Podcasts about James Lind

In Ep 107 of “How Do You Say That?!” sponsored by britishvoiceover.co.uk, Ruth Urquhart joins Sam and Mark to talk about terrible writing and what you can do with it without offending the client, there's a touch of scurvy about our reads, and we get stuck into THREE scripts for a change!Our VO question this week is all about how to make a duff script sound better!Get involved! Have you got a Wildcard suggestion that we should try or an idea for the show? Send it to us via Mark or Sam's social media or email it directly to podcast@britishvoiceover.co.ukScript 1In 1747, James Lind set up his study at sea: Twelve sailors suffering from scurvy were split into six groups with two men in each group. All six groups shared living quarters in the same end of the ship and were given the same diet during the course of the study, with the exception of six different treatments that Lind wanted to test.The first group got cider. The second group got diluted sulfuric acid. The third group got vinegar. The fourth group got sea water. The fifth group got two oranges and a lemon. Finally, the last group got a purgative mixture of commonly used medicines.Script 2aShe grasped her carefully embroidered reticule, a present from her beloved aunt Mary, given to her at Christmas, a gift that she treasured dearly, despite it's garish colour, and stepped off the sidewalk into the busy London street, narrowly avoiding a huge puddle. She hailed a hackney which appeared suddenly through the fall gloom. The driver's rough attire of sackcloth pants held up by suspenders looked filthy but she tried not to stare as he pulled his horses to a halt beside her. ‘Can you take me to Clarence House?' she asked. The man grimaced.'Clarence house be 5 blocks away, he growled in his distant London accent ‘ I ain't got time, lady! I be workin'Script 2bAs she walked she thought about her brawny Highlander, Hamish Campbell, the one who had proposed to her only a week ago and to whom she had run from despite her longing to be with him. ‘Doona go!' he had pleaded earnestly, ‘I doona want to live without ye, I can no.'His deep voice resonated in his head and she flushed to remember it. They had not been alone, his 5 cousins, Angus, Calum, Bret, Jed and Colin had witnessed the whole embarrassing episode there on the riverbank next to their little croft house in the little village of Firth on the banks of the river Forth.. she had stood right on the waters edge, the men behind her. We'd love your feedback - and if you listen on Apple Podcasts or Spotify, hit the follow button today!**Listen to all of our podcasts here - you can also watch on YouTube, or say to your smart speaker "Play How Do You Say That?!"About our guest: Ruth is a trained actor and an experienced, award winning voice actor. Known as the Tartan Chameleon, she is extremely versatile. Being a native Scot with English parents effectively means she has two natural accents as well as a very good ear for many other dialects. Ruth has narrated over 200 audio books to date as well as voicing animations, animes, commercials, games, corporate videos, film dubbing and documentaries. She lives in Scotland with her family and an array of rescue animals.

Les contamos la historia de la cura del escorbuto, la enfermedad marinera que puso en riesgo la Era de las exploraciones. Pero que gracias a diversos científicos como James Lind y Agustín de Farfán pudieron resolverla y de pasada, otorgarnos la Vitamina C. El cargo Historia del Escorbuto, la peor enfermedad de los mares – Bully Magnets – Historia Documental apareció primero en Bully Magnets.

More Americans have peanut allergies today than at any point in history. Why? In 2000, the American Academy of Pediatrics issued a strict recommendation that parents avoid giving their children peanut products until they're three years old. Getting the science perfectly backward, triggering intolerance with lack of early exposure, the US now leads the world in peanut allergies-and this misinformation is still rearing its head today.How could the experts have gotten it so wrong? Could it be that many modern-day health crises have been caused by the hubris of the medical establishment? Experts said for decades that opioids were not addictive, igniting the opioid crisis. They demonized natural fat in foods, driving Americans to processed carbohydrates as obesity rates soared.These failures of medical groupthink have been seen throughout history. Philosophers of the 16th century who claimed that blood circulated throughout the body (instead of resting in a layer below the epidermis) faced capital punishment. James Lind, who discovered that Vitamin C prevented scurvy, was ignored for 40 years. Ignaz Semmelweis was rejected by the medical community for suggesting that doctors should perhaps wash their hands before operating on patients.Today's guest is Marty Makary, author of “Blind Spots: When Medicine Gets It Wrong, and What it Means for Our Health.” We see how when modern medicine issues recommendations based on good scientific studies, it shines. Conversely, when medicine is interpreted through the harsh lens of opinion and edict, it can mold beliefs that harm patients and stunt research for decades.

Si je vous propose d'aborder cette question aujourd'hui c'est que, oui, le scorbut, cette maladie causée par une carence en vitamine C, fait effectivement son retour dans certains pays développés, dont la France.En France, plusieurs cas ont été signalés, notamment parmi les populations précaires comme les sans-abri et les personnes âgées isolées. Une étude a révélé que 3,6 % des sans-abri examinés présentaient des signes de scorbut. De plus, des cas ont également été observés chez des personnes ayant des régimes alimentaires très restreints, comme une femme ayant adopté un régime pauvre en vitamine C après un voyage au Népal.Pourtant cette maladie était jusqu'à peu, considérée comme appartenant au passé. Car on sait bien la traiter aujourd'hui. La guérison repose principalement sur la supplémentation en vitamine C.Par le passé le scorbut fit des milliers de morts notamment parmi les marins, particulièrement durant les grandes périodes de navigation et d'exploration aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. C'était une des principales causes de mortalité en mer avant la découverte de ses causes et de son traitement efficace. Les marins, passant de longues périodes en mer sans accès à des fruits et légumes frais, étaient particulièrement vulnérables à cette maladie.Un exemple célèbre est l'expédition du commodore George Anson entre 1740 et 1744. Sur les 2 000 marins qui ont commencé le voyage, seulement 227 ont survécu, la majorité des pertes étant dues au scorbut. De même, les expéditions de James Cook ont aussi démontré l'efficacité des agrumes pour prévenir la maladie, bien que cette connaissance ait mis du temps à se généraliser dans les pratiques navales.Le taux de mortalité lié au scorbut était si élevé qu'il dépassait souvent les pertes dues aux combats ou aux naufrages. Par exemple, lors de la guerre de Succession d'Espagne au début du XVIIIe siècle, il est estimé que sur les 130 000 marins de la flotte britannique, environ 20 000 sont morts du scorbut.Ce n'est qu'après les travaux de James Lind en 1753, qui a démontré l'efficacité des citrons et des oranges dans la prévention du scorbut, que des mesures ont été mises en place pour fournir des agrumes aux marins, réduisant drastiquement l'incidence de cette maladie parmi les équipages marins. Hébergé par Acast. Visitez acast.com/privacy pour plus d'informations.

Warum Seefahrer im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert den "Schrecken der Meere" mehr als Seeungeheuer, Stürme oder grausame Piraten gefürchtet haben, erzählt Andrea Sawatzki in dieser Folge.

Send us a Text Message.Step back in time with us to 1747, as Dr. Michael Koren and Kevin Geddings, honor the legacy of Captain James Lind on International Clinical Trials Day. Discover how a simple quest to conquer scurvy laid the foundation for modern clinical research, proving that even in the 18th century, innovation was key to medical breakthroughs. Dr. Koren's expertise brings to light the ingenious methods of Lind's trial, which still echo in the hallways of healthcare today.On today's MedEvidence Monday Minute, we appreciate the ethical leaps from mandatory participation to today's respect for patient autonomy and informed consent in clinical trials. The conversation with Dr. Koren from Encore Docs is more than a history lesson—it's a heartfelt tribute to the standards and practices that ensure the safety and dignity of participants. Tune in and be inspired by the transformative journey from Captain Lind's era to the cutting-edge advancements that shape our medical understanding today.Be a part of advancing science by participating in clinical researchShare with a friend. Rate, Review, and Subscribe to the MedEvidence! podcast to be notified when new episodes are released.Follow us on Social Media:FacebookInstagramTwitterLinkedInWant to learn more checkout our entire library of podcasts, videos, articles and presentations at www.MedEvidence.com Powered by ENCORE Research GroupMusic: Storyblocks - Corporate InspiredThank you for listening!

Siege der Medizin geht endlich weiter! Schauspielerin Andrea Sawatzki macht sich auf Zeitreise in die Medizingeschichte. In der neuen Staffel stehen nicht nur die größten Siege der Medizin-Forschung, sondern insbesondere die Menschen dahinter im Fokus. Seid dabei, wenn wir mit James Lind um die Welt segeln, mit Henrietta Lacks ins All fliegen oder uns mit Rosalind Franklin tief übers Mikroskop beugen.

In this podcast episode, Suzie engages in an interesting conversation with Fraser from Lind & Lime Gin, unveiling the brand's intricate history and commitment to sustainability. Lind & Lime embodies Leith's maritime heritage and finds inspiration in James Lind's lime, historically used to combat scurvy. Iain and Paddy, the founders, convey their dedication to honouring Leith's legacy through their plastic-free, green electricity-powered distillery, prioritising locally sourced organic ingredients. Fraser provides insight into Lind & Lime's meticulous botanical selection, crafting a classic London dry gin with seven carefully curated elements. Suzie's immersive tasting experience unveils the gin's nuanced flavours. The episode concludes with Suzie's exploration of the distillery, offering listeners an intriguing glimpse into Lind & Lime's behind-the-scenes operations. Join us as we savour the rich flavours of Lind & Lime Gin.

Sail back in time with us as we unravel the mystery behind scurvy, the historical scourge of sailors. In our next episode we explore the link between this once-mysterious malady and the discovery of vitamin C. From the gripping tales of sea voyages to the groundbreaking science that saved lives, join us for this nutrition detective story. Episode Artwork by officio.booking CC-BY-SA 4.0Shownotes: yournutritionprofs.com Do you have a nutrition question you'd like us to answer? Let us know! Contact Us on our website or any of the following ways:yournutritionprofs@gmail.comYouTubeInstagram Facebook

Clinical research has been around for over 300 years. Todd Nicklas explains why it still isn't perfect but still offers benefits for patients and healthcare providers to Jim Cagliostro.    Episode Introduction  Todd explains the history of clinical research through Paul Offit's You Bet Your Life, asks the big question of ‘'replacement or supplement'', and explains why patients are always their own biggest advocates. He also explains the need for monitoring the ‘'gray line'', and why the key focus in all clinical trials is failing early.   Show Topics   Clinical research isn't always the answer for patients  Supplement or replace? The big question for balance Handling complexities in replacing medication  The high cost of getting drugs to market  Focus on failing early  Patient benefits: a case study with Camzyos Teamwork helps the growth process   03:35 Clinical research isn't always the answer for patients  Todd highlighted the importance of a balanced view in clinical research, highlighting ‘'You Bet Your Life'' by Paul Offit.  ‘'So I kind of wanted to start out with that sometimes it is the answer, clinical research for a patient, or sometimes it's not the answer.. I appreciate reading a book by Paul Offit called You Bet Your Life. And ..he went through the past few hundred years in some of the early medical interventions in development and when they were very early starting off, the first blood transfusions that were tried or first types of anesthesia. And when he would dive into those stories, I mean, Jim, there were dangerous approaches. We look back today, really wild, crazy ideas or people died or people had maimed arms and legs from radiology exposure and such, but it leads us to where we are today with radiology procedures and blood donation and transfusions and anesthesia. Just a few examples. He did a few others…So his approach was, there's a point, and maybe we'll get to this later, where you can kind of know where the risks are worked out, but you can't just write it off and throw the baby out with the bath water. There might be something still good here that we need to learn. And so sometimes it could be the answer like, look where anesthesia and blood donation is today. But sometimes it's not the answer. You can look back for the past few hundred years and health authority figures or people at various companies thought that lobotomies were a good idea or sterilizing the mentally ill or bloodletting. You can look at some of these things that today we'd say, yeah, they were dangerous or inappropriate or not what they were intending to. So people can be wrong and people can be right. And so you have to understand that balance first and foremost. I kind of wanted to stress that upfront.''   06:01 Supplement or replace? The big question for balance Todd explained why this question is essential to balance in patient trials.  ‘'But I think the two questions you have to ask when you're trying to balance it is first, does the present, shall I say medication or intervention, does it supplement what is presently trying to treat or help my disease or does it replace the present? And the reason I wanted to lead with that or categorize that is because when I was a research nurse for many years in the hospital, you're working with sometimes doctors that really love the research that you're doing and are an investigator with that research. Some doctors could care less and tell you to go away and say, "Don't bother me. Really, you're going to bother me with this research?" Some doctors might have no clue because they're not even connected with your hospital system. And so how do you interact with doctors A, B, and C that I just gave as examples because you're going to have to approach them differently? I think that's probably self-evident. So you have to say, "Well, listen, it's meant to supplement and here's how it could work already with the present medical regimen that these patients are getting or it's meant to replace the treatment and this is why and this is how you should manage them." So I guess first, does it supplement the present treatment? This is I guess a question that research has to answer: how does the present treatment alone that they're already on affect a certain lab level or a MRI scan or a vital sign that might be concerned about your blood pressure or what have you, versus how much does it affect that measurable point with the two together or the research medication or intervention? We get a lot of time to dive into that, but I just want to leave that hanging out there to think about that.''   10:08 Handling complexities in replacing medication  Todd emphasized the need for clarity with patients, hospitals and in documentation in ‘'replacement'' trials.  ‘'When you're intending to replace the present treatment, well, then the doctors will say, "Well, wait a minute. When does that happen? Is there a washout period? What's the half-life of the drug that they're presently taking and the one that you want them to take in the research study? How quickly can it come on board and give a therapeutic benefit?" These questions, like I said before with the previous point, you need to be very careful in how you convey that to the patient, to the doctors, to the nurse practitioners, how it's in the documentation. Things can get forgotten, as you know. So it has to be clear in the documentation as well. You and I worked with LVADs, which are the heart pump devices. Could it replace their heart failure meds across the board? Maybe. If they have a really great response, maybe you can get rid of a good bit of them. And then the doctor would say, "Well, when would that occur? And how do we do that in the hospital?" So there are tough questions to ask and you might say... Oh, sorry, I forgot to mention this to you with the supplement. These studies are often with supplements, placebo controlled. Well, how do I handle... If I'm not supposed to know if they're on placebo or not, but it could supplement and have some impact, what do I watch for? What blood levels do I keep an eye on? But with replacement, that doesn't typically happen because they need a therapy, they need to be treated for something. So you have to either be getting the old medication or the research medication. It's not as much. So I wanted to mention that real briefly too, but that is another point I wanted to get across.''   15:10 The high cost of getting drugs to market  ‘'Jim, let's say you have a compound, an asset, a drug for your company, and it looks like it could affect a therapeutic area or a disease process that could pull in two million in sales and another avenue that might pull in two billion in sales. Some people might be more led to the two billion regardless of everything else. So I respect that. However, you have to keep in mind, so I've acknowledged that there is some negative approaches to things that are not good and can be shady, but at the same time, research, if you're not in the space, it takes so much money to get a drug approved in the United States with the FDA because the FDA is very careful with understanding all the components that need to be in place and the data that needs to be understood to say this medication should be on the market….. the typical cost to develop a drug is $2 billion on average. And the average time it takes from saying, "Here's our asset in preclinical," which is kind of working with animals and such, to the time it gets approved is about 13 and a half or 14 years.''   19:34 Focus on failing early Todd said that failing early would save costs further down the line.  ‘'Because the big focus today, and I think I might've mentioned the last podcast, is to fail early. So what a lot of companies like to do is to do a lot of high throughput, testing thousands of different compounds and various disease processes and targets in the body to understand where they might fail down the road, and there's amazing technology to figure that out, so they can hopefully pick the right one to go down that rabbit hole, shall we say, and hopefully get an approval because we know-it's such a big investment. And, oh, I didn't say this, but I think a compound, once it first gets found to get FDA approved through all the phase ones, twos and threes, it's like 5% or 10%, something really low. Even if things sound really appealing, the amount of drugs that actually get approved after all these things, we talked $2 billion, 13 and a half years, is still pretty small. Because the FDA is trying to be careful, they want to make sure something's safe and effective, that's the big thing. And it is great that we have both of those things that are important. You don't want something that's just one of those things, I mean safe but not effective, or effective but not safe. I mean both of those don't sound appealing to the modern consumer.''   31:35 Patient benefits: a case study with Camzyos Todd provided an example of how individuals can benefit from research.  ‘'This is probably six, seven years ago now. I did a study with what's now Camzyos, or mavacamten, a BMS drug, and it helps patients that have hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, apologies if I used this last time, but I don't think I did, where it is an overdevelopment of the muscles of the heart to the point that it's typically pushing into the left ventricular outflow tract, which is the exiting tunnel, shall we say, out to the aorta, which goes to the rest of your body and provides blood to the rest of your body. So the muscle as it pushes into that area, it makes the opening smaller and smaller so less blood can go out to the rest of your body to provide blood to your tissues and organs. And at the point that we were doing the study, the only fixes or treatment were either surgery to cut down that muscle or beta blockers and things to reduce the blood pressure that maybe reduces pressure in that area, but those are difficult to really target long-term or even midterm. It does affect the small muscle fibers and you actually see a reduction in that muscle area. So the reason I say this is because I had a patient that did this and it was a very involved, I think it was early Phase 1b or 2a, pretty early on study where he had to come in weekly for 12 weeks and do echoes and MRIs and a lot of blood work. And some of the visits I remember with him, he was in his 20s, were maybe three, four or five hours long, very busy visits for sure. So the question is, I mean, he's a young kid, does he want to have this burden on his life to do all this? He had a good relationship with the physicians there that saw him, and I think that he really thought this could help him prevent downstream problems or give him a few years before that muscle was impacting enough that he might need surgery or what have you. So it was certainly his decision and it was inconvenient, like I said, those visits and such. But he had good results and I was able to, I believe it was actually open label, so I kind of got to see how things were going from his echoes and data and such. But even within the first week or two, we saw really impressive results from him.''   36:41 Teamwork helps the growth process Todd said delegation prevents people from working in silos.  ‘'And I think that what I'm getting at is good delegation is not a negative thing and it doesn't reflect like you don't know what you're doing. I think we as human beings feel like, "Oh, I'm delegating so I clearly don't want to learn that, or I'm not good enough versus someone else." But no, what I found is, and especially now in larger pharmaceutical companies where there's a lot of team members, it's really beneficial to say, "Hey, you're really good at X, you're really good at Y. I should know them a little bit, and I do, and I oversee that, whatever, but I'm not going to jump in. I'm going to let you do it. Can you get back to me in a certain timeframe? Can you help me with this? Can you help me with that?"' It's very beneficial because not only do you kind of know the lines in the sand where people are working and not working, you're respecting your skillset and theirs, and you're working together as a team rather than like, I'm in my own silo. I'm not going to look both ways. I am my own person. I found that to be really, really helpful, and you can learn a lot at the same time. It really helps you learn a lot more than just saying, "I'll do my own thing." I mean, yeah, you might be baptized by fire and learn it kind of, but you might learn it a wrong way, actually. So I think that's probably what I would say and what I've really appreciated in my growth process.''   Connect with Lisa Miller on LinkedIn Connect with Jim Cagliostro on LinkedIn Connect with Todd Nicklas on LinkedIn Check out VIE Healthcare and SpendMend    You'll also hear:    The longevity of clinical research, starting with James Lind in 1747. ‘'We can't avoid research. We've been using the clinical research approach for the past 300 or so years….and then there were some studies that you can go back to even in the 1500s, that people would try various things to see what worked better than others.''   Patients don't live in a health vacuum: ‘'…..every patient you have is not going to be in a vacuum and have one disease and have nothing else. They're going to be 80 years old, they're going to have 10 other medications they're taking or four other disease processes that are going on. You need to know what's on board, what's working, what's not working.''   Why the patient is the biggest advocate: ‘'..the thing I really appreciated most was telling the patients the nitty-gritty and really driving home the educational points because then they are there with doctors B and C that might not know or want to be involved in the study and they can say, "Wait, wait, hold up. Don't do this. Or maybe talk to Todd first because this might affect that."    Monitoring the ‘'gray line'' in patient trials: ‘'Because some cancer patients do very early phase one and twos because they have to because of the development process or because of their cancer diagnosis or what have you, you might have to do early on. But are we past that line? Are we not? And what might that line look like? And that's why consent forms nowadays are extremely long because patients have to read all the safety data.''   What To Do Next:   Subscribe to The Economics of Healthcare and receive a special report on 15 Effective Cost Savings Strategies.   There are three ways to work with VIE Healthcare:   Benchmark a vendor contract – either an existing contract or a new agreement. We can support your team with their cost savings initiatives to add resources and expertise. We set a bold cost savings goal and work together to achieve it.  VIE can perform a cost savings opportunity assessment. We dig deep into all of your spend and uncover unique areas of cost savings.  If you are interested in learning more, the quickest way to get your questions answered is to speak with Lisa Miller at lmiller@spendmend.com or directly at 732-319-5700.  

4:26  Labiotech news6:36  Medidata21:43 Bill & Melinda Gates Research InstituteThis week's podcast is sponsored by Jubilant Biosys.May 20 is International Clinical Trials Day.ECRIN,  the European Clinical Research Infrastructure Network, is a not-for-profit organization that supports the conduct of multinational clinical trials in Europe. Based in Paris, France, the organization launched International Clinical Trials Day (ICTD) in 2005 to commemorate the day when James Lind started his clinical trial on scurvy in 1747, on May 20.ECRIN is hosting an event, both in-person and online, on Monday, May 23, called Decentralised Clinical Trials: challenges and opportunities. While the physical event in Warsaw, Poland, is full, online registration can be found here.International Clinical Trials Day is also supported and promoted by a range of charities, companies and organizations, such as the 13,000-member Association of Clinical Research Professionals (ACRP), which is the only non-profit organization solely dedicated to representing, supporting, and advocating for clinical research professionals.To celebrate the day, we have two interviews about the importance of the event and clinical trials in general. We have conversations with Dr. Michael Dunne, head of development and chief medical officer of the Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, and Kelly McKee, vice president, decentralized clinical trials (DCT) and patient registries at Medidata.

In this episode - clinical research news of ASSIST MS study, World Hearing Day, NIHR researcher appointments, Liver Partnership launch, and the Tummy Tracker app for cystic fibrosis patients. Links ASSIST-MS - https://www.nihr.ac.uk/news/ground-breaking-ai-research-aims-to-improve-tests-and-treatments-for-thousands-of-patients/32852 World Hearing Day - https://worldhearingday.org/ Nottingham partnership - 3925-people-living-with-dementia-and-hearing-conditions-invited-to-shape-future-research Prof Morriss reconfirmed - https://arc-em.nihr.ac.uk/news-events/news/arc-east-midlands-theme-lead-reappointed-nihr-senior-investigator NIHR Nottingham BRC Mental Health and Technology researchers -https://nottinghambrc.nihr.ac.uk/research/mental-health-technology/mental-health-technology-team NIHR Nottingham BRC leadership team - https://nottinghambrc.nihr.ac.uk/about-nottingham-brc/leadership-team KLIFAD open access registration - https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/bmjopen/11/11/e054954.full.pdf Dr Subhani talks about the Liver Partnership - https://youtu.be/7BZEB6VbeHQ NIHR Nottingham BRC Gastrointestinal & Liver team https://nottinghambrc.nihr.ac.uk/research/gastrointestinal-liver/gastrointestinal-liver-team CF Tummytracker app - https://cftummytracker.org This Podcast is brought to you by the Research & Innovation team at Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust. Follow us on @ResearchNUHand @NottmBRC, or email R&Icomms@nuh.nhs.uk, or visit nuh.nhs.uk/researchfor more information.

In 1753 a Scottish doctor named James Lind published Treatise of the Scurvy where he named oranges and lemons as cures for the disease. However, it wasn't until 1912 when researcher Casimir Funk published The Etiology of Deficiency Diseases, introducing the concept of illness as a result of something lacking in the body, a concept unknown during Lind's initial study of scurvy.  Since then, major vitamins and their health effects were discovered and recommendations for vitamin intake were made. But as we learn more about how certain foods and nutrients interact with the body and even with the specific bacteria in our gut, we gain a greater understanding of nutrition and what it takes to be well. Gain insight into what's on your plate and in your body on this episode of Trailblazers.  Featuring Dariush Mozaffarian, Marion Nestle, T. Colin Campbell, Lee Chae and Tim Spector. For more on the podcast go to delltechnologies.com/trailblazers

Un cuarto de sidra al día, 25 gotas de elixir de vitriolo, media pinta de agua de mar, pasta de ajo, semillas de mostaza, un poco de rábano picante, bálsamo de Perú, resina de mirra, dos cucharadas de vinagre…  y lo más importante: dos naranjas y un limón. Ésa fue la receta que sirvió al médico escocés JAMES LIND para acabar con la demoledora enfermedad del escorbuto-la que se produce por falta de vitamina C-, en el siglo XVIII. Su experimento lo llevó a cabo en 1747, a bordo de un buque. Y lo más interesante es que demostró que algo tan sencillo como los limones y las naranjas podían curar esa enfermedad que era el terror de los marineros.

Episode: 3210 Scourge of the Sea, the long search for a cure for scurvy.  Today, a medical cure, lost and found.

Historiquement Vôtre réunit des personnages qui en ont dans le citron... et qui ont su l'utiliser : le médecin James Lind, chirurgien militaire de la Royal Navy qui a réalisé, sans le savoir, le premier essai clinique de l'Histoire en administrant du citron aux marins atteints de scorbut, dans le but qu'ils ne meurent pas... Puis une mafia devenue la plus célèbre : Cosa Nostra, qui a choisi le citron comme premier marché de son organisation en Sicile, pour se faire du blé, avec des méthodes déjà bien rodées. Et un pâtissier, devenu l'un des meilleurs du monde en seulement quelques années, qui en a dans le citron, et sait les travailler dans ses créations : Cédric Grolet.

Historiquement Vôtre réunit des personnages qui en ont dans le citron... et qui ont su l'utiliser : le médecin James Lind, chirurgien militaire de la Royal Navy qui a réalisé, sans le savoir, le premier essai clinique de l'Histoire en administrant du citron aux marins atteints de scorbut, dans le but qu'ils ne meurent pas... Puis une mafia devenue la plus célèbre : Cosa Nostra, qui a choisi le citron comme premier marché de son organisation en Sicile, pour se faire du blé, avec des méthodes déjà bien rodées. Et un pâtissier, devenu l'un des meilleurs du monde en seulement quelques années, qui en a dans le citron, et sait les travailler dans ses créations : Cédric Grolet.

  The US Preventative Task Force updated their recent recommendations about vitamins and supplements in The Journal of the American Medical Association - reference https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2793447?guestAccessKey=f8ea1de7-fbe9-4561-832e-7ea18d6579ce&utm_source=silverchair&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=article_alert-jamainternalmedicine&utm_content=olf&utm_term=062122 (here). Their conclusion was: "Conclusions and Relevance Vitamin and mineral supplementation was associated with little or no benefit in preventing cancer, cardiovascular disease, and death, with the exception of a small benefit for cancer incidence with multivitamin use. Beta carotene was associated with an increased risk of lung cancer and other harmful outcomes in persons at high risk of lung cancer." We have published about how misleading labels of supplements are before - click https://www.yourdoctorsorders.com/2015/04/vitamins-supplements-lables-that-lie/ (here). The appeal of vitamins and supplements is the ability to extract the vital chemicals (like vital amines) antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory ingredients, place them into a pill so you can avoid having a healthy diet. Trust me, a healthy diet is clinically proven to work but it is a lot easier to eat a burger and pop a pill than to remember to eat some vegetables (I like Habit Burger). [caption id="attachment_9745" align="aligncenter" width="640"]V Yes, I do love a good burger - Habit is my favorite[/caption] But let's go back in history for a second and let you know that surgeons love vitamins. If you haven't listened to one of my favorite stories- listen to this about the first vitamin - click https://www.yourdoctorsorders.com/2019/05/the-first-vitamin/ (here). And let us not forget that the first evidence based study in the history showed that citrus fruits prevented scurvy - who was that person that showed that - was it a "nutritionist" or was it a surgeon? Oh yes, it was Dr. James Lind - a surgeon. Why the appeal of vitamins, besides my fantasy about eating burgers and popping a pill? First there is the "natural" fallacy - I don't know, I think natural is more eating fruits and vegetables than pills. People tend to think of vitamins as "good" or healthy, and they are. They seem to think of a vitamin as "natural" even though they were brought to us from the golden age of biochemistry. It is clear that the vitamin and supplement companies have taken advantage of that and use terms like "support gut health" or "support immune function" or "good for cardiovascular health, " - even if those statements are meaningless. Second, it is easier to think of things we believe we understand. Heart disease and cancer are complex topics (not that the true chemistry of vitamins aren't but they seem easy). We want to make things easy - like take vitamins and supplements for prevention or cure of cancer or heart disease, because if we start talking about scary statins or chemotherapy not only are there real side-effects but bad press. Of course with vitamins and supplements there can be real side effects - check https://www.yourdoctorsorders.com/2015/10/bad-supplements-23000-er-admissions-a-year/ (here). My aunt's son, a Ph.D. in nuclear physics, died after taking a supplement that was to help him be "fit." But the simple truth is this: however the polychemistry there is in fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, as well as balancing dairy, meats, fats and alcohol has proven effect - we call that the Mediterranean Diet (for more see https://www.yourdoctorsorders.com/the-mediterranean-diet-the-good-the-overhyped/ (here)) [caption id="attachment_9746" align="aligncenter" width="640"]i Instead of vitamins and supplements from a pill - eat this[/caption] For whatever reason, eating a Mediterranean Diet or DASH diet continue to be the proven way to maintain your health. References 1. Mishra S, Stierman B, Gahche JJ, Potischman N. Dietary Supplement...

Stéphane Bern et Matthieu Noël, entourés de leurs chroniqueurs historiquement drôles et parfaitement informés, s'amusent avec l'Histoire – la grande, la petite, la moyenne… - et retracent les destins extraordinaires de personnalités qui n'auraient jamais pu se croiser, pour deux heures où le savoir et l'humour avancent main dans la main. Aujourd'hui, James Lind.

Historiquement Vôtre réunit des personnages qui en ont dans le citron... et qui ont su l'utiliser : le médecin James Lind, chirurgien militaire de la Royal Navy qui a réalisé, sans le savoir, le premier essai clinique de l'Histoire en administrant du citron aux marins atteints de scorbut, dans le but qu'ils ne meurent pas... Puis une mafia devenue la plus célèbre : Cosa Nostra, qui a choisi le citron comme premier marché de son organisation en Sicile, pour se faire du blé, avec des méthodes déjà bien rodées. Et un pâtissier, devenu l'un des meilleurs du monde en seulement quelques années, qui en a dans le citron, et sait les travailler dans ses créations : Cédric Grolet.

Historiquement Vôtre réunit des personnages qui en ont dans le citron... et qui ont su l'utiliser : le médecin James Lind, chirurgien militaire de la Royal Navy qui a réalisé, sans le savoir, le premier essai clinique de l'Histoire en administrant du citron aux marins atteints de scorbut, dans le but qu'ils ne meurent pas... Puis une mafia devenue la plus célèbre : Cosa Nostra, qui a choisi le citron comme premier marché de son organisation en Sicile, pour se faire du blé, avec des méthodes déjà bien rodées. Et un pâtissier, devenu l'un des meilleurs du monde en seulement quelques années, qui en a dans le citron, et sait les travailler dans ses créations : Cédric Grolet.

Stéphane Bern et Matthieu Noël, entourés de leurs chroniqueurs historiquement drôles et parfaitement informés, s'amusent avec l'Histoire – la grande, la petite, la moyenne… - et retracent les destins extraordinaires de personnalités qui n'auraient jamais pu se croiser, pour deux heures où le savoir et l'humour avancent main dans la main. Aujourd'hui, James Lind.

Clinical Trials Day is celebrated around the world in May to recognize the day that James Lind started what is often considered the first randomized clinical trial aboard a ship on May 20, 1747.Here's the story... Also included in this month's MedEvidence! Radio Why we do Clinical TrialsPhases of Clinical TrialsWhy you may want to participate in clinical trialsMedEvidence! Radio is a monthly live broadcast from WSOS 103.9 FM / 1170 AM with Kevin Geddings from St. Augustine, Florida. Dr. Michael Koren is a practicing cardiologist and CEO at ENCORE Research Group. He has been the principal investigator of 2000+ clinical trials while being published in the most prestigious medical journals.  Dr. Koren received his medical degree cum laude at Harvard Medical School and completed his residency in internal medicine with a fellowship in cardiology at New York Hospital/Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center/Cornell Medical Center.  On a personal note, Dr. Koren has a life-long interest in history, technology, Public Health, and music. He has written two musical plays.Participate in Clinical Research Rate, Review, and Subscribe to the MedEvidence podcast to be notified when new episodes are released.Follow MedEvidence! on Social Media to discover the Truth Behind the Data.FacebookInstagramTwitterLinkedInPowered by ENCORE Research Group at www.ENCOREDOCS.comOriginal Air Date: April 27, 2022

What exactly is the placebo effect? How does it work? How do doctors decide whether a treatment is actually effective? What is ‘good' medicine and how do you test for it? In this lecture Iain Milne discusses some key figures from the history of medicine and clinical trials, including James Lind, pioneer of naval hygiene, whose medical trials were thought to have discovered a cure for scurvy.

What exactly is the placebo effect? How does it work? How do doctors decide whether a treatment is actually effective? What is ‘good' medicine and how do you test for it? In this lecture Iain Milne discusses some key figures from the history of medicine and clinical trials, including James Lind, pioneer of naval hygiene, whose medical trials were thought to have discovered a cure for scurvy.

Earlier in the year we talked with James Lind about a local evangelism initiative some of our NW members are involved in--The Harvest Teams.

Writer, cellist, and horror enthusiast Jane Flett joins the show to tell all about the literal and metaphorical grotesqueness of scurvy, rendering Val awed and sometimes speechless. The Age of Exploration was full of it! Vasco da Gama and Captain Cook get referenced, and we learn about the many cures that were attempted by James Lind, from good ideas to very bad ones. We also play a fun game: what wounds would open on your body if you had advanced scurvy? Your body, your meat sack: you gotta keep putting stuff in it. Bonus body horror: A fun fact about placentas! SHOW NOTES: According to Medical News Today, free radicals in the brain are “are unstable atoms that can damage cells, causing illness and aging.” The other podcast Val was referring to is called The Dream. Season Two interrogates/exposes the wellness industry. S2E3: “Magic Little Pills” tells the story of the history of vitamins. Scurvy gets a mention, and they cover the ensuing panic. AlphaHistory.com has a short but helpful article on James Graham and the practice of earth bathing. Also, as Jane put it, the James Graham wiki is *chefs kiss* An article about the soil study Val was vaguely referring to can be found on EurekAlert! and is called “Healthy fat hidden in dirt may fend off anxiety disorders.” If you'd like to learn more about scurvy and its history, here are some links that Jane recommends: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/scurvy-disease-discovery-jonathan-lamb https://idlewords.com/2010/03/scott_and_scurvy.htm https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/the-age-of-scurvy I got my own anxiety-assuaging info about vitamin C at https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/by-the-way-doctor-whats-the-right-amount-of-vitamin-c-for-me I googled “Why do people eat placentas?” and found a BBC article with just that name. Apparently, many mammals in the animal kingdom consume their afterbirth. Some people think eating the placenta can prevent postpartum depression, increase energy, and give other health benefits, but there hasn't been enough science to confirm the claims or warn of risks. You can read (or listen to) Jane's story “Mermaids” on PANK, and some of their poetry on Hobart. Learn more about them at http://janeflett.com/.

Salomé Guadalupe Ingelmo (Madrid, 1973). Formada entre España e Italia, se doctora en Filosofía y Letras por la UAM, donde imparte cursos sobre lenguas y culturas mesopotámicas desde 2006. Durante los diez años que residió en Italia desarrolló labores como traductora y docente de español. Ha recibido premios literarios nacionales e internacionales de narrativa y dramaturgia, así como alguna mención en la modalidad de poesía. Sus textos han aparecido en numerosas antologías colectivas. Cuenta también con publicaciones de narrativa, ensayo y dramaturgia individuales. Además de artículos sobre Orientalística (fundamentalmente religión e iconografía mesopotámica), publica asiduamente ensayos literarios, tanto académicos como de divulgación, en diversas revistas nacionales e internacionales. Comprometida con la promoción de la cultura, sus reseñas literarias y de cine, así como notas de actualidad, han aparecido en revistas y magazines en papel y digitales de España, México, Colombia y Venezuela. En la última década ha sido jurado y coordinadora de concursos literarios internacionales convocados por diversas universidades desde Colombia y Finlandia. Sus obras narrativas de terror y ciencia ficción pueden consultarse en Biblioteca Tercera Fundación. Más información sobre su trayectoria literaria: http://sites.google.com/site/salomeguadalupeingelmo/ y http://salomeguadalupeingelmo.blogspot.com/ Su Facebook es @saloguadalupeingelmo Relato contenido en "Lo Siniestro", VV. AA.; Ed. Bala Perdida Comprar libro: https://balaperdidaeditorial.com/producto/lo-siniestro/ Notas pie de página.- G. de Silva y Figueroa. Comentarios de D. García de Silva y Figueroa de la embajada que de parte del rey de España Don Felipe III hizo al Xa Abas de Persia. Edición y prólogo de M. Serrano Sanz. Madrid: Sociedad de Bibliófilos Españoles, 1903 (2 vol.), 389. Por primera vez un erudito europeo señalaba que los signos en forma de pirámide, es decir el cuneiforme, constituían escritura y no mero adorno. Sobre este nefasto hábito da testimonio G. de Silva y Figueroa. Op. cit., 388. La anécdota es verídica (G. de Silva y Figueroa. Op. cit., 381-382). La anécdota de las cigüeñas, que al anochecer regresaban a sus nidos sobre las columnas de Persépolis, es cierta. No obstante, el pájaro negro constituye una licencia por parte de la autora. Se denominaba bizcocho a galletas de harina de trigo cocidas varias veces para que soportasen los largos viajes. Por su dureza, a menudo habían de ser consumidas mojándolas previamente. Entre las aves de corral, los patos, gansos y pavos se preferían en las travesías marinas a las gallinas, que sufren más frecuentemente el mal de mar y podían perecer por su causa. Nombre que los portugueses daban al escorbuto, una enfermedad que los navegantes españoles denominaron “peste de las naos” y los ingleses, “peste del mar”. Aunque nos consta que el escorbuto fue observado y descrito por Plinio —que se refiere a él al hablar de los soldados de Germánico en Flandes— y también por Estrabón —que lo menciona en relación a los ejércitos de Galio en Arabia—, el mal amenazó especialmente el norte de Europa durante la Edad Media, cuando se volvió endémico. El escritor y cartógrafo Olaus Magnus, pionero en los estudios de historia y antropología sobre el Norte de Europa que dedica el grueso de su obra a los pueblos escandinavos, se refiere a la enfermedad llamada scorbok, que provocaba úlceras en la boca y aparecía en las plazas sitiadas. No obstante, el escorbuto sembró el terror sobre todo en los siglos XVI-XVIII, con la proliferación de las largas travesías oceánicas, y disuadió a muchos marineros de enrolarse. Don García describió los efectos del mal sobre otros marineros en su viaje de ida a Persia: “hinchándose las piernas y muslos, con unas manchas negras o moradas de malísima y oculta calidad, subiéndose desde allí y poco a poco al vientre y luego al pecho, a donde luego mata” (G. de Silva y Figueroa. Op. cit., 85). Lev. 17:11; Deut. 12:23. También, en la novela Drácula, de Stoker, en boca de Renfield. El propio Don García describe estos peces (G. de Silva y Figueroa. Op. cit.,10-11). Según la antropogonía acadia presente en el Atramhasis IV 188-VI 289 (trad. en Jean Bottéro - Samuel N. Kramer. Uomini e dei della Mesopotamia. Turín: Einaudi, 1992, 570-574). Del verso 251 al 270, reconstruidos mediante el fragmento K. 7816+ de la Biblioteca de Asurbanipal, conservado en el British Museum. En las fuentes textuales mesopotámicas, las almas de los muertos aparecen recubiertas de plumas (Poema de Gilgamesh VII 161-190; trad. en G. Pettinato – S. M. Chiodi - G. Del Monte. La Saga di Gilgamesh. Milán: Rusconi, 1993, 185-86). En muchas culturas las almas de los muertos y las divinidades infernales tienen aspecto de ave. Los antiguos egipcios, por ejemplo, representaban el Akh —el alma del difunto o su fantasma— mediante el ibis, y el Ba —la parte del individuo que sobrevivía al cuerpo y que determinaba la personalidad—, con un pájaro de cabeza humana. Descenso de Ishtar a los infiernos 1-11; trad. en Bottéro - Kramer, Op. cit., 335: A la Tierra sin Regreso, el reino de Ereshkigal, Ishtar, hija de Sin, decidió ir. Decidió ir la hija de Sin a la casa sombría, la morada de Irkalla, a la casa de la que nunca salen quienes han entrado, por el camino que carece de retorno; a la casa en la que quienes entran son privados de la luz, donde su sustento es el polvo y su alimento el lodo, sumidos en las tinieblas, sin ver nunca el día, revestidos, como aves, por un manto de plumas, mientras sobre la puerta y el cerrojo se acumula el polvo. Más adelante, el mismo poema hace referencia a las siete puertas del infierno, en cada una de las cuales Ishtar es despojada de una de sus prendas hasta quedar totalmente desnuda e indefensa (en Bottéro - Kramer, Op. cit., 337-38). Muchos remedios fueron peculiares y de escasa utilidad hasta que el medico de la marina inglesa James Lind, autor de Un tratado del escorbuto (1753), demostró que la ingesta de zumo de limón prevenía y curaba el escorbuto. Desde entonces el jugo de limón concentrado, tratado y embotellado para su conservación, fue obligatorio en los barcos ingleses, donde se consumía mezclado con aguardiente. Una vez se hubo comprobado que la falta de vitamina C provocaba la enfermedad, se adoptaron otros remedios efectivos. Casi al mismo tiempo que Lind recomendaba el jugo de limón, Mac Bride proponía el consumo de la denominada cerveza escorbútica o drech: una infusión de cebada germinada, tostada y molida similar al café y fácilmente conservable en botes de lata. Ambos remedios, el de Lind y el de Mac Bride, fueron combinados en 1755 durante la expedición de James Cook. También otros fueron puestos en práctica: coles ácidas deshidratadas en Alemania y Escandinavia; jarabe de hojas de pino cocidas en Finlandia, Suecia y Canadá; tortas de harina de centeno en Rusia o quina con patata en España. La primera expedición sin bajas por escorbuto fue la del español Malaspina, a finales del XVIII. Tras dos meses de travesía, sólo cinco marineros se vieron afectados por un brote que el médico de la nave, Pedro María González, gran estudioso del mal, controló con éxito gracias a las numerosas naranjas y limones que cargó para el viaje y a la fruta fresca que buscó apenas alcanzaron Guam. En el sigo XVII, algunos postulados sostenían que la sangre animal estaría más libre de vicios y pasiones que la humana, y ofrecería las virtudes de los donantes: docilidad y paciencia en el cordero, fortaleza y serenidad en la ternera. El francés Jean Baptiste Denis, médico de Luis XIV, defendió esta teoría. A él se deben, en 1667, las primeras transfusiones confirmadas de sangre animal a seres humanos. Dados los desiguales resultados y la polémica que suscitó esta práctica, el Parlamento francés la prohibió en 1670. También en Gran Bretaña se tomó la misma decisión y, en 1679, tras algunas muertes causadas por estas transfusiones, el Papa extendió la prohibición a toda Europa. Según la nota Ms 17629, conservada en la Biblioteca Nacional, a los dos días el ataúd se hundió. Plinio aseguraba que el alma de Aristeas de Proconeso salió por su boca en forma de cuervo. El cuervo aparece asociado a la muerte en el Canto de las Albas, de tradición balcánica. Numerosos pueblos creen que el alma del difunto es conducida al más allá por un guía, a menudo un perro o un ave, y por eso sacrifican estos animales cuando alguien fallece. Muchas culturas antiguas identifican al vampiro femenino con aves, especialmente nocturnas. La Lilith de la tradición rabínica se comporta como un búho y parece heredera de la lilitu sumeria —un demonio mencionado en el poema Gilgamesh, Enkidu y los Infiernos (línea 44; trad. en G. Pettinato – S. M. Chiodi – G. Del Monte, Op. cit., 330)—, a la vez que precursora de la Lamia griega. En realidad, son numerosos los demonios menores que en Mesopotamia se imaginaron con alas. A la vista del Relieve Burney y otras fuentes iconográficas y textuales, también entre los acadios existieron seres relacionados con el reino de los muertos, como la Lamashtu, que amenazaban la seguridad de niños y hombres, a quienes chupaban la sangre. Este monstruo con aspecto de pájaro o atractiva mujer con alas y garras de rapaz por pies pudo haber estado estrechamente relacionado con Ishtar, divinidad de facetas eróticas y ctónicas. También los árabes creían que las mujeres que hubiesen perdido un hijo se convertirían en búhos —animales impuros para los hebreos (Lev. 11:17)— e intentarían robar los bebés de otras. Los clásicos denominaban a las brujas que chupaban la sangre de los bebés striges, y el strix era un pájaro nocturno, probablemente el cárabo. Las Keres, oscuros seres alados con largos dientes y uñas, buscaban, según los griegos (Escudo de Heracles, 248-57), la sangre de los cadáveres o agonizantes en los campos de batalla. La anécdota es recordada en G. de Silva y Figueroa. Op. cit., 32. Musicas: 01.- PGM Misterio Autor: Antonio Muñoz Guirado en colaboración con Jim Bryan y Brendan Brown - Cedida en exclusiva para este programa de Relatos de Misterio y Suspense. 02.- D&D Ambience - Haunted Ship Interior - Ghosts, Sea, Unsettling. Michael Ghelfi - RPG Audio Patreon : http://bit.ly/Patreon-MG GET THE MUSIC ♬♪ ▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀ Bandcamp : http://bit.ly/Bandcamp-MG Spotify : http://bit.ly/Spotify-MG DISCUSSIONS & SOCIAL MEDIA ▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀ Discord : http://bit.ly/Discord-MG Facebook : http://bit.ly/FacebookMG- Twitter : http://bit.ly/Twitter-MiG Twitch : http://bit.ly/Twitch-MG Instagram (Music) : http://bit.ly/Instagram-MG Instagram (Me) : http://bit.ly/Instagram-Pers ALL THE INFOS & EMAIL ADDRESS ▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀ Official Website : http://bit.ly/Official-MG 03.- Música para Conectarte con los Dioses Egipcios - MAU Nueva Consciencia - Música & Composición: Javier Sanchis Suscribete a su canal aquí: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcAk... Sígueles por Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/maurevista/ Sígueles por Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/shimizutenchi/ Donaciones & Colaboraciones: https://www.paypal.me/ctenchishimizu 04.- Música De Terror Sin Copyright - Youtube Nota: Este audio no se realiza con fines comerciales ni lucrativos. Es de difusión enteramente gratuita e intenta dar a conocer tanto a los escritores de los relatos y cuentos como a los autores de las músicas. Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

Ten years ago, in a hospital in London England a drug company conducted a clinical trial. That trial went horribly wrong. The lessons learned from that event have informed every pharmaceutical trial since then. We will hear from one of the men who took that experimental drug.We will also look to history -- and uncover the origin of the first ever clinical trial. It was conducted on a sailing ship in the middle of the ocean. The lessons learned from that experiment saved thousands of lives over the next century.And lastly we will look at what SciMar is currently testing and consider the long ranging impact those trials might have.These science stories from history help shed light on the modern research being done on Type 2 Diabetes. Specifically, we highlight the work of SciMar as they examine the hormone hepatalin and the effect it has on glucose levels in people who are living with type 2 diabetes. www.SciMar.ca

Dan Riskin invites you to listen to season 2 of Inside the Breakthrough - How Science Comes to Life. This innovative series combines stories of the distant past with modern updates to get a better understanding of how science works.In season two we will explore the connections behind naming a new hormone, ridding a city of snakes, and battling Napoleon on the high seas.Along the way we will learn how a professor at Stanford turned mild mannered young men into cruel vicious prison guards, and how the Irish Potato Famine really had nothing to do with potatoes.We will ask questions such as: “Did we learn the wrong lesson from the sinking of the Titanic?” “Who pays for NASA's rockets?” and “What can you learn from a man with no memory?” It's a fun filled ride that also checks in with George Eastman, Dr James Lind, Marie Antoinette, Henry Ford, and some Australian guy that intentionally gave himself an ulcer.The host Dan Riskin comes from Discovery Channel where he hosted the science news show “Daily Planet,” and wrote the book, “Mother Nature is Trying to Kill You.”The show is produced by SciMar, a research group exploring a paradigm shift in the way we treat Type 2 Diabetes. www.SciMar.ca

Com'era viaggiare in nave nel '700 (e anche prima fino ad allora)? Soprattutto, qual era il menù a bordo? In questa puntata Chiara e Jacopo parlano della vitaccia che facevano i pirati e i marinai di quel tempo e di come la mania per l'igiene di James Cook gli permise di scoprire una nuova terra: l'Australia. Infine, racconteranno di come un crudele esperimento di James Lind (nel diciottesimo secolo non c'era molta fantasia sui nomi) permise di scoprire la cura per lo scorbuto. La conversazione vira poi sul tecnico: Jacopo spiega cosa sia l'acido ascorbico, come si produce e perché si debba diffidare dagli alimenti “Senza conservanti”.@wescience

This episode will introduce the listeners to the study of Epidemiology. Epidemiology is the study of distribution (including frequency and pattern), risk/ protective factors and interventions (including diagnosing and management) of diseases. 3 historical stories (Dr John Snow and cholera, Dr Percival Pott and scrotal cancer and Dr James Lind and scurvy) will be used to further explained the study areas. The HLA is approved by The Institute of Leadership & Management, is a certified member of Social Enterprises UK, and is commissioned by Health Education England North East and Health Education England South West. The HLA partners with Medics.Academy and through Medics.Academy its programme is accredited by the Medical School at the University of Central Lancashire. The HLA is also supported by University College London's Academic Careers Office. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/hla-listen/message

The Yongle Emperor decides it's time for Great Ming to bust out its swim trunks and its flippy-floppies... because he's going to make the biggest, bestest oceanic fleet of awesomesauce that the world has ever seen! And put in command is his trusted, tried-and-true battle-buddy: the Grand Admiral Zheng He! Time Period Covered: 1371-1405 CE Significant Historical Figures: The Yongle Emperor (Zhu Di) [r. 1402-1424] Grand Admiral Zheng He (né Ma He) [1371-1433] Tianfei, the Goddess of the Sea and Patron Protector of Sailors [eternal] Sources Cited: Chan, Hok-lam. “The Chien-wen, Yung-lo, Hung-xi, Hsüan-te Reigns” in The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644, Part I. Levathes, Louise. The China Ruled the Seas:The Treasure Fleet of the Dragon Throne, 1405-1433. Paterson, Erik T. “James Lind, Zheng He and the Prevention of Scurvy” in The Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine, Vol. 20, No. 4.

The Yongle Emperor decides it's time for Great Ming to bust out its swim trunks and its flippy-floppies... because he's going to make the biggest, bestest oceanic fleet of awesomesauce that the world has ever seen! And put in command is his trusted, tried-and-true battle-buddy: the Grand Admiral Zheng He!Time Period Covered:1371-1405 CESignificant Historical Figures:The Yongle Emperor (Zhu Di) [r. 1402-1424]Grand Admiral Zheng He (né Ma He) [1371-1433]Tianfei, the Goddess of the Sea and Patron Protector of Sailors [eternal]Sources Cited:Chan, Hok-lam. “The Chien-wen, Yung-lo, Hung-xi, Hsüan-te Reigns” in The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644, Part I.Levathes, Louise. The China Ruled the Seas:The Treasure Fleet of the Dragon Throne, 1405-1433.Paterson, Erik T. “James Lind, Zheng He and the Prevention of Scurvy” in The Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine, Vol. 20, No. 4.  See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Thema dieser Episode ist Entscheiden unter Unsicherheit oder etwas genauer, Unter welchen Voraussetzungen sind evidenzbasierte Entscheidungen angebracht, und wie ist unter Unsicherheit, also etwa bei komplexen Problemen zu entscheiden. Auch dies ist wieder keine Corona-Episode im engeren Sinne, wenngleich die Corona-Krise ein gutes Beispiel für eine Situation ist, wo evidenzbasierte Entscheidung nur bedingt möglich ist. Zunächst gibt es wieder einmal einen Blick in die Vergangenheit: Was können wir von James Lind, Florence Nightingale, Archie Cochrane und John Ioannidis über Fortschritt in der Medizin und evidenzbasiertes Entscheiden lernen? Was sind die Voraussetzungen, damit man in einer bestimmten Problemlage evidenzbasiert Entscheiden kann? Zunächst versuche ich Risiken in drei Klassen einzuteilen und mit Beispielen zu unterlegen um damit deutlich zu machen, dass es von großer Bedeutung ist zunächst einmal zu verstehen, mit welcher Art von Risiko wir es in einem konkreten Fall überhaupt zu tun haben. Darf man etwa Masern Herzinfarkt Autounfälle Ertrinken im Swimmingpool politische Konflikte Covid-19 Finanzmärkte Klimakrise miteinander vergleichen? Wenn ja, unter welchen Voraussetzungen? Wann ist ein System oder ein Problem komplex und was bedeutet das für Entscheidungen? Unter welchen Voraussetzungen ist schnelles und aggressives Handeln das Mittel der Wahl, unter welchen Deliberation und Bezug auf vergangene Ereignisse? Ist rationales Entscheiden Intuition und Bauchgefühl immer überlegen? Warum wird dann so häufig defensiv oder pseudo-rational entschieden? Wenn man über ein akutes Problem hinausblickt: wie kann man sich für die Zukunft vorbereiten? Welche systemischen Aspekte könnte man bedenken Vorbereiten auf Tail Risks  Resilienz vs. Effizienz Vielfalt statt Einfalt Verteilung statt Konzentration enge oder lockere Kopplung? Versicherung In dieser Episode wird es wieder einige Anregungen zum Weiterdenken geben, aber wir müssen auch einige Aspekte für spätere Episoden offen lassen, z.B.  Eine vertiefte Betrachtung komplexer Systeme und deren Probleme, z.B. »Wicked Problems« Solutionism – wie Technik unseren Blick auf Probleme verwirren kann Atomwaffen und internationale Politische Konflikte Referenzen andere Episoden Episode 23: Frozen Accidents Episode 22: Biodiversität und komplexe Wechselwirkungen – Gespräch mit Prof. Franz Essl Episode 13 und 14 – (Pseudo)wissenschaft? Welcher Aussage können wir trauen? Teil 1 & Teil 2 Episode 10: Komplizierte Komplexität Episode 6: Messen, was messbar ist? fachliche Referenzen John Ioannidis John Ioannidis, Why most published research finding are false, PLoS medicine (2005) John Ioannidis, A fiasco in the making? As the coronavirus pandemic takes hold, we are making decisions without reliable data James Lind: The man who helped to cure scurvy with lemons, BBC Florence Nightingale – Data Scientist Florence Nightingale as Statistician, Edwin W. Kopf, Publications of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 15, No. 116 (Dec., 1916) Florence Nightingale, datajournalist: information has always been beautiful,  The Guardian (2010) Presentation by Prof. Lynn McDonald at Gresham College. (30. Oct., 2014) Archie Cochrane Archie Cochrane: - 1971 Rock Carling Fellowship monograph Effectiveness and Efficiency: Random Reflections on Health Services, first published in 1972 by the Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust Archie Cochrane and his vision for evidence-based medicine, Hriday M. Shah, Kevin C. Chung (2009) Tim Harford, Trial and Error (2012) Flash Crash Neil Johnson, Abrupt rise of new machine ecology beyond human response time, Nature Scientific Reports (2013) Chris Clearfield, Meltdown: Why systems fail and what we can do about it (2018) The Artificial Intelligence Revolution: Part 1 - Wait But Why (2015) Gerd Gigerenzer Gerd Gigerenzer, Wie trifft man gute Entscheidungen Gerd Gigerenzer, Bauchentscheidungen (2008) Gerd Gigerenzer, Risiko (2014) Peter Kruse Peter Kruse, Wie reagieren Menschen auf Komplexität? (YouTube) Peter Kruse, next practice. Erfolgreiches Management von Instabilität (2004) Nassim Taleb Nassim Taleb, Skin in the Game (2018) Nassim Taleb, Yaneer Bar-Yam, Uncertainty, Certainty and what to do when there is Systemic Risk(2020) Steve Jobs on Consulting

In January of 2020, "A Review of Micronutrients and the Immune System—Working in Harmony to Reduce the Risk of Infection" was published in the online peer review journal Nutrients. How prophetic that such a review would turn out to be critical three months later, with the worldwide onset of the pandemic—Covid-19.Researchers from the Linus Pauling Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University and Bayer Consumer Care AG in Switzerland, comment in the Review that, “immune support by micronutrients is historically based on vitamin C deficiency and supplementation in scurvy in early times.”Scurvy, a disease caused by vitamin C deficiency, causes swollen, bleeding gums, opening of previously healed wounds, weakness, feeling tired, with sore arms and legs- along with decreased red blood cells, changes to hair, and bleeding from the skin may also occur.In 1753, researcher James Lind used three different diet approaches with men suffering from scurvy to determine that citrus fruits—higher in vitamin C- provided a solution to this condition.In addition to vitamin C, vitamins A, D, E, B6, B12, and folate, along with minerals zinc, iron, copper, selenium, and magnesium also play vital, synergistic roles at every stage of the immune response.Our immune defense system is composed of elaborate components, which provide physical and biochemical barriers, specialized immune cells, and antibodies that challenge and attack an invading pathogen.The first line of defense is called the innate immune response—characterized by a challenge by the skin, hair, and mucus membranes to provide a barrier into the body. In other words, limit access points of entry.From there, it’s the job of biochemical attackers—leukocytes such as neutrophils, natural killer (NK) cells, and macrophages—to identify “non-self” molecules to open fire and destroy the invader, which is marked as an antigen. Cytokines (involved in cell signaling), then repair any damage.That’s followed by a second wave of attackers, T & B cells, which is the phase of the immune response characterized as adaptive immunity—that remembers the invader and coordinates a joint response.The researchers from Oregon State and Bayer AG provide an excellent overview, “of the known mechanisms of micronutrients that are fundamental to immune function,” and how inadequate intake might affect risk to infection. Here are few of the impacts of specific immune modulating nutrients.Vitamin A—important for intestinal immune response, thus supporting the gut barrier; carotenoids (either provitamin A or non-provitamin A) have immunoregulatory actions.Vitamin D—calcitriol (a form of vitamin D3) regulates antimicrobial proteins responsible for modifying intestinal microbiota to a healthier composition and supporting the gut barrier, as well as, protecting the lungs against infection.Vitamin C—promotes collagen synthesis and protects cell membranes from damage caused by free radicals, thus supporting integrity of epithelial barriers.Vitamin E—protects cell membranes from damage caused by free radicals and support the integrity of epithelial barriers.Vitamins B6, B12, Folate—involved in intestinal immune regulation (e.g., by mediating lymphocyte migration into the intestine) in the case of vitamin B6, while folate is essential for the survival of regulatory T cells in the small intestine. Human gut microbes use vitamin B12, as a cofactor for metabolic pathways, thus supporting the gut barrier. Folate is also important for sufficient antibody response to antigens.Iron—essential for differentiation and growth of epithelial tissue.Read the rest at mackieshilstone.com.

In this episode of Half-Arsed History, enjoy the uplifting story of James Lind, a medical visionary who was ahead of his time in helping to cure scurvy and conducting what might have been the world's first clinical trial.

There is nothing that can beat eating fresh food from the garden.     It seems every meal around here has fresh basil lettuce from the garden and little cherry tomatoes.   Today, I was at my favorite olive oil store and they sell this little gizmo called the Zip Slicer.   You load it up with your cherry tomatoes or grapes, and then you slice them all in one quick motion.   It's fantastic if you eat tomatoes and grapes a lot. It cuts down on the prep time and I think around here we've been eating Caprese salad about three times a week. So there you go. Check it out: the Zip Slicer.           Brevities   #OTD   It was on this day in 1757 that the botanist John Bartram wrote a letter to Philip Miller.   Miller was the chief Gardner at the Chelsea Physic Garden from 1722 until his death. He corresponded with botanists from all over the world, including John Bartram. Miller even trained William Forsyth after whom Forsythia is named. When Bartram wrote to Miller he shared some of his personal preferences as a gardener. First, he shared his desire for variety in the garden. He said, "One or two is enough for me of a sort." Later in the letter, he shared his dislike for plants that weren't hardy in Pennsylvania. He wrote to Miller saying, "I don't greatly like tender plants that won't bear our severe winters but perhaps annual plants that would perfect their seed with you without the help of a hotbed in the spring will do with us in the open ground."     #OTD  It was on this day in 1803 that President Thomas Jefferson sent a formal letter to his private secretary and aide, Meriwether Lewis.   Lewis was a captain in the first United States infantry. Jefferson wrote him to request that he might lead an expedition of the Missouri River. Jefferson never mentioned botany in the letter, but he clearly was thinking about it; and Lewis knew it. As he was preparing for his trip, Lewis connected with Benjamin Smith Barton. Barton had written the first American textbook on botany and he gave Lewis a little crash course on the subject.     #OTD    It was on this day in 1861 that Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins was born.   In the 1700s, Dr. James Lind had made it known that eating limes would cure a sailors scurvy. Hopkins work call these substances accessory food factors. Today, we know them as vitamins.     #OTD    And it is on this day in 1892 that Benjamin Lincoln Robinson was appointed the curator of the Asa Gray Herbarium at Harvard.   When Robinson took over, both the herbarium and the library were in dire straits. Robinson was instrumental in acquiring funds and extending the growth of the herbarium in library. Today, the Gray Herbarium and library are still housed at Harvard at 22 Divinity Ave.     #OTD    And It was on this day hundred years ago that Isabella Abbott was born.   She was the first native Hawaiian woman to earn a PhD in science.  Abbott became known as the "First Lady of Limu" or seaweed. When she was a little girl, she spent hours gathering seaweed for her mother to cook in traditional Hawaiian foods. I found a video online of an interview that Leslie Wilcox did with Abbott back in 2008. When Wilcox asked Abbott about her love of studying seaweed, she said, "There are so few of us [compared to] the thousands of people work on flowering plants. Flowering plants mostly have the same kind of life history so they become kind of boring; they make pretty flowers and make nice smells, they taste good - many of them. But, they're not like seaweeds. With every one you pick up, it does go through life a different way ...  It's a game, it's a game I bet with myself the whole whole time from the time I cut it on the outside I say oh I think this might be in such-and-such a family, or something like that, and by the time I get to some magnification on the microscope...  Oh No. 100% wrong.  So let's begin again."   You can watch the video of the interview with Isabella Abbott in the Facebook Group for the Show: The Daily Gardener Community         Unearthed Words   Green Summer   No farther than my fingertips, No weightier than a rose, The essence of green summer slips Into a waiting pose.   The tilted bowl of heaven Has spilled its blue and gold Among the vines and grasses Where autumn is foretold.   Skylarks trill the melody, Crickets cry it over; Summer hides her mystery In fields of hay and clover.     Alice Mackenzie Swaim        Today's book recommendation: The Hillier Manual of Trees & Shrubs by John Hillier   This book is considered a classic in horticultural literature. The best part about it remains all of the notes that were compiled by members of the Hillier family. Among all of them, they had an amazing amount of direct experience growing plants and assessing their performance in different regions. Over 10,500 plants representing more than 650 genera are described in detail, making it an indispensable guide for any keen gardener or botanist.     Today's Garden Chore   Don't forget to pinch back some of your perennials; this is also known as the Chelsea Chop.   The simple technique helps control plant height and delay bloom.   You can use the Chelsea Chop on a number of herbaceous perennials in your garden. Plants like mums, lysimachia, helenium, aster, sedum, and so forth.           Something Sweet  Reviving the little botanic spark in your heart It was on this day in 1831 that the botanist and founding member of the Torrey Botanical Club, Coe Finch Austin, was born.   He was a noted expert on the mosses and liverworts of North America.   To give you an idea of his fearlessness while he was collecting plants, here's a little story I read across:   Coe was visiting his brother in New York and he decided he wanted to climb High Tor.   Austin climbed the mountain; stopping along the way to add specimens to his shoulder bag.   When he reached the top, Austin surprised his brother and handed him the specimens with instructions to meet him at the base of the mountain.   His brother realize that this meant Austin was going to descend along the most dangerous face of the mountain.   He tried to stop him, but Austin did not relent.   His brother waited for him at the meeting place on the base. After a while, and without a sound, his brother suddenly appeared. He came bearing specimens and had a huge smile on his face.         Thanks for listening to the daily gardener, and remember: "For a happy, healthy life, garden every day."

Andrew Leigh would take a daily a multivitamin, he says, until he learned that a randomized controlled trial, or RCT, found no increase in lifespan linked to taking them. So he stopped. Leigh isn’t a nutritionist, he’s an economist. But more to the point, Leigh is also an unrepentant ‘randomista,’ which is what he calls researchers who use RCT’s to tackle thorny issues of public concern. (Leigh is also a politician, 2010 sitting since as the member of Australia’s Parliament for the Division of Fenner, a Canberra suburb.) The word ‘randomista,’ Leigh tells interviewer David Edmonds in this Social Science Bites podcasts, was coined by Nobel laureate Angus Deaton (also a Bites alumnus)  “as “a term almost of abuse – but I’ve turned it into a compliment!” (It’s also the title of his new book, Randomistas: How Radical Researchers Are Changing Our World.) “Deaton had noticed that there were randomized trials proliferating across development economics,” Leigh explains, “and felt that in some areas they were becoming almost theory-free. I think it’s perhaps a reasonable criticism in some parts of development economics, but certainly for most questions, I think we’re doing too few randomized trials instead of too many.” For Leigh, the proper definition of a randomista is “someone who believes we can find answers to important questions by tossing a coin and putting people into a treatment and control group, comparing the outcome, and then using the randomization to get a true causal effect.” Randomized controlled trials have been used for years in drug testing, but are increasingly being used in business, crime prevention, education and social science. The origin of RCTs is a matter of some dispute, but Leigh uses the scurvy trials of James Lind, whose apples-to-apples comparison of various anti-scorbutic therapies in vogue in the 18th century allowed the Royal Navy to beat its most deadly enemy – yes Bonaparte, but in reality scurvy itself. These days, RCTs are used as much to kill bad policies as they are to save lives. Leigh offers a litany of popular social programs that actual research demonstrated had the opposite effect of what they intended. For example, trials showed the Scared Straight program not only didn’t keep nonserious juvenile offenders from committing more serious crimes, it may have increased the odds they would. Other RCTs showed that while microcredit has some benefits, it doesn’t seem to improve household income, keep kids in school or improve women’s lot in life. “Randomized trials are where scientific literacy meets modesty,” Leigh quips. There are, of course, success stories, too, and Leigh cites drug courts and restorative justice as two public safety wins endorsed by RCTs. Leigh even used an RCT himself in naming his book, buying ads with various titles on Google to fine which resonated most. Total cost? About $50 and an hour of effort. “I am aware that I look a little bit like a man with a hammer ranging around hoping to find nails. If you want to know about the impact of denuclearization on the Korean peninsula, a randomized trial is probably not your best way of working it out. But there are surprising areas in which you can figure things out.” Before Leigh ran for Parliament Leigh was a professor at the Australian National University. He is a graduate of the University of Sydney and a fellow of the Australian Academy of Social Sciences. His books include Disconnected (2010), Battlers and Billionaires (2013), The Economics of Just About Everything (2014), The Luck of Politics (2015), and Choosing Openness: Why Global Engagement is Best for Australia (2017).  

This episode is a live recording of the second session of #UnblindingResearch held in NUH DREEAM 21st March 2018. Research. THE search. WE search. And...fee search?! This episode covers that moment of inspiration as you embark on research. We cover PICO and how that helps us with our literature search, to formulate a question and how that will begin to shape our methodology. There's even a bit of a history lesson as we discuss Dr James Lind and his work on scurvy in 1747 (because we love a bit of medical history at Take Aurally). The slides for this presentation and the links mentioned are at www.takeaurally.com. Remember you can find Take Aurally and NUH DREEAM on both Facebook and Twitter. The DREEAM Research team can be found @DREEAMResNUH. The next session from #UnblindingResearch is on GCP and Ethics and will be on 18th April.

The Four Humors are probably the longest-lasting idea in the history of medicine, even though they’ve been more or less completely abandoned for the past century or so. In this episode, we’ll explore how the ancient Greek idea of disease coming from imbalances in body fluids touched every aspect of medicine for two millennia, well into the modern era. And we’ll discuss how humoral explanations likely hampered adoption of the first clinical trial in history, James Lind’s famous scurvy study. Plus we have a brand new #AdamAnswers about germ theory. Listen to all this and more in Episode 32 of Bedside Rounds, a tiny podcast about fascinating stories in clinical medicine!   Sources: Arikha N, Passions and Tempers: A History of the Humors. 2007. Baron JH, “Sailors' scurvy before and after James Lind--a reassessment,” Nutr Rev. 2009 Jun;67(6):315-32. Bartholomew M, “James Lind and scurvy: a revaluation,” Journal for Maritime Research. Published online: 08 Feb 2011. Lind J. A Treatise of the Scurvy in Three Parts. Containing an Inquiry into the Nature, Causes and Cure of that Disease, together with a Critical and Chronological View of what has been published on the subject. London: Miller, 1753 NLM’s Turning the Pages on the Edwin Smith Papyrus (https://www.nlm.nih.gov/news/turn_page_egyptian.html) Nutton V, Ancient Medicine. Nutton V, “The Fatal Embrace: Galen and the History of Ancient Medicine”. Science in Context 18(1), 111–121 (2005). Shoja MM et al, “Wrong theories on the origin of blood vessels: Polybus and De Natura Hominis.” Int J Cardiol. 2008 Jun 6;126(3):313-5. Sutton G, “Putrid gums and 'dead men's cloaths': James Lind aboard the Salisbury.” J R Soc Med. 2003 Dec;96(12):605-8. Trohler U, “Lind and Scurvy: 1747-1795,” J R Soc Med. 2005 Nov; 98(11): 519–522. West JB, Galen and the beginnings of Western physiology Volume 307 Issue 2 July 2014 Pages L121-L128

Welcome to Episode 50 of the Mountain Nature and Culture Podcast. I'm your host, Ward Cameron and I'm recording this on November 25, 2017. I can't believe this is actually episode 50. When I started this project almost a year and a half ago, I'm not sure I believed I would actually ever get 50 shows recorded. All I could do was focus on the next episode. Each new episode triggered a new round of research, reading, scripting, recording, editing, and uploading. For me, it's been about the process. Those of you that know me, know that I will always talk about finding the story in the science. Stories are everything to me and I'm lucky enough to be surrounded by an endless number of very talented scientists, historians, park managers, conservation officers, and other lovers of the mountain west. Stories help us to learn, understand, and care for the amazing landscape and culture that surrounds us. Before I started this project, I considered myself a naturalist and guide, and never really got involved in controversial issues. When I really began to do the research though, there were many things that simply needed to be called out. Some of these included: • ill-advised bike trails in Canmore and Jasper National Park • free park passes in National Parks already bursting at the seams • the loss of Bear 148 in Canmore due to flagrant violations of bear closures • and Canmore's wildlife corridor challenges. At the same time, I was amazed by some of the incredible science that is taking place that sheds new light on our landscape and the plants and animals that call it home. A few highlights include: • amazing research on Columbian ground squirrels taking place in Kananaskis Country • revelations on the importance of gravel river ecosystems • a new climate change research centre in Canmore • the reintroduction of bison after 130 years in Banff National Park • new discoveries on dinosaurs across parts of Alberta and British Columbia • the dismantling of the concept of an "ice free corridor" migration to the new world for our earliest indigenous ancestors • a study showing grizzlies will choose berries over salmon if given the opportunity • New insights into ancient Neanderthal medicine and most recently, • A study showing that cougars are not as solitary as scientists once thought. I've also had the opportunity to share a number of historic stories as well including: • The story of outfitter and guide Bill Peyto who's image graced the town entrance for years • The story of the search and discovery of the lost Franklin Expedition ships • The history of snowshoeing • The story of the man behind Waterton Lakes National Park's name • The building of the Canadian Pacific Railway, including the stories of surveyors Walter Moberly and A.B. Rogers, and railroad chief William Cornelius Van Horne. • The trials and tribulations of gold seekers during the Caribou goldrush and in this episode • The history of scurvy and its impact on Canadian exploration. I'm going to keep looking for new discoveries to keep you up to date on all of the great stories behind the scenery. I hope you'll be with me to celebrate 100 episodes in another year or so. What stories would you like to hear? You can send your suggestions by visiting the show page at www.MountainNaturePodcast.com/ep050 and enter your suggestion in the comment field at the bottom of the show notes. I love hearing from listeners and this is your opportunity to influence the direction of future episodes. Thanks for being a part of the story…and with that said, let's get to it. New Directions for Wildlife Crossing Structures Back in episode 34, I talked about the great success that Banff National Park has had with its highway mitigation program of wildlife fences, over and underpasses, and highway twinning. The park has pioneered the use of these structures to both reduce the number of animals being killed along our highways while also improving connectivity across the Bow River valley. If you'd like to check out that episode, you can hear it at www.MountainNaturePodcast.com/ep034. I also mentioned that new designs were being investigated to help the program evolve as it expands to new locations across North America. A design contest was held by Arc Solutions and it invited companies to submit new designs using a wide diversity of materials and construction methods. As more and more destinations adopt similar methods of protecting connectivity and wildlife, it's important that the structures evolve to fit the location, the species being protected, and in some cases, the available budget. We need to avoid looking at a wildlife overpass as if it was a bridge. While they are both structures designed to span some form of crossing, the similarities end there. Bridges are usually narrower and usually much longer. This means they need to be engineered in a very different way. Wildlife overpasses are usually wider and span much shorter distances, such as a few lanes of highway. The more squat design of wildlife overpasses provides more opportunities to alter the design to solve unique challenges. Since they don't have to be over-engineered like a long span bridge, they can incorporate more innovative designs and use lighter materials. In addition to the ability to vary the materials, they could also use more flexible or modular components. While Banff gets a lot of credit for its extensive work on expanding the use of connecting structures in North America, the first wildlife overpass was built in France in the 1950s. A number of European countries have followed that lead, in particular the Netherlands, where they have more than 600 crossing structures. They also boast the longest overpass, the Natuurbrug Zanderij Crailo, which spans 800 metres and crosses a canal, a highway, and a rail line. In Europe, wildlife overpasses are generally referred to as Ecoducts. The goal for the future is to avoid one-size fits all solutions and to be able to take better advantage of material design and landscape contours. New highways, and upgrades to older roads with a history of animal-vehicle impacts are all candidates for considering connectivity as a key component of the planning process. According to Arc Solutions, crossing structures should be: • "considered as early as possible in the transportation planning process so as to avoid the more costly problem of retrofitting or rebuilding; • cost-effective in terms of materials, construction and maintenance; • ecologically responsive to current and anticipated conditions; • safe for humans and wildlife alike; • flexible or modular for possible use in other locations; • adaptive, to facilitate mobility of wildlife under dynamic ecosystem conditions; • sustainable in terms of materials and energy use, and responsive to climate change; • educational, revelatory and communicative to the public; and • beautiful, engaging and remarkable." One of the other benefits of the crossing structures in Banff National Park has been their ability to continue to teach us about how wildlife use the landscape. By constant monitoring of their usage over decades, we begin to understand our wildlife populations, and in some cases, how individual animals move through their territory. Banff is also unique in its focus on making sure the structures are also effective for large carnivores. While elk and deer were quick to adapt the underpasses, it took years for our more wary carnivores to begin to regularly use them. It was largely for this reason that the decision was made to build the first two overpasses when Banff began its second phase of highway twinning in 1996. In order to spur innovation in overpass construction, Arc Solutions sponsored a design competition in 2010. It brought together landscape architects, engineers, ecologists and an array of other professionals to focus on new ideas on how to improve connectivity across landscapes. The goal was to design a structure in Colorado's West Vail Pass along I-70. The competition spurred designers to look beyond a simple function only focus, and to try to push the envelope to create something entirely new. The competition attracted more than 100 firms on 36 teams. The judges narrowed down the entries to 5 finalists. The teams created some incredibly beautiful, yet innovative designs that were functional in achieving the goals of wildlife connectivity. There was a wide variety of materials used, varying from laminate timber, steel, glass-reinforced plastic, and wood-core fiberglass, amongst others. They all took modularity into account in order to create scalable designs that can vary with the landscape and either be extended or have components that can snap together. Also critical is how they all incorporate real-time opportunities for monitoring for both research and educational purposes. Cameras integrated into the structures can connect with phone apps, websites, schools, or kiosks. Unfortunately, the winning design has yet to be built on West Vail Pass. The wildlife still die in large numbers on the pass. Unfortunately, this section of highway has the reputation for killing every species of wildlife in Colorado save three. Whitetail deer, elk, grizzly and black bear, bighorn sheep, wolf, and even wolverine are regularly lost. Locally, it's referred to as the "Berlin Wall" for wildlife. Hopefully, like Banff, funds can be found to build this and many more structures across the mountain west in Canada and the U.S. Vail Pass may be called the "Berlin Wall" today, but just 30 years ago the Trans Canada between Banff and Lake Louise was referred to as the "meat grinder" for the same reason. Today it's a source of inspiration for destinations across North America dealing with challenges of animal impacts and connectivity. Hopefully new designs help to reduce the costs associated with building more and more crossing structures. In a related story, a recent study has found that female grizzlies with cubs have a definite preference for wildlife overpasses as opposed to underpasses when crossing the Trans-Canada Highway through Banff. The study showed that while male grizzlies seem to use both kinds of structures, females with cubs have a definite preference. The study looked at 17 years of crossing data over 5 of the 44 structures within Banff National Park. All of the bears preferred the more open structures like open-span bridges and overpasses as opposed to the more narrow box culverts and tunnels. Males would use the more confined structures, but definitely preferred a bit more space. Despite their preference for open structures, males still made many crossings on the box culvert style underpasses. It may be possible to create crossings focused on male bears which would help reduce the likelihood of females with cubs encountering males while using the crossings. In Canmore, a long underutilized underpass at Stewart Creek is seeing some renewed interest by both grizzly bears and wolves. This underpass is on one of the previously approved wildlife corridors in Canmore. While the corridor is used by a variety of animals, the underpass under the Trans-Canada Highway has not seen a great deal of wildlife traffic. Part of this may be the high level of human use in the corridor, with many of those people being accompanied by off-leash dogs. In recent months though, wildlife cameras have revealed a significant uptick in wolves and bears crossing through the underpass. In the period between Sept 24 and Nov 23, there were 8 wolf crossings - the first evidence of wolves using the underpass in the 20 years since it was first built. 2017 has also seen 8 separate crossings by grizzly bears so far as compared to 22 crossings in total since 2009. This year represents 36% of the total crossings in that timeframe. Banff also saw a slow adoption of underpasses by carnivores when they were first built, but in time, they became comfortable traversing them. Of the 8 wolf crossings, several were repeat visitors. It's believed that there are at least 3 wolves that have been counted more than once. In particular, collared wolf 1501, the former alpha male of the now disbanded Bow Valley Wolf Pack. With repeated use, the underpasses can become a typical part of their natural travel patterns. In Banff, the historic movement of wildlife determined the location of the 44 over and underpasses built through the park. In Canmore, the wildlife corridors are being designed by people and not the by the animals that have traversed the valley for centuries. We build house after house in the traditional movement corridors and then pull out crayons on a map and say "let's put the corridor here!". Wildlife don't read maps. They read landscapes. In Banff, the crossing zones are often terrain traps, places where habitat and landscape naturally funnel animals to potential highway crossings. Years of winter track surveys of carnivores helped park managers to locate the most important crossing areas for wildlife. They didn't try to force them to go anywhere, rather they let the animals tell them where they wanted to cross. Wildlife corridors and the crossing structures associated with them are critical to the long-term success of the Yellowstone to Yukon corridor. Canmore still has a lot of battles to help ensure the safety of the corridors within its town boundaries. An uptick in use at one underpass does not signal a win for what companies like Three Sisters and Silvertip would like the community to think is due to their efforts. We all need to keep the pressure on to make sure that Canmore doesn't turn into a cul-de-sac in the greater north-south movement corridors for wildlife. Let's celebrate the increased interest by some of our iconic animals, while continuing to push to make sure that it is a trend and not an anomaly. Next up - the scourge of scurvy Scurvy through the Ages In the 21st century, it seems almost inconceivable that someone could contract scurvy, a debilitating disease caused by a lack of vitamin C. With today's modern medicine, scurvy seems to have joined diseases like polio and smallpox in the dustbin of history. That being said, a story in the Canadian Press dated June 9, 2016 talked about an abused teen in Calgary that was likely suffering from scurvy at the time of his death at the age of 15. It was a horrific story of abuse and shows that even ancient, almost forgotten diseases can reappear if basic nutritional needs are not met. When we turn back the pages of time, scurvy really was one of the most devastating scourges affecting travelers throughout history. It seems to strike people when they were far away from home, and correspondingly, away from good nutrition. The cause of scurvy was not proven until 1747 when a Scottish doctor named James Lind showed through a controlled experiment that the use of citrus fruits would cure the disease. This could have, should have, ended the story of scurvy, but alas, history is often not so forgiving. The cause of scurvy has been repeatedly discovered, forgotten, and rediscovered time and time again over the ages. Even the Greek Physician Hippocrates who died in 370 BCE talked about the disease, as did Egyptians more than 1,000 years earlier. Move the clock forward to the 13th century and Crusaders were regularly plagued by scurvy. However by 1497, Vasco de Gama's crew were well aware of the benefits of citrus fruits. Alas, had the Internet existed so long ago, maybe the local discoveries of cures might have been more widely known. The common denominator seemed to be soldiers, explorers, or mariners traveling far from their homes and lacking the fresh fruits and meats that would have been part of their normal diets. The longer they relied on stored, preserved foods, the more likely that the symptoms of scurvy would strike them. Even Canadian history is riddled with tales of scurvy. One of the earliest explorations in Canada was that of Jacques Cartier in 1535-36 (the same man responsible for giving Canada its name). By November of 1535 Cartier's crew, along with a large group of Iroquois were suffering terribly from the disease. By February, 50 of his 110 member party were beyond all hope of recovery and 8 had already died from the disease. According to his journal, the disease: "spread itselfe amongst us after the strangest sort that ever was eyther heard of or seene, insomuch as some did lose all their strength, and could not stand on their feete, then did their legges swel, their sinnowes shrinke as blacke as any cole. Others also had all their skins spotted with spots of blood of a purple colour: then did it ascend up to their ankels, knees, thighes, shoulders, armes and necke: their mouth became stincking, their gummes so rotten, that all the flesh did fall off, even to the rootes of teeth, which did also almost fall out". The crew was losing hope, and it seemed that only prayer could help. Cartier had one of the recently deceased crew autopsied to see if a cause might be determined. His heart appeared rotten and when cut into, issued a great deal more rotten blood. His lungs were black. There was no answers in the autopsy, only more questions. The crew continued to dwindle until only three healthy men were left on the ships. When all seemed lost, Cartier encountered a native by the name of Domagaia who: "not passing ten or twelve dayes afore, had bene very sike with that disease, and had his knees swolne as bigge as a childe of two yeres old, all his sinews shrunke together, his teeth spoyled, his gummes rotten, and stinking. Our Captaine seeing him whole and sound, was therat marvelous glad, hoping to understand and know of him how he had healed himselfe...He answered, that he had taken the juice and sappe of the leaves of a certain Tree, and therewith had healed himselfe: For it is a singular remedy against that disease." Domagaia immediately: "sent two women to fetch some of it, which brought ten or twelve branches of it, and therewithall shewed the way how to use it... to take the barke and leaves of the sayd tree, and boile them togither, then to drinke of the sayd decoction every other day, and to put the dregs of it upon his legs that is sicke: moreover, they told us, that the vertue of that tree was, to heale any other disease: the tree in their language called Ameda or Hanneda..." "The Captain at once ordered a drink to be prepared for the sick men but none of them would taste it. At length one or two thought they would risk a trial. As soon as they had drunk it they felt better, which must clearly be ascribed to miraculous causes; for after drinking it two or three times they recovered health and strength and were cured of all the diseases they had ever had. And some of the sailors who had been suffering for five or six years from the French pox [syphilis] were by this medicine cured completely. When this became known, there was such a press for the medicine that they almost killed each other to have it first; so that in less than eight days a whole tree as large and as tall as any I ever saw was used up, and produced such a result that had all the doctors of Louvain and Montpellier been there, with all the drugs of Alexandria, they could not have done so much in a year as did this tree in eight days; for it benefitted us so much that all who were willing to use it recovered health and strength, thanks be to God." Other translations refer to the tree as Annedda. Unfortunately, Cartier did not list a careful description or proper name of the tree in his Journal. More recent research suggests that it might be the eastern white cedar, white spruce, or the white pine. All are very high in vitamin C and can make a rejuvenating tea for those suffering from scurvy. The lack of a proper identification, meant that scurvy would continue to plague future explorers. In 1609, Marc Lescarbot's History of New France talks about another expedition: "Briefly, the unknown sicknesses like to those described unto us by James Cartier, in his relations assailed us. Fore remedies there was none to be found. In the meanwhile the poor sick creatures did languish, pining away by little and little, for want of sweet meats, as milk or spoon-meat for to sustain their stomachs, which could not receive the hard meats by reason of let proceeding from a rotten flesh, which grew and overabounded within their mouths; when one thought to root it out, it did grow again in one night's space more abundantly than before. As for the tree called annedda, mentioned by the said Cartier, the savages of these lands know it not… There died of the sickness 36 and 36 or 40 more that were stricken with it recovered themselves by the help of the spring". Soon after, the voyages of Samuel de Champlaine were also ravaged by the disease. In 1613 he wrote: "During the winter there was a certain sickness amongst several of our men, called sickness of the country, or scurvy…There died 35…We could not find any remedy to cure this sickness… "We passed by a bay where there are a quantity of islands and saw large mountains in the west, where is the home of a savage captain called Aneda; which I think is near the Quinibequy River. I was persuaded by this name that here was one of the race who found the herb called Aneda, that Jacque Cartier said had so much power against the sickness called scurvy…which torments these men, savages as well as our own, when they arrive in Canada. The savages knew nothing about this herb, nor know what it is, even though their language contains the name." Had Cartier only taken a little more time to describe the plant so that future explorers could benefit from his good fortune at finding a cure. It was 1747 when James Lind finally issued a cure in his publication A Treatise of Scurvy, where he described the cure. Unfortunately, the book attracted little attention. As a result, scurvy continued to kill. During the Seven Years War which lasted from 1756 until 1763, the Royal Navy records showed 134,708 men listed as either missing or died from disease. Of that number, the vast majority succumbed to scurvy. Scurvy continued to plague explorers as they expanded across Canada. Even during the building of the Canadian Pacific Railway. In Pierre Burton's book, The National Dream, he writes: "No life was harsher than that suffered by members of the Canadian Pacific Survey crews and none was less rewarding, underpaid, overworked, exiled from their families, deprived of their mail, sleeping in slime and snowdrifts, suffering from sunstroke, frostbite, scurvy, fatigue and the tensions that always rise to the surface when weary dispirited men are thrown together for long periods of isolation, the surveyors kept on, year after year" In one of my favourite books detailing the surveys of Walter Moberly's party, one of his men, R.M. Rylatt kept a journal for his mother. It was published under the title Surveying the Canadian Pacific. I highly recommend it if you can find a copy. At one point Rylatt wrote: "My mouth is in a dreadful state, the gums being black, the teeth loose, and when pressed against any substance they prick at the roots like needles. At times the gums swell, almost covering the teeth. To chew food is out of the question and so have to bolt it without mastication. My legs also becoming black below the knee...My breath is somewhat offensive and I am troubled with a dry cough. In fact I feel like an old man" Rylatt was lucky. He survived the ordeal, but scurvy would continue to afflict other surveyors stranded for long periods in the wilderness with little access to modern medicines. Ironically, Rylatt was also surrounded by a myriad of coniferous trees that would have solved his problems with just a simple tea. If only Cartier had been a little more clear with his journal descriptions. In 1867, England's Merchant Shipping Act required every ship in the British Navy to serve daily rations of lime juice. As news spread, the Brits became known by the ubiquitous term "Limeys". Today, scurvy still persists, in particular amongst impoverished nations and within homeless populations. It constantly amazes me how a simple vitamin deficiency was responsible for the deaths of so many thousands of people over the centuries…all for the want of a little vitamin C. And with that, it's time to wrap this episode up. As I begin to work towards the next 50 episodes, I'm happy to have you along on the journey. For me, I'm always looking to find the stories in the science, the history and the culture. If you know of a good story, drop me a line in the show notes at www.mountainnaturepodcast.com/ep050. You can also send me an email by using the contact page on the site. If you're looking for a snowshoe, hiking, step-on, or photography guide for your mountain adventure, look no further than Ward Cameron Enterprises. We have been sharing the stories behind the scenery for the past 35 years and would love to help you make the most of your mountain adventure. If you'd like to connect personally, you can hit me up on Twitter @ Ward Cameron. I'm excited to say, that's a wrap for the first 50 episodes, and the Chinook has melted a lot of the snow from the mountain valleys so it's time to go hiking. I'll talk to you next week.

Mon, 06 Feb 2017 15:15:00 +0000 https://evidenzbasierte-pharmazie.podigee.io/38-sonderfolge-evidenz-geschichte-n-james-lind-oder-warum-wir-kontrollgruppen-brauchen 3ae75480183a97b2c27884b7aa5d04ae Wie angekündigt kommt hier die erste Sonderfolge: Silke Jäger und ich erzählen Evidenzgeschichte(n), dieses Mal zu James Lind. Und gleichzeitig eine Lehre über den Nutzen von Kontrollgruppen in klinischen Studien. Den Podcast Evidenz-Geschichte(n) kann man auch separat abonnieren - am schnellsten über unsere Seite bei Podigee. 38 full no

Der schottische Schiffsarzt James Lind gilt als einer der ersten medizinischen Forscher, die eine kontrollierte Studie durchgeführt haben. Damit trug er dazu bei, das Schreckgespenst der Seefahrt zu besiegen: den Skorbut.

A glimpse into the history of how James Lind saved the lives of pirates everywhere.

In this Food Non-Fiction podcast episode, we talk about scurvy and its Vitamin C cure. Although the cure for scurvy was discovered a long time ago, changes in the understanding of science, medicine and the human body, caused people time turn away from the tried and true cure of fresh fruits and vegetables time and time again. We discuss the various events that brought the fresh produce cure in and out of favor. Thanks to Looperman artists for the music: Nerves Drums Part 1 & 2 by Lodderup Nerves Part 1 & 2 by Lodderup Never Again by Jawadalblooshi Thought of You by Jawadalblooshi Sad Piano by Danke  References: Mental Floss Jason Allen Mayberry About.com Article: Advancements, challenges, and prospects in the paleopathology of scurvy: Current perspectives on vitamin C deficiency in human skeletal remains Article: Lind, Scott, Amundsen and scurvy (Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine) Article: Scott and Scurvy (Canadian Medical Association Journal) Article: Scurvy: Historical Review and Current Diagnostic Approach Article: Scurvy in the Antarctic (The Lancet Vol 300, Issue 7787) Article: Sailor's scurvy before and after James Lind - a reassessment Article: Scurvy: Forgotten but definitely not gone Article: Scurvy on sea and land: political economy and natural history, c. 1780 - c. 1850 Article: Scurvy: Past, present and future (European Journal of Internal Medicine)