Podcasts about Breakthrough Prize

Terence Tao is widely considered to be one of the greatest mathematicians in history. He won the Fields Medal and the Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics, and has contributed to a wide range of fields from fluid dynamics with Navier-Stokes equations to mathematical physics & quantum mechanics, prime numbers & analytics number theory, harmonic analysis, compressed sensing, random matrix theory, combinatorics, and progress on many of the hardest problems in the history of mathematics. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep472-sc See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/terence-tao-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: Terence's Blog: https://terrytao.wordpress.com/ Terence's YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@TerenceTao27 Terence's Books: https://amzn.to/43H9Aiq SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Notion: Note-taking and team collaboration. Go to https://notion.com/lex Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex NetSuite: Business management software. Go to http://netsuite.com/lex LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drink. Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex OUTLINE: (00:00) - Introduction (00:36) - Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections (09:49) - First hard problem (15:16) - Navier–Stokes singularity (35:25) - Game of life (42:00) - Infinity (47:07) - Math vs Physics (53:26) - Nature of reality (1:16:08) - Theory of everything (1:22:09) - General relativity (1:25:37) - Solving difficult problems (1:29:00) - AI-assisted theorem proving (1:41:50) - Lean programming language (1:51:50) - DeepMind's AlphaProof (1:56:45) - Human mathematicians vs AI (2:06:37) - AI winning the Fields Medal (2:13:47) - Grigori Perelman (2:26:29) - Twin Prime Conjecture (2:43:04) - Collatz conjecture (2:49:50) - P = NP (2:52:43) - Fields Medal (3:00:18) - Andrew Wiles and Fermat's Last Theorem (3:04:15) - Productivity (3:06:54) - Advice for young people (3:15:17) - The greatest mathematician of all time PODCAST LINKS: - Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast - Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr - Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 - RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ - Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 - Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Dr Julia Ravey and Dr Ella Hubber are both scientists, but it turns out there's a lot they don't know about the women that came before them. In Unstoppable, Julia and Ella tell each other the hidden, world-shaping stories of the scientists, engineers and innovators that they wish they'd known about when they were starting out in science. This week, the story of a young PhD student whose discovery of a previously unknown object in the universe won a Nobel Prize...but not for her.On a cold night in 1967, Jocelyn Bell Burnell sits alone in an observatory, reading the data from a radio telescope. As the pattern in the data suddenly changes, she realises she has discovered an entirely new kind of cosmic phenomenon. Uncover her life story, from getting snubbed for the Nobel Prize to paving our knowledge of distant and invisible aspects of the universe.(Image: Jocelyn Bell Burnell attends the 2019 Breakthrough Prize at NASA Ames Research Center on November 4, 2018 in Mountain View, California. Credit: Kimberly White/Getty Images for Breakthrough Prize)

This week, we blast off with a tale as old as grift: Fyre Fest 2 has been postponed—again—proving that you really can fail upward if you squint hard enough and wear enough white linen. Over at Automattic, employees discovered secret watermarks in their internal comms, because what workplace isn't better with a sprinkle of corporate surveillance cosplay? Meanwhile, Katy Perry took a joyride to the upper atmosphere with Gayle King and Bezos' better half, giving us the 2025 edition of the cringiest “Imagine”-style celebrity moment yet. Spoiler: no one needed this.In Elon World™, things are somehow even weirder. Seth Rogen dropped some truth bombs about Silicon Valley's MAGA leanings, only to have them surgically removed from the Breakthrough Prize stream. Musk, for his part, is managing his growing empire of baby mamas like a Bond villain with a baby registry. Add in a cringe-filled offer to a YouTuber to become Space Karen's next broodmare, and we've officially entered peak simulation. Meanwhile, whistleblowers are spilling DOGE secrets, OpenAI is building a social network (because we clearly don't have enough doomscrolling options), and 4chan has finally been hacked into oblivion. Pour one out—for the internet's dumpster fire.Also in the news: Google lost a big ad tech monopoly case (cue tiny violins), China is no longer buying the “autonomous” car hype after a fatal crash, and Trump's FCC chair is threatening Comcast for not being enough like Fox News (as if that's the journalistic gold standard). The Pentagon's nerd squad resigned after butting heads with DOGE, Reality Labs burned $45 billion like it was going out of style, and AI customer service bots are now inventing policies out of thin air. Oh, and if your AI thinks your Python package has a delivery issue—you're not crazy, it probably hallucinated it. Welcome to the future.Sponsors:Private Internet Access - Go to GOG.Show/vpn and sign up today. For a limited time only, you can get OUR favorite VPN for as little as $2.03 a month.SetApp - With a single monthly subscription you get 240+ apps for your Mac. Go to SetApp and get started today!!!1Password - Get a great deal on the only password manager recommended by Grumpy Old Geeks! gog.show/1passwordShow notes at https://gog.show/693FOLLOW UPFyre Fest 2 Postponed: “New Date Will Be Announced”Following Layoffs, Automattic Employees Discover Leak-Catching WatermarksIN THE NEWSUnfortunately for Katy Perry, That “Space Flight” Turned Out Exactly How We All Knew It WouldWe Finally Have 2025's “Imagine” VideoLet them eat spaceSeth Rogen's Criticism of Silicon Valley's Support for Trump Was Cut From the “Full” Stream of Breakthrough PrizeThe Tactics Elon Musk Uses to Manage His ‘Legion' of Babies—and Their MothersGlamorous influencer Tiffany Fong breaks silence on Elon Musk's 'offer to impregnate her' with shocking statementA whistleblower's disclosure details how DOGE may have taken sensitive labor dataElectronics exempted from reciprocal tariffs will soon be subject to new semiconductor tariffs insteadGoogle loses ad tech monopoly caseChina cracks down on 'autonomous' car claims after fatal accidentTrump's FCC chair threatens Comcast, demands changes to NBC news coverageOpenAI is building a social network4chan Likely Gone Forever After Hackers Take ControlCompany apologizes after AI support agent invents policy that causes user uproarPentagon tech unit resigns after clash with Musk's DOGEWhat Does a Corrupt Election Look Like?Tesla puts finishing touches on Hollywood charge-n-dinerInside the $45 billion cash burn at Reality LabsWe Have a Package for You! A Comprehensive Analysis of Package Hallucinations by Code Generating LLMsThe business of the AI labs by Max BolingbrokeMEDIA CANDYKilling an Arab on PandoraApple's ‘Mythic Quest' is ending with an updated Season 4 finaleSide QuestNight of the ZoopocalypseBlack MirrorDaredevilThe Last of UsG2028 Years Later Rises From the Grave With a New Trailer'Real Time' host Bill Maher says President Trump was "gracious" and "not fake" during his White House visit.Bringing Down a DictatorBlueprint for Revolution: How to Use Rice Pudding, Lego Men, and Other Nonviolent Techniques to Galvanize Communities, Overthrow Dictators, or Simply Change the World by Srdja PopovicAPPS & DOODADSApple is reportedly working on two new versions of the Vision ProIlya Bezdelev

Ime tedna je postal Nejc Kamplet, pianist, ki je zbirki številih mednarodnih priznanj dodal še nagrado Maria Font de Carulla za osvojeno drugo mesto na 70. mednarodnem tekmovanju Marie Canals v Barceloni. Na tekmovanje, na katerem si prizadevajo spodbujati mlade talente in glasbo približati vsem, se je uvrstil kot eden izmed 300 pianistov z vsega sveta. Kandidata sta bila še: Marko Mikuž, vodja slovenskih raziskovalcev z Odseka za eksperimentalno fiziko osnovnih delcev Instituta Jožef Stefan. Pri preboju na področju temeljne fizike na velikem hadronskem trkalniku v Cernu so bili del številčne skupine domačih in tujih znanstvenikov, ki so prejeli nagrado Breakthrough Prize za leto 2025.  Katja Svetina, študentka Pravne fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani, ki je zmagala na finalu svetovnega tekmovanja iz poznavanja prava EU v Luksemburgu in postala najboljša generalna pravobranilka. Poleg reševanja zahtevnih pravnih vprašanji so študenti tako pridobili tudi dragoceno izkušnjo nastopanja v sodni dvorani Sodišča EU. 

Aмерички молекуларни биолог Дејвид Лу добио је престижну награду за природне науке (Breakthrough Prize) за развој две трансформативне технологије уређивања гена, односно проналажења и замене погрешно записаних генетских кодова у ланцу ДНК. Једно од његових достигнућа већ доприноси побољшању живота пацијената с тешким генетским обољењима попут цистичне фиброзе, док би друго могло да значајно промени целокупну медицину. Професор Лу ће скоро цео новчани износ награде од три милиона америчких долара донирати за подршку сопственој добротворној фондацији.

Polizei sieht Verbindung zwischen Vorfällen gegen jüdische Gemeinschaft zur organisierten Kriminalität / Oppositionsführer Peter Dutton auf Wahlkampftour in Adelaide / KURSEINBRUCH AN DER BÖRSE / Mehr als 50 Länder hoffen auf Ausnahmen oder Erleichterungen bei US-Zöllen / UN-Organisationen warnen vor Anstieg der Müttersterblichkeit / Amerikanischer Molekularbiologe mit Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences ausgezeichnet

Se hizo viral el mal momento que vivió una reportera que fue agredida por su entrevistada en la ciudad de Nueva York. Por eso hoy recordamos algunos de los incidentes que han protagonizado famosos que han perdido el control y han agredido a la prensa.

We're approaching the halfway mark of the federal election campaign.NDP leader Jagmeet Singh announces affordable housing plan.One man is under arrest after an hours-long lockdown on Parliament Hill.Ukraine says at least one person is dead after overnight drone and missile strikes in Kyiv.Pope Francis makes his first public appearance since being discharged from hospital two weeks ago.Some of President Donald Trump's new policies have some Canadian sports teams choosing to stay put. Baseball bat makers are seeing a surge in the sport's latest craze - the torpedo bat. Canadian scientist, Dr. Daniel Drucker, wins 2025 Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences for role in discovering hormone used in Ozempic.

Two special postage stamps celebrating the work of Women in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Math) and featuring two pioneering Irish scientists, Professor Jocelyn Bell Burnell, astrophysicist and Professor Aoife McLysaght, geneticist, have been unveiled by Minister James Lawless T.D., Minister for Further and Higher Education, Research, Innovation and Science. Astrophysicist Bell Burnell discovered the first radio pulsars in 1967 and has studied the sky across almost the whole electromagnetic spectrum. Geneticist McLysaght is Chair of Evolutionary Genetics in Trinity College Dublin and one of the world's leading genetics researchers. She was recently appointed to the role of Government Science Advisor. Both women are also exceptional in their advocacy for women in STEM and STEM communications. Unveiling the stamps, Minister James Lawless T.D., Minister for Further and Higher Education, Research, Innovation and Science said: "Recognising the vital role of women in STEM, which has historically been underreported, is an important aspect of the ongoing work of supporting gender balance across STEM disciplines, ensuring that all our research and innovation talent has the scope to see and realise their full potential. I am delighted that the significant contribution Professor McLysaght has made to science has been recognised in this way. I am delighted in particular that she has taken up her new role as Government Science Advisor and look forward to working with her in the period ahead." Issuing just ahead of International Women's Day 2025 on 8th March, An Post's new stamps acknowledge the achievements of Women in STEM and the challenges. While women are leading the way in many areas of STEM they still represent only 25% of STEM jobs in Ireland. There is an even greater under-representation of women at senior executive level. (*OECD 2018) Women in STEM are connecting and advocating for themselves to provide inspiration and to promote role models for generations to come. With support from industry and Government, they are attracting and retaining more women to STEM careers and championing the importance of greater diversity in STEM. Professor Bell Burnell and Professor McLysaght are at the forefront of this work. Designed by Detail Design agency, the stamps feature portraits of each woman by artist Steve Doogan alongside graphics representing their fields of expertise and achievements - a radio telescope and a classic double DNA helix with a diagram of the molecule. The stamps and a limited edition First Day Cover envelope are available in selected post offices nationwide and online at www.anpost.com/shop In 2018 Jocelyn Bell Burnell was awarded a Breakthrough Prize for her discovery of radio pulsars, with an award of over €3million which she donated in full to ensuring access to science education for under-represented groups. Her discovery of pulsars was also the subject of the physics Nobel prize in 1974, but at the time her male supervisors received the award. Professor Bell Burnell has become a hugely respected leader in the scientific community, instrumental in ensuring that the issue of access to science by people from under-represented groups is at the top of the science community's agenda. Professor Bell Burnell said: 'I am honoured and delighted to have a stamp issue in my honour; thank you An Post." Aoife McLysaght takes a leadership role advocating for STEM and actively communicating science to the public in an engaging and accessible manner. As professor of Genetics at Trinity College Dublin, she led a research group for over 20 years and managed cumulative research income from competitive awards of more than €5.5 million. A frequent contributor to radio discussions, live TV panels, science programmes, newspapers and online media, she has given many talks at public events, including music festivals and at the Royal Institution. Professor Aoife McLysaght, Government Science Advisor, said: "I am deeply honoure...

Send us a textDr. Christopher Stubbs, Ph.D. is the Samuel C. Moncher Professor of Physics and Astronomy, and has recently served as the Dean of Science in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, at Harvard University ( https://astronomy.fas.harvard.edu/people/istopher-stubbs ).Dr. Stubbs is an experimental physicist working at the interface between particle physics, cosmology and gravitation. His interests include experimental tests of the foundations of gravitational physics, searches for dark matter, characterizing the dark energy, and observational cosmology. Dr. Stubbs was a member of one of the two teams that first discovered dark energy by using supernovae to map out the history of cosmic expansion. Dr. Stubbs is currently heavily engaged in the construction of the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST), for which he was the inaugural project scientist. He founded the APOLLO collaboration that is using lunar laser ranging and the Earth-Moon-Sun system to probe for novel gravitational effects that may result from physics beyond the standard model.Dr. Stubbs received an International Baccalaureate diploma from the Tehran International School in 1975, a BSc in physics from the University of Virginia in 1981, and a Ph.D. in physics from the University of Washington in 1988.Dr. Stubbs is a Fellow of the American Physical Society, a recipient of the National Academy of Sciences Award for Initiative in Research, the NASA Achievement Medal, and is a co-recipient (with other members of the High-z Supernova Team who discovered the accelerating expansion of the Universe) of the Gruber Foundation Cosmology Prize and the Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics. Dr. Stubbs was awarded a McDonnell Centennial Fellowship, and a Packard Fellowship, and currently serves on the advisory panel for the Packard Foundation. He is an Annenberg Distinguished Visiting Fellow at the Hoover Institution, in connection with his interest in arms control and technical aspects of international security issues, has served as a member of JASON advisory, a group of elite scientists and engineers who provide technical advice to government agencies on national security issues. He also serves on the technical advisory group for the US Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. He recently published a book entitled "Going Big - A Scientist's Guide to Large Projects and Collaborations"  ( https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262547963/going-big/ ) which describes all the crucial skills scientists need to make a professional transition into large projects and collaborations that require governance and project management.#ChristopherStubbs #Physics #Astronomy #Astrophysics #GravitationalPhysics #DarkMatter #DarkEnergy #ObservationalCosmology #DeanOfScience #HarvardUniversity #ParticlePhysics #Cosmology #Gravitation #JasonAdvisory #QuantumComputing #NuclearWeapons #NuclearReactors #DualUse #CitizenScience #HumanGenomeProject  #STEM #Innovation #Science #Technology #Research #ProgressPotentialAndPossibilities #IraPastor #Podcast #Podcaster #Podcasting #ViralPodcastSupport the show

A typical human lifespan is approximately three billion heartbeats in duration. Lasting that long requires not only intrinsic stability, but an impressive capacity for self-repair. Nevertheless, things do occasionally break down, and cancer is one of the most dramatic examples of such breakdown. Given that the body is generally so good at protecting itself, can we harness our internal security patrol - the immune system - to fight cancer? This is the hope of Nobel Laureate James Allison, who works on studying the structure and behavior of immune cells, and ways to coax them into fighting cancer. This approach offers hope of a way to combat cancer effectively, lastingly, and in a relatively gentle way.Support Mindscape on Patreon.Blog post with transcript: https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2025/01/27/303-james-p-allison-on-fighting-cancer-with-the-immune-system/James P. Allison received his Ph.D. in biology from the University of Texas at Austin. He is currently Regental Professor and Chair of the Department of Immunology, the Olga Keith Wiess Distinguished University Chair for Cancer Research, Director of the Parker Institute for Cancer Research, and Director of the James P. Allison Institute at MD Anderson Cancer Center. He is the subject of the documentary film Jim Allison: Breakthrough. Among his numerous awards are the Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.Web pageNobel Prize citationGoogle Scholar publicationsWikipediaSee Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

The Chief Scientific Advisor at Novo Nordisk, Lotte Bjerre Knudsen, was the key force who pushed hard to develop GLP-1 drugs for treating obesity and subsequently for Alzheimer's. She was recently recognized by the 2024 Lasker Medical Research Award, and the 2024 AAAS Bhaumik Breakthrough of the Year Award. That recognition is richly deserved, since it is unclear if the GLP-1 drug path to obesity treatment, and all of the associated benefits, would have been seen at this time without her influence. That's especially true given the mystery for why people with Type 2 diabetes (for which these drugs were used for many years) did not exhibit much in the way of weight loss. We discussed that and the future of these drugs, including their potential to prevent neurodegenerative diseases. And about dressing up in pink!The Ground Truths podcasts are also available on Apple and Spotify.Our entire conversation can also be seen by video at YouTube along with all of the Ground Truths podcasts. If you like the video format, please subscribe to this channel. Even if you prefer video, please take a look at the transcript with graphics and useful links to citations.A Video Clip below on the barriers of a woman scientist to push Novo Nordisk to develop GLP-1 for obesity. “I was always just been a nerdy little scientist who kind of found home here in this company for 35 years.”—Lotte Bjerre Knudsen, 60 MinutesTranscript with Links to audio and external referencesEric Topol (00:06):Well, hello, it's Eric Topol with Ground Truths, and I have with me a special guest. She's the Chief Science Officer of Novo Nordisk and it's Lotte Bjerre Knudsen, and we're delighted to have her. She's a recent recipient of the Lasker Award, which I think is considered like the pre-Nobel Award here in the United States. And I was involved with her in terms of researching who was the principal person who brought the GLP-1 drugs to the forefront for obesity, and it turned out to be Lotte. So welcome, Lotte.Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (00:48):Thank you very much. And also very, very happy to be here. I'm not the Chief Science Officer for Novo Nordisk, I'm the Chief Scientific Advisor of working for the Chief Science Officer of Novo Nordisk, but maybe too many people, not so different, right?From Laundry Detergents to GLP-1 DrugsEric Topol (01:06):Yes. Thank you, I actually meant to say advisor, but yes, I'm glad you cleared that up. I know from speaking to some of your colleagues, I actually spoke to Robin yesterday that you are looked to very highly, the most highly regarded person in science there, so not surprisingly. What I want to do is first talk about the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) that got its legs back in, I guess 1984. So we're going way back. And what's also interesting is that you go way back at Novo Nordisk to 35 years in 1989. And so, there had been this work with this extraordinary hormone and neurotransmitter with a very short half-life that you knew about. But when you first started in Novo Nordisk, you weren't working on this. As I understand it, you're working on laundry detergent enzymes. How did you make this pivot from the laundry enzymes to getting into the GLP-1 world?Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (02:16):Yeah, thank you for that question. I'm from the technical University of Denmark, so I'm trained in biotechnology, and we're a small country, so not that many companies to work for. And I always had my mind set on, I wanted to work for Novo as it was called back then, and it just happened to be in the industrial enzyme part that I got my foot in first. And then I had a very interesting boss at the time. Unfortunately, he's not alive anymore, but he was both a medical doctor as well as a chemist. So he was actually put in charge of actually, let's see if we can do something new in diabetes. And then since he hired me and I had not been there that long, I simply tagged along as the youngest scientist on the team, and then suddenly I became a diabetes researcher. Around the same time, I think you remember that all of pharma was interested in obesity in the early 90s, everyone wanted to do diabetes as well as obesity, but they were separate teams and they all wanted to do small molecules, but it just happens to be so that the best idea we could find at that time was actually GLP-1, because we actually had clinical data relatively early that GLP-1 was a really good candidate as a treatment for diabetes because of the glucose sensitivity of the actions.(03:43):So you'd have efficient lowering of glucose through a dual mechanism with increasing insulin, lowering glucagon, and then it was safe because there wasn't this hypoglycemia you get from insulin. But then I had other colleagues who were working on obesity, and I was just kind of listening, right, what's going on there? And then also a colleague that I had, we had, I don't know if you remember the old Hagedorn Research Institute, but Novo actually had kind of like an academic research institute that was affiliated with us. And there was this group that were working on this glucagon tumor model that produced high levels of glucagon, GLP-1 and PYY. And these rats, they starved themselves to death. And I knew about that from 1994. So that actually inspired my thinking. So when Stephen Bloom's paper came out in January of 1996, and he was the first one to call GLP-1 a neurotransmitter, I think, but I was already way into actually screening these kind of molecules that later then became liraglutide.No One Else Thought About This [Obesity](04:54):And then I thought, why on earth should we not actually do both things at the same time? If we have an idea that can both work in diabetes in a much safer way than in insulin, and then also at the same time work in obesity. But the reality is that no one else thought about this, or if they thought about it, they didn't really think that it would a good idea. But I think I had the luxury of being in a biotech company, so everyone was working with peptides and proteins. So I don't think I got the same challenge that the other people in the other pharma's got when they all wanted small molecules.Eric Topol (05:36):Well, also just to set the foundation here, which you alluded to, there had been so many attempts to come up with a drug that would work, not just of course in diabetes where there are many classes of drugs, but moreover, to treat the condition of obesity. Actually, I was involved with one of them, Rimonabant and did the large trial, which as you know, led to having to stop the drug, discontinue it because it was associated with suicidal ideation and actual some suicide. So there had been such a long history of checkered inability to come up with a drug. But what was striking is the challenge, and this is one of the first important questions about, when you had the extended half-life of the first GLP-1 drug, that instead of having to take multiple times a day, you could actually, with liraglutide get to a point where you were starting to get to an extended half-life. This is now going back to 1997 with approval in 2010, still 14 years ago. But when you came up with this drug, because this was certainly one of your great contributions, this drug was just a step along the way in this kind of iterative process, wouldn't you say? It wasn't the long half-life and the potency that eventually got us to where we are today. Is that true?Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (07:15):Yeah, it was a stepwise process. And what's super interesting about this class of medicines is that they're actually so different. If you talk about a class of medicine where small molecules, they can be different, but they're usually more alike than they're different. And when it comes to this class with these medium-sized peptides, people tried a whole bunch of different things. So they're actually really, really different. Some are simple peptides. So the idea that I came up with was to use this fatty acid isolation principle, and that's then a subclass in the class. And then the first, once weekly, for example, was an antibody-based molecule liraglutide. So they're much, much, much larger molecule compared to the small peptides. So they're very different. And neither the simple peptides nor the really big antibody derived molecules, they don't give a lot of weight loss. So we actually get more weight loss with these kinds of molecules, which is also why you can now see that it has actually kind of inspired a whole industry to kind of try and go and make similar kinds of molecules.Eric Topol (08:27):Well, inspired a whole industry is an understatement. It's become the most extraordinary class of drugs, I think in medical history, having been a student of various, I mean obviously statins have been a major contribution, but this seems to have transcended that already. We're going to talk about more about where things are headed, but this fatty acid acetylation was a major step forward in extending the half-life of the drug, whereby today you can give semaglutide once a week. And this, I think, of course, there are many ways that you might've been able to extend the half-life, but you were starting with a hormone, a natural hormone neurotransmitter that had such an exquisitely short half-life of basically second or minutes rather than that you could give for a week. So I know there were many different ways you could have protected or extended the half-life one way or another, but this seemed to be a breakthrough of many along the chain of breakthroughs. But the question I have is when you were giving this to the diabetics, which was the precedent, that was really what these drugs were first intended, they didn't lose that much weight, and they never, still today when it's looked at for obese non-diabetics versus diabetics, there's a gap in weight loss. Why is that at the exact same dose, with the exact same peptide that the weight loss differs for people with type 2 diabetes as compared to those who have pure obesity?The Mystery of Why People With Type 2 Diabetes Don't Lose Weight Like Those With Obesity Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (10:09):Yeah, I can't give you a molecular answer to that, right. But I think the notion, I think it's the same for example with metformin, even though it gives less weight loss because that has also been tried in both people with diabetes and people without diabetes. So I think it's just for somehow people with diabetes are more resistant to weight loss. I think it's a really good question that I'm hoping maybe we could get through, for example, with proteomics and actually comparing people with diabetes and people without diabetes and looking at people who have the similar kind of weight loss. That could be really interesting. But I really don't have a good molecular answer for you, but it's just a really, really strong fact. But it also leads me to wanting to say it's interesting, because if that had been our motivation to actually say, oh, there's weight loss in diabetes, let's pursue it in people with obesity, I don't think we would've done that because the weight loss in people with diabetes wasn't that impressive. So it was very important for our chain of thought and decision early on that we actually knew that GLP-1 had these separate effects and that they could work in the brain and have a separate effect on well-known pathways in the brain. And that was more our motivation to actually continue to invest in obesity.Eric Topol (11:42):Yeah, no, I think this is when we did the research on the committee for the American Association for Advancement of Science (AAAS) award, the Mani L. Bhaumik Award, that you were recognized for the breakthrough of the year, this year. We tried to scour all the work and we actually had to hit Danish translations and all sorts of other papers they reviewed. And we learned through that process working on this committee that you were the one to be the champion of pushing this towards obesity, and it would've easily been missed because as we've been discussing, the weight loss in people with diabetes was small, but you push for it. And this was an extraordinarily important push because what it has resulted in, of course, has been spectacular. And obviously as we're going to get into much more than just obesity and obesity related conditions. But before we get to those other conditions, and as you've been known in the medical community as “the mother of GLP-1”, you were dubbed that term. The GLP-1 receptor is expressed in many parts of the body. Maybe you could just tell us about the distribution because this, I think is tied into these central nervous system effects that are not just related to the gut hormone type of axis.GLP-1 Receptors and the BrainLotte Bjerre Knudsen (13:17):So I spent a lot of time on that together with my amazing colleague, Charles Pyke, who's an histology expert because it turned out to be so very important. In general, when you're trying to make new medicines, understanding the mechanism, sometimes people say, yeah, who cares? But actually, it should matter, I think because where it becomes really important can be an understanding what they do not do. We've had to do a lot of proving the negatives for GLP-1. We went through these issues with thyroid cancer, pancreatitis, pancreas cancer. In all of that work, it was actually really important that we could show where the GLP-1 receptor was not expressed. So in the pancreas, we know that it's primarily on the insulin producing cells, and then we also have them in the intestine where they're probably involved in regulating inflammation and really creating a much healthier gut.(14:15):And then we have a lot of receptors in the brain. They're typically expressed on neurons, but they're also on astrocytes, they're also on smooth muscle cells. We have them on the heart and the sinus node. That's why there's a small increase in heart rate. We have them in the kidney, on again some smooth muscle cells that are renin positive. So there we can start thinking blood pressure and other things. So it turns out that you can go around the body and there are all of these specific GLP-1 receptor population, that you can see how they tie into the pharmacology. But obviously in physiology, they're not as important as they have turned out to be in pharmacology when we suddenly come with 24 hours a day exposure for a day or a week or for as long as the administration interval is. So, but specifically for obesity, I think it's in the vein, it's hard to, you should always be careful.(15:18):That's something I've learned to never say never. Of course, there could be a contribution from the peripheral nervous system as well to the effects in obesity. But I do think there are so many important and well described neuronal populations that have the GLP-1 receptor and which are accessible from the periphery. So just to mention, maybe one of the most, well-known is a POMC/CART neuron in the hypothalamus. They have the GLP-1 receptor, they're activated, but there also is an inhibitory tone on the AgRP and NPY neurons, and it fits very well with that. We know that people report that they feel more sated, they feel less hungry. But then there are also effects in the hindbrain and in some of the reward centers also have GLP-1 receptors. And we know that also now, we have really good actually clinical studies that show that there is a change in food choice and people can control their food intake better. So I think that fits very well with effects on the reward system. So it's a whole myriad, or maybe you could say that GLP-1 orchestrates a number of different neuronal populations to have these overall effects that reduce energy intake.Eric Topol (16:42):Yeah, it's pretty striking. It's almost like we're all walking around with GLP-1 deficiency, that if we had this present at higher levels around the clock, and of course eventually we'll see things that are well beyond obesity, how well this has an impact. Now, there was an extraordinary review in Cell Metabolism on the brain and GLP-1, and not just the brain, but the essential nervous system, the neurovascular, it's called the “GLP-1 programs and neurovascular landscape.”(17:20):And in this review, it got into the brain effects that were well beyond, I think what are generally appreciated. Not only the protection of the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, this whole neuroglial vascular unit, the myelin sheath protection, reducing inflammation within the brain, improving the glymphatic flow, which is of course critical for clearing waste and promoting cerebral vascular remodeling and more, so the brain effects here is what it seems to be. You mentioned the reward circuit, of course, but the brain effects here seem to be diverse, quite a bit of breath and extraordinary. And as we've seen in the clinic now with the work that's been done, we're seeing things about addiction, even gambling, alcohol, drugs, I mean neuropsychiatric impact, it's pretty profound. Maybe you could comment about that.On to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's DiseasesLotte Bjerre Knudsen (18:23):Yeah. I haven't read that paper yet, but I just saw it earlier. And I have been following this for about actually more than 10 years because when I was kind of over the big work of actually getting the approval for diabetes and obesity. I thought I had a little bit of capacity to actually look at Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease because I just thought there's such an insane unmet need and what if GLP-1 could actually make a difference? And the first big paper that talked about this was actually in Nature Medicine in 2003, and it was originally, I think I should credit Nigel Greig. Greig, he's from NIH or from NIA, I can't remember, right. But he was actually the first one, I think to say if GLP-1 has all of these important effects in the pancreas and to protect cells, and there are all these GLP-1 receptors in the brain, maybe it also protects neurons.(19:25):So that was the first hypothesis. And the paper on Nature Medicine in 2003 describes how the GLP-1 receptor in the hippocampus is involved in cognition. And then we did a couple of studies in different animal models, and I was, to be honest, really confused. But then there was a new paper in Nature Medicine in 2018 that started to focus in on neuroinflammation. And by that time, I knew much more about inflammation and knew GLP-1 actually lower CRP by about 50% in the different trials. So I was really tuned into the potential importance of that in cardiovascular and kidney disease. But I was like, oh, what if that's also something that is important in the brain? Then it made more sense to me to try and build some evidence for that. So that was how we actually started looking at a hypothesis for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.(20:21):And we now have a really large phase three study ongoing, but of course, it's a hypothesis, right? And no one has yet, I think, proven that GLP-1 has really important effects on these indications, but we are testing it in 4,000 people with Alzheimer's disease. So our hypothesis is around neuroinflammation, but defined in a way where you could say it's both peripheral inflammation and the effect it has on the vasculature, it's the effect on the blood-brain barrier. It's the astrocytes and the microglia, and there are probably also some T cells that have the GLP-1 receptor that could be important. And then couple that up also with some of the new information from neurons, because there are two papers to think in the last year that has highlighted neurons either in the hindbrain or a little bit further on. Both of them are probably hindbrain populations that actually seem to be really important in regulating both peripheral as well as central information.(21:27):So what if neurons are actually also an overlooked mechanism here, and both of these neuronal populations have the GLP-1 receptor and are accessible from the periphery, even though the child super paper in Nature doesn't mention that, but they do have the GLP-1 receptor. So there are all these different mechanisms that GLP-1 can have an impact on the broad definition maybe of neuroinflammation. And maybe the way one should start thinking about it is to say it's not an anti-inflammatory agent, but maybe it induces homeostasis in these systems. I think that could maybe be a good way to think about it, because I think saying that GLP-1 is anti-inflammatory, I think that that's wrong because that's more for agents that have a really strong effect on one particular inflammatory pathway.Eric Topol (22:22):That's a very important point you're making because I think we conceive of these drugs as anti-inflammatory agents from these more diverse actions that we've just been reviewing. But I like this restoring homeostasis. It's an interesting way to put it. This brings us, you mentioned about the Parkinson's, and when I reviewed the three randomized Parkinson's trials, they're all small, but it appears to be the first disease modifying drug ever in Parkinson's. Of course, these were done with different drugs that were older drugs. We haven't seen the ones that yet to be with semaglutide or other agents. And I wondered if you pushed, just like you did for obesity within Novo Nordisk, you pushed to go into obesity. Did you also force to push for Alzheimer's?Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (23:19):Yes. So that is also me who had to argue for that. I'm happy to do these things. I was born brave. I am happy to do these things.Eric Topol (23:31):That's wonderful. Without you, we would be way behind, and it took decades to get to this point. But look where we are now, especially with all the rigorous trials, the large clinical trials. You're into one right now of some 20,000 participants to see whether not just people with prior heart disease, but people without known heart disease to see whether or not this will have an effect. And there's so much data now, of course, already a completed trial with reduction of heart attacks and strokes. But now to extend this to people who are not such high risk, but these large trials, we keep learning more. Like for example, the reduction of inflammatory markers is occurring even before the weight loss that starts to manifest. So we learned a lot from the trials that are just even beyond some of the major primary outcomes. Would you agree about that?Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (24:34):So I'm not sure we can say that it comes before the weight loss because the energy intake reduction happens instantly. The glycemic response happens instantly. And all of these improvements will of course also have an effect to dampen inflammation. We do not have data that supports that it comes before because we haven't sampled that much in the beginning.Eric Topol (25:04):Okay.Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (25:05):I wouldn't be able to say that, and I don't think there are any, well, it's hard to keep up that the entire literature on GLP-1 these days, but I don't think anyone has actually shown that there is a separation because it's super hard to separate when things are occurring at the same time.Eric Topol (25:24):Yeah, I'm just citing the heart disease trial where in the New England Journal that point was made. But I think your point also that there was already a change in energy intake immediately is apropos for sure. Now, when we get into this new paper of yours, the proteomics, can you tell us about that because that's really exciting. We're in a high throughput proteomics era right now that we can analyze thousands of plasma proteins in any given individual. What are you learning about proteomics with the GLP-1 drug?The GLP-1 Drug Impact on ProteomicsLotte Bjerre Knudsen (26:07):Yeah, yeah. So I'm also the super excited about omics, right? Because I have worked in a wonderful organization of people who can do these large scale clinical trials, and we used to not collect a lot of samples for future use, but we've done that for some years now. So now we have this amazing collection of samples we can learn from and actually both inform the patients and the physicians, but also inform future research. So we have been doing that in our semaglutide trials, and we've just published the proteomics data from the step one and step two trials. So the phase 3a trials that supported the approval of semaglutide for the treatment of obesity. So one of them in people with obesity and one in people with obesity and diabetes, and those data are now published in Nature Medicine. [3 January 2025]. And we were learning a lot of things because you can compare the proteome effects to what has been done in the decode cohort.(27:11):So they have all these disease signature. So that's one thing that you can for sure see, and you can see a lot of things there with hints towards addiction. And then also you can take more predefined signatures also to look into what actually might be driving the cardiovascular risk. So I think there are so many things that you can learn from this, and of course it can also inform when you look at what's actually mediating the effect and probably something around inflammation is important. We have already also shown a more standard mediation analysis that shows that actually the most explainable factor for the effect on MACE [major adverse cardiovascular events] in the select trial is inflammation. It doesn't explain everything, but it actually looks like it's more important than BMI and weight loss. So that's really interesting how much we can learn from there. We're making the data are available at the summary statistic level so people can go and play with them ourselves.(28:23):And I think as we have more different kinds of medicines available in obesity, it's also a way to kind of compare how these different medicines work. And as we get more and more better at maybe also characterizing people with obesity, because I think that's a great thing that's going to happen now is there's going to be more funding for obesity research. Because I think that's what the attention that we are seeing right now is also giving. Then we can better start to understand. We always, we've been saying that people probably have different kinds of obesity, but we don't really know. So now we can actually start to understand that much better and maybe also understand how these different classes of medicines will work if we have the proteome data from different trials.Eric Topol (29:10):No, I'm absolutely fascinated about the proteomics. I call it a quiet revolution because many people don't know about it. [My recent post on this topic here.](29:18):The ability to assess thousands of proteins in each individual, and it's giving us new insights about cause and effect as you alluded to, the relationship with as you said, MACE (major adverse cardiovascular events) and the actions of this drug class. I mean, there's just so much we can learn here from the proteomics. Another thing that's fascinating about the GLP-1 is its effect on epigenetic clocks. And recently at one of the meetings it was presented, this is Steven Horvath that we had on Ground Truths not long ago. He talked about at this talk that for the first time to see that you could basically slow the epigenetic clock with a GLP-1. Is there any further information about that?Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (30:16):Yeah, no. We've never had enough of a sample size to actually be able to look at it, so unfortunately, no. But there is something else, right, because there is this group at the Stanford, Tony Wyss-Coray or something.Eric Topol (30:33):Yes, Tony Wyss-Coray.Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (30:35):Now he published a paper, is it two years ago? Where he did it using proteomics. He defined an anti-aging signature for various different organs.Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (30:46):We are in the process of trying to see if we could take those signatures and apply them on to our data.Eric Topol (30:55):Well, what's interesting is we're pretty close friends, and he, not only that paper you mentioned on organ clocks, which is a phenomenal contribution, but he has a paper coming out soon in Nature Medicine, the preprint is up, and what he showed was that the brain and the immune system was the main organ clocks that were associated with longevity. And so, it takes another step further and it's looking at 11,000 plasma proteins. So it's really interesting how this field is evolving because the omics, as you put it, whether it's proteomics, and now we're learning also about the epigenome and what brings us to the potential that this class of drugs would have an impact on health span in all people, not just those who are obese. Would you project that's going to be possible in the years ahead?Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (32:02):I don't know about health span, but because certainly there's been so many studies with metformin and there's been a lot of wonderful data showing an effect on the epigenetic clocks, but not really an effect on lifespan because that metformin is so widely used. If that was the case, it would be easy to dig those data out of different registries. But certainly a healthier aging is the most obvious one because when you have one class of medicine that actually has so many different effects. Right now we are looking at them at a one by one case, but we really should be looking at them so you are getting the benefits on the heart and the vasculature on the brain and the kidneys and the diabetes and the knees. You're getting all of that at the same time, and that certainly should lead to much, much healthier lives. And then of course, we just need to get people to eat healthier. Also, maybe we should talk a little bit about the food industry. I heard you did that in some of your podcast, right?Eric Topol (33:17):Yes. That is the big food, if you will. It's a big problem, a very big problem, and the ultra-processed foods. And so, lifestyle is not good and trying to compensate for that with a drug intervention strategy is like chasing your tail. So you're absolutely right about that. I mean, I guess what I'm getting into here is that whereas today we keep seeing the effects, whether it's the liver, the kidney, the heart, obesity, and people with diabetes. But for example, in the Alzheimer's trial, do you have to be obese to be enrolled in the Alzheimer's trial, or is it just people who are at risk for developingAlzheimer's?Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (34:01):Yeah, no, you do not have to be obese. It's a standard Alzheimer's trial.GLP-1 PillsEric Topol (34:07):So this will be one of the really important trials to get a readout in people who are not having an obesity background. Now, the future, of course, gets us to oral GLP-1 drugs, which obviously you have there at Novo Nordisk. And it seems to me once that happens, if it can simulate the effects we see with the injectables, that would be another big step forward. What do you think about that?Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (34:39):Yeah. Isn't it interesting, what we've learned is that people actually don't mind the injections, right? Also, because I think it's simple, once a week injection and the needles are so small, obviously there are people who really have needle phobia, but take those aside, it's relatively few. I would argue if you close your eyes and somebody else used this needle on you, you would not be able to feel where it was inserted, right? They're so small. So it becomes maybe a personal preference. Would you like to have once a day or maybe twice a day tablets, or are you fine with once a week injection? And I think there probably will be quite a few once they've tried it. And now so many have tried it and they actually, maybe it gives us a simple lifestyle. You don't have to do it every day, right? You can just have a weekly reminder.Eric Topol (35:46):Yeah, no, I think that's really interesting what you're bringing up. I never thought we would evolve to a point where injectables were becoming some common, and I even have some physician colleagues that are taking three different injectable drugs.Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (36:00):That's also just mentioned Richard DiMarchi, who I shared the Breakthrough Prize with, and also Svetlana Mojsov, who I was one of the other two recipients for the Lasker prize because they both been at Rockefeller, and they both have worked a lot with peptides, and they both say the same thing. They were told so many times, this is not medicines, these kinds of molecules just they're not medicines. Forget about it. It turns out people were wrong. And peptides can be medicines, and they can even be produced also in a sustainable manner with fermentation, which is not a bad way of producing medicines. And people actually don't mind. Maybe some people actually even like it because it's once a week and then it's done.Confronting BarriersEric Topol (36:58):Yeah, no, that's a very important point. And the quest for the oral, which have more issues with bioavailability versus the peptides that are having such pronounced impact is really interesting to ponder. Well, before we wrap up, it's very clear the impact you've had has been profound, not just obviously at Novo Nordisk, but for the world of advancing health and medicine. And you've mentioned some of the key other people who have made seminal contributions, but I think you stand out because when we went deep into who took this field forward into obesity and who might also wind up being credited for Alzheimer's, it was you. And as a woman in science, especially in an era that you've been at Novo now for three and a half decades, there weren't many women in science leaders. And for one to be, as you said, you're brave for the good old boys to listen to the woman in science. Tell us about that challenge. Was this ever an issue in your career? Because obviously we want to have this whole landscape change. It is in the midst of change, but it's certainly still a ways to go. So maybe you can give us insight about that.Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (38:27):Yeah. Well, it for sure was a thing. It was a very male dominated world, and in a way, it might have prevented other people from doing it. But then, as I said, I was born brave for some reason. I'm not really sure why. It actually motivated me to kind of like, yeah, I'm going to show them. I'm going to show them. So it never really got to me that people, not everyone was nice to say. There was the first 10 years of my career, I think they were quite lonely, but then I was really inspired. I was so happy to be allowed to work on this. I thought it was super fun. And I did find people who wanted to play with me. And I also have to say that the CSO back then, Mads Krogsgaard Thomsen, he always supported me. So maybe I didn't get everything I wanted, but I always got what I needed in order to progress.(39:29):So on the women's side, and I think that yes, and there's still a change to be made, and I'm actually a little bit on behalf of my generation, maybe not too proud of the change we made because we didn't do a lot of change. It was all the women coming from the arts and the culture. They were the ones who actually make the big change here like 5 or 10 years ago. So I've also started to be more open about sharing my journey and advocating for women in science. So that's why I show up in pink to some of these award sessions just to be a little bit different and to maybe also just show that you don't have to be a certain type in order to fit into a certain job. But there is still a change to be made where people should be better at listening to what a person say and what ideas they say.(40:28):And they should be mindful about not always labeling women as passionate. When people call me passionate, I say like, no, thank you. I'm actually not too happy about the mother of either, because men always are being told. They're being told that they're brave and ambitious and courageous and strategic, whereas we we're, oh, you're so passionate. No, thank you. I'm also brave and strategic and ambitious and all of that. So we simply put different vocabulary on. I don't think people don't do it on purpose. I think we need to be better at actually giving people at work the same kind of vocabulary for their contributions. And I think that would mean that we get listened to in the same way. And that would be important. And then I also have to say that science, whether it comes from men or women, doesn't really matter.(41:32):Successful science is always the work of many. And I hope that some of you will actually listen to my last speech because that's what I speak about, how it's always the work of the many. And also, how if you want to do something novel, then you actually have to do it at a time when no one else is doing it, and you should believe in your ideas. So believe in it, listen to the critique, but believe in it, and then come back with new arguments or give up if you can't come up with any new arguments, right?Eric Topol (42:05):Well, we'll definitely put a link to the Lasker Awards speech that you gave. And I just want to say that the parallels here, for example, with Kati Karikó , my friend who had the Nobel Award for mRNA, she spent three decades trying to get people to listen to her and never got a grant from the NIH or other places [our conversation here]. And it was a really tough battle. And as you already touched on Svetlana Mojsov, who did some of the seminal work at Rockefeller to isolate the portion of GLP-1, that really was the key part peptide, and it was overlooked for years. And so, it's a tough fight, but you're paving the way here. And I think the contributions you've made are just so extraordinary. And I hope that over the years we will continue to see this momentum because people like what you've done, deserve this extraordinary recognition. I'm glad to see. And the Lasker Award is really capping off some of that great recognition that is so well deserved. We've covered a lot of ground today, and I want to make sure if I missed anything that you wanted to get into before we wrap up.Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (43:30):I think we've been around all the exciting biology of GLP-1, both in diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular, kidney, potential in Alzheimer's and addiction. We'll see, we need the clinical data and we've put out a message to inspire people to do new science. There's still a lot of unmet need out there. There's a lot of diseases that don't have good treatments. Even in the diseases we've talked about there's a lot of money for diabetes. There are no disease modifying therapies for diabetes. It's not really changing the course of the disease. So there's a lot of things that needs great scientists.Eric Topol (44:17):And I guess just in finishing the discovery of this class of drugs and what it's led to, tells us something about that, there's so much more to learn that is, this has taken on perhaps the greatest obstacle in medicine, which was could you safely treat obesity and have a marked effect. Which decades, many decades were devoted to that and gotten nowhere. It's like a breakthrough in another way is that here you have an ability to triumph over such a frustrating target, just like we've seen with Alzheimer's, of course, which may actually intersect with Alzheimer's, with a graveyard of failed drugs. And the ones that it were approved so far in certain countries, like the US are so questionable as to the safety and efficacy. But it gives us an inspiration about what is natural that can be built on the basic science that can lead to with people like you who push within the right direction, give the right nudges and get the support you need, who knows what else is out there that we're going to be discovering in the years ahead. It's a broad type of lesson for us.Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (45:38):Yeah, there is another hormone that's also in phase three clinical development, right? The amylin hormone. We've had pramlintide on the market for years, but we have this long-acting version that is in phase three clinical development. That could be the same kind of story because there's also additional biology on that one.Eric Topol (45:58):Yeah, this is what grabs me Lotte, because these gut hormone, we've known about them, and there's several more out there, of course. And look what they're having. They're not just gut hormones, like you said, they're neurotransmitters and they're body-wide receptors waiting to be activated, so it's wild. It's just wild. And I'm so glad to have had this conversation with you. Now, congratulations on all that you've done, and I know the Nature Medicine paper that just came out is going to be just one of many more to come in your career. So what a joy to have the chance to visit with you, and we'll be following the work that you and your colleagues are doing with great interest.Lotte Bjerre Knudsen (46:45):And thank you very much, and thank you for your wonderful podcast. They're really great to listen to on the go. Very easy listening.*****************************************Please complete the quick poll question above.Thank you for reading, listening and subscribing to Ground Truths.If you found this podcast informative please share it!All content on Ground Truths—its newsletters, analyses, and podcasts, are free, open-access.Paid subscriptions are voluntary and of course appreciated. All proceeds from them go to support Scripps Research. Many thanks to those who have contributed—they have greatly helped fund our summer internship programs for the past two years. I welcome all comments from paid subscribers and will do my best to respond to each of them and any questions.Thanks to my producer Jessica Nguyen and to Sinjun Balabanoff for audio and video support at Scripps Research.Ground Truths now has subscribers in 203 countries! Get full access to Ground Truths at erictopol.substack.com/subscribe

The 2021 Breakthrough Prize winner explains how reading widely shaped her worldview, and discusses the vomeronasal organ.

The 2021 Breakthrough Prize winner explains how reading widely shaped her worldview, and discusses the vomeronasal organ.

Dr. Jo Dunkley is a Professor of Physics and Astrophysical Sciences at Princeton University and author of the book Our Universe: An Astronomer's Guide. Jo is a cosmologist, and her job is to study the universe. She conducts research to try to approximate how space behaves as a whole. This includes looking into space and taking measurements to determine how the universe began, what it's made of, how it's growing, and what is going to happen to it in the future. Physics and family are two of the major pieces in Jo's life. She loves spending time with her two daughters, while they run, draw, sing, and learn about space. She received her MSci with First Class Honors in Natural Sciences from the University of Cambridge and her PhD in Astrophysics from the University of Oxford. Afterwards, she conducted postdoctoral research and was subsequently a Visiting Research Fellow at Princeton University. Before joining the faculty at Princeton University, Jo served on the faculty at the University of Oxford. Over the course of her career, Jo has received numerous awards and honors including the Maxwell Medal from the Institute of Physics, the Royal Astronomical Society's Fowler Prize in Astronomy, the Royal Society Rosalind Franklin Award, the Royal Society Wolfson Merit Award, and the Philip Leverhulme Prize from the Leverhulme Trust. She also shared the Gruber Foundation Cosmology Prize, a NASA Group Achievement Award, and most recently the Breakthrough Prize for Fundamental Physics with the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe team. In our interview, Jo speaks about some of her experiences in life and science.

Dr. Robert S. Langer is the David H. Koch Institute Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Being one of the eight Institute Professors is the highest honor that can be awarded to a faculty member at MIT. Much of Bob's research is at the interface between materials and medicine. His lab has created nanoparticles and drug delivery systems, engineered tissues and organs for things like artificial skin for burn victims, and made organ-on-a-chip technology to help develop and test new drugs that may someday help patients. When he's not working, Bob enjoys spending time with his family, taking his kids to sporting events, lifting weights, and going on walks with his wife. He received his bachelor's degree in chemical engineering from Cornell University and his Sc.D. in chemical engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Afterwards, Bob worked as a postdoctoral fellow at the Children's Hospital Boston and at Harvard Medical School. He joined the faculty at MIT in 1978. Since then, Bob has accepted more than 220 major awards and honors, including the U.S. National Medal of Science, the U.S. National Medal of Technology and Innovation (he is one of 3 living individuals to have received both these honors), the Charles Stark Draper Prize (often called the Engineering Nobel Prize), Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering, Albany Medical Center Prize, Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, Kyoto Prize, Wolf Prize for Chemistry, Millennium Technology Prize, Priestley Medal (highest award of the American Chemical Society), Gairdner Prize, Hoover Medal, Dreyfus Prize in Chemical Sciences, BBVA Frontiers of Knowledge Award in Biomedicine, Balzan Prize, and the Dr. Paul Janssen Award. In 1998, he received the Lemelson-MIT prize, the world's largest prize for invention for being “one of history's most prolific inventors in medicine,” and he was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2006. He is an elected Fellow of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, the National Academy of Sciences, and National Academy of Inventors, and the Royal Academy of Engineering. He has been awarded over 1,000 patents and has received 42 honorary doctorate degrees, including degrees from Harvard, Yale, Columbia, and Northwestern. In our conversation, he shares more about his life and science.

String theory, the current leading candidate for a theory of quantum gravity as well as other particles and forces, doesn't connect directly to the world we see. It's possible that there is a large landscape of possible states of theory, with the hope that one of them represents our universe. The existence of a landscape implies the existence of a corresponding swampland -- universes that are not compatible with string theory. I talk with Cumrun Vafa, a respected physicist and originator of the swampland program, about how we might use constraints on what kinds of physics are compatible with string theory to make predictions about cosmology and other experimental regimes.In the conversation we refer to a famous diagram representing different ten-dimensional string theories, as well as 11-dimensional M-theory, as different limits of an underlying fundamental theory.Support Mindscape on Patreon.Blog post with transcript: https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2024/05/27/277-cumrun-vafa-on-the-universe-according-to-string-theory/Cumrun Vafa received his Ph.D. in physics from Princeton University. He is currently Hollis Professor of Mathematicks and Natural Philosophy, and Chair of the Physics Department, at Harvard University. He has done fundamental work on the dynamics of superstrings, the entropy of black holes, F-theory, and other topics. Among his awards are the Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics, the Dirac Medal, and the Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences. He is the author of the book Puzzles to Unravel the Universe.Web siteHarvard web pageGoogle Scholar publicationsWikipediaSee Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

Co to się na świecie nie dzieje! Wracamy więc z kolejnym Brew - hot takes, komentarze i aktualności. Czy Tik Tok zniknie ze Stanów, a jeżeli tak to kiedy?  W ruchu, którego nikt się nie spodziewał, jak hiszpańska inkwizycja, IBM kupił HashiCorp. Co to oznacza dla TerraForm i innych narzędzi HC? Dlaczego IBM to zrobił?Apple zbiera szczękę po premierze AVP a Meta wydaje się brylować na tym rynku. Pytanie tylko, czy ten rynek naprawdę istnieje? Devin - złote dziecko AI a co pod spodem .... czy wszystko AI co koduje? To i nie tylko to, w kolejnej rozmowie BREW! To już "oczko", czyli 21... ale jeszcze nie kończymyLinki z odcinka:

In this episode, we interview Dr. Virginia Man-Yee Lee, an award-winning biochemist and neuropathologist who specializes in the research of Alzheimer's disease at the University of Pennsylvania.  She is the John H. Ware 3rd Endowed Professor in Alzheimer's Research, Director of the Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, and the Marian S. Ware Center for Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Program. Dr. Lee's h-index is 224 and she is listed among the 10 most highly cited AD researchers from 1985-2008 and among the top 400 most highly influential biomedical researchers from 1996-2011. ISI has recognized Dr. Lee as an ISI Highly Cited Researcher and places her in the top 10 most highly cited neuroscientists from 1997 to 2007. Dr. Lee has been ranked 2 among Top Female Scientists for 2022 by Research.com. She received the 2020 Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences.  It was a fun interview for us, Dr. Lee had lots of great stories to share, which we think you will find quite interesting.

We tend to think of mathematics as purely logical, but the teaching of math, its usefulness and its workings are packed with nuance. So what is “good” mathematics? In 2007, the mathematician Terence Tao wrote an essay for the “Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society” that sought to answer this question. Today, as the recipient of a Fields Medal, a Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics and a MacArthur Fellowship, Tao is among the most prolific mathematicians alive. In this episode, he joins Steven Strogatz to revisit the makings of good mathematics.

Katalin Karikó, Drew Weissman win Nobel Prize 2023 in Medicine for role in Covid-19 vaccines. In this episode Dr HPM talks about this recent development. Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman are brilliant researchers who represent the epitome of scientific inspiration and determination. Day after day, Dr. Weissman, Dr. Karikó and their teams worked tirelessly to unlock the power of mRNA as a therapeutic platform, not knowing the way in which their work could serve to meet a big challenge the world would one day face. Karikó and Weissman have been recognized with multiple national and international commendations, including the Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award, the Breakthrough Prize, the Princess of Asturias Award, the Albany Medical Center Prize in Medicine and Biomedical Research, the VinFuture Grand Prize, and the Tang Prize in Biopharmaceutical Science. Their lifesaving research has been featured in hundreds of news outlets across the globe, and they were named among TIME magazine's “Heroes of the Year” in 2021. 

El Breakthrough Prize 2024 celebra avances significativos en ciencia, honrando a investigadores destacados en física, matemáticas y ciencias de la vida. Los premios Breakthrough Prize, conocidos como los "Oscars de la Ciencia", han anunciado sus laureados para 2024. Un selecto grupo de científicos ha sido reconocido por sus contribuciones en áreas que van desde la física fundamental hasta el descubrimiento y tratamiento de enfermedades. Estas mentes brillantes incluyen a Laura Pérez y Paola Pinilla, astrónomas latinoamericanas que han descubierto aspectos clave en la formación planetaria. El Breakthrough Prize fue fundado por luminarias como Sergey Brin y Mark Zuckerberg, y se ha convertido en una prestigiosa distinción para los científicos de todo el mundo. Este año, entre los laureados, se encuentran Laura Pérez y Paola Pinilla. Desde niñas, estas astrónomas soñaban con desentrañar los misterios del cosmos. Y ahora, sus investigaciones sobre la formación planetaria les han ganado un lugar entre los más destacados de la ciencia mundial. Sin embargo, el camino no fue fácil. El campo de la astronomía ha sido tradicionalmente dominado por hombres. A pesar de los obstáculos, Pérez y Pinilla no solo se destacaron en su investigación, sino que también se convirtieron en inspiración para muchas mujeres jóvenes en Latinoamérica. Su descubrimiento de las "trampas de polvo", regiones clave en los primeros pasos de la formación planetaria, es un testimonio de su determinación y habilidad. Estas trampas, encontradas en discos protoplanetarios alrededor de estrellas jóvenes, son esenciales para la creación de planetas. Anteriormente, se creía que el polvo en estos discos era simplemente "engullido" por las estrellas. Sin embargo, las investigaciones de Pérez y Pinilla revelaron que estos dust traps permiten que las partículas se acumulen y evolucionen, eventualmente llevando a la formación de planetas.

Anne Wojcicki is an innovative biologist and the co-founder and CEO of personal genomics company 23andMe.In 2006, Anne saw a need for creating a way to generate more personalized information so that commercial and academic researchers could better understand and develop new drugs and diagnostics. The result was 23andMe, which provides genetic testing for individuals curious about their ancestry and genetic makeup.It was named "Invention of the Year" by Time Magazine in 2008, and in 2013, The Fast Company named Anne “The Most Daring CEO.”We spoke with Anne all about her upbringing and the story of how 23andMe came to be.*The Founder Hour is brought to you by Outer. Outer makes the world's most beautiful, comfortable, innovative, and high-quality outdoor furniture - ALL from sustainable materials - and is the ONLY outdoor furniture with a patented built-in cover to make protecting it effortless. From teak chairs to fire pit tables, everything Outer makes has the look and feel of what you'd expect at a 5-star resort, for less than you'd pay at a big box store for something that won't last.For a limited time, get 10% off and FREE shipping at www.liveouter.com/thefounderhour. Terms and conditions apply.*This episode is brought to you by “More Than Profit.” If you enjoy The Founder Hour, we think you'll enjoy this podcast too. It celebrates entrepreneurs, investors, and leaders that are living and working with purpose. The host, Bryce Butler, sits down with his guests and shares personal stories about what it's like to succeed…and even fail. But more than that, what motivates them beyond just profit to press forward in their work and as a leader.Check out “More Than Profit” wherever you get your podcasts or at www.morethanprofit.fm.

Shep Doeleman is a senior research fellow at the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian and one of the world's leading experts on black holes. He heads the globe-spanning Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) collaboration, which in recent years unveiled humanity's first-ever images of black holes – including the supermassive behemoth at the centre of our own Milky Way galaxy. Doeleman takes Lauren and Colin behind the scenes of the EHT's discoveries, which earned the collaboration the prestigious Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics in 2020. He also looks ahead to the next big milestones in black hole science, such as the Next-Generation EHT (ngEHT) and the Event Horizon Explorer, which will bring these mysterious phenomena into even sharper focus. View the episode transcript here. Conversations at the Perimeter is co-hosted by Perimeter Teaching Faculty member Lauren Hayward and journalist-turned-science communicator Colin Hunter. In each episode, they chat with a guest scientist about their research, the challenges they encounter, and the drive that keeps them searching for answers. The podcast is produced by the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, a not-for-profit, charitable organization supported by a unique public-private model, including the Governments of Ontario and Canada. Perimeter Institute acknowledges that it is situated on the traditional territory of the Anishinaabe, Haudenosaunee, and Neutral peoples. Perimeter's educational outreach initiatives, including Conversations at the Perimeter, are made possible in part by the support of donors like you. Be part of the equation: perimeterinstitute.ca/donate

Support me by becoming wiser and more knowledgeable – check out books by or related to these intellectuals for sale on Amazon: Terence Tao - https://amzn.to/4cACjHV Jacob Lurie - https://amzn.to/3U5NIZr Simon Donaldson - https://amzn.to/3x99r9w Maxim Kontsevich - https://amzn.to/3VxbPRL If you purchase a book through this link, I will earn a 4.5% commission and be extremely delighted. But if you just want to read and aren't ready to add a new book to your collection yet, I'd recommend checking out the ⁠⁠⁠Internet Archive⁠⁠⁠, the largest free digital library in the world. If you're really feeling benevolent you can buy me a coffee or donate over at ⁠https://ko-fi.com/theunadulteratedintellect⁠⁠. I would seriously appreciate it! __________________________________________________ Terence Chi-Shen Tao (born 17 July 1975) is an Australian mathematician. He is a professor of mathematics at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), where he holds the James and Carol Collins chair. His research includes topics in harmonic analysis, partial differential equations, algebraic combinatorics, arithmetic combinatorics, geometric combinatorics, probability theory, compressed sensing and analytic number theory. Tao was born to ethnic Chinese immigrant parents and raised in Adelaide. Tao won the Fields Medal in 2006 and won the Royal Medal and Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics in 2014. He is also a 2006 MacArthur Fellow. Tao has been the author or co-author of over three hundred research papers. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest living mathematicians and has been referred to as the "Mozart of mathematics". Jacob Alexander Lurie (born December 7, 1977) is an American mathematician who is a professor at the Institute for Advanced Study. Lurie is a 2014 MacArthur Fellow. Simon Kirwan Donaldson (born 20 August 1957) is an English mathematician known for his work on the topology of smooth (differentiable) four-dimensional manifolds, Donaldson–Thomas theory, and his contributions to Kähler geometry. He is currently a permanent member of the Simons Center for Geometry and Physics at Stony Brook University in New York, and a Professor in Pure Mathematics at Imperial College London. Maxim Lvovich Kontsevich (born 25 August 1964) is a Russian and French mathematician and mathematical physicist. He is a professor at the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques and a distinguished professor at the University of Miami. He received the Henri Poincaré Prize in 1997, the Fields Medal in 1998, the Crafoord Prize in 2008, the Shaw Prize and Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics in 2012, and the Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics in 2015. Richard Lawrence Taylor (born 19 May 1962) is a British mathematician working in the field of number theory. He is currently the Barbara Kimball Browning Professor in Humanities and Sciences at Stanford University. Taylor received the 2015 Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics "for numerous breakthrough results in the theory of automorphic forms, including the Taniyama–Weil conjecture, the local Langlands conjecture for general linear groups, and the Sato–Tate conjecture." He also received the 2007 Shaw Prize in Mathematical Sciences for his work on the Langlands program with Robert Langlands. He also served on the Mathematical Sciences jury for the Infosys Prize from 2012 to 2014. Yuri Borisovich (Bentsionovich) Milner (born 11 November 1961) is a Soviet-born Israeli entrepreneur, investor, physicist and scientist . He is a cofounder and former chairperson of internet company Mail.Ru Group (now VK) and a founder of investment firm DST Global. Through DST Global, Milner is an investor in Byju's, Facebook, Wish, and many others. In 2012 Milner's personal investments included a stake in 23andMe, Habito, Planet Labs, minority stake in a real estate investments startup, Cadre in 2017. Audio source ⁠here⁠⁠ --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/theunadulteratedintellect/support

Quantum gravity research is inspired by experiment — all of the experimental data that supports quantum mechanics, and supports general relativity — but it's only inspiration, not detailed guidance. So it's easy to “do research on quantum gravity” and get lost in a world of toy models and mathematical abstraction. Today's guest, Andrew Strominger, is a leading researcher in string theory and quantum gravity, and one who has always kept his eyes on the prize: connecting to the real world. We talk about the development of string theory, the puzzle of a positive cosmological constant, and how black holes and string theory can teach us about each other. Support Mindscape on Patreon.Andrew Strominger received his Ph.D. in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is currently the Gwill E. York Professor of Physics at Harvard University. Among his awards are the Dirac Medal, the Klein Medal, the Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics, and a Guggenheim Fellowship.Web pageInSpire publicationsWikipediaSee Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

KSQD 9-28-2022: Anti-inflammatories vs. turmeric for pain; The use of psychedelic drugs is finally being seriously researched for a variety of conditions; Deep Mind wins the Breakthrough Prize for the AI protein folding predictor Alpha Fold; Genetically modified Herpes virus attacks cancer cells; Review of Consumer Lab website; The importance of monitoring uric acid levels; Good ventilation at home is important to reduce trapped pollution; The different types of obesity

Stop Presses. We interrupt regular programming to discuss the announcement of David Deutsch's share in the award of a Breakthrough Prize - one of the highest honours in science. ToKCast does not, as a rule, cover "news" - but this one exception allows me to turn something "timely" into something "timeless". There is a webpage for this episode here: https://www.bretthall.org/breakthrough.html

El francés Emmanuel Mignot y el japones Masashi Yanagisawa fueron reconocidos con el Breakthrough Prize, el llamado “Oscar de la ciencia”, por su trabajo para descubrir el origen de la narcolepsia, una extraña enfermedad que provoca el sueño en las personas de manera repentina y hasta ahora no se conocía qué lo generaba.

Sir Shankar Balasubramanian is responsible for a revolution in medicine. The method he invented for reading, at speed, the unique genetic code that makes each one of us who we are, is ten million times faster than the technology that was used in the human genome project at the turn of the century. What's more, it can be done much more cheaply than before and on a desktop machine. And it's transforming healthcare, by helping us to understand the genetic basis of many diseases (particularly cancers) and to develop new diagnostic tests, medicines and personalised treatments. ‘ DNA has never failed to keep me excited and curious' says Shankar, winner of the highly prestigious 2022 Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences. He didn't set out to create a game-changing technology or to make a lot of money. He just wanted to understand the DNA double helix in the greatest possible detail; to reveal how it worked, molecule by molecule. And he still rides a rickety old bicycle to work in Cambridge. Image ©University of Cambridge

Dr. Lewis Cantley is the Director of the Meyer Cancer Center at Weill Cornell Medical College as well as the Stanton Clinical Cancer Program at New York-Presbyterian Hospital. In addition, he is Co-Founder of Petra Pharma and Agios Pharmaceuticals. His research investigates signal transduction. He has spent most of his career trying to improve our understanding of cell signaling pathways at a molecular level since many diseases, such as cancer, involve defects in signaling. Outside science, he is an avid reader of science fiction, mystery, and history books. He received his B.S. in Chemistry from West Virginia Wesleyan College and his Ph.D. in Biophysical Chemistry from Cornell University. Lewis conducted postdoctoral research at Harvard University, and served on the faculty at Harvard University, as well as Tufts University before joining the faculty at Cornell. Lewis has received many awards and honors during his career, including the 2005 Pezcoller Foundation-American Association for Cancer Research International Award for Cancer Research, the 2013 Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, the 2015 Ross Prize in Molecular Medicine, the 2015 Wolf Prize, the 2015 Association of American Cancer Institutes Distinguished Scientist Award, the 2015 Canada Cairdner award, and he was named one of “The World's Most Influential Scientific Minds” in 2015 by Thomson Reuter. Lewis is also a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, as well as a Member of the National Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, and the European Life Sciences Academy. Lewis is here with us today to tell us all about his journey through life and science.

I started selling Let's Find Out merchandise at https://www.letsfindoutasmr.com (btw, nothing says "ASMR" on it LOL) as a cool way to help support the channel. I think Teespring usually takes 3 weeks to deliver from date of purchase, so heads up if you want anything by Christmas. Thanks for all the continual support you all give. I never take the patron pledges, paypal donations, or gifts to the po box for granted, and I seriously appreciate every single one of you for showing the channel love and support. It means so much. Happy Holidays, and a Merry coming Christmas to you and your families!   Now for the interstellar starships! Breakthrough Initiatives is a science-based program founded in 2015 and funded by Julia and Yuri Milner, also of Breakthrough Prize, to search for extraterrestrial intelligence over a span of at least 10 years. The program is divided into multiple projects: 1. Breakthrough Listen will search over 1,000,000 stars for artificial radio or laser signals. 2. Breakthrough Message is an effort to create a message "representative of humanity and planet Earth". 3. Breakthrough Starshot, co-founded with Mark Zuckerberg, aims to send a swarm of probes to the nearest star at about 20% the speed of light. 4. Breakthrough Watch aims to identify and characterize Earth-sized, rocky planets around Alpha Centauri and other stars within 20 light years of Earth. 5. Breakthrough Enceladus, plans to send a mission to Saturn's moon Enceladus, in search for life in its warm ocean, and in 2018 signed a partnership agreement with NASA for the project.   Timestamps: 0:00 showing the new merchandise, talking about discord 1:08:56 Interstellar Projects coming in the 21st Century   ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ ►Support for the channel... ▸Shop on Amazon here (kick-backs at no cost to you): ▸PayPal ......... https://www.paypal.me/LetsFindOutASMR ......... ▸Patreon ........ https://www.patreon.com/LetsFindOutASMR ▸

David Baker is the director of the Institute for Protein Design, a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator, the Henrietta and Aubrey Davis Endowed Professor in Biochemistry, and an adjunct professor of genome sciences, bioengineering, chemical engineering, computer science, and physics at the University of Washington. His research group is focused on the design of macromolecular structures and functions.He received his Ph.D. in biochemistry with Randy Schekman at the University of California, Berkeley, and did postdoctoral work in biophysics with David Agard at UCSF. Baker has received awards from the National Science Foundation, the Beckman Foundation, and the Packard Foundation. He is the recipient of the Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, Irving Sigal and Hans Neurath awards from the Protein Society, the Overton Prize from the ISCB, the Feynman Prize from the Foresight Institute, the AAAS Newcomb Cleveland Prize, the Sackler prize in biophysics, and the Centenary Award from the Biochemical society. Sixty-five of his mentees have gone on to independent faculty positions, he has published over 500 research papers, been granted over 100 patents, and co-founded 13 companies.Baker is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He is also a project leader with The Audacious Project.Thank you for listening!BIOS (@BIOS_Community) unites a community of Life Science innovators dedicated to driving patient impact. Alix Ventures (@AlixVentures) is a San Francisco based venture capital firm supporting early stage Life Science startups engineering biology to create radical advances in human health.Music: Danger Storm by Kevin MacLeod (link & license)

The guys review their favourite science stories from the past week. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

durée : 00:03:31 - Zoom de l'info France Bleu Pays d'Auvergne - Un biophysicien installé sur le biopôle La Varenne à Riom peut être fier. Sa technique de séquençage du génome mise au point alors qu'il était salarié d'une entreprise à Genève vient de recevoir le Breakthrough Prize. Trois millions de dollars à partager avec deux autres scientifiques britanniques.

Jo Dunkley is a Professor of Physics and Astrophysical Sciences at Princeton University. ​Her research is in cosmology, studying the origins and evolution of the Universe. Her major projects are the Atacama Cosmology Telescope and the Simons Observatory. She's also a member of the Rubin Observatory's Dark Energy Science Collaboration. ​Professor Dunkley has been awarded the Maxwell Medal, the Rosalind Franklin award, and the New Horizons prize for her work on the Cosmic Microwave Background, and she shared the Gruber Prize and the Breakthrough Prize with the WMAP team. In her thrilling new guide to our Universe and how it works OUR UNIVERSE, Professor Dunkley reveals how it only becomes more beautiful and exciting the more we discover about it. With warmth and clarity, Dunkley takes us from the very basics - why the Earth orbits the Sun, and how our Moon works - right up to massive, strange phenomena like superclusters, quasars, and the geometry of spacetime. As she does so, Dunkley unfurls the history of humankind's heroic journey to understand the history and structure of the cosmos, revealing the extraordinary, little-known stories of astronomy pioneers including Williamina Fleming, Vera Rubin and Jocelyn Bell Burnell. Support our Sponsors LinkedIn Jobs! Use this link to post your first job ad for FREE LinkedIn.com/impossible biOptimizers for better sleep: https://magbreakthrough.com/impossible 00:00:00 Intro 00:01:50 How did you come up with the title and idea for the book? 00:03:23 About your collaboration on the book's illustrations. 00:07:06 Why do you use OUR in the title of book? Who is the book for? 00:08:45 What did you learn from writing this book? 00:11:02 What's the status of women in physics & astronomy? 00:16:10 What's your view on big bang cosmology and the origins of the Universe? 00:19:17 What's your view on big bang cosmology and the origins of the Universe? 00:24:09 Do we need new/better ideas in cosmology? 00:26:37 What is "adiabatic" as you discuss in your dissertation? 00:32:37 Where do quantum fluctuations come from and what do they evolve into? 00:37:29 Why is the Universe flat? 00:39:43 Is the existence of a primordial gravitational wave evidence for quantized gravity? 00:51:40 What seemed impossible to your younger self? Join this channel to get access to perks: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmXH_39/join Support the podcast: https://www.com/drbriankeating And please join my mailing list to get resources and enter giveaways to win a FREE copy of my book (and more) http://briankeating.com/mailing_list.php

Into the Impossible With Brian Keating Podcast Notes Key Takeaways “We’re in this interrupt world of email and Slack, and if you want to think deeply about things you need to set aside blocks of time to think.” Dr. SpergelWhile awards are everything and shouldn’t be the main motivation for academic research, winning them gives you the opportunity to take risks later onDr. Spergel thinks that leadership is a skill that can be learned like anything elseHe views leadership like playing a sport: you can get better with practice, by reading about it, and with coachingIt’s a mentor’s job to instill the self-confidence needed for their mentees to succeedEven if you spend years going in the wrong direction, it can often lead to unexpected success later onFor debate to be fruitful, all participants need to agree to two principles:falsifiable tenants that can be tested with datafundamental concern with discovering the truthWhile string theory and ideas of the multiverse are interesting and fun, they ultimately aren’t falsifiable Funding is limited and difficult to acquire, so research should be focused on what can be disproven experimentally “I believe in the scientific enterprise. I think one of humanity’s great accomplishments, and certainly one of the great accomplishments of the last few hundred years, has been our deepening understanding of the universe.” Dr. SpergelRead the full notes @ podcastnotes.orgDavid Spergel is one of today's most respected and accomplished astrophysicists. He has made foundational contributions to our understanding of the origin and evolution of the universe via the Cosmic Microwave Background and observations of distant compact objects. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, recipient of the Breakthrough Prize, and is the incoming President of the Simons Foundation whose mission is to advance the frontiers of research in mathematics and the basic sciences. In this bucket-list interview, conducted just before his 60th birthday, David reveals his scientific mindset, his top habits for physical, mental, and creative health, his pedagogical philosophy, and gives his take on the role of controversies in cosmology and beyond. David played a huge role in my book, Losing the Nobel Prize, which he also graciously blurbed :-) You do NOT want to miss David's answers to my Thrilling Three Impossible Questions! To receive them, you'll need to subscribe to my mailing list where you will also get resources and enter giveaways to win a FREE copy of my book (and more) http://briankeating.com/mailing_list.php

David Spergel is one of today's most respected and accomplished astrophysicists. He has made foundational contributions to our understanding of the origin and evolution of the universe via the Cosmic Microwave Background and observations of distant compact objects. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, recipient of the Breakthrough Prize, and is the incoming President of the Simons Foundation whose mission is to advance the frontiers of research in mathematics and the basic sciences. In this bucket-list interview, conducted just before his 60th birthday, David reveals his scientific mindset, his top habits for physical, mental, and creative health, his pedagogical philosophy, and gives his take on the role of controversies in cosmology and beyond. David played a huge role in my book, Losing the Nobel Prize, which he also graciously blurbed :-) You do NOT want to miss David's answers to my Thrilling Three Impossible Questions! To receive them, you'll need to subscribe to my mailing list where you will also get resources and enter giveaways to win a FREE copy of my book (and more) http://briankeating.com/mailing_list.php

Prof Huda Yahya Zoghbi is a Professor of Pediatrics, Neurology, Neuroscience, and Molecular and Human Genetics at Baylor College of Medicine, an Investigator with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Director of the Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital.   Her work has led to the discovery of the genetic cause of Rett syndrome and provided insight into the function of the gene in various neurons. Along with training over 90 scientists and physician-scientists who have gone on to successful careers, she is the recipient of many prizes including the Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences for 2017 and the Brain prize in 2020.   In this episode, she shares her wisdom about a life and career in science and how structures and institutions can come together to include members from underserved and underrepresented minorities.  Links: Brain prize profile Breakthrough prize profile Interviewed and edited by Dr. Shruti Muralidhar. Music by Lee Rosevere. Other projects by Shruti Muralidhar: BiasWatchIndia and IndSciComm.

Astronomers rocked the cosmological world with the 1998 discovery that the universe is accelerating. Well-deserved Nobel Prizes were awarded to Saul Perlmutter, Brian Schmidt, and today’s guest Adam Riess. Adam has continued to push forward on investigating the structure and evolution of the universe. He’s been a leader in emphasizing a curious disagreement that threatens to grow into a crisis: incompatible values of the Hubble constant (expansion rate of the universe) obtained from the cosmic microwave background vs. direct measurements. We talk about where this “Hubble tension” comes from, and what it might mean for the universe.Support Mindscape on Patreon.Adam Riess received his Ph.D. in astronomy from Harvard University. He is currently Bloomberg Distinguished Professor and Thomas J. Barber Professor of Physics and Astronomy at Johns Hopkins University and a Senior member of the Science Staff at the Space Telescope Science Institute. Among his many awards are the Helen B. Warner Prize of the American Astronomical Society, the Sackler Prize, the Shaw Prize, the Gruber Cosmology Prize, the MacArthur Fellowship, the Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics, and the Nobel Prize.Johns Hopkins web pageSpace Telescope Science Institute web pageNobel LectureGoogle Scholar publicationsTalk on the expansion rate of the universeWikipedia

В этом выпуске: венерин фосфин, планета из "пустыни горячих нептунов", Роскосмос против Круза, "неправильные" викинги, Титаник, новый климат Арктики, яванские носорожки. И парочка других новостей. 00:24 - Космос 03:11 - Медицина 03:35 - История 04:58 - Планета и животные

染色体分配時におけるKi-67の機能性に関する論文を紹介しました。Show notes 周期ゼミ Periodical cicadas … 全米における周期ゼミの分布について 論文の縦読み … 同じオーサーの論文を時間軸で読む、論文の縦読みについてはresearchat.fmのep57にて説明しました。 Cuylen-Haering et al., Nature (2020) … “Chromosome clustering by Ki-67 excludes cytoplasm during nuclear assembly” Gerlich et al. Cell (2003) … “Global Chromosome Positions Are Transmitted through Mitosis in Mammalian Cells” Cuylen et al., Nature (2016) … “Ki-67 acts as a biological surfactant to disperse mitotic chromosomes” Samwer et al., Cell (2017) … “DNA Cross-Bridging Shapes a Single Nucleus from a Set of Mitotic Chromosomes” Daniel Gerlich 植物の細胞で染色体が分配される様子 … 1956に撮影されたAfrican Blood Lilyの細胞における染色体分配と細胞分裂の様子。植物には中心体が存在しないので少し動物細胞のものとは趣が異なる。64年前に撮影された動画だが未だ色褪せず様々な洞察を与えてくれる。無染色・ライブセルで行われた驚異的なイメージング。 上記動画に関するツイート … 海外勢もかなりコメントをくれているのがわかる。 体細胞分裂 … prophase->prometaphase->metaphase->anaphase->telophase->cytokinesis。英語だとmitosis DNA複製 遺伝情報 減数分裂 … 英語だとmeiosis HeLa細胞 染色体 核(細胞核) ミトコンドリア … パラサイト・イヴでご存知の方も多いだろう。 細胞小器官 核小体 … 仁とも呼ばれていた。 リボソーム リボソームRNA 倍数性 姉妹染色体/姉妹染色分体 コヒーシン … 姉妹染色体を接着させるために重要なタンパク質 Locke. JCS (1990) … “Is there somatic inheritance of intracellular patterns?” transvection mitophagy ヒストン ヌクレオソーム クロマチン … ヒストン、ヌクレオソーム、クロマチン、染色体についてはどこかでじっくり話します。 CFP, YFP … 蛍光タンパク質 細胞周期 … G1->S->G2->M. G1->S->G2が間期、Mが分裂期 FRAP(Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching) FISH Kimura and Cook. J Cell Biol (2001) … “Kinetics of core histones in living human cells: little exchange of H3 and H4 and some rapid exchange of H2B” 染色体テリトリー Cremer and Cremer. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. (2010) … “Chromosome Territories”: ドンピシャタイトルのThomas CremerによるChromosome territoryのレビュー。 Carl Rabl Theodor Boveri Sutton-Boveriの染色体説 キネトコア セントロメア スピンドル … 紡錘体 微小管 … microtuble RNAi ki-67 G0期 核膜 核膜孔 open mitosis/closed mitosis Nuclear envelope break down … 核膜の崩壊 ノコダゾール コルヒチン FCS 両親媒性 Crasta et al., Nature (2012) … “DNA breaks and chromosome pulverization from errors in mitosis” micro nucleiに関する最近の代表的な研究 スプライシング コンデンシン Delarue et al. Cell (2018) … “mTORC1 Controls Phase Separation and the Biophysical Properties of the Cytoplasm by Tuning Crowding”: GEMs(genetically encoded multimeric nanoparticles)を開発した論文。これは激アツである！ Akita et al., JCS (2007) … “The crystal structure of a virus-like particle from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus provides insight into the evolution of viruses”: Delarue et al. (2018)で使われたencapsulinに関する論文。これも激アツである！ 養王田先生の科研費報告書 … “Encapsulinとは単一のシェルタンパク質で構成される内部が空洞のナノ構造体であり、一部の微生物細胞内に形成されている。” 核移行シグナル Görisch et al., JCS (2005) … “Histone acetylation increases chromatin accessibility”: クロマチンへのaccessibilityをイメージングで示そうとした論文 Dextran Flavopiridol Trichostatin A (TSA) Angelika Amon Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences 染色体の異数性 … aneuploidy 出芽酵母 Ünal et al., Science (2011) … “Gametogenesis Eliminates Age-Induced Cellular Damage and Resets Life Span in Yeast”: 老化した出芽酵母は減数分裂に進みにくいことを示した定量解析。Amon labからの研究。 King et al., eLife (2019) … “Meiotic cellular rejuvenation is coupled to nuclear remodeling in budding yeast”: 上記のFirst authorであるÜnal labから出た論文。年老いた出芽酵母が減数分裂に進んだ場合の”Nuclear rejuvenation”(核若返り)に関するイメージング研究 エピジェネティクス(epigenetics) Conrad Hal Waddington … epigeneticsの提唱者。 Editorial notes 素人にもロジックが追いやすかった気がする (soh) 綿々と続くドイツの細胞生物学/染色体学研究の系譜はまたどこかで話せたらと思います。(tadasu) figureがモンスターボールみたいですね (coela)

In this edition: A $3m-prizewinning mathematician, a new project into how children transmit COVID-19, and recipes with anti-cancer properties. News: Hints of life on Venus and fungal leather – We discuss the discovery of a molecule possibly linked with life in the clouds of Venus, and whether leather could be replaced by a more eco-friendly material made from fungus. Millionaire mathematician – We catch up with Professor Martin Hairer, winner of the $3m Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics, hearing about his field of work, his inspiration and what he’ll spend that prize money on. You can also listen to an extended version of this interview. How infectious are children with COVID-19? – As schools restart, we talk to the leader of a new research project into how children transmit the virus, following diagnosed children to see if they can cause outbreaks. You can also listen to an extended version of this interview. Cooking with hyperfoods – We meet the researcher and chef behind a new cookbook – Hyperfoods – that includes recipes packed with ingredients containing anti-cancer molecules, discovered using the power of people’s smartphones. You can get the recipes for free on the Kitchen Theory website.

In this edition: A $3m-prizewinning mathematician, a new project into how children transmit COVID-19, and recipes with anti-cancer properties. News: Hints of life on Venus and fungal leather – We discuss the discovery of a molecule possibly linked with life in the clouds of Venus, and whether leather could be replaced by a more eco-friendly material made from fungus. Millionaire mathematician – We catch up with Professor Martin Hairer, winner of the $3m Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics, hearing about his field of work, his inspiration and what he’ll spend that prize money on. You can also listen to an extended version of this interview. How infectious are children with COVID-19? – As schools restart, we talk to the leader of a new research project into how children transmit the virus, following diagnosed children to see if they can cause outbreaks. You can also listen to an extended version of this interview. Cooking with hyperfoods – We meet the researcher and chef behind a new cookbook – Hyperfoods – that includes recipes packed with ingredients containing anti-cancer molecules, discovered using the power of people’s smartphones. You can get the recipes for free on the Kitchen Theory website.

How many of you love hot sauce? What makes chili peppers so alluring to our palates? Well, it has a lot to do with pain and how our bodies react to pain stimulants like capsaicin. Join Dr. Quave as she chats with Dr. David Julius – an expert on pain receptors – as they discuss how humans sense certain spices, and what this means in the search for new non-opiate pain therapies. ABOUT OUR GUEST Dr. David Julius is the Morris Herzstein Chair in Molecular Biology and Medicine, and Professor and Chair of Physiology at the University of California, San Francisco. He has dedicated his career to studying how pain receptors are activated.  He was awarded a $3-million Breakthrough Prize in life sciences last year for “discovering molecules, cells, and mechanisms underlying pain sensation.” Dr. Julius’ lab is interested in understanding how signals are received and transmitted by the nervous system. They have exploited the properties of natural products to discover a family of thermo- and chemo-sensitive ion channels that enable sensory nerve fibers to detect hot or cold temperatures, or chemical irritants. With the aid of genetic, electrophysiological, and behavioral methods, they have determined how these ion channels contribute to pain sensation, and how channel activity is modulated in response to tumor growth, infection, or other forms of injury that produce inflammation and pain hypersensitivity. Research website: http://physio.ucsf.edu/julius/ Twitter: @DJuliusSF *** ABOUT FOODIE PHARMACOLOGY  Now in Season 2 with sixty episodes! Tune in to explore the food-medicine continuum with Dr. Cassandra Quave as she meets with award-winning authors, chefs, scientists, farmers and experts on the connections between food and health. New episodes release every Monday! Like the show? Please leave us a rating on Apple Podcasts and share your favorite episodes with your friends!  *** PODCAST DESCRIPTION: Have you ever wondered where your food comes from? Not just where it’s grown today, but where it originally popped up in the world? Have you ever bit into a delicious ripe fruit and wondered, hey – why is it this color? What’s responsible for this amazing flavor? Is this good for my health? Could it even be medicinal? Foodie Pharmacology is a science podcast built for the food curious, the flavor connoisseurs, chefs, science geeks, plant lovers and adventurous taste experimenters out in the world! Join American ethnobotanist Dr. Cassandra Quave on this adventure through history, medicine, cuisine and molecules as she explores the amazing pharmacology of our foods.  *** SUBSCRIBE TO THE SHOW:  Subscribe to Foodie Pharmacology on Apple Podcasts for audio and the TeachEthnobotany YouTube Channel to see full video of new episodes. You can also find more than 50 episodes of the show at https://foodiepharmacology.com/ Follow us on Twitter and Instagram at @foodiepharma or on Facebook at "Foodie Pharmacology with Cassandra Quave"  *** PODCAST REVIEWS:  “You are what you eat — and what you listen to. Dr. Quave combines science with food, culture and history in this enjoyable, educational podcast.”--Carol on Facebook Page Reviews  “We have needed this podcast for a long time. Dr. Quave's willingness to share her knowledge of plant usage and history make these podcasts interesting and helpful. The interviews from around the world are always loaded with information. Waiting on a new episode.every week.”--Alan on Apple Podcasts Reviews  “Great podcast about favorite foods! If you love food, you will love this podcast! Dr. Quave makes the science behind the food approachable and easy to understand. Love it!”--Liz on Apple Podcasts Reviews  “Dr Quave is amazingly informative. I could listen to her talk all day. And thanks to these podcasts I can! Thank you!”-- Wendy on Facebook Page Reviews  “Fascinating and entertaining! Dr. Quave is not just one of the foremost experts on the subject, she is also an incredibly gifted teacher and storyteller. I highly recommend Foodie Pharmacology to anyone with any interest in the subject.”-- John on Facebook Page Reviews  “Dr. Quave is a brilliant scientist and storyteller, which makes this program both entertaining and accessible!”-- Ernest on Facebook Page Reviews  “Dr. Quave is my go to source for all things Ethnobotany. Her new podcast is a great way to learn about plants and their many uses, ranging from food to medicine and so much more. I can’t wait for the newest episode!”--Paul on Apple Podcasts Reviews  

We talk to Professor Sir Martin Hairer, from Imperial College London - the winner of the 2021 Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics for his work in stochastic partial differential equations.

Cori Bargmann is a neuroscientist and geneticist. She received a BS in biochemistry from the University of Georgia and a Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Cori has studied the relationships between genes, circuits, and behaviors in the genetically tractable nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans as a faculty member at the University of California, San Francisco (1991-2004) and at the Rockefeller University as the Torsten N. Wiesel Professor and Head of the Lulu and Anthony Wang Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behavior (2004-present). Cori's work has been recognized by scientific honors including a 2012 Kavli Prize in Neuroscience, the 2013 Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, and she also co-chaired the NIH working group to the Advisory Committee to the NIH Director for President Obama's Brain Initiative. In 2016, Cori joined the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative as its first Head of Science. CZI Science has the mission of supporting the science and technology that will make it possible to cure, prevent, or manage all diseases by the end of the century. Referenced Links: HCA Method Development Community - https://www.protocols.io/workspaces/hca COVID-19 Cell Atlas - https://www.covid19cellatlas.org/ CZI Science - https://chanzuckerberg.com/science/

Cori Bargmann is a neuroscientist and geneticist. She received a BS in biochemistry from the University of Georgia and a Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Cori has studied the relationships between genes, circuits, and behaviors in the genetically tractable nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans as a faculty member at the University of California, San Francisco (1991-2004) and at the Rockefeller University as the Torsten N. Wiesel Professor and Head of the Lulu and Anthony Wang Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behavior (2004-present). Cori’s work has been recognized by scientific honors including a 2012 Kavli Prize in Neuroscience, the 2013 Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, and she also co-chaired the NIH working group to the Advisory Committee to the NIH Director for President Obama’s Brain Initiative. In 2016, Cori joined the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative as its first Head of Science. CZI Science has the mission of supporting the science and technology that will make it possible to cure, prevent, or manage all diseases by the end of the century.Referenced Links:HCA Method Development Community - https://www.protocols.io/workspaces/hcaCOVID-19 Cell Atlas - https://www.covid19cellatlas.org/CZI Science - https://chanzuckerberg.com/science/

In the second episode of a three-part series dedicated to highlighting rare disease, Conference Forum reporter Danny McCarthy sits down with C Frank Bennett, PhD, of Ionis Pharmaceuticals, to discuss Spinal Muscular Atrophy. Dr Bennett is Executive Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer at Ionis Pharmaceuticals, and one of the founding members of the company. He is responsible for continuing to advance antisense technology and expanding Ionis drug discovery platform. Dr. Bennet is a co-recipient of the 2019 Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences for his contributions to the discovery and development of SPINRAZA® (nusinersen).  Spinal muscular atrophy is a genetic, degenerative neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness and wasting in muscles used for movement. It is caused by a loss of specialized nerve cells, called motor neurons that control muscle movement.  Dr Bennett includes two sources of information about Ionis and SMA: Ionispharma.com and Spinraza.com.

As black holes spiral around each other in the distant universe, Einstein’s theory of general relativity predicts gravitational waves – ripples in the fabric of space-time itself. We have now detected such ripples from stellar-mass black holes, as well as directly imaging a supermassive black hole. Shami Chatterjee, an astronomer at the Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science and a member of the NANOGrav collaboration, talks about ongoing efforts to build a Galaxy-scale detector to observe low-frequency gravitational waves from the mergers of supermassive black holes in the distant universe, as well as some of the unexpected discoveries along the way. The unexpected discoveries include enigmatic “fast radio bursts”, bright millisecond flashes of radio waves that pop off thousands of times every day, all over the sky, with astonishing energy output. Dr. Chatterjee searches for and studies neutron stars, and how to use their lighthouse beams as clocks to build a long-wavelength gravitational wave detector. He has done foundational work on fast radio bursts that has been featured twice on the cover of Nature, and plays a small role in the Event Horizon Telescope team that won the 2020 Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics for imaging a black hole. Visit http://g.co/TalksAtGoogle/waves to watch the video.

Meeting up at the April Meeting of the American Physical Society, Dr. Avery Broderick tells Kevin about the Breakthrough Prize winning first photo of a super massive black hole in Virgo, Kevin's birth sign.

Emily, Abhijit, and Kristen discuss how mouthwash affects post-exercise blood pressure, the rate of information transfer across several languages, and the winners of the Breakthrough Prize in science.

After ten years of work, in April, 2019,  the announcement was made worldwide that 8 telescopes around the world took part in confirming and creating an image of a black hole.  It was given a Hawaiian name, Powehi, by UH Hilo College of Language Professor Dr. Larry Kimura.  On September 5, 2019, the Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics was awarded to 347 people around the world who took part in this amazing discovery--including 30 technicians and scientists who work at two telescopes on the Big Island of Hawaii.  Dr. Geoff Bower of the Submillimeter Array atop Mauna Kea was one of the scientists involved and tells us about it. Air date:  September 12, 2019

This week, modelling embryonic development, and an analysis of male dominated conferences.In this episode:00:44 Imitating implantationResearchers have created a system that uses stem cells to model the early stages of pregnancy. Research article: Zheng et al.; News and Views: Human embryo implantation modelled in microfluidic channels08:03 Research HighlightsTraces of baby turtle tracks, and Titan’s explosive past. Research Highlight: A baby sea turtle’s ancient trek is captured in a fossil; Research Highlight: Giant explosions sculpted a moon’s peculiar scenery09:36 ‘Manferences’Nature investigates the prevalence of conferences where most of the speakers are male. News Feature: How to banish manels and manferences from scientific meetings15:41 News ChatAn update on India’s latest moon mission, drugs that may reverse biological age, and this year’s Breakthrough Prize winners. News: India loses contact with its Moon lander minutes before touchdown; News: First hint that body’s ‘biological age’ can be reversed; News: First-ever picture of a black hole scoops US$3-million prize See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Chris looks at the recently awarded Breakthrough Prize in Physics and why some physicists are doubtful of its merit, and Stu talks to the conductor of the Victorian Youth Symphony Orchestra about their upcoming performance with the presenters of the Curiosity Show

Steve Elledge discusses how cells sense and respond to damage to their DNA.

Bill Horan and NCC Student Zac Turkel talk with Dr. Adrian Krainer from Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. His lab studies the mechanisms of RNA splicing, ways in which they go awry in disease, and the means by which faulty splicing can be corrected. In particular, they study splicing in spinal muscular atrophy, a neuromuscular disease that is the leading genetic cause of death in infants. It was recently announced that Dr. Krainer will split one of the most lucrative awards in science — a 3 million dollar Breakthrough Prize — for his research leading to the medication to treat Spinal Muscular Atrophy.

Die Ierse astro-fisikus en kosmoloog Jocelyn Bell-Burnell is met die Breakthrough Prize van 3 miljoen dollar - of sowat 42 miljoen rand - beloon. In 1974 is die Nobelprys in Fisika NIE aan haar toegeken nie, maar eerder haar studieleier by Cambridge, Anthony Hewish. Ons praat nou hieroor met ons wetenskap-korrespondent George Claassen...

In our space news roundtable this week we talk about NASA's unfunded Space Act Agreement with the Breakthrough Prize Foundation, Exploding Magnetotails, mass extinction in Atacama due to rain and what that means for Mars, animal reaction to solar eclipses and NASA vs China in the race back to the moon. The roundtable this week is run by Jared Head with Michael Clark, Sarah Vincent, Athena Brensberger, Jade Kim and Cariann Higginbotham. Launch Minute: Electron | It's Business Time GSLV Mk III | GSAT-29 Falcon 9 Block 5 | Es'Hail-2 Soyuz-FG | Progress MS-10 / 71P Antares 230 | Cygnus NG-10

In our space news roundtable this week we talk about NASA's unfunded Space Act Agreement with the Breakthrough Prize Foundation, Exploding Magnetotails, mass extinction in Atacama due to rain and what that means for Mars, animal reaction to solar eclipses and NASA vs China in the race back to the moon. The roundtable this week is run by Jared Head with Michael Clark, Sarah Vincent, Athena Brensberger, Jade Kim and Cariann Higginbotham. Launch Minute: Electron | It's Business Time GSLV Mk III | GSAT-29 Falcon 9 Block 5 | Es'Hail-2 Soyuz-FG | Progress MS-10 / 71P Antares 230 | Cygnus NG-10

Clive Cookson talks to astrophysicist Jocelyn Bell Burnell about her decision to give away her $3m Breakthrough Prize in physics and about what she sees as the most exciting new areas of future research. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Emlyn tells Emma about Dr. Lise Meitner, the nuclear physicist who was instrumental in the discovery of nuclear fission, and Emma tells Emlyn about Dr. Jocelyn Bell Burnell, who discovered pulsars!  PLEASE FILL OUT THE SURVEY: https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScwuYfCujp_voMx1I37E4MB1Tk_UbncK6z8Khn4DC683fV-3A/viewform?usp=sf_link   Sources Main Story - Lise Meitner Fission Girl: Lise Meitner’s Escape from Nazi Germany by Melanie Fine Book Review of Lise Meitner: A Life in Physics: https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/reviews/lisemeitner.htm Article from Berkeley Nuclear Research Center: https://web.archive.org/web/20161112205121/http://bnrc.berkeley.edu/Famous-Women-in-Physical-Sciences-and-Engineering/lise-meitner.html Further reading: Lise Meitner: A Life in Physics by Ruth Lewis Sime.   Women who werk Jocelyn Bell Burnell receives $3 million Breakthrough Prize for her 1967 discovery of pulsars and lifetime of scientific leadership. https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2018/09/08/she-made-discovery-man-got-nobel-half-century-later-shes-won-million-prize/   Music “Work” by Rihanna “Mary Anning” by Artichoke   Cover art Atomic Heritage Foundation

Dr. Jo Dunkley is a Professor of Physics and Astrophysical Sciences at Princeton University. Jo is a cosmologist who conducts research to approximate how space behaves as a whole. This includes looking into space and taking measurements to determine how the universe began, what it’s made of, how it’s growing, and what is going to happen to it in the future. Physics and family are two of the major pieces in Jo’s life. She loves spending time with her two young daughters. Lately, her older daughter enjoys running, drawing, singing, and learning about space. Jo received her MSci with First Class Honors in Natural Sciences from the University of Cambridge and her PhD in Astrophysics from the University of Oxford. Afterwards, she conducted postdoctoral research and was subsequently a Visiting Research Fellow at Princeton University. Before joining the faculty at Princeton University, Jo served on the faculty at the University of Oxford. Over the course of her career, Jo has received numerous awards and honors including the Maxwell Medal from the Institute of Physics, the Royal Astronomical Society’s Fowler Prize in Astronomy, the Royal Society Rosalind Franklin Award, the Royal Society Wolfson Merit Award, and the Philip Leverhulme Prize from the Leverhulme Trust. She also shared the Gruber Foundation Cosmology Prize, a NASA Group Achievement Award, and most recently the Breakthrough Prize for Fundamental Physics with the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe team. In our interview, Jo speaks about some of her experiences in life and science.

El neutrino es una partícula misteriosa que desafía al modelo estándar, a través de su estudio podríamos llegar a hacer cosmología, entender los inicios del universo y resolver el enigma de la materia oscura, entre otras cosas. Cómo estudiamos los neutrinos, ¿qué son?, ¿por qué son fantasmas?. En este episodio converso con Pedro Ochoa, dedicado al área experimental de física de partículas, recibió el premio Breakthrough Prize en física fundamental el año 2016 entre muchos otros premios y honores. Actualmente colabora en los experimento ATLAS del Cern, el observatorio de neutrinos Juno, y detector de neutrinos Daya Bay.

Dr. Edward Boyden has co-invented optogenetic tools which allow control of neurons using light. This discovery has won him a prize, the Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences which came with $3 million dollars (and he promised to donate $1 million to the Neural Implant podcast!). He also has worked on expansion microscopy which 'freezes' the biomolecules and expands them up to 100x. In this way it is possible to visualize the parts of the brain using more conventional microscopy. He has done many great things but is not resting on his laurels! 

Steve Elledge discusses how cells sense and respond to damage to their DNA.

Dr. Robert P. Kirshner Clowes Professor of Science, Harvard University The expanding universe was discovered at Mount Wilson almost 100 years ago. But there is something new! In the past 20 years, astronomers have found that cosmic expansion is speeding up, driven by a mysterious “dark energy” whose nature we do not understand. Dr. Kirshner, one of today”s preeminent astrophysicists, is the recipient of many prestigious awards, including the 2014 Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics (sponsored by Google, among others), as well as the 2014 James Craig Watson Medal of the National Acad- emy of Sciences for “service to astronomy.” Partial funding for Carnegie Observatories' 2015 Astronomy Lecture Series was provided by The Kenneth T. and Eileen L. Norris Foundation. The lectures were hosted by A Noise Within (http://www.anoisewithin.org/). Video production by Neighbors Video Services (http://www.neighborsvideo.com).

Dr. Lewis Cantley is the Director of the Meyer Cancer Center at Weill Cornell Medical College as well as the Stanton Clinical Cancer Program at NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital. He is also Professor of Cancer Biology in Medicine and Professor in Oncology Research at Weill Cornell Medical College. In addition, Lewis is Co-Founder of Petra Pharma and Agios Pharmaceuticals. He received his B.S. in Chemistry from West Virginia Wesleyan College and his Ph.D. in Biophysical Chemistry from Cornell University. Lewis conducted postdoctoral research at Harvard University, and served on the faculty at Harvard University, as well as Tufts University before joining the faculty at Cornell. Lewis has received many awards and honors during his career, including the 2005 Pezcoller Foundation-American Association for Cancer Research International Award for Cancer Research, the 2013 Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, the 2015 Ross Prize in Molecular Medicine, the 2015 Wolf Prize, the 2015 Association of American Cancer Institutes Distinguished Scientist Award, the 2015 Canada Cairdner award, and he was named one of “The World’s Most Influential Scientific Minds” in 2015 by Thomson Reuter. Lewis is also a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, as well as a Member of the National Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, and the European Life Sciences Academy. Lewis is here with us today to tell us all about his journey through life and science.

To kick off season nine of Lab Out Loud, co-hosts Brian Bartel and Dale Basler welcome Sal Khan to Lab Out Loud.  As founder of The Khan Academy, Sal is encouraging students age 13-18 to submit a 10-minute video to the Breakthrough Junior Challenge.  Presented by The Breakthrough Prize and The Khan Academy, The Breakthrough Junior Challenge is currently seeking innovative videos from students that explain a challenging concept or theory of mathematics, life sciences, or physics.  The winner will earn a $250,000 scholarship, a $50,000 education grant for the winner's teacher, and a $100,000 cutting-edge science lab designed for the winner’s school.  Do you have an idea for a submission?  Listen to the show to hear more about the competition and how students might create a video to open up everyone's mind.  But hurry - video submissions will be accepted until 11:59 p.m. Eastern time on Oct. 7!   Show notes: http://laboutloud.com/2015/09/episode-131-breakthrough-jr-challenge