. Coupon. 2: Examples of these include Dr. Atkins, the Macrobiotic and the Scarsdale. Diets. 3: This mild antiseptic with the formula H2O2 can also be used to bleach hair and fabrics. Hydrogen peroxide. 4: From the Latin for "entering", they're the listed things you need to prepare food from a recipe. Ingredients. 5: A housewife is also known as a homemaker or one of these "engineers". Domestic engineer. Round 5. Category: Corporate America 1: Selling "Little Dot" perfume door-to-door in 1886, Mrs. Albee is considered the 1st of these saleswomen. Avon lady. 2: This bookstore chain founded by Larry Hoyt in 1933 was named for an inspirational pond. Waldenbooks. 3: The "Al" in Alcoa stands for this. aluminum. 4: Automaker whose ad campaign centers around "The heartbeat of America". Chevrolet. 5: This company holds the patent on marking the sweetener Aspartame until 1992. NutraSweet. Thanks for listening! Come back tomorrow for more exciting trivia! Special thanks to https://blog.feedspot.com/trivia_podcasts/
l-h" supply of oxygen is absolutely essential I for the existence of higher organisms. As the saying goes too much of even the best is bad. Very high concentrations of 02 are found to be toxic, and can damage tissues. The present day concept of oxygen toxicity is due to the involvement of oxygen free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS). In fact, the generation of reactive metabolites of 02 is an integral part of our daily life. A free radical is defined as a molecule or a mof ecular species that contains one or more unpaired electrons, and is capable of independent existence. Types of free radicals Oxygen is required in many metabolic reactions, particularly for the release of energy. During these processes, molecular O2 is completely reduced, and converted to water. However, if the reduction of 02 is incomplete, a series of reactive radicals are formed, as shown in the next column. r,r,.. (Molecular orygen) re- Y O, (Superoxide) h€,2H+ J H rO, (Hydrogen peroxide) l. e-,H' Hzo+1 + OH- (Hydroxyl radicat) h e-'H* + ,-r,r'(Water) Besides the above (O2, H2O2, OH-), the other free radicals and reactive oxygen species of biological importance include singlet oxygen (1O2), hydroperoxy radical (HOO-), lipid peroxide radical (ROO-), nitric oxide (NO-) and peroxyn itrite (ONOO-). The common characteristic features of free radicals are listed . Highly reactive o Very short half-lifeCan generate new radicals by chain reaction Cause damage to biomolecules, cells and tissues Free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-not synonymous : By definition, a free radical contains one or more unpaired electrons. e.g. Or, OH-, ROO-. There are certain non- radical derivatives of 02 which do not contain unpaired electrons e.g. H2O2, 102. The term reactive oxygen species is used in a broad sense to collectively represent free radicals, and non- free radicals (which are extremely reactive) of the biological systems. However, most authors do not make a clear distinction between free radicals and ROS, and use them inter- changebly. SOURCES AND GEI{ERATION OF FREE RADICALS The major sources responsible for the generation of free radicals may be considered under two categories l. Due to normal biological processes (or cellular metabolism). ll. Due to environmental effects. It is estimated that about 1-4o/o of the 02 taken up by the body is converted to free radicals. A summary of the sources for generation of free radicals is given in the Tahle 34.1 , and a couple of the processes are briefly described. Lipid peroxidation Free radical-induced peroxidation of membrane lipids occurs in three stages-initiation, propagation and termination Initiation phase : This step involves the removal of hydrogen atom (H) from polyunsaturated fatty acids (LH), caused by hydroxyl radical LH + OH- -----+ L- + H2O Propagation phase : Under aerobic conditions, the fatty acid radical (L-) takes up oxygen to form peroxy radical (LOO-). The I Cellular metabolism . Leakage of electrons lrom the respiratory chain (ETC). . Productionf HrO, or O, by oxidase enzymes (e.9. xanthine oxidase, NADPH oxidase). . Due to chain reactions ofmembrane lipid peroxidation. . Peroxisomal generation of O, and HrOr. . During the synthesis ofprostaglandins. . Productionf nitric oxide from arginine. . During the course of phagocytosis (as a pad of bactedcidal action). . In the oxidation ofheme to bile pigments. . As a result of auteoxidation e.g. metal ions [Fd*, Cu2*]; ascorbic acid, glutathione, flavin coenzymes. II Environmental effects . As a result of drug melabolism e.g. paracetamol, halothane, cy{ochrome P* rehted reactions. . Due to damages caused by ionizing radiations (e.9. X-rays) on tissues. . Photolysis of O, by light. . Photoexcitation of organic molecules . Cigarette smoke contains free radicals, and trace metals that generate OH-.Alcohol, promoting lipid peroxidation.
Bucks finally launch their YouTube Channel. You can google "Two old bucks youtube" or use this link. Every journey starts with the first step so count on us to travel through time and space looking for we don't know what.Washington Football Team is now the Commanders. Del has some ideas on how this will spin out. Less than a month after we introduce WORDLE to our vast audience, the NewYork Times buys WORDLE for seven figures. Our 10% fee is looking sweet.Del, planning for future expansion, breaks down and buys a new belt while Dave is banned from wearing tank tops outside the house. So many chances to do it the hard way. Even drinking hydrogen peroxide [do not try this at home]. The Webb telescope reaches the L2 Lagrange Point [sigh of relief] .
'Tis the season for expectant backyard gardeners. You've begun to sow seeds of warm season annuals and vegetables indoors, especially pepper and tomato seeds. But when will those little seeds begin to show their heads above the soil? As always, it depends. On today's Garden Basics with Farmer Fred podcast, our favorite retired college horticultural professor, Debbie Flower, has tips for speeding up seed germination rates, especially for those pokey pepper seeds, which normally could take up to three weeks to sprout! But, it takes a combination of tactics to be a successful speedy plant parent. It involves bleach, the right containers, heat, the correct application of water, the right soil mix, proper air movement and H2O2. Welcome back to high school chemistry class, kids. But, you can do it! Today, it's speedy, successful seed germination tips, especially for the pokey peppers.We're podcasting from Barking Dog Studios here in the beautiful Abutilon Jungle in Suburban Purgatory, it's the Garden Basics with Farmer Fred podcast, brought to you today by Smart Pots and Dave Wilson Nursery. And we will do it all in a skosh over 30 minutes (more like 40 minutes). Let's get started!November through January, the Garden Basics with Farmer Fred podcast slows its production schedule. Look for new episodes each Friday. In February, we will return to twice a week podcasts, on Tuesdays and Fridays.Pictured:Pepper Seed PacketsLinks:Subscribe to the free, Garden Basics with Farmer Fred Newsletter Smart PotsDave Wilson NurseryGrow lightsDramm Water Breaker nozzlePump Pressure Water SprayerSeed Starting trays, kitsIndoor GreenhousesOutdoor GreenhousesSeed Starting MixBaker Creek Seed CatalogMore episodes and info available at Garden Basics with Farmer FredLive links, product information, transcripts, and chapters available at the Buzzsprout home site for Garden Basics with Farmer Fred. Got a garden question? • Leave an audio question without making a phone call via Speakpipe, at https://www.speakpipe.com/gardenbasics• Call or text us the question: 916-292-8964. • E-mail: fred@farmerfred.com All About Farmer Fred:The Garden Basics with Farmer Fred Newsletter Farmer Fred website: http://farmerfred.comDaily Garden tips and snark on TwitterThe Farmer Fred Rant! BlogFacebook: "Get Growing with Farmer Fred"Instagram: farmerfredhoffmanFarmer Fred Garden Videos on YouTubeAs an Amazon Associate, I earn from qualifying purchases from possible links mentioned here.And thank you for listening.
Some people say, Joram is too close to still being sick in this episode. Those people are wrong. Joram is just a pretentious stuck up golfer who will never speak again with air freely travelling through his nose. So there's that. Also, we have plant science for (for real!) and other… stuff. Like a stuffy nose. Bless you.
Treatment with Rhodiola mimics exercise to resist high-fat diet-induced muscle dysfunction Central South University (China), April 30, 2021 According to news reporting out of Changsha, People’s Republic of China, research stated, “Muscle dysfunction is a complication of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity that could be prevented by exercise, but patients did not get enough therapeutic efficacy from exercise due to multiple reasons.” The news reporters obtained a quote from the research from Xiangya Hospital of Central South University: “To explore alternative or supplementary approaches to prevent or treat muscle dysfunction in individuals with obesity, we investigated the effects of Rhodiola on muscle dysfunction as exercise pills. SIRT1 might suppress atrogenes expression and improve mitochondrial quality control, which could be a therapeutic target stimulated by exercise and Rhodiola, but further mechanisms remain unclear. We verified the lipid metabolism disorders and skeletal muscle dysfunction in HFD feeding mice. Moreover, exercise and Rhodiola were used to intervene mice with a HFD. Our results showed that exercise and Rhodiola prevented muscle atrophy and dysfunction in obese mice and activating the SIRT1 pathway, while atrogenes were suppressed and mitochondrial quality control was improved. EX-527, SIRT1 inhibitor, was used to validate the essential role of SIRT1 in salidroside benefit.” According to the news editors, the research concluded: “Results of cell culture experiment showed that salidroside alleviated high palmitate-induced atrophy and mitochondrial quality control impairments, but these improvements of salidroside were inhibited by EX-527 in C2C12 myotubes. Overall, Rhodiola mimics exercise that activates SIRT1 signaling leading to improvement of HFD-induced muscle dysfunction.” Prenatal exposure to pesticides increases the risk of obesity in adolescence First study to analyse the long-term effects of persistent organic pollutants on cardiometabolic risk in adolescents Barcelona Institute for Global Health (Spain), May 3, 2021 Exposure before birth to persistent organic pollutants (POPs)-- organochlorine pesticides, industrial chemicals, etc.--may increase the risk in adolescence of metabolic disorders, such as obesity and high blood pressure. This was the main conclusion of a study by the Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), a research centre supported by the "la Caixa" Foundation. The study was based on data from nearly 400 children living in Menorca, who were followed from before birth until they reached 18 years of age. POPs are toxic, degradation-resistant chemicals that persist in the environment. Examples of such compounds are pesticides and organochlorine insecticides (DDT, etc.). POPs have adverse effects on both human health and the environment and their use is regulated globally. Prenatal exposure to these substances has been associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in childhood, but there were previously no studies assessing whether such associations continue into adolescence, a developmental stage characterised by significant changes in the endocrine system and rapid increases in body mass. The aim of this investigation, carried out within the framework of the INMA Project-Environment and Childhood, was to study the associations between prenatal exposure to POPs and body mass index (BMI) as well as other markers of cardiovascular risk in adolescence. Data from 379 children in Menorca was analysed. POP levels were measured in umbilical cord blood samples and the children were then seen periodically between the ages of 4 and 18 years. At these visits, BMI, body fat percentage and blood pressure were recorded as they grew. When the child reached 14 years of age, the scientists measured blood biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk (cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, etc.). The results of this study, published in the journal Environment International, suggest an association between prenatal POP exposure and a higher BMI in adolescence, particularly in the case of the fungicide hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and the insecticide compound dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT). Exposure to these two organochlorides--HCB and DDT¬--was also associated with higher blood pressure in childhood and adolescence and increased cardiometabolic risk at 14 years of age. ISGlobal researcher Núria Güil-Oumrait, the first author of the study, explains that "this is the first longitudinal study to analyse the relationship between persistent organic pollutants and cardiometabolic risk throughout childhood and adolescence. Our findings show that the association between these substances and infant BMI does persist into adolescence and that prenatal exposures are associated with the main risk factors for metabolic syndrome in adults, a condition that today affects one in four people worldwide. With respect to the mechanisms that might explain this association, Güil-Oumrait points out that "it is thought that POPs may interact with hormone receptors or with the generation of free radicals, and the chief problem is that these pollutants accumulate in the fatty tissues of living organisms, where they can persist for years, even decades". Martine Vrijheid, study coordinator and head of the Childhood and Environment Programme at ISGlobal, highlights the fact that "some of these substances could be considered endocrine disruptors, that is, chemicals that interfere with hormonal regulation". In her view "more studies are needed in this field, especially focussing on childhood and adolescence, which are critical developmental stages characterised by particular vulnerability". One cup of leafy green vegetables a day lowers risk of heart disease Research has found that by eating just one cup of nitrate-rich vegetables each day people can significantly reduce their risk of heart disease. Edith Cowan University (Australia), May 4, 2021 New Edith Cowan University (ECU) research has found that by eating just one cup of nitrate-rich vegetables each day people can significantly reduce their risk of heart disease. The study investigated whether people who regularly ate higher quantities of nitrate-rich vegetables, such as leafy greens and beetroot, had lower blood pressure, and it also examined whether these same people were less likely to be diagnosed with heart disease many years later. Cardiovascular diseases are the number one cause of death globally, taking around 17.9 million lives each year. Researchers examined data from over 50,000 people residing in Denmark taking part in the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Study over a 23-year period. They found that people who consumed the most nitrate-rich vegetables had about a 2.5 mmHg lower systolic blood pressure and between 12 to 26 percent lower risk of heart disease. Lead researcher Dr Catherine Bondonno from ECU's Institute for Nutrition Research said identifying diets to prevent heart disease was a priority. "Our results have shown that by simply eating one cup of raw (or half a cup of cooked) nitrate-rich vegetables each day, people may be able to significantly reduce their risk of cardiovascular disease," Dr Bondonno said. "The greatest reduction in risk was for peripheral artery disease (26 percent), a type of heart disease characterised by the narrowing of blood vessels of the legs, however we also found people had a lower risk of heart attacks, strokes and heart failure." Forget the supplements The study found that the optimum amount of nitrate-rich vegetables was one cup a day and eating more than that didn't seem to give any additional benefits. "People don't need to be taking supplements to boost their nitrate levels because the study showed that one cup of leafy green vegetables each day is enough to reap the benefits for heart disease," Dr Bondonno said. "We did not see further benefits in people who ate higher levels of nitrate rich vegetables." Smoothies are ok Dr Bondonno said hacks such as including a cup of spinach in a banana or berry smoothie might be an easy way to top up our daily leafy greens. "Blending leafy greens is fine, but don't juice them. Juicing vegetables removes the pulp and fibre," Dr Bondonno said. The paper "Vegetable nitrate intake, blood pressure and incident cardiovascular disease: Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Study" is published in the European Journal of Epidemiology. It is a collaboration between Edith Cowan University, the Danish Cancer Society and The University of Western Australia. The research adds to growing evidence linking vegetables generally and leafy greens specifically with improved cardiovascular health and muscle strength. This evidence includes two recent ECU studies exploring cruciferous vegetables and blood vessel health and green leafy vegetables and muscle strength. Mindfulness programs can boost children's mental health University of Derby (UK), May 4, 2021 Mindfulness programs can improve the mental health of school-age children and help them to feel more optimistic, according to new research from the University of Derby and Derbyshire Educational Psychology Service. More than 1,000 pupils aged between 9-12 years old across 25 schools in Derbyshire, received one 45-minute mindfulness session per week for nine weeks during the year-long project, which involved a collaboration between Dr. William Van Gordon, Associate Professor in Contemplative Psychology at the University, and Derbyshire Educational Psychology Service. Mindfulness is an ancient meditation technique that involves focussing awareness on the present moment, as a means of fostering calm, wellbeing and insight. The weekly sessions involved activities such as practicing mindful breathing and paying attention to bodily sensations, as well as exercises intended to help cultivate attention skills and a greater awareness of emotions. The impact of the sessions, which were delivered by teachers in a traditional classroom environment, was evaluated by comparing psychological assessments that the children completed before the classes began, with assessments undertaken after the program had concluded. Part of the evaluation measured children's emotional resiliency using The Resiliency Scale for Children, while wellbeing was rated using the Stirling Children's Wellbeing Scale. Overall, the study found a significant improvement in positive emotional state, outlook and resiliency. There was also an increase in the different dimensions of resilience: optimism increased by 10%, tolerance was improved by 8% and self-efficacy, how a child feels they can cope with a situation based on the skills they have and the circumstances they face, improved by 11%. Professor Van Gordon said: "Findings from the study indicate that mindfulness delivered by school teachers can improve wellbeing and resiliency in children and young people. "This is consistent with wider evidence demonstrating the positive impact of mindfulness on school children's levels of emotional resiliency, emotional stability, wellbeing and stress. "These findings are also in line with the view that preventative interventions given at a young age can help to reduce the incidence of mental health problems in young people." Vitamin D levels higher in exercisers Johns Hopkins University, May 01 2021 The issue of the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism published the finding of researchers at Johns Hopkins University of a correlation between increased physical activity and higher levels of vitamin D. Higher levels of vitamin D and exercise was also associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease. The study included 10,342 men and women who were free of coronary heart disease and heart failure upon enrollment in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Physical activity levels were assessed during follow-up visits that took place over a 19.3-year period. Stored serum samples obtained at the second visit were analyzed for 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. Subjects who achieved American Heart Association recommended physical activity levels had average levels of vitamin D that were higher than those who had intermediate and poor levels of activity. Following adjustment for lifestyle and other factors, those who met the recommended levels had a 31% lower risk of being deficient in vitamin D than those with poor activity levels. Subjects in the recommended activity group with levels of vitamin D of 30 ng/mL or more had a 24% lower risk of cardiovascular disease. The association between exercise and vitamin D was stronger in subjects of European ethnicity than among African Americans. The authors noted that European-Americans as well as those who engage in exercise are likelier to be supplement users. “We did find that vitamin D supplement use was higher among those with increased physical activity,” they observed. "In our study, both failure to meet the recommended physical activity levels and having vitamin D deficiency were very common" stated coauthor Erin Michos, MD, MS, of Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. "The bottom line is we need to encourage people to move more in the name of heart health." One teaspoon daily of trehalose can help maintain glucose homeostasis: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial Hayashibara Co. Ltd (Japan), April 24, 2021 Background Trehalose is a natural disaccharide that is widely distributed. A previous study has shown that daily consumption of 10 g of trehalose improves glucose tolerance in individuals with signs of metabolic syndrome. In the present study, we determined whether a lower dose (3.3 g/day) of trehalose improves glucose tolerance in healthy Japanese volunteers. Methods This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of healthy Japanese participants (n = 50). Each consumed 3.3 g of trehalose (n = 25) or sucrose (n = 25) daily for 78 days. Their body compositions were assessed following 0, 4, 8, and 12 weeks; and serum biochemical parameters were assayed and oral 75-g glucose tolerance tests were performed at baseline and after 12 weeks. Results There were similar changes in body composition and serum biochemistry consistent with established seasonal variations in both groups, but there were no differences in any of these parameters between the two groups. However, whereas after 12 weeks of sucrose consumption, the plasma glucose concentration 2 h after a 75-g glucose load was significantly higher than the fasting concentration, after 12 weeks of trehalose consumption the fasting and 2-h plasma glucose concentrations were similar. Furthermore, an analysis of the participants with relatively high postprandial blood glucose showed that the plasma glucose concentration 2 h after a 75-g glucose load was significantly lower in the trehalose group than in the sucrose group. Conclusions Our findings suggest that trehalose helps lower postprandial blood glucose in healthy humans with higher postprandial glucose levels within the normal range, and may therefore contribute to the prevention of pathologies that are predisposed to by postprandial hyperglycemia,, even if the daily intake of trehalose is only 3.3 g, an amount that is easily incorporated into a meal. Coffee compound enhances autophagy to protect against cell injury Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (China), April 30, 2021 According to news reporting originating from Sichuan, People’s Republic of China, research stated, “Autophagy serves an important role in amyloid-beta (A beta) metabolism and tau processing and clearance in Alzheimer’s disease. The progression of A beta plaque accumulation and hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins are enhanced by oxidative stress.” Our news editors obtained a quote from the research from the Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, “A hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) injury cell model was established using SH-SY5Y cells. Cells were randomly divided into normal, H2O2 and chlorogenic acid (5-caffeoylquinic acid; CGA) groups. The influence of CGA on cell viability was evaluated using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and cell death was assessed using Hoechst 33342 nuclear staining. Autophagy induction and fusion of autophagic vacuoles assays were performed using monodansylcadaverine staining. Additionally, SH-SY5Y cells expressing Ad-mCherry-green fluorescent protein-LC3B were established to detect autophagic flow. LysoTracker Red staining was used to evaluate lysosome function and LysoSensor ™ Green staining assays were used to assess lysosomal acidification. The results demonstrated that CGA decreased the apoptosis rate, increased cell viability and improved cell morphology in H2O2-treated SH-SY5Y cells. Furthermore, CGA alleviated the accumulation of autophagic vacuoles, reduced the LC3BII/I ratio and decreased P62 levels, resulting in increased autophagic flux. Additionally, CGA upregulated lysosome acidity and increased the expression levels of cathepsin D. Importantly, these effects of CGA on H2O2-treated SH-SY5Y cells were mediated via the mTOR-transcription factor EB signaling pathway.” According to the news editors, the research concluded: “These results indicated that CGA protected cells against H2O2-induced oxidative damage via the upregulation of autophagosomes, which promoted autophagocytic degradation and increased autophagic flux.” This research has been peer-reviewed.
你知道,塑膠微粒的問題有多嚴重嗎?2018年環保署進行首次針對自來水、海水、沙灘砂礫,與貝類生物體當中的微型塑膠進行調查,結果大部分樣品均檢出微型塑膠,自來水中檢出塑膠數量為每公升0至6根;海水微型塑膠數量每1,000公升有1,000至18,500個,沙灘砂礫每公斤26至2,400個,養殖及野生貝類每公克0.2到5.2個。不止官方調查,民間的研究結果也顯示出問題的嚴重性。黑潮海洋文教基金會2018年完成「島航計畫」,總共51個測點的表層海水,都發現有塑膠微粒。在2019、2020年的「島航普拉斯」計畫,針對先前調查污染最嚴重之台灣東北及西南海域共24個測點,進行每一季的採樣與分析,結果每個測點、每個季節皆發現塑膠微粒,其中,夏季的塑膠微粒數量最多,發泡塑膠微粒的含量明顯高於其他季節2-8倍。此計畫運用Manta網採集表層海水之塑膠微粒樣本,此為美國非營利組織5 Gyres Institute所設計的網具,外型類似鬼蝠魟(manta ray),左右兩片漂浮板,後面拖著長長的網袋,像是魟魚的尾巴。Manta網有不同的尺寸,黑潮海洋文教基金會使用的Manta網寬180公分,網袋長150公分,加上身體總長也有180公分,網袋網目為330微米,收集開口長60公分,寬13公分。研究船在抵達測點之後,會紀錄流速計起始數值、拖網起始時間、測點經緯度等採樣數值,及天氣、水溫、鹽度、水深等環境數值。同時把Manta網放下去海水,以平均船速約2節(約3.7公里/時)非常緩慢的速度,拖行15分鐘進行採樣。拖行結束,將Manta網拉起來後,研究人員會將樣本全數沖洗到樣本瓶裡面,隨即加入70%酒精溶液,標示採樣地點後保存。回到實驗室後,參照2015年美國國家海洋及大氣協會(NOAA)之海洋塑膠微粒實驗室分析標準方法,處理樣本。首先將所有樣本倒出,經過篩網過濾,挑出放置於燒杯。因為樣本中包含生物體、非生物體,接著研究人員會在燒杯中會加入適量的二價鐵(FeSO4)溶液,與等量的30%過氧化氫(H2O2),將生物體分解。生物體分解後,樣本經篩網過濾,以大量去離子水沖洗,去除生物體;接著放置於解剖顯微鏡下觀察,挑出塑膠微粒放置於培養皿上,培養皿會先放置間隔為0.5公分之方格紙以利進行計數,並依塑膠微粒材質分成五大類:硬塑膠(fragments,大型塑膠製品的碎片,如寶特瓶、包裝盒、玩具等)、軟塑膠(films,如塑膠袋、包裝紙)、發泡塑膠(foams,如保麗龍)、塑膠纖維(lines/fibers,如釣魚線、漁網或人造纖維產品)、圓形塑膠粒(pellets,為塑膠原料),分別計算各類型數量。黑潮海洋文教基金會研究員温珮珍指出,根據2019-2020年的調查結果,台灣東北及西南海域每個測點、每個季節皆發現塑膠微粒,其中東北海域塑膠微粒數量遠高於西南海域,甚至在夏、秋兩季甚至可達20倍之差距。若以材質區分,硬塑膠佔比最高,幾乎每個季節及測點皆有硬塑膠存在,可見生活塑膠仍佔大宗。若以季節來看,塑膠微粒數量最多的季節在夏季,其中又以主要來源為保麗龍的發泡塑膠微粒,含量明顯高於其他季節2-8倍。雖然西南海域在採樣季節及地點上無明顯差異,但在安平新港及曾文溪出海口可以發現,夏季時塑膠微粒數量偏高,且發泡塑膠佔九成以上。調查推測,夏季發泡塑膠可能為牡蠣養殖之廢棄物。研究人員使用科技部海洋學門資料庫網站進行漂流軌跡模擬,顯示這些廢棄物會先隨著海流北上,到台灣北方海域後,受東北角的渦流牽引,移動速度變慢並往東邊及東南向漂流,到基隆時可能在基隆與三貂角之間渦流當中打轉,最後可能被沖上岸堆積,也可能被推到三貂角外脫離渦流,隨著黑潮流向日本。加上台灣海域目視海漂垃圾調查結果、海洋大學模擬颱風季節漂流木在海上移動情形,推測夏季東北海域的塑膠微粒,非常可能與西南沿海養蚵產業有關。當然,確切實證則需進一步調查才能夠確認。有了上述調查結果,黑潮海洋文教基金會也提出相關倡議。在牡蠣養殖之廢棄物方面,雖然台南市政府宣示三年內汰換保麗龍浮具,補助漁民將保麗龍更換為發泡聚丙烯(EPP)材質等政策,同時也投入新式浮具開發,但EPP材質仍會碎裂,新浮具開發也在初期階段,希望各相關單位能加快腳步。另外,除了夏季外,其他季節的塑膠微粒還是以硬塑膠的比例最高,雖然環保署提出減塑的政策與目標,不過具體執行還是落在我們每個使用者身上。包括企業可以思考改變包裝方式,減少一次性用品的使用,民眾也盡量使用可以重複使用的器具,做好3R:減量、再利用、回收,並支持做出改變的企業。我們接著上禮拜的主題,前往花蓮拜訪黑潮海洋文教基金會,研究員温珮珍將分享島航計畫中,關於塑膠微粒的調查結果與發現,也希望您一同響應,從生活中做出改變,減少塑膠製品與一次性產品的使用。
你知道,塑膠微粒的問題有多嚴重嗎?2018年環保署進行首次針對自來水、海水、沙灘砂礫,與貝類生物體當中的微型塑膠進行調查,結果大部分樣品均檢出微型塑膠,自來水中檢出塑膠數量為每公升0至6根;海水微型塑膠數量每1,000公升有1,000至18,500個,沙灘砂礫每公斤26至2,400個,養殖及野生貝類每公克0.2到5.2個。不止官方調查,民間的研究結果也顯示出問題的嚴重性。黑潮海洋文教基金會2018年完成「島航計畫」,總共51個測點的表層海水,都發現有塑膠微粒。在2019、2020年的「島航普拉斯」計畫,針對先前調查污染最嚴重之台灣東北及西南海域共24個測點,進行每一季的採樣與分析,結果每個測點、每個季節皆發現塑膠微粒,其中,夏季的塑膠微粒數量最多,發泡塑膠微粒的含量明顯高於其他季節2-8倍。此計畫運用Manta網採集表層海水之塑膠微粒樣本,此為美國非營利組織5 Gyres Institute所設計的網具,外型類似鬼蝠魟(manta ray),左右兩片漂浮板,後面拖著長長的網袋,像是魟魚的尾巴。Manta網有不同的尺寸,黑潮海洋文教基金會使用的Manta網寬180公分,網袋長150公分,加上身體總長也有180公分,網袋網目為330微米,收集開口長60公分,寬13公分。研究船在抵達測點之後,會紀錄流速計起始數值、拖網起始時間、測點經緯度等採樣數值,及天氣、水溫、鹽度、水深等環境數值。同時把Manta網放下去海水,以平均船速約2節(約3.7公里/時)非常緩慢的速度,拖行15分鐘進行採樣。拖行結束,將Manta網拉起來後,研究人員會將樣本全數沖洗到樣本瓶裡面,隨即加入70%酒精溶液,標示採樣地點後保存。回到實驗室後,參照2015年美國國家海洋及大氣協會(NOAA)之海洋塑膠微粒實驗室分析標準方法,處理樣本。首先將所有樣本倒出,經過篩網過濾,挑出放置於燒杯。因為樣本中包含生物體、非生物體,接著研究人員會在燒杯中會加入適量的二價鐵(FeSO4)溶液,與等量的30%過氧化氫(H2O2),將生物體分解。生物體分解後,樣本經篩網過濾,以大量去離子水沖洗,去除生物體;接著放置於解剖顯微鏡下觀察,挑出塑膠微粒放置於培養皿上,培養皿會先放置間隔為0.5公分之方格紙以利進行計數,並依塑膠微粒材質分成五大類:硬塑膠(fragments,大型塑膠製品的碎片,如寶特瓶、包裝盒、玩具等)、軟塑膠(films,如塑膠袋、包裝紙)、發泡塑膠(foams,如保麗龍)、塑膠纖維(lines/fibers,如釣魚線、漁網或人造纖維產品)、圓形塑膠粒(pellets,為塑膠原料),分別計算各類型數量。黑潮海洋文教基金會研究員温珮珍指出,根據2019-2020年的調查結果,台灣東北及西南海域每個測點、每個季節皆發現塑膠微粒,其中東北海域塑膠微粒數量遠高於西南海域,甚至在夏、秋兩季甚至可達20倍之差距。若以材質區分,硬塑膠佔比最高,幾乎每個季節及測點皆有硬塑膠存在,可見生活塑膠仍佔大宗。若以季節來看,塑膠微粒數量最多的季節在夏季,其中又以主要來源為保麗龍的發泡塑膠微粒,含量明顯高於其他季節2-8倍。雖然西南海域在採樣季節及地點上無明顯差異,但在安平新港及曾文溪出海口可以發現,夏季時塑膠微粒數量偏高,且發泡塑膠佔九成以上。調查推測,夏季發泡塑膠可能為牡蠣養殖之廢棄物。研究人員使用科技部海洋學門資料庫網站進行漂流軌跡模擬,顯示這些廢棄物會先隨著海流北上,到台灣北方海域後,受東北角的渦流牽引,移動速度變慢並往東邊及東南向漂流,到基隆時可能在基隆與三貂角之間渦流當中打轉,最後可能被沖上岸堆積,也可能被推到三貂角外脫離渦流,隨著黑潮流向日本。加上台灣海域目視海漂垃圾調查結果、海洋大學模擬颱風季節漂流木在海上移動情形,推測夏季東北海域的塑膠微粒,非常可能與西南沿海養蚵產業有關。當然,確切實證則需進一步調查才能夠確認。有了上述調查結果,黑潮海洋文教基金會也提出相關倡議。在牡蠣養殖之廢棄物方面,雖然台南市政府宣示三年內汰換保麗龍浮具,補助漁民將保麗龍更換為發泡聚丙烯(EPP)材質等政策,同時也投入新式浮具開發,但EPP材質仍會碎裂,新浮具開發也在初期階段,希望各相關單位能加快腳步。另外,除了夏季外,其他季節的塑膠微粒還是以硬塑膠的比例最高,雖然環保署提出減塑的政策與目標,不過具體執行還是落在我們每個使用者身上。包括企業可以思考改變包裝方式,減少一次性用品的使用,民眾也盡量使用可以重複使用的器具,做好3R:減量、再利用、回收,並支持做出改變的企業。我們接著上禮拜的主題,前往花蓮拜訪黑潮海洋文教基金會,研究員温珮珍將分享島航計畫中,關於塑膠微粒的調查結果與發現,也希望您一同響應,從生活中做出改變,減少塑膠製品與一次性產品的使用。
Pete has a cute puppy whose picky, jobs are a struggle to get nowadays, and who else is excited for the Season Finale of Eric Andre Season 5? H2O2 is the greatest sequel to water! --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/hoofenanny-podcast/support
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.20.392175v1?rss=1 Authors: Tokarew, J. M., El Kodsi, D. N., Lengacher, N. A., Fehr, T. K., Nguyen, A. P., Shutinoski, B., O'Nuallain, B., Jin, M., Khan, J., Ng, A. C. H., Li, J., Jiang, Q., Zhang, M., Wang, L., Sengupta, R., Barber, K., Tran, A., Zandee, S., Dong, X., Scherzer, C. R., Prat, A., Tsai, E., Takanashi, M., Hattori, N., Chan, J. A., Zecca, L., West, A., Holmgren, A., Puente, L., Shaw, G. S., Toth, G., Woulfe, J., Taylor, P., Tomlinson, J. J., Schlossmacher, M. G. Abstract: The mechanisms by which parkin protects the adult human brain from Parkinson disease remain incompletely understood. We hypothesized that parkin cysteines participate in redox reactions, which are reflected in its posttranslational modifications. We found that in human control brain, including the S. nigra, parkin is largely insoluble after age 40 years, which is linked to its oxidation, e.g., at Cys95 and Cys253. In mice, oxidative stress increases posttranslational modifications at parkin cysteines and reduces its solubility. Oxidation of recombinant parkin also promotes insolubility and aggregate formation, but in parallel, lowers hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). This thiol-based redox activity is diminished by parkin point mutants, e.g., p.C431F and p.G328E. Intriguingly, in parkin-deficient human brain H2O2 concentrations are elevated. In prkn-null mice, H2O2 levels are dysregulated under oxidative stress conditions, such as acutely by MPTP-toxin exposure or chronically due to a second genetic hit. In dopamine toxicity studies, wild-type parkin, but not disease-linked mutants, protects human dopaminergic M17 cells, in part through lowering H2O2. Parkin also neutralizes reactive, electrophilic dopamine metabolites via adduct formation, which occurs foremost at primate-specific Cys95. Further, wild-type but not p.C95A-mutant parkin augments melanin formation. In sections of normal, adult human midbrain, parkin specifically co-localizes with neuromelanin pigment, frequently within LAMP-3/CD63+ lysosomes. We conclude that oxidative modifications of parkin cysteines are associated with protective outcomes, which include the reduction of H2O2, conjugation of reactive dopamine metabolites, sequestration of radicals within insoluble aggregates, and increased melanin formation. The loss of these redox effects may augment oxidative stress in dopamine producing neurons of mutant PRKN allele carriers, thereby contributing to neurodegeneration. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.09.375691v1?rss=1 Authors: Stadlbauer, P., Islam, B., Otyepka, M., Chen, J., monchaud, d., Zhou, J., Mergny, J.-L., Sponer, J. Abstract: Guanine quadruplex nucleic acids (G4s) are involved in key biological processes such as replication or transcription. Beyond their biological relevance, G4s find applications as biotechnological tools since they readily bind hemin and enhance its peroxidase activity, creating a G4-DNAzyme. The biocatalytic properties of G4-DNAzymes have been thoroughly studied and used for biosensing purposes. Despite hundreds of applications and massive experimental efforts, the atomistic details of the reaction mechanism remain unclear. To help select between the different hypotheses currently under investigation, we use extended explicit-solvent molecular dynamics simulations to scrutinize the G4/hemin interaction. We found that besides the dominant conformation in which hemin is stacked atop the external G-quartets, hemin can also transiently bind to the loops and be brought to the external G-quartets through diverse delivery mechanisms. Importantly, the simulations do not support several mechanistic possibilities (i.e., the wobbling guanine and the iron-bound water molecule) but rather suggest tentative mechanisms in which the external G-quartet itself is responsible for the unique H2O2-promoted biocatalytic properties of the G4/hemin complexes. Our simulations show that once stacked atop a terminal G-quartet, hemin rotates about its vertical axis while readily sampling shifted geometries where the iron transiently contacts oxygen atoms of the adjacent G-quartet. This dynamics is not apparent from the ensemble-averaged structure. We also visualize transient interactions between the stacked hemin and the G4 loops. Finally, we investigated interactions between hemin and on-pathway folding intermediates of the parallel-stranded G4 fold. The simulations suggest that hemin drives the folding of parallel-stranded G4s from slip-stranded intermediates, acting as a G4 chaperone. Limitations of the MD simulation technique are also briefly discussed. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info
Arturo Paiva joins us from Houston, Texas and is the president and CEO of Globodent. Go to DealsforDentists.com to find their promo offer: Purchase one BlanQuest Pro In-Office 5 Patient Whitening Treatment Kits and you get one FREE whitening syringe (3mL of 35% H2O2) with your purchase. Adding bleaching to your office is a no-brainer. It's a quick way to increase production make patients happy with their smiles and motivate them to do more cosmetic work. Arturo is going to help tell us how we can efficiently add in-office bleaching or take-home trays to quickly add some revenue to your office. Enjoy the episode!
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.13.337386v1?rss=1 Authors: Auhim, H., Grigorenko, B., Harris, T., Polyakov, I., Berry, C., dos Passos Gomes, G., Alabugin, I., Rizkallah, P., Nemukhin, A. V., Jones, D. Abstract: Fluorescent proteins (FPs) have revolutionised the life sciences but the mechanism of chromophore maturation is still not fully understood. Incorporation of a photo-responsive non-canonical amino acid within the chromophore stalls maturation of Venus, a yellow FP, at an intermediate stage; the crystal structure reveals the presence of O2 located above a dehydrated enolate imidazolone (I) ring, close to the strictly conserved Gly67 that occupies a twisted conformation. His148 adopts an open conformation, potentially allowing O2 access to the chromophore. Absorption spectroscopy supported by QM/MM simulations suggest that the first oxidation step involves formation of a hydroperoxyl intermediate in conjunction with dehydrogenation of the methylene bridge. A fully conjugated mature chromophore is formed through release of H2O2 upon irradiation of this intermediate, both in vitro and in vivo. The possibility of interrupting and photochemically restarting chromophore maturation, and the mechanistic insights opens up new approaches for engineering optically controlled fluorescent proteins. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.21.307009v1?rss=1 Authors: Wu, G., Wei, X., Wang, X., Liang, X., Wei, Y. Abstract: Mature embryos were used as explant for embryogenic callus (EC) induction, and then EC further developed to form somatic embryos during somatic embryogenesis (SE) of Ormosia henryi Prain, however, some mature embryos could induced non embryogenic callus (NEC), browning callus (BC) or snowflake callus (SC). The present study was carried out to analyse the biochemical events and histochemical changes at different SE stages in 0. henryi. The contents of their energy substances, H2O2, endogenous hormones and enzyme activities were measured. The results showed that the contents of soluble sugar, starch, the activities of PPO, SOD, APX, POD, the ratios of IAA/ABA, IAA/GAs, AUX/GAs, AUX/ABA decreased gradually at different SE stages; in contrary, the contents of soluble protein, H2O2, all kinds of endogenous hormones increased gradually; however, CAT activity and the ratios of IAA/CKs, AUX/CKs, ABA/CKs, GAs/CKs increased first and then decreased. The high contents of GAs, ABA, the high ratios of ABA/CKs, GAs/CKs and the low ratios of IAA/ABA, IAA/GAs, AUX/GAs, AUX/ABA were the reasons why callus could not form EC. The low enzyme activities, the low contents of energy substances and H2O2 were related to the NEC formation; the high contents of soluble sugar, H2O2, AUX, CKs and PPO activity and the low conent of soluble protein were the basic reasons for BC formation; the high energy substances contents and the low activities of SOD, POD were easy to form SC. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info
Join the Root Level Wellness Newsletter https://www.subscribepage.com/toxicity-quiz Name: kathleen Message: I wanted to know your protocol for healing skin cancer..potential melanoma. Treating now with Curaderm, although understand it does not work with Curaderm. The area has grown. I am alkalyzing daily with celergy juice and eat a keto diet to reduce sugar. Please advise. The lesion is on my back. Started as a raised 1/8th inch area, now 1 inch in diameter, approx... Name: Nicole Message: I have a religious exemption from immunizations for my children but am hearing they may not be accepted soon. How can I receive a medical exemption from immunizations for each of my family members? Name: Gaura Message: What are ten protocols one can follow to insure good mental health, to avoid depression? I live in a small town far from anyone I know because the rent is affordable. I am surrounded by people in a building that smoke, drink and eat animals. I rely almost exclusively for connection on the Internet, and that is not healthy either. What are your recommendations to lose 40 lbs of weight and keeping it off for a 66 yr. old male? What is the order in which one should detox all the organs like the liver, kidneys, lymphatic glands? Does eating cheese contribute to high LDL, triglycerides and low HDL? Name: Rhonda Message: Tooth abscess diagnosed 7 months ago. Did Doxy, Nystatin and Tinidazole for 10 days and stopped. Have been grape (and green juice) fasting, trying to filter kidneys, adrenal and lymph with tinctures. Continue to have left ear pain level (3) 50% of the day along with back of head and left side neck pain. Left nostril started bleeding 2 days ago. Doing chiropractic adjustments twice a month, hot and cold showers everyother day, deep breathing, vitamin C 1000-1500 mg a day, Wanted to get cold therapy done but chiro said if you have Ca (fungus) can't do because will cause it to spread. I do have parasites but not sure if CA. Have biological dentist appointment September 9 yet hesitant. Just wondering if I can have dentist pull crown of infected tooth and just let infection drain or need tooth removed? Have been watching Amanda's video and blog on teeth. Applying DMSO, H2O2/baking soda, dubh ... Thank you! Rhonda Name: Eri Message: How can we best move from cognitive thinking to sustained action? Thanks! If you don't own your Health who does? OWN YOUR HEALTH!!! Make sure to Like, Comment and Subscribe and share it with anyone who you feel it could serve. To apply for my Integrative Health Coaching program visit rootlvlwellness.com or email me at mathew@rootlvlwellness.com. For the latest promotions from Equilibrium Nutrition click my affiliate link to support the show https://track.equilibriumnutrition.com/SHU8 --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/mathew-diaz/message
On today's episode we discuss: —Epidemiology: Public health experts affiliated with Indiana University estimated the infection fatality ratios (IFR) of SARS-CoV2 based on antibody tests in a random sample of residents aged 12+ in Indiana. The average age of decedents was 76.9 (SD 13.1). 1099 COVID-19 deaths were recorded and the average IFR was 0.26%, but stratified IFR varied by age: >60yo IFR 1.71%,
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.07.24.219790v1?rss=1 Authors: Sahadevan, P., Nawaito, S. A., Trepanier, J., Benamar, S., Sahmi, F., Theberge-Julien, G., Villeneuve, L. R., Gaestel, M., Tardif, J.-C., Allen, B. G. Abstract: MAP kinase-activated protein kinase-5 (MK5) plays an important role in cardiac fibroblast function. Although p38 MAPK and atypical MAPKs and ERK3 and ERK4 have been identified as activators of MK5, the kinases that activate MK5 remain controversial. Here we examined the expression, subcellular distribution, and regulation of MK5 in cardiac ventricular myofibroblasts and myocytes. The copy numbers for MK5 and ERK4 mRNA were comparable in myocytes and myofibroblasts, whereas that of ERK3 was much higher in myofibroblasts. Interestingly, MK5 and ERK3 immunoreactivity was detected in myofibroblasts but not myocytes whereas ERK4 immunoreactivity was detected in myocytes: treating in myocytes with a proteasome inhibitor or hypertrophic agonists failed to rescue MK5 immunoreactivity. In myofibroblasts, MK5 and ERK3 immunoreactivity was predominantly nuclear and cytosolic, respectively. In serum-starved cardiac myofibroblasts, phosphothreonine-182 MK5 (pT182-MK5) immunoreactivity was predominantly nuclear but increased in intensity and relocated to the cytoplasm in response to serum, sorbitol, angiotensin II, TGF{beta}, or H2O2 and this was prevented by inhibition of p38alpha/beta. Phos-tag SDS-PAGE revealed multiple slower migrating bands of MK5 immunoreactivity, indicating phosphorylation of MK5 at multiple sites. Phos-tag PAGE also revealed MK5 phosphorylation was increased with fibroblast activation and in hearts exposed to a chronic increase in afterload. MK5 and ERK3 co-immunoprecipitated and proximity ligation assays revealed ERK3 and MK5 in close proximity in myofibroblast cytoplasmic compartment. Furthermore, p38alpha/beta inhibition decreased the abundance of MK5 immunoreactivity in ERK3 immunoprecipitates. Finally, deleting MK5 did not reduce the abundance of ERK3 immunoreactivity. These observations suggest that p38alpha and/or p38beta are the primary mediators of T182-MK5 phosphorylation and hence MK5 activation in cardiac myofibroblasts. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.07.21.212928v1?rss=1 Authors: Minen, R. I., Martinez, M. P., Iglesias, A. A., Figueroa, C. M. Abstract: Raffinose (Raf) protects plant cells during seed desiccation and under different abiotic stress conditions. The biosynthesis of Raf starts with the production of UDP-galactose by UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase (USPPase) and continues with the synthesis of galactinol by galactinol synthase (GolSase). Galactinol is then used by Raf synthase to produce Raf. In this work, we report the biochemical characterization of USPPase (BdiUSPPase) and GolSase 1 (BdiGolSase1) from Brachypodium distachyon. The catalytic efficiency of BdiUSPPase was similar with galactose 1-phosphate and glucose 1-phosphate, but 5-to 17-fold lower with other sugar 1-phosphates. The catalytic efficiency of BdiGolSase1 with UDP-galactose was three orders of magnitude higher than with UDP-glucose. A structural model of BdiGolSase1 allowed us to determine the residues putatively involved in the binding of substrates. Among these, we found that Cys261 lies within the putative catalytic pocket. BdiGolSase1 was inactivated by oxidation with diamide and H2O2. The activity of the diamide-oxidized enzyme was recovered by reduction with dithiothreitol or E. coli thioredoxin, suggesting that BdiGolSase1 is redox-regulated. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info
Just like most other tourist attractions in Ireland, the Blarney Stone is back open. But, the tourist site which is famous for kissing is now subject to new Covid-19 rules. This morning on Dermot & Dave the lads spoke to Paul O'Sullivan, the marketing manager for the Blarney Stone, to revealed the changes that have been introduced at the iconic landmark. The new rules include: Working with Enva. An environmental company who deal with Covid solutions for a return to work. We will now be using a cleanser that is W.H.O approved and will kill 99.9% of viruses, germs, bacteria etc that may be on the stone. This has been tested on the stone to show its effectiveness in killing viruses but also that it is safe for people to come in contact with. This new spray will be used on the stone and allowed to dry for a period of 1 minute. A systematic review published in the Journal of Hospital Infection demonstrated that a (H2O2) concentration of 0.5% achieved a Log4 (99.99%) inactivation of human coronavirus HCoV229E within 1 minute. To maintain social distancing within the castle, the number of people in the building will be limited. There will be numerous hand sanitiser stations throughout the castle, before entering the stairs and also leaving, meaning people can clean their hands if they have used the handrails. A staff member at regular intervals throughout the day will spray the stairwells, handrails and rope with anti-bacterial cleanser. The person holding people kissing the stone, will be wearing a protective face shield and gloves. The gloves will be changed/cleaned after each person. Hit play on the podcast to hear more about the Blarney Stone, [audio mp3="https://media.radiocms.net/uploads/2020/07/01123330/BlarneyPodcast.mp3"][/audio]
What Makes Biosweep Suncoast a Good Neighbor...At BioSweep Suncoast, our business is restoring yours!BioSweep is new to SW Florida, we opened in October 2019. We are a franchise partner of a 12-year-oldcompany founded by scientists.BioSweep offers two unique, new technology services. One is a process to permanently remove smokeand odors, the second is long-term surface decontamination.The science behind our processes has become highly relevant because of the COVID-19 virus.We know the anxiety everyone is facing to make sure we do the right things in order to re-open.We don’t make any claims about CV-19 yet, no one should be. Not enough time and testing has passed.However, we do eliminate pathogens in the Corona Spectrum family, as well as SARS, MRSA and others.Our BioSweep Base Treatment is a proprietary process utilizing UV Radiation while producing HydrogenPeroxide Vapor, Hydroxyl Radicals and Oxyradical Plasma. This is the H2O2 technology used on N95masks, but on steroids. This process eliminates all VOC’s, including viruses, bacteria and mold.This is the process we normally use for smoke and odor removal. However, we are now using it todecontaminate HVAC systems and indoor spaces. It far exceeds CDC guidelines.We work with most major insurance companies to service clients with fire/water losses, trauma andother contamination issues.Our second process is called Surface Defense. Surface Defense is a proven EPA, DOD and USDA certifiedlong-term anti-microbial. It is organic/green, sustainable and cost-effective.Our anti-microbial treatment will last up to 12 months!Surface Defense bonds to the surface at 75X the force of gravity. As it cures, millions of anti-microbial“spikes” form. They’re positively charged atoms that rupture the cell walls of microbes, killing viruses,bacteria and fungi upon contact.Normal cleaning and disinfecting are essential for every business. However, once it dries and thatsurface is touched, the contamination process starts all over again.Surface Defense is a long-term solution for wellness, prevention and peace of mind.We’re treating office buildings, restaurants, churches, apartment complexes, country clubs and more.We offer a combination of our two processes, or stand-alone, depending on our customers’ needs.Technologies like this are usually reserved for tier-1 institutions, so we are blessed to be able to bring itto the public. We feel and obligation and responsibility to do so.As a business owner of a new technology service, it’s hard to inform the public about something theycan’t see or touch, but we know that new technology is vital today and for years to come.We’ve been trying to inform our community about BioSweep and what we have to offer, but runninginto the usual firewalls and gatekeepers has been a challenge.We’re here to help our business community get back to work with some sense of normalcy.Please don’t hesitate to call or email us with any questions you may have.Stay safe and well!To learn more about Biosweep Suncoast, go to: www.biosweepsuncoast.comBiosweep Suncoast(239) 558-3110Support the show (https://goodneighborpodcast.com)
Another way to kill mycoplasma, the most common cause of cancer and disease.Links:George Floyd articlehttp://mileswmathis.com/floyd.pdfGreat medical documentary (origin of the AMA)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1NiU0zJYCqkmy email address: lindamanuel.44425@gmail.com
Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.26.062380v1?rss=1 Authors: El Kodsi, D. N., Tokarew, J. M., Sengupta, R., Lengacher, N. A., Ng, A. C., Boston, H., Jiang, Q., Palmberg, C., Pileggi, C., Shutinoski, B., Li, J., Nguyen, A. P., Fehr, T. K., Im, D. S., Callaghan, S., Park, D. S., LaVoie, M. J., Chan, J. A., Takanashi, M., Hattori, N., Ratan, R. R., Zecca, L., Puente, L., Shaw, G. S., Harper, M.-E., Holmgren, A., Tomlinson, J. J., Schlossmacher, M. G. Abstract: We recently hypothesized that parkin plays a role in redox homeostasis and provided evidence that it directly reduces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in vitro. Here, we examined this anti-oxidant activity in vivo. Informed by findings in human brain, we demonstrate that elevated oxidative stress promotes parkin insolubility in mice. In normal mouse brain parkin was partially oxidized, e.g., at cysteines 195 and 252, which was augmented by oxidative stress. Although under basal conditions H2O2 levels were unchanged in adult prkn-/- brain, a parkin-dependent reduction of cytosolic H2O2 was observed when mitochondria were impaired, either due to neurotoxicant exposure (MPTP) or Sod2 haploinsufficiency. In accordance, markers of oxidative stress, e.g., protein carbonylation and nitrotyrosination, were elevated in the cytosol but not in mitochondria from prkn-/- mice. This rise in oxidative stress was associated with altered glutathione homeostasis. In parkin's absence reduced glutathione concentrations were increased in cells, murine brain and human cortex. This compensation was not due to new glutathione synthesis but attributed to elevated oxidized glutathione (GSSG)-reductase activity. Moreover, we discovered that parkin also recycled GSSG to its reduced form. With this reaction, parkin became S-glutathionylated, e.g., at cysteines 59 and human-specific 95. This oxidative modification was reversed by glutaredoxin. Our results demonstrate that cytosolic parkin mediates anti-oxidant reactions including H2O2 reduction and glutathione regeneration. These reducing activities lead to a range of oxidative modifications in parkin itself. In parkin-deficient brain oxidative stress rises despite changes to maintain redox balance. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info
First, what is Hydrogen Peroxide? "Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a clear, colorless, odorless liquid. It’s a combination of hydrogen and oxygen and is available in many strengths (indicated by the percentage of dilution with water). One dilution of hydrogen peroxide is 35 percent H2O2 and 65 percent water. Food producers use 35 percent H2O2 for a variety of purposes, including processing cheese and bleaching wheat flour. It’s also used to kill microorganisms in food packaging materials. This 35 percent dilution is called “food grade” in part because it doesn’t contain certain stabilizers: acetanilidephenolsodium stannatetetrasodium pyrophosphate These stabilizers are found in most other commercially available hydrogen peroxide and should not be ingested. No matter the dilution — even if food grade 35 percent H2O2 — you should never drink any hydrogen peroxide. Types of hydrogen peroxide Beyond food-grade, hydrogen peroxide is available in a number of dilutions: 3 percent H2O2 (“household” hydrogen peroxide): available in supermarkets and drugstores, typically in brown bottles6 to 10 percent H2O2 (hair-bleaching hydrogen peroxide)90 percent H2O2 (“industrial” hydrogen peroxide): available in various strengths and used for bleaching paper and textiles, producing foam rubber, and as an ingredient in rocket fuel" - By healthline There are multiple ways in which you can use Hydrogen Peroxide There are also multiple places. Hydrogen Peroxide is a better choice when it comes to cleaning because the smell is not toxic nor is it poisonous unless you ingest large amounts. This is just one example of how you can use this clear but effective liquid. Read on to find out more ways in which you can use Hydrogen Peroxide, a more natural approach, in your home and for your health. Top Uses of Hydrogen Peroxide Disinfectant Have you ever poured peroxide on a cut and watched it fizz? Kind of cool to watch, but more than that it helps clean. Cleaning a cut with soap and water will do just as well of a job and can be less of an irritant to the skin. Peroxide, however, is a great backup and something you should keep in or by your first aid kit or where soap and water are not available. Removing Earwax Wax in your ears can build up over time leaving them clogged. If you prefer to take care of the problem at home, simply apply a few drops and leave in for a day, then rinse out with warm water. You can also have someone pour hydrogen peroxide in your ear with you lying on your side. The canal will start to bubble as it cleans, so keep a paper towel on hand to catch any loose wax, or when you have sat for a few minutes and are going to drain the side, you are cleaning. Swollen Gums This may happen if you don’t brush and floss enough or if your mouth or gums get hit. It might help to treat it with a rinse of half hydrogen peroxide (3%) and half water. Swish it for 30 seconds and then spit. Saltwater is another option. Call your doctor if your sore gums stick around for more than about 7 days.WebMD Canker Sores Canker Sores can get very sore. One way to help get rid of them sooner is to apply peroxide on a cotton ball and dab on the sores. You can also swish peroxide in your mouth for 1 to 2 minutes and then spit it out. Rinse your mouth out afterward. Helps to Whiten Teeth You can buy multiple types of toothpaste which have either baking soda or peroxide in them. However, you can also swish straight peroxide or apply a paste of baking soda and water directly to your teeth. The main thing to consider when using these methods is how often you do them. As these products are great, they can also cause your teeth to be sensitive or eat the protective coating which you don't want to do. To prevent this, use twice a week, three times at the most. If you feel your teeth getting sensitive, cut back on the amount per week. Old Time Hair Dye
In this episode of Quah, sponsored by Organifi (organifi.com/mindpump, code "mindpump" for 20% off), Sal, Adam & Justin answer Pump Head questions about breaking through plateaus by manipulating reps or exercises, how meditation can help gains in the gym, the benefits of cycling on & off creatine and changing clients with unhealthy behaviors. Keep your friends close and enemies closer…Sal visits Lulu lemon decked out in Vuori. The importance of being picky with the people you chose to do business with. (3:59) The Bezos divorce settlement is the biggest in history. (9:48) More trouble in Hollywood land…Writers Guild vs. agents, Netflix vs. Disney & MORE. (13:06) Knowledge vs. experience and the importance of knowing the context when it comes to reading studies. (29:47) Updates on Catrina's pregnancy. (39:48) #Quah question #1 – To break through a plateau in my training, should I change up the exercises I'm doing or reps? (44:58) #Quah question #2 – How can meditation help your gains in the gym? (51:50) #Quah question #3 - Is it best to cycle on and off creatine? If so, with what consistency? (1:01:49) #Quah question #4 - What was one of the most unhealthy behaviors of a client of yours? How did you help them change it and were you successful in maintaining the change? (1:08:36) People Mentioned Ben Shapiro (@officialbenshapiro) Instagram Taylor (@tayvalenz) Instagram Related Links/Products Mentioned April Promotion: MAPS Split ½ off!! Code “SPLIT50” at checkout Vuori **25% off** Skinny Dipped Almonds **Code “mindpump” for 20% off** The Right Side of History: How Reason and Moral Purpose Made the West Great – Book by Ben Shapiro Joe Rogan Experience #1276 - Ben Shapiro - YouTube MacKenzie Bezos is now the world's third-richest woman Writers and agents agree to one-week extension in talks to avert showdown Our Planet | Netflix Official Site Sex Education | Netflix Official Site Amazon.com: Watch Red Oaks Season 1 | Prime Video On My Block | Netflix Official Site Acute HIIE elicits similar changes in human skeletal muscle mitochondrial H2O2 release, respiration, and cell signaling as endurance exercise even with less work Impact of Aging and Exercise on Mitochondrial Quality Control in Skeletal Muscle Smoothie Box Mind Pump Free Resources
In this episode, Nav Chandel, a professor of medicine and cell and molecular biology at Northwestern University, discusses the role of mitochondria and metabolism in health and disease. Nav also provides insights into the mitochondria as signaling organelles, antioxidants, and metformin’s multifaceted effects on human health, among many topics related to well-being. We discuss: What got Nav interested in mitochondria [5:00]; Reactive oxygen species (ROS) [16:00]; Antioxidants: helpful or harmful? [20:00]; Mitochondria as signaling organelles [22:00]; Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) [25:00]; Mitochondrial DNA [28:00]; Mitochondria and aging [45:00]; Metformin [52:45]; Metformin and the gut microbiome [54:00]; Metformin as complex I inhibitor and the importance of the NADH/NAD ratio [1:01:00]; Anticancer benefits of metformin [1:07:45]; Mitochondrial function is necessary for tumorigenesis [1:15:00]; Are somatic mutations the result of mitochondrial dysfunction? [1:31:30]; Vitamins and antioxidants [1:37:00]; Targeting inflammation in disease [1:43:00]; NAD precursors [1:45:45]; MitoQ [1:52:00]; Metabolite toxicity [1:56:30]; Cortisol and healthy aging [2:02:00]; Nav turns the tables and asks Peter how he deals with the “So what should I eat?” question during social encounters [2:09:00]; and More. Learn more at www.PeterAttiaMD.com Connect with Peter on Facebook | Twitter | Instagram.
Let's say you buy a center and want to use H2O2 instead of the chlorine that was being used by the previous owner. Or maybe you want to switch over to H2O2 after using chlorine for a while. Let's further assume that this is in compliance with your health department and your UV system is sized adequately. What else do you need to know to make this happen? Do you need to change the water? Ashkahn and Graham lay out all the things to consider and why someone may or may not want to replace the solution in their tank at the same time as replacing the water treatment method in a float tank.
The Grow From Your Heart Podcast - Hosted by Rasta Jeff of Irie Genetics
This episode is all about cleaning and resetting your grow room after your harvest. The products I mentioned were Physan 20 H2O2 ProKure Please use personal protective gear when using Physan, H2O2 and ProKure! Support the show on Patreon! www.patreon.com/growfromyourheart Follow the show on Twitter @GFYHPODCAST Check out my Instagram account! @irie_genetics Please follow the laws regarding cannabis in your area. It is your responsibility to know the laws. Irie Genetics and Rasta Jeff are not responsible for your actions! Thanks for listening! Take a fat dab and give your mom a hug for me!
The Staying Young Show 2.0 - Entertaining | Educational | Health & Wellness
Show Topic: Life and Health Advice for the Next Generation (and anyone who will listen) Co-Hosts: Judy Gaman, Walter Gaman, Mark Anderson Guest: John Allcock author of FORTY THINGS I WISH I'D TOLD MY KIDS: Mindful Messages About Success, Happiness, Leather, Pickles, and the Use and Misuse of Imagination Segment 1: Today's show is all about life and health advice for the next generation. Later this hour we have John Allcock joining us. He is the author of FORTY THINGS I WISH I'D TOLD MY KIDS: Mindful Messages About Success, Happiness, Leather, Pickles, and the Use and Misuse of Imagination. Let's get started with things we wish we knew about health and about life when we were 18. What did our generation get right? Wrong? What do we see is the biggest challenges in life and health for the next generation? MUSIC FOR DOC SHOCK (JIM) THAT MUSIC MEANS IT'S TIME FOR DOC SHOC. A TIME WHEN WE FIND SOMETHING SHOCKING IN THE NEWS OR WE'RE SHOCKED IT MADE THE NEWS. New research out of UT Southwestern Medical Center and Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas shows that middle age exercise can actually protect the heart from aging, reduce damage, and protect the heart from heart failure. Here's what they found: you need to start the exercise before age 65 when the heart has the most ability to repair itself. The exercise needs to be four to five times a week for at least 30 minutes. Warm up and cool down is in addition to that 30 minutes. In the study they looked at 50 participants and divided them into two different groups. After two years, those that had exercised showed 18% improvement in oxygen intake during exercise and greater than 25% improvement in the left ventricular muscle of the heart. My advice, don't put off exercise, start today for a healthier heart tomorrow. Read the study! Follow us on Facebook! Tweet us on Twitter! Download the show on iTunes! http://www.stayyoungamerica.com/ Call us at 844-well 100 Follow us on Twitter @StayYoungMedia. When we come back, our guest, John Allcock, author of FORTY THINGS I WISH I'D TOLD MY KIDS Segment 2: Today we are giving advice to the next generation and anyone else that will listen. We have a special guest coming up John Allcock author of Forty Things I wish I'd Told My Kids Immortal Minute Allcock has seen first-hand how mindfulness can transform our lives. As the co-founder of Sea Change Preparatory - a school that incorporates mindfulness into it's curriculum - he has witnessed how this essential practice has helped students achieve the unthinkable. Continuing to break records in swimming, students at Sea Change Prep have learned to use mindfulness to overcome fear, dismiss limiting beliefs about their abilities, and achieve the goals that they set for themselves. FORTY THINGS I WISH I'D TOLD MY KIDS was written to help adults and children alike achieve peace, self-acceptance, and self-realization. How to let go of the “I'll be happy when…” fallacy How to identify the false narratives that prevent us from achieving our goals How to drop the mental habits that do not lead to genuine happiness SHOUT OUT TO MILITARY, Facebook (stay young media group) , download podcasts – follow us on twitter @StayYoungMedia coming up - what to do about those negative thoughts Segment 3: Coming up--Dementia Defender--call 844-WELL100. Podcast has over 2 ½ million downloads! Today we're focused on giving advice on how to live a more happy and healthy life. We have John Allcock on with us, author of Forth Things I Wish I'd told my kids. How to change our thoughts, not control them How to separate our intrinsic value from our achievements How to become a student of pain, not a victim of it Open discussion Segment 4: Medical Mania Trivia – Trivia @ 12:40 Bob What percentage of Americans have lost their upper right middle molar to tooth decay? Most common tooth loss. (60%) Which muscles in your body get the biggest workout each day? (Muscles around your eye. Contract about 100,000 times a day (the equivalent of your legs walking 50 miles).) How many muscles in the body? 55, 240, over 600 (Over 600) How many muscles does it take to recite a poem? (72) As a full grown adult, the circumference of your head should be what fraction of your total height. 1/5, 1/8, 1/15 (1/8. But babies are ¼) Open discussion DEMENTIA DEFENDER -THIS DEMENTIA DEFENDER IS BROUGHT TO YOU BY SMART NEW YOU AND DR. CHARLES POWELL. IF YOU HAVE SLEEP APNEA AND YOU'RE READY TO DITCH YOUR C-PAP MACHINE CALL 214-524-6333.LAST WEEKS RIDDLE WAS : Two Scientists Walk Into A Bar. One Asks For H2O, The Second Asks For H2O, Too. Which Scientist Dies? Answer: The second scientist, both scientists asked for water but the bartender thought the second scientist asked for H2O2 (because he said H20, too). H2O2 is actually hydrogen peroxide, which is deadly when ingested. Today's Dementia Defender What starts with “e,” ends with “e,” and contains one letter? Thank you for listening to the Staying Young Show! With all the mixed messages on health, you need information that you can use and that you can trust. Listen in as the experts discuss all topics health related. It's time to STAY YOUNG and stay healthy! Each week we tackle a topic and often with leading scientists, best-selling authors, and even your favorite celebrities! As a listener of our show, your input is important to us. Please take a moment to fill out this quick survey so we can serve you better - Survey For more information on The Staying Young Show, please visit our website, and subscribe to the show in iTunes, Stitcher, or your favorite podcast app. You can also reach out to our host, Judy Gaman on www.judygaman.com for book purchasing and speaking opportunities in your area!
Neste episódio "O Doutor Saúde" nos mostra os 07 benefícios do peróxido de hidrogênio (água oxigenada manipulada) para nossa saúde.Link do grupo do Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/834406906730921/Cuide da sua saúde com as dicas mais atualizadas para quem quer muita informação em pouco tempo. Visite nosso site para conhecer os outros experts www.dicascurtas.com.br
Neste episódio "O Doutor Saúde" nos mostra os 07 benefícios do peróxido de hidrogênio (água oxigenada manipulada) para nossa saúde.Link do grupo do Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/834406906730921/Cuide da sua saúde com as dicas mais atualizadas para quem quer muita informação em pouco tempo. Visite nosso site para conhecer os outros experts www.dicascurtas.com.br
Alpar Fendo ist Zauberer, Bauchredner und Stand up Comedy. Alpar Fendos „ALLES AUSSER IRDISCH“ – ist eine Bühnenshow mit Licht, Ton und Dampf! Erfahren Sie das Neueste aus der direkten Nachbargalaxie und erleben Sie umlaufbahnbrechende und hyperraumerprobte ausserirdische Technologien mit wahrhaftig magischen Effekten. Treffen Sie echte ausserirdische Lebensformen. Also ziemlich echte, die ihre Beziehungsprobleme vom heimischen Küchentisch ins Universum hinaustragen. Sie kommen! Mit Sack. Und Pack. Und Wohnwagen! Alpar Fendo bekommt Besuch: Es ist nicht der Finanzberater, und auch kein Sektenmitglied und schon gar nicht seine Oma, die ihm mit der Tür ins Haus fallen, sondern viel skurriler – AUSSERIRDISCHE! Als Fachmann für alles Außerirdische erklärt Fendo extraterrestrischen Besuchern, wie sie sich in Deutschland verhalten müssen und dass man an einer roten Ampel zu warten hat – auch nachts und wenn keiner kommt! Mit neugierigen Fragen bringt er seine fremden Gäste vom Rand des Universums an den Rand der Verzweiflung, während die mit ihren paranormalen Fähigkeiten Physik und Verstand außer Kraft setzen. Die dralle Weltall-Vamp würde am liebsten jeden vernaschen, der nicht bei drei auf dem nächsten Planeten ist. Stärker als ihre Libido ist nur noch ihr Gewissen – denn ihren Mann Allbert würde sie trotz allem nie verlassen. Der von Dr. Fendo konstruierte Universalroboter kann alles – außer Schwäbisch. Er putzt, kocht, bügelt und hält auf Zuruf die Klappe. Insgeheim wünscht sich der rollende Blech-Bubi, länger zu leben als sein Erbauer. Dann wäre H2O2 ein echter „Schalt-Greis“! Allmuts Monster-Mops Allfongs ist die Bestie in Hundegestalt. Wo er sein Revier markiert, wächst kein Gras mehr. Menschen mag er sehr gern. Solange sie was auf den Knochen haben und nicht zu zäh sind.Als Experte für extra-terrestrische Lebewesen erklärt Dr. Alpar Fendo außerirdischen Besuchern, wie man sich hier in Deutschland zu benehmen hat. Für ihn ein absoluter (Wel-)Traumjob. Der Weltraum-Hypochonder würde gern sein tristes Leben auf dem Planeten Osiliron aufgeben und deutscher Staatsbürger werden. Doch leider hat er nicht mit dem Widerstand der hiesigen Bürokratie gerechnet. Allberts und Allmuts neunmalkluger Sprössling würde am liebsten die elitärste aller Eliteschulen besuchen, doch tatsächlich reicht sein IQ gerade mal, um Mama und Papa nicht zu verwechseln.
Alpar Fendo ist Zauberer, Bauchredner und Stand up Comedy. Alpar Fendos „ALLES AUSSER IRDISCH“ – ist eine Bühnenshow mit Licht, Ton und Dampf! Erfahren Sie das Neueste aus der direkten Nachbargalaxie und erleben Sie umlaufbahnbrechende und hyperraumerprobte ausserirdische Technologien mit wahrhaftig magischen Effekten. Treffen Sie echte ausserirdische Lebensformen. Also ziemlich echte, die ihre Beziehungsprobleme vom heimischen Küchentisch ins Universum hinaustragen. Sie kommen! Mit Sack. Und Pack. Und Wohnwagen! Alpar Fendo bekommt Besuch: Es ist nicht der Finanzberater, und auch kein Sektenmitglied und schon gar nicht seine Oma, die ihm mit der Tür ins Haus fallen, sondern viel skurriler – AUSSERIRDISCHE! Als Fachmann für alles Außerirdische erklärt Fendo extraterrestrischen Besuchern, wie sie sich in Deutschland verhalten müssen und dass man an einer roten Ampel zu warten hat – auch nachts und wenn keiner kommt! Mit neugierigen Fragen bringt er seine fremden Gäste vom Rand des Universums an den Rand der Verzweiflung, während die mit ihren paranormalen Fähigkeiten Physik und Verstand außer Kraft setzen. Die dralle Weltall-Vamp würde am liebsten jeden vernaschen, der nicht bei drei auf dem nächsten Planeten ist. Stärker als ihre Libido ist nur noch ihr Gewissen – denn ihren Mann Allbert würde sie trotz allem nie verlassen. Der von Dr. Fendo konstruierte Universalroboter kann alles – außer Schwäbisch. Er putzt, kocht, bügelt und hält auf Zuruf die Klappe. Insgeheim wünscht sich der rollende Blech-Bubi, länger zu leben als sein Erbauer. Dann wäre H2O2 ein echter „Schalt-Greis“! Allmuts Monster-Mops Allfongs ist die Bestie in Hundegestalt. Wo er sein Revier markiert, wächst kein Gras mehr. Menschen mag er sehr gern. Solange sie was auf den Knochen haben und nicht zu zäh sind.Als Experte für extra-terrestrische Lebewesen erklärt Dr. Alpar Fendo außerirdischen Besuchern, wie man sich hier in Deutschland zu benehmen hat. Für ihn ein absoluter (Wel-)Traumjob. Der Weltraum-Hypochonder würde gern sein tristes Leben auf dem Planeten Osiliron aufgeben und deutscher Staatsbürger werden. Doch leider hat er nicht mit dem Widerstand der hiesigen Bürokratie gerechnet. Allberts und Allmuts neunmalkluger Sprössling würde am liebsten die elitärste aller Eliteschulen besuchen, doch tatsächlich reicht sein IQ gerade mal, um Mama und Papa nicht zu verwechseln.
Bob Crandall has worked in the field of water sanitation for several decades, both in pools and spas, and in municipal water treatment facilities. He is one of the leading experts on the use of hydrogen peroxide and UV as a form of water sanitation, and is actually responsible for developing the system in the […] The post 062: Bob Crandall informs us about using H2O2 and UV in float tanks appeared first on Float Conference 2020.
It was the quote heard round the world in the float community when the New York Times chronicled one man’s unfortunate encounter with a “used gym sock” smell in a float tank. Press from The New York Times is huge for any emerging industry, but do the cons of this article outweigh the pros such that it’s something we wouldn’t share on, say, social media? Dylan, Lance, and Amy share their reactions. So where does that “used gym sock” smell come from, and how can we make sure it doesn’t happen? Our hosts cover frequency of filter changes, cleaning filters, removing oils from the water, monitoring H2O2, and also address how often the tank water should be changed. Lance emphasizes of the importance of water color and clarity in each of our tanks and describes the various products and creative strategies he’s innovated. You’ll want to take notes on this part! What’s the difference between food grade and medical grade H2O2? Our hosts discuss their findings in response to an audience member’s inquiry. The WhyWeFloat Campaign is in full swing! Hear what it’s all about and the many ways in which this campaign is benefiting our community! Float fanatics and floatrepeneurs stay connected, both through groups on Facebook and through organizations, with the purpose of discussing topics and ideas, raising funding for research, or working toward common goals. Our hosts discuss the groups and organizations they belong to and how others can get involved. Show Links New York Times Article - http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/18/us/climb-in-tune-in-a-renaissance-for-sensory-deprivation-tanks.html Scumbug: http://www.rola-chem.com/scumbug.html Spa Perfect: http://naturalchemistry.com/en/pool-spa/products/detail/spa-perfect/ Pure Health Discounts: http://www.purehealthdiscounts.com/h2o2.php Nutter’s Bulk and Natural Food: http://nutters.com/store/en/ WhyWeFloat.com Canadian Float Collective: http://www.canadianfloatcollective.com/ Float Tank Association: http://www.floatation.org/ Dylan @artfulfloating Lance @thefloatshack Amy @floatnashville
Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie - Digitale Hochschulschriften der LMU - Teil 05/06
Peroxisomes are highly dynamic organelles of eukaryotic cells, carrying out essential oxidative metabolic processes. These organelles scavenge reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and catabolise fatty acids, which are particular hallmarks and highly conserved features of peroxisomes among different species. Peroxisomal proteins and enzymes are encoded by nuclear DNA and therefore, targeted post-translationally into the peroxisomal matrix. A special class of proteins, collectively called peroxins, perform certain cellular tasks, such as peroxisomal matrix protein import or membrane development in order to maintain peroxisome biogenesis as well as a constant flux of matrix proteins into peroxisomes. The type II AAA+ peroxins Pex1/Pex6 are a core component of the peroxisomal matrix protein import system. ATPases of the AAA+ family of proteins generally assemble into large, macromolecular machines, structurally remodelling their substrate protein, which is driven by the hydrolysis of ATP. The main function of Pex1/6 complexes is to release the receptor Pex5 from peroxisomal membranes after matrix protein import. This relocation of Pex5 into the cytosol ensures a constant pool of available receptor molecules for subsequent cycles of protein import into peroxisomes. Accordingly, certain mutations in mammalian Pex1/Pex6 proteins compromise peroxisome biogenesis and thus, lipid metabolism, causing severe genetic Zellweger diseases in humans. In collaboration with Professor Ralf Erdmann and colleagues at the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, we characterize the structure and function of the AAA+ Pex1/6 complex from yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Single particle electron microscopy (EM) in combination with biochemical assays allows us to analyze how ATP turnover is related to the biological function of the Pex1/6 complex. This study presents EM structures of Pex1/6 complexes assembled in the presence of ADP, ATP, ADP-AlFx and ATPγS, providing a comprehensive structural characterization of the heterohexameric type II AAA+ complex in different nucleotide states. Our EM reconstructions reveal an unexpected triangular overall shape, different than observed for the closely related and well-characterized homohexameric AAA+ protein p97. We show that the heterohexameric Pex1/6 complex is composed of a trimer of heterodimers with alternating subunit arrangement of Pex1 and Pex6 moieties. Furthermore, our results suggest that conserved aromatic residues, lining the central pore of the Pex1/6 D2 ring mediate substrate interactions. These residues correspond to substrate interaction regions in related AAA+ proteins. Comparing Pex1/6 EM reconstructions in different nucleotide states implicates that the mechanical function of Pex1/6 involves an N- to C-terminal protein translocation mechanism along the central pore. The Pex1/6 EM structures resolve symmetric and asymmetric large-scale domain motions, which likely create a power stroke during cycles of ATP binding and hydrolysis. We conclude that Pex5 is probably partially or completely unfolded while it is threaded through the central pore of Pex1/6 complexes. In addition, ATP hydrolysis assays of Pex1/Pex6 complexes containing single amino acid exchanges in individual Walker B motifs reveal that not all active sites are functionally equivalent. In isolated complexes, ATP turnover mainly occurs in Pex6 D2 domains, while Pex1 subunits sustain the structural integrity of the complex. We further resolve the structures of Pex1/6 Walker B variants and observe mutually exclusive protomer-protomer communication. In the Pex1/6 complex, a Walker B mutation induces ATP hydrolysis in the adjacent D2 domain, presenting a structural framework of protomer-protomer communication in the AAA+ heterohexamer.
Dry Start Method - 7 Tips for Success | ScapeFu027 What is the Dry Start Method? Popularized by Tom Barr back in 2007, the Dry Start Method is intended to solve a problem people have with setting up an aquarium with tiny carpet plants. The problems are: These plants, like Hemianthus callitrichoides or HC, have tiny roots that are extremely difficult to plant. There's a tendency to float when you flood the aquarium with water. HC also needs a lot of light and CO2 to grow well and carpet the aquarium bottom. Pressurized CO2, strong light and clear water are needed to get it established well in the aquarium. Not everyone can start with the right equipment and frequent water changes needed for clear water. Algae is a risk until HC really takes root. From Tom's article, the benefits of the dry start method are: No algae No water changes/loose pieces floating around/being pulled up No replanting No cycling the aquarium No dosing No fiddling with CO2 No having to buy a lot of plant material initially No transition from emergent to submersed states(some plants will, but with good CO2, this is greatly minimized) No extra electrical cost running other equipment during the dry phase. No labor Can do it outside in a tray even……… Dry Start Method: 7 Tips for Success Tips: Light for full 10–12 hours to power photosynthesis and growth. Cover with cling wrap or glass or plastic. 100% for a few days then slowly peel corner. Hills are OK but you may want to pre-saturate. In fact, always pre-saturate. No puddles! Inert substrates will require liquid fertilizer. Dilute foliar fertilizer Patience! Resist the urge to flood! Wait 3–6 weeks at least When flooding, do 3–4 large 80%+ water changes to flush out substrate. Mould or fungus - H2O2 1:4 with water or Excel straight up Not everyone thinks the dry start method is the bomb. Niko's post on APC for example. He suggests an ebb and flow system. Focus on You Five star iTunes Review! Yay! The Best! by A_single_non from Australia “Art has come a long way since starting the podcast. He does a good job and is the only current podcast related to aquascaping. Keep it up! I really enjoy them and have listened to all of them.” Barry from South Africa Hi Art. Thank you for allowing me to become a member of ScapeFu. I've been an avid 'scaper for about ten years now and find your site to be very informative and easy to navigate around. your articles are not only relevant and packed with good practical advice, but easy to understand as well. I found the WabiKusa article very informative and a few tips that I will definitely try on my next one. Rob Hi guys, Just wanted to drop you a note and thank you for all of the work you do to share your experience and wisdom. I know the podcast/website is a ton of work to keep going, and is more of a labor of love for you instead of a revenue stream. One thought for topics - let's help a newbie segment HELP US SPREAD THE WORD! We would love it if you could please share this episode with your Facebook Followers. We don't advertise so this is the only way we have to get the word out about The ScapeFu Podcast. If you like what you've heard, please go to iTunes and rate, review and subscribe to the ScapeFu Podcast. It's the easiest way to make sure you don't miss an episode. They will be downloaded automatically to your device to listen to at your convenience. Ways to Subscribe to the ScapeFu Podcast Subscribe via iTunes Subscribe via RSS Subscribe via Stitcher (Andriod) Feedback We'd love to hear from you about today's topic or anything else. How can we help you? The easiest way to reach us is via email. Art is at art@scapefu.com, JJ is at jj@scapefu.com and Jurijs is at JS@scapefu.com. Links Mentioned in This Episode and Additional Resources Tom Barr's Original Article on the Dry Start Method Nice Tutorial on the Dry Start Method Old Emails on Emersed Growth from the Aquatic Plant Digest Another How To Tom's Post in Aquatic Quotient with pictures Tips When Flooding Mold When Dry Starting George Farmer on the Dry Start Method George Farmer's One-Pot Iwagumi Challenge Nice Write-up on Dry Start Method
Purpose: Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases including glaucoma. Astrocytes are supposed to play a role in glaucoma pathogenesis. This study investigates the antiapoptotic and cytoprotective effects of idebenone on optic nerve head astrocytes (ONHA) under oxidative stress.Methods: ONHA were treated with 1 to 150 mu M idebenone. Cell viability (MTT assay and live-dead assay), induction of intracellular reactive oxygen species, senescence-associated -galactosidase activity were investigated. In addition, apoptosis (detection of histone-associated DNA fragmentation), and expression of BAX and Bcl-2, and their mRNA were determined after 48 hours and after hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment.Results: Idebenone concentrations from 1 to 50 mu M showed no effects on ONHA viability. Pretreatment with 10 mu M idebenone led to an increase in viability of ONHA after H2O2 treatment. In addition, idebenone pretreatment significantly attenuated the increase of histone-associated DNA fragmentation, induction of senescence-associated -galactosidase, and intracellular reactive oxygen species after treatment with H2O2. When ONHA cells were treated with idebenone and H2O2, real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis yielded an increased expression of Bcl-2 and a decrease of BAX compared with those cells that were treated with H2O2 only.Conclusions: Idebenone reduced senescence, oxidative stress, and apoptotic cell death in cultured ONHA in vitro. Our results suggest that idebenone may help to protect ONHA in vivo, and therefore might be helpful in preventing the progression of glaucomatous degeneration.
Gravity has been a constant force throughout the Earth's evolutionary history. Thus, one of the fundamental biological questions is if and how complex cellular and molecular functions of life on Earth require gravity. In this study, we investigated the influence of gravity on the oxidative burst reaction in macrophages, one of the key elements in innate immune response and cellular signaling. An important step is the production of superoxide by the NADPH oxidase, which is rapidly converted to H2O2 by spontaneous and enzymatic dismutation. The phagozytosis-mediated oxidative burst under altered gravity conditions was studied in NR8383 rat alveolar macrophages by means of a luminol assay. Ground-based experiments in "functional weightlessness" were performed using a 2 D clinostat combined with a photomultiplier (PMT clinostat). The same technical set-up was used during the 13th DLR and 51st ESA parabolic flight campaign. Furthermore, hypergravity conditions were provided by using the Multi-Sample Incubation Centrifuge (MuSIC) and the Short Arm Human Centrifuge (SAHC). The results demonstrate that release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during the oxidative burst reaction depends greatly on gravity conditions. ROS release is 1.) reduced in microgravity, 2.) enhanced in hypergravity and 3.) responds rapidly and reversible to altered gravity within seconds. We substantiated the effect of altered gravity on oxidative burst reaction in two independent experimental systems, parabolic flights and 2D clinostat / centrifuge experiments. Furthermore, the results obtained in simulated microgravity (2D clinorotation experiments) were proven by experiments in real microgravity as in both cases a pronounced reduction in ROS was observed. Our experiments indicate that gravity-sensitive steps are located both in the initial activation pathways and in the final oxidative burst reaction itself, which could be explained by the role of cytoskeletal dynamics in the assembly and function of the NADPH oxidase complex.
Matériel : bécher de 250 ml, bâton de verre, lunettes et gants de protection Produits chimiques : eau oxygénée à 30 %, sang Procédure expérimentale : 10 ml de sang sont placés dans le bécher, sur lesquels on vers 2 ml d'eau oxygénée. Une réaction violente, avec production d'une mousse, commence immédiatement. Le sang est partiellement décoloré sous l'action de H2O2. Après un petit moment l'ensemble donne l'impression d'une crème avec morceaux de fruits rouge. Explication : une enzyme de la classe des désmolases, la catalase dans le cas du sang, décompose l'eau oxygéné en eau et oxygène. L'oxygène libéré décolore l'hémoglobine des globules rouges. H.W. Roesky et W. Möckel, « Chemical Curiosities », page 82, 1996, Copyright Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH and Co. KGaA. Traduit de l'anglais avec permission.
Depuis la découverte du phosphore blanc au 17e siècle, la lumière chimique a toujours fasciné l'homme. Mesures de sécurité : Nous ne connaissons pas la toxicité précise du luminol. Il peut provoquer des sensibilisations par inhalation ou contact avec la peau. Hexacyanoferrate (III) est toxique, le contact avec la peau est à éviter. L'eau oxygénée est un oxydant puissant, qui peut se décomposer avec explosion en présence de métaux ou composées organiques. NaOH attaque la peau. Le port de lunettes et gants de protection est indispensable. Matériel : fiole de 20 ml, entonnoir, deux béchers de 600 ml, deux béchers de 400 ml, deux éprouvettes de 50 ml, lunettes et gants de protection Produits chimiques : Luminol (5-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophtalazine-1,4-dione), solution de soude à 10 %, hexacyanoferrate (III) de potassium, solution H2O2 à 30 %, eau distillée Solution A : 1g de luminol et 50 ml de solution de soude à 10 %, dans 450 ml d'eau Solution B : 500 ml de solution d'hexacyanoferrate (III) à 3 % (15 g de sel dans 485 ml d'eau) Solution C : 50 ml de solution A dans 350 ml d'eau distillée Solution D : 50 ml de solution B dans 350 ml d'eau, avec 3 ml H2O2 à 30 % Procédure expérimentale : Quelques cristaux d’hexacyanoferrate (III) sont placés dans la fiole, dans laquelle les solutions C et D sont ajoutées simultanément à l’aide de l’entonnoir. La lumière bleue émise peut être régénérée plusieurs fois en ajoutant de petites quantités de solution de soude. Alternativement, les solutions C et D peuvent être versées dans une spirale en verre, terminant dans un grand bécher qui contient quelques cristaux (env. 0.1 g) de K3[Fe(CN)6] Explication : le luminol est converti en milieu alcalin, avec émission de lumière. L'hexacyanoferrate de potassium agit comme catalyseur, intensifiant la lumière mais en raccourcissant ainsi la durée de l'émission lumineuse. Elimination des déchets : réduire les solutions à un volume de 100 ml, puis les transférer au dépôt de métaux lourds. H.W. Roesky et W. Möckel, « Chemical Curiosities », page 188, 1996, Copyright Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH and Co. KGaA. Traduit de l'anglais avec permission.
Matériel : bécher de 500 ml, trois béchers de 200 ml, agitateur magnétique avec aimant, lunettes et gants de protection Produits chimiques : acide malonique HOOCCH2COOH, iodate de sodium NaIO3, MnSO4 x H2O, H2SO4 à 1 mol/L, H2O2 à 10 %, amidon soluble, eau distillée Procédure expérimentale : trois solutions sont préparées Solution A : 1.5 g d'iodate de sodium et 10 ml H2SO4 à 1 mol/L avec 100 ml d'eau distillé Solution B : 1 g d'acide malonique, 1.5 g sulfate de manganèse et 10 ml d'une solution d'amidon à 1 % avec 100 ml d'eau distillé Solution C : 135 ml d'eau oxygéné à 10 % Les trois solutions incolores sont versées simultanément dans le grand bécher et bien agitées. Après un petit moment l'oscillation entre une couleur bleue et légèrement jaune démarre. Explication : le réaction de Belousov-Zhabiotinsky utilisée ici est initiée par la réduction du iodate en iode élémentaire par l'acide malonique et le sulfate de Mn. Le présence du iode élémentaire est mise en évidence par la formation du complexe iode/amidon de couleur bleu intense. Le iode élémentaire réagit ensuite avec l'acide pour donner de l'acide mono ou di-substitué en iode transparent. La réaction se termine par une complexion lente des ions Mn(II) par l'acide malonique substitué. Elimination des déchets : le volume, traité avec une solution de lait de chaux, est décanté, puis les résidus insolubles sont transférés dans un bidon pour sels inorganiques de faible toxicité. La solution, à pH 7 à 8, est inoffensive et peut passer à l'évier. H.W. Roesky et W. Möckel, « Chemical Curiosities », page 264, 1996, Copyright Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH and Co. KGaA. Traduit de l'anglais avec permission.
Background/Aims: The goal of the present study was to determine whether transforming growth factor-beta(2) (TGF-beta(2))- and oxidative stress-induced cellular changes in cultured human optic nerve head (ONH) astrocytes could be reduced by pretreatment with the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid (LA). Methods: Cultured ONH astrocytes were treated with 1.0 ng/ml TGF-beta(2) for 24 h or 200 mu M hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for 1 h. Lipid peroxidation was measured by a decrease in cis-pari-naric acid fluorescence. Additionally, cells were pretreated with different concentrations of LA before TGF-beta 2 or H2O2 exposure. Expressions of the heat shock protein (Hsp) alpha B-crystallin and Hsp27, the extracellular matrix (ECM) component fibronectin and the ECM-modulating protein connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) were examined with immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR analysis. Results: Both TGF-beta(2) and H2O2 increased lipid peroxidation. Treatment of astrocytes with TGF-beta(2) and H2O2 upregulated the expression of alpha B-crystallin, Hsp27, fibronectin and CTGF. Pretreatment with different concentrations of LA reduced the TGF-beta(2)- and H2O2-stimulated gene expressions. Conclusion: We showed that TGF-beta(2)- and H2O2-stimulated gene expressions could be prevented by pretreatment with the antioxidant LA in cultured human ONH astrocytes. Therefore, it is tempting to speculate that the use of antioxidants could have protective effects in glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Copyright (C) 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel
Transcript: If life elsewhere in the universe is like life on Earth, then carbon will be essential for the creation of life. Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen together form ninety-five percent of the mass of all life forms on Earth. Carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are the most abundant products of stars, but carbon is special in its chemical properties. It has the unique ability to form multiple bonds with itself and with other elements. For example, the most abundant element in the universe, hydrogen, can only combine two ways with oxygen to form H2O and H2O2, can only combine two ways with nitrogen to form NH3 and N2H2, but it can combine thousands of ways with carbon to form chains as long as C90H84. The long carbon based chains of organic chemistry are essential to the coding of complexity in life. However, organic chemistry can only exist and operate in a narrow temperature range, so the robustness of life depends sensitively on the physical conditions. Silicon has been speculated to be another basis for life given its similar position in the periodic table However, silicon is ten times less abundant cosmically than carbon, and its chemical properties are not as good for the formation of long term, stable, complex molecules.
Fakultät für Biologie - Digitale Hochschulschriften der LMU - Teil 04/06
Vor Beginn dieser Arbeit war ein A. fumigatus-Protein (Chp: CipC homologes Protein) mit unbekannter Funktion und hoher Homologie zum CipC-Protein aus A. nidulans als prominentes hyphenspezifisches Protein identifiziert worden (Schwienbacher, 2005). Weiterhin gab es zu diesem Zeitpunkt Hinweise, dass ein zu CipC homologes Protein in C. neoformans eine wichtige Rolle während der Virulenz spielt (Steen et al., 2003). In dieser Arbeit sollte die biologische Funktion des pilzspezifischen Proteins genauer untersucht werden. Zu diesem Zweck wurden monoklonale Antikörper gegen Chp, mehrere Reporterstämme sowie eine Deletionsmutante hergestellt. Die erhobenen Daten zeigen, dass Chp als Monomer im Cytosol der Hyphen vorliegt. Dabei zeigte sich eine gleichmäßige Verteilung eines GFP-Fusionsproteins innerhalb der Hyphen; nur die Vakuolen schienen ausgespart. Die Identifikation des Proteins auf der Sporenoberfläche von A. fumigatus (Asif et al., 2006) wurde wiederlegt und die differentielle Expression des Proteins bestätigt. Anders als in A. nidulans (Melin et al., 2002) wirkt das Antibiotikum Concanamycin A auf die Bildung von Chp in A. fumigatus nicht induzierend. Da diese Tatsache sowohl für die Na-mensgebung von CipC, als auch für die Namensgebung von Chp verantwortlich war, sollte das A. fumigatus-Protein umbenannt werden. Die Wahl des Namens fiel auf NrpA (Nitrogen regulated protein A), da die Bildung des Proteins von der N-Quelle abhängig ist. Die N-abhängige Regulation war für ein homologes F. fujikuroi Gen auf RNA-Ebene bereits bekannt (Teichert et al., 2004). In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte sie in A. fumigatus und erstmals auf Proteinebene bestätigt werden. Desweiteren wurden auch neue N-Quellen untersucht. Dabei zeigte sich, dass NrpA in Anwesenheit der N-Quellen Glutamat, Nitrat oder Harnstoff nicht gebildet wird, wohin-gegen Komplexmedien sowie die N-Quellen Ammonium, Glutamin, Asparaginsäure, Asparagin, Valin und Tryptophan zur Bildung des Proteins führen. In Kombination einer induzierenden und einer unterdrückenden N-Quelle dominiert stets die induzierende. In Reporterstämmen (gfp; lacZ) fand diese negative Regulation der Bildung von NrpA nicht statt. Das Protein wurde sowohl in Anwesenheit einer normalerweise unterdrückenden N-Quelle, als auch in den Sporen gebildet. Weiterhin nimmt die gebildete Menge von NrpA sowohl bei längeren Inkubationszeiten, als auch bei Verwendung höherer Animpfdichten zu. Wird der Pilz zunächst mit einer die NrpA-Bildung unterdrückenden N-Quelle angezogen und dann in Medium mit einer induzierenden N-Quelle umgesetzt, dauert es 6 h bis eine Bildung von NrpA verzeichnet werden kann. Diese Zeitspanne blieb auch in einem inversen Experiment gleich. Als nächstes wurde untersucht, ob NrpA in A. fumigatus unter Stressbedingungen von Bedeutung ist. Dabei konnte gezeigt werden, dass sowohl osmotischer Stress, als auch oxidativer Stress, der durch Menadion verursacht wird, kei-ne Auswirkung auf die gebildete NrpA-Menge hat. Dagegen führt durch H2O2 verursachter Stress zu einem veränderten Laufverhalten von NrpA in SDS-Gelen. Das Protein scheint unter diesen Umständen ein höheres Molekulargewicht zu haben. Mithilfe eines A. fumigatus-Reporterstammes, der ein NrpA-GFP-Fusionsprotein bildet, konnte gezeigt werden, dass H2O2 auch zu einer veränderten Lokalisation von NrpA führt. Das sonst gleichmäßig in den Hyphen verteilte Protein formierte sich in punktförmigen Strukturen. Auch unter Mangelbedingungen spielt NrpA keine wichtige Rolle, denn weder ein C- noch ein N-Mangel verändert die gebildete Menge des Proteins. Dient die normalerweise die NrpA-Bildung induzierende N-Quelle Glutamin als C- und N-Quelle wird NrpA nicht gebildet. Ebenso wie in F. fujikuroi (Teichert et al., 2002) wird die Bildung des NrpA-Proteins durch MSX, einem Inhibitor der Glutaminsynthetase, fast vollständig inhibiert. Anders als in F. fujikuroi (Teichert et al., 2006) verursachte die Inhibierung der TOR-Kinase durch Rapamycin keinen Effekt auf die Bildung von NrpA. Auch durch eine her-gestellte Deletionsmutante konnte die biologische Funktion von NrpA nicht geklärt werden. In zahlreichen vergleichenden Untersuchungen verhielt sich die Mutante ebenso wie der Wildtyp. Der einzige dokumentierte Unterschied zwischen Mutante und Wildtyp ist eine verstärkte Bil-dung der Katalase 1 in der Deletionsmutante. Anders als angenommen spielt NrpA während der Virulenz von A. fumigatus keine Rolle. In einem Virulenzmodell in embryonierten Hühnereiern verhielten sich Deletionsmutante und Wildtyp gleich. Auch in murinen Makrophagen führten die Deletionsmutante und der Wildtyp etwa zu vergleichbaren Mengen an ausgeschüttetem IL-10 und TNFα. Ein potentieller Nutzen von NrpA bei der Diagnose der allergischen bronchoalveolaren Aspergillose (ABPA) konnte ebenso ausgeschlossen werden. Neben NrpA waren im Vergleich der Proteinmuster der verschiedenen A. fumigatus-Morphotypen auch weitere differentiell exprimierte Proteine aufgefallen. Eines davon war eine MnSOD (Aspf6), die bis dahin auch als mitochondriale MnSOD bezeichnet wurde (Rementeria et al., 2007). Da im Genom von A. fumigatus aber eine weitere MnSOD kodiert ist, die über eine putative Mitochondriensignalsequenz verfügt, sollte in einem zweiten Teil der Arbeit die tat-sächliche Lokalisation dieses Proteins gezeigt werden. Dafür wurden zunächst monoklonale Antikörper gegen das Protein hergestellt. Eine mitochondriale Lokalisation der MnSOD mit puta-tiver Signalsequenz konnte gezeigt werden. Dabei wurden sowohl Western-Blots als auch ein A. fumigatus-GFP-Reporterstamm verwendet. Weiterhin konnte das Protein genauer charakteri-siert werden. Im Gegensatz zu Aspf6, das nur in den Hyphen des Pilzes zu finden ist, wurde die mitochondriale MnSOD sowohl in den Sporen, als auch in den Hyphen nachgewiesen. Die gebil-dete Menge des Proteins verändert sich im Zeitverlauf nicht. Lediglich zu sehr späten Wachs-tumszeitpunkten in der späten stationären Phase war ein leichter Anstieg zu beobachten. Die gebildete Menge des Proteins hing auch nicht von der Animpfdichte der Kultur ab. Anders als Aspf6, das bekannterweise ein Homotetramer bildet (Flückiger et al., 2002), scheint die mitochondriale MnSOD als Dimer vorzuliegen. Auch in Antwort auf oxidativen Stress verhielten sich die beiden MnSODs unterschiedlich. Menadion, das innerhalb der Zelle die Bildung von Su-peroxidanionen bewirkt, führte zu einem leichten Anstieg der Proteinmenge der mitochondrialen MnSOD, während Aspf6 unverändert blieb. Als Folge von oxidativem Stress, der durch H2O2 verursacht wird, zeigte Aspf6 eine leichte Verringerung, während die mitochondriale MnSOD schnell abgebaut wird. In einem dritten Teil dieser Arbeit wurde die Rolle der Atmung während der Auskeimung von A. fumigatus genauer untersucht. Dabei konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Proteinbiosynthese für den Auskeimungsprozess unbedingt notwendig ist. Desweiteren wurde mit Hilfe unterschiedli-cher Methoden eine sehr frühe Aktivierung der Atmungskette während des Auskeimungspro-zesses nachgewiesen. Ebenso konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Anwesenheit von Sauerstoff für das Wachstum von A. fumigatus unbedingt erforderlich ist. Im anaeroben Milieu konnten die Konidien weder anschwellen noch auskeimen. Auch bereits vorhandene Hyphen konnten unter Abwesenheit von Sauerstoff nicht weiterwachsen. Weitere Untersuchungen zeigten, dass A. fu-migatus anders als A. nidulans (Takasaki et al., 2004) nicht über die Fähigkeit verfügt, im Anae-roben durch eine Fermentation von Ammonium zu überleben. In dieser Arbeit wurde ebenso wie in anderen aktuellen Arbeiten (Williger et al., 2008) die Fähigkeit von A. fumigatus, in hypoxischen Umgebungen zu wachsen, nachgewiesen.
Medizinische Fakultät - Digitale Hochschulschriften der LMU - Teil 09/19
Seit Beginn der 1990er Jahre sind protektive Wirkungen von Tacrolimus auf Ischämie-Reperfusionsschäden der Leber bekannt. Die in bisherigen experimentellen Arbeiten beschriebene Spenderpräkonditionierung erscheint jedoch wegen potenzieller Nebenwirkungen klinisch nicht umsetzbar. Eine amerikanische Arbeitsgruppe konnte dabei in einer klinischen Pilot-Studie zeigen, dass die Spülung humaner Lebern mit Tacrolimus (20ng/ml) vor Implantation zu einer signifikanten Reduktion von Ischämie-Reperfusionsschäden nach Lebertransplantation führte. Unsere Arbeitsgruppe hat umfangreiche Untersuchungen mit Glutathion als Therapeutikum von Ischämie-Reperfusionsschäden nach warmer und kalter Ischämie durchgeführt. Gleichzeitig scheint, dass intrazelluläres Glutathion bei Anwesenheit hoher Konzentrationen von ROS über die Induktion von Radikalkettenreaktionen beziehungsweise die Thiolierung anderer Proteine selbst als Mediator von Ischämie-Reperfusionsschäden fungieren kann. In Vorarbeiten untersuchten wir die Wirkung von Tacrolimus im isoliert-perfundierten Modell der Rattenleber. Die Vorbehandlung mit Tacrolimus bewirkte bei Zufuhr von H2O2 eine Verringerung des ROS-induzierten zellulären Schadens, ausgedrückt in einer dosisabhängigen, signifikanten Verringerung des LDH-Efflux. Als Ursache hierfür wird eine verminderte intrazelluläre Akkumulation von zytotoxischem GSSG diskutiert, das nach Tacrolimus-Gabe vermehrt in Galle und Blut freigesetzt wurde, während die Aktivität der an Bildung und Abbau von GSH/GSSG beteiligten Enzyme Katalase, GSH-Peroxidase und GSSG-Reduktase unverändert war. Dieser Effekt konnte durch Gabe des p38 MAPK Inhibitors SB203580 imitiert werden. Wir übertrugen daraufhin das Konzept der Tacrolimus-Rinse in das Modell der arterialisierten, orthotopen Lebertransplantation an der Ratte. Die Spülung der Leber (20ml) mit Tacrolimus unmittelbar vor Implantation in den Empfängerorganismus führte zu einer signifikanten Reduktion des Ischämie-Reperfusionsschadens, gemessen in Transaminasen, LDH sowie Gallefluss. Das höchste Ausmass an Zytoprotektion wurde durch eine Tacrolimus-Konzentration von 10 ng/ml erreicht, wobei die protektive Wirkung der Tacrolimus-Rinse in der 10 ng-Gruppe stärker ausgeprägt war als in der 50 ng-Gruppe. Die Ursachen für diese inverse Dosis-Wirkungsbeziehung sind unklar, zumal keine statistische Signifikanz zwischen den beiden Gruppen besteht. Außerdem fehlen bislang systematische Untersuchungen zur optimalen Tacrolimus-Dosis in dieser Versuchsanordnung. Als Wirkmechanismus der Tacrolimus-Rinse postulieren wir - aufbauend auf Voruntersuchungen im isoliert perfundierten Modell und den erhobenen in-vivo-Daten - Veränderungen der zellulären Glutathionhomöostase: Hepatozyten setzten im Modell der Lebertransplantation nach Tacrolimus-Rinse vermehrt zytotoxisches GSSG in Blut und Galle frei, wodurch ROS-vermittelte Zellschäden während der Reperfusion minimiert werden. Zusammenfassend kann aufgrund der bisherigen Untersuchungen gezeigt werden, dass die Tacrolimus-Rinse eine neue und klinisch praktikable Therapieoption von Ischämie-Reperfusionsschäden der Leber darstellen könnte.
Medizinische Fakultät - Digitale Hochschulschriften der LMU - Teil 06/19
Das Endothel dient im ruhenden Zustand dem Gefäß als Barriere, die jedoch durch lokale Schädigung wie Trauma, Entzündung oder Ischämie aufgelöst werden kann (Klinke, 1996; Ley, 1996). Dieses Phänomen wird auch im Zusammenhang mit der Reperfusion zuvor ischämischer Myokardareale als so genannter Reperfusionsschaden beobachtet (Jennings, 1985; Schurmann, 1997). Erst das aktivierte Endothel ermöglicht Prozesse wie das Rolling, Sticking und die Migration zuvor frei fließender PMN und Thrombozyten, die über eine Reihe von Adhäsionsmolekülen wie u.a. E-Selektin und ICAM-1 vermittelt werden (Adhäsionskaskade, Sluiter, 1993; Froese, 1994; Fuster, 1996). Vorausgehende Untersuchungen konnten zeigen, dass die Endothelaktivierung in zwei Phasen verläuft, einer akuten nach Sekunden bis Minuten (Typ I) und einer subakuten nach Stunden bis Tagen (Typ II, Pober, 1990; Ichikawa, 1997). Akute Mechanismen verwenden die Freisetzung bereits bestehender Mediatoren wie PAF, Leukotriene, H2O2 und posttranslationale Modifikationen, für die subakuten Effekte ist jedoch eine Neusynthese von Zytokinen und Adhäsionsmolekülen erforderlich (Nawroth, 1993; Kukielka, 1994). Dabei spielen Transkriptionsfaktoren wie NFκB eine bedeutende Rolle (Chen, 1998; Karin, 1999). In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde zunächst ein Zellkulturmodell mit neonatalen Rattenendothelzellen und humanen Umbilkalvenenzellen bzw. einer humanen Endothelzelllinie etabliert, womit auch Mechanismen der Hypoxie und Reoxygenierung (Reperfusionssituation) simuliert werden konnten (vgl. Material und Methoden 3.1 und 3.2). Eigens hergestellte HVJ-Liposomen (Dzau, 1996; Morishita, 1997) zeigten im Vergleich zu kommerziellen Reagenzien (Effectene, Qiagen) keine befriedigende Transfektionseffizienz, weshalb das Modell mit letzteren umgesetzt wurde (vgl. Ergebnisse 4.1 und 4.2). Nach Transfektion von Reportergenkonstrukten für ICAM-1 wurde die Expression dieser Adhäsionsmoleküle nach unterschiedlicher Zellstimulation beobachtet und mittels einer Renilla- bzw. Firefly-Luciferasemarkierung luminometrisch gemessen (vgl. Material und Methoden 3.3 und 3.7). Auf die Stimulation mit TNFα, PMN, Thrombozyten und/oder Hypoxie bzw. Reoxygenierung reagierten diejenigen ICAM-1-Reportergenkonstrukte in signifikantem Ausmaß, die eine entsprechende Bindungsdomäne für den Transkriptionsfaktor NFκB enthielten. Dort kam es regelmäßig zu einer Hochregulation der ICAM-1-Expression als Parameter einer Mehrsynthese dieser Adhäsionsmoleküle (vgl. Ergebnisse 4.3). Mittels Myeloperoxidase-Messungen (leukozytenspezifisches Enzym) konnten insbesondere adhärente PMN für diese Prozesse verantwortlich gemacht werden (vgl. Ergebnisse Abb. 4.10). Zur Beeinflussung dieser subakuten Endothelaktivierung wurden so genannte NFκB-Decoy-Oligodinukleotide eingesetzt (vgl. Material und Methoden 3.6), die teilweise die DNA-Bindungssequenz des intrazellulären NFκB-Komplex besetzten. Dadurch kam es zwar noch zu einer Translokation des NFκB-Komplex in den Zellkern, die konsekutive ICAM-1-Transkription und Proteinsynthese wurde jedoch verhindert (Tomita, 2003; Morishita, 2004). Diese NFκB-Decoy-ODN bewirkten nach Transfektion in zuvor mit TNFα, PMN, Thrombozyten und/oder Hypoxie bzw. Reoxygenierung aktivierte Endothelzellen eine signifikante Reduktion der ICAM-1 Reportergenexpression. Noch deutlichere Effekte wurden durch eine Veresterung der NFκB-Decoy-ODN (Phosphothioat als Proteinaseinhibitor) oder eine entsprechend frühere Transfektion (bis 48h vor Zellstimulation) gemessen (vgl. Ergebnisse 4.4). Der akuten Interaktion zwischen Endothel und PMN bzw. Thrombozyten wird im klinischen Alltag u.a. mit GpIIb/IIIa-Rezeptorantagonisten (Tirofiban und Abciximab) begegnet (Nigam, 2002; Schwarz, 2002). In unserem in vitro-Zellkulturmodell bewirkten diese Substanzen nach Endothelstimulation eine (in unterschiedlichem Ausmaß) verringerte Adhäsion von PMN und Thrombozyten am Endothel (vgl. Ergebnisse 4.5). Zudem zeigten sie überraschender Weise auch einen inhibitorischen Effekt auf die ICAM-1-Reportergenexpression und damit auf die subakute Endothelaktivierung (vgl. Ergebnisse 4.6). Abciximab war dabei Tirofiban und einem CD18-Antikörper (IB4) signifikant überlegen (vgl. Ergebnisse Abb. 4.19). Diese Daten legten die Überlegung nahe, beiden Strategien (Adhäsionshemmer vs. NFκB-Decoy-ODN) bezüglich ihres ICAM-1-inhibitorischen Potentials am Endothel zu vergleichen: in unseren Untersuchungen war die Transfektion von NFκB-Decoy-ODN der Gabe von Adhäsionshemmern (Abciximab, Tirofiban oder CD18-Antikörper) überlegen (vgl. Ergebnisse Abb. 4.20). Die Kombination beider Strategien (Adhäsionshemmer und NFκB-Decoy-ODN) zeigte geringe, zusätzliche, ICAM-1-inhibitorische Effekte (vgl. Ergebnisse Abb. 4.21). Die Applikation von Oligodinukleotiden wird inzwischen als eine viel versprechende Therapie insbesondere ischämiebedingter, kardiovaskulärer Erkrankungen gesehen: nach Transfektion von NFκB-Decoy-ODN wurden bislang bereits positive Effekte auf die Myokardfunktion (Sakaguchi, 2001), koronare Restenoserate (Rutanen, 2002) und den Myokardinfarkt selbst (Morishita, 1997) gezeigt. Eine aktuelle Patientenanwendung nach koronarer Stentimplantation (Jun-Ichi, 2004) ergab bei zusätzlicher Transfektion von NFκB-Decoy-ODN gegenüber dem konventionell versorgten Myokardareal geringere Restenoseraten.
Medizinische Fakultät - Digitale Hochschulschriften der LMU - Teil 06/19
Reagible Sauerstoffradikale sind wichtige Bestandteile mikrobizider als auch zytotoxischer Funktionen polymorphkerniger neutrophiler Leukozyten (PMNL). Da dieser ambivalenten Stellung im Verlauf einer Sepsis große Bedeutung zukommt, untersuchten wir die Produktion von H2O2 in Abhängigkeit unterschiedlicher partikulärer und löslicher Stimuli bei Patienten mit zunehmender Schwere einer Sepsis. Es wurden Patienten mit unkomplizierter Sepsis (n=15), schwerer Sepsis (n=12) und Patienten mit septischem Schock (n=33) in eine prospektive Studie eingeschlossen. Die Kontrollgruppe bestand aus gesunden Probanden (n=50) mit vergleichbarer Altersstruktur und Geschlechtsverteilung. Zur Erfassung von Adhärenz, Phagozytose und der mit der Phagozytose assoziierten Sauerstoffradikalproduktion wurden nicht-opsonierte und opsonierte Zymosanpartikel verwendet. Die an β-Glukanen und Lektinstrukturen reiche Oberfläche von Zymosanpartikeln löst vermittelt durch die Lektinbindungsstelle der α-Kette (CD11b) des Komplementrezeptors Typ 3 und der in jüngerer Zeit charakterisierten „C type-lectin-like domain“ (CTLD) des Dektin-1-Rezeptors deren Phagozytose und die Phagozytose-assoziierte H2O2-Produktion des Granulozyten aus. Beide Rezeptoren werden als „non Toll-like“ Rezeptoren klassifiziert, welche zur Gruppe der „pathogene-recognition“ Rezeptoren (PRR) gerechnet werden. Zur Erfassung der durch lösliche Stimuli ausgelösten Zellaktivierung wurden PMNL mit dem chemotaktischen Tripeptid fMLP allein und nach Priming mit TNF-α inkubiert. Die ermittelte H2O2-Produktion war nach Stimulation mit nativem Zymosan reduziert, nach Stimulation mit opsoniertem Zymosan unverändert und nach Stimulation mit fMLP allein, fMLP in Kombination mit TNF-α, sowie in der Kontrollgruppe gesteigert. Alle Veränderungen hatten ihre deutlichste Ausprägung in der Gruppe der Patienten mit septischem Schock. Insbesondere die Phagozytose von Zymosan und die daran assoziierte H2O2-Produktion waren signifikant verringert, während die spontane und die durch lösliche Stimuli ausgelöste H2O2-Produktion stark erhöht waren. Diese Ergebnisse lassen auf die Entwicklung einer mit der Schwere einer Sepsis zunehmenden Granulozytendysfunktion schließen. Diese ist durch die Abnahme mikrobizider Teilfunktionen bei gleichzeitiger Steigerung der die Mikrozirkulation und potenziell das Gewebe schädigenden zytotoxischen Partialfunktionen charakterisiert. Da die Adhärenz von PMNL an nativem Zymosan unverändert blieb, während simultan die Phagozytose und die Phagozytose-assoziierte H2O2-Produktion reduziert waren, kann auf einen Defekt in der Signaltransduktion der Lektinbindungsstelle und/oder dem Dektin-1 β-Glukanrezeptor geschlossen werden.
Making Elephant Toothpaste is as simple as mixing two chemicals - causing an explosion of foamy science goodness. We take a look at two reactions with hydrogen peroxide to see how the concentration of H2O2 affects the rate of the reaction.Science Theater Episode 10: Chemical Reaction Rates
Medizinische Fakultät - Digitale Hochschulschriften der LMU - Teil 05/19
Standard means of endodontic therapy have changed within the last decade due to new technical developments and an increasing scientific knowledge in this field. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the current status of materials, instruments and appliances used for root canal treatment by dentists in Bavaria. A comprehensive questionnaire was performed among 6900 Bavarian dentists in the year 2004. By use of a standardized questionnaire sheet, the colleagues were asked to give written information about their individual therapeutic concepts including the materials as used to perform root canal treatment. A total of 1666 dentists were enrolled into this study returning the questionnaire within the period of time that has been scheduled. This corresponds to a 24.1% return ratio. Detailed analysis of the collected data revealed the following specific results: The dentists included into the study had an age range from 27 to 71 years. Stratifying the study sample into different categories of age showed that the majority of study subjects belonged to the subgroup of age from 35 to 49 years (53,2%). The majority of dentists were male (77.5%) and most frequently dentists were working in private practices (71%). The age- and gender distribution of the participating dentists in this study is comparable to a statistic of the federal dental association (KZBV 2005). Regarding the health care insurance of patients that are treated endodontically on average 17% of patients had a private health care insurance. Considering the individual treatment means used by the dentists for endodontic therapy the following results were achieved: On average each dentist performed 10.5 root canal treatments per week. Regarding the method used for the determination of endodontic working length (multiple answers possible) 81% of the dentists used radiographs for this purpose. A comparably high percentage of dentists (46.6%) used endometric devices for the determination of the working length. Instrumentation of root canals (multiple answers possible) was performed by 57% of dentists with machine driven devices along with Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) files. The Profile system represents the most popular machine driven endodontic treatment system among Bavarian dentists since this particular system was used by 46% of study participants followed by the ProTaper system (32%) and the Flexmaster system (31%). Machine driven endodontic treatment devices were mainly used with a suitable torque-limited motor. The various products used for this purpose were (multiple answers possible) TriAutoZX, Morita (17.5%), ATR, Dentsply (14.9%), Endostepper, SET (11.4%) and Endo IT Control, VDW (11.1%). Nevertheless, a considerable percentage of dentists (35%) used machine driven devices without torque control. For the irrigation of instrumented root canals dentists spent a mean time of 2.1 minutes and used irrigating solutions (multiple denominations possible) as follows: NaOCl (85.1%), H2O2 (62.4%), EDTA (18.1%), CHX (15.2%). Overall, there was observed an increasing use of machine driven devices along with NiTi files and of EDTA and Chlorhexidine as compared with previous studies. Moreover, comparison of present data with current studies form different European and Non-European countries revealed that the use of rotating NiTi systems was significantly higher among Bavarian dentists. Based on the present results it can be assumed that the concepts as used for endodontic treatment by Bavarian dentists represents a high therapeutic standard.
Medizinische Fakultät - Digitale Hochschulschriften der LMU - Teil 03/19
Das zytotoxische Hirnödem ist eine wichtige Manifestation des zerebralen Sekundärschadens nach zerebraler Ischämie und Schädel-Hirn-Trauma. Der Analyse von Schwellungs- und Schädigungsmechanismen auf zellulärer Ebene in vivo ist durch die Komplexität der zeitgleich ablaufenden Ereignisse enge Grenzen gesetzt. Für die vorliegenden Experimente wurde deswegen ein in vitro Modell verwendet, welches die Untersuchung von C6-Gliomzellen als Einzelzellsuspension unter definierten und kontrollierten Bedingungen bei Veränderung verschiedener Parameter erlaubt. In den letzten Jahren konnten am Institut für Chirurgische Forschung anhand dieses Modells einige Mediatoren des zytotoxischen Ödems in vitro identifiziert werden. Die vorliegende Arbeit ist eine Fortsetzung der durchgeführten Untersuchungen zur Aufklärung der Mechanismen der zytotoxischen Zellschwellung. Sie befasst sich mit der Frage, welchen Einfluß freie Sauerstoffradikale (ROS) auf das Zellvolumen und die Zellvitalität von C6-Gliazellen in vitro haben. Freie Sauerstoffradikale werden unter akuten pathologischen Bedingungen vermehrt im Gehirn freigesetzt. Sie erzeugen durch ihre starke Reaktionsfähigkeit vielfältige pathophysiologische Wirkungen im Gehirn, die zur Zerstörung von Zellmembranen, Oxidation zellulärer Strukturen und DNS-Strangbrüchen führen. Für die Analyse des im Mittelpunkt stehenden Parameters Zellvolumen wurde die Durchflußzytometrie eingesetzt. Die Vitalität der Zellen wurde anhand der Trypanblau-Ausschlußmethode ermittelt. Im ersten Abschnitt dieser Arbeit wurde der Einfluß von Wasserstoffperoxid (H2O2) auf das Volumen und die Vitalität von C6-Gliomzellen untersucht. Die Zellvolumenänderung von C6-Gliomzellen durch H2O2 unterliegt einer Dosis-Wirkungsbeziehung. 0,1 mM H2O2 bewirkte über den Beobachtungszeitraum von 120 Minuten keine Volumenänderung. Ab einer Endkonzentration von 0,5 mM H2O2 kam es zu einer raschen Zellvolumenabnahme. Es folgten biphasische Verläufe der Volumenänderungen unter 0,5, 1,0 und 5,0 mM H2O2. Das Zellvolumen erreichte nachfolgend das Ausgangzellvolumen. Unter der Applikation von 5,0 mM H2O2 kam es in der zweiten Stunde des Beobachtungszeitraumes zu einer signifikanten Zellschwellung. 84 In weiteren Versuchen induzierten wir oxidativen Stress extrazellulär durch das Enzym Xanthinoxidase mit dem Substrat Hypoxanthin (HX/XOD) in den Enkonzentrationen 1 mM HX, 10 oder 20 mU/ml. HX/XOD provozierte in beiden Versuchsreihen eine prompte Abnahme des Zellvolumens auf Werte um 90% des Ausgangszellvolumens. Das Zellvolumen zeigte während des Beobachtungszeitraumes keine Rückregulation, wie in den Versuchen mit H2O2. XOD 10 mU/ml ohne HX zeigte einen ähnlichen Verlauf der Volumenänderung. Die Applikation von HX alleine bewirkte keine Volumenänderung. Mit dem Pharmakon Menadion (MQ), das Zellmembranen passieren kann, induzierten wir oxidativen Stress intrazellulär. Menadion wurde in den Enkonzentrationen 25 und 50 µM verwendet. Während nach Applikation von 25 µM Menadion keine Volumenänderung bei C6-Gliomzellen zu verzeichnen war, provozierte 50 µM Menadion eine signifikante Zellschrumpfung nach einer Latenzphase von 100 Minuten. Eine extrazelluläre Laktatazidose von 6,8 führte, wie bereits bekannt, zu einer Schwellung von C6-Gliomzellen auf 115% des Ausgangswertes. Die Zellvitalität blieb unverändert. In Kombination mit oxidativem Stress mittels HX/XOD 1/10 mM/mU/ml, zeigte sich eine dazu spiegelbildlich verlaufende Zellschrumpfung. Offensichtlich hemmen freie Radikale demnach die Mechanismen die zur azidoseinduzierten Zellschwellung führen, wie z.B. den Na+/H+-Antiporter. Diese Annahme haben wir mit dem Na+/H+-Inhibitor Amilorid bestätigt. Die radikalinduzierte Zellvolumenänderung konnte mit Amilorid fast vollständig gehemmt werden. Die Vitalität der C6-Gliomzellen zeigte in keiner der Versuchreihen eine Abnahme über den gesamten Beobachtungszeitraum. Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchungen zeigen, dass freie Sauerstoffradikale in vitro zu einer Schrumpfung von C6-Gliomzellen führen. Die Ergebnisse legen somit den Schluß nahe, dass freie Sauerstoffradikale nicht an der Pathogenese des zytotoxischen Hirnödems beteiligt sind. Freie Sauerstoffradikale sind allerdings in der Lage, die Clearence-Funktion von Gliazellen zu stören. So konnten ROS die Aufnahme von H+-Ionen (zusammen mit der konsekutiven Aufnahme von Na+-Ionen) und die daraus folgende kompensatorische Zellschwellung hemmen. Freie Radikale scheinen also nicht direkt toxisch zu wirken, sondern über die Hemmung Astrozyten-vermittelter neuroprotektiver Mechanismen, wie z.B. die Clearence von H+ aus dem Extrazellulärraum. Weitere Untersuchungen müssen diesen Anfangsverdacht im Detail klären.
Oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) generates proinflammatory and prothrombotic mediators that may play a crucial role in cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases. In order to study platelet-activating components of oxidized LDL 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphocholine, a representative of the major phospholipid species in LDL, the 1-acyl-phosphatidylcholines (PC), was oxidized by CuCl2 and H2O2. After separation by high-performance liquid chromatography, three compounds were detected which induced platelet shape change at low micromolar concentrations. Platelet activation by these compounds was distinct from the pathways stimulated by platelet-activating factor, lysophosphatidic acid, lyso-PC and thromboxane A(2), as evidenced by the use of specific receptor antagonists. Further analyses of the oxidized phospholipids by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry structurally identified them as 1-stearoyl-2-azelaoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (m/z 694; SAzPC), 1-stearoyl-2-glutaroyl-snglycero-3- phosphocholine (m/z 638; SGPC), and 1-stearoyl-2-( 5-oxovaleroyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (m/z 622; SOVPC). These observations demonstrate that novel 1-acyl-PC which had previously been found to stimulate interaction of monocytes with endothelial cells also induce platelet activation, a central step in acute thrombogenic and atherogenic processes. Copyright (C) 2005 S. Karger AG, Basel.
Fakultät für Biologie - Digitale Hochschulschriften der LMU - Teil 01/06
In dieser Arbeit wurden mit Hilfe einer neuartigen Screening-Methode im Hochdurchsatz-Maßstab Gene identifiziert, welche einen Schutz vor dem bei Morbus Alzheimer assoziierten oxidativen Nervenzelltod vermitteln können. Dazu wurde jeder Klon einer cDNA Kollektion einzeln in klonale hippokampale Mausneuronen der Zelllinie HT-22 transient transfiziert und die Zellen anschließend mit einer toxischen Konzentration Wasserstoffperoxid stimuliert. Nach Inkubation wurde der Anteil lebender Zellen als Grad für den durch das transfizierte Gen vermittelten Schutz bestimmt. Auf diese Weise konnten sechs Gene identifiziert werden, welche HT-22 Zellen signifikant vor toxischen Konzentrationen von Wasserstoffperoxid schützten. Vier der sechs Gene: Glutathion Peroxidase-1, Peroxiredoxin-1, Peroxiredoxin-5 und Katalase, kodieren direkt antioxidativ wirkende Genprodukte, deren Identifikation die Funktionalität des Screening-Systems bestätigte. Neben Genen, deren Proteintranskripte direkt antioxidativ wirken, konnte des Weiteren der Transkriptionsfaktor Nrf2 und das Enzym Glutamin: Fruktose-6-phosphat Amidotransferase-2 (Gfat-2) detektiert werden. Nrf2 aktiviert die Transkription sog. „antioxidant response element (ARE)“-regulierter Antioxidanzien und detoxifizierender Enzyme, und wirkt somit indirekt schützend. Für Gfat-2 war bisher noch kein direkter Zusammenhang für die Protektion vor oxidativem Stress beschrieben. Mit der Charakterisierung dieses Effektes wurde begonnen. Parallel zu diesem Screening-Ansatz wurden Zelllinien generiert, die gegen oxidativen Zelltod resistent sind. Als Modell dienten Mausneuronen der Zelllinie HT-22. Von dieser Zelllinie wurden Klone isoliert, die resistent gegenüber den oxidativen Substanzen Glutamat und Wasserstoffperoxid sind. Untersucht wurde dabei die Genexpression der resistenten Klone mit der der sensitiven parentalen Zellen. Der Grad der Genexpression wurde dabei mit Hilfe von Affymetrix-Chips untersucht. Getestet wurde inwieweit die Überexpression derjenigen Gene, die in beiden resistenten Zelllinien eine verstärkte Expression aufwiesen, einen Schutz in den sensitiven Zellen gegenüber einem oxidativem Stress vermitteln konnte. Eine Stichprobe von 25 Genen bestätigte dabei keinen Zusammenhang zwischen starker Expression und funktioneller Protektion. Zusätzlich wurde überprüft, ob die verminderte Sensitivität H2O2- und Glutamat resistenter Zelllinien auf einen oxidativen Stress eine verminderte Regulation Apoptose induzierender Gene mit sich bringt. Ein Datenbankabgleich identifizierte neun Gene, die in beiden resistenten Zelllinien vermindert exprimierten und deren Überexpression in HEK 293 Zellen Apoptose induzierte. Insgesamt konnte gezeigt werden, dass der in dieser Arbeit beschriebene funktionelle Screening-Ansatz im Vergleich zu genomweiten Expressionsanalysen deutliche Vorteile bei der Identifizierung von Gen-Funktionen besitzt, ohne dabei Einschränkungen in der untersuchten Probenzahl hinnehmen zu müssen. Die in beiden Ansätzen identifizierten Gene, könnten als Ansatzpunkte für neuroprotektive Wirkstoffe genutzt werden.
Medizinische Fakultät - Digitale Hochschulschriften der LMU - Teil 01/19
Thu, 23 Jan 2003 12:00:00 +0100 https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/834/ https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/834/1/Latzin_Philipp.pdf Latzin, Philipp Tobias ddc:610, ddc:600, Medizinische Fakultät
Fakultät für Biologie - Digitale Hochschulschriften der LMU - Teil 01/06
1.) Die weltweit als Bioindikator für den Luftschadstoff Ozon eingesetzte Tabaksorte Bel W3 reagiert mit typischen pergamentartigen Läsionen auf sommerliche Ozonwerte in Mitteleuropa. Es konnte demonstriert werden, dass eine Akkumulation von reaktiven Sauerstoffspezies (ROS), vor allem H2O2, der Ozoninduktion von Zelltod vorausgeht, wobei die Orte der H2O2-Akkumulation („Burst initiation sites“) mit denen der späteren Läsionen sehr gut korrelierten. Histologische Untersuchungen zeigten, dass dieser „oxidative Burst“ zunächst in den Zellen des Palisadenparenchyms, und zwar in Clustern in der Nähe von Blattadern, erfolgte. 2.) Bei einem Vergleich Ozon-empfindlicher Arten, Sorten und Ökotypen von Nutz- und Wildpflanzen zeigten sich deutliche Unterschiede in der Art der vorwiegend akkumulierten ROS. In neun Tomatensorten wurde H2O2-Akkumulation detektiert, wobei die Intensität mit der Ozonempfindlichkeit der Sorten korrelierte. In zehn Ökotypen von Arabidopsis thaliana L. ließ sich neben H2O2 vor allem O2 -. detektieren, wobei O2 -. mit dem Muster und der Quantität der Schäden korrelierte. Bei den Ozon-empfindlichen Wildpflanzen Rumex crispus L., R. obtusifolius L. und Malva sylvestris L. konnte ausschließlich O2 -. nachgewiesen werden. Blattquerschnitte der letztgenannten Pflanzenart erbrachten deutliche Unterschiede zu der Tabaksorte Bel W3: Obwohl beide Pflanzenarten amphistomatäre Blätter besitzen, konnte O2 -. zuerst in den Zellen des Schwammparenchyms detektiert werden. In allen Fällen erfolgte das Auftreten von Ozon-induziertem Zelltod verstärkt entlang der Blattadern; Bereiche des Zelltodes korrelierten jeweils mit vorheriger Akkumulation von ROS. 3.) In Freilandversuchen konnte zum ersten Mal die Ozon-induzierte Akkumulation von ROS vor dem Auftreten von Blattsymptomen in Wild- und Kulturpflanzen gezeigt werden. Berechnungen der kritischen Grenzwerte für Ozon (AOT40) ergaben, dass der zur Zeit für Kulturpflanzen und natürliche Vegetationen vorgegebene Wert von 3000 nl l -1 h für empfindliche Pflanzen wie die Tabaksorte Bel W3 zu hoch angesetzt ist. 4.) Täglich wiederkehrende Ozonexposition in Freiland- und Kammerversuchen führten in der Tabaksorte Bel W3 zu einer Akkumulation von H2O2 um schon bestehende Läsionen herum und daraus resultierend zu deren Vergrößerung. Es ist anzunehmen, dass existierende Bereiche pflanzlichen Zelltods die Nachbarzellen für ROS-Akkumulation und Zelltod empfindlicher machen. Als Verstärkungsfaktoren kommen erhöhte Produktionsraten von Ethylen, NO und Salicylsäure in Betracht. Entsprechend korrelierten die Gehalte der Ethylenvorstufe 1-Aminocyclopropan-1-carbonsäure und Salicylsäure mit Ozon-induziertem Zelltod. Erstmalig konnte eine Ozon-induzierte Akkumulation des pflanzlichen Signalstoffs NO nachgewiesen werden. Dessen Produktion erfolgte in Ozon-behandelten Blättern der Tabaksorte Bel W3 zum gleichen Zeitpunkt und mit sehr ähnlichem Muster, nämlich besonders in Palisadenparenchymzellen entlang Blattadern, wie H2O2, so dass beide Signalmoleküle bei der Ausprägung pflanzlichen Zelltods kooperieren könnten. 5.) Das Auftreten erhöhter ROS-Gehalte nach Ende der Ozonexposition sowie die Hemmung der ROS-Akkumulation und Ozon-induzierten Zelltods durch Enzym-Inhibitoren weisen auf eine aktive in planta Bildung von ROS in Ozon-empfindlichen Pflanzen hin. Als ROS-produzierende Enzyme kommen dabei verschiedene Oxidasen und Peroxidasen in Betracht. Zunächst wurde eine Beteiligung von Oxalatoxidase-Aktivität an dem Ozon-induzierten „oxidativen Burst“ für Tabak ausgeschlossen. 6.) Erstmals gelang der Nachweis zweier homologer Gene in Tabak zu der O2 -. -produzierenden NADPH-Oxidase (gp91phox) aus Makrophagen von Säugern. Beide Isoformen wurden kloniert; sie wurden in Anlehnung an die entsprechenden Isoformen in A. thaliana als Ntrboh (N. tabacum respiratory burst oxidase homologue) D und F bezeichnet. Die Sequenzen enthielten die für die Aktivität der NADPH-Oxidase wichtigen FAD-, NADPH Adenin- und NADPH Ribose-Bindungsstellen sowie konservierte Histidin-Reste für die Häm-Bindung. Wie die bisher veröffentlichten pflanzlichen NADPH-Oxidasen fanden sich in Ntrboh D und F N-terminale Verlängerungen mit zwei EF-Hand-Motiven, die als putative Ca 2+ -Bindungsstellen gelten. 7.) Während Ntrboh F in allen Geweben konstitutiv exprimiert wurde, zeigte sich die Isoform Ntrboh D in ihrer Expression abhängig vom Gewebe. Ozonbehandlung führte zu einer biphasischen Induktion der Expression von Ntrboh D in Blättern der Sorte Bel W3 mit Maxima nach 2 und 6 h nach Beginn der Exposition. Maximale Transkriptgehalte wurden durch einmalige Exposition mit 200 nl l -1 Ozon induziert, höhere Ozondosen brachten keine weitere Steigerung. Auch in der Ozon-toleranten Sorte Bel B ergab sich ein zu Bel W3 sehr ähnlicher biphasischer Verlauf der Transkript-Akkumulation. Die Isoform Ntrboh F zeigte in einigen Versuchen eine leicht erhöhte Expression gegen Ende und nach der Ozonexposition, also zeitlich zusammen mit dem Auftreten des zweiten Peaks der ROS-Bildung. Infiltration mit einem avirulenten Pathogen-Stamm (Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae) bewirkte eine der Ozoninduktion vergleichbare Transkriptakkumulation von Ntrboh D. In der Apoplastenflüssigkeit von Tabakblättern fanden sich Isoformen von Superoxiddismutase (SOD), die durch Ozon in ihrer Aktivität induziert waren. 8.) Zusammenfassend konnte gezeigt werden, dass Ozoneffekte in empfindlichen Pflanzen durch die pflanzeneigene Produktion von ROS verstärkt werden. ROS sind dabei an der Induktion eines Zelltodprogramms beteiligt. Es wird postuliert, dass die Ozoninduktion von Homologen der NADPH-Oxidase aus Säugern zusammen mit SOD für die Ozon-induzierte H2O2-Akkumulation und die extrem hohe Empfindlichkeit der Tabaksorte Bel W3 verantwortlich ist. Weitere Untersuchungen auf Protein- und Enzymaktivitätsebene müssen zeigen, welche Mechanismen für die Auslösung dieser Induktion in Bel W3, nicht aber in Ozon-toleranten Nutz- und Wildpflanzen, verantwortlich sind.