Podcasts about turgot

Acquista il mio nuovo libro, “Anche Socrate qualche dubbio ce l'aveva”: https://amzn.to/3wPZfmCTurgot e Condorcet non furono solo dei filosofi, ma soprattutto degli economisti e degli scienziati. E però diedero un importante contributo anche all'idea di progresso.Diventa un supporter di questo podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/dentro-alla-filosofia--4778244/support.

Last time we spoke about the complicated story of Xinjiang. Xinjiang, though part of China since the Han dynasty, has a distinct cultural and geographic identity aligned more with Central Asia than China's east. Its remote, mountainous landscapes divide its regions and isolate its ethnic groups, which include Uyghurs, Kazakhs, and Hui Muslims. Yang Zengxin, Xinjiang's Republican governor, ruled with shrewd, divisive tactics, maintaining peace by balancing loyalties but alienating many. His rule ended in 1928, when an ambitious subordinate, Fan Yaonan, assassinated him, marking a turning point. Yang attended a banquet hosted by Fan, where disguised soldiers fired on him, mortally wounding him. Fan seized power but was soon defeated and executed by Jin, who succeeded Yang as ruler of Xinjiang. Jin enforced strict policies, favoring Han Chinese officials and worsening the economy. He raised taxes, restricted Muslim customs, and monopolized industries. His annexation of the Kumul Khanate in 1931 incited unrest among the local Uyghurs, setting the stage for rebellion.   #132 The Beginning of the Kumul Rebellion Welcome to the Fall and Rise of China Podcast, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about the history of Asia? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on history of asia and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel where I cover the history of China and Japan from the 19th century until the end of the Pacific War. So last we left off, things had reached a boiling point in Kumul. The explosion at Kumul would begin mostly as a result of a religious and cultural slight against the Muslim population both Turkic speaking and Tungan. They became offended and banded together against the Chinese officials. As a result of the new administration and annexation of the Kumul Khanate, a young Han named Chang Mu from Gansu, was appointed tax collector and chief of police over the small village of Xiaopu, lying due north of Kumul. According to the Nanjing official Wu Aichen “this Chang Mu was a 'wastrel' whose conduct soon became a public scandal”. In early 1931, Chang Mu met a pretty Turkic Muslim girl in Xiaopu and tried to force her father, a Uyghur called Salih, to give him her hand in marriage. Now for those unaware shari law specifically prohibits marriage between Muslim women and men of other religions. What followed is described in two differing accounts. The first account has it that on April 4th of 1931, Chang Mu was invited to eat at the girls house, allegedly in honor of the forthcoming wedding. During the dinner, Chang Mu was attacked by Uyghur's and slaughtered alongside 32 members of his personal bodyguard. It was further implied by our friend Wu Aichen, Chang Mu had already seduced the girl and that the ulama, those being islamic scholars who act as a sort of authority under shari law, upon discovering so, took it upon themselves to correct the situation. On the night of the proposed ceremony a mob appeared in the streets of Xiaopu. Chang Mu and his guard detail were already thoroughly drunk and easily overcome by the pissed off Uyghurs. All were killed, including the poor Uyghur girl. The Uyghurs then took 30 rifles from the dead and turned their attention towards the Gansu Chinese who were said to number in about a hundred families in the area. All of them were massacred and “had their heads buried in the soil of their farms”. Following this the Uyghurs marched upon the Chinese outposts at Tuluhu and Laimahe killing their garrisons and tax collectors while acquiring even more weapons. Better armed, the Uyghurs elected to make a move against Kumul. Kumul held an overwhelming Uyghur majority and easily fell into the hands of the rebels with little to no fighting. Most of the Han fled into the fortified Old City barring its gates. The Han caught outside the Old City were massacred brutally. Soon the rebel forces controlled Kumul's Muslim part of the city and the surrounding countryside, but the provincial forces remained secure within the Old city and its key arsenal. It is unclear whether the Xiaopu incident was carefully planned prior or simply just came into being. Regardless it was a spark that ignited a much larger rebellion. According to Mildred Cable and Francesca French, two members of the China inland Mission, who resided in Xiaopu at the time, it was indeed a systematically planned rebellion. “While officials surreptitiously transferred their wealth to a place of safety, the instigators of trouble were equally persistent in their secret preparations for war. Camels and mules were requisitioned to transport weapons, ammunition and stocks of food over little-known tracks, that they might be stored in mountain caves known only to the few. Steady streams ofsmall caravans carrying ammunition to the mountains came from the South Road, from Tunhwang and across the most lonely tracks of the desert connecting Kansu with Barku!. All these converged on the Khan's summer palace grounds in AraHim, and the stronghold of Bardash was stocked with huge supplies of food and firearms”. Yulbars Khan, the former chancellor of Maqsud Shah claimed he was in the Tien Shah escaping heat when the fighting began. Many speculate he had a hand in planning the uprising. Cable and French argued the Tungan population of Kumul also joined the rebellion early on. The insurgents of Kumul were quickly joined by neighboring Kirhiz of the Karlik Tagh who also held grievances against Jin as he had imposed Chinese officials upon them in 1929. According to Wu Aichen the Barkul and Kazakhs in the area also joined the rebellion. Thus Jin had succeeded in alienating the Turkic speaking peoples of northeastern Xinjiang now had a full scale Muslim rising on his hands.  Jin reacted with a strong show of force despite his Commissioner of Education Liu Wenlung and Commissioner for Reconstruction Yen Yushan both arguing for a policy of conciliation. Jin ordered troops to crack down on the rebels without mercy. Meanwhile back in Kumul the rebels were unable to breach the Old City so they fanned out into the countryside hunting Han settlers and soldiers down. According to the British Vice Consul General at Kashgar, R.P Watts, an initial detachment of 300 troops sent by Jin relieved Kumul Old City were ambushed and killed nearly to a man. Its also implied they had lost so easily because many of them were sleeping off the effects of opium. Despite the initial success, the rebels were unable to prevent provincial forces led by Zhu Juiqi, the Taoyin of Aksu from relieving the Old City. By late April the siege was lifted, Zhu Juiqi occupied the Old City and ordered his second in command Xiong Fayu to occupy Kumul's Muslim quarters. The rebels still controlled the countryside and were harassing Zhu's forces whenever they strayed a bit too far from their forts, but overall were not much of a match. Meanwhile Chinese troops under the leadership of Xiong Fayu began a series of reprisal massacres against Muslim civilians in Kumul and the surrounding villages. The Uyghur leaders quickly determined they needed external help in their rebellion against Jin. According to testimony from Yulbars Khan, they sent an appeal to the KMT government in Nanjing. Then in June of 1931 Yulbars was chosen, most likely because he was fluent in Mandarin, to head out secretly to Nanjing to carry the appeal. Along the way, Yulbars went to Suzhou to meet with Ma Chongying, known as the youngest and most extreme of the 5 Ma Tungan warlords. Ma Chongying was a Gansu native. Very little is known about his early years nor about his father, but he shared the same paternal grandfather of the Gansu/Qinghai warlords Ma Puqing and Ma Pufang. He was also distantly related to the Gansu/Ningxia warlords Ma Hongkuei and Ma Hungpin. Altogether the 5 were known as the 5 Ma warlord clique. Ma Congying entered military service in 1924 at the age of 14 when he joined a local Muslim militia. A year later the Guominjun forces of Feng Yuxiang invaded Gansu, but the Tungan warlords of western Gansu remained for the most part untouched. Ma Chongying became an officer for the forces of his uncle Ma Kechong and laid a siege and captured the important city of Huzhou on his own initiative. His troops easily defeated reinforcements sent to relieve the city under the command of Ma Lin. With this great victory, at the age of 16, Ma Chongying earned the reputation of a military genius and the nickname Ga Ssuling or “little commander”. His triumph would be short lived however for his superior Ma Kuchung had not ordered the seizure of Huzhou and dismissed his nephew for insubordination. Thus Ma Chongying took his men to Xining in Qinghai and there began building a private army.  The Guominjun eventually left Gansu after devastating it. In 1927 the northwestern parts of Gansu was hit by a massive earthquake and this combined with Feng Yuxiang's regional commander Liu Yufen using much of its land for opium cultivation led to a mass famine. In the spring of 1928, the northwestern Tungans began a revolt against the Guominjun led by the Muslim General Ma Tingxiang. Ma Chongying tossed his lot into the fighting leading to three successive attacks against the Guominjun at Huzhou. According to Robert Ekvall, an American traveler in the region “The revolt had by this time assumed all the aspects of a holy war. Chanting prayers, forty or fifty thousand fighters went into battle with fanatical zeal ... the young rebel leader Ma Chong-ing [sic] seemed to bear a charmed life and by his reckless courage gained the utmost in obedience and devotion from his ruffian troops. The Chinese were panic-stricken at the desperate courage of the Moslems, but eventually, by machine gun fire and light artillery, proved superior”. Alongside this American diplomats reported that the famine and war in Gansu had reduced many to cannibalism with a possible two million people dying between 1926-1929. One of the many to die was Ma Chongyings father who was executed by Liu Yufen as a reprisal against him for his actions in 1929.  That year Ma Chongying had strengthened his position by defeating several Guominjun forces. He traveled to Nanjing where he enrolled briefly at the military academy there. Rumors had it there he offered his services to the KMT on the understanding that if he could win control over Xinjiang that they recognize him. After departing Nanjing he traveled to Chongwei along the Yellow River where he joined his army before marching across the southern friends of the Ala Shan desert to head into northwestern Gansu. There he seized control over 4 districts; Kanzhou, Suzhou, Anxi and Tunhuang. Thus by the time of the Kumul uprising in April of 1931, Ma Chongying had established himself the Tungan warlord over northwestern Gansu. In June of that year, Yulbars Khan visited him at Suzhou while enroute to Nanjing. After a dinner, Ma Chongying asked Yulbars what was going on with the Kumul rebellion and the state of Kumul. Ma Congying then proceeded to criticize Jin Shujen whom he thought was unfit to govern Xinjiang. Upon hearing this Yulbars disclosed why he was going to Nanjing. Yulbars told him that many in Gansu did not support Jin and that he was appealing to Nanjing to see if Jin could be replaced with a new governor. Ma Chongying sat silently for some time before asking if Yulbar's had any personal contacts in Nanjing, to which he replied he did not. He then advised Yulbars to not go to Nanjing because of three reasons: 1) The Kuomintang had just completed its Northern Expedition and was in need of stability, so it was not in a position to replace its frontier governors, despite any shortcomings they had.2) Even if the Nanking government agreed to remove Chin Shu-jen, implementing the decision would likely take two or three years due to the vast distances involved. 3) Furthermore, Chin's greed would likely make him unwilling to step down, and he might even seek support from a foreign power to secure his position. Under these conditions, Sinkiang could potentially come under foreign control. The points were sound, however Yulbars stated the people had sent him to Nanjing, what should he do if he failed? Ma Congying replied “I have a way ... I can meet the needs of the Uighurs of Ha-mi ... In the name of Muslim brotherhood, I shall take my army into Sinkiang. First I shall alleviate the suffering of the Uighurs of Ha-mi, then I shall drive Chin Shu-jen from the stage by force of arms.” A lot of this is conjecture, as it would seem impossible Ma Chongying spontaneously decided to invade Xinjiang over dinner. Ma Chongying was interested in the Kumul uprising long before the arrival of Yulbars in Suzhou and based on other sources it seems Yulbars was well aware of this prior to his visit. Ma Chongying most likely had decent information on the political ongoings of Xinjiang as two Muslim Turks from Istanbul had traveled to northwestern Gansu from Urumqi in early 1931 and entered Ma Chongying's military HQ. One was Kamal Kaya Efendi who went on to become his chief of staff. Ma Chongying was also gun running to places like Kumul, meaning he would have a lot of intel. Ma Chongyings powerbase in Kanzhou was also temporary. As pointing out by Mildred Cable and Francesca French “based on the assumption of the paralysing effect of frightfulness in action, and as a method of temporary invasion it answered his purpose well, but it never served him as a basis of true conquest, nor did he ever establish rule over one single acre of the land which he invaded. His was the method of the locust. . . and his army was always viewed as a plague. It came, it devoured, and when it had passed over, the patient, constructively minded peasants instantly began to repair the damage done to their fields, and to begetsons to replace those who had been swept away in his train” In 1931 Ma Chongyings private army was not a large one, it was perhaps no more than 1000 men and given the account of Mildred Cable and Francesca French, his army had to roam around like locusts to survive. Ma Chongying was a very ambitious and young warlord who like many in this part of China dreamed of carving out a Muslim empire in central asia. In the spring of 1931, Ma Chongying had only two possible directions to take. One was through China proper where he would most likely face his uncle Ma Pufang, whom at the time he was in this sort of propaganda war with. The other was to go through Xinjiang, where it seemed he could receive aid from other Muslim groups seeking to be rid of Jin Shujen. Ma Chongying assembled a force of 500 Tungan cavalry and swiftly crossed the desert between Anxi and Kumul during the full heat of midsummer, arriving in the oasis on the 28th of June, at around the same time as the French Citroen expedition. The French Citroen expedition got to see an encounter between Ma Chongyings Tungan Cavalry and some Chinese machine gun detachment outside of the village of Yikoshu. The French account indicated the Chinese forces also had some Mongol soldiers with them decisively beating back the Tungan riders. After witnessing this the French headed for Kumul's Old City which they found in a state of chaos. Everyone within the city was busy organizing defenses. The French were taken immediately to the local Chinese commander, Zhu Juichih. As they made their way they could see anxious Muslims peering out of their windows and on telegraph poles were heads, hearts and livers, most likely from captured insurgents. Commander Zhu gave the French permission to continue to Urumqi, stating they could do so at their own risk. Most of the French departed on July 1st, leaving behind 3 members at the Old City who would become eyewitnesses to Ma Chongyings attack.  On July 3rd, Ma Chongying dispatched two messangers to Zhu Juichich baring the following message. “By order of the National Government of China I have been appointed commander-in-chief of all military forces of Kansu and Sinkiang. Having assumed my new occasional pistol shot could be heard as hand-to-hand fighting began on the wall Its self ... Just when the place seemed to be doomed a machine gun, which up to this had been silent ... suddenly came to life. Emplaced in a blockhouse flanking the wall, It opened fire, mowing down the assault, and the glacis was soon cleared except for heaps of corpses”.  Ma Chongyings Tungan cavalry force lacked heavy artillery necessary to breach the Old city walls. Three separate attacks were made on the night of the 3rd, all beaten back. Zhu Juichih, a military veteran had zero intention of surrendering to the so called “little commander” whom he dismissed as a “thieving cub”. Ma Chongying seemed to have little stomach for siege warfare so on the 5th he led a large portion of his Tungan cavalry away from Kumul Old City. By doing so he had left roughly 1000 Uyghur insurgents with a handful of Tungans to continue a siege against the Kumul Old City who had 2000 provincial troops. Zhu Juichih was unaware of Ma Chongyings true purpose so he elected not to sortie fearing a trap. Meanwhile Ma Congying led his riders over the Karlik Tagh to Barkul surprising its defenders. Barkul would end up surrendering without much of a struggle. The commander at Barkul named Hedin handed over 2000 rifles and opened the Barkul arsenal to Ma Chongying. Ma Chongying left a hundred man garrison to capture the town as he turned south. According to Wu Aichen, the sudden small victories of the young commander emboldened other groups to join his cause such as the Kazakhs and Tungans north of Karlik Tagh. By mid-July Muslim insurgents were effectively controlling the entire territory of the Old Kumul Khanate, from Xingxingxia to Iwanquan. Groups of invading Tungans from Gansu formed an alliance with the Muslims of Xinjiang, notably from Xingxingxia and Barkul to hold the siege of Kumul Old City. Ma Chongying seemed to also hold the full support of indigenous Muslims of the area whether it be Hazakh, Kirghiz, Uyghur or Xinjiang Tungans.  Jin Shujen's received word of the young commander leading a force of Tungan cavalry attacking various places. It seemed his next target was to be Qiqiaoqing. Jin appointed his chief secretary, Lu Xiaozu to be his commander in chief of the provincial forces; Tu Qikuo and Sheng Shihtsai were to be his joint chiefs of staff. Lu Xiaozu was a younger brother to Jin Shujen, a civilian with little to no military experience and was the bitter rival of the current commissioner for military affairs at Urumqi, Jin Shuxin. Lu Xiaozu mustered a force roughly 1000 strong of men almost all lacking any military training or experience. They were immediately tossed over to Qiqiaoqing with orders to halt the Tungan advance pending further reinforcements. Shortly after their arrival, the troops were met by a surprise night attack and killed nearly to a man. Their commander Tu Qikuo committed suicide in disgrace. According to Kamal Kaya Efendi, the Tungans were led personally by Ma CHongying during the daring attack. He had taken his forces into the oasis through little known trails in Karlik Tagh and Bogdo Ula after his capture of Barkul.  Following this victory, Ma Chongying returned to Kumul Old City to see if the siege was providing any results. This was a rather bizarre decision as Jin Shujens capital of Urumqi was basically open for the taking, but perhaps the young commander had overestimated his enemy. When Ma Congying arrived at Kumul Old City, the besiegers' morale improved greatly. Between July 3rd to October 16th over 43 attacks had been levied against the Chinese garrison. The Tungans dug trenches and built barricades trying to storm the walls. Meanwhile within the old city walls the besieged people were forced to eat their camels, horses and mules to survive. By October 1st the defenders were reduced to a ration of 750 grammes of kaoliang floor per day and were expected to run out by the end of the month. Likewise ammunition was running low, prompting Zhu Juichih to resort to more archaic weapons such as fire arrows and Dao swords that the men had found preserved in the arsenal going back to the time of Zuo Zungtang's campaign in the 19th century. One of the French expeditionaries reported the only thing being sold in the bazaars was opium. One could not even obtain oil as it was boiled and hurled over the walls at the attackers. The Tungans attempted numerous times to breach the walls using mines, but they lacked sufficient powder to create large enough explosions. On one occasion a breach was made in the walls, but the defenders were quickly able to block the hole with wool before the attackers could get through. Afterwards a ditch was dug around the walls and flooded so the Tungan trenches would be unable to continue mining. Siege warfare is neat isn't it? Horrible to be sure, but so much ingenuity. By Mid-October the defenders were very desperate. According to the French expeditionaries inside after 108 days of siege, the defenders sortied out of the town on October 16th and tried to reach Urumqi. “What sustained the men was opium. They could not have held out without it, and so long as it lasted and no strenuous effort was demanded of them, they could get along on practically no food. At night the opium lamps of the sentries could be seen sparkling like little stars the length of the ramparts. The whole garrison was in fact intoxicated. It was fantastic!” It is quite probable the defenders chose to make a break for it because they were a majority Han Chinese and greatly feared their fate if the Tungans got in. If you know Islamic history, well you know. Ma Chongying had refused any terms other than unconditional surrender and given the feelings of Kumuls Muslim insurgents, it seemed highly unlikely any prisoners would be taken. Regardless, the siege had delayed the Tungans for a long time, allowing Jin Shujen to hastily organize provincial forces at Urumqi. After his first military campaign had failed horrendously, Jin now orderedTsetsen Puntsag Gegeen, the “living Buddha” of Xinjiang of the Torgut Mongols to lead his famous Torgut Cavalry regiment against the Tungans at Kumul. The Turgot troops were by far the best available at the time to Jin, and the most capable to go one on one with Tungan cavalry. However Tsetsen Puntsag Gegeen was one of the many Torguts who had grievances with Jin over his policy of enforcing Han Chinese officials upon his people to take positions of leadership. Moreover a plot had recently been discovered that one of his subordinates had been paid off to assassinate him. Tsetsen Puntsag Gegeen suspected Jin Shujen to be the culprit to the plot and when the said assassins fled to Urumqi, Jin refused to hand them over for justice, all but confirmed his suspicions.  Thus Tsetsen Puntsag Gegeen refused to become involved in the war over Kumul and instead took his forces to Kara Shahr as a demonstration of power. Lacking sufficient numbers or reliable Han Chinese troops, Jin turned next to the White Russian community. Lu Xiaozu who proved himself an imbecile at military matters was replaced with Chang Peiyuan, the Military commander of the Ili Region which also happened to be the region where most White Russians resided. Chang Peiyuan went to work rallying White Russian volunteers who more or less refused to fight for the Chinese, until Jin threatened to repatriate them to Stalin's USSR. In late September Chang Peiyuan had a force headed by 250 White Russians under the leadership of Colonel Pappengut with the mission of relieving Kumul Old City. During this time Ma Chongying decided to march upon the capital, drawing most of his Tungan cavalry away from Kumul heading westwards along the Qiqiaoqing road. This took him directly into the path of the advancing White Russians who began skirmishing around the village of Liaotun. At some point Ma Chongying was seriously wounded, shot through both of his legs. Despite this both sides had negligible casualties. Yet as a result of his grievous injury a large portion of Ma Congying's Tungan riders retreated back into northwestern Gansu. Rumor has it, at this time Ma Congying was bought off by Jin Shujen, regardless he had to take a prolonged time to recuperate and was away from the front lines. Once safely across the Gansu-Xinjiang frontier, Ma Chongying handed control of his four districts of Tunhuang, Anxi, Yumen and Suzhou to his uncle Ma Pufang. Meanwhile Chang Peiyuans forces with Pappenguts White Russians in the spearhead were still advancing towards Kumul Old City. They managed to relieve it on November 1st. The victorious Chinese troops sacked Kumul as a reward, that was denied to the White Russian forces. The provincial troops then performed a systematic destruction of large parts of Kumul, levelling entire villages and terrorizing the population. Zhu Juichih had returned to Urumqi, but his Lt Xing Fayu had remained at Kumul and began a series of mass executions. The reprisals were so heinous, all of the Uyghurs who had remained neutral during the ordeal threw their lot in with the rebellion. Refugees began to pour westwards towards Turfan while Uyghur insurgents withdrew to Karlik Tagh, notably to their well stocked mountain fort at Bardash. Those who went to Bardash unleashed a guerilla war against Jin troops in collaboration with Ma Chongyings Tungans who awaited their leader in Xinjiang. A communication network led from Bardash and Anxi for this purpose. While Ma Chongying was licking his wounds he reorganized his forces. I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. Thus the Kumul Rebellion had just been unleashed. Those who were oppressed were gradually forming a rebellious coalition against Jin Shujen. Although Ma Chongying had literally been cut down at the legs so to say, he was not down for the count. The Rebellion had only just begun.

Will Americans slay our Leviathan government and restore the American dream? Or, will we fail, and continue to allow cronies, fat-cat politicians, and bureaucrats to live off the fruits of our productive labor? Mark Thornton discusses some pertinent lessons from the French Revolution."The Brilliance of Turgot" by Murray N. Rothbard: Mises.org/MI_AThe Turgot Collection: Writings, Speeches, and Letters of Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Baron de Laune, edited by David Gordon: Mises.org/MI_BDonate $25 or more and receive the December Book Bundle: Mises.org/MinorIssues24Be sure to follow Minor Issues at Mises.org/MinorIssues.

Entrevistamos a SOYLA y escuchamos lo mejorcito del indie, la música alternativa y las bandas emergentes... 120 minutos donde SOYLA nos presentará "RADAR", nuestro "Álbum de la Semana", y escucharemos, además, a... LES BLONDES, CAPITÁN SUNRISE, BUENOS DÍAS HIROSHIMA, SERCH., PIERRE MAY, SENKI, ALIS, SILOÉ, LA LA LOVE YOU & ÁLVARO DE LUNA, VEINTIUNO, SAMANTHA PALOS & MIQUEL ÁNGEL, CÓMPLICES & SHUARMA, COQUE MALLA feat. DANI MARTÍN & RULO Y LA CONTRABANDA, MORGAN, TURGOT, LA ÚLTIMA COPA, VALIENTE BOSQUE, DAKLES, NORTE PERDIDO, AMATEUR... y tendremos en el recuerdo a SKIPWORTH & TURNER... ¿Alguien da más? 87.7 FM en Cantabria y arcofm.com/escuchar para el resto del mundo. Y en todas las redes sociales para que no pierdas detalle de la música más emergente y alternativa.

ESPECIAL “PERSPECTIVAS, MAPAS E LINGUAGENS”“Não é possível encontrar novas terras sem concordar em perder de vista a costa, por muito tempo.”(André Gide)Cada livro é o resultado único de inúmeras pesquisas, reflexões, buscas, percepções, aventuras. Nos episódios de AVENTURAS BIBLIÓFILAS, apresentaremos os bastidores editoriais de nossos livros, a longa senda de curadoria que resulta em um livro.Obras citadas: “The Seductions of Gabriele d'Annunzio”, Chris Mikul in: “Biblio-Curiosa”, n.08 (Edição do Autor, 2020); “Letters from Oblivion”, Andrew Condous (Les Éditions de L'Oubli/Zagava, 2014); “Watchmen”, Alan Moore e Dave Gibbons (DC, 2005).Mapa de Turgot, de Paris: https://www.johncoulthart.com/feuilleton/2012/01/28/the-turgot-map-of-paris/ Apoie ”Perspectivas, Mapas & Linguagens”: https://www.catarse.me/perspectivasEntre para a nossa sociedade, dedicada à bibliofilia maldita e ao culto de tenebrosos grimórios: o RES FICTA (solicitações via http://raphuspress.weebly.com/contact.html).Nosso podcast também está disponível nas seguintes plataformas:- Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/4NUiqPPTMdnezdKmvWDXHs- Apple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/podcast-da-raphus-press/id1488391151?uo=4- Google Podcasts: https://podcasts.google.com/?feed=aHR0cHM6Ly9hbmNob3IuZm0vcy8xMDlmZmVjNC9wb2RjYXN0L3Jzcw%3D%3D Apoie o canal: https://apoia.se/podcastdaraphus.Ou adquira nossos livros em nosso site: http://raphuspress.weebly.com. Dúvidas sobre envio, formas de pagamento, etc.: http://raphuspress.weebly.com/contact.html.Nossos livros também estão no Sebo Clepsidra: https://www.seboclepsidra.com.br/marca/raphus-press.html

Les élèves de 4eB du collège Turgot à Denain nous ont concocté 4 émissions sur des thèmes variés. Chroniques, débats, discussions et témoignages, bonne écoute ! L'émission Un incroyable voyage   Emission 1 : Qui dit musique dit jeune  Avec une chronique où on parle des paroles des musiques de rap d'aujourd'hui et avec un débat rap français VS rap américain.  Présentatrice : Lily  Chroniqueuse : Anissa  Journaliste : Ayoub Invité.es : Isaac & Illiana  Réalisatrice : Manel  Musiques : Croire de Djadja & Dinaz / Big Poppa de Notorious B.I.G L'émission Égali'Turgot autour du sexisme  Emission 2 : Égali'Turgot  Discussions et témoignages autour du sexisme ordinaire, comment le repérer et lutter contre.  Présentatrice : Dina  Chroniqueuse : Chloé  Journaliste : Hanane  Invitée : Ayça  Réalisatrice : Léa Musique : N'insiste pas de Camille Lellouche Léa, la réalisatrice de l'émission Égali'Turgot  Emission 3 : Un incroyable voyage  Où les élèves de 4eB racontent leur périple dans les différents médias parisiens : RMC, France Info, France24, France Inter, Canal + et Radio Campus Paris.  Présentatrice : Cassandra  Journaliste : Mohamed  Invité : Nicolas & Ilyes  Réalisatrice : Laura  L'émission sur la légalisation du cannabis  Emission 4 : L'heure du cannabis  Où on parle de la légalisation du cannabis en Allemagne avec deux spécialiste de la santé.  Présentatrice : Safia  Chroniqueur : Ismaël  Journaliste : Nawel  Invité.es : Anies & Najib  Réalisatrice : Esma  Musiques : Temps en temps de Zola & Koba LaD / CARNIVAL de Kanye West et Ty Dolla $ign  Un atelier réalisé le 5 avril 2024 et animé par Pierre-Yves Lerayer et Méli Bry dans le cadre des ateliers d'initiation aux pratiques radiophoniques « A vous les studios » organisés par Radio Campus Paris.

Florence Roche, directrice de la gestion immobilière chez Turgot Asset Management est l'invitée de Mon Podcast Immo. Au micro d'Ariane Artinian, la gérante de la SCI Viagénérations présente les atouts du démembrement viager : soutenir les seniors et offrir aux investisseurs une voie attrayante dans le marché immobilier.“Nous avons été les pionniers en 2017 à créer un fonds sur cette thématique,” explique Florence Roche. La SCI ViaGénérations acquiert la nue-propriété des biens de seniors, leur permettant de conserver l'usufruit et de bénéficier immédiatement d'un capital substantiel. “La décote moyenne sur notre portefeuille est de 39%,” ajoute-t-elle, soulignant l'ajustement de la valeur en fonction de l'âge du vendeur.Comment se porte ce fonds dans un contexte économique instable ? Avec une performance annuelle qui excède régulièrement les 5%, le fonds démontre une résilience notable, même en temps de crise, grâce à une stratégie d'investissement rigoureuse et un focus sur des biens de qualité.Hébergé par Ausha. Visitez ausha.co/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

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Août 1774. Le nouveau roi de France, Louis XVI, a 20 ans. La dette publique atteint un niveau inquiétant. Le souverain appelle aux finances un grand commis de l'État qui est aussi un économiste : Turgot. Or ce ministre des Finances est un libéral convaincu. Il va lancer des réformes très audacieuses.Dans ce nouvel épisode du Moment Histoire, Guillaume Perrault, rédacteur en chef au Figaro, vous dresse le portrait de cet intellectuel libéral, devenu contrôleur des finances sous Louis XVI. Vous pouvez retrouver Le Moment Histoire sur Apple Podcast, Spotify, Deezer, Amazon Music et toutes les plateformes d'écoutes. Si vous avez aimé ce podcast, n'hésitez pas à vous abonner et à donner votre avis !Montage : Antoine Lion-RantyHébergé par Ausha. Visitez ausha.co/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

Agradece a este podcast tantas horas de entretenimiento y disfruta de episodios exclusivos como éste. ¡Apóyale en iVoox! Desvelamos quién ha sido el artista elegido por vosotros como "Mejor Single Emergente" de 2023. Hemos estado durante todo el mes de diciembre proponiéndoos nuestros favoritos en nuestro perfil de Instagram y ya conocemos al ganador. Durante 120 minutos iremos desvelando el top desde el puesto número 20 al 1. Los finalistas son los siguientes: ADIÓS NOVIEMBRE, ALARMANTIKS!, ANTIPLANCTON, BeLoNa, CANCILLER, CAPITÁN SUNRISE, DAGMARA feat. ALISON DARWIN, GANZER, HEISER, IRIS, LOUD, MADAME CHRISTIE, MIRAGÜANO, NOT FOUND, NOVIEMBRE, NÚMEROS IMPARES, POLÁRTICOS, ROAD VOLTA, ROSANACANO, SELENE CASAS, SUENA BABILONIA, THE SON OF WOOD, TURGOT y YO, EN DICIEMBRE. Por quién apuestas? 87.7 FM en Cantabria y arcofm.com/escuchar para el resto del mundo. Y en todas las redes sociales para que no pierdas detalle de la música más emergente y alternativa.Escucha este episodio completo y accede a todo el contenido exclusivo de Nos vemos en Primera Fila. Descubre antes que nadie los nuevos episodios, y participa en la comunidad exclusiva de oyentes en https://go.ivoox.com/sq/776555

An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought, Volume 1: Economic Thought Before Adam Smith In volume one, Murray Rothbard traces economic ideas from ancient sources to show that laissez-faire liberalism and economic thought itself began with the Spanish Scholastics and early Roman, Greek, and canon law. Unfortunately, Adam Smith's labor cost theories became the dominant view, especially in Britain. Rothbard regards Smith as largely a retrograde influence on economic theory. Narrated by Jeff Riggenbach.

An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought, Volume 1: Economic Thought Before Adam Smith In volume one, Murray Rothbard traces economic ideas from ancient sources to show that laissez-faire liberalism and economic thought itself began with the Spanish Scholastics and early Roman, Greek, and canon law. Unfortunately, Adam Smith's labor cost theories became the dominant view, especially in Britain. Rothbard regards Smith as largely a retrograde influence on economic theory. Narrated by Jeff Riggenbach.

Agradece a este podcast tantas horas de entretenimiento y disfruta de episodios exclusivos como éste. ¡Apóyale en iVoox! Volvemos a Arco Fm Cantabria para desvelar el cartel completo del PRIMERA FILA FEST MADRID Vol. 2 y pinchar, además, las novedades más emergentes y alternativas... 120 minutos donde repasaremos las ocho bandas del PRIMERA FILA FEST MADRID Vol. 2, de las cuales ya se conocen ATALAYA ROJA, EL CIELO SOBRE BERLÍN y TREMENDO PINKMAN y, además, estaremos escuchando a... GRAN ANGULAR, ÁLVARO SUITE, MANDY GOLDEA, REFUGIO 19, TURGOT, OMBRA, SANTANA MOTOR, VENUSRAIN, SIDECARS, MENTIRA, SHARON BATES & JUANMA LATORRE, YO EN DICIEMBRE, SUENA BABILONIA, BILLY FLAMINGOS, ALBERTO & GARCÍA, BUM MOTION CLUB, LA ÚLTIMA COPA, VICTOR BELMONTE, EMILIA, PARDO & BAZÁN, IMPACTO VUDÚ, NIÑA POLACA & GRASIAS, COMETA.... y tendremos en el recuerdo a SINEAD O´CONNOR... ¿Alguien da más? 103.2 FM en Cantabria y arcofm.com/escuchar para el resto del mundo. Y en todas las redes sociales para que no pierdas detalle de la música más emergente y alternativa.Escucha este episodio completo y accede a todo el contenido exclusivo de Nos vemos en Primera Fila. Descubre antes que nadie los nuevos episodios, y participa en la comunidad exclusiva de oyentes en https://go.ivoox.com/sq/776555

Conseiller en Gestion Privée pendant 8 ans, Stephan Besnainou a beaucoup côtoyé les seniors, une population qui a besoin de conseils et d'être accompagnée. Il rencontre ensuite la société de gestion Turgot Capital qui recherchait à monter un fonds sur la thématique du viager. Expert du viager, découvrez ses échanges avec Alexandre Toussaint dans Ma Tirelire ! 10 choses à savoir sur le viager : Rappel de la définition du viager « bénéficier d'un capital et d'un complément de revenue à la retraite » Qu'est-ce qui est inclus dans le viager ? La valeur réelle de l'actif (valeur vénale/pleine propriété) va servir de base pour définir le bouquet (capital) et la rente par la suite. Sur cette base les deux partis doivent se mettre d'accord Le prix de rachat est un jeu de balance : le senior choisi le pourcentage du bouquet (20 ou 40% par exemple). On va ensuite regarder l'espérance de vie (qui évolue chaque année) du senior pour déterminer la rente. Pour se faire la table de l'INSEE de l'espérance de vie est utilisée comme repère. Le reste du bouquet est ainsi divisé par le nombre d'années d'espérance de vie restantes qu'on divisera ensuite par 12 pour une rente mensuelle La rente sera versée jusqu'au décès du conjoint survivant. Lorsque le décès des deux conjoints à lieu, le droit d'utilisation du bien revient à l'acheteur. Le notaire doit être à nouveau consulté pour que la succession soit traitée Les revenus viagers sont imposables à l'impôt sur le revenu. Des abattements sont possibles selon l'âge à partir duquel on a démarré la rente (fiscalité avantageuse) Les zones géographiques privilégiées : chez Turgot Capital, la moitié des opérations ont lieu en région parisienne et 40% dans la région PACA Les gros travaux à réaliser sont à la charge du propriétaire Si le senior part en EHPAD ou à l'étranger, il est possible de récupérer le bien en augmentant le montant de l'opération ou en apportant un complément de prix au moment du départ Deux types de viagers : occupé (99% des cas) et libre. Ce dernier peut permettre de louer le bien à une personne tierce Le rôle du notaire est extrêmement important : il conseille le vendeur et doit avoir une démarche extrêmement pédagogue avec le senior notamment sur la notion d'espérance de vie Pour ceux qui ont envie d'aller plus loin : - Le site web de Viagenerations  - Le LinkedIn Stephan Besnainou  Vous avez aimé cet épisode de Ma Tirelire ? Abonnez-vous au podcast sur Apple Podcasts, Spotify, Deezer, et Google Podcasts et notez-le 5 étoiles !

Quer participar do Clube do Livro? Aulas serão toda terça feira, das 19h as 21h, começando dia 18 de julho. Basta ser um apoiador do nosso Catarse co. 30 reais mensais ou mais! https://www.catarse.me/projects/152640/ Adam Smith é tido como o inventor da economia, o gênio que explicou o capitalismo e um defensor do livre-mercado. E nada disso é verdade. Adam Smith cometeu uma grande soma de erros em seu A Riqueza das Nações. Não só isso, errou em coisas que já estavam resolvidas, e muitas vezes que ele mesmo já tinha ensinado corretamente e depois decidiu escrever errado. Fora isso e os plágios, seus erros levaram a construção do Marxismo. E resultaram em um desvio da economia para um pensamento de equilíbrios de longo prazo. Isso foi um claro retrocesso em relação ao que já era entendido por economistas antes dele, como Turgot e Cantillon. Não que ele seja inútil. Smith difundiu algumas ideias importantes e fez parte de um movimento de crítica ao sistema inglês da época. Mas ele é o pai da economia? Não. Ele explicou como a economia funciona e como o capitalismo opera? Certamente não. E ele defendeu liberdade econômica? Maior que a que existia na época, sim, mas com várias estatices e erros crassos no meio. Sugestões de leitura: An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought: https://amzn.to/42ABHfm Homem, Economia e Estado: https://amzn.to/3NuOYSt Quer fugir do Brasil? Nos contate: https://www.settee.io/ https://youtube.com/c/Setteeio Quer comprar Bitcoin no melhor preço do mercado? Bitpreço! https://bit.ly/BityRadical

Reflections on the Formation and Distribution of Wealth by Anne Robert Jacques Turgot audiobook. 'This Essay May be Considered as the Germ of the Treatise on The Wealth of Nations, Written by the Celebrated Smith' Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

El cedé va a volver. Al menos eso es lo que afirma Sidonie en su nuevo single, una de las novedades que protagonizan esta semana nuestro tiempo de radio. Además completamos la actualidad del pop patrio con Triángulo de Amor Bizarro, Mujeres, Soy la Playa, Kuve, Cristalino, Dekot, Teleclub, Superlaser, The Seasongs, Bum Motion Club, Turgot, Melenas y Alexanderplatz. Además te presentamos a La Niña Paracaidas, una de las bandas ganadoras del concurso Rising Stars Contest y que le abre las puertas a actuar en el FIB de Benicàssim. Escuchamos una sorprendente versión del Common People de Pulp a cargo de Jordana B. Y no es la única versión que suena porque también descubrimos a Holly Rober Baby con un clásico de Edwyn Collins y Jeff Boldt versioneando a Arcade Fire. En nuestro repaso a la actualidad internacional suenan Bethany Cosentino, Love Rat, Ned Moss, Jack River, Banners, Manfrop, Radwulf, Alessiah, Chela, Soul y James Leeds. Y recopilamos algunas colaboraciones recientes entre diferentes artistas como Beck & Phoenix, Soyla feat. Hotel Flamingo, Celia Becks y Vaho, Rick Treffers con Barbara Blasco y Yeah Yeah Yeahs feat. Perfume Genius.

Adam Smith é tido como o inventor da economia, o gênio que explicou o capitalismo e um defensor do livre-mercado. E nada disso é verdade. Adam Smith cometeu uma grande soma de erros em seu A Riqueza das Nações. Não só isso, errou em coisas que já estavam resolvidas, e muitas vezes que ele mesmo já tinha ensinado corretamente e depois decidiu escrever errado. Fora isso e os plágios, seus erros levaram a construção do Marxismo. E resultaram em um desvio da economia para um pensamento de equilíbrios de longo prazo. Isso foi um claro retrocesso em relação ao que já era entendido por economistas antes dele, como Turgot e Cantillon. Não que ele seja inútil. Smith difundiu algumas ideias importantes e fez parte de um movimento de crítica ao sistema inglês da época. Mas ele é o pai da economia? Não. Ele explicou como a economia funciona e como o capitalismo opera? Certamente não. E ele defendeu liberdade econômica? Maior que a que existia na época, sim, mas com várias estatices e erros crassos no meio. Sugestões de leitura: An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought: https://amzn.to/42ABHfm Homem, Economia e Estado: https://amzn.to/3NuOYSt Quer fugir do Brasil? Nos contate: https://www.settee.io/ https://youtube.com/c/Setteeio Quer comprar Bitcoin no melhor preço do mercado? Bitpreço! https://bit.ly/BityRadical Apoie o Ideias Radicais: https://www.catarse.me/projects/152640/

Charlamos con Marcos, batería de la banda Turgot, "Como los Dinosaurios", es el segundo single que estará incluido en su próximo disco, que verá la luz a finales de 2023.

Adam Smith é tido como o inventor da economia, o gênio que explicou o capitalismo e um defensor do livre-mercado. E nada disso é verdade. Adam Smith cometeu uma grande soma de erros em seu A Riqueza das Nações. Não só isso, errou em coisas que já estavam resolvidas, e muitas vezes que ele mesmo já tinha ensinado corretamente e depois decidiu escrever errado. Fora isso e os plágios, seus erros levaram a construção do Marxismo. E resultaram em um desvio da economia para um pensamento de equilíbrios de longo prazo. Isso foi um claro retrocesso em relação ao que já era entendido por economistas antes dele, como Turgot e Cantillon. Não que ele seja inútil. Smith difundiu algumas ideias importantes e fez parte de um movimento de crítica ao sistema inglês da época. Mas ele é o pai da economia? Não. Ele explicou como a economia funciona e como o capitalismo opera? Certamente não. E ele defendeu liberdade econômica? Maior que a que existia na época, sim, mas com várias estatices e erros crassos no meio. Sugestões de leitura: An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought: https://amzn.to/42ABHfm Homem, Economia e Estado: https://amzn.to/3NuOYSt Quer fugir do Brasil? Nos contate: https://www.settee.io/ https://youtube.com/c/Setteeio Quer comprar Bitcoin no melhor preço do mercado? Bitpreço! https://bit.ly/BityRadical Apoie o Ideias Radicais: https://www.catarse.me/projects/152640/

Adam Smith é tido como o inventor da economia, o gênio que explicou o capitalismo e um defensor do livre-mercado. E nada disso é verdade. Adam Smith cometeu uma grande soma de erros em seu A Riqueza das Nações. Não só isso, errou em coisas que já estavam resolvidas, e muitas vezes que ele mesmo já tinha ensinado corretamente e depois decidiu escrever errado. Fora isso e os plágios, seus erros levaram a construção do Marxismo. E resultaram em um desvio da economia para um pensamento de equilíbrios de longo prazo. Isso foi um claro retrocesso em relação ao que já era entendido por economistas antes dele, como Turgot e Cantillon. Não que ele seja inútil. Smith difundiu algumas ideias importantes e fez parte de um movimento de crítica ao sistema inglês da época. Mas ele é o pai da economia? Não. Ele explicou como a economia funciona e como o capitalismo opera? Certamente não. E ele defendeu liberdade econômica? Maior que a que existia na época, sim, mas com várias estatices e erros crassos no meio. Sugestões de leitura: An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought: https://amzn.to/42ABHfm Homem, Economia e Estado: https://amzn.to/3NuOYSt Quer fugir do Brasil? Nos contate: https://www.settee.io/ https://youtube.com/c/Setteeio Quer comprar Bitcoin no melhor preço do mercado? Bitpreço! https://bit.ly/BityRadical Apoie o Ideias Radicais: https://www.catarse.me/projects/152640/

Adam Smith é tido como o inventor da economia, o gênio que explicou o capitalismo e um defensor do livre-mercado. E nada disso é verdade. Adam Smith cometeu uma grande soma de erros em seu A Riqueza das Nações. Não só isso, errou em coisas que já estavam resolvidas, e muitas vezes que ele mesmo já tinha ensinado corretamente e depois decidiu escrever errado. Fora isso e os plágios, seus erros levaram a construção do Marxismo. E resultaram em um desvio da economia para um pensamento de equilíbrios de longo prazo. Isso foi um claro retrocesso em relação ao que já era entendido por economistas antes dele, como Turgot e Cantillon. Não que ele seja inútil. Smith difundiu algumas ideias importantes e fez parte de um movimento de crítica ao sistema inglês da época. Mas ele é o pai da economia? Não. Ele explicou como a economia funciona e como o capitalismo opera? Certamente não. E ele defendeu liberdade econômica? Maior que a que existia na época, sim, mas com várias estatices e erros crassos no meio. Sugestões de leitura: An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought: https://amzn.to/42ABHfm Homem, Economia e Estado: https://amzn.to/3NuOYSt O Empreendedorismo em Israel Kirzner: https://amzn.to/43Fy894 Bawerk e o leilão de cavalos: https://mises.org/library/bohm-bawerk-speaks-again Extras: https://mises.org/wire/how-think-about-economic-calculation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b3iixeCmqAE Quer fugir do Brasil? Nos contate: https://www.settee.io/ https://youtube.com/c/Setteeio Quer comprar Bitcoin no melhor preço do mercado? Bitpreço! https://bit.ly/BityRadical Apoie o Ideias Radicais: https://www.catarse.me/projects/152640/

Hoy suenan y resuenan Celia Becks con Vaho, El Mato a un Policía Motorizado, Lusillon, Nadie Patín, Los Valientes, Calizo, Peso Pluma, Turgot y Alarmantiks.Pocos días quedan ya para que acabe la Primavera y que llegue el veranito y nosotros vamos calentando motores con una edición muy fresquita de tu podcast de cabecera... Hoy suenan y resuenan Celia Becks con Vaho, El Mato a un Policía Motorizado, Lusillon, Nadie Patín, Los Valientes, Calizo, Peso Pluma, Turgot, Alarmantiks, Coi Leray feat. Tokischa y Purple Disco Machine. Como si metieras los pies en un barreño. Igualico.

Hoy suenan y resuenan Celia Becks con Vaho, El Mato a un Policía Motorizado, Lusillon, Nadie Patín, Los Valientes, Calizo, Peso Pluma, Turgot y Alarmantiks.Pocos días quedan ya para que acabe la Primavera y que llegue el veranito y nosotros vamos calentando motores con una edición muy fresquita de tu podcast de cabecera... Hoy suenan y resuenan Celia Becks con Vaho, El Mato a un Policía Motorizado, Lusillon, Nadie Patín, Los Valientes, Calizo, Peso Pluma, Turgot, Alarmantiks, Coi Leray feat. Tokischa y Purple Disco Machine. Como si metieras los pies en un barreño. Igualico.

"This Essay May be Considered as the Germ of the Treatise on The Wealth of Nations, Written by the Celebrated Smith" —Condorcet's Life of Turgot A. R. J. Turgot (1727-81), one of the greatest thinkers of the century of the Enlightenment, is known to political historians as a pioneer of the doctrine of universal progress, which he first put forward when a student at the Sorbonne in a lecture on The Successive Advances of the Human Mind. He is also well known to economists as the author of Reflections on the Formation and the Distribution of Wealth, in which he anticipated - and in some respects surpassed - the theoretical system of classical political economy. In this volume, translations of these two works are printed together with a lesser-known work entitled On Universal History, which should be of great interest to sociologists. Professor Meek has prefaced his own translations of the three texts with an introduction in which he analyses the interesting interrelationship between Turgot's political, economic and sociological theories. --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/librivox1/support

Rendimentos marginais decrescentes: Anne Robert Jacques Turgot --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/pedro-mendes-ju00fanior/message

S02.E05 - L'invitée de Trench Tech : Joëlle Toledano, économiste, Professeur émérite à l'Université Paris-Dauphine, membre de l'Académie des Technologies et du Conseil National du Numérique CNNum. Dans cet épisode, on explore les enjeux de régulation du marché du numérique : 

Los Miserables Autor: Víctor Hugo Cuarta Parte: El idilio de la calle de Plumet y La epopeya de la calle de Saint-Denis Libro décimo El 5 de junio de 1832 Cap II : El fondo de la cuestión. Existe el disturbio y existe la insurrección; son dos iras; una está en un error, la otra está en su derecho. En los estados democráticos, los únicos legítimos desde el punto de vista de la justicia, se da a veces una usurpación de la parte; entonces el todo se subleva y la necesaria reivindicación de su derecho puede llegar incluso hasta empuñar las armas. En todas las cuestiones que son del ámbito de la soberanía colectiva, la guerra del todo contra la parte es insurrección; el ataque de la parte contra el todo es el disturbio; según que en Les Tuileries se alberguen el rey o la Convención, el ataque a Les Tuileries es justo o injusto. El mismo cañón apuntando al gentío se equivoca el 10 de agosto y acierta el 14 de vendimiario. Apariencia semejante, pero fondo diferente; la guardia suiza defiende lo falso, Bonaparte defiende lo verdadero. Lo que hizo el sufragio universal, en el ejercicio de su libertad y su soberanía, no puede deshacerlo la calle. Lo mismo sucede en los hechos puramente de civilización; el instinto de las masas, clarividente ayer, puede ser confuso mañana. La misma indignación es legítima en contra de Terray y absurda en contra de Turgot. Destrozar máquinas, saquear almacenes, romper raíles, echar abajo los depósitos, los recorridos equivocados de las muchedumbres, las denegaciones de justicia del pueblo al progreso, los estudiantes asesinando a Ramus, Suiza expulsando a Rousseau a pedradas: eso son disturbios. Israel contra Moisés, Atenas contra Foción, Roma contra Escipión: eso son disturbios; París contra la Bastilla, eso es insurrección. Los soldados contra Alejandro, los marineros contra Cristóbal Colón son el mismo levantamiento; levantamiento impío; ¿por qué? Porque lo que Alejandro hace por Asia con la espada es lo que hace Cristóbal Colón por América con la brújula; tanto Alejandro como Colón encuentran un mundo. Esos dones de un mundo a la civilización son tales incrementos de luz que, en tales casos, cualquier resistencia es culpable. Hay veces en que el pueblo no cumple con la fidelidad que se debe a sí mismo. El gentío traiciona al pueblo. ¿Existe, por ejemplo, algo más extraño que esa prolongada y cruenta protesta de los contrabandistas de la sal, legitima rebelión crónica que, en el momento decisivo, en el día de la salvación, en la hora de la victoria popular, se decanta por el trono, se vuelve chuanería y de ser insurrección contra se vuelve disturbio a favor? ¡Sombrías obras maestras de la ignorancia. El contrabandista de la sal se libra de las horcas de la monarquía y, todavía con un trozo de cuerda al pescuezo, enarbola la escarapela blanca. «Muerte a la gabela» pare un «viva el rey». Matadores de la noche de San Bartolomé, degollares de septiembre, carniceros de Aviñón, asesinos de Coligny, asesinos de la señora de Lamballe, asesinos de Brune, miqueletes, verdetes, cadenetes[67], cofrades de la compañía de Jéhu, caballeros del brazal: eso es disturbio.

On ne peut s'empêcher d'imaginer d'imaginer un affrontement écolier entre des enfants se lançant de la farine de blé contre une faction opposée leur lançant de la farine de sarrasin.  C'est évidemment pas ça du tout et nous allons parler aujourd'hui de ce qu'on pourrait considérer comme un des premiers tremblements avant la révolution, La guerre des farines. Nous sommes sous Louis 16 et Turgot est alors contrôleur général des finances.  Turgot était un partisan de la théorie économique connue sous le nom de physiocratie qui prônait un système économique de laissez-faire. C'est du libertarisme, au final. Il pensait qu'un individu travaillerait davantage pour son propre bénéfice que pour celui des autres, et que les travailleurs seraient plus productifs s'ils en tireraient un meilleur profit, ce qui profiterait aux consommateurs en fournissant une offre plus importante pour leur demande.  A l'époque et depuis longtemps, il y avait des réglementations sur les prix du marché comme le lait ou les céréales et pour Turgot, cela faisait obstacle à cet ordre naturel. Turgot va donc réformer ces réglementations. Il va essuyer de lourdes critiques. Nous sommes en 1774 et les récoltes de blé ne sont pas bonnes suite entre autres à une mauvaise météo. On pioche dans les réserves et en mai 1775, il n'y a plus un grain dans les silos de certaines régions, principalement le Nord.  Ce n'était pas la première fois et jadis, le roi intervenait et distribuait le surplus entre les régions nécessiteuses. Seulement, suite aux réformes de Turgot et sa volonté de libre marché, les stocks restants sont vendus à prix d'or. Les prix flambent et le blé devient impayable. Certaines régions françaises souffrent de famine, tandis que d'autres, mieux approvisionnées, sont épargnées.  C'est l'agitation sur les lieux de distribution des farines, et la révolte gronde contre les commerçants spéculateurs qui profitent un peu trop de cette crise. Une vague d'émeutes, appelée la « guerre des farines », a lieu dans la moitié nord du royaume en avril et mai 1775 : pillages, attaques de dépôts, d'entrepôts et de boulangeries, entrave des axes fluviaux et routiers.  Marchands et fermiers sont généralement visés, mais aussi les représentants directs du pouvoir,  ou conseillers aux parlements.  Signe avant-coureur de la Révolution, ces émeutes seront finalement enrayées par l'intervention massive de quelques 25 000 soldats de l'armée du Roi. Ils feront une centaine d'arrestations qui aboutiront à 2 peines de mort pour l'exemple.  L'ordre est rétabli par un contrôle des prix du blé et par l'organisation d'un approvisionnement des provinces en difficulté. Turgot démissionnera l'année suivante et la révolution grondera quelques années plus tard. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

It's time to add another stamp to your spiritual passport! Join Angela Sealana on a spiritual pilgrimage to St. Margaret Chapel in Edinburgh, Scotland. This chapel is the oldest building in all of Edinburgh, and it is located within Edinburgh Castle grounds! The chapel's namesake, St. Margaret's was an English princess who became a Scottish queen, and the strength of her character and impact continues to unite Scotland's people. On today's journey, you will: Explore the Chapel, its history, and the Castle which houses it Hear about the life of this inspiring saint Learn about how she can teach, encourage & inspire us today Click here for photos, and a map view of this week's journey.  We are so grateful to this month's sponsors, Bill & Lupita Winters, who made this podcast episode possible. Jewel for the Journey: “Every word that she uttered, every act that she performed, showed that she was meditating on the things of Heaven.” – Turgot of Durham, St. Margaret's Biographer Featured Images courtesy of the St. Margaret's Chapel Guild. All rights reserved. Learn more at PilgrimCenterOfHope.org/Journeys Help us spread hope! PilgrimCenterOfHope.org/Donate

Episode #27 Philippe Fabry est docteur en droit de l'Université Toulouse I Capitole et est historien du droit, des institutions et des idées politiques. Lauréat du prix Turgot du jeune talent en 2015 pour son premier ouvrage, il en publie régulièrement depuis. Il a contribué plusieurs fois à la revue Histoire & Civilisations, et la revue américaine The Postil Magazine, occasionnellement à Politique Internationale, et collabore régulièrement avec Atlantico, Causeur, Contrepoints et L'Opinion. Il tient depuis 2014 un blog intitulé Historionomie, dont la version actuelle est disponible à l'adresse internet historionomie.net, dans lequel il publie régulièrement des analyses géopolitiques basées sur ou dans la continuité de ses travaux, et fait la promotion de ses livres. Il est également Président de l'Institut Polybe, un think-tank qui se veut force de proposition pour la réforme des institutions françaises. Interview et production par Pierre Schweitzer pour Contrepoints. Programme : 00:00 - Introduction 01:05 - Présentation et parcours 04:55 - Découverte des idées libérales 10:17 - Rome : du libéralisme au socialisme 21:56 - Qu'est ce que l'historionomie ? 28:23 - Quelles limites au raisonnement historionomique ? 32:55 - Quelle part de déterminisme dans l'Histoire ? 42:47 - L'historionomie néglige-t-elle les grandes ruptures historiques ? 49:34 - Les institutions peuvent-elles contenir la croissance tendancielle de l'Etat ? 59:20 - L'invasion russe de l'Ukraine au prisme historionomique 1:07:58 - L'Empire américain grand vainqueur de la confrontation mondiale à venir ? 1:12:25 - Les intérêts stratégiques de la France dans une 3ème Guerre Mondiale Aller plus loin : - Les articles de Philippe Fabry sur Contrepoints - Sa chaîne Youtube - Son compte Twitter - F.A. Hayek « Droit, Législation et Liberté » - Philippe Nemo (notice Wikibéral) Ouvrages disponibles : - Rome, du libéralisme au socialisme - Histoire du siècle à venir - Atlas des guerres à venir - La structure de l'histoire Nous contacter : podcast@contrepoints.org http://www.contrepoints.org

En Música de Contrabando, revista diaria de música en Onda Regional de Murcia (orm.es; 23,00h a 01,00h).Springsteen ha versionado el tema de Ben E. King “Don't Play That Song (You Lied)” de 1962, que sirve como tercer sencillo de su próximo álbum de versiones de soul “Only The Strong Survive”.Everything But The Girl anuncian su primer disco en 24 años. Los australianos Tropical Fuck Storm, los valencianos Mausoleo y los británicos Sorry se suman a las confirmaciones del cartel del CanelaParty (Las Ligas Menores).En junio de 2021 Morrissey anunció que había acabado la grabación del álbum pero no disponía de discográfica para publicarlo. La edición correrá a cargo de Capitol Records para todo el mundo, excepto el Reino Unido, para donde Morrissey no dispone de contrato discográfico.. Yo La Tengo anuncian This stupid world, su nuevo disco, con la melodiosa bruma eléctrica marca de la casa de "fallout", que presentarán en España en primavera.Las Odio han regresado con un aquelarre brujeril de lo más apropiado para estas fechas. Alberto & García vuelven a darnos un pildorazo de lo que será su próximo disco, esta vez con uno de los platos fuertes, la canción “Por el Camino” en colaboración con Depedro. "El último homenaje" es el nuevo trabajo de la banda oscense El Verbo Odiado para el sello Subterfuge.ENRIC MONTEFUSCO publicará su disco doble 'Viaje al centro de un idiota' el 18 de noviembre y anuncia primeros conciertos.Se Ha Perdido Un Niño, ganadores del CreaMurcia 2022, se estrenan con El Palomar. Algiers anuncian nuevo disco (y colaboran con Zack De La Rocha en ‘Irreversible Damage').Funambulista estrena "El Mismo Lugar" , un homenaje a todos los países de habla hispana y a nuestra riqueza sonora, a todo lo que nos une, en definitiva al carácter "latino".The Wave Pictures se alían de nuevo con Acuarela para editar un doble 7" exclusivo con cinco canciones (una, "French Cricket" incluida en su nuevo disco y las otras cuatro totalmente exclusivas) Mare Carrier lidera MUchahada, proyecto colaborativo (Virus Dylan).Repasamos la agenda del finde: Cartagena Jazz (Andrea Motis, Lady Balckbird, Seun Kuti). Carlos Dechari, Ana Curra, Consejo, Cepeda, Bart Davenport, Fernando Rubio, Ara Malikian, Fito y Fitipaldis, Turgot, Gritando En Silencio, Desenkanto, Amatria, Staytons, Yawners,

En Música de Contrabando, revista diaria de música en Onda Regional de Murcia (orm.es; 23,00h a 01,00h).Springsteen ha versionado el tema de Ben E. King “Don't Play That Song (You Lied)” de 1962, que sirve como tercer sencillo de su próximo álbum de versiones de soul “Only The Strong Survive”.Everything But The Girl anuncian su primer disco en 24 años. Los australianos Tropical Fuck Storm, los valencianos Mausoleo y los británicos Sorry se suman a las confirmaciones del cartel del CanelaParty (Las Ligas Menores). En junio de 2021 Morrissey anunció que había acabado la grabación del álbum pero no disponía de discográfica para publicarlo. La edición correrá a cargo de Capitol Records para todo el mundo, excepto el Reino Unido, para donde Morrissey no dispone de contrato discográfico.. Yo La Tengo anuncian This stupid world, su nuevo disco, con la melodiosa bruma eléctrica marca de la casa de "fallout", que presentarán en España en primavera. Las Odio han regresado con un aquelarre brujeril de lo más apropiado para estas fechas. Alberto & García vuelven a darnos un pildorazo de lo que será su próximo disco, esta vez con uno de los platos fuertes, la canción “Por el Camino” en colaboración con Depedro. "El último homenaje" es el nuevo trabajo de la banda oscense El Verbo Odiado para el sello Subterfuge. ENRIC MONTEFUSCO publicará su disco doble 'Viaje al centro de un idiota' el 18 de noviembre y anuncia primeros conciertos. Se Ha Perdido Un Niño, ganadores del CreaMurcia 2022, se estrenan con El Palomar. Algiers anuncian nuevo disco (y colaboran con Zack De La Rocha en ‘Irreversible Damage'). Funambulista estrena "El Mismo Lugar" , un homenaje a todos los países de habla hispana y a nuestra riqueza sonora, a todo lo que nos une, en definitiva al carácter "latino". The Wave Pictures se alían de nuevo con Acuarela para editar un doble 7" exclusivo con cinco canciones (una, "French Cricket" incluida en su nuevo disco y las otras cuatro totalmente exclusivas) Mare Carrier lidera MUchahada, proyecto colaborativo (Virus Dylan). .Repasamos la agenda del finde: Cartagena Jazz (Andrea Motis, Lady Balckbird, Seun Kuti). Carlos Dechari, Ana Curra, Consejo, Cepeda, Bart Davenport, Fernando Rubio, Ara Malikian, Fito y Fitipaldis, Turgot, Gritando En Silencio, Desenkanto, Amatria, Staytons, Yawners,

durée : 00:59:44 - Tous en scène - par : Aurélie Charon - Une émission enregistrée au Lycée Turgot à Paris, dans la section hip-hop du professeur David Bérillon. Le film documentaire "Allons enfants" les avait suivis pendant un an. On se glisse dans un cours de création chorégraphique.

Sometimes the road to doing well at school goes through surprising places, like hip hop. In 2015, the Lycée Turgot in Paris pioneered a programme for 15- to 18-year-olds that combines regular academic classes with hip hop dance. The brainchild of teacher David Bérillon, Hip Hop Turgot now has students from all over the country, as well as the city's less privileged catchment areas. Diversity is just as important as dancing in this small programme, along with academic excellence, and the social-emotional qualities of determination, social ease, self-confidence, and the belief that one can always do better – whether at break battles, math class, or in life. The OECD's international Survey on Social and Emotional Skills tells us that students who think of themselves as highly creative also report high levels of intellectual curiosity and persistence. At this school, dance is the key to unlocking those qualities. Hip Hop Turgot is the subject of a documentary, Allons enfants. Pascale Guy, who is an English teacher at Lycée Turgot, is one of the main teachers involved in the programme. Hosted by Clara Young and produced by Stephen Flynn.

I will have my freedom fries tur-go, thank you.

C'est l'été sur Paroles de Juristes comme pour vous ! Nous aurions voulu vous proposer des épisodes inédits mais on vous les réserve pour la rentrée. Quel que soit l'endroit où vous vous trouvez, merci d'écouter ou de ré-écouter nos invités et de nous offrir la chance de vous accompagner. Bonne écoute et bel été ! ☀   ---------------- Quel point en commun entre l'affaire Platini, Stop Covid et l'affaire des Sondages de l'Elysée ?   Sur les plateaux TV ou dans les salles d'audience, Farah a décidé de mettre ses engagements, ses valeurs et son expertise au service de l'intérêt général.    Farah Zaoui a 26 ans, a grandi en région parisienne et occupe actuellement le poste de juriste au sein d'Anticor, une association anticorruption française qui lutte pour rétablir l'éthique en politique et célèbre pour une multitude d'actions en justice dont l'affaire Platini, l'affaire des Sondages de l'Elysée ou encore l'Affaire Stop Covid. Farah est une femme d'engagements : féminisme, humanisme, éducation populaire ou encore lutte contre la corruption de par son activité professionnelle. Elle saisit ses causes à bras-le-corps et n'hésite pas à se mouiller pour les défendre. ➡️ Dans cet épisode, Farah a évoqué son parcours, son expérience au Ministère de l'Intérieur, Twitter qui lui a permis de rejoindre Anticor  et surtout le quotidien d'une juriste au sein d'une association de lutte contre la corruption. Farah s'est aussi confiée sur l'importance de la formation continue, sur ses missions para-juridiques et notamment de représentation face aux médias ou encore sur son engagement pour l'égalité des chances avec le podcast "Tu feras quoi plus tard ?" .  Bonne écoute !

The Queen's Necklace - Alexandre Dumas - Book 9 - Volume 3, Part 6 Title: The Queen's Necklace Overview: This third volume of the Marie Antoinette Romances begins a decade after the close of "The Mesmerist's Victim” and is based on a real scandal in Louis XVI's court, commonly called “The Diamond Necklace Affair.” In this volume, the plotting of a powerful occultist, Count Cogliostro (or “Balsamo”), collides with the long-festering resentments of a previous royal house, Jeanne de Valois (de la Motte), a growing popular movement for sociopolitical reform, and a shrinking supply of bread. It is easy to see how converging sociopolitical challenges can threaten the monarchy, but how can the court of Louis XVI overcome these challenges amidst a famine? After all, in the words of his economic advisor, Turgot de l'Aulnes, “Ne vous mêlez pas du pain” (One must not meddle with bread)! Published: 1849 - 1850 List: Readers' Choice Collections, The Marie Antoinette Romances Series, Antoinette #14 Author: Alexandre Dumas Translator: Henry L. Williams Genre: Action & Adventure Fiction, Crime & Mystery Fiction, Fantastic Fiction Episode: The Queen's Necklace - Alexandre Dumas - Book 9 - Volume 3, Part 6 Part: 6 of 6 Length Part: 1:51:39 Book: 9 Length Book: 16:40:31 Episodes: 81 - 95 of 95 Predecessor: The Mesmerist's Victim Successor: Taking the Bastile Narrator: John Van Stan Language: English Rated: Guidance Suggested Edition: Unabridged Audiobook Keywords: Alexandre Dumas, Marie Antoinette, Historical Fiction, Suspense, Espionage, Political & Thrillers, Action & Adventure Fiction, Crime & Mystery Fiction, Fantastic Fiction Hashtags: #freeaudiobooks #audiobook #mustread #readingbooks #audiblebooks #favoritebooks #free #booklist #audible #freeaudiobook #AlexandreDumas #MarieAntoinette #HistoricalFiction #Suspense #Espionage #Political&Thrillers #Action&AdventureFiction #Crime&MysteryFiction #FantasticFiction Credits: All LibriVox Recordings are in the Public Domain. Wikipedia (c) Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. WOMBO Dream. John Van Stan. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/free-audiobooks/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/free-audiobooks/support

The Queen's Necklace - Alexandre Dumas - Book 9 - Volume 3, Part 5 Title: The Queen's Necklace Overview: This third volume of the Marie Antoinette Romances begins a decade after the close of "The Mesmerist's Victim” and is based on a real scandal in Louis XVI's court, commonly called “The Diamond Necklace Affair.” In this volume, the plotting of a powerful occultist, Count Cogliostro (or “Balsamo”), collides with the long-festering resentments of a previous royal house, Jeanne de Valois (de la Motte), a growing popular movement for sociopolitical reform, and a shrinking supply of bread. It is easy to see how converging sociopolitical challenges can threaten the monarchy, but how can the court of Louis XVI overcome these challenges amidst a famine? After all, in the words of his economic advisor, Turgot de l'Aulnes, “Ne vous mêlez pas du pain” (One must not meddle with bread)! Published: 1849 - 1850 List: Readers' Choice Collections, The Marie Antoinette Romances Series, Antoinette #13 Author: Alexandre Dumas Translator: Henry L. Williams Genre: Action & Adventure Fiction, Crime & Mystery Fiction, Fantastic Fiction Episode: The Queen's Necklace - Alexandre Dumas - Book 9 - Volume 3, Part 5 Part: 5 of 6 Length Part: 2:13:41 Book: 9 Length Book: 16:40:31 Episodes: 65 - 80 of 95 Predecessor: The Mesmerist's Victim Successor: Taking the Bastile Narrator: John Van Stan Language: English Rated: Guidance Suggested Edition: Unabridged Audiobook Keywords: Alexandre Dumas, Marie Antoinette, Historical Fiction, Suspense, Espionage, Political & Thrillers, Action & Adventure Fiction, Crime & Mystery Fiction, Fantastic Fiction Hashtags: #freeaudiobooks #audiobook #mustread #readingbooks #audiblebooks #favoritebooks #free #booklist #audible #freeaudiobook #AlexandreDumas #MarieAntoinette #HistoricalFiction #Suspense #Espionage #Political&Thrillers #Action&AdventureFiction #Crime&MysteryFiction #FantasticFiction Credits: All LibriVox Recordings are in the Public Domain. Wikipedia (c) Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. WOMBO Dream. John Van Stan. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/free-audiobooks/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/free-audiobooks/support

The Queen's Necklace - Alexandre Dumas - Book 9 - Volume 3, Part 4 Title: The Queen's Necklace Overview: This third volume of the Marie Antoinette Romances begins a decade after the close of "The Mesmerist's Victim” and is based on a real scandal in Louis XVI's court, commonly called “The Diamond Necklace Affair.” In this volume, the plotting of a powerful occultist, Count Cogliostro (or “Balsamo”), collides with the long-festering resentments of a previous royal house, Jeanne de Valois (de la Motte), a growing popular movement for sociopolitical reform, and a shrinking supply of bread. It is easy to see how converging sociopolitical challenges can threaten the monarchy, but how can the court of Louis XVI overcome these challenges amidst a famine? After all, in the words of his economic advisor, Turgot de l'Aulnes, “Ne vous mêlez pas du pain” (One must not meddle with bread)! Published: 1849 - 1850 List: Readers' Choice Collections, The Marie Antoinette Romances Series, Antoinette #12 Author: Alexandre Dumas Translator: Henry L. Williams Genre: Action & Adventure Fiction, Crime & Mystery Fiction, Fantastic Fiction Episode: The Queen's Necklace - Alexandre Dumas - Book 9 - Volume 3, Part 4 Part: 4 of 6 Length Part: 2:09:35 Book: 9 Length Book: 16:40:31 Episodes: 49 - 64 of 95 Predecessor: The Mesmerist's Victim Successor: Taking the Bastile Narrator: John Van Stan Language: English Rated: Guidance Suggested Edition: Unabridged Audiobook Keywords: Alexandre Dumas, Marie Antoinette, Historical Fiction, Suspense, Espionage, Political & Thrillers, Action & Adventure Fiction, Crime & Mystery Fiction, Fantastic Fiction Hashtags: #freeaudiobooks #audiobook #mustread #readingbooks #audiblebooks #favoritebooks #free #booklist #audible #freeaudiobook #AlexandreDumas #MarieAntoinette #HistoricalFiction #Suspense #Espionage #Political&Thrillers #Action&AdventureFiction #Crime&MysteryFiction #FantasticFiction Credits: All LibriVox Recordings are in the Public Domain. Wikipedia (c) Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. WOMBO Dream. John Van Stan. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/free-audiobooks/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/free-audiobooks/support

The Queen's Necklace - Alexandre Dumas - Book 9 - Volume 3, Part 3 Title: The Queen's Necklace Overview: This third volume of the Marie Antoinette Romances begins a decade after the close of "The Mesmerist's Victim” and is based on a real scandal in Louis XVI's court, commonly called “The Diamond Necklace Affair.” In this volume, the plotting of a powerful occultist, Count Cogliostro (or “Balsamo”), collides with the long-festering resentments of a previous royal house, Jeanne de Valois (de la Motte), a growing popular movement for sociopolitical reform, and a shrinking supply of bread. It is easy to see how converging sociopolitical challenges can threaten the monarchy, but how can the court of Louis XVI overcome these challenges amidst a famine? After all, in the words of his economic advisor, Turgot de l'Aulnes, “Ne vous mêlez pas du pain” (One must not meddle with bread)! Published: 1849 - 1850 List: Readers' Choice Collections, The Marie Antoinette Romances Series, Antoinette #11 Author: Alexandre Dumas Translator: Henry L. Williams Genre: Action & Adventure Fiction, Crime & Mystery Fiction, Fantastic Fiction Episode: The Queen's Necklace - Alexandre Dumas - Book 9 - Volume 3, Part 3 Part: 3 of 6 Length Part: 2:46:17 Book: 9 Length Book: 16:40:31 Episodes: 33 - 48 of 95 Predecessor: The Mesmerist's Victim Successor: Taking the Bastile Narrator: John Van Stan Language: English Rated: Guidance Suggested Edition: Unabridged Audiobook Keywords: Alexandre Dumas, Marie Antoinette, Historical Fiction, Suspense, Espionage, Political & Thrillers, Action & Adventure Fiction, Crime & Mystery Fiction, Fantastic Fiction Hashtags: #freeaudiobooks #audiobook #mustread #readingbooks #audiblebooks #favoritebooks #free #booklist #audible #freeaudiobook #AlexandreDumas #MarieAntoinette #HistoricalFiction #Suspense #Espionage #Political&Thrillers #Action&AdventureFiction #Crime&MysteryFiction #FantasticFiction Credits: All LibriVox Recordings are in the Public Domain. Wikipedia (c) Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. WOMBO Dream. John Van Stan. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/free-audiobooks/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/free-audiobooks/support

The Queen's Necklace - Alexandre Dumas - Book 9 - Volume 3, Part 2 Title: The Queen's Necklace Overview: This third volume of the Marie Antoinette Romances begins a decade after the close of "The Mesmerist's Victim” and is based on a real scandal in Louis XVI's court, commonly called “The Diamond Necklace Affair.” In this volume, the plotting of a powerful occultist, Count Cogliostro (or “Balsamo”), collides with the long-festering resentments of a previous royal house, Jeanne de Valois (de la Motte), a growing popular movement for sociopolitical reform, and a shrinking supply of bread. It is easy to see how converging sociopolitical challenges can threaten the monarchy, but how can the court of Louis XVI overcome these challenges amidst a famine? After all, in the words of his economic advisor, Turgot de l'Aulnes, “Ne vous mêlez pas du pain” (One must not meddle with bread)! Published: 1849 - 1850 List: Readers' Choice Collections, The Marie Antoinette Romances Series, Antoinette #10 Author: Alexandre Dumas Translator: Henry L. Williams Genre: Action & Adventure Fiction, Crime & Mystery Fiction, Fantastic Fiction Episode: The Queen's Necklace - Alexandre Dumas - Book 9 - Volume 3, Part 2 Part: 2 of 6 Length Part: 3:13:39 Book: 9 Length Book: 16:40:31 Episodes: 17 - 32 of 95 Predecessor: The Mesmerist's Victim Successor: Taking the Bastile Narrator: John Van Stan Language: English Rated: Guidance Suggested Edition: Unabridged Audiobook Keywords: Alexandre Dumas, Marie Antoinette, Historical Fiction, Suspense, Espionage, Political & Thrillers, Action & Adventure Fiction, Crime & Mystery Fiction, Fantastic Fiction Hashtags: #freeaudiobooks #audiobook #mustread #readingbooks #audiblebooks #favoritebooks #free #booklist #audible #freeaudiobook #AlexandreDumas #MarieAntoinette #HistoricalFiction #Suspense #Espionage #Political&Thrillers #Action&AdventureFiction #Crime&MysteryFiction #FantasticFiction Credits: All LibriVox Recordings are in the Public Domain. Wikipedia (c) Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. WOMBO Dream. John Van Stan. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/free-audiobooks/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/free-audiobooks/support

The Queen's Necklace - Alexandre Dumas - Book 9 - Volume 3, Part 1 Title: The Queen's Necklace Overview: This third volume of the Marie Antoinette Romances begins a decade after the close of "The Mesmerist's Victim” and is based on a real scandal in Louis XVI's court, commonly called “The Diamond Necklace Affair.” In this volume, the plotting of a powerful occultist, Count Cogliostro (or “Balsamo”), collides with the long-festering resentments of a previous royal house, Jeanne de Valois (de la Motte), a growing popular movement for sociopolitical reform, and a shrinking supply of bread. It is easy to see how converging sociopolitical challenges can threaten the monarchy, but how can the court of Louis XVI overcome these challenges amidst a famine? After all, in the words of his economic advisor, Turgot de l'Aulnes, “Ne vous mêlez pas du pain” (One must not meddle with bread)! Published: 1849 - 1850 List: Readers' Choice Collections, The Marie Antoinette Romances Series, Antoinette #9 Author: Alexandre Dumas Translator: Henry L. Williams Genre: Action & Adventure Fiction, Crime & Mystery Fiction, Fantastic Fiction Episode: The Queen's Necklace - Alexandre Dumas - Book 9 - Volume 3, Part 1 Part: 1 of 6 Length Part: 4:25:48 Book: 9 Length Book: 16:40:31 Episodes: 1 - 16 of 95 Predecessor: The Mesmerist's Victim Successor: Taking the Bastile Narrator: John Van Stan Language: English Rated: Guidance Suggested Edition: Unabridged Audiobook Keywords: Alexandre Dumas, Marie Antoinette, Historical Fiction, Suspense, Espionage, Political & Thrillers, Action & Adventure Fiction, Crime & Mystery Fiction, Fantastic Fiction Hashtags: #freeaudiobooks #audiobook #mustread #readingbooks #audiblebooks #favoritebooks #free #booklist #audible #freeaudiobook #AlexandreDumas #MarieAntoinette #HistoricalFiction #Suspense #Espionage #Political&Thrillers #Action&AdventureFiction #Crime&MysteryFiction #FantasticFiction Credits: All LibriVox Recordings are in the Public Domain. Wikipedia (c) Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. WOMBO Dream. John Van Stan. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/free-audiobooks/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/free-audiobooks/support

durée : 01:59:04 - Les Matins du samedi - par : Caroline Broué - Responsable pédagogique de la section Hip hop du lycée Turgot, David Bérillon est au centre du documentaire "Allons enfants" / Crimes de guerre en Ukraine: le corps des femmes, avec l'anthropologue Véronique Nahoum-Grappe et la juriste internationale Céline Bardet - invités : David Berillon Ancien danseur et professeur d'EPS; Véronique Nahoum-Grappe Anthropologue, membre des comités Syrie-Europe et Russie-Europe de la revue Esprit; Céline Bardet juriste et enquêtrice criminelle international, elle a débuté sa carrière auprès du juge du TPIY et travaille depuis pour l'ONU et l'UE. Fondatrice et présidente de l'ONG "We Are NOT Weapons Of War" (WWoW) qui vise à lutter contre le viol de guerre.

durée : 00:14:59 - L'Invité(e) des Matins du samedi - par : Caroline Broué - Unique en France, la section hip-hop du lycée Turgot à Paris est menée par le professeur d'EPS David Bérillon, qui se bat pour donner une chance à des adolescents en difficultés économiques ou sociales. - invités : David Berillon Ancien danseur et professeur d'EPS

durée : 01:59:04 - Les Matins du samedi - par : Caroline Broué - Responsable pédagogique de la section Hip hop du lycée Turgot, David Bérillon est au centre du documentaire "Allons enfants" / Crimes de guerre en Ukraine: le corps des femmes, avec l'anthropologue Véronique Nahoum-Grappe et la juriste internationale Céline Bardet - invités : David Berillon Ancien danseur et professeur d'EPS; Véronique Nahoum-Grappe Anthropologue, membre des comités Syrie-Europe et Russie-Europe de la revue Esprit; Céline Bardet juriste et enquêtrice criminelle international, elle a débuté sa carrière auprès du juge du TPIY et travaille depuis pour l'ONU et l'UE. Fondatrice et présidente de l'ONG "We Are NOT Weapons Of War" (WWoW) qui vise à lutter contre le viol de guerre.

Chaque jeudi soir à partir de 18h sur BFM PARIS, une femme ou un homme politique d'Ile-de-France est l'invité spécial de BFM PARIS pour répondre aux questions de Marguerite Dumont.

Bienvenue sur INFLUENCE CORNER, le podcast à la croisée des chemins entre marques et influenceurs Un extrait pour vous aider à patienter avant la sortie de l'interview complète sur les stratégies d'influence dans l'univers du luxe. Eric Briones profil LinkedInLauréat du prix Turgot 2021, du meilleur livre collectif d'économie financière pour "Luxe et Résilience"Directeur général du Journal du Luxe Co-Fondateur de Paris School of Luxury Planneur stratégique chez Darkplanningwww.influencecorner.fr Hébergé par Acast. Visitez acast.com/privacy pour plus d'informations.

La parole et le geste. Il fallait une époque sociale, et politique, aussi trouble que celle d'aujourd'hui en France pour se rendre compte de leur importance. Et c'est sans doute la moindre des choses, que ce soit par l'image que cette prise de conscience se manifeste. Allons enfants, le nouveau documentaire d'Alban Teurlai et Thierry Demaizière, prend la chose à bras le corps. Littéralement. Et suit deux classes de la section « Danse urbaine » du lycée Turgot, à Paris, durant un an. Rien que cet énoncé pose bien l'importance des mots. À Turgot, on dit donc danse urbaine. Dans les coins de banlieues, d'où viennent les élèves suivis par Allons enfants, on dit «Hip Hop ». Toute la différence est déjà là, entre un milieu qui s'affirme comme élite, et celui des classes populaires. Pour autant, c'est bien une passerelle qui est soutenue dans ce documentaire. L'enjeu narratif en sera un concours de battles inter-lycées. Mais plus encore, c'est l'ébauche d'un dialogue entre ces deux mondes qui se joue ici. Elle est arbitrée par ce qui aura, entre autres, manqué pendant la campagne électorale : un programme pour la culture comme moteur d'intégration, d'émancipation et pourquoi pas d'excellence. Ou d'exutoire pour des ados mal partis dans leur histoire, faute de n'avoir pas grandi au bon endroit. Dans Allons enfants, il y a donc les gestes.Plus encore que les figures de coach que deviennent un prof de sport et un proviseur, c'est bien cet angle qui fait office d'expérience pédagogique. Teurlai et Demaizière confortent cette dernière en donnant beaucoup la parole aux enfants. Leur permettant de se livrer sur le véritable choc culturel qu'ils vivent, au gré des mois dans ce lycée.Évidemment, en se propulsant ainsi, le film propose un univers rappelant celui de Fame. Mais si, souvenez-vous du film et de la série des années 80 sur un collège artistique américain. Un récit qui prend des atours parfois trop idylliques lorsqu'il est comparé au champ de bataille qu'est actuellement l'enseignement. Mais rien de grave : Allons enfants revient toujours à une réalité plus souhaitable qu'une directive de Blanquer. Celle d'un système scolaire qui aurait la possibilité, s'il s'en donnait les moyens, de ne plus oublier que tous les enfants sont ceux de la république. Le documentaire s'ouvre sur un prof qui demande aux élèves de se rapprocher pour former un cercle. Plus tard, il les réunira de nouveau pour leur rappeler, mot pour mot, qu'au sein de cet établissement ils sont « chez eux » et peuvent revenir quand ils le veulent. Cette parole, et ce geste-là, valent bien plus que la marseillaise remixée en guise de générique de fin. Quand ils réaffirment pleinement la devise gravée au fronton des écoles pas mal encrassée par une paranoïa identitaire : “ liberté, égalité, fraternité ”. Voir Acast.com/privacy pour les informations sur la vie privée et l'opt-out.

Jeanne partage son retour d'expérience sur sa première année d'études en Prépa ENS D1 à Turgot & en Licence de Droit à la Sorbonne à Paris. Un témoignage sincère et des conseils précieux pour les futurs étudiants. Bonne écoute! ⭐️ ⭐️ ⭐️ ⭐️ ⭐️ Ce podcast vous plaît et vous est utile? Alors n'hésitez pas ! ✅ à vous abonner pour ne pas rater les prochains épisodes ✅ à mettre un commentaire ou 5 étoiles (sous la liste des épisodes, rubrique "Laissez un avis") ✅ à suivre @azimut_podcast sur Instagram et à partager l'épisode en Story par exemple ✅ à écouter les autres épisodes. Pour vous aider dans votre recherche : le site azimut-podcast.com ✅ à vous inscrire à notre newsletter hebdomadaire : azimut-podcast.com ✅ tout simplement : à parler du podcast AZIMUT autour de vous (nos auditeurs sont des lycéens, étudiants, parents, professeurs, conseillers d'orientation ...)

El último de este 2021. Dejamos atrás este año con la esperanza de que, 2022, sea muchisimo mejor. Este programa despide el año con Breis, Jules, Robert Plant & Alison Krauss, Family Time, Turgot, Vënkman, Monteperdido, Fanaticos, La Paloma, Birkins, Alima, J.P. Bimeni & The Black Belts, Professor Wouassa, Little Steven & The Disciples of […]

Entrevista al grupo Turgot en Solo Staff con Arantxa Sánchez. Hablamos con Guille y Lalo, dos miembros de la banda, y Ramses, su manager. "Volver a las andadas" es su último lanzamiento, un tema lleno de fuerza que recoge sentimientos de nostalgia, y que sin duda, estaremos escuchando por mucho tiempo.

Quel point en commun entre l'affaire Platini, Stop Covid et l'affaire des Sondages de l'Elysée ?   Sur les plateaux TV ou dans les salles d'audience, Farah a décidé de mettre ses engagements, ses valeurs et son expertise au service de l'intérêt général.    Farah Zaoui a 26 ans, a grandi en région parisienne et occupe actuellement le poste de juriste au sein d'Anticor, une association anticorruption française qui lutte pour rétablir l'éthique en politique et célèbre pour une multitude d'actions en justice dont l'affaire Platini, l'affaire des Sondages de l'Elysée ou encore l'Affaire Stop Covid. Farah est une femme d'engagements : féminisme, humanisme, éducation populaire ou encore lutte contre la corruption de par son activité professionnelle. Elle saisit ses causes à bras-le-corps et n'hésite pas à se mouiller pour les défendre. ➡️ Dans cet épisode, Farah a évoqué son parcours, son expérience au Ministère de l'Intérieur, Twitter qui lui a permis de rejoindre Anticor  et surtout le quotidien d'une juriste au sein d'une association de lutte contre la corruption. Farah s'est aussi confiée sur l'importance de la formation continue, sur ses missions para-juridiques et notamment de représentation face aux médias ou encore sur son engagement pour l'égalité des chances avec le podcast "Tu feras quoi plus tard ?" .  Bonne écoute !

Descubrimos de primera mano lo que Turgot esconden como proyecto musical. Una joven formación con un sonido elegante. Turgot es un joven proyecto de Madrid con las ideas claras y un disco que está causando sensación. No solo en el directo. Con todo, charlamos con ellos para conocer mejor su propuesta musical y todo lo que nos quieren presentar musicalmente hablando. Puedes seguir a Turgot en: Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/people/Turgot/100057042431451/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/SomosTurgot Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/somosturgot Puedes seguir a J-musind en: Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/jmusind/ Blog: www.j-musind.blogspot.com

Barbarie sonica es la que tenemos esta semana en De Música Ligera: el Mad Cool anuncia nada más y nada menos que 32 nuevas incorporaciones a su cartel de 2022, en el que se encuentran también La MODA, que adelanta el primer single de lo que será su nuevo disco y Rocio Saiz, que estrenaba la semana pasada su primer trabajo en solitario. Y más festivales próximos, como el Festival de Les Arts de Valencia en cuyo rooster se incluyen bandas como Santero y los Muchachos y Sexy Zebras, ambos con sendos discos en ciernes. Además, en esta edición escucharemos los nuevos temas de Jack White, The Horrors, La Paloma, el momento incomodo, Los Premios y Borneo, amén de cortes de los últimos discos de Lori Meyers, Coeur de Pirate, Turgot y Purple Disco Machine. Busca, compara y si encuentras mejor música posible, no me lo creo.

 Né dans une famille juive, Yves Azeroual effectue sa scolarité aux lycées Voltaire et Turgot. Après des études de lettres et de journalisme (Sorbonne/IFP), en 1985, il intègre la rédaction d'un nouveau mensuel, Globe, dirigé par Georges-Marc Benamou, lui offrant ainsi sa première opportunité professionnelle. Il y reste deux années qui seront pour lui des années de formation et y tisse de nombreux contacts dans les milieux politique, littéraire et artistique. Il se liera d'amitié avec Bernard-Henri Lévy, Marek Halter, Guy Konopnicki, Alexandre Adler.  

Was Adam Smith the founder of modern economics? Not so, says Murray Rothbard in his staggering two-volume An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought. Dr. Patrick Newman joins the show for a look at Rothbard's treatment of economics before Smith—from the Ancient Greeks all the way to the Scottish Enlightenment—and his take no prisoners revisionist approach. Jeff Deist and Dr. Newman cover Aristotle and Plato, Aquinas, Protestants and Catholics in the Middle Ages, Spanish Scholastics, Mercantilists, French Physiocrats and Turgot, and the criminally underappreciated Richard Cantillon. If you're a fan of economics and non-bowdlerized history, don't miss this! Additional Resources Read Rothbard's important work: Mises.org/APHET Find out more about Dr. Newman's new book: Mises.org/CronyismBook

Was Adam Smith the founder of modern economics? Not so, says Murray Rothbard in his staggering two-volume An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought. Dr. Patrick Newman joins the show for a look at Rothbard's treatment of economics before Smith—from the Ancient Greeks all the way to the Scottish Enlightenment—and his take no prisoners revisionist approach. Jeff Deist and Dr. Newman cover Aristotle and Plato, Aquinas, Protestants and Catholics in the Middle Ages, Spanish Scholastics, Mercantilists, French Physiocrats and Turgot, and the criminally underappreciated Richard Cantillon. If you're a fan of economics and non-bowdlerized history, don't miss this! Additional Resources Read Rothbard's important work: Mises.org/APHET Find out more about Dr. Newman's new book: Mises.org/CronyismBook

Was Adam Smith the founder of modern economics? Not so, says Murray Rothbard in his staggering two-volume An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought. Dr. Patrick Newman joins the show for a look at Rothbard's treatment of economics before Smith—from the Ancient Greeks all the way to the Scottish Enlightenment—and his take no prisoners revisionist approach. Jeff Deist and Dr. Newman cover Aristotle and Plato, Aquinas, Protestants and Catholics in the Middle Ages, Spanish Scholastics, Mercantilists, French Physiocrats and Turgot, and the criminally underappreciated Richard Cantillon. If you're a fan of economics and non-bowdlerized history, don't miss this! Additional Resources Read Rothbard's important work: Mises.org/APHET Find out more about Dr. Newman's new book: Mises.org/CronyismBook

Was Adam Smith the founder of modern economics? Not so, says Murray Rothbard in his staggering two-volume An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought. Dr. Patrick Newman joins the show for a look at Rothbard's treatment of economics before Smith—from the Ancient Greeks all the way to the Scottish Enlightenment—and his take no prisoners revisionist approach. Jeff Deist and Dr. Newman cover Aristotle and Plato, Aquinas, Protestants and Catholics in the Middle Ages, Spanish Scholastics, Mercantilists, French Physiocrats and Turgot, and the criminally underappreciated Richard Cantillon. If you're a fan of economics and non-bowdlerized history, don't miss this! Additional Resources Read Rothbard's important work: Mises.org/APHET Find out more about Dr. Newman's new book: Mises.org/CronyismBook]]>

Was Adam Smith the founder of modern economics? Not so, says Murray Rothbard in his staggering two-volume An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought. Dr. Patrick Newman joins the show for a look at Rothbard's treatment of economics before Smith—from the Ancient Greeks all the way to the Scottish Enlightenment—and his take no prisoners revisionist approach. Jeff Deist and Dr. Newman cover Aristotle and Plato, Aquinas, Protestants and Catholics in the Middle Ages, Spanish Scholastics, Mercantilists, French Physiocrats and Turgot, and the criminally underappreciated Richard Cantillon. If you're a fan of economics and non-bowdlerized history, don't miss this! Additional Resources Read Rothbard's important work: Mises.org/APHET Find out more about Dr. Newman's new book: Mises.org/CronyismBook

Esta semana, en Arco Fm Cantabria, repasamos los 32 nominados a Mejor Banda Emergente que organizan nuestros amigos de Indie Cool. 120 minutos de buena música con lo mejorcito del indie emergente... ALISON DARWIN, BELONA, BORNEO, CANCILLER, CARMEN ESTELA DÍAZ GÓMEZ, CELIA ES CELÍACA, COMANDO VELARDE, DELACUEVA, DENIS DENIS, DIAGNÓSTICO BINARIO, FINDE FANTASMA, FULCANELLI, GRAN ANGULAR, GRAN PREMIO, LES BLONDES, LOCOS DE ATAR, LOS FLAMINGOS, MERINO, MOITO!, NEBULOSSA, NEVERLAND BARI, NOA CALEO, N0M, NÚMEROS IMPARES, QUINTO ELEMENTO, ROSANA CANO, ROSARIO COHETE, RUIDO BLNCO, SECUNDARIA, SOLO CARMEN, TURGOT y VUELO FIDJI. ¿Alguien da más? Escoge tu favorito en el perfil de Instagram de Indie Cool!!! En las mejores radios sintonizando el 103.2 FM Cantabria y en el mejor streaming tecleando arcofm.com/escuchar Miércoles a las seis de la tarde (horario definitivo) y sábados al mediodía. No hay pérdida. #pop #rock #synthpop #electronica #electropop #electroindie #zurra #folk #soul #rnb #80s #indie #funk #emergentes #exclusiva

Wanna tur-go to the future?

Un saludo amigos. Hoy vamos a estudiar a la personalidad que puede considerase como el padre del mito del progreso, aunque ilustrados anteriores como Boulanger y Turgot ya habían formulado hipótesis en este sentido: hablamos de Nicolás Condorcet (1743-1794) El mito del progreso es una de las herramientas más útiles que ha sido usada desde la Ilustración para derrocar la civilización cristiana. La teoría de la evolución ilustra muy bien el dato. No se trata de una doctrina inclusiva y de reverencia al pasado, donde se toma lo mejor que la civilización ha forjado; en este caso el pasado es obsoleto, se desprecia a la Iglesia y las monarquías católicas. La libertad sería una apertura a un mundo mejor, utópico y fantasioso. El mundo es evolución constante mediante modelos de exclusión que finalmente se imponen de manera autoritaria (Revolución francesa, Revolución rusa, revolución española abortada por el Alzamiento), porque o bien se propugnan unas ideas que van contra el sentido común y ese pueblo por el que se dice luchar las desprecia o bien se gobierna para sólo una parte de los ciudadanos. El conflicto continuo, la descomposición y degeneración están servidos. Si no, basta una ojeada a las convulsiones que azotaron de continuo a España durante el siglo XIX y que todavía continúan, gracias a estas desgraciadas teorías y mitos.

Aqui apresentamos a tradução de parte do preâmbulo e do primeiro artigo do famoso Édito para a Supressão das Guildas e Corporações, escrito e proposto por Anne Robert Jacques Turgot (1727-1781), Barão de l'Aulne, economista e Controlador Geral das Finanças de Luís XVI.Turgot empreendeu grandes reformas liberais em matéria económica, inspiradas pelas doutrinas fisiocráticas –ainda que também ele tenha sido um pensador original, como se pode confirmar pelas suas famosas Reflexões Sobre a Formação e a Distribição das Riquezas (1766), dez anos anteriores à Riqueza das Nações de Adam Smith. Aboliu as alfândegas internas e quis estabelecer, por meio do presente Édito, a liberdade de comércio e indústria pela via da supressão dos Mesteres e das Guildas, que representavam o corporativismo económico da época.Porém, esta sua iniciativa legislativa entrou em confronto com os grupos privilegiados e acabou por determinar a sua demissão no mesmo ano de 1776. Anos mais tarde, em plena Revolução, a Lei de Allarde (1791) acabaria por implementar semelhantes medidas, com directa referência ao Édito de Turgot. A obstinação dos privilegiados custou a cabeça ao rei...Tradução: José Mendes LopesNarração: Mário RedondoEdição: Pedro Almeida Jorge

Confira a primeira aula do curso sobre o economista David Ricardo: "Ricardo, irá formular uma contribuição própria, recorrendo à linha aberta por Smith em suas considerações iniciais sobre o valor-trabalho. Entretanto, sua principal preocupação não é exatamente essa. Vejam o que ele diz: “Determinar as leis que regulam essa distribuição é a principal questão da Economia Política: embora esta ciência tenha progredido muito com as obras de Turgot, Stuart, Smith, Say, Sismondi e outros, eles trouxeram muito pouca informação satisfatória a respeito da trajetória natural da renda, do lucro e do salário” (Ricardo, 1996, p. 19). Dessa forma, ele está preocupado em explicar a distribuição da riqueza. Nesse sentido, ele está inclusive assentando as bases para a linha que viria a ser predominante no pensamento econômico, especialmente a partir do último quarto do século XIX." Bons estudos! Realizado pelo Esquerda Online e com apoio da Usina Editorial, o curso em formato podcast, em dez capítulos, discuti as obras magnas e as ideias de Adam Smith, David Ricardo e Karl Marx.

Edustuksellinen demokratia sai alkunsa Pohjois-Amerikan alkuperäiskansojen kritiikistä eurooppalaista yhteiskuntaa kohtaan yli 300 vuotta sitten. Edesmennyt antropologi David Graeber ja arkeologi David Wengrow jäljittivät kritiikin alkujuuria ja asettivat kyseenalaiseksi olettamukset, joiden perusteella kertomus ihmisen kulttuurievoluutiosta on laadittu.

Chaque jour, Patrick Cohen reçoit dans son journal de la mi-journée un invité. Aujourd’hui, Christophe Barrand, ancien proviseur du lycée Turgot à Paris.

Pronounced 'tur-goh', because French.

Với hơn 7 triệu lượt khách tham quan hàng năm, lâu đài Versailles là một trong những quần thể xây dựng thuộc vào hàng lớn nhất châu Âu. Kết hợp lối kiến trúc cổ điển hài hoà với những đường nét chấm phá nghệ thuật baroque, cung điện Versailles từng được tổ chức UNESCO đưa vào danh sách Di sản Văn hóa Thế giới vào năm 1979. Điều đó có thể giải thích vì sao đang có một cuộc tranh luận khá sôi nổi tại Pháp về dự án biến đổi một phần trong quần thể kiến trúc lâu đài Versailles thành khách sạn năm sao. (Tạp chí phát lần đầu ngày 28/08/2015). Từ đây cho tới hạn chót là ngày 14 tháng 9 năm 2015, các tập đoàn khách sạn quốc tế phải nộp hồ sơ đấu thầu cho Cơ quan Quốc gia quản lý lâu đài Versailles. Đây là một dự án có tầm cỡ đặc biệt, vì tập đoàn khách sạn trúng thầu sẽ phải đầu tư khoảng 7 triệu euro để trùng tu một quần thể nhỏ gồm ba dinh thự, nằm trong khuôn viên của cung điện Versailles. Thời xưa, ba dinh thự này (Pavillon du Grand Contrôle, Hôtel du Petit Contrôle và Pavillon des Premières Cent Marches) gồm một phần là văn phòng làm việc của các quản đốc hành chính, toà đại sảnh ở dinh thự lớn nhất (Grand Contrôle) là phòng nghỉ dành cho các vị khách mời thường là quan thần triều đình hay là quan chức ngoại giao khi họ đến Versailles để xin yết kiến nhà vua. Cả ba dinh thự này tọa lạc trong khuôn viên ở phía đông nam của quần thể Versailles. Các cửa sổ nhìn ra khu vườn thượng uyển, nơi có đặt hàng trăm chậu cây cam trồng để làm kiểng. Một khi được trùng tu phục hồi, thì ba dinh thự này sẽ được gọi là “Khách sạn của Vườn cam” (Hôtel de l’Orangerie). Cơ quan Quốc gia điều hành lâu đài Versailles đồng ý chuyển nhượng quyền khai thác ba dinh thự này cho một tập đoàn khách sạn tư nhân trong vòng 60 năm, với điều kiện là phải dựa vào lối kiến trúc sẵn có và nhất là phải tôn trọng mọi quy định nghiêm ngặt của toàn bộ quần thể xây dựng, và như vậy hẳn chắc là không có chuyện xây phòng xông hơi hay hồ tắm ở ngoài trời, bằng không lâu đài Versailles sẽ mất danh hiệu Di sản Văn hóa Thế giới dễ như chơi.  Cho dù diện tích rất nhỏ, chưa tới 5% quần thể kiến trúc Versailles, nhưng sự kiện một cơ quan nhà nước đem một phần của Versailles, ra đấu thầu để biến thành một dịch vụ thương mại cho thấy được một điều khá nhức nhối : chính phủ Pháp không còn đủ ngân sách để trang trải cho các chi phí bảo tồn các di sản văn hóa. Chính quyền thành phố Versailles cũng không thể nào tăng thêm thuế đánh trên đầu dân cư địa phương, bởi vì làm như vậy, thì trong các cuộc bầu cử sắp tới, các cử tri này sẽ bỏ phiếu cho phe cam kết không tăng thuế. Với hơn 7 triệu lượt du khách tham quan Versailles hàng năm, trong đó có một nửa (3 triệu rưỡi) mua vé vào thăm Phòng Gương ở bên trong cung điện, nhưng doanh thu vẫn không đủ để chi trả cho toàn bộ chi phí vận hành cũng như sửa sang lâu đài này, vậy thì lấy tiền ở đâu ra để bảo tồn công trình. Trước bài toán nan giải ấy, Cơ quan điều hành Versailles dường như chỉ tập trung vào quần thể chính gồm Phòng Gương đại sảnh, Nhà Nguyện, hai cung điện Grand Trianon và Petit Trianon, trong khi các dinh thự nhỏ ở xung quanh thì lại muốn nhờ đến sự hợp tác của các tập đoàn tư nhân. Tuy nhiên, hiện có rất nhiều ý kiến bênh và chống một dự án như vậy. Theo lời ông Jean-Michel Raingeard, chủ tịch liên đoàn các tổ chức Bảo tồn Di sản quốc gia (FFSAM), dự án tái tạo một phần quần thể Versailles gây tranh cãi có lẽ là vì nhà nước muốn nhượng quyền khai thác cho một công ty tư nhân qua một hợp đồng cho thuê dài hạn, trong khi đa số dân Pháp vẫn quan niệm rằng một công trình xếp vào hàng di sản quốc gia cần có sự giám sát chặt chẽ từ phía nhà nước, chứ không nên để cho một công ty tư nhân độc quyền khai thác. Dự án tái tạo một phần Versailles làm cho ông liên tưởng đến kế hoạch khai thác dinh thự Hôtel de la Marine nằm ngay trên quảng trường Concorde, sát bên toà lãnh sự Mỹ ở Paris, nằm trên đường Florentin. Dinh thự Hôtel de la Marine trước đây Bộ Tổng Tham mưu của Hải quân Pháp, và kể từ đầu năm 2015, bộ này sẽ dời cơ sở hoạt động về một nơi khác. Lúc đầu, nhà nước Pháp lên kế hoạch giao cho một tập đoàn tư nhân khai thác thành khách sạn sang trọng, nhưng trước sự phản đối khá mạnh mẽ của công luận, chính phủ Pháp đã nhượng bộ một bước và ủy thác quyền điều hành dinh thự này cho Trung tâm Di sản Văn hóa Quốc gia (CMN). Theo ông Jean-Michel Raingeard, nếu phải so sánh về vai trò và tầm cỡ, thì ba dinh thự ở Versailles không có nhiều ý nghĩa và biểu tượng lịch sử bằng ‘’Dinh thự Hải quân’’ ở quảng trường Concorde, thế nhưng sự phản đối của dư luận y hệt như nhau trong cả hai trường hợp. Điều đó cho thấy là ở Pháp, việc kinh doanh toàn phần hay một phần di sản quốc gia là một vấn đề hết sức nhạy cảm. Theo ông thì trước khi tiến hành những dự án tái tạo như vậy, nên chăng thăm dò hay tham khảo ý kiến của người dân, nhất là một phần tiền thuế của dân được đưa vào ngân sách của bộ Văn hóa cũng như của các cơ quan nhà nước. Trong số những người lên tuyến đầu bênh vực cho dự án biến một phần quần thể Versailles thành khách sạn năm sao, có ông Francis Mazière, thị trưởng đương nhiệm của thành phố Versailles. Theo ông, cả ba dinh thự ở Versailles bị bỏ trống kể từ năm 2008, và giờ đây có nhu cầu được sửa chửa và nâng cấp. Quần thể này tuy không quan trọng như Phòng Gương hay Thư phòng của Nhà Vua Louis XIV, nhưng vẫn cần được trùng tu. Theo ông Francis Mazière, bằng cách này hay cách khác, các cơ quan có trách nhiệm buộc phải tìm cách tài trợ dự án bảo tồn, hầu làm sống lại các dinh thự chứ không thể nào bỏ hoang để cho các tòa nhà dần xuống cấp đến nỗi phải phá hủy. Phe ủng hộ dự án tái tạo còn đi xa hơn nữa khi đưa ra lập luận : ba dinh thự ở Versailles xây vào những năm 1680, từng là nhà nghỉ dành cho một số nhân vật lịch sử nổi tiếng (trong đó có Turgot, Calonne hay Necker ….) Việc biến nhà nghỉ thành khách sạn năm sao là một dự án khả thi. Trong bối cảnh nhà nước cắt giảm trợ cấp bảo tồn, kế họach này cũng đáp ứng được hai mục tiêu. Thứ nhất, tập đoàn khách sạn trúng thầu sẽ phải chi tổng cộng là 11 triệu euro để nâng cấp khôi phục ba dinh thự, trong đó có gần 2 phần ba chi phí (gần 7 triệu euro) để sửa chửa mái nhà và các mặt tiền. Thứ nhì, một kế hoạch như vậy sẽ tạo thêm việc làm cho các công ty Pháp, nhất là các công ty chuyên trách về các công trình kiến trúc lịch sử, chuyên tuyển dụng các thợ có tay nghề cao, được đào tạo theo kiểu Pháp. Việc chuyển nhượng quyền khai thác, một khi được quyết định, sẽ kéo dài trong 60 năm. Tập đoàn khách sạn Accor Hotels của Pháp hiện là một trong những ứng cử viên nặng ký nhất tham gia đấu thầu. Nhưng liệu điều đó có đủ để làm cho dư luận Pháp bớt hoang mang trước câu hỏi : cơ quan nhà nước Pháp có thể làm được gì trong trường hợp một công ty ngoại quốc trúng thầu nhưng sau đó không tuân thủ luật chơi đã định. Trường hợp này đã từng xẩy ra không phải trong ngành khách sạn mà là trong ngành hàng không dân dụng, khi các hãng hàng không giá rẻ nước ngoài (low coast) áp đặt điều kiện của mình sau khi ký hợp đồng khai thác các sân bay nhỏ với cấp chính quyền địa phương. Dĩ nhiên là các sân bay này vẫn được duy trì hoạt động, nhưng về mặt thành quả thì chưa chắc gì người dân địa phương sẽ được hưởng lợi. "Đừng nhầm lẫn giữa lịch sử văn hóa và kinh doanh du lịch" Xây khách sạn năm sao phải chăng là một cơ hội tốt để khôi phục các dinh thự ở Versailles. Câu trả lời dường như là không, theo quan điểm của ông Alexandre Gady, sử gia người Pháp chuyên nghiên cứu về kiến trúc thế kỷ XVII. Theo ông, nhà nước Pháp không thể nào viện cớ rằng do không còn đủ tiền trong ngân quỹ, mà đem đi bán đổ bán tháo các tài sản chung của quốc gia, hoặc là chuyển nhượng quyền khai thác các dinh thự lâu đời cho giới kinh doanh và đầu tư tư nhân. Đa phần các dự án tư nhân cho tới nay thường là một khách sạn năm sao hoặc là một nhà hàng sang trọng dành cho giới có tiền, tức là chỉ phục vụ cho một đối tượng khách hàng, trong khi một công trình di sản quốc gia dù là phải mua vé để vào xem, vẫn là dành cho đại đa số, càng có nhiều người vào tham quan càng tốt. Theo ông vấn đề không phải là giao cho tư nhân khai thác, nếu dự án khai thác ấy hợp lý và khả thi thì tại sao không. Vấn đề cốt lõi vẫn là phục vụ cho đối tượng nào, cho thiểu số hay cho đa số. Tranh luận về việc Cơ quan điều hành Versailles gọi thầu để biến ba dinh thự thành khách sạn hạng sang, đã tăng thêm một bậc với việc thành lập Hiệp hội bảo vệ lâu đài Versailles (Coordination Défense de Versailles) do ông Arnaud Upinsky đứng đầu. Hiệp hội này chơi chữ bằng cách mượn lại tên của một chương trình truyền hình (J'irai dormir chez vous) để tung ra khẩu hiệu đấu tranh ‘’Tôi sẽ không ngủ ở nhà của vua Louis XIV’’ (Non, je n’irai pas dormir chez Louis XIV). Hiệp hội này đã mở ra một cuộc đánh động dư luận khá mạnh mẽ trên các mạng xã hội và thông qua các kênh truyền thông như báo chí truyền hình. Tổ chức này đã viết thư lên cả hai bộ Văn hóa và Du lịch để nhắc nhở là công việc bảo tồn các di sản văn hóa trước hết là trách nhiệm của nhà nước và kế đến là của chính phủ do dân bầu lên. Và liệu chính phủ có thể nào tiếp tục tiến hành một dự án như vậy khi theo thăm dò dư luận có đến 57% ý kiến cho biết là bị sốc khi họ biết rằng đang có kế hoạch biến một phần Versailles thành dịch vụ khách sạn năm sao. Vả lại trong hợp đồng chuyển nhượng vẫn chưa thấy có điều kiện nào hạn chế việc kinh doanh các dòng sản phẩm có liên quan, tức là không có gì bảo đảm việc khai thác hình ảnh của Versailles theo kiểu công viên giải trí Disneyland. Trường hợp của Versailles không phải là cá biệt lẻ loi. Tại Pháp hiện có ít nhất là 4 dự án trùng tu tái tạo tương tự ở các vùng miền khác nhau. Trước hết là dự án xây dựng quần thể khách sạn sát cạnh lâu đài Chambord, ở thung lũng vùng sông Loire. Dự án này sẽ được đưa vào hoạt động kể từ năm tới (2016) và hiện giờ đang có tranh chấp kiện tụng giữa một bên là các hiệp hội dân sự và một bên là chính quyền địa phương. Một dự án khác là bệnh viện Hôtel Dieu ở thành phố Lyon, một quần thể kiến trúc có từ thế kỷ XII và nay được xây dựng lại thành một quần thể khách sạn. Theo dự kiến, quần thể này sẽ mở cửa đón du khách vào năm 2018, nhưng vẫn có kẻ bênh, người chống. Tuy vẫn chưa ngã ngũ, nhưng các cuộc tranh luận sôi nổi liên quan tới việc trùng tu tái tạo các di sản kiến trúc, thật ra phản ánh hai lối tư duy đối chọi nhau ở Pháp. Một bên là những người quan niệm rằng bất cứ hình thức văn hóa nào cũng có thể biến thành một sản phẩm nhằm mục đích kinh doanh và tại sao không nếu như nhờ vào công việc kinh doanh ấy người ta có thể hái ra tiền để duy trì và nuôi dưỡng văn hóa. Còn bên kia là những người quan niệm rằng văn hóa là một món quà hầu như là vô giá, không nên đổi chác và mua bán, nhưng lại nên mở rộng cho mọi người. Bằng chứng là ngay cả viện bảo tàng Louvre thuộc vào hàng bảo tàng lớn nhất thế giới, kể từ năm 1793 cho tới nay, vẫn dành riêng ra một số ngày trong năm cho phép mọi người vào cửa miễn phí (ngày lễ Quốc khánh 14/07 và 6 ngày chủ nhật trong năm), cũng như tạo điều kiện thuận lợi cho một số thành phần trong xã hội vào xem triển lãm. Qua hình thức này, nước Pháp muốn duy trì quan niệm về văn hóa có từ thế kỷ XVIII, còn được gọi là thế kỷ ánh sáng : quyền lợi khi chỉ dành cho một thiểu số chỉ là đặc ân, khi dành cho đa số mới thật sự phục vụ cho ‘’tiến bộ xã hội’’. Không phải vì tôi nghèo hay tôi không có tiền mà tôi không được quyền tiếp cận văn hóa. Tranh luận về Versailles có sôi nổi mạnh mẽ, một phần là cũng xuất phát từ đó.

durée : 00:59:33 - Entendez-vous l'éco ? - par : Tiphaine de Rocquigny, Marguerite Catton - L'un prône l'évolution de la monarchie de Louis XVI vers le libéralisme économique. L'autre défend l'intervention accrue de l’État. Face à la crise qui menace le royaume de France, Turgot s'engage contre Necker. Mais quels sont les arguments de ces deux intellectuels des Lumières ? - réalisation : Anne Depelchin, Philippe Baudouin, Jean-Christophe Francis - invités : Antoine Lilti Historien et directeur d'études à l'EHESS.; Loïc Charles professeur en économie-gestion à l’Université de Paris 8 et chercheur associé à l’INED

Begründer des modernen Kulturrelativismus ist der Ethnologe Franz Boas. Er wollte den Ethnozentrismus und den naiven Fortschrittsglauben der Aufklärer Voltaire, Turgot und Condorcet überwinden. Dabei aber geriet man vom Regen in die Traufe, indem nun der Einsatz für Menschenrechte, etwa für die Abschaffung weiblicher Genitalverstümmelung, als westlicher Kulturimperialismus verunglimpft wird. Beispiele für eine solche Haltung liefern Ethnologen wie Thomas Reinhardt oder Anni Peller.

What are interest rates, where do they come from, and what purpose do they serve? Smith, Marx, and Keynes got these questions wrong; Turgot, Böhm-Bawerk, and Mises got them right. Economist Jeffrey Herbener from Grove City College explains. Readings "The Brilliance of Turgot" by Murray RothbardProfile of Böhm-Bawerk by Roger Garrison Subscribe and listen on iTunes, YouTube, Stitcher, Soundcloud, Google Play, Spotify, or via RSS.

What are interest rates, where do they come from, and what purpose do they serve? Smith, Marx, and Keynes got these questions wrong; Turgot, Böhm-Bawerk, and Mises got them right. Economist Jeffrey Herbener from Grove City College explains. Readings "The Brilliance of Turgot" by Murray RothbardProfile of Böhm-Bawerk by Roger Garrison Subscribe and listen on iTunes, YouTube, Stitcher, Soundcloud, Google Play, Spotify, or via RSS.]]>

What are interest rates, where do they come from, and what purpose do they serve? Smith, Marx, and Keynes got these questions wrong; Turgot, Böhm-Bawerk, and Mises got them right. Economist Jeffrey Herbener from Grove City College explains. Readings "The Brilliance of Turgot" by Murray RothbardProfile of Böhm-Bawerk by Roger Garrison Subscribe and listen on iTunes, YouTube, Stitcher, Soundcloud, Google Play, Spotify, or via RSS.

Conférence par Alexis Douchin, chargé d'études documentaires au département des Archives privées des Archives nationales, et Loïc Charles, professeur à l'université Paris VIII, membre du Led/EA 3391 et chercheur associé à l'Institut national d'études démographiquesEntré aux Archives nationales en 2015, le fonds Turgot est constitué de dossiers et registres provenant des Turgot (du XIVe au XIXe siècle) et de familles alliées, ainsi que de documents relatifs aux biens qu'ils ont possédés. Au sein de ce fonds, les papiers d'Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot (économiste et ministre, 1727-1781) et de son frère Étienne-François Turgot (administrateur, 1721-1789) forment un ensemble original, unique et d'un intérêt exceptionnel. Ces archives permettent en effet de retracer non seulement le travail de l'administration et la carrière des deux frères, mais aussi leur activité personnelle et savante. Elles dévoilent leurs centres d'intérêt très divers (astronomie, physique, botanique, langues, lettres classiques et modernes, philosophie, etc.), leur travail d'écriture (documentation, plans, brouillons, versions successives des manuscrits), leurs réseaux et leurs engagements (correspondance). Après avoir notamment évoqué les années de formation scientifique à partir de plusieurs documents inédits tirés du fonds, nous montrerons ensuite comment l'utilisation des matériaux manuscrits apporte beaucoup à l'étude de la genèse des travaux économiques du jeune Turgot. Nous mettrons notamment l'accent sur la richesse de certains dossiers du fonds, notamment celui de l'éloge de Gournay que nous présenterons de manière détaillée.

Murray Rothbard died before he could write the third volume of his famous History of Economic Thought, which would cover the birth and development of the Austrian School, through the Keynesian Revolution and Chicago School. With this six-lecture course, however, the History of Economic Thought is complete. 5. Mises and Austrian Economics The essence of Austrian economics is based on the analysis of individual action. In other words, it is about individuals doing things, having purposes and goals and pursuing them. Other schools of economics deal with aggregates, groups, classes, wholes of one sort or another, without focusing on the individual first and building up from there. Austrian economics builds on an earlier French and Italian tradition, really beginning with the Spanish scholastics in the 16th century, and then proceeding on in France with Cantillion and Turgot in the 18th century. Economics not only predated Smith by several centuries, but also was much better than Smith. It seems not to be an accident that labor value came from Scotland because Scotland was the classical home of Calvinism, and Calvinist doctrine is that labor is a key thing. Everybody is doomed to work and consumer enjoyment is evil. Three fallacies are embedded in the British classical school: labor theory of value, aggregate class struggle of shares of income, and a focus on nonexistent, unreal, long-run equilibrium. Additionally, Ricardo totally divided macro from a micro sphere. There is no talk about entrepreneurs. Subjective value theory, individuals making their valuations in marginal units, preferences are ordinal (by ranking), and economics is more a philosophic subject, not mathematical, are four Austrian issues. Capital takes time. Interest is determined by a person’s time premium rate on present goods immediately available. The entrepreneur is the key figure in the profit and loss system. Mises healed the micro-macro split, by applying the marginal utility theory to money. The only thing an increase in the money supply does is to dilute the purchasing power of the money unit. First receivers of new money benefit to greater degrees than final recipients. Money must originate out of the free market, not by government edict. Fractional reserve banking is fraud. Mises created his Austrian theory of the business cycle. Increasing the central banking supply of money not only causes inflation, but also causes other disturbances. Mises singlehandedly stopped Austrian inflation in the 1920s, stopped it from becoming hyperinflation. He also warned about the Great Depression. Prices were being kept level, but they should fall in free markets due to increased productivity (as they do in computers). Mises became the uncompromising, hardcore laissez-faire capitalist. Human Action is the great work of the 20th century. The fifth in a series of six lectures on the History of Economic Thought. This lecture on YouTube: https://youtu.be/vtHJ4d6eIH8 Sourced from: https://mises.org/library/history-economic-thought-marx-hayek We are not endorsed or affiliated with the above. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode Presented by: Read Rothbard is comprised of a small group of voluntaryists who are fans of Murray N. Rothbard. We curate content on the www.ReadRothbard.com site including books, lectures, articles, speeches, and we make a weekly podcast based on his free-market approach to economics. Our focus is on education and how advancement in technology improves the living standards of the average person. The Read Rothbard Podcast is all about Maximum Freedom. We look at movies and current events from a Rothbardian Anarchist perspective. If it's voluntary, we're cool with it. If it's not, then it violated the Non-Aggression Principle and Property Rights - the core tenants of Libertarian Theory - and hence - human freedom. Website: http://www.ReadRothbard.com iTunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/the-read-rothbard-podcast/id1166745868 Google Play Music: https://play.google.com/music/m/Ii45fhytlsiwkw6cbgzbxi6ahmi?t=The_Read_Rothbard_Podcast Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/readrothbardclub Twitter: https://twitter.com/read_rothbard Flickr: https://www.flickr.com/gp/145447582@N05/xB4583 Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/ReadRothbard Murray Rothbard, Murray N Rothbard, Read Rothbard, Anarchy, Anarchism, Free-Market, Anarcho-Capitalism, News and Events, Podcast, Laissez-Faire, Voluntaryist, Voluntaryism, Non-Aggression Principle, NAP, Libertarian, Libertarianism, Economics, Austrian Economics,

Murray Rothbard died before he could write the third volume of his famous History of Economic Thought, which would cover the birth and development of the Austrian School, through the Keynesian Revolution and Chicago School. With this six-lecture course, however, the History of Economic Thought is complete. 3. The Pre Austrians Richard Cantillon was quite Misesian before Mises. He wrote of utility theory and the entrepreneur’s uncertainty in the 1970s. Cantillon was a great money practitioner. He became a bank and banker to the Jacobite Stuart line and to John Law who launched paper money inflation. Turgot became finance minister in 1774, but laissez-faire ideas failed. Turgot was Rothbard’s favorite character in the history of thought. He wrote well under time pressure. He wrote of wealth and capital theory and even of Austrian time preference theory and the law of diminishing returns. Cantillon and Turgot preceded Adam Smith, but were not mentioned by Smith. Smith made waste and rubbish of 2,000 years of economic thought. The French theorists were lost. Smith deviated from laissez-faire in practically everything. Malthus got his anti-population stuff from Smith. Hume was a great writer while a confused pre-Friedmanite thinker. He thought fractional reserve banking was fraud. John Stuart Mill originated much of the Ricardian system like the law of comparative advantage. Mill was one of the inventors of libertarian class analysis which proclaims that the only class conflict comes from the state. Mill and Marshall reestablish Ricardianism. That really ushers in the 20th century. The third in a series of six lectures on the History of Economic Thought. This lecture on YouTube: https://youtu.be/yvk4hIoebJs Sourced from: https://mises.org/library/history-economic-thought-marx-hayek We are not endorsed or affiliated with the above. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode Presented by: Read Rothbard is comprised of a small group of voluntaryists who are fans of Murray N. Rothbard. We curate content on the www.ReadRothbard.com site including books, lectures, articles, speeches, and we make a weekly podcast based on his free-market approach to economics. Our focus is on education and how advancement in technology improves the living standards of the average person. The Read Rothbard Podcast is all about Maximum Freedom. We look at movies and current events from a Rothbardian Anarchist perspective. If it's voluntary, we're cool with it. If it's not, then it violated the Non-Aggression Principle and Property Rights - the core tenants of Libertarian Theory - and hence - human freedom. Website: http://www.ReadRothbard.com iTunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/the-read-rothbard-podcast/id1166745868 Google Play Music: https://play.google.com/music/m/Ii45fhytlsiwkw6cbgzbxi6ahmi?t=The_Read_Rothbard_Podcast Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/readrothbardclub Twitter: https://twitter.com/read_rothbard Flickr: https://www.flickr.com/gp/145447582@N05/xB4583 Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/ReadRothbard Murray Rothbard, Murray N Rothbard, Read Rothbard, Anarchy, Anarchism, Free-Market, Anarcho-Capitalism, News and Events, Podcast, Laissez-Faire, Voluntaryist, Voluntaryism, Non-Aggression Principle, NAP, Libertarian, Libertarianism, Economics, Austrian Economics,

From An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought, Volume I. Pages 385-412 in the text. Narrated by Jeff Riggenbach.

Benjamin Franklin's interest in physiocracy and the radical implications of French economic ideas extended from Turgot and Condorcet to the British radical milieus. In this lecture, Manuela Albertone highlights Franklin's ability to deliver economic reflection and radical thought, and his passionate belief that only a new attention to the nature of land ownership and its role could combat the forces of corruption so prevalent in commercial societies and shape a modern republic.  

From An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought, Volume I. Pages 385-412 in the text. Narrated by Jeff Riggenbach.

Richard Cantillon was quite Misesian before Mises. He wrote of utility theory and the entrepreneur’s uncertainty in the 1970s. Cantillon was a great money practitioner. He became a bank and banker to the Jacobite Stuart line and to John Law who launched paper money inflation.Turgot became finance minister in 1774, but laissez-faire ideas failed. Turgot was Rothbard’s favorite character in the history of thought. He wrote well under time pressure. He wrote of wealth and capital theory and even of Austrian time preference theory and the law of diminishing returns.Cantillon and Turgot preceded Adam Smith, but were not mentioned by Smith. Smith made waste and rubbish of 2,000 years of economic thought. The French theorists were lost. Smith deviated from laissez-faire in practically everything. Malthus got his anti-population stuff from Smith.Hume was a great writer while a confused pre-Friedmanite thinker. He thought fractional reserve banking was fraud.John Stuart Mill originated much of the Ricardian system like the law of comparative advantage. Mill was one of the inventors of libertarian class analysis which proclaims that the only class conflict comes from the state. Mill and Marshall reestablish Ricardianism. That really ushers in the 20th century.The third in a series of six lectures on the History of Economic Thought.

The essence of Austrian economics is based on the analysis of individual action. In other words, it is about individuals doing things, having purposes and goals and pursuing them. Other schools of economics deal with aggregates, groups, classes, wholes of one sort or another, without focusing on the individual first and building up from there.Austrian economics builds on an earlier French and Italian tradition, really beginning with the Spanish scholastics in the 16th century, and then proceeding on in France with Cantillion and Turgot in the 18th century. Economics not only predated Smith by several centuries, but also was much better than Smith.It seems not to be an accident that labor value came from Scotland because Scotland was the classical home of Calvinism, and Calvinist doctrine is that labor is a key thing. Everybody is doomed to work and consumer enjoyment is evil. Three fallacies are embedded in the British classical school: labor theory of value, aggregate class struggle of shares of income, and a focus on nonexistent, unreal, long-run equilibrium. Additionally, Ricardo totally divided macro from a micro sphere. There is no talk about entrepreneurs.Subjective value theory, individuals making their valuations in marginal units, preferences are ordinal (by ranking), and economics is more a philosophic subject, not mathematical, are four Austrian issues.Capital takes time. Interest is determined by a person’s time premium rate on present goods immediately available. The entrepreneur is the key figure in the profit and loss system.Mises healed the micro-macro split, by applying the marginal utility theory to money. The only thing an increase in the money supply does is to dilute the purchasing power of the money unit. First receivers of new money benefit to greater degrees than final recipients. Money must originate out of the free market, not by government edict. Fractional reserve banking is fraud.Mises created his Austrian theory of the business cycle. Increasing the central banking supply of money not only causes inflation, but also causes other disturbances. Mises singlehandedly stopped Austrian inflation in the 1920s, stopped it from becoming hyperinflation. He also warned about the Great Depression. Prices were being kept level, but they should fall in free markets due to increased productivity (as they do in computers).Mises became the uncompromising, hardcore laissez-faire capitalist. Human Action is the great work of the 20th century.The fifth in a series of six lectures on the History of Economic Thought.

Vaya calorcito. Espero que el Sonidos y Sonados de esta semana te refresque un poquito. Un programa, el de hoy, con 19 propuestas musicales. Bullitt, The Silver Linings, Los Nodoyunas, Miniño, Dura Lex, Lõbison, Killus, Moundrag, Synapse, Antipod, Witchrat, Agua Bendita, Pálida Tez, Carmelita, Fin del Mundo, Pequeño Salto Mortal, Edgar Allan Pop, Turgot y […]