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Eric welcomes Professor Christopher Lynch, Chair of the Political Science Department at Missouri State University, the editor and translator of the most recent edition of Machiavelli's The Art of War and author of Machiavelli on War (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2023). They discuss Machiavelli as statesman, military leader and diplomat and Machiavelli as Political Philosopher, The Art of War as a treatise on combined arms warfighting, Machiavelli as the father of modern grand strategy, his views on war as revealed not only in the Art of War but his posthumously published works The Prince and The Discourses on Livy, whether Machiavelli was a "teacher of evil," his role as one of the progenitors of "realism" in international affairs, whether his teachings prefigure our modern notions of strategic competition between authoritarian states and liberal democracies and "the Prince's Dilemma" -- or what is the proper relationship between political authorities and military leaders, and both the time-bound and timeless nature of Machiavell's arguments. https://a.co/d/0dxfml05 Shield of the Republic is a Bulwark podcast co-sponsored by the Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia.

Show DescriptionChristopher Layne, distinguished professor at Texas A&M University, provides historical context around the Russian invasion of Ukraine and questions direct U.S. intervention on Ukraine's behalf. He discusses the U.S. strategy in Europe following WWII and following the end of the Cold War, NATO expansion, tensions in U.S.-Russian nuclear policies, Russian perspectives and motivations, potential resolutions to the conflict, and what could exacerbate the war. Show NotesChristopher Layne bioChristopher Layne, The Peace of Illusions: American Grand Strategy from 1940 to Present(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2007).Benjamin Schwarz and Christopher Layne, “Why Are We in Ukraine?” Harper's Magazine (June 2023). Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

King's College professor Richard Ned Lebow discusses his vast body of work on international politics. He talks about his cultural theory of international politics, Thucydides, realism, deterrence, Russia and the causes of the Ukraine war, and hegemonic stability theory, among other topics. Show NotesRichard Ned Lebow bioRichard Ned Lebow, The Quest For Knowledge in International Relations (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2022).Richard Ned Lebow, A Cultural Theory of International Relations(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009).Richard Ned Lebow, Why Nations Fight: Past and Future Motives for War (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010).Richard Ned Lebow, Avoiding War, Making Peace (Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017).Robert Jervis, Richard Ned Lebow, and Janice Gross Stein, Psychology and Deterrence (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989).Richard Ned Lebow, Between Peace and War: The Nature of International Crisis (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2981).Simon Reich and Richard Ned Lebow, Good-Bye Hegemony! Power and Influence in the Global System (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2014). Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Japan has realized that they need to take more responsibility for their security in response to China's rise, but there remain disagreements among U.S. allies about how to confront China. Dartmouth College professor Jennifer Lind discusses the threat environment in East Asia, Japan's military spending and relations with its neighbors, and how collective narratives about historical baggage between countries can shape policy. Show NotesJennifer Lind bioElbridge Colby and Jennifer Lind, “Japan Must Disavow Pacifism and Embrace Collective Defense,” Nikkei Asia, June 18, 2021.Jennifer Lind, “Japan Steps Up,” Foreign Affairs, December 23, 2022.Jennifer Lind, “With U.S. Help, Japan's Position towards China Hardens,” Financial Times, April 21, 2021.Jennifer Lind, “Narratives and International Reconciliation,” Journal of Global Security Studies 5, no. 2 (2020): pp. 229-247.Jennifer Lind, Sorry States: Apologies in International Politics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2010).Jennifer Lind and Daryl G. Press, “Reality Check,” Foreign Affairs 99, no. 2 (March/April 2020).Jennifer Lind, “Great Power Drives Great-Power Narratives,” Asia Policy 16, no. 3 (July 2021): pp. 142-147.Jennifer Lind and Chikako Kawakatsu Ueki, “Is Japan Back? Measuring Nationalism and Military Assertiveness in Asia's Other Great Power,” Journal of East Asian Studies 21 (2021): pp. 367-401. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

We were recently invited to speak at the University of Connecticut's Annual Medieval Studies/ECE Outreach Seminar on a variety of subjects related to the Viking Age. We prepared and recorded our morning presentation on Slavery in the Viking Age as a Saga Brief so that everyone in our listening audience could enjoy. It's a subject Andy's been thinking about a lot as we've been working our way through Laxdaela Saga, which is why he took the lead on this topic. Later in the day, John presented on Viking Age board games, focusing on Nine Men's Morris and Hneftafl. We then led a conversation on the Saga of Ragnar Lothbrok and his Sons among other topics. Sadly, these afternoon sessions were workshops and thus not recorded. We hope you enjoy this little attempt at a live Saga Brief. The audio is not pristine, but it is pretty decent for a live recording. The questions from Q&A are a bit difficult to hear and had to be edited slightly. Apologies for the poor quality there. We'll use two mics next time. For those interested in learning more, here is a list of valuable research on the subject Andy used to prepare the Saga Brief: Brink, Stefan. "Slavery in the Viking Age." In The Viking World, edited by Stefan Brink and Neil Price, 246-257. New York: Routledge, 2008. Brink, Stefan. Thraldom: The Viking Age Slave Trade. Uppsala: Swedish Science Press, 2018. Byock, Jesse L. Viking Age Iceland. London: Penguin Books, 2001. Gelsinger, Paul. Icelandic Enterprise: Commerce and Economy in the Middle Ages. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1981. Gustin, Ingrid, and Sven Kalmring (eds.). Viking Age Trade: Silver, Slaves and Gotland. Uppsala: Uppsala University, 2013. Heebøll-Holm, Thomas. "Piratical Slave-Raiding: A New Perspective on Viking Age Maritime Violence." In Viking-Age Trade: Silver, Slaves and Gotland, edited by Ingrid Gustin and Sven Kalmring, 219-240. Uppsala: Uppsala University, 2013. Jarman, Cat. River Kings: A New History of the Vikings from Scandinavia to the Silk Roads. London: HarperCollins Publishers, 2021. Jochens, Jenny. Women in Old Norse Society. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995. Jones, Gwyn. A History of the Vikings. Revised edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984. Karras, Ruth Mazo. Slavery and Society in Medieval Scandinavia. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988. Karras, Ruth Mazo. "Concubinage and Slavery in the Viking Age." Scandinavian Studies 79, no. 4 (2007): 403-422. Naumann, Elise, Maja Krzewińska, Anders Götherström, and Gunilla Eriksson. "Slaves as Burial Gifts in Viking Age Norway? Evidence from Stable Isotope and Ancient DNA Analyses." Journal of Archaeological Science 41, (2014): 533-540. Price, Neil. Children of Ash and Elm: A History of the Vikings. London: Allen Lane, 2020. Raffield, Ben. "The Slave Markets of the Viking World." History Today 66, no. 4 (2016): 12-19.   Music Credits Opening song – Icelandic Folk Music: Tröllaslagur Outro – Ólafur Liljurós

David is back with the conclusion of the Devil and the history attached to him! Covering other cultures, names, looks, and breakdowns of the info, the Devil gets fleshed out and examined in great detail. We pick back up with various forms of Evil in other cultures through history. Then many of the countless names of this entity are dissected and examined, paying careful attention to the origins of each. The several iterations of looks are discussed after that. And finally the episode concludes with analysis of the research and how it has influenced cultures through the ages. What was the actual purpose of this being? How has it evolved? And what conclusions can you draw from the information? David ends with opinion based on the facts, and encourages you to take a thoughtful examination of them for yourself. It's the finish of one of the biggest episodes in Blurry Photos history, one that hopefully teaches you something new and gives you perspective you never knew you were missing! Don't forget to watch me stream games on Twitch!   Sources Wray, T.J., and Mobley, Gregory. The Birth of Satan: Tracing the Devil's Biblical Roots. St. Martin's Publishing Group, 2014. Kindle edition. Messadie, Gerald. A History of the Devil. Kodansha Globe Publishing. New York, NY. 1996. Russell, Jeffrey Burton. The Devil: Perceptions of Evil from Antiquity to Primitive Christianity. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 1977. 176-77. Russell, Jeffrey Burton. The Prince of Darkness: Radical Evil and the Power of Good in History. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1988. Pg 19. Staff. Demons and Demonology. Jewish Virtual Library. Web. https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/demons-and-demonology Szpakowska, Kasia. (2009). Demons in Ancient Egypt. Religion Compass. 3. 799 - 805. 10.1111/j.1749-8171.2009.00169.x. Chrissy. Evil Greek Gods and Goddesses. Greece Travel Ideas. Feb. 6, 2021. Web. https://greecetravelideas.com/evil-greek-gods-and-goddesses/ Jastrow, Jr., Morris, Levi, Gerson, Jastrow, Marcus, Kohler, Kaufmann. Belial. Jewish Encyclopedia. 2021. Web. https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2805-belial Grafton, Anthony, and Most, Glenn, and Settis, Salvatore. The Classical Tradition. The Belknap Press of Harvard University. Cambridge, MA and London, England. 2010. Dallaire, Glenn. Sister Magdalena of the Cross. Mystics of the Church Website. Dec. 10, 2011. Web. https://www.mysticsofthechurch.com/2011/12/sister-magdalena-of-cross-nun-who-made.html Plaisted, David. Estimates of the Number Killed by the Papacy in the Middle Ages and Later. 2006. http://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/827989/15116787/1321289366180/50+million+protestants+killed.pdf Hicks, Robert D. In Pursuit of Satan: the police and the occult. Prometheus Books. Buffalo, NY. 1991. Pg. 55.   Music Asian Drums, Beach Party, Danse Party, Dark Fog, Desert Fox, Dhaka, Lightless Dawn, Northur, Red Tears, Temple of the Manes, Tikopia, Wizardtorium - Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 Garden of Gethsemane - Co.Ag Music Link: https://www.youtube.com/@co.agmusic1823/featured Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 Libera me, Pascha Nostrum, Amen, Sanctus, Sicut Ilium inter spinas - Messa di Requiem The Tudor Consort Attribution: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/  

Flora begins an epic deep dive into the history of the Devil with the first of a 2-part episode! Known the world over as the arch-fiend of all that is good, the Devil enjoys a sinister reputation, but is it truly deserved? Join David on a journey through history as he presents his research on this figure of malevolence. In part 1, David begins with the earliest mentions of Satan, including cultural inspirations. Both the Old and New Testaments of the Christian Bible are referenced as well as Hebrew scriptures and apocrypha not included in the Biblical canon. Ancient mythologies of Sumer, Babylon, and Persian Zoroastrianism are explored for their evil figures. And Jason from the Dragons in Genesis podcast joins to offer perspective throughout. Part 2 will explore evil in other cultures around the world, the many names of Satan and their origins, his looks, and conclusions which can be drawn from the information. It's a comparative mythology smorgasbord on this episode of Blurry Photos! Don't forget to watch me stream games on Twitch!   Sources Wray, T.J., and Mobley, Gregory. The Birth of Satan: Tracing the Devil's Biblical Roots. St. Martin's Publishing Group, 2014. Kindle edition. Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia. The War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness. Encyclopedia Britannica, July 20, 1998. Web. https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-War-of-the-Sons-of-Light-Against-the-Sons-of-Darkness Messadie, Gerald. A History of the Devil. Kodansha Globe Publishing. New York, NY. 1996. Russell, Jeffrey Burton. The Devil: Perceptions of Evil from Antiquity to Primitive Christianity. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 1977. 176-77. Kaplan, Arielle. Meet Judaism's Demons, Spirits, Witches, and Ghosts. Hey Alma website. Oct. 28, 2020. Web. https://www.heyalma.com/meet-judaisms-demons-spirits-witches-ghosts/ Dhalla, Dasturji Dr. Manekji Naserwanji. Temptation of Zarathushtra. Parsi Times. Oct. 16, 2016. Web. https://parsi-times.com/2016/10/temptation-of-zarathushtra/ Staff. Demons and Demonology. Jewish Virtual Library. Web. https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/demons-and-demonology Halsall, Paul. Medieval Sourcebook: Twelfth Ecumenical Council: Lateran IV 1215. Internet Medieval Source Book. Fordham University, Mar. 1996. Web. https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/lateran4.asp DeFoe, Daniel. A Political History of the Devil. London. Printed at The Black Boy in Pater-noster. 1726. Retrieved from the Web. https://www.online-literature.com/defoe/history-of-the-devil/19/   Music Halls of the Undead - Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 Dark Lord, I Will Play my Music, My Sins will Wake the Dead, Satanic, Somehow Satan got Behind Us - Co.Ag Music Link: https://www.youtube.com/@co.agmusic1823/featured Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 The Abyss, Consecrated Ground by Alexander Nakarada Link: https://filmmusic.io/song/4770-traveler License: https://filmmusic.io/standard-license

Schaulust am Unfallort und Festhalten am Status quo haben etwas gemeinsam: Wir wissen, es ist falsch, aber aufhören können wir auch nicht. Es ist bemerkenswert: Seit Jahrzehnten warnen diverse Wissenschaften vor dem planetaren Kollaps und den damit verbundenen sozialökologischen Gefahren für Freiheit, Wohlstand und Demokratie. Die Fakten sind erdrückend. Die alternativen Ansätze liegen vor und sind erprobt. Doch die Beharrungskräfte scheinen stärker zu sein. Selbsttäuschung und Nichtwahrhabenwollen sind das eine. Eingespielte Gewohnheiten und Gepflogenheiten sind das andere. Doch dann, wenn ein Kulturschock den Trott des Alltags aus dem Tritt bringt und Altbewährtes ins Leere laufen lässt, dann öffnen sich Schwellenräume im Dazwischen. In ihnen kann tabula rasa gemacht werden. In ihnen kann das Neue im Alten entstehen. Wie der Weg in und aus dem Schockmoment führt und wie daraus neues Handeln möglich wird, darum geht es in dieser neuen Folge lautdenken. LEISE WEITERDENKEN Birkner, Stephanie (2019): To belong or not to belong, that is the question?! Explorative insights on liminal gender states within women's STEMpreneurship. In: International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal 4 (2), S. 1–22. Diamond, Jared (2011): Collapse. New York: Penguin. Turner, Victor (1967): Betwixt and between. The liminal period in rites of passage. In: Victor Turner (Hg.): The Forest of Symbols. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, S. 3–19. Yanow, Dvora; Tsoukas, Haridimos (2009): What is Reflection-In-Action? A Phenomenological Account. In: Journal of Management Studies 46 (8), S. 1339–1364.

Episode 119:This week we're continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith[Part 1]Introduction[Part 2-5]1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905[Part 6-8]2. From Reform to War, 1906-1917[Part 9-12]3. From February to October 1917[Part 13 - 17]4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power[Part 18 - 22]5. War Communism[Part 23 - 26]6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy[Part 27 - 30]7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture[Part 31 - This Week]Conclusion (first half) - 0:23[Part 32]ConclusionFootnotes:1) 7:37The phrase was Lenin's. See V. I. Lenin, ‘Our Tasks and the Soviet of Workers' Deputies', 2–4 Nov. 1905, in Lenin Collected Works (Moscow: Progress, 1965), 10. 17–28.2) 22:49Lynne Viola, ‘Collectivization in the Soviet Union: Specificities and Modalities', in Constantin Iordachi and Arnd Bauerkämper (eds), The Collectivization of Agriculture in Communist Eastern Europe: Comparison and Entanglements (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2014), 49–78 (64–5).3) 24:17Ronald Suny suggests that empire is ‘a composite state in which the centre dominates the periphery to the latter's disadvantage'. Ronald G. Suny, ‘Ambiguous Categories: States, Empires and Nations', Post-Soviet Affairs, 11:2 (1995), 185–96 (187).4) 25:55Peter Holquist, ‘Violent Russia'.5) 26:45Zygmunt Bauman, Modernity and the Holocaust (Cambridge: Polity, 1989), 13; David L. Hoffmann, Cultivating the Masses: Modern State Practices and Soviet Socialism, 1914–1939 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2011).6) 28:57Landis, Bandits.7) 29:16Liudmila G. Novikova, ‘Russia's Red Revolutionary and White Terror: A Provincial Perspective', Europe-Asia Studies, 65:9 (2013), 1755–70.8) 29:40Felix Schnell, Räume des Schreckens: Gewalt und Gruppenmilitanz in der Ukraine, 1905–1933 (Hamburg: Hamburger Edition, 2012); Stefan Plaggenborg, ‘Gewalt und Militanz in Sowjetrußland 1917–1930', Jahrbucher fur Geschichte Osteuropas, 44 (1996), 409–30.9) 30:23Stephen P. Frank, Crime, Cultural Conflict, and Justice in Rural Russia, 1856–1914 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), 245–8.

Episode 118:This week we're continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith[Part 1]Introduction[Part 2-5]1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905[Part 6-8]2. From Reform to War, 1906-1917[Part 9-12]3. From February to October 1917[Part 13 - 17]4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power[Part 18 - 22]5. War Communism[Part 23 - 26]6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy[Part 27 - 29]7. The New Economic Policy: Society and CultureSocial Order RestoredDesigning a Welfare StateThe Arts and UtopiaFamily and Gender RelationsYouth a Wavering VanguardPropaganda and Popular Culture[Part 30 - This Week]7. The New Economic Policy: Society and CultureCultural Revolution - 0:38The Attack on Religion - 24:51Epilogue - The “Great Break” 1928 - 1931 - 42:38[Part 31 - 32?]ConclusionFigure 7.6 - 6:45Kazakh peasants learn to read.Figure 7.7 - 30:25The seizure of church valuables, 1922.Footnotes:96) 0:54Zenovia A. Sochor, Revolution and Culture: The Bogdanov–Lenin Controversy (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1988).97) 2:39Oktiabr'skaia revoliutsiia i fabzavkomy (The October Revolution and the Factory Committees), (2 vols), vol. 2, ed. S. A. Smith (Millwood, NY: Kraus International Publications, 1983), 89.98) 4:58Michael David-Fox, ‘What is Cultural Revolution?', Russian Review, 58 (Apr. 1999), 181–201.99) 5:46Ella Winter, Red Virtue: Human Relationships in the New Russia (London: Gollancz, 1933), 35.100) 6:48Charles E. Clark, Uprooting Otherness: The Literacy Campaign in NEP-Era Russia (Selinsgrove, PA: Susquehanna University Press, 2000).101) 7:50Charles E. Clark, ‘Uprooting Otherness: Bolshevik Attempts to Refashion Rural Russia via the Reading Rooms of the 1920s', Canadian Slavonic Papers, 38:3–4 (1996), 305–29 (320).102) 8:51N. Rosnitskii, Litso derevni. Po materialam obsledovaniia 28 volostei i 32,730 krest'ianskikh khoziaistv Penzenskoi gubernii (Leningrad: Gos. Izd-vo, 1926), 103.103) 10:00Régine Robin, ‘Popular Literature of the 1920s: Russian Peasants as Readers', in Fitzpatrick, Rabinowitch, and Stites (eds), Russia in the Era of NEP, 253–67, (256).104) 10:39Robin, ‘Popular Literature', 261.105) 11:26Gorsuch, Youth in Revolutionary Russia, 19.106) 11:50Antireligioznik, 10 (1926), 53.107) 12:28N. B. Lebina, Povsednevnaia zhizn' sovetskogo goroda: normy i anomalii: 1920–1930 gody (St Petersburg: Neva, 1999), ch. 2, part 3.108) 13:24Andy Willimott, Living the Revolution: Urban Communes & Soviet Socialism, 1917–1932 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016).109) 13:56Hugh D. Hudson, Blueprints and Blood: The Stalinization of Soviet Architecture, 1917–37 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994).110) 14:15Anatole Kopp, Town and Revolution: Soviet Architecture and City Planning, 1917–1935 (London: Thames and Hudson, 1970).111) 15:21Eric Aunoble, Le Communisme tout de suite! Le mouvement des communes en Ukraine soviétique (1919–20) (Paris: Les Nuits rouges, 2008).112) 16:25S. A. Smith, ‘The Social Meanings of Swearing: Workers and Bad Language in Late-Imperial and Early-Soviet Russia', Past and Present, 160 (1998), 167–202.113) 17:58This and the statistics on baptisms and funerals are taken from N. S. Burmistrov, ‘Religioznye obriady pri rozhdeniiakh, smertiakh, brakakh po statistichekim dannym administrativnykh otdelov Mossoveta', Antireligioznik, 6 (1929), 89–94.114) 20:03Golos naroda, 170–2.115) 20:44Catherine Merridale, Night of Stone: Death and Memory in Russia (London: Granta, 2000).116) 22:53N. N. Kozlova, Gorizonty povsednevnosti sovetskoi epokhi. Golosa iz khora (Moscow: RAN, 1996), 128; Litvak, ‘Zhizn' krest'ianina', 194.117) 25:14V. P. Buldakov, Krasnaia smuta: Priroda I posledstviia revoliutsionnogo nasiliia (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 1997).118) 25:42Koenker and Bachman (eds), Revelations from the Russian Archives, 456–8.119) 27:26State Archive of the Russian Federation: ГАРФ, ф.Р-5407, оп.2, д.177, л.22.120) 28:56.121) 31:25N. A. Krivova, ‘The Events in Shuia: A Turning Point in the Assault on the Church', Russian Studies in History, 46:2 (2007), 8–38.122) 31:44Edward E. Roslof, Red Priests: Renovationism, Russian Orthodoxy, and Revolution, 1905–1946 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002).123) 32:41Gregory Freeze, ‘Counter-Reformation in Russian Orthodoxy: Popular Response to Religious Innovation, 1922–1925', Slavic Review, 54:2 (1995), 305–39.124) 34:10A. Iu. Minakov, ‘Sektanty i revoliutsiia', < http://dl.biblion.realin.ru/text/14_Disk_EPDS_-_vse_seminarskie_konspekty/Uchebnye_materialy_1/sekt_novosibirsk/Documents/sekt_revol.html>.125) 35:41Mustafa Tuna, Imperial Russia's Muslims: Islam, Empire, and European Modernity, 1788–1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015), 237.126) 36:55Daniel Peris, Storming the Heavens: The Soviet League of the Militant Godless (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998).127) 39:08Nina Tumarkin, Lenin Lives! The Lenin Cult in Soviet Russia (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983).128) 40:49N. Valentinov, Novaia ekonomicheskaia politika i krizis partii posle smerti Lenina (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1971), 91.129) 49:49Sheila Fitzpatrick, Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 224–5.130) 50:05Stephen Kotkin, Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as a Civilization (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 198–237.131) 50:29Robert C. Tucker, Stalin in Power: The Revolution from Above, 1928–1941 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1990).

Episode 117:This week we're continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith[Part 1]Introduction[Part 2-5]1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905[Part 6-8]2. From Reform to War, 1906-1917[Part 9-12]3. From February to October 1917[Part 13 - 17]4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power[Part 18 - 22]5. War Communism[Part 23 - 26]6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy[Part 27]7. The New Economic Policy: Society and CultureSocial Order RestoredDesigning a Welfare StateThe Arts and UtopiaFamily and Gender Relations[Part 29 - This Week]7. The New Economic Policy: Society and CultureYouth a Wavering Vanguard - 0:18Propaganda and Popular Culture - 14:52[Part 30]7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture[Part 31?]ConclusionFigure 7.5 - 7:00Jewish orphans in Ukraine, c.1922.Footnotes:66) 0:33A. E. Gorsuch, Youth in Revolutionary Russia (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000).67) 1:30Catriona Kelly, Children's World: Growing up in Russia, 1890–1991 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007).68) 2:04Lisa A. Kirschenbaum, Small Comrades: Revolutionizing Childhood in Soviet Russia, 1917–1932 (London: RoutledgeFalmer, 2001).69) 2:49Goldman, Women, the State and Revolution, 9.70) 4:30Matthias Neumann, The Communist Youth League and the Transformation of the Soviet Union (London: Routledge, 2011), 3.71) 5:16See Russian Wikipedia entry for: Взвейтесь кострами, синие ночи.72) 6:21‘Kem ia khochu byt' Pioner 2 (1929).73) 7:02Alan M. Ball, And Now my Soul Is Hardened: Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia, 1918–1930 (London: University of California Press, 1994).74) 8:41Goldman, Women, the State and Revolution, 326.75) 9:16Neumann, Communist Youth League, 7; Isabel A. Tirado, ‘The Revolution, Young Peasants, and the Komsomol's Anti-Religious Campaigns (1920–1928)', Canadian-American Slavic Studies, 26:1–3 (1999), 97–117 (97).76) 9:33A. Zalkind, ‘Kul'turnyi rost sovetskogo molodniaka', Molodoi Bol'shevik, 19–20 (1927).77) 11:39Tirado, ‘The Revolution', 105.78) 11:52Gorsuch, Youth in Revolutionary Russia.79) 12:51Vladimir Slepkov, ‘Komsomol'skii zhargon i Komsomol'skii “obychai” ', in A. Slepkov (ed.), Byt i molodezh, (2nd edn) (Moscow, 1926), 46–7.80) 14:05Krasnaia gazeta, 19 Mar. 1918, 4.81) 15:01Peter Kenez, The Birth of the Propaganda State: Soviet Methods of Mass Mobilization, 1917–1929 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 7.82) 17:19State Archive of the Russian Federation: ГАРФ, ф.А-2313 оп. 4 д. 139, l. 47.83) 19:01Elizabeth Wood, Performing Justice: Agitation Trials in Early Soviet Russia (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2005).84) 20:46Michael S. Gorham, Speaking in Soviet Tongues: Language Culture and the Politics of Voice in Revolutionary Russia (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2003).85) 21:31Figes, Peasant Russia, Civil War.86) 23:39M. M. Bakhtin, The Dialogic Imagination, ed. Michael Holquist (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981).87) 24:02K. Selishchev, Lazyk revoliutstonnoi epokhi: iz nabluzhdenii nad russkim iazykom poslednykh let, 1917–26 (Moscow, 1928).88) 24:20Smith, Language and Power, 113.89) 25:07Slepkov, ‘Komsomol'sku zhargon', 46–7.90) 27:51Aleksandr Rozhkov, ‘Pochemu kuritsa povesilas': Narodnye ostroslovtsy o zhizni v “bol'shevizii” ', Rodina, 10 (1999), 60–4.91) 29:38G. F. Dobronozhenko, VChK-OGPU o politicheskh nastroeniiakh severnogo krest'ianstva 1921–27 godov (Syktyvkar: Syktyvkarskii gos. Universitet, 1995), 54.92) 30:27A. V. Golubev, ‘Sovetskoe obshchestvo i “voennye trevogi” 1920-kh godov', Otechestvennaia istoriia, 1 (2008), 36–58 (38).93) 30:44Golubev, ‘Sovetskoe obshchestvo', 50.94) 31:39‘And he causeth all, both small and great, rich and poor, free and bond, to receive a mark in their right hand, or in their foreheads: and that no man might buy or sell, save he that had the mark, or the name of the beast, or the number of his name.' Revelation 13:16–17.95) 32:19F. M. Putintsev, Kulatskoe svetoprestavlenie (Moscow: Bezbozbnik, 1930), 13, 25.

Episode 116:This week we're continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith[Part 1]Introduction[Part 2-5]1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905[Part 6-8]2. From Reform to War, 1906-1917[Part 9-12]3. From February to October 1917[Part 13 - 17]4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power[Part 18 - 22]5. War Communism[Part 23 - 26]6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy[Part 27]7. The New Economic Policy: Society and CultureSocial Order RestoredDesigning a Welfare State[Part 28 - This Week]7. The New Economic Policy: Society and CultureThe Arts and Utopia - 0:22Family and Gender Relations - 29:47[Part 29 - 30]7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture[Part 31?]ConclusionFigure 7.2 - 9:47Liubov' Popova, ‘Jug on a table'.Figure 7.3 - 11:03Vladimir Tatlin and assistant in front of a model of his Monument to the Third International, 1919.Figure 7.4 - 35:33A demonstration for women's liberation in Baku, Azerbaijan, c.1925.Footnotes:36) 2:48Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, ‘Communist Manifesto' (1848), .37) 3:44Richard Stites, Revolutionary Dreams: Utopian Vision and Experimental Life in the Russian Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989); Catriona Kelly and David Shepherd, Russian Cultural Studies: An Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998).38) 5:13Alexander Bogdanov, Red Star: The First Bolshevik Utopia, trans. Charles Rougle (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984); J. A. E. Curtis, The Englishman from Lebedian: A Life of Evgeny Zamiatin (Boston: Academic Studies Press, 2013).39) 5:54Lenin, State and Revolution.40) 6:05J. Bowlt and O. Matich (eds), Laboratory of Dreams: The Russian Avant-Garde and Cultural Experiment (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1996).41) 6:33The Great Utopia: The Russian and Soviet Avant-Garde, 1917–1932 (New York: Guggenheim Museum, 1992).42) 8:04Mayakovsky, ‘150 million', in René Fülöp-Miller, The Mind and Face of Bolshevism (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1965), 159.43) 11:42E. A. Dobrenko and Marina Balina (eds), The Cambridge Companion to 20th-Century Russian Literature (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011); Robert A. Maguire, Red Virgin Soil: Soviet Literature in the 1920s (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1968).44) 14:42Richard Taylor, The Politics of the Soviet Cinema, 1917–1929 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Peter Kenez, Cinema and Soviet Society, 1917–1953 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).45) 18:45Lesley Chamberlain, Lenin's Private War: The Voyage of the Philosophy Steamer and the Exile of the Intelligentsia (London: St Martin's Press, 2007).46) 19:54Il'ina, Obshchestvennye organizatsii Rossii, 32, 74.47) 20:39T. M. Goriaeva (ed.), Istoriia sovetskoi politicheskoi tsenzury: dokumenty i kommentarii (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 1997), 444.48) 21:29Goriaeva, Istoriia, 277, 430–2.49) 22:15Michael David-Fox, Revolution of the Mind: Higher Learning among the Bolsheviks, 1918–1929 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997).50) 24:35R. W. Davies and Maureen Perrie, ‘Social Context', in Davies (ed.), From Tsarism, 36.51) 26:04Christopher Read, Culture and Power in Revolutionary Russia (New York: St Martin's Press, 1990); Fitzpatrick, The Cultural Front.52) 27:05Sheila Fitzpatrick, Cultural Revolution in Russia, 1928–1931 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978).53) 29:58Goldman, Women, the State and Revolution.54) 31:01Barbara A. Engel, Breaking the Ties that Bind: The Politics of Marital Strife in Late Imperial Russia (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2011), 6.55) 32:15K. N. Samoilova, Rabotnitsy v Rossiiskoi revoliutsii (Petrograd: Gosizdat, 1920), 3.56) 32:33Chernykh, Stanovlenie Rossii sovetskoi, 179.57) 33:15Beatrice Farnsworth, Aleksandra Kollontai: Socialism, Feminism and the Bolshevik Revolution (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1980); Barbara E. Clements, Bolshevik Feminist: The Life of Aleksandra Kollontai (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1979).58) 36:02Douglas Northrup, Veiled Empire: Gender and Power in Stalinist Central Asia (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004); Marianne Kamp, The New Woman of Uzbekistan (Seattle: Washington University Press, 2006), 162–78. Shoshana Keller, To Moscow, Not Mecca: The Soviet Campaign against Islam in Central Asia, 1917–1941 (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2001).59) 37:13Beatrice Penati, ‘On the Local Origins of the Soviet Attack on the “Religious” Waqf in the Uzbek SSR (1927)', Acta Slavonica Iaponica, 36 (2015), 39–72.60) 37:19Karen Petrone, ‘Masculinity and Heroism in Imperial and Soviet Military-Patriotic Cultures', in B. E. Clements, Rebecca Friedman, and Dan Healey (eds), Russian Masculinities in History and Culture (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2002), 172–93.61) 39:04Victoria E. Bonnell, ‘The Representation of Women in Early Soviet Political Art', Russian Review, 50 (1991), 267–88.62) 42:10S. G. Strumilin, ‘Biudzhet vremeni rabochikh v 1923–24gg.', in S. G. Strumilin, Problemy ekonomiki truda (Moscow: Nauka, 1982).63) 44:09Golos naroda, 157.64) 47:52Frances Bernstein, The Dictatorship of Sex: Gender, Health, and Enlightenment in Revolutionary Russia, 1918–1931 (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2007).65) 48:57Eric Naiman, Sex in Public: The Incarnation of Early Soviet Ideology (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997), 92.

Episode 114:This week we're continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith[Part 1]Introduction[Part 2-5]1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905[Part 6-8]2. From Reform to War, 1906-1917[Part 9-12]3. From February to October 1917[Part 13 - 17]4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power[Part 18 - 22]5. War Communism[Part 23 - 25]6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the EconomyNew Economic Policy and AgricultureNew Economic Policy and IndustryNew Economic Policy and LabourThe Inner Party StruggleThe Party StateInstituting Law[Part 26 - This Week]6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the EconomyGoverning the Countryside - 0:31Foreign Policy and Promoting Revolution - 13:39Nation Building - 29:31The Limits of NEP - 37:48Discussion - 41:26[Part 27 - 30?]7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture[Part 31?]ConclusionFootnotes:92) 2:02Priestland, Stalinism, 150.93) 2:13Velikanova, Popular Perceptions, 138.94) 3:08T. V. Pankova-Kozochkina, ‘Rabotniki sel'skikh sovetov 1902-kh godov: nomenklaturnye podkhody bol'shevikov i sotsial'nye trebovaniia krest'ianstva (na materialakh Iuga Rossii)', Rossiiskaia istoriia, 6 (2011), 136–46.95) 3:40Golos naroda, 215.96) 4:11Olga A. Narkiewicz, The Making of the Soviet State Apparatus (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1970), 61.97) 4:42I. N. Il'ina, Obshchestvennye organizatsii Rossii v 1920-e gody (Moscow: RAN, 2000), 72.98) 5:02A. A. Kurënyshev, Vserossiiskii krest'anskii soiuz, 1905–1930 (Moscow: AIRO-XX, 2004).99) 5:35Velikanova, Popular Perceptions, 158.100) 6:01McDonald, Face to the Village, 104–5.101) 6:30Diane P. Koenker and Ronald D.Bachman (eds), Revelations from the Russian Archives: Documents in English Translation (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1997), 38.102) 7:24Gill, Origins, 113.103) 7:56M. Ia. Fenomenov, Sovremennaia derevnia. Opyt kraevedcheskogo obsledovaniia odnoi derevni, vol. 2 (Leningrad: Goz. izd-vo, 1925), 39.104) 9:09Litvak, “Zhizn' krest'ianina', 194.105) 9:30D. Kh. Ibragimova, NEP i perestroika: massovoe soznanie sel'skogo naseleniia v usloviiakh perekhoda k rynku (Moscow: Pamiatniki istoricheskoi mysli, 1997).106) 11:47Litvak, ‘Zhizn' krest'ianina', 194.107) 14:24Tooze, Deluge, 11.108) 22:09Alexander Vatlin and S. A. Smith, ‘The Comintern', Oxford Handbook of the History of Communism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), ch. 10.109) 23:55John Riddell (ed.), To See the Dawn: Baku, 1920—First Congress of the Peoples of the East (New York: Pathfinder, 1993), 45.110) 24:12Riddell, To See the Dawn, 70.111) 24:39H. G. Wells, Russia in the Shadows (New York: Doran, 1921), 96.112) 25:01Stephen White, ‘Communism and the East: The Baku Congress, 1920', Slavic Review, 33:3 (1974), 492–514 (501).113) 25:25Riddell, To See the Dawn, 204–7.114) 25:46E. H. Carr, The Bolshevik Revolution, vol. 2 (London: Macmillan 1952), 265.115) 27:11S. A. Smith, A Road is Made: Communism in Shanghai, 1920–1927 (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2000).116) 28:01Jon Jacobson, When the Soviet Union Entered World Politics (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1994), 50.117) 29:29Velikanova, Popular Perceptions, ch. 1.118) 30:35Lewin, Lenin's Last Struggle, ch. 4.119) 32:49Francine Hirsch, Empire of Nations: Ethnographic Knowledge and the Making of the Soviet Union (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, 2005), 229, 331.120) 33:39Terry Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001).121) 35:43Yuri Slezkine, ‘The USSR as a Communal Apartment, or How a Socialist State Promoted Ethnic Particularism', Slavic Review, 53:2 (1994), 415.122) 37:05Michael G. Smith, Language and Power in the Creation of the USSR, 1917–1953 (Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1998), 125, 134.

Episode 112:This week we're continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith[Part 1]Introduction[Part 2-5]1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905[Part 6-8]2. From Reform to War, 1906-1917[Part 9-12]3. From February to October 1917[Part 13 - 17]4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power[Part 18 - 22]5. War Communism[Part 23]6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the EconomyNew Economic Policy and Agriculture[Part 24 - This Week]6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the EconomyNew Economic Policy and Industry - 0:31New Economic Policy and Labour - 15:14[Part 25 - 26?]6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy[Part 27 - 30?]7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture[Part 31?]ConclusionFootnotes:22) 3:30R. W. Davies, ‘Introduction', in Davies (ed.), From Tsarism, 13.23) 4:09Davies, ‘Introduction', in Davies (ed.), From Tsarism, 5.24) 4:45M. M. Gorinov, ‘Sovetskaia istoriia 1920–30-kh godov: ot mifov k real'nosti', in Istoricheskie issledovaniia v Rossii: Tendentsii poslednikh let (Moscow: AIRO-XX, 1996).25) 5:09Mark Harrison, ‘National Income', in and Davies et al. (eds), Economic Transformation, 38–56, 42.26) 7:43Lewis Siegelbaum, Soviet State and Society between Revolutions, 1918–29 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 110.27) 9:45Cited in Steve Smith, ‘Taylorism Rules OK? Bolshevism, Taylorism and the Technical Intelligentsia: The Soviet Union, 1917–41', Radical Science Journal, 13 (1983), 3–27; Mark R. Beissinger, Scientific Management, Socialist Discipline and Soviet Power (London: I. B. Tauris, 1988).28) 11:34Diane P. Koenker, ‘Factory Tales: Narratives of Industrial Relations in the Transition to NEP', Russian Review, 55:3 (1996), 384–411 (386).29) 12:16Golos naroda, 214.30) 13:07Olga Velikanova, Popular Perceptions of Soviet Politics in the 1920s (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2013), 13.31) 13:59Chris Ward, Russia's Cotton Workers and the New Economic Policy: Shop-Floor Culture and State Policy, 1921–29 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).32) 14:50Davies (ed.), From Tsarism, 186.33) 15:11Siegelbaum, Soviet State, 204.34) 15:47L. S. Gaponenko, Vedushchaia rol' rabochego klassa v rekonstruktsii promyshlennosti SSSR (Moscow: Akademiia obshchestvennykh nauk, 1973), 88.35) 16:00J. D. Barber and R. W. Davies, ‘Employment and Industrial Labour', in Davies et al. (eds), Economic Transformation, 81–105 (84).36) 16:16Daniel Orlovsky, ‘The Hidden Class: White-Collar Workers in the Soviet 1920s', in Lewis H. Siegelbaum and Ronald G. Suny (eds), Making Workers Soviet: Power, Class and Identity (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994), 220–52 (228).37) 16:49Shkaratan, Problemy, 269.38) 17:53Siegelbaum, Soviet State, 136.39) 18:29Wendy Goldman, Women at the Gates: Gender and Industry in Stalin's Russia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 12.40) 20:19Barber and Davies, ‘Employment', in Davies et al. (eds), Economic Transformation, 84.41) 20:38Siegelbaum, Soviet State, 205.42) 21:56Diane P. Koenker, ‘Men against Women on the Shop Floor in Early Soviet Russia: Gender and Class in the Socialist Workplace', American Historical Review, 100:5 (1995), 1438–64 (1458).43) 22:44Rebecca Spagnolo, ‘Serving the Household, Asserting the Self: Urban Domestic Servant Activism, 1900–1917', in Christine D. Worobec (ed.), The Human Tradition in Imperial Russia (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2009), 141–54 (143).44) 23:33Rebecca Spagnolo, ‘Service, Space and the Urban Domestic in 1920s Russia', in Christina Kiaer and Eric Naiman (eds), Everyday Life in Early Soviet Russia: Taking the Revolution Inside (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006), 230–55.45) 24:29Liutov, Obrechennaia reforma, 106.46) 24:51Siegelbaum, Soviet State, 203.47) 26:10Andrew Pospielovsky, ‘Strikes during the NEP', Revolutionary Russia, 10:1 (1997), 1–34 (16).48) 26:49Kir'ianov, Rosenberg, and Sakharov (eds), Trudovye konflikty, 23.49) 28:03Liutov, Obrechennaia reforma, 124.50) 30:02A. Iu. Livshin, Obshchestvennye nastroeniia v Sovetskoi Rossii, 1917–1929gg. (Moscow: Universitetskii gumanitarnyi litsei, 2004); L. N. Liutov, ‘Nastroeniia rabochikh provintsii v gody nepa', Rossiiskaia istoriia, 4 (2007), 65–74.51) 30:55Vladimir Brovkin, Russia after Lenin: Politics, Culture and Society (London: Routledge, 1998), 186.52) 31:26Gimpel'son, Formirovanie, 168.53) 32:24Liutov, Obrechennaia reforma, 133.

In 1776 a massive British fleet of more than 400 ships carrying tens of thousands of soldiers arrived outside New York Harbor. Many of these soldiers were German, hired from their princes by the British government. Americans then and now have called them Hessians. For the next seven years, these German soldiers marched, fought, and suffered seemingly everywhere in eastern North America, from the walls of Quebec City to the sandy beaches of Pensacola Bay. When the British army left, many Germans were left behind–both the living, deserters who had found new lives or others who settled with Loyalists in Canada, and the dead. Just this summer, on the battlefield of Fort Mercer, across from Philadelphia, an archaeological dig discovered a grave with the remains of thirteen German soldiers–and that just a fraction of the Germans who died in that place on October 22nd, 1777.  With me to describe the Hessians and their American odyssey is Friederike Baer, Associate Professor of History  at Pennsylvania State University, Abington College, and author of the new book Hessians: German Soldiers in the American Revolutionary War.      For Further Investigation Friederike writes, "for those interested in researching their Hessian ancestors, try this database of records at Hessian State Archives, Marburg, Germany and the Johannes Schwalm Historical Association (which also publishes an annual journal) A digitized collection of maps related to the Revolutionary war in the Hessian State Archives Marburg, Germany (collections 28 and 29)  "A classic to read is" Edward J. Lowell, The Hessians and the other Auxiliaries of Great Britain in the Revolutionary War. Port Washington, 1965; orig. publ. 1884. "A study with focus on troops from Hessen-Kassel is" Rodney Atwood, The Hessians: Mercenaries from Hessen-Kassel in the American Revolution. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1980. "On German prisoners of war see" Daniel Krebs, A Generous and Merciful Enemy: Life for German Prisoners of War during the American Revolution. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013 and Kenneth Miller, Dangerous Guests: Enemy Captives and Revolutionary Communities during the War for Independence. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2014. "Stephen Conway has published extensively about Britain's use of foreign troops more broadly." Read Stephen Conway. Britannia's Auxiliaries: Continental Europeans and the British Empire, 1740-1800. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. See also Mark Wishon, German Forces in the British Army: Interactions and Perceptions, 1742-1815. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. And here's a list of particularly informative published primary records:  Marvin L. Brown and Marta Huth. Baroness von Riedesel and the American Revolution: Journal and Correspondence of a Tour of Duty, 1776-1783. University of North Carolina Press, 1965. Helga Doblin, ed. An Eyewitness Account of the American Revolution and New England Life: The Journal of J.F. Wasmus, German Company Surgeon, 1776-1783. New York: Greenwood, 1990.  Helga Doblin and Mary C. Lynn, eds. The American Revolution, Garrison Life in French Canada and New York: Journal of an Officer in the Prinz Friedrich Regiment, 1776-1783. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1993. Helga Doblin and Mary C. Lynn, eds. The Specht Journal: A Military Journal of the Burgoyne Campaign. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1995. Charlotte S. J. Epping, ed. Journal of Du Roi the Elder, Lieutenant and Adjutant, in the Service of the Duke of Brunswick, 1776-1778. Americana Germanica 15. [Philadelphia]: University of Pennsylvania, 1911. Bernhard A. Uhlendorf, ed. Revolution in America: Confidential Letters and Journals 1776 -1784 of Adjutant General Major Baurmeister of the Hessian Forces. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1957.

Episode 109:This week we're continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith[Part 1]Introduction[Part 2-5]1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905[Part 6-8]2. From Reform to War, 1906-1917[Part 9-12]3. From February to October 1917[Part 13 - 17]4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power[Part 18 - 20]5. War CommunismMobilising IndustryThe Food DictatorshipWar Communism in CrisisSocial Order OverturnedFighting the Church[Part 21 - This Week]5. War CommunismWorker Unrest - 0:31[Part 22?]5. War Communism[Part 23 - 25?]6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy[Part 26 - 29?]7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture[Part 30?]ConclusionFootnotes:57) 1:36S. G. Strumilin, ‘Obshchii obzor Severnoi oblasti', Materialy po statistike truda Severnoi oblasti, vol. 1 (Petrograd, 1918), 18–19.58) 2:37Diane P. Koenker, ‘Urbanization and Deurbanization in the Russian Revolution', in Koenker, Rosenberg, and Suny (eds), Party, State and Society, 81–104.59) 3:09V. Iu. Cherniaev et al. (eds.), Piterskie rabochie i ‘diktatura proletariata', oktiabr' 1917–1929: ekonomicheskie konflikty, politicheskii protest (St Petersburg: BLITS, 2000), 13.60) 5:51Sheila Fitzpatrick, The Cultural Front: Power and Culture in Revolutionary Russia (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992), 26.61) 8:12Jonathan Aves, Workers against Lenin: Labour Protest and the Bolshevik Dictatorship (London and New York: Tauris, 1996), 57.62) 10:22David Priestland, Stalinism and the Politics of Mobilization (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), ch. 1.63) 10:36D. O. Churakov, Revoliutsiia, gosudarstvo, rabochii protest: formy, dinamika i priroda massovykh vystuplenii rabochikh v sovetskoi Rossii, 1917–1918gg. (Moscow: Rossiiskaia politicheskaia entsiklopediia, 2004).64) 11:25V. A. Koklov, ‘Men'sheviki na vyborakh v gorodskie sovety tsentral'noi Rossii vesnoi 1918g', in Men'sheviki i men'shevizm: sbornik statei (Moscow: Izd-vo Tip. Novosti, 1998), 52.65) 12:51Iarov, Gorozhanin kak politik, 24; Brovkin, Behind the Front Lines, 161.66) 13:22Pavliuchenkov, Voennyi kommunizm v Rossii, 146.67) 15:35Jon Smele, Civil War in Siberia: the Anti-Bolshevik Government of Admiral Kolchak, 1918–1920 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 337, 609.68) 16:42Stephen Wheatcroft, ‘Soviet Statistics of Nutrition and Mortality during Times of Famine', Cahiers du monde russe, 38:4 (1997), 529; Pavliuchenkov, Voennyi kommunizm v Rossii, 146.69) 16:55B. N. Kazantsev, ‘Materialy gosudarstvennykh, partiinykh i profsoiuznykh organov o vystupleniiakh rabochikh na predpriiatiakh Sovetskoi Rossii v 1918–28gg.', in Iu. I. Kir'ianov, W. Rosenberg, and A. N. Sakharov (eds), Trudovye konflikty v sovetskoi Rossii 1918–1929gg. (Moscow: Editorial URSS, 1998), 38–66 (48).70) 17:35Iarov, Gorozhanin kak politik, 49.71) 18:44Pavliuchenkov, Voennyi kommunizm, 157.72) 20:49Cherniaev et al. (eds), Piterskie rabochie, 177–83; Krasnaia gazeta, 15 March 1919, 2.73) 22:24Cherniaev et al. (eds), Piterskie rabochie, 18.74) 23:08Aves, Workers against Lenin, 24.75) 23:43Cherniaev et al. (eds), Piterskie rabochie, 274.76) 24:33A. Vyshinskii, ‘Uroki odnoi konferentsii', Pravda, 8 Feb. 1921, 1; Simon Pirani, The Russian Revolution in Retreat, 1920–23: Soviet Workers and the New Economic Policy (London: Routledge, 2008).

Episode 106:This week we're continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith[Part 1]Introduction[Part 2-5]1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905[Part 6-8]2. From Reform to War, 1906-1917[Part 9-12]3. From February to October 1917[Part 13 - 17]4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power[Part 18 - This Week]5. War Communism - 0:21Mobilising Industry - 6:39[Part 19 - 21?]5. War Communism[Part 22 - 24?]6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy[Part 25 - 28?]7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture[Part 29?]ConclusionFootnotes:1) 0:31Diane Koenker, William Rosenberg, and Ronald Suny (eds), Party, State and Society in the Russian Civil War (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989).2) 1:39.3) 3:01Mauricio Borrero, Hungry Moscow: Scarcity and Urban Society in the Russian Civil War, 1917–1920 (New York: Peter Lang, 2003).4) 3:39A. A. Il'iukhov, Zhizn' v epokhu peremen: material'noe polozhenie gorodskikh zhitelei v gody revoliutsii i grazhdanskoi voiny (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2007), 36.5) 4:24Viktor Shklovskii, A Sentimental Journey (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1984), 175.6) 5:16Il'iukhov, Zhizn', 169–70.7) 5:26Il'iukhov, Zhizn', 83.8) 6:05Il'iukhov, Zhizn', 178–9.9) 6:38Cited in Il'iukhov, Zhizn', 168.10) 7:01Silvana Malle, The Economic Organization of War Communism 1918–1921 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985).11) 9:17V. I. Lenin, The Impending Catastrophe and How to Combat It, .12) 10:56Smith, Red Petrograd, 224.13) 14:27Ronald Kowalski, The Bolshevik Party in Conflict: The Left Communist Opposition of 1918 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1991).14) 17:04.15) 18:52Thomas F. Remington, Building Socialism in Bolshevik Russia: Ideology and Industrial Organization, 1917–1921 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1984).

Episode 102:This week we're continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith[Part 1]Introduction[Part 2-5]1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905[Part 6-8]2. From Reform to War, 1906-1917[Part 9-12]3. From February to October 1917[Part 13]4. Civil War and Bolshevik PowerThe Expansion of Soviets[Part 14 - This Week]4. Civil War and Bolshevik PowerCivil War - 0:22[Part 15 - 16?]4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power[Part 17 - 19?]5. War Communism[Part 20 - 22?]6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy[Part 23 - 26?]7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture[Part 27?]ConclusionFigures 4.1 - 10:02German prisoners-of-war demonstrate in Moscow in 1918. Their banner reads ‘Long live the World Revolution!'4.2 - 12:40Red Army soldiers going off to fight.4.3 - 38:22Lenin speaks to troops being sent to the Polish Front in Moscow, 5 May 1920. Trotsky and Kamenev are standing on the step of the platform.Footnotes:22) 0:40The following section draws on: Jonathan D. Smele, The ‘Russian' Civil Wars, 1916–1926 (London: Hurst, 2016); Evan Mawdsley, The Russian Civil War (New York: Pegasus, 2005); W. Bruce Lincoln, Red Victory: A History of the Russian Civil War (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989).23) 1:01Krivosheev (ed.), Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka.24) 1:23Naselenie Rossii v XX veke, vol. 1, 148.25) 6:21Joshua Sanborn, ‘The Genesis of Russian Warlordism: Violence and Governance during the First World War and the Civil War', Contemporary European History, 19 (2010), 195–213.26) 6:37Geoffrey Swain, Russia's Civil War (2nd edn) (Stroud: History Press, 2008).27) 8:04P. N. Vrangel', Zapiski (noiabr' 1916–noiabr 1920) (2 vols), vol. 1 (Moscow: Kosmos, 1991), 100.28) 9:08Peter Kenez, Civil War in South Russia, 1918: The First Year of the Volunteer Army (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971).29) 11:37Mark von Hagen, Soldiers in the Proletarian Dictatorship: The Red Army and the Soviet Socialist State, 1917–1930 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990); Francesco Benvenuti, The Bolsheviks and the Red Army, 1918–1922 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988).30) 12:42V. Ia. Grosul, ‘Krasnye generaly grazhdanskoi voiny', Rossiiskaia istoriia, 4 (2011), 139–54.31) 15:46A. Lunacharskii, ‘Revolutionary Silhouettes' (1923), .32) 18:28Eduard Dune, Notes of a Red Guard, trans. and ed. Diane P. Koenker and S. A. Smith (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993).33) 19:06Richard Pipes, The Russian Revolution (New York: Knopf, 1990), 770.34) 20:42Dobrovol'skii, ‘Partiia sotsialistov-revoliutsionerov', ch. 4, section 2.35) 22:02Yanni Kotsonis, ‘Arkhangel'sk, 1918: Regionalism and Populism in the Russian Civil War', Russian Review, 51:4 (1992), 526–44; Liudmila G. Novikova, ‘Northerners into Whites: Popular Participation in the Counter-Revolution in Arkhangel'sk Province, Summer–Autumn 1918', Europe-Asia Studies, 60:2 (2008), 277–93.36) 25:09A. G. Kavtaradze, Voennye spetsialisty na sluzhbe Respubliki sovetov 1917–1920gg. (Moscow: Nauka, 1988).37) 26:49G. A. Trukan, Put' k totalitarizmu, 1917–1929gg. (Moscow: Nauka, 1994), 61.38) 28:15S. Karpenko, ‘The White Dictatorships': Bureaucracy in the South of Russia: Social Structure, Living Conditions, and Performance (1918–1920)', Soviet and Post-Soviet Review, 37:1 (2010), 84–96.39) 29:18Peter Kenez, Civil War in South Russia, 1919–1920: The Defeat of the Whites (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977), 88–93, 282.40) 43:43Orlando Figes, ‘The Red Army and Mass Mobilization during the Russian Civil War', Past and Present, 129 (1990), 168–211; Sanborn, Drafting the Russian Nation.41) 44:50Kavtaradze, Voennye spetsialisty, 175–8.42) 45:33Norman G. O. Pereira, White Siberia: The Politics of Civil War (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1996).43) 48:52Jonathan D. Smele, Historical Dictionary of the ‘Russian' Civil Wars, 1916–1926 (2 vols) (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2015), 1303.44) 52:47Figes, People's Tragedy, 699.

Episode 101:This week we're continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith[Part 1]Introduction[Part 2-5]1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905[Part 6-8]2. From Reform to War, 1906-1917[Part 9-12]3. From February to October 1917[Part 13 - This Week]4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power - 0:21The Expansion of Soviets - 18:11[Part 14 - 16?]4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power[Part 17 - 19?]5. War Communism[Part 20 - 22?]6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy[Part 23 - 26?]7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture[Part 27?]ConclusionFootnotes:1) 0:46Thomas H. Rigby, Lenin's Government: Sovnarkom 1917–1922 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Alexander Rabinowitch, The Bolsheviks in Power: The First Year of Soviet Rule in Petrograd (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007).2) 3:06Lutz Häfner, Die Partei der Linken Sozialrevolutionäre: In der Russischen Revolution von 1917–1918 (Cologne: Böhlau, 1994).3) 4:05.4) 5:18Moskovskii Voenno-Revoliutsionnyi komitet, oktiabr'-noiabr' 1917 goda (Moscow: Moskovskii rabochii, 1968), 182–3.5) 7:24Velikii oktiabr' i zashchita ego zavoevanii: pobeda sotsialisticheskoi revoliutsii (Moscow: Nauka, 1987), 197.6) 9:46Protasov, Vserossiiskoe uchreditel'noe sobranie.7) 11:03N. S. Lar'kov, ‘Sibirskii Oktiabr' i marginaly', in Iz istorii revoliutsii v Rossii, vol. 1 (Tomsk: Tomskii gos. Universitet, 1996), 169–75; A. V. Dobrovol'skii, ‘Partiia sotsialistov-revoliutsionerov vo vlasti i v oppozitsii, 1917–1923 gody' (avtoreferat dissertatsii) (Novosibirsk, 2004), ch. 2, section 3.8) 11:38S. V. Iarov, Gorozhanin kak politik: revoliutsiia, voennyi kommunizm i NEP glazami petrogradtsev (St Petersburg: Dmitrii Bulanin, 1999), 20.9) 13:05Protasov, Vserossiiskoe uchreditel'noe sobranie, 320.10) 16:27Mark von Hagen, War in a European Borderland: Occupations and Occupation Plans in Galicia and Ukraine, 1914–1918 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2007).11) 17:58Risto Alapuro, State and Revolution in Finland (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 177.12) 18:09Adam Tooze, The Deluge: The Great War and the Remaking of Global Order (New York: Viking, 2014), xxxix.13) 19:51N. S. Lar'kov, Nachalo grazhdanskoi voiny v Sibiri: armiia i bor'ba za vlast' (Tomsk: Tomskii gos. Universitet, 1995), 36.14) 21:02State Archive of Perm' Oblast', ГАПО ф. Р-359, оп.1, д.2, л.77.15) 22:00E. G. Gimpel'son, Formirovanie sovetskoi politicheskoi systemy, 1917–1923gg. (Moscow: Nauka, 1995), 26.16) 23:24Vladimir N. Brovkin, The Mensheviks after October: Socialist Opposition and the Rise of the Bolshevik Dictatorship (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987), 134.17) 23:49V. A. Koklov, ‘Men'sheviki na vyborakh v gorodskie sovety tsentral'noi Rossii vesnoi 1918g', in Men'sheviki i men'shevizm: sbornik statei (Moscow: Izd-vo Tip. Novosti 1998), 44–68, (51).18) 24:18Koklov, ‘Men'sheviki', in Men'sheviki i men'shevizm, 49.19) 24:47A. F. Zhukov, Ideino-politicheskii krakh eserovskogo maksimalizma (Leningrad: Izd-vo Leningradskogo universiteta, 1979), 124.20) 26:18Gimpel'son, Formirovanie, 42.21) 26:35.

Episode 99:This week we're continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith[Part 1]Introduction[Part 2-5]1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905[Part 6-8]2. From Reform to War, 1906-1917[Part 9-10]3. From February to October 1917Dual PowerLenin and the BolsheviksThe Aspirations of Soldiers and WorkersThe Provisional Government in Crisis[Part 11 - This Week]Revolution in the Village - 0:25The Nationalist Challenge - 10:43Class, Nation and Gender - 26:04[Part 12]3. From February to October 1917[Part 13 - 16?]4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power[Part 17 - 19?]5. War Communism[Part 20 - 22?]6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy[Part 23 - 26?]7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture[Part 27?]ConclusionFootnotes:55) 0:32Orlando Figes, Peasant Russia, Civil War: The Volga Countryside in Revolution, 1917–1921 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989); John Channon, ‘The Peasantry in the Revolutions of 1917', in E. R. Frankel et al. (eds), Revolution in Russia: Reassessments of 1917 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 105–30.56) 2:41Graeme J. Gill, Peasants and Government in the Russian Revolution (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1979), 46–63, 75–88.57) 3:29J. L. H. Keep, The Russian Revolution: A Study in Mass Mobilization (New York: Norton, 1976), 179.58) 5:35Keep, Russian Revolution, 160.59) 7:52Channon, ‘The Landowners', in Service (ed.), Society and Politics in the Russian Revolution, 120–46.60) 8:47Aaron B. Retish, Russia's Peasants in Revolution and Civil War: Citizenship, Identity, and the Creation of the Soviet State, 1914–1922 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008); John Channon, ‘The Bolsheviks and the Peasantry: The Land Question during the First Eight Months of Soviet Rule', Slavonic and East European Review, 66:4 (1988), 593–624.61) 10:20V. V. Kabanov, Krest'ianskaia obshchina i kooperatsiia Rossii XX veka (Moscow: RAN, 1997), 81.62) 10:59Ronald G. Suny, ‘Nationalism and Class in the Russian Revolution: A Comparative Discussion', in Frankel et al. (eds), Revolution in Russia, 219–46; Ronald G. Suny, The Revenge of the Past: Nationalism, Revolution and the Collapse of the Soviet Union (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1993), ch. 2.63) 11:21Mark von Hagen, ‘The Great War and the Mobilization of Ethnicity in the Russian Empire', in B. R. Rubin and Jack Snyder (eds), Post-Soviet Political Order: Conflict and State Building (London: Routledge, 1998), 34–57.64) 12:58John Reshetar, The Ukrainian Revolution, 1917–1920 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1952); Bohdan Krawchenko, Social Change and National Consciousness in Twentieth-Century Ukraine (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1985), ch. 1.65) 15:35Steven L. Guthier, ‘The Popular Base of Ukrainian Nationalism in 1917', Slavic Review, 38:1 (1979).66) 16:11David G. Kirby, Finland in the Twentieth Century (London: Hurst, 1979), 46; Anthony F. Upton, The Finnish Revolution, 1917–1918 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1980), ch. 6.67) 22:57Ronald G. Suny, The Making of the Georgian Nation (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988), ch. 9.68) 24:06Tadeusz Świętochowski, Russian Azerbaijan, 1905–1920: The Shaping of National Identity in a Muslim Community (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), ch. 4.69) 29:23Boris I. Kolonitskii, ‘Antibourgeois Propaganda and Anti-“Burzhui” Consciousness in 1917', Russian Review, 53 (1994), 183–96 (187–8).70) 29:44Donald J. Raleigh, Revolution on the Volga: 1917 in Saratov (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1986).71) 30:20T. A. Abrosimova, ‘Sotsialisticheskaia ideeia v massovom soznanii 1917g.', in Anatomiia revoliutsii. 1917 god v Rossii: massy, partii, vlast' (St Petersburg: Glagol', 1994), 176–87 (177).72) 30:46Steinberg, Voices, 17.73) 31:22Michael C. Hickey, ‘The Rise and Fall of Smolensk's Moderate Socialists: The Politics of Class and the Rhetoric of Crisis in 1917', in Donald J. Raleigh (ed.), Provincial Landscapes: Local Dimensions of Soviet Power, 1917–53 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2001), 14–35.74) 32:57Kolonitskii, ‘Antibourgeois Propaganda', 190, 191.75) 32:49Kolonitskii, ‘Antibourgeois Propaganda', 189.76) 33:00Figes and Kolonitskii, Interpreting, 154.77) 34:00A. Ia. Livshin and I. B. Orlov, ‘Revolutsiia i spravedlivost': posleoktiabr'skie “pis'ma vo vlast' ”, in 1917 god v sud'bakh Rossii i mira: Oktiabr'skaia revoliutsiia (Moscow: RAN, 1998), 254, 255, 259.78) 34:12Howard White, ‘The Urban Middle Classes', in Service (ed.), Society and Politics in the Russian Revolution, 64–85.79) 34:35Bor'ba za massy v trekh revoliutsiiakh v Rossii: proletariat i srednie gorodskie sloi (Moscow: Mysl', 1981), 19.80) 35:18O. N. Znamenskii, Intelligentsiia nakanune velikogo oktiabria (fevral'-oktiabr' 1917g.) (Leningrad: Nauka, 1988), 8–9.81) 35:53Bor'ba za massy, 169.82) 36:45Michael C. Hickey, Competing Voices from the Russian Revolution (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2011), 387.83) 38:05Michael Hickey, ‘Discourses of Public Identity and Liberalism in the February Revolution: Smolensk, Spring 1917', Russian Review, 55:4 (1996), 615–37 (620); V. V. Kanishchev, ‘ “Melkoburzhuaznaia kontrrevoliutsiia”: soprotivlenie gorodskikh srednikh sloev stanovleniiu “diktatury proletariata” (oktiab'r 1917–avgust 1918g.)', in 1917 god v sud'bakh Rossii i mira, 174–87.84) 39:14Stockdale, Paul Miliukov, 258.85) 40:53Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v avguste 1917g. (razgrom Kornilovskogo miatezha) (Moscow: Izd-vo AN SSSR, 1959), 407.86) 41:58V. F. Shishkin, Velikii oktiabr' i proletarskii moral' (Moscow: Mysl', 1976), 57.87) 42:18Steinberg, Voices, 113.88) 44:32O. Ryvkin, ‘ “Detskie gody” Komsomola', Molodaia gvardiia, 7–8 (1923), 239–53 (244); Krupskaya, ‘Reminiscences of Lenin'.89) 45:58Ruthchild, Equality and Revolution, 227.90) 46:36Engel, Women in Russiā, 135; Ruthchild, Equality, 231.91) 47:49Jane McDermid and Anna Hillyard, Women and Work in Russia, 1880–1930 (Harlow: Longman, 1998), 167.92) 48:31Engel, Women in Russia, 141.93) 49:01Sarah Badcock, ‘Women, Protest, and Revolution: Soldiers' Wives in Russia during 1917', International Review of Social History, 49 (2004), 47–70.94) 49:19Steinberg, Voices, 98.95) 50:03D. P. Koenker and W. G. Rosenberg, Strikes and Revolution in Russia, 1917 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989), 314.96) 50:21Smith, Red Petrograd, 193.97) 51:37Z. Lilina, Soldaty tyla: zhenskii trud vo vremia i posle voiny (Perm': Izd-vo Petrogradskogo Soveta, 1918), 8.98) 51:59L. G. Protasov, Vserossiiskoe uchreditel'noe sobranie: istoriia rozhdeniia i gibeli (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 1997), 233.99) 52:31Beate Fieseler, ‘The Making of Russian Female Social Democrats, 1890–1917', International Review of Social History, 34 (1989), 193–226.

Episode 96:This week we're continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith[Part 1]Introduction[Part 2-5]1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905[Part 6-7]2. From Reform to War, 1906-1917Prospects for ReformOn the Eve of WarFirst World War[Part 8 - This Week]2. From Reform to War, 1906–1917Politics and the Economy - 0:40[Part 9 - 11?]3. From February to October 1917[Part 12 - 15?]4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power[Part 16 - 18?]5. War Communism[Part 19 - 21?]6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy[Part 22 - 25?]7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture[Part 26?]ConclusionFootnotes:91) 1:36Kolonitskii, Tragicheskaia erotika, 396.92) 2:17Hubertus Jahn, Patriotic Culture in Russia during World War I (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995).93) 3:03Lohr, Nationalizing the Russian Empire.94) 3:28Jahn, Patriotic Culture.95) 8:51Gatrell, Russia's First World War, 42–3.96) 9:01E. N. Burdzhalov, Russia's Second Revolution: The February 1917 Uprising in Petrograd, trans. and ed. Donald J. Raleigh (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987), 60.97) 9:58Porshneva, Mentalitet, 191.98) 10:28Lewis Siegelbaum, The Politics of Industrial Mobilization in Russia, 1914–1917: A Study of the War Industries Committees (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1983), 165.99) 10:42David R. Jones, ‘Imperial Russia's Forces at War', in A. R. Millett and W. Murray (eds), Military Effectiveness, vol. 1: The First World War (Boston: Unwyn Hyman, 1988), 249–328 (260).100) 11:05Gatrell, Russia's First World War, 45.101) 11:34Andrei Markevich and Mark Harrison, ‘Great War, Civil War, and Recovery: Russia's National Income, 1913–1928', Journal of Economic History, 71:3 (2011), 672–703.102) 12:35Gatrell, ‘Tsarist Russia at War', 693.103) 12:51Jones, ‘Imperial Russia's Forces', 271.104) 13:08Gatrell, Russia's First World War, 126.105) 13:27Gatrell, Russia's First World War, 136.106) 14:07Jones, ‘Imperial Russia's Forces', 260.107) 14:14Gatrell, ‘Poor Russia', 247.108) 14:26Yanni Kotsonis, States of Obligation: Taxes and Citizenship in the Russian Empire and Early Soviet Republic (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2014).109) 15:06Steven G. Marks, ‘War Finance (Russian Empire)', .110) 16:22Marks, ‘War Finance'.111) 17:31M. D. Karpachev, ‘Krizis prodovol'stvennogo snabzheniia v gody pervoi mirovoi voiny (po materialam Voronezhskoi gubernii)', Rossiiskaia istoriiia, 3 (2011), 66–81 (67).112) 19:17M. V. Os'kin, ‘Prodovol'stvennaia politika Rossii nakanune fevral'ia 1917 god: poisk vykhoda iz krizisa', Rossiiskaia istoriia, 3 (2001), 53–66 (55).113) 20:39S. G. Wheatcroft, ‘Agriculture', in Davies (ed.), From Tsarism, 93.114) 21:20I. I. Krott, ‘Sel'skoe khoziaistvo zapadnoi Sibiri, 1914–17gg.', Voprosy istorii, 11 (2011), 103–18.115) 23:01N. F. Ivantsova, Zapadno-sibirskoe krest'ianstvo v 1917—pervoi polovine 1918gg. (Moscow: Prometei, 1993), 71, 75.116) 23:39Mark Baker, ‘Rampaging Soldatki, Cowering Police, Bazaar Riots and Moral Economy: The Social Impact of the Great War in Kharkiv Province', Canadian-American Slavic Studies, 35: 2–3 (2001), 137–55 (141).117) 24:06D. V. Kovalev, Agrarnye preobrazovaniia i krest'ianstvo stolichnogo regiona v pervoi chetverti XX veka (Moscow: Moskovskii pedagogicheskiki gos. Universitet, 2004), 123.118) 24:38Peter Waldron, The End of Imperial Russia, 1855–1917 (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 1997) 155. Tiutukhin states that there were about 800 rural disturbances between July 1914 and March 1917. S. V. Tiutukhin, ‘Pervaia mirovaia voina i revoliutsionnyi protsess v Rossii', in V. L. Mal'kov (ed.), Pervaia mirovaia voina: prolog XX veka (Moscow: Nauka, 1998), 236–49 (245).119) 24:45Shkaratan, Problemy, 219.120) 25:31Porshneva, Mentalitet, 165.121) 26:51Porshneva, Mentalitet, 201.122) 27:34A. S. Sidorov (ed.), Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie posle sverzheniia samoderzhaviia (27 fevralia–14 aprelia 1917g.) (Moscow: RAN, 1957), 421.123) 28:05Iu. I. Kir'ianov, ‘Massovye vystupleniia na pochve dogorovizny v Rossii (1914–fevral' 1917g.', Otechestvennaia istoriia, 3 (1993), 3–18 (4).124) 28:28Kir'ianov, ‘Massovye', 8.125) 28:41Barbara Alpern Engel, ‘Not by Bread Alone: Subsistence Riots in Russia during World War One', Journal of Modern History, 69 (1997), 696–721.126) 29:03Engel, Women in Russiā, 133.127) 29:50Iu. I. Kir'ianov, Sotsial'no-politicheskii protest rabochikh Rossii v gody Pervoi mirovoi voiny. Iiul' 1914–fevral' 1917 gg. (Moscow: RAN, 2005).128) 30:49Porshneva, Mentalitet, 202.129) 31:02Iu. I. Korablev (ed.), Rabochee dvizhenie v Petrograde v 1912–1917gg. (Leningrad: Lenizdat, 1958), 484.130) 31:30Shkaratan, Problemy, 198, 210.131) 32:08McKean, St Petersburg, 394.132) 32:53Kir'ianov, Sotsial'no-politicheskii protest, 185.133) 33:12Michael Melancon, The Socialist Revolutionaries and the Russian Anti-War Movement, 1914–1917 (Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 1990), 113–14.134) 34:16S. V. Tiutukhin, Men'shevizm: stranitsy istorii (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2002), 307.135) 36:47Roger W. Pethybridge, Witnesses to the Russian Revolution (London: Allen Unwin, 1964), 76, 78.

Episode 94:This week we're continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith[Part 1]Introduction[Part 2-5]1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905[Part 6 - This Week]2. From Reform to War, 1906-1917 - 0:22Prospects for Reform - 07:36[Part 7 - 8?]2. From Reform to War, 1906–1917[Part 9 - 11?]3. From February to October 1917[Part 12 - 15?]4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power[Part 16 - 18?]5. War Communism[Part 19 - 21?]6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy[Part 22 - 25?]7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture[Part 26?]ConclusionFootnotes:1) 2:01Abraham Ascher, P. A. Stolypin: The Search for Stability in Late Imperial Russia (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001).2) 3:53Terence Emmons, The Formation of Political Parties and the First National Elections in Russia (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983).3) 4:53Geoffrey A. Hosking, The Russian Constitutional Experiment: Government and Duma, 1907–1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973).4) 5:23George Gilbert, The Radical Right in Imperial Russia (London: Routledge, 2015).5) 6:29More than 26,000 people were executed, exiled, or imprisoned for political offences between 1907 and 1909: Peter Waldron, Between Two Revolutions: Stolypin and the Politics of Renewal in Russia (London: UCL Press, 1998), 63.6) 7:25Anna Geifman, Thou Shalt Kill: Revolutionary Terrorism in Russia, 1894–1917 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995).7) 8:34Linda H. Edmondson, Feminism in Russia, 1900–17 (London: Heinemann, 1984); Rochelle Goldberg Ruthchild, Equality and Revolution: Women's Rights in the Russian Empire, 1905–1917 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2010).8) 9:16Susan Morrissey, ‘Subjects and Citizens, 1905–1917', in Simon Dixon (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Modern Russian History (Oxford: Oxford Handbooks Online, 2013).9) 9:53Eric Lohr, ‘The Ideal Citizen and Real Subject in Late Imperial Russia', Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History, 7:2 (2006), 173–94.10) 11:28Joseph Bradley, Voluntary Associations in Tsarist Russia: Science, Patriotism, and Civil Society (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009).11) 12:42There are two excellent introductions to the debate on where Russia was going after 1905: R. B. McKean, Between the Revolutions: Russia, 1905 to 1917 (London: The Historical Association, 1998); Ian D. Thatcher, Late Imperial Russia: Problems and Prospects: Essays in Honour of R. B. McKean (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2005).12) 15:46Hosking, Constitutional Experiment; Waldron, Between Two Revolutions.13) 16:31Joshua A. Sanborn, Drafting the Russian Nation: Military Conscription, Total War, and Mass Politics, 1905–1925 (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2003).14) 17:54D. C. B. Lieven, Towards the Flame: Empire, War and the End of Tsarist Russia (London: Allen Lane, 2015), 176, 180.15) 18:46Peter Gatrell, Government, Industry, and Rearmament in Russia, 1900–1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 152–5.16) 18:57David Stevenson, Armaments and the Coming of War: Europe, 1904–1914 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), 7. ‘Only Russia could keep up with [Germany] and that inefficiently.' Alan J. P. Taylor, The Struggle for Mastery in Europe, 1848–1918 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1954), xxviii.17) 19:17Melissa K. Stockdale, Paul Miliukov and the Quest for a Liberal Russia, 1889–1918 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996), 186–8.18) 20:26Waldron, Between Two Revolutions, 171–3.19) 21:00Hosking, Constitutional Experiment, 106.20) 22:11Laura Engelstein, The Keys to Happiness: Sex and the Search for Modernity in Fin-de-Siècle Russia (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992).21) 22:58Clowes, Kassow, and, West (eds), Between Tsar and People.22) 23:18McClelland, Autocrats, 52.23) 24:02Jeffrey Brooks, When Russia Learned to Read (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985).24) 24:25Louise McReynolds, News under Russia's Old Regime: The Development of a Mass-Circulation Press (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991), 225.25) 24:53McReynolds, News, 237, 234.26) 25:53James von Geldern and Louise McReynolds, Entertaining Tsarist Russia: Tales, Songs, Plays, Movies, Jokes, Ads, and Images from Russian Urban Life, 1779–1917 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998), xx.27) 28:05Cited in Engel, Between the Fields and the City, 155.28) 29:24Wayne Dowler, Russia in 1913 (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2010), 112.29) 30:19R. E. Zelnik (trans. and ed.), A Radical Worker in Tsarist Russia (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1986), 71.30) 30:57D. N. Zhbankov, Bab'ia storona: statistiko-etnograficheskii ocherk (Kostroma, 1891), 27.31) 31:24See the photographs in Christine Ruane, The Empire's New Clothes: A History of the Russian Fashion Industry, 1700–1917 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009), 197, 202.32) 32:28Ascher, Revolution of 1905, vol. 2, 134.33) 33:35O. S. Porshneva, Mentalitet i sotsial'noe povedenie rabochikh, krest'ian i soldat Rossii v period pervoi mirovoi voiny (1914-mart 1918g) (Ekaterinburg: UrO RAN, 2000), 146.34) 33:57Heather Hogan, Forging Revolution: Metalworkers, Managers, and the State in St Petersburg, 1890–1914 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993), 161–74.35) 35:21Tim McDaniel, Autocracy, Capitalism, and Revolution in Russia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988).36) 36:53Leopold H. Haimson and Ronald Petrusha, ‘Two Strike Waves in Imperial Russia, 1905–1907, 1912–1914', in Leopold H. Haimson and Charles Tilly, Strikes, Wars and Revolutions in an International Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge Uuniversity Press, 1989), 101–66 (125).37) 39:57A. P. Korelin and S. V. Tiutukin, Pervaia revoliutisiia v Rossii: vzgliad cherez stoletie (Moscow: Pamiatniki istoricheskoi mysli, 2005), 536.38) 40:19N. D. Postnikov, Territorial'noe razmeshchenie i chislennost' politicheskikh partii Rossii (1907–fevral' 1917) (Moscow: IIU MGOU, 2015).39) 42:03Postnikov, Territorial'noe razmeshchenie, 56.40) 42:26Postnikov, Territorial'noe razmeshchenie, 56; Michael S. Melancon, Stormy Petrels: The Socialist Revolutionaries in Russia's Labor Organizations, 1905–1914 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Centre for Russian and East European Studies, 1988).41) 44:43Konstantin N. Morozov, ‘Partiia sotsialistov-revoliutsionnerov vo vremia i posle revoliutsii 1905–1907 gg.', Cahiers du monde russe, 48:2 (2007), 301–30.42) 45:08Postnikov, Territorial'noe razmeshchenie, 56.43) 46:48Reginald E. Zelnik (ed.), Workers and Intelligentsia in Late Imperial Russia: Realities, Representations, Reflections (Berkeley: International and Area Studies, University of California at Berkeley, 1999).44) 47:16A. Buzinov, Za Nevskoi Zastavoi (Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe Iz-vo, 1930), 29.

Episode 93:This week we're continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith[Part 1]Introduction[Part 2-4]1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905Autocracy and OrthodoxyPopular ReligionAgriculture and PeasantryIndustrial Capitalism[Part 5 - This Week]1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905Political Challenges to the Old Order - 0:28The 1905 Revolution - 17:43[Part 6 - 8?]2. From Reform to War, 1906–1917[Part 9 - 11?]3. From February to October 1917[Part 12 - 15?]4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power[Part 16 - 18?]5. War Communism[Part 19 - 21?]6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy[Part 22 - 25?]7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture[Part 26?]ConclusionFigures (see on website): 1.3) 20:01Troops fire on demonstrators, Bloody Sunday 1905.1.4) 33:13The armed uprising in Moscow, DecemberFootnotes:106) 0:47Joseph Conrad, Under Western Eyes (New York: Harper, 1911), 292.107) 3:03Edith W. Clowes, Samuel D. Kassow, and James L. West (eds), Between Tsar and People: Educated Society and the Quest for Public Identity in Late Imperial Russia (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991).108) 5:13Franco Venturi, Roots of Revolution: A History of the Populist and Socialist Movements in 19th Century Russia (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1960).109) 6:19Samuel H. Baron, Plekhanov: The Father of Russian Marxism (London: Routledge, 1963).110) 7:03Robert J. Service, Lenin a Political Life, (3 vols), vol. 1: The Strengths of Contradiction (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1985), 138–40.111) 8:16Quoted in Robert J. Service, Lenin: A Biography (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000), 98.112) 8:31Lenin gave no less weight to theoretical reflection than Marx. His fifty-five volumes of Collected Works contain 24,000 documents.113) 9:04Israel Getzler, Martov: A Political Biography of a Russian Social Democrat (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967), 21.114) 11:25V. I. Lenin, ‘To the Rural Poor' (1903), .115) 12:06Allan K. Wildman, The Making of a Workers' Revolution: Russian Social Democracy, 1891–1903 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967).116) 15:18Oliver Radkey, The Agrarian Foes of Bolshevism: Promise and Default of the Russian Socialist Revolutionaries, February to October 1917 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1958); Maureen Perrie, The Agrarian Policy of the Russian Socialist-Revolutionary Party from its Origins through the Revolution of 1905–07 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976).117) 17:10Shmuel Galai, The Liberation Movement in Russia, 1900–1905 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973).118) 18:08Abraham Ascher; The Revolution of 1905, vol. 1: Russia in Disarray (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1988).119) 19:59Gerald D. Surh, 1905 in St Petersburg: Labor, Society and Revolution (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1989).120) 21:19Ascher, Revolution of 1905, vol. 1, 136–42.121) 22:32.122) 23:21Mark Steinberg, Moral Communities: The Culture of Class Relations in the Russian Printing Industry, 1867–1907 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), 174–6.123) 23:37A. P. Korelin and S. V. Tiutukin, Pervaia revoliutisiia v Rossii: vzgliad cherez stoletie (Moscow: Pamiatniki istoricheskoi mysli, 2005), 544; Rosa Luxemburg, ‘The Mass Strike' (1906), .124) 28:24.125) 31:00Ascher, Revolution of 1905, vol. 1, ch. 8; Beryl Williams, ‘1905: The View from the Provinces', in Jonathan D. Smele and Anthony Haywood (eds), The Russian Revolution of 1905: Centenary Perspectives (Abingdon: Routledge, 2005), 34–54.126) 33:11Laura Engelstein, Moscow 1905: Working-Class Organization and Political Conflict (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1982), 220.127) 33:38Ascher, Revolution of 1905, vol. 2, 22.128) 35:05John Bushnell, Mutiny amid Repression: Russian Soldiers in the Revolution of 1905–1906 (Bloomington: Indian a University Press, 1985), 76.129) 35:41Shane O'Rourke, ‘The Don Cossacks during the 1905 Revolution: The Revolt of Ust-Medvedevskaia Stanitsa', Russian Review, 57 (Oct. 1998), 583–98 (594).130) 36:33Ascher, Revolution of 1905, vol. 1, 267.131) 36:58Elvira M. Wilbur, ‘Peasant Poverty in Theory and Practice: A View from Russia's “Impoverished Center” at the End of the Nineteenth Century', in Kingston-Mann and Mixter (eds), Peasant Economy, Culture and Politics of European Russiā, 101–27.132) 37:30Ascher, Revolution of 1905, vol. 1, 162; James D. White, ‘The 1905 Revolution in Russia's Baltic Provinces', in Smele and Haywood (eds), The Russian Revolution of 1905, 55–78.133) 37:51Maureen Perrie, ‘The Russian Peasant Movement of 1905–1907: Its Social Composition and Revolutionary Significance', Past and Present, 57 (1972).134) 38:05Robert Edelman, Proletarian Peasants: The Revolution of 1905 in Russia's Southwest (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987).135) 38:14Barbara Alpern Engel, ‘Men, Women and the Languages of Russian Peasant Resistance', in Stephen Frank and Mark Steinberg (eds), Cultures in Flux: Lower-Class Values, Practices and Resistance in Late Imperial Russia (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), 41–5.136) 39:24Scott J. Seregny, ‘A Different Type of Peasant Movement: The Peasant Unions in the Russian Revolution of 1905', Slavic Review, 47:1 (Spring 1988), 51–67 (53).137) 39:49O. G. Bukovets, Sotsial'nye konflikty i krest'ianskaia mental'nost' v rossiiskoi imperii nachala XX veka: novye materially, metody, rezul'taty (Moscow: Mosgorarkhiv, 1996), 141, 147.138) 40:41Andrew Verner, ‘Discursive Strategies in the 1905 Revolution: Peasant Petitions from Vladimir Province', Russian Review, 54:1 (1995), 65–90 (75).139) 41:17Ascher, Revolution of 1905, vol. 2, 121.140) 42:07Carter Ellwood, Russian Social Democracy in the Underground: A Study of the RSDRP in the Ukraine, 1907–1914 (Amsterdam: International Institute for Social History, 1974).141) 42:32Stephen F. Jones, Socialism in Georgian Colors: The European Road to Social Democracy, 1883–1917 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005), ch. 7.142) 43:21Toivo U. Ruan, ‘The Revolution of 1905 in the Baltic Provinces and Finland', Slavic Review, 43:3 (1984), 453–67.143) 44:04Crews, For Prophet and Tsar, 1.144) 45:22Adeeb Khalid, The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).145) 47:28Jeff Sahadeo, Russian Colonial Society in Tashkent, 1865–1923 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007).

Georgia Tech associate professor Jon R. Lindsay discusses the role and ethics of AI in war, the risks and dangers in developing military and national security applications, and how AI applications will alter the nature of international conflict. Notes:Jon R. Lindsay bioJon R. Lindsay, Information Technology and Military Power (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2020).Avi Goldfarb and Jon R. Lindsay, “Prediction and Judgment: Why Artificial Intelligence Increases the Importance of Humans in War,” International Security 46, no. 3 (2022): pp. 7-50.Jon R. Lindsay, “Cyber Conflict vs. Cyber Command: Hidden Dangers in the American Military Solution to a Large-Scale Intelligence Problem,” Intelligence and National Security 36, no. 2 (2021): pp. 260-278. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Episode 90:This week we're continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith[Part 1]Introduction[Part 2 - This Week]1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905 - 00:38Autocracy and Orthodoxy - 21:23Popular Religion - 33:17[Part 3 - 4?]1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905[Part 5 - 7?]2. From Reform to War, 1906–1917[Part 8 - 10?]3. From February to October 1917[Part 11 - 14?]4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power[Part 15 - 17?]5. War Communism[Part 18 - 20?]6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy[Part 21 - 24?]7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture[Part 25?]ConclusionFigures:1) Nicholas II, Alexandra, and their family. - 21:31Footnotes:1) 00:58Orlando Figes, A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution, 1891–1924 (London: Jonathan Cape, 1996).2) 05:08V. O. Kliuchevsky, A History of Russia, vol. 1 (London: J. M. Dent, 1911), 2.3) 07:13D. C. B. Lieven, Towards the Flame: Empire, War and the End of Tsarist Russia (London: Allen Lane, 2015), 9.4) 08:05Cited in Paul Kennedy, Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (New York: Random House, 1987), 177.5) 13:02Lieven, Towards the Flame, 85.6) 14:07http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97.php7) 14:38Jane Burbank and Mark von Hagen (eds), Russian Empire: Space, People, Power, 1700–1930 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007); John W. Slocum, ‘Who, and When, Were the Inorodtsy? The Evolution of the Category of “Aliens” in Imperial Russia', Russian Review, 57:2 (1998), 173–90.8) 15:05Theodore Weeks, Nation and State in Late Imperial Russia: Nationalism and Russification on the Western Frontier, 1863–1914 (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1996); Alexei Miller, ‘The Empire and Nation in the Imagination of Russian Nationalism', in A. Miller and A. J. Rieber (eds), Imperial Rule (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2004), 9–22.9) 15:37Robert D. Crews, For Prophet and Tsar: Islam and Empire in Russia and Central Asia (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006).10) 17:26Paul Werth, At the Margins of Orthodoxy: Mission, Governance, and Confessional Politics in Russia's Volga-Kama Region, 1827–1905 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2002).11) 18:11Alexander Morrison, Russian Rule in Samarkand, 1868–1910: A Comparison with British India (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008).12) 18:38Robert Geraci, Window on the East: National and Imperial Identities in Late-Imperial Russia (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001).13) 19:13Charles Steinwedel, ‘To Make a Difference: The Category of Ethnicity in Late Imperial Russian Politics, 1861–1917', in D. L. Hoffmann and Yanni Kotsonis (eds), Russian Modernity: Politics, Knowledge, Practices (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000), 67–86.14) 19:49Andreas Kappeler, The Russian Empire: A Multiethnic History (Harlow: Pearson, 2001); Willard Sunderland, ‘The Ministry of Asiatic Russia: The Colonial Office That Never Was But Might Have Been', Slavic Review, 60:1 (2010), 120–50.15) 20:04Geoffrey Hosking, Russia: People and Empire (London: Fontana, 1998).16) 21:19Miller, ‘The Empire and Nation', 9–22.17) 21:48Dominic Lieven, Nicholas II: Emperor of All the Russias (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989).18) 22:25http://www.angelfire.com/pa/ImperialRussian/royalty/russia/rfl.html19) 25:04Abraham Ascher, The Revolution of 1905, vol. 2: Authority Restored (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1992), 222.20) 25:09Richard Pipes, Russia under the Old Regime (New York: Penguin, 1977).21) 26:36Peter Waldron, ‘States of Emergency: Autocracy and Extraordinary Legislation, 1881–1917', Revolutionary Russia, 8:1 (1995), 1–25.22) 26:56Waldron, ‘States of Emergency', 24.23) 27:26Neil Weissman, ‘Regular Police in Tsarist Russia, 1900–1914', Russian Review, 44:1 (1985), 45–68 ( 49).24) 27:47Jonathan W. Daly, The Watchful State: Security Police and Opposition in Russia, 1906–1917 (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2004), 5–6. Daly, incidentally, gives a higher figure—100,000—than Weissman for the number of police of all kinds in 1900.25) 28:14Figes, People's Tragedy, 46.26) 28:50T. Emmons and W. S. Vucinich (eds), The Zemstvo in Russia: An Experiment in Local Self-Government (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), 215.27) 30:25Hans Rogger, Russia in the Age of Modernisation and Revolution, 1881–1917 (London: Longman, 1983), 72.28) 31:18J. S. Curtiss, The Russian Church and the Soviet State (Boston: Little, Brown, 1953), 10.29) 32:09Gregory L. Freeze, ‘Handmaiden of the State? The Orthodox Church in Imperial Russia Reconsidered', Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 36 (1985), 82–102.30) 32:46Simon Dixon, ‘The Orthodox Church and the Workers of St Petersburg, 1880–1914', in Hugh McLeod, European Religion in the Age of Great Cities, 1830–1930 (London: Routledge, 1995), 119–41.31) 33:49Vera Shevzov, Russian Orthodoxy on the Eve of Revolution (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004).32) 35:23A. K. Baiburin, ‘Poliarnosti v rituale (tverdoe i miagkoe)', Poliarnost' v kul'ture: Almanakh ‘Kanun' 2 (1996), 157–65.33) 36:28Vera Shevzov, ‘Chapels and the Ecclesial World of Pre-revolutionary Peasants', Slavic Review, 55:3 (1996), 585–613.34) 37:00Chris J. Chulos, Converging Worlds: Religion and Community in Peasant Russia, 1861–1917 (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2003), 159.35) 37:59J. S. Curtiss, Church and State in Russia: the Last Years of the Empire, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1965), 118.36) 38:46David G. Rowley, ‘ “Redeemer Empire”: Russian Millenarianism', American Historical Review, 104 (1999), 1582–602.37) 39:18James H. Billington, The Icon and the Axe: An Interpretive History of Russian Culture (New York: Vintage Books, 1970), 514.38) 40:18Nadieszda Kizenko, A Prodigal Saint: Father John Kronstadt and the Russian People (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000), 271.39) 40:34Sergei Fomin (comp.), Rossiia pered vtorym prishestviem: prorochestva russkikh sviatykh (Moscow: Sviato-Troitskaia Sergieva Lavra, 1993). This is a compendium of prophecies of doom about the fate of Russia by saints, monks, nuns, priests, theologians, and a sprinking of lay writers, including Dostoevsky, V. V. Rozanov, and Lev Tikhomirov.

In this episode, we continued our special focus on #Russia and #Ukraine. Last time we were here, Russian President Vladimir Putin had just recognized the “People's Republics” of Luhansk and Donetsk, delivered a speech filled with historical myths and grievances, and Belarus had announced that the Russian military units there for exercises were not, in fact leaving. Only a few days later, Russia launched its long-feared invasion of Ukraine, attacking from multiple directions, bombarding cities with missile and artillery strikes, and causing a humanitarian crisis that now stands at over 1,000,000 refugees having fled Ukraine. To tell us where things stand and what more might unfold, we welcome two of our Krulak Center Fellows. Dr. Yuval Weber is one of our Distinguished Fellows here at the Krulak Center. He is a Research Assistant Professor at Texas A&M's Bush School of Government and Public Service in Washington, DC. Prior to Texas A&M, Dr. Weber served as the Kennan Institute Associate Professor of Russian and Eurasian Studies at the Daniel Morgan Graduate School, as a Visiting Assistant Professor in the Department of Government at Harvard University, and as an Assistant Professor in the Faculty of World Economy and International Affairs at the Higher School of Economics in Moscow. Dr. Weber has held research positions at the Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies at Harvard University, the Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars, and the Carnegie Moscow Center. He has published on a range of Russian and Eurasian security, political, and economic topics in academic journals and for the popular press in the United States and Russia. Dr. Rosella Cappella Zielinski is an Associate Professor of Political Science at Boston University specializing in the study of political economy of security. Her book How States Pay for Wars (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2016) won the 2017 American Political Science Association Robert L. Jervis and Paul W. Schroeder Best Book Award in International History and Politics. Her other works can be found in Conflict Management and Peace Science, European Journal of International Relations, Journal of Global Security Studies, Journal of Peace Research, and Security Studies, as well as Foreign Affairs, Texas National Security Review, and War on the Rocks. She is one of #TeamKrulak's Non-Resident Fellows, and is also affiliated with the Costs of War Project. In addition to her academic research, she is committed to promoting the study of political economy of national security, and is the founder and Co-Director of Boston University's Project for the Political Economy of Security. Intro/outro music is "Evolution" from BenSound.com (https://www.bensound.com) Follow the Krulak Center: Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/thekrulakcenter Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thekrulakcenter/ Twitter: @TheKrulakCenter YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcIYZ84VMuP8bDw0T9K8S3g LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/brute-krulak-center-for-innovation-and-future-warfare Krulak Center homepage on The Landing: https://unum.nsin.us/kcic

MIT professor Barry Posen joined the show to discuss the crisis in Ukraine, the origins of the conflict, what diplomatic approaches are available, and how US strategy is pushing China and Russia together. Barry R. Posen bioBarry Posen, “Unleashing the Rhetorical Dogs of War,”Just Security, February 15, 2022.Barry R. Posen, “A New Transatlantic Division of Labor Could Save Billions Every Year!”Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, September 7, 2021.Barry R. Posen,Restraint: A New Foundation for U.S. Grand Strategy(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2014). See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Access to oil is so vital that powerful countries can take extraordinary measures to protect themselves from ever being vulnerable to oil coercion. Rosemary A. Kelanic, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Notre Dame University, discusses the recent history of great powers' quest for oil security and what kind of future military postures the United States and China may take toward the Persian Gulf. Rosemary A. Kelanic bioRosemary A. Kelanic, Black Gold and Blackmail: Oil and Great Power Politics, (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2020).Rosemary A. Kelanic, “Why Iran's ‘Oil Weapon' Isn't That Scary,” The Washington Post, June 18, 2019. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

U.S. Naval War College professor Peter Dombrowski argues that the most pressing problems Americans face are internal domestic challenges and non-military risks like pandemics and climate change. But national security policy devotes disproportionate time and resources to confronting inflated threats from external actors. He joins the show to discuss the problems with an overly militarized grand strategy that has failed to properly identify or prioritize threats. Show Notes Peter Dombrowski bioSimon Reich and Peter Dombrowski, The End of Grand Strategy: U.S. Maritime Operations in the Twenty-First Century (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2018).Peter Dombrowski and Simon Reich, “Does Donald Trump Have a Grand Strategy?” International Affairs 93, no. 5, (September 2017): pp. 1013-1037. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Many realists assume that national leaders are rational. But are they? University of Southern California professor Brian Rathbun draws on classical realism to argue that realpolitik is a demanding psychological standard that is less prevalent than often assumed. Constructive diplomacy obligates policymakers, therefore, to better account for both their own subjective biases and those of other states.Show NotesBrian Rathbun bioBrian Rathbun, Reasoning of State: Realists, Romantics and Rationality in International Relations (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2019).Brian C. Rathbun, Diplomacy's Value: Creating Security in 1920s Europe and the Contemporary Middle East (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2014).Brian Rathbun, “The Reality of Realpolitik: What Bismarck Rationality Reveals about International Politics,” International Security 43, no. 1 (Summer 2018): 7-55. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

In this episode we talk to Michael Ryan, associate professor of medieval and early modern history at the University of New Mexico. Michael research interests include the intersection of magic, science, and religion in the premodern world. In the podcast we discuss his book, A Kingdom of Stargazers: Astrology and Authority in the Late Medieval Crown of Aragon (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2011), as well as his current research on alchemical manuscripts and charlatanry and magical-themed fraud in the later Middle Ages. For more details on Michael Ryan’s work see: https://history.unm.edu/people/faculty/profile/michael-ryan.html

Quote of the Week I think analysts have to understand that the most precious commodity in Washington DC is not secrets or information, everybody's got that. It's time. It's time. The future in Washington DC. Longest is four years. And every day, it's a day shorter.  OverviewWhere to begin. Marty was described to me as, “the greatest analyst we ever had (truthfully),” would I be interested in speaking to him? Guess the answer!? The result, a SpyCast with a CIA analytic legend. For 40 years Marty analyzed intelligence for US foreign policymakers, trained a whole generation of analysts, and mentored figures who would go on to have senior leadership positions within American intelligence, such as former Acting and Deputy Director of CIA Mike Morrell. In this episode we talk China, Asia, making sense of the world, and a whole host of topical issues.Vietnam Veteran. China Hand. Briefer of Presidents.Marty served in the Vietnam War as an NCO, went on to become an Asia expert, with particular expertise in China, and headed up two major analytic units – he actually became Deputy Director of the Office of East Asian Analysis the same day as Tiananmen Square (April 15, 1989). He retired in 2005 having held the #4 and #3 positions at CIA and having had one-on-ones with four sitting presidents. What do you think President Carter said to him when he answered the door to the then China head Marty Petersen? You’ll need to listen to find out.And...  This one was just so much darn fun – he’s so smart and so good natured (now, there’s two things that don’t often go together).Fun FactMarty and former Acting and Deputy Director of CIA John McLaughlin started on the same day as each other and retired within a week of each other. They remain good friends.Marty's Book Recommendation"If there is one book you should read on intelligence analysis, I would read..." Robert Jervis, Why Intelligence Fails (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2010)You can support local independent bookstores by purchasing here: https://bookshop.org/books/why-intelligence-fails/9780801478062  Further resources Martin Petersen, "What I Learned in 40 Years of Doing Intelligence Analysis for US Foreign Policymakers," Studies in Intelligence: https://bit.ly/3hgQGXI  Martin Petersen, "Reflections on Readings on 9/11, Iraq WMD, and Detention and Interrogation Program," Studies in Intelligence: https://bit.ly/3vX3hn5 Martin Petersen, "Reviewing 2034: The Next World War," The Cipher Brief: https://bit.ly/3fbBGHX Dorothy Wickenden, "'2034,' A Cautionary Tale of Conflict with China," The New Yorker: https://bit.ly/3bknGup 

Welcome to another episode of Transatlantic History Ramblings. Tonight are thrilled be to joined by he worlds foremost authority on all things Beatles, Kenneth Womack. Dr. Womack is Professor of English and Popular Music at Monmouth University and is also an author, historian, lecturer and critic. His fantastic Blog and website is kennethwomack.com Some of his works on the Beatles include Long and Winding Roads: The Evolving Artistry of the Beatles (New York: Continuum, 2007). New Critical Perspectives on the Beatles: Things We Said Today (New York: Palgrave, 2016; co-edited with Katie Kapurch). The Mammoth Book of Movies (DuBois, PA: Mammoth Books, 2015). The Beatles Encyclopedia: Everything Fab Four (two volumes; Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood, 2014).ontinuum, 2007) The Beatles in Context (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020). Solid State: The Story of Abbey Road and the End of the Beatles (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2019). Sound Pictures: The Life of Beatles Producer George Martin (The Later Years, 1966-2016) (Chicago, IL: Chicago Review Press, 2018). Maximum Volume: The Life of Beatles Producer George Martin (The Early Years, 1926-1966) (Chicago, IL: Chicago Review Press, 2017). The Beatles, Sgt. Pepper, and the Summer of Love (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2017; co-edited with Kathryn B. Cox). The Beatles Encyclopedia: Everything Fab Four (abridged; Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood, 2016). Along with many other works both Fiction and Non Fiction. .All of our episodes are listed as explicit due to language and some topics, such as historical crime, that may not be suitable for all listeners

我们不再聊 1930–40 年代美国篮球的重要发展，而是退一步聊早期篮球发展背后的社会动因：为什么美国人会热衷体育活动和打篮球、当年的文化如何催生了消费、以及职业篮球现象等等。您在本期会听到： 作为奢侈品的体育（00:01:15） 生活方式对于现代社会的意义； 精英体育俱乐部的诞生； 作为大众娱乐的体育（00:13:04） 拳击和橄榄球，现代体育运动现代在何处； 竞技体育，现代社会中的男性焦虑； 从大都会博物馆到高中篮球，现代社区的构建； 职棒大联盟，体育背后的文化博弈； 商业体育的成功之道（00:40:54） 中产阶级和消费主义的诞生； 福特的五美元工资和美国化生活方式； 体育的中产阶级消费观。 《talich 闲侃》，有闲得聊，关注美国流行文化史，网址：https://talich.fm 相关链接 主要参考文献 Riess, S. A. (1995). Sport in industrial America, 1850-1920. Wheeling, Ill.: Harlan Davidson. （本播客参考的是 1995 年第一版，链接为 Wiley-Blackwell 2013 年第二版） Riess, S. A. (1989). City games: the evolution of American urban society and the rise of sports. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Peterson, R. (2002). Cages to jump shots: pro basketball's early years. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. Levine, P. (1992). Ellis Island to Ebbets Field: sport and the American Jewish experience. New York: Oxford University Press. Levine, L. W. (1988). [Highbrow/lowbrow: the emergence of cultural hierarchy in America](www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674390775). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Zunz, O. (1998). Why the American century?. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ( Rosenzweig, R. & Blackmar, E. (1998). The park and the people: a history of Central Park). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Reeves, R.V., Guyot, K., and Krause, E., 2018, Defining the middle class: Cash, credentials, or culture?, Brookings Institute. 其他提到的书： Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling alone: the collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon & Schuster. 登场人物 talich: 美国流行文化史爱好者，《娱乐的逻辑》作者