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I gave a lecture about "Blending the Elements of Experiential Design" on Saturday, June 6, 2026 at Seattle XR in Seattle, Washington. (PDF of Slides]. At the end, I run through some examples of the types of interdisciplinary fusion that I see within the context of immersive storytelling and immersive art. This lecture also digs into the process-relational philosophical foundations, as well as how I'm gaining additional inspiration from Empedocles, Aristotle, and the Classical Quadrivium (Four Arts) of Math, Music, Geometry, and Astronomy. For my 30+ hours of coverage of Venice Immersive, then I apply this archetypal framework to help describe the context, quality, character, and story of each of these projects. You can see an overview of how I've been using this framework in this PDF on "Venice Immersive 2025 Archetypal Categorizations" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=01M5NcOYzx0 One of goals of this talk was to further define the archetypal nature of the elements, and how I'm conceiving of them as a possibility space of design tradeoffs (C.S. Peirce's "Firstness"), but also as the concrete decisions that an experiential designer makes ("Secondness"), and then finally how these decisions are experienced more from a phenomenological experience as the audience as we feel, sense, act, and make sense of these experiences, and what they might mean ("Thirdness"). I do not actually dive into Peirce's concepts of Firstness, Secondness, or Thirdness in this specific talk, but I wanted to elaborate on these concepts in this write-up as these have been crucial concepts to help translate the overall abstract Firstness quality of my talk, and ground it into the Secondness of something that is a bit more practical and pragmatic. For Peirce, his semiology is grounded into a triune theory of actualization that goes from a non-Boolean possibility space as Firstness, and then grounds into a Boolean actualization of secondness, and then an interpretant mediates from the concreteness of the Secondness object back to the Firstness of the fundamental archetypal qualities or meaning. I find speculative philosopher James Bradley's summary of the Peirce's triune semiology to be the most easy to digest in his essay titled, "Beyond Hermeneutics: Peirce's Semiology as a Trinitarian Metaphysics of Communication." I can also recommend this article on "Peirce's Theory of Signs" from the The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy for a comprehensive recap, and there's also this excellent YouTube series primer by Philosign's Markus Raninen titled The Basics of Semiotics. But here's Bradley's description of Firstness, Secondness, and Thirdness, which I find myself coming back to again and again. "Within the fundamental speculative triunity of activity, difference and order, or firstness, secondness and thirdness, semiology is an analysis of order or thirdness… Thirdness is analyzed as idea or sign, as the exchange of information between individual entities, and as interpretation; in other words, thirdness is itself a threefold of sign, object and interpretant. Here, sign occupies the position of firstness because it is the potentiality for interpretation; object occupies that of secondness because it is determinate; and the interpretant occupies that of thirdness because the interpretant has the sign-interpreting or sign-ordering role, and so has the status of a third. [24] Thus for Peirce semiology is the analysis of the triune relation of sign, object and interpretant." It's still a bit obtuse, and one way that I like to think about it is through the experience of communication. You have a possibility space of meaning you want to convey (Firstness of the sign/potential), then you choose specific words that convey that meaning (Secondness of the object), then someone listens to those words and phrases, and then connects those words back to a meaning space (Thirdness of the interpretant mediating between the two). For Peirce, each of the Firstness, Secondness, and Thirdness can also refer to themselves, like you can have a Firstness of Thirdness or Secondness of Firstness. It gets a little bit confusing, but I found the following graphic from Collected Essays in Speculative Philosophy (2021) by James Bradley and edited by Sean McGrath to be very useful. Within the context of immersive storytelling, then it's a semiotic process of communication of meaning where you're able to use all sorts of affordances from game design, literature, social dynamics and relations, music, film, lighting, architecture, dance, theme park design, sensory design, and embodiment. My Elemental Theory of Presence attempts to simplify this into the following: Fire Element of Active Presence: Interactivity, Agency, Game Design Air Element of Mental & Social Presence: Meaning, Semiotics, Language, Possibility, Form, Relationality Water Element of Emotional Presence: Experiential Processes, Story, Film, Music, Cycles, Time Earth Element of Environmental & Embodied Presence: Sensory, Immersive, Worldbuilding, Space I elaborate on the various philosophical frameworks that I'm leaning up within this talk that I gave on June 6, 2026, but since then I've been diving more into Peirce and his Triune Metaphysics and Semiology of Firstness, Secondness, and Thirdness, which has been a helpful framework as I've been applying the elements to my Venice Immersive Coverage and categorizing the elemental center of gravity for each of the nearly 40 projects that I covered. Again see this framework in this PDF on "Venice Immersive 2025 Archetypal Categorizations" to see how I have been thinking about each of these projects. I used this approach in the introductions for each of my podcast episodes from Venice (see the links down below). Firstness of Fire: Creativity, Novelty, Intention, Purpose, Goals, & Aristotle's Final Cause Secondness of Fire: Interactivity & Core Gameplay Loops Thirdness of Fire: Agency & Will For Active Presence Examples of Fire: Game Design, Locomotion Options: No Movement, Automatic movement, Teleportation, or free roaming. The LIVENESS of the Live, To what degree does the experience encourage the expression of will and agency? And to what degree does that alter how the narrative unfolds (narrative agency vs participatory interactive moments that customize and flavor the experience)? Adventure, Exploration, Creativity, Novelty, Freedom, Will, and Collective Action. System Dynamics, & iterative feedback loops Firstness of Air: Peirce's "Sign," Intended Meaning, Pattern & Form, Archetypal Possibility Spaces, Relationality, & Aristotle's Formal Cause Secondness of Air: Peirce's "Object" Within A Triadic Semiotic Process (i.e. a specific action, word, harmonic, or action that points to a larger meaning.) Thirdness of Air: Peirce's "Interpretant," Sensemaking Thoughts, Expectations, & Social Dynamics For Mental & Social Presence Examples of Air: Literature, Language, Semiotics, Communication, Symbols, Abstractions. Single Player vs Multi-Player, Suspension of Disbelief and Plausibility, Social Dynamics, Anticipation of the Future, Possibility Spaces, Types of Choices. Realms of Speculative Imagination, How is meaning communicated? Dialogue amongst characters, voice-over narration, environmental storytelling, non-verbal associative dream logic. Mental friction from puzzles. Rules & Mechanics. Use of certain types of AI and Conversational Interfaces with Virtual Beings Firstness of Water: Time, Cycles, Harmonics, Value, & Aristotle's "Material Cause" (in Whitehead's event ontology, then base reality is processes, relationships, and possibilities of value & not Substance) Secondness of Water: Experiential Processes That Provide Contrasts Thirdness of Water: Feelings for Emotional Presence Examples of Water: Cinematic Film Tradition, Music, Harmonics, Rhythm, Pacing, Editing, Contrasts, Emotion, Memory, Dreams, Images, Soul, Psyche, Symbols, Lighting, Mood, Collective Unconscious Firstness of Earth: Space, World, Context, & Aristotle's Efficient Cause Secondness of Earth: Environment & Worldbuilding With Situated Perspectives in that Context Thirdness of Earth: Sensory Perception & Sense of Place for Embodied & Environmental Presence Examples of Earth: Worldbuilding of a spatial context & culture. Architecture, Theater, Theme Park Design, Dance, Are you a ghost or an embodied character? Sensory Experience: Touch/Haptics, Hearing/Spatial Sound, Smells, Vision. Relation of Immersive Tech to Environment as either VR, MR, or AR. Virtual CGI vs Cinematic 180/360 Video, Again, check out this PDF on "Venice Immersive 2025 Archetypal Categorizations" to see how I've ranked nearly 40 projects from Venice Immersive 2025 on the relative elemental center of gravity. Some projects feel more like a cinematic immersive film, which would be a bit more biased towards the Water Element. Some projects are more focused on the experience of a world that was build, and more focused on the Earth Element. Some projects are asking you to Read a book together with other people, which is more focused on the Air Element. And then other more game-like experiences are focused on using interactions as their primary mode of engagement, and so they're more focused on the fire element. There are 64 total combinations of the elements in terms of the first, second, third, or four centers of gravity, and you can see the comprehensive visualization here: Technically, all four elements are always happening all at once all at the same time. However, in experiential design, then creators can emphasize and blend elements together. So I find that ranking the elements can be helpful in determining an overall center of gravity, and that looking at the first two centers of gravity can achieve a sufficient job of creating some ad hoc, immersive and "elemental genres....

Reality may be bigger, stranger, and far more crowded than our three-dimensional monkey brains can handle. This week on Hysteria 51, we count down ten horrifying theories about what could exist in dimensions we cannot see, from shadow matter and hidden forces to holographic universes, colliding branes, M-theory, and countless alternate versions of you making equally terrible decisions.Could gravity be leaking into another dimension? Is our universe just one thin membrane floating in a much larger cosmic void? Does every possible outcome create another reality where you remembered the password on the first try? We break down the real science behind extra dimensions, dark matter, the multiverse, many-worlds theory, and the terrifying possibility that reality has more rooms than advertised.So grab a flashlight, avoid making eye contact with the shadow universe occupying your couch, and prepare to discover why the cosmos is weird, physics is rude, and somewhere in another dimension, this episode is probably much better.SourcesTime and the Block UniverseStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Timehttps://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2026/entries/time/Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Temporal Consciousnesshttps://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2025/entries/consciousness-temporal/Asher Peres – “Critique of the Wheeler-DeWitt Equation”https://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/9704061The Fifth ForceEöt-Wash Group – “New Test of the Gravitational Inverse-Square Law at the Submillimeter Range”https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.11761NA64 Collaboration – “Hunting Down the X17 Boson at the CERN SPS”https://arxiv.org/abs/2009.02756Kaluza-Klein Theory and Extra DimensionsCERN – Extra Dimensions, Gravitons, and Tiny Black Holeshttps://home.cern/science/physics/extra-dimensions-gravitons-and-tiny-black-holes/Theodor Kaluza – “On the Unity Problem of Physics”https://inspirehep.net/literature/14622Shadow Matter and Hidden SectorsEdward Kolb, David Seckel, and Michael Turner – “The Shadow World of Superstring Theories”https://www.nature.com/articles/314415a0Lawrence Krauss, Alan Guth, David Spergel, George Field, and William Press – “Inflation and Shadow Matter”https://www.nature.com/articles/319748a0Dark Energy and Dimensional LeakageNobel Prize – The 2011 Nobel Prize in Physicshttps://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2011/summary/Nobel Prize – The Accelerating Expansion of the Universehttps://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2011/popular-information/Gia Dvali, Gregory Gabadadze, and Massimo Porrati – “4D Gravity on a Brane in 5D Minkowski Space”https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0005016The Holographic PrincipleLeonard Susskind – “The World as a Hologram”https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/9409089Juan Maldacena – “The Large N Limit of Superconformal Field Theories and Supergravity”https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/9711200Fermilab – The Holometerhttps://holometer.fnal.gov/index.htmlFermilab – Holometer Frequently Asked Questionshttps://holometer.fnal.gov/faq.htmlBrane Worlds and the BulkLisa Randall and Raman Sundrum – “A Large Mass Hierarchy from a Small Extra Dimension”https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9905221Lisa Randall and Raman Sundrum – “An Alternative to Compactification”https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/9906064The Ekpyrotic and Cyclic UniverseJustin Khoury, Burt Ovrut, Paul Steinhardt, and Neil Turok – “The Ekpyrotic Universe: Colliding Branes and the Origin of the Hot Big Bang”https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0103239Paul Steinhardt and Neil Turok – “Cosmic Evolution in a Cyclic Universe”https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0111098M-Theory and the String LandscapeEdward Witten – “String Theory Dynamics in Various Dimensions”https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/9503124Leonard Susskind – “The Anthropic Landscape of String Theory”https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0302219T. Banks – “The Top (10^{500}) Reasons Not to Believe in the Landscape”https://arxiv.org/abs/1208.5715The Many-Worlds InterpretationHugh Everett III – “‘Relative State' Formulation of Quantum Mechanics”https://journals.aps.org/rmp/abstract/10.1103/RevModPhys.29.454Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanicshttps://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2026/entries/qm-manyworlds/Email your Contest Entries to:ForthHandmedia@gmail.comEmail us your favorite WEIRD news stories:weird@hysteria51.comSupport the ShowGet exclusive content & perks as well as an ad and sponsor free experience at https://www.patreon.com/Hysteria51 from just $1ShopBe the Best Dressed at your Cult Meeting!https://www.teepublic.com/stores/hysteria51?ref_id=9022See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

Ich habe mir von Jan Kerkmann von der Uni Freiburg sprach Nihilismus erklären lassen. Dies ist die erste Folge einer Mini-Serie zum Thema, da das Gespräch sehr dicht an Informationen ist. Heute geht es um die Frage, was Nihilismus ist und wie Jan auf das Thema gestoßen ist. Wir mahchen einen wilden Ritt durch die Philosophiegeschichte von den Vorsokratikern über Platon, Berkeley, Kant, Schopenhauer und ganz viel Nietzsche. Jans Web-Präsenz: https://uni-freiburg.de/philosophie/startseite/einrichtung/pd-dr-jan-kerkmann/ Lesenswert Hans-Jürgen Gawoll – Nihilismus und Metaphysik  https://amzn.to/456LWvE * (das Buch ist überall quasi unbezahlbar, ich habe es aber über die Uni Frankfurt ausleihen können. Schaut in euren Bibliotheken!) Jan Kerkmann – Unendliches Bewusstsein. Berkeleys Idealismus und dessen kritische Weiterentwicklung bei Kant und Schopenhauer https://amzn.to/4yQpe8y * Jan Kerkmann – Geschichtlichkeit und Lebensverständnis. Heideggers Auslegung von Nietzsches II. Unzeitgemäßer Betrachtung. https://amzn.to/4yQpe8y * Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy über Berkeley https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/berkeley/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy über Schopenhauer https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/schopenhauer/ Wikipedia über Amor Fati: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amor_fati ====== abonniert meinen Kanal! :) ======= Webseite: https://privatsprache.de/ BlueSky: https://bsky.app/profile/privatsprache.bsky.social Mastodon: https://mastodon.social/@privatsprache Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/privatsprache TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@privatsprache Mehr Videos: Aristoteles – Metaphysik – Form und Materie: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ClGtkztDRvE Aristoteles – Metaphysik der Substanzen: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4YJUkOwHPhM Platons Ideenlehre: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oNramSm3470&list=PL1L_CFjFbZ9b8Kcv03zL0xVAb7rKNKuiF Aristoteles  – Kritik an Platons Ideenlehre: https://youtu.be/Hjghct9d8yo?si=RjCXpiSkQlOdz5Rh Aristoteles – Metaphysik: https://youtu.be/OB5viElv5_o?si=nSz9BvhkWF6W04Jt Alle Philosophie-Folgen: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MhvEH9NjuPs&list=PL1L_CFjFbZ9aRfcEW6avxSgvxr9Q2jBrH Wie das mit der Philosophie angefangen hat: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MhvEH9NjuPs&t *Das ist ein Affiliate-Link: Wenn ihr das Buch kauft, bekomme ich eine winzige Provision und freue mich. Oder in Amazons Formulierung: Als Amazon-Partner verdiene ich an qualifizierten Verkäufen.

Krieg bedeutet die Vernichtung von menschlichem Leben, er ist gigantisches Unrecht. Und genau deswegen brauchen wir moralische Maßstäbe, was im Krieg erlaubt und verboten ist – das behauptet jedenfalls die Lehre vom „gerechten Krieg“ und Michael Walzer, einer ihrer modernen Vertreter. In seinem Buch Just and Unjust Wars argumentiert er für eine strikte Unterscheidung zwischen Kombattanten und Nicht-Kombattanten (also: Zivilisten). Aber selbst wenn diese Unterscheidung total einleuchtend ist – und selbst wenn man sie in der Praxis wirklich treffen könnte: Wie gut ist sie philosophisch begründet? Darum geht es in der heutigen Episode. Und es ist, wie immer: kompliziert. Literatur: Michael Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars. A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations, New York (5. Aufl.) 2015 Seth Lazar: "War", in: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2020)

“It was a very safe space to be able to say, I got that wrong.”CampQuest UK Programme Director Alistair Lichten (Humanist Dad) and camper-turned-volunteer Katy Pugh join Humanism Now to unpack why a secular camp matters, and how a weekend of outdoor adventure, hands-on science, and Philosophy for Children helps young people practise curiosity, confidence, and respectful disagreement.Discover CampQuest UK2026 Family Camp – dates, location, pricing, booking– https://campquest.uk/2026-family-camp-pilot/More info on Humanists UK WebsiteFollow Alistair on the HumanistDad BlogTopics we cover ✔︎ Why CampQuest began, and what a secular camp offers that most camps do not ✔︎ How outdoor challenge makes speaking up feel less scary ✔︎ The 2026 family camp, and what the weekend format looks like ✔︎ Philosophy for Children: stimulus, question-voting, and “speaking object” rules ✔︎ Encouraging values without dogma: standards of behaviour that protect freedom of thought ✔︎ What kids actually take home: reasoning, confidence, and not taking disagreement personally ✔︎ Alumni impact, volunteer growth, and rebuilding community year to year ✔︎ Practical booking and arrival expectations for the May bank holiday campResources & further readingPhilosophy for Children (P4C): SAPERE / Thoughtful – training and overview of the method – https://www.sapere.org.uk/ and “What is P4C?” The Ship of Theseus (identity over time): Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophySend a textSupport the showSupport Humanism Now & Join Our Community! Follow @HumanismNowPod | YouTube | TikTok | Instagram | Facebook | Threads | X.com | BlueSky Humanism Now is produced by Humanise Live a podcast production agency based in London, serving charities, companies, and individuals across the globe. Contact us to get starting in podcasting today at humanise.live or hello@humanise.liveMusic: Blossom by Light Prism Podcast transcripts are AI-generated and may contain errors or omissions. They are provided to make our content more accessible, but should not be considered a fully accurate record of the conversation.

Krieg ist eine gigantische Sammlung von Leid und Unrecht. Da sind sich die allermeisten Menschen einig, auch in der Philosophie. Viel besser wäre es, die Staaten könnten ihre Angelegenheiten friedlich regeln, so wie Kant sich das vorgestellt hat (vgl. Episode #83). Leider sieht die Wirklichkeit aber (noch) anders aus. Wie sollen wir auf Gewalt reagieren? Um diese Frage geht es in meiner kleinen Mini-Serie zu Krieg und Konflikt. In der heutigen Episode stelle ich zwei Grundpositionen vor: Den Pazifismus und die Lehre vom „gerechten Krieg“. In den nächsten zwei Episoden werden wir uns beide Seiten genauer ansehen. Literatur: Carl von Clausewitz, "Was ist der Krieg?", in: Vom Kriege, hrsg. von Ulrich Marwedel, Stuttgart 1980 Thomas von Aquin, "Über das Erlaubtsein des Krieges", in: Summa theologica II.II Ernst Tugendhat, "Pazifismus und berechtigter Krieg", in: H.-L. Ollig (Hrsg.), Philosophie als Zeitdiagnose. Ansätze der deutschen Gegenwartsphilosophie, Darmstadt 1991 (alle abgedruckt in Krieg. Philosophische Texte von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart, hrsg. von Michel Czelinski und Jürgen Stenzel, Stuttgart 2004) Seth Lazar, "War", in: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Link)

What if a Musical Could Help us Tell the Truth About Climate Change?In this episode, Bill Cleveland sits down with theater director Emily Hartford and composer–storyteller Ned Hardford to explore Metra: A Climate Revolution with Songs—a nine-episode musical audio drama that reimagines an ancient Greek myth as a near-future climate story.What starts as a conversation about craft opens into deeper territory: imagination as resistance, music as pedagogy, and why genuinely new stories don't come from algorithms—they come from people doing long, human work together.In it, we explore three big questions at the heart of Metra and the moment we're living in now:How music, story, and the human voice reach places that facts, lectures, and policy arguments can'tWhat it looks like to tell a climate story without fear-mongering or “disaster porn,”How artists can build work that others can actually use,—turning art-making into cultural infrastructure rather than a one-off production.Listen in to discover how art, music, and story can help us practice a different future—and why Metra just might be the kind of narrative infrastructure we need right now.PeopleBill ClevelandHost of Change the Story / Change the World and founder of the Center for the Study of Art & Community.Emily HartfordTheater director, writer, and producer; founding member of Flux Theater Ensemble and co-creator of Metra.Ned HartfordComposer, songwriter, audio engineer, and co-creator of Metra, focused on musical storytelling and audio drama.Alan LomaxFolklorist and field-recording pioneer whose work capturing the emotional power of the human voice is referenced in the episode.Enoch RutherfordOld-time banjo player recorded by Alan Lomax in Virginia; referenced through a story of lineage, listening, and musical transmission.Bill McKibbenClimate activist and author referenced for framing distributed solar power as a metaphor for bottom-up social change.adrienne maree brownWriter and activist whose work on emergence and collective power informs Metra's worldview.Martin BuberPhilosopher referenced for his concept of relational connection (I–Thou), via the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.Organizations & CollectivesFlux Theater EnsembleNew York–based theater company where Metra was...

Amsterdam, 1656. Młody Żyd stoi przed synagogą. Za chwilę usłyszy najsurowszą klątwę w historii swojego narodu.„Przeklęty, gdy wstaje i gdy kładzie się spać…” Ta historia nie jest o kimś przegranym. To historia o człowieku, który stracił rodzinę, wspólnotę i bezpieczeństwo – a mimo to zbudował życie tak wolne, że Albert Einstein nazwał go swoim duchowym przewodnikiem.Poznaj Barucha Spinozę – filozofa, który pokazał, że prawdziwa wolność zaczyna się tam, gdzie kończy się strach przed odrzuceniem.Czy szef Cię nie docenia?Rodzina nie rozumie?System Cię odrzuca?Ta biografia to nie teoria. To praktyczny przewodnik, jak żyć rozumnie i być wolnym, nawet gdy cały świat Cię przeklina.46 minut, które mogą zmienić Twoje podejście do wykluczenia, samotności i prawdziwej niezależności.Wesprzyj ten podcast: Będę wdzięczny za postawienie mi kawy → suppi.pl/lepiejteraz Zostań Mecenasem odcinka→ patronite.pl/podcastlepiejterazŹródła:Steven Nadler, „Spinoza” PIW, (2002)Matthew Stewart, The Courtier and the Heretic: Leibniz, Spinoza, and the Fate of God (2006)Jonathan Israel, Spinoza, Life and Legacy (Oxford University Press, 2023)Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – artykuły o SpinozieInternet Encyclopedia of PhilosophyCytaty źródłowe:„Gdyby nawet zaoferowali mi dziesięć razy tyle…” – Colerus, biografia Spinozy„Przeklęty niech będzie we dnie…” – tekst cheremu z Livro dos Acordos de Nação e Ascamot„Człowiek wolny myśli o śmierci najmniej…” – Etyka, Część IV, Twierdzenie 67„Błogosławieństwo nie jest nagrodą za cnotę…” – Etyka, Część V„Ultimi barbarorum” – relacja Leibniza o Spinozie„Soczewki, które Żyd z Voorburgu…” – listy Huygensa

A befuddled student asked apologist Wes Huff about how to make sense of the Trinity. Huff’s answer has gone viral (also here and here). Obviously, Christians are enjoying and sharing Huff’s answer. But how helpful of an answer is it? Is this an answer that is going to help a thinking Christian love God with all her mind? Does it point her to the relevant biblical teachings? Unfortunately, as Michael and I explain, for a number of reasons Huff’s answer is not helpful to the informed, Scripture-loving truth-seeker. Just after the 48 minutes mark (52 minutes in the video below) I challenge Wes Huff to a debate on whether the one God in the New Testament or the Father alone. For these reasons, he probably will not debate me. But the Christian public who relies on Huff’s Trinity “answers” needs some better information, and to hear the unitarian Christian side of the case. If he does decide to accept the challenge, here is my recently updated starter pack for understanding my views. As we recorded this video, I thought that perhaps it’s unfair to critique Huff’s Trinity thoughts based on an off-the-cuff answer. So in the next two episodes I’m going to interact with two other videos where he states his views at length and fully rehearsed. Perhaps those will fare better? Here’s the video version: https://www.youtube.com/live/6Ipw3TUSVyE?si=X81aJZpvMt36OmMh Links for this episode: Michael Temperato’s YouTube, Tiktok, Instagram Tuggy, What is the Trinity? Stanford Encyclopedia, “Trinity” What Would It Take To Convert You Back To Trinitarianism? ? R. T. Mullins’s interview of William Lane Craig on his own Trinity theory Gaston, Dynamic Monarchianism: The Earliest Christology? Unitarian Christian Alliance Youtube channel Unitarian Christian Alliance Unitarian Christian Alliance – Conference near Sydney, Australia, March 2026 podcast 137 – Daniel Whitby's “Mystery and Revelation Inconsistent” The Bodies of God and the World of Ancient Israel – Dale Tuggy, Benjamin D. Sommer on Gregory of Nyssa’s On Not Three Gods podcast 302 – The Stages of Trinitarian Commitment podcast 262 – The Trinity before Nicaea? podcast 249 – Tuggy vs. Brown debate – The God of the Bible is the Father alone McIntosh, ed. One God, Three Persons, Four Views podcast 388 – Yes, “the Trinity” is a Problem – Part 2 podcast 387 – Yes, “the Trinity” is a Problem – Part 1 The Standard Opening Move Why I’m Not a Buddhist – Dr. Dale Tuggy podcast 76 – Justin Martyr's Dialogue with Trypho – Part 3 podcast 75 – Justin Martyr's Dialogue with Trypho – Part 2 podcast 74 – Justin Martyr's Dialogue with Trypho – Part 1 This week’s thinking music is “Going Rogue” by Grumplefunk. Other videos in this UCA series: https://www.youtube.com/live/d0nXXVtuU3c?si=gCfoT5pqfw_3_pR9 https://www.youtube.com/live/1lkBSlYRa3E?si=WpCjMtSPndZE4gqm

In this episode, we talk with John Marenbon about free will and foreknowledge in Boethius's most famous work, the Consolation of Philosophy.John's PhilPeople profile: https://philpeople.org/profiles/john-marenbonJohn's Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Boethius: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boethius/Twitter: https://twitter.com/thefreewillshowInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/thefreewillshow/?hl=enFacebook: https://www.facebook.com/The-Free-Will-Show-105535031200408/

In this episode, we talk with Tim O'Keefe about Epicurean and Stoic views of freedom and determinism.Tim's website: https://philpeople.org/profiles/tim-o-keefeTim's book, Epicurus on Freedom: https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/epicurus-on-freedom/F5058A8C45DB77CE70CA0BF56A3116F9Tim's entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy on "Ancient Theories of Freedom and Determinism": https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/freedom-ancient/Twitter: https://twitter.com/thefreewillshowInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/thefreewillshow/?hl=enFacebook: https://www.facebook.com/The-Free-Will-Show-105535031200408/

In this conversation from 2023, Alex speaks with Pete Boettke about the relevancy of Friedrich Hayek in the contemporary context, what it means to be a "Hayekian" and the curious tale of how Hayek came to be the focus of his latest book "F. A. Hayek: Economics, Political Economy and Social Philosophy" Episode Notes Pete's book “F. A. Hayek: Economics, Political Economy and Social Philosophy“ https://a.co/d/ah7SpwW  Hayek on The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/friedrich-hayek/  Introduction to Hayek's “Road to Serfdom” https://mises.org/library/road-serfdom-0  Murray Rothbard's “Man, Economy and State” retrospective https://fee.org/articles/rothbards-man-economy-and-state-at-50/  Milton Friedman's “Free To Choose” https://www.proglocode.unam.mx/sites/proglocode.unam.mx/files/docencia/Milton%20y%20Rose%20Friedman%20-%20Free%20to%20Choose.pdf  Hayek “Prices and Production” https://mises.org/library/prices-and-production-and-other-works  Introduction to economics of Lucas https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Lucas.html  Steve Horowitz on Hayek https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K5dR0zgC1ZI  Herbert Dreyfuss “What Computers Can't Do” https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262540674/what-computers-still-cant-do/  Horowitz quote on Hayek “we have to learn to live in two worlds at once” https://www.jstor.org/stable/41560288  Hayek's “The Fatal Conceit” https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/F/bo3643985.html  Kenneth Boulding “After Samuelson, Who Needs Adam Smith?” https://read.dukeupress.edu/hope/article-abstract/3/2/225/12381/After-Samuelson-Who-Needs-Adam-Smith “The Extended Present” (concept) https://medium.com/extended-present/about  The “Grapes vs. Cucumbers as pay for Monkeys” experiment (youtube video) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=meiU6TxysCg  The Constitution of Liberty - Hayek https://www.mises.at/static/literatur/Buch/hayek-the-constitution-of-liberty.pdf  Chandran Kukathas' Liberal Archipelago https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-liberal-archipelago-9780199219209?cc=ca&lang=en&  Kind vs. Wicked learning environments. https://www.psychologytoday.com/ca/blog/experience-studio/202007/experience-kind-vs-wicked   

In this episode, we talk with Eric Brown about Plato's views on freedom, moral psychology, and responsibility.Eric's website: https://sites.google.com/view/ericbrownphilosophy/homeEric's entry on Plato's Republic in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato-ethics-politics/Twitter: https://twitter.com/thefreewillshowInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/thefreewillshow/?hl=enFacebook: https://www.facebook.com/The-Free-Will-Show-105535031200408/

Promovendus Daan Mulder van de Universiteit Utrecht neemt ons deze week week mee naar "onderzoek buiten de gebaande paden": we gaan kijken naar de neoplatoonse filosoof Plotinus! Daan doet vooral onderzoek naar Plotinus' stijl van schrijven, maar wat maakt nou dat dit onderzoek buiten de gebaande paden gaat? We maken kennis met Plotinus, ook wel de grondlegger van het neoplatonisme genoemd, met zijn achtergrond en werk... en met zijn stijl!Shownotes

On July 8th, in what can only be described as an act of reckless clarity, we published a white paper (grab it here—>) Unified Behavioral Model™ — Read more… listen now.Subscribe now“Science may be described as the art of systematic oversimplification.” ― Karl PopperWhat makes UBM so unique—so different from prevalent behavioral models?First, let's clear up a common misconception:UBM—specifically the Behavior Echo-System (BES)—is a model of behavior, not a model of a person.People often see the graphic and assume it represents themselves, or a diagram of the human body. It doesn't.As Dr. Popper's statement above suggests, UBM simply articulates how behavior is influenced in the moment and shaped over time—within the system.Now, here's the B.I.G. claim:UBM is falsifiable.In science, that's the gold standard.(Period.)If a theory can't be tested or broken, it's just storytelling. Worse yet, Karl Popper would say it's non-science.What's his core claim? Science and non-science are divided by a single demarcation: Falsifiability.UBM asks—check that, insists—“Go for it… Please try to break me.”Apparently, no other behavior model—certainly not a unified one—has ever done that.Kind of interesting? Maybe just a bit?Worth mentioning, at least?Or dedicating, I don't know… twenty-plus years to uncovering?UBM/BES Comparison Table & Major Prevalent Models as provided by DeepSeek.According to Dr. Karl Popper—and as noted in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, “Karl Popper is generally regarded as one of the greatest philosophers of science of the twentieth century”—if a theory can't be tested (or broken), it's just storytelling. Worse, he'd call it “non-science.”Just to be clear: that's Dr. Popper, philosopher and trained psychologist, who introduced the idea of falsifiability (and gave us that delightful bit with the Black Swan).So yeah—if you can't at least attempt to break it, he says, it doesn't count.UBM is so confident in its falsifiability that it's offering a $1,000 reward to the first person to prove there's a missing fifth element—one that isn't reducible or emergent. (See below and bottom for official entry details.)So far: nearly 500 downloads and…Nada. Zip. Zilch. NOTHING.Even the world's top AIs—ChatGPT, Gemini, Claude, Grok, DeepSeek—took their shots.They've all struck out. Attempts include: Time (environmental), Consciousness (emergent from the system), Willpower (embodied environment), Self-Organization (embodied environment—note the “self” in self-organization).The list goes on, and it's kind of funny. Google's Gemini, for example, offered a “someday” quantum property we don't even know of yet.Seriously.Just to be clear: if we don't know of it yet, and we can't test it—it's not a valid fifth element.DeepSeek's parting words? Also comical...“UBM 1. DS 0... Game respects game.”And, here's Gemini's best response after half dozen attempts…Gemini tries desperately to break the Unified Behavior Model and fails.The difficulty in falsification, as intended by the model's design, is a powerful indicator of its conceptual strength and it's potential to serve as a TRULY UNIFYING FRAMEWORK FOR BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE. ~Gemini 8/4/2025Some have argued, “Well, UBM is overly simplified.”Really?Then why hasn't anyone discovered it before—or more accurately, uncovered it and brought it to light?Surely, by now—150 years in—some behavioral scientist, somewhere in the world, would've presented this kind of systematic “oversimplification,” right?Let's go over that one more time:“Science may be described as the art of systematic oversimplification.” ― Karl PopperThis is precisely Dr. Popper's point: science progresses by oversimplifying—systematically.Voila: UBM.

For Part 3f of this deep dive we continue the Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo (2024) decision that overruled Chevron (1984), Kagan's dissent continued from her p. 24 (Roman Numeral III) through to the end of that Democrat dissent in the Slip Opinion. https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/23pdf/22-451_7m58.pdf (603 U.S. _____ (2024) of Kagan's dissent. We will pick up the rest of p.15 of that dissent next time. Footnotes: For the "novice/2 expert problem" I reference Alvin Goldman's "Social Epistemology" entry in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2006 version, available here: https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2006/entries/epistemology-social/ Be sure to cite your sources early and often. Donate a gift to keep the podcast going on Venmo at-sign no space TheRepublicanProfessor or https://buymeacoffee.com/lucasj.mather Warmly, Lucas J. Mather, Ph.D. The Republican Professor Podcast The Republican Professor Newsletter on Substack https://therepublicanprofessor.substack.com/ https://www.therepublicanprofessor.com/podcast/ https://www.therepublicanprofessor.com/articles/ YouTube channel: https://www.youtube.com/@TheRepublicanProfessor Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/TheRepublicanProfessor Twitter: @RepublicanProf Instagram: @the_republican_professor

Michael Cholbi approaches work not just as a function of economics or management but as a deep philosophical question. He brings a rare lens to the topic, one that connects ancient wisdom, contemporary ethics, and the day-to-day experience of workers today. In this episode, Michael and Dart explore how work shapes us and how it might be reimagined to serve us better. From Plato and Marx to Bullshit Jobs, dignity to autonomy, they ask what makes work just, and whether companies are morally responsible for the work they design.Michael Cholbi is a Professor of Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh and the author of the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy's definitive entry on the philosophy of work. His research explores ethics, justice, and how societal structures influence human well-being. In this episode, Dart and Michael discuss:- Why many people are “work-positive” by necessity, not choice- What adaptive preferences reveal about our relationship to labor- The moral obligations of companies that design work as a product- Is the duty to work just?- How automation could decenter work and expand freedom- Working for dignity vs. being used as a means- What a less work-centered future might offer us all- And other topics…Michael Cholbi is a Professor of Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh, specializing in moral philosophy and the philosophy of work. He is the author of the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy's definitive entry on work and labor—a leading scholarly resource. His research examines ethics, justice, and how social structures impact human well-being. He is also widely recognized for his work on the philosophy of death, grief, and autonomy. Michael has written or edited numerous influential books and frequently contributes to both academic and public debates on labor, meaning, and ethics. His work connects ancient philosophical insights with contemporary issues like automation and workplace dignity.Resources Mentioned:Bullshit Jobs: A Theory, by David Graeber: https://www.amazon.com/Bullshit-Jobs-Theory-David-Graeber/dp/150114331XThe Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Work and Labor, by Michael Cholbi: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/work-labor/The Republic, by Plato: https://www.amazon.com/Republic-Plato/dp/1503379981Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, by Karl Marx: https://www.amazon.com/Economic-Philosophic-Manuscripts-Western-Philosophy/dp/0486455610Connect with Michael:Website: https://michael.cholbi.com/ Work with Dart:Dart is the CEO and co-founder of the work design firm 11fold. Build work that makes employees feel alive, connected to their work, and focused on what's most important to the business. Book a call at 11fold.com.

In this episode from 2023, Alex speaks with David Friedman about defenses, definitions and critiques of Anarcho-Capitalism in David's work and in others'.  Episode Notes: - Summary of David's book "The Machinery of Freedom" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Machinery_of_Freedom  - Some of Ayn Rand's views on Libertarianism and Anarcho-Capitalism: http://aynrandlexicon.com/ayn-rand-ideas/ayn-rand-q-on-a-on-libertarianism.html  - Some of David's comments on his Father's views of his work can be found here: https://www.econlib.org/archives/2011/07/david_friedmans_1.html  - The Stanford Encyclopedia's entry on Anarchism https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/anarchism/#:~:text=Libertarianism%20and%20anarcho%2Dcapitalism%20also,the%20idea%20of%20social%20development.  - "The Moon Is A Harsh Mistress" - Robert A. Heinlein https://a.co/d/4gmWZrP  - "The Private Enforcement of Law" - Landes and Posner https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=259376  - "Law Enforcement, Malfeasance, and Compensation of Enforcers" - Gary S. Becker and George J. Stigler  https://laws21.classes.ryansafner.com/readings/Becker-Stigler-1974.pdf 

“Incomprehensible guttural noises”The HeptapodsArrival is as difficult a movie to discuss in the limited space of our show notes as it is a truly great work of modern science fiction filmmaking. It's also virtually impossible to discuss without spoilers. Heck, we had trouble cramming our discussion of the central concepts of the film into  One of director Denis Villeneuve's crowning cinematic achievements (and almost certainly the thing that made us all realize that he might be the only director who would be able to get Dune right on screen), Arrival is an alien invasion movie unlike any other, one in which the humans don't cope with our new and strange looking neighbors with aggression, but rather by using science and reasoning to understand and communicate with them. Imagine that!You might fancy yourself a wiseacre and suggest the very notion of science and reasoning “does not fly” given the state of the world these days, but let's set that cynicism aside for the moment and get at the heart of this week's topic. Because in order to understand the way these aliens (the heptapods, not to be confused with Hakeem's ongoing Planet of the Cephalopods pitch) communicate via bizarre and smoky glyphs, humans are able to change their perception of time itself. You've heard of “perception determines reality” so get ready for “language affects perception which thus helps determine reality.” And if that sounds confusing, don't worry, because you've got Dr. Hakeem Oluseyi and Tamara Krinsky to hold your smoky hand (limb?) and walk you through it (forwards, backwards, and perhaps both at once). All of this and more is explored on a special, extra-sized episode of Does it Fly?...https://youtu.be/K_Duabt4f1s?si=9MGhHmj22EatyFQ8SUGGESTED VIEWING You mean you haven't seen Arrival? And you're watching and/or listening to this show? What's wrong with you! Go watch one of the most beautiful sci-fi movies of the last 25 years and THEN come back and hang out with us.FURTHER READING Do you want to delve a little deeper into the facts, concepts, and stories Hakeem and Tamara referenced in today's episode? Of course you do!Story of Your LifeArrival is based on a short story by Ted Chiang, called “Story of Your Life” which won the 1999 Hugo Award for Best Novella. It's available in a collection of Chiang's short stories, Stories of Your Life and Others.Relativity in ArrivalAlso known as the Sapir-Worf Hypothesis, based on the work of Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf, but actually first stated as such Harry Hoijer in 1954. To quote Hoijer (via the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy who have the most comprehensive explanation of this that we've been able to find): “language functions, not simply as a device for reporting experience, but also, and more significantly, as a way of defining experience for its speakers.” Arrival takes that to the next level by showing how it could define how we experience time itself! It also incorporates elements of the Many-Worlds theory, which we discussed in our Back to the Future episode!For extra credit, read up on Presentism, which postulates that only the current moment we live in is actual existence vs Eternalism, which states that our past AND future are equally real at all times. Then go take an Advil or something.The End of TimeNo, we're not talking about whatever horrors have you doomscrolling at the moment. It's Julian Barbour's book The End of Time: The Next Revolution in Our Understanding of the Universe, which argues that time as we know/perceive it, isn't really a thing.Speaking of time being an illusion…PsilocybinWe aren't endorsing anything, but…WANT MORE FROM DOES IT FLY?Speaking of some of the greatest sci-fi movies of the 21st Century, we'd like to remind you that Children of Men also exists and we dug into the disturbing real world implications of that movie right here.Andor season 2 is currently reminding people how good Star Wars can be when it actually has a conscience, so we took a look at the Star Wars franchise's most powerful and iconic megaweapon, the Death Star in one of our best episodes ever! FOLLOW US!Stay in the loop! Follow DoesItFly? on YouTube and TikTok and let us know what you think! Subscribe to Does It Fly? Pod: https://www.youtube.com/@doesitflypod?sub_confirmation=1And don't forget to follow Roddenberry Entertainment:Instagram: @RoddenberryOfficial Facebook: RoddenberryBluesky: @roddenberrypod.bsky.socialFor Advertising Inquiries: doesitfly@roddenberry.comCheck out the official Does it Fly? playlist, too!

In this episode from 2021, Alex Aragona speaks with Graeme Thompson about the classical liberal tradition in Canada, and what the evolution of that tradition has looked like. References from The Curious Task Episode 94 with Graeme Thompson A collection of the speeches of Wilfred Laurier can be found in an edited edition by Arthur Milnes, available from Amazon here. Macdonald Laurier and the Election of 1891 by Christopher Pennington can be found from Penguin House here. Graeme Thompson's piece “Whatever Happened to Laurier” can be found in the National Post here. Graeme mentions positive and negative liberty by Isaiah Berlin, which is discussed on the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy here. The works of Adam Smith, Edmund Burke, and J.S. Mill can be read for free through the Online Library of Liberty.  

www.mysticalmisfitspodcast.com   ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~   That bitchin robe That bitchin photo  The Sleepwalkers: A History of Man's Changing Vision of the Universe – Arthur Koestler Kepler's Witch: An Astronomer's Discovery of Cosmic Order Amid Religious War, Political Intrigue, and the Heresy Trial of His Mother – James A. Connor NASA's page on Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion (NASA.gov) Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Johannes Kepler   ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Anahata's Purpose Tickets Available! October 16th - October 19th at Camp Ramblewood! www.anahataspurpose.com for details!  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~   Check out all of the amazing things Rae has to offer!  Calendly for Scheduling Appointments Jupiter Rituals Etsy Shop Instagram - @jupiterrituals www.anahataspurpose.com Instagram - @Anahatas_Purpose Facebook - Anahatas Purpose   The Witch's Coop - For your Egg Hatching needs!     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~       Interested in getting a reading from Theresa? Email - cosmicguidetheresamariesa@gmail.com Instagram - @theresa.mariesa Facebook - Theresa Mariesa - Your Cosmic Guide        ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~     MEET MIKALA! Our Wonderful & Amazing Audio Engineer! Thank you, Mikala for all that you do!      ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~     Music by Kuf Knotz Instagram - @kufknotz 

In this episode I respond to a video that was released by Gavin Ortlund yesterday in which he explains why he thinks that he is not a liberal. Gavin says that there are three reasons why people call him a liberal, but I argue that it's not that Gavin has three liberal views, but rather that Gavin has an entire framework of thinking that is indistinguishable from liberalism. All of my sources are below. I hope you enjoy!SUBSCRIBE TO MY NEWSLETTERSources:Gavin's videoFundamentalism and the Word of God - J.I. PackerExegetical Fallacies - D.A. CarsonChristianity and Liberalism - J. Gresham MachenPositive and Negative Liberty defined by Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyGavin's Article on abortion from 2008CDC Stats on Abortion in AmericaWHO and Guttmacher stats on abortions worldwideNASA on the the Earth being 20% greener in the past 20 yearsJordan Peterson on the problems with Climate Change Sign up for my newsletter and never miss an episode: https://optivnetwork.comFollow me on X: https://x.com/andyschmitt99Email me at andy@optivnetwork.com with your questions!Music: "nesting" by Birocratic (http://birocratic.lnk.to/allYL)

Het gesprek met dr. Bert van den Berg van de Universiteit Leiden over de vroeg Griekse filosofen ging nog even door! In deze korte bonusaflevering neemt Bert ons mee in de duizelingwekkend paradoxen van Zeno van Elea.Shownotes

In this episode, we tackle one of the most important figures in the history of religion, philosophy, mysticism & the esoteric - the writer calling himself Dionysios, and who would create a synthesis between Neoplatonic philosophy and Christianity in ways the echoed down the centuries.Check out the Secret History of Western Esotericism Podcast (SHWEP) for more Dionysius content: https://shwep.netFind me and my music here:https://linktr.ee/filipholmSupport Let's Talk Religion on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/letstalkreligion Or through a one-time donation: https://paypal.me/talkreligiondonateSources/Recomended Reading:Lossky, Vladimir (1944). "The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church". James Clarke & Co.Luibheid, Colm (Translated by) (1987). "Pseudo-Dionysius: The Complete Works". Classics of Western Spirituality. Paulist Press International.McGinn, Bernard. "The Presence of God" Series, in several volumes. Perhaps the best and most comprehensive introduction to Christian mysticism. Published by Crossroad Publishing Co.McGinn, Bernard (2001). "The Mystical Thought of Meister Eckhart: The Man From Whom God Hid Nothing". Crossroad Publishing Co.The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Entry on Pseudo-Dionysius: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pseudo-dionysius-areopagite/Earl's section:Human and celestial hierarchies compared: EH 373AB, 376BC; CH 208BCD; EH 501A-D.Angelic triads: CH 200D: 3 threefold groups of angels, as taught by Pseudo-D's sacred initiator (i.e. Hierotheos); CH 257C: each angelic triad has Iamblichean-style first and last terms with a necessary median term. Cf. Iamb. De myst. V.8.225.5-8; CH 273C ditto; EH 501A: triads au go-go.Angelic mediation between humans and god: CH 180A. God never appears without intermendiaries, even to the saints: m180C. Even to Jesus: 181C. Long discussion of Isaiah and the Seraphim: 300B ff. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Have you heard of Hippolytus’s Refutation of All Heresies? Written not long after 222 A.D. this book works through dozens of heresies–beliefs that the author disagreed with. Some scholars have argued against Hippolytus as the author, preferring to call him pseudo-Hippolytus. But regardless of who wrote the tome, the fact is that this huge book was the mature result of nearly seventy years of Christians cataloging heresies. In each case the next generation typically included much of what had come before and this book is no exception. It’s a massive tome, totaling more than 400 pages long in the most recent translation by David Litwa. In this talk, delivered at the 2024 UCA conference held in Little Rock, Arkansas, Dr. Dale Tuggy draws on the Refutation of All Heresies to catalog the major christological options that were known to the author in the third century. Excluding all the gnostic groups, Tuggy identifies three broad groups of Christians who held very different ideas about Christ: the Dynamic Monarchians, the Modalistic Monarchians, and the Logos Incarnationists. Or to use the parlance of today, biblical unitarians, oneness believers, and Arians. But, what about the Trinity? Where was it? Why didn’t pseudo-Hippolytus mention three persons in one being? Surely hundreds of millions of Christians who say the Church has always believed in the Trinity from the beginning can’t be wrong, can they? Listen in to this talk to find out. Dale Tuggy is an analytic philosopher specializing in Trinity theories. He’s the author of the Trinity article in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy as well as the book What Is the Trinity, which gives a brief introduction to the various Trinity models and their problems. A month ago, a new book came out that he contributed to called One God, Three Persons, Four Views, in which he debated various Trinitarian scholars, putting forward his own non-trinitarian view as an alternative. Find out more about Tuggy and his work at his blog: Trinities.org. In what follows he lays out the various christologies in the period before Nicea as well as explains quotations by Athenagoras and Mileto that modern trinitarian defenders use to prove that the Trinity was there in the second century. Lastly, he provides evidence for which view he thinks was the majority in the second and third centuries. Listen to this episode on Spotify or Apple Podcasts —— Links —— Get the transcript of this episode Check out these other episodes with Dale Tuggy Support Restitutio by donating here Join our Restitutio Facebook Group and follow Sean Finnegan on Twitter @RestitutioSF Leave a voice message via SpeakPipe with questions or comments and we may play them out on the air Intro music: Good Vibes by MBB Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0) Free Download / Stream: Music promoted by Audio Library. Who is Sean Finnegan?  Read his bio here Get Finnegan’s book, Kingdom Journey to learn about God’s kingdom coming on earth as well as the story of how Christianity lost this precious pearl of great price.

A description of the mosaic inscription "to God Jesus Christ" found at Megiddo/Legio and on display at the Bible Museum in Washington D.C. Presentation on what Christians meant when they called Jesus G/god in the early A.D. 3rd century. Video version of this podcast: https://youtu.be/Hg6Dm4mx_SU Sources and Resources: One God Report Podcast, Bill Schlegel YouTube Channel. Episodes 10-11 The Evolution of the Trinity, with Dr. Dale Tuggy. Rollston, Christopher. “A Stunning Trio of Early Christian (3rd Century) Inscriptions from Biblical Armageddon: ‘God Jesus Christ,' Five Prominent Named Women, a Named Centurion, a Eucharist Table, and Two Fish.” Rollston Epigraphy: Ancient Inscriptions from the Levantine World, July 4, 2024. http://www.rollstonepigraphy.com/?p=1004. Rubenstein, R. When Jesus Became God. Harcourt, Inc., 1999. Tepper, Yotam, and Leah Di Segni. A Christian Prayer Hall of the Third Century CE at Kefar ‘Othnay (Legio): Excavations at the Megiddo Prison 2005. With contribution by Guy Stiebel. Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority, 2006. Academia Link Yotam Tepper Tuggy, Dale. History of Trinity Doctrines. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/trinity/trinity-history.html#TertulTertullian, On the First Principles. https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/04120.htm Tzaferis, Vassilios. “Inscribed ‘To God Jesus Christ',” BAR 33-02, Mar-Apr 2007. https://library.biblicalarchaeology.org/article/inscribed-to-god-jesus-christ/ Smith, Dustin, Biblical Unitarian Podcast 357 https://biblicalunitarianpodcast.podbean.com/e/357-the-megiddo-mosaic-and-its-christology/ --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/onegodreport-podcast/support

Show NotesWe start with the next chapter selected by the randomiser in our 50 Arguments for God book.  “Can We Be Certain That Jesus Died on a Cross? A Look at the Ancient Practice of Crucifixion” We agree that the answer is Yes, and enjoy ourselves on the way.  Then we move on to another random chapter which is on how our planet is ideal for doing astronomy – “Designed for Discovery”.  This leads to a wider discussion on Design Arguments. We look at their history and cover Aquinas, Hume and Paley, but run out of time at the start of the 19thC. Links: The 50 Arguments for Faith book: “Evidence for God: 50 Arguments for Faith from the Bible, History, Philosophy and Science” by Mike Licona and William Dembski.  (It can be found on Amazon.) The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Hume and The Argument from Design:https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hume-religion/#ArgDesAnd on Design Arguments generally:https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/teleological-arguments/#Int Doubts Aloud Links:Please give feedback and ask questions using:  doubtsaloud@gmail.com 

EPISODE 122 | How to Be a Communist One of the many words tossed about these days as a snarl term is “communist”, but do the people using this sobriquet know what that really means? It certainly doesn't mean every leftwing philosophy or ideology. In fact, Communism is a very specific set of applications of very certain ideas, and, like it or not, helped define the 20th century. So let's look at what Communism is and what it isn't, and what other systems and suites of thought have crossover with it. Like all the different flavors of Socialism.  Like what we do? Then buy us a beer or three via our page on Buy Me a Coffee. You can also SUBSCRIBE to this podcast. Review us here or on IMDb!  SECTIONS Closer to Home - Socialism (market and non-market), Adam Smith, the Labour Theory of Value (LTV) Duty Now for the Future - The French Revolution and the Directory, the Conspiracy of Equals, Utopian Socialism, Chartism, Karl Marx and Friedreich Engels become buddies Mean Machine - Engels's "alienated labour" and The German Ideology, historical materialism, The Communist Manifesto, the basics of Marxism, Marx and Engels hatch a fast-track plan Brothers in Arms - The Russian Tsar is overthrown and Communism comes to power, the first Communist platform, Reds versus Whites, Lenin develops Leninism Music for the People - Stalin develops Marxism-Leninism, which spreads to all countries that go Communist Futuristic Design - Mao Zedong takes over in China, Communism fails almost everywhere Subterranean Jungle - The Horseshoe Theory, Communism has more in common with Fascism than with socialism, comparing and contrasting Fascism and Communism, comparing and contrasting capitalism and socialism, Third Way, social liberalism, social democracy Life's What You Make It - Capitalism is not a social or political system, democracy is opposed to authoritarianism's many flavours  Music by Fanette Ronjat More Info:  Why market socialism is a viable alternative to neoliberalism at the Lon don School of Economics and Political Science Market Socialism: A Case for Rejuvenation by Pranab Bardhan and John E. Roemer in the Journal of Economic Perspectives Socialist Market Economy chapters and articles on Science Direct Non-Market Socialism: What is it? How will it work? - 2 papers from the Socialist and Anarchist Utopias Panel at the 2018 The Great Transition: Setting the Stage for a Post-Capitalist Society International Conference in Montreal SOCIALISM WITHOUT MARKETS: DEMOCRATIC PLANNED SOCIALISM paper by Al Campbel What are some contemporary defenses of non-market socialism? on Quora labour theory of value entry on Britannica Chapter 6: Theories of Value from Human Society and the Global Economy by Kit Sims Taylor Gracchus Babeuf & the Conspiracy of Equals Utopian Socialism articles on Science Direct Utopian Socialism in America on Digital History Chartism essay by Amy J. Lloyd, University of Cambridge What was the Chartist movement? on BBC Bitesize Capitalism and alienation by Phil Gaspar in Critical Thinking from the International Socialist Review Marx's Theory of Alienation by Asher Horowitz, professor of political science at York University  The German Ideology by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels Historical Materialism.org website What is Historical Materialism? video on PHILO-notes YouTube channel Karl Marx entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Manifesto of the Communist Party What is 'Marxism' in The Economic Times How does Marxism differ from Leninism? What Is Marxism-Leninism? Marxism: What It Is and Comparison to Communism, Socialism, and Capitalism on Investopedia The Rise of Mao Zedong on Alpha History Socialism, Fascism, Capitalism and Communism Chart from the Hampton Roads Naval Museum Democracy in the Manual for Human Rights Education with Young People Communism vs. Fascism comparison chart Communism vs. Socialism comparison chart Socialism vs Communism also with a chart Communism vs. Democracy comparison chart Capitalism vs. Socialism comparison chart Capitalism vs Socialism another chart Fascism and communism: Two sides of the same coin at the Adam Smith Institute  History is much too important to be left to politicians by Jonathan Steele in The Guardian Different Types of Socialism 6 Political Ideas Socialism different types video on various types of Socialism  The Third Way: Myth and Reality by James Petras in the Monthly Review What the Heck Is Social Liberalism? Social Liberalism vs. Social Conservatism Social Democracy definition by John Patrick in Understanding Democracy, A Hip Pocket Guide Basics on Social Democracy brochure by the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung What Is Social Democracy? Unveiling Its Values video What are the main differences between social democracy and democratic socialism? on Quora Liberal or Social Democrat? in Dissent Magazine What's the difference between Social Democracy and Libertarianism? on Quora Follow us on social: Facebook Twitter Other Podcasts by Derek DeWitt DIGITAL SIGNAGE DONE RIGHT - Winner of a 2022 Gold Quill Award, 2022 Gold MarCom Award, 2021 AVA Digital Award Gold, 2021 Silver Davey Award, 2020 Communicator Award of Excellence, and on numerous top 10 podcast lists.  PRAGUE TIMES - A city is more than just a location - it's a kaleidoscope of history, places, people and trends. This podcast looks at Prague, in the center of Europe, from a number of perspectives, including what it is now, what is has been and where it's going. It's Prague THEN, Prague NOW, Prague LATER     

Mary Shelley was just 18 years old when the idea for Frankenstein struck her on a rainy night in Geneva, Switzerland. Cooped up on vacation with nonstop rain, famous poet Lord Byron had challenged the group of literary geniuses to come up with a ghost story. Mary struggled. She could think of nothing. Then one night, as she struggled to sleep, she was hit with what she referred to as a "waking dream." What followed would come to define the science fiction genre, both inspiring and horrifying readers for centuries to come. But who was Mary Shelley, the creator? Who was she to bear such a creature? How did she manage to embody all that horror, that pain, that grotesque abnormality, gothic morbidity? Well, the more you know about the life of Mary Shelley, the more it all makes sense. Let's fix that. Support the show! Join the PatreonBuy Me a CoffeeVenmo @Shea-LaFountaineSources: The New Yorker "The Strange and Twisted Life of 'Frankenstein'" New York State Library "Mary Shelley's Monster Turns 200"Wikipedia "Mary Shelley"Biography.com "Mary Shelley"Snopes "Did Mary Shelley Lose Her Virginity on Her Mother's Grave?"JSTOR "Mary Shelley's Obsession With the Cemetery"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy "William Godwin"Shoot me a message!

On August 6, 1945, an atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, instantly killing up to 80,000 civilians, with another 40,000 dying soon after from burns and radiation poisoning. The bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki led to the surrender of the Japanese Army, marking the end of the most destructive war in history. War has been a constant throughout history. Since the dawn of agriculture, humans have waged war against one another. Some argue that war is ingrained in human nature, from our ancestors battling over resources and empires seeking expansion, to biblical genocides and acts of human sacrifice—Homo sapiens are seemingly insatiable for conflict. Others, however, believe war is not inevitable and that we have the capacity for humility, justice, and kindness without resorting to armed conflict. We must remember that explaining war is not the same as justifying it. While pacifism, as exemplified by Jesus and Gandhi, is often seen as noble, is non-violence truly effective against regimes intent on ethnic cleansing? If not, how do we determine when war is justified and what defines proportional force? Can the killing of innocent civilians ever be justified? And, if not, how do they differ from innocent combatants? War, huh, good god, what is it good for? Links A.C. Grayling, War: An Enquiry (book) Richard Overy, Why War? (book) Jeff Mcmahan, Killing in War (book) Michael Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars (book) Carl von Clausewitz, On War (book) War, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

On August 6, 1945, an atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, instantly killing up to 80,000 civilians, with another 40,000 dying soon after from burns and radiation poisoning. The bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki led to the surrender of the Japanese Army, marking the end of the most destructive war in history. War has been a constant throughout history. Since the dawn of agriculture, humans have waged war against one another. Some argue that war is ingrained in human nature, from our ancestors battling over resources and empires seeking expansion, to biblical genocides and acts of human sacrifice—Homo sapiens are seemingly insatiable for conflict. Others, however, believe war is not inevitable and that we have the capacity for humility, justice, and kindness without resorting to armed conflict. We must remember that explaining war is not the same as justifying it. While pacifism, as exemplified by Jesus and Gandhi, is often seen as noble, is non-violence truly effective against regimes intent on ethnic cleansing? If not, how do we determine when war is justified and what defines proportional force? Can the killing of innocent civilians ever be justified? And, if not, how do they differ from innocent combatants? War, huh, good god, what is it good for? Links A.C. Grayling, War: An Enquiry (book) Richard Overy, Why War? (book) Jeff Mcmahan, Killing in War (book) Michael Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars (book) Carl von Clausewitz, On War (book) War, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

On August 6, 1945, an atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, instantly killing up to 80,000 civilians, with another 40,000 dying soon after from burns and radiation poisoning. The bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki led to the surrender of the Japanese Army, marking the end of the most destructive war in history. War has been a constant throughout history. Since the dawn of agriculture, humans have waged war against one another. Some argue that war is ingrained in human nature, from our ancestors battling over resources and empires seeking expansion, to biblical genocides and acts of human sacrifice—Homo sapiens are seemingly insatiable for conflict. Others, however, believe war is not inevitable and that we have the capacity for humility, justice, and kindness without resorting to armed conflict. We must remember that explaining war is not the same as justifying it. While pacifism, as exemplified by Jesus and Gandhi, is often seen as noble, is non-violence truly effective against regimes intent on ethnic cleansing? If not, how do we determine when war is justified and what defines proportional force? Can the killing of innocent civilians ever be justified? And, if not, how do they differ from innocent combatants? War, huh, good god, what is it good for? Links A.C. Grayling, War: An Enquiry (book) Richard Overy, Why War? (book) Jeff Mcmahan, Killing in War (book) Michael Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars (book) Carl von Clausewitz, On War (book) War, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

“We tell ourselves stories in order to live,” goes the famous line from Joan Didion — but is it worth it? How do narratives help us make sense of our lives, and how might they be misleading? Advertisements these days are full of them, but can a company really have a story of its own? And could having “main character energy” actually indicate a fundamental philosophical problem?In this special live recording from the Lyceum Movement's Tallgrass Ideas Festival in Des Moines, Iowa, Sam was joined by Hannah Kim, philosopher at the University of Arizona and associate editor of the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, to discuss why storytelling has become such a prominent part of our cultural conversation, the philosophy of stories and narratology, and dig into how “storification” can limit our ability to understand our own lives. Join the Crowd in getting the real story on stories themselves.Required Reading:* More about the Lyceum Movement.Wisdom of Crowds is a platform challenging premises and understanding first principles on politics and culture. Join us! This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit wisdomofcrowds.live/subscribe

This week, Keisha and Annanda explore AI and tech from the perspectives of the African diaspora in North America, in Europe, and continental Africa. We ask: Where's Africa in the story of AI? What does the diaspora have to say about inclusion in tech? Our featured guest is Mutale Nkonde (AI For the People), and we get into inclusion, colonialism, and what we can all learn from the Maori.SHOW NOTES Talk to us at Instagram (@moralrepairpodcast), on X (@moralrepair), and on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/moral-repair-podcast/  Follow Mutale Nkonde at AI for the People.  MIT Technology Review: “Africa's push to regulate AI starts now.” (March 2024) African Union: “African Ministers Adopt Landmark Continental Artificial Intelligence Strategy, African Digital Compact to drive Africa's Development and Inclusive Growth” (June 2024) Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy on Anna Julia Cooper Combahee River Collective statement (1977) https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/combahee-river-collective-statement-1977/  China and African infrastructure projects: https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/26/china/china-african-loans-development-belt-and-road-intl-hnk/index.html

On this episode of Below the Radar, our host Am Johal is joined by Ellie Anderson, Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Pomona College, and co-host of the Overthink podcast. Ellie joins us to discuss how she got into philosophy and contemporary readings of Simone de Beauvoir's work. Full episode details: https://www.sfu.ca/vancity-office-community-engagement/below-the-radar-podcast/episodes/245-ellie-anderson.html Read the transcript: https://www.sfu.ca/vancity-office-community-engagement/below-the-radar-podcast/transcripts/245-ellie-anderson.html Resources: Ellie Anderson: https://www.ellieandersonphd.com/ Ellie Anderson's work: https://pomona.academia.edu/EllieAnderson Overthink podcast: https://overthinkpodcast.com/ Bio: Ellie Anderson is a philosopher with expertise in feminist theory, existentialism, phenomenology, and philosophy of race. She is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Pomona College and co-host of Overthink podcast. An internationally recognized specialist on love, dating, sexual consent, ethical non-monogamy (including open relationships and polyamory), and selfhood, Ellie is published in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Hypatia, Continental Philosophy Review, Forge Magazine, and more. She is currently working on a book. Cite this episode: Chicago Style Johal, Am. “Reading Simone de Beauvoir — with Ellie Anderson.” Below the Radar, SFU's Vancity Office of Community Engagement. Podcast audio, July 9, 2024. https://www.sfu.ca/vancity-office-community-engagement/below-the-radar-podcast/episodes/245-ellie-anderson.html.

On Presidents Day 2024, NCC President and CEO Jeffrey Rosen launched his new book at the NCC in conversation with Jeffrey Goldberg, editor in chief of The Atlantic. They discuss The Pursuit of Happiness: How Classical Writers on Virtue Inspired the Lives of the Founders and Defined America. This program was recorded live on February 19, 2024, and presented in partnership with The Atlantic.  Additional Resources:   Jeffrey Rosen, The Pursuit of Happiness: How Classical Writers on Virtue Inspired the Lives of the Founders and Defined America (2024)  Cicero, The Tusculan Disputations (ca. 45 BC)  The Quill Project   The King James Bible (1611)  Pythagoras, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy   The Webster-Hayne Debates   Trump v. Anderson  “Should President Trump Be Allowed on the 2024 Ballot?,” We the People podcast (Jan. 11, 2024)  “Rhetoric of Freedom,” The Atlantic (Sept. 1999)  Stay Connected and Learn More Continue the conversation on Facebook and Twitter using @ConstitutionCtr. Sign up to receive Constitution Weekly, our email roundup of constitutional news and debate, at bit.ly/constitutionweekly. Please subscribe to Live at the National Constitution Center and our companion podcast We the People on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, or your favorite podcast app.

On Presidents' Day 2024, NCC President & CEO Jeffrey Rosen launched his new book at the NCC in conversation with Jeffrey Goldberg, Editor-in-Chief of The Atlantic. They discuss The Pursuit of Happiness: How Classical Writers on Virtue Inspired the Lives of the Founders and Defined America. This program was recorded live on February 19, 2024, and presented in partnership with The Atlantic.  Resources:  Jeffrey Rosen, The Pursuit of Happiness: How Classical Writers on Virtue Inspired the Lives of the Founders and Defined America (2024)  Cicero, The Tusculan Disputations  (ca. 45 BC)  The Quill Project   The King James Bible (1611)  Pythagoras, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy   The Webster-Hayne Debates   Trump v. Anderson  “Should President Trump Be Allowed on the 2024 Ballot?,” We the People podcast (Jan. 11, 2024)  “Rhetoric of Freedom,” The Atlantic (Sept. 1999)  Questions or comments about the show? Email us at podcast@constitutioncenter.org.  Continue today's conversation on Facebook and Twitter using @ConstitutionCtr.  Sign up to receive Constitution Weekly, our email roundup of constitutional news and debate, at bit.ly/constitutionweekly.  You can find transcripts for each episode on the podcast pages in our Media Library.

This week, Emily Bazelon, John Dickerson, and David Plotz discuss the Republicans' beginning and end of both the border bill and the impeachment of Secretary Alejandro Mayorkas; the criminal conviction of a mother for a school shooting by her son; and the D.C. Circuit Court decision on presidential immunity and the Supreme Court argument on the presidential ballot.    Here are some notes and references from this week's show: Rachael Bade for Politico: Schumer presses forward with Ukraine Plan B as GOP leaders reel and Burgess Everett: Behind the border mess: Open GOP rebellion against McConnell Cleve R. Wootson Jr. for The Washington Post: Biden vows to make GOP defeat of a conservative border bill a campaign issue and Jacqueline Alemany, Amy B Wang, Marianna Sotomayor, and Paul Kane: In stunning vote, House Republicans fail to impeach Secretary Mayorkas Former Rep. Charlie Stenholm in The Hill in 2015: How Tip O'Neill and Ronald Reagan would make this Congress work Tresa Baldas for the Detroit Free Press: Jennifer Crumbley guilty: Understanding involuntary manslaughter charge, possible sentenceand Paul Egan: Michigan's gun laws change: Background checks, storage, temporary removal Michael Barbaro and Lisa Miller for The New York Times The Daily podcast: A Guilty Verdict for a Mass Shooter's Mother Rachel Weiner for The Washington Post: Trump has no immunity from Jan. 6 prosecution, appeals court rules Ian Millhiser for Vox: The Supreme Court is about to decide whether to sabotage Trump's election theft trial Amy Howe for SCOTUSblog: Supreme Court to decide whether insurrection provision keeps Trump off ballot   Here are this week's chatters: John: Ian Sample for The Guardian: AI helps scholars read scroll buried when Vesuvius erupted in AD79; Pierina Pighi Bel for the BBC: Bodegas: The small corner shops that run NYC; David Blank in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Philodemus; Moss and Fog; and Institute of Politics at Harvard Kennedy School: Theodore H. White Lecture with John Dickerson Emily: Sofia Resnick for News From The States: Study cited by Texas judge in abortion pill case retracted and Sage Publishing: A note from Sage on retractions in Health Services Research and Managerial Epidemiology David: Patrick Radden Keefe for The New Yorker: A Teen's Fatal Plunge Into The London Underworld Listener chatter from Patrick Johnson in Anchorage, Alaska: Rhonda McBride for KNBA - Anchorage: Anchorage's white raven becomes a local legend as a tracked trickster   For this week's Slate Plus bonus segment, David, John, and Emily discuss “Fast Car,” Tracy Chapman's 1988 original, and Luke Combs's 2023 cover.   In the latest Gabfest Reads, John talks with Brad Stulberg about his book, Master of Change: How to Excel When Everything Is Changing – Including You.   Email your chatters, questions, and comments to gabfest@slate.com. (Messages may be referenced by name unless the writer stipulates otherwise.) Podcast production by Cheyna Roth  Research by Julie Huygen Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

This week, Emily Bazelon, John Dickerson, and David Plotz discuss the Republicans' beginning and end of both the border bill and the impeachment of Secretary Alejandro Mayorkas; the criminal conviction of a mother for a school shooting by her son; and the D.C. Circuit Court decision on presidential immunity and the Supreme Court argument on the presidential ballot.  Here are some notes and references from this week's show:Rachael Bade for Politico: Schumer presses forward with Ukraine Plan B as GOP leaders reel and Burgess Everett: Behind the border mess: Open GOP rebellion against McConnellCleve R. Wootson Jr. for The Washington Post: Biden vows to make GOP defeat of a conservative border bill a campaign issue and Jacqueline Alemany, Amy B Wang, Marianna Sotomayor, and Paul Kane: In stunning vote, House Republicans fail to impeach Secretary MayorkasFormer Rep. Charlie Stenholm in The Hill in 2015: How Tip O'Neill and Ronald Reagan would make this Congress workTresa Baldas for the Detroit Free Press: Jennifer Crumbley guilty: Understanding involuntary manslaughter charge, possible sentenceand Paul Egan: Michigan's gun laws change: Background checks, storage, temporary removalMichael Barbaro and Lisa Miller for The New York Times The Daily podcast: A Guilty Verdict for a Mass Shooter's MotherRachel Weiner for The Washington Post: Trump has no immunity from Jan. 6 prosecution, appeals court rulesIan Millhiser for Vox: The Supreme Court is about to decide whether to sabotage Trump's election theft trialAmy Howe for SCOTUSblog: Supreme Court to decide whether insurrection provision keeps Trump off ballot Here are this week's chatters:John: Ian Sample for The Guardian: AI helps scholars read scroll buried when Vesuvius erupted in AD79; Pierina Pighi Bel for the BBC: Bodegas: The small corner shops that run NYC; David Blank in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Philodemus; Moss and Fog; and Institute of Politics at Harvard Kennedy School: Theodore H. White Lecture with John DickersonEmily: Sofia Resnick for News From The States: Study cited by Texas judge in abortion pill case retracted and Sage Publishing: A note from Sage on retractions in Health Services Research and Managerial EpidemiologyDavid: Patrick Radden Keefe for The New Yorker: A Teen's Fatal Plunge Into The London UnderworldListener chatter from Patrick Johnson in Anchorage, Alaska: Rhonda McBride for KNBA - Anchorage: Anchorage's white raven becomes a local legend as a tracked trickster For this week's Slate Plus bonus segment, David, John, and Emily discuss “Fast Car,” Tracy Chapman's 1988 original, and Luke Combs's 2023 cover. In the latest Gabfest Reads, John talks with Brad Stulberg about his book, Master of Change: How to Excel When Everything Is Changing – Including You. Email your chatters, questions, and comments to gabfest@slate.com. (Messages may be referenced by name unless the writer stipulates otherwise.)Podcast production by Cheyna Roth Research by Julie Huygen Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

This week, Emily Bazelon, John Dickerson, and David Plotz discuss the Republicans' beginning and end of both the border bill and the impeachment of Secretary Alejandro Mayorkas; the criminal conviction of a mother for a school shooting by her son; and the D.C. Circuit Court decision on presidential immunity and the Supreme Court argument on the presidential ballot.    Here are some notes and references from this week's show: Rachael Bade for Politico: Schumer presses forward with Ukraine Plan B as GOP leaders reel and Burgess Everett: Behind the border mess: Open GOP rebellion against McConnell Cleve R. Wootson Jr. for The Washington Post: Biden vows to make GOP defeat of a conservative border bill a campaign issue and Jacqueline Alemany, Amy B Wang, Marianna Sotomayor, and Paul Kane: In stunning vote, House Republicans fail to impeach Secretary Mayorkas Former Rep. Charlie Stenholm in The Hill in 2015: How Tip O'Neill and Ronald Reagan would make this Congress work Tresa Baldas for the Detroit Free Press: Jennifer Crumbley guilty: Understanding involuntary manslaughter charge, possible sentenceand Paul Egan: Michigan's gun laws change: Background checks, storage, temporary removal Michael Barbaro and Lisa Miller for The New York Times The Daily podcast: A Guilty Verdict for a Mass Shooter's Mother Rachel Weiner for The Washington Post: Trump has no immunity from Jan. 6 prosecution, appeals court rules Ian Millhiser for Vox: The Supreme Court is about to decide whether to sabotage Trump's election theft trial Amy Howe for SCOTUSblog: Supreme Court to decide whether insurrection provision keeps Trump off ballot   Here are this week's chatters: John: Ian Sample for The Guardian: AI helps scholars read scroll buried when Vesuvius erupted in AD79; Pierina Pighi Bel for the BBC: Bodegas: The small corner shops that run NYC; David Blank in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Philodemus; Moss and Fog; and Institute of Politics at Harvard Kennedy School: Theodore H. White Lecture with John Dickerson Emily: Sofia Resnick for News From The States: Study cited by Texas judge in abortion pill case retracted and Sage Publishing: A note from Sage on retractions in Health Services Research and Managerial Epidemiology David: Patrick Radden Keefe for The New Yorker: A Teen's Fatal Plunge Into The London Underworld Listener chatter from Patrick Johnson in Anchorage, Alaska: Rhonda McBride for KNBA - Anchorage: Anchorage's white raven becomes a local legend as a tracked trickster   For this week's Slate Plus bonus segment, David, John, and Emily discuss “Fast Car,” Tracy Chapman's 1988 original, and Luke Combs's 2023 cover.   In the latest Gabfest Reads, John talks with Brad Stulberg about his book, Master of Change: How to Excel When Everything Is Changing – Including You.   Email your chatters, questions, and comments to gabfest@slate.com. (Messages may be referenced by name unless the writer stipulates otherwise.) Podcast production by Cheyna Roth  Research by Julie Huygen Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Frederick Douglass, the former slave who escaped, bought his freedom, and went on to change the course of history. Douglass played a pivotal role in making the Emancipation Proclamation a reality, bringing about the Union victory in the civil war, and bringing down the institution of slavery for good.This is the second episode of the Black History Month series. Enjoy!Your listen next list: Should We Celebrate Fourth of July When So Much Needs to Change? on Apple & SpotifyThe War Within Antiracism: Why the Movement is Divided on Apple & SpotifyTo support Marie and get exclusive resources, head to patreon.com/mariebeech. To learn more about Marie's DEI services, head to mariebeecham.com.Sources: Smithsonian, Frederick Douglass (Our American Story); Britannica, Biography of Frederick Douglass; National Parks Service, Frederick Douglass National Historic Site; Freedom Center, Agitation and Activism: The Life and Legacy of Frederick Douglass; Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Frederick Douglass.

Chike Jeffers is Associate Professor in the Department of Philosophy at Dalhousie University, where he researches Africana philosophy, the philosophy of race, social and political philosophy, and ethics. Lucius Outlaw is Professor of Philosophy Emeritus and W. Alton Jones Chair Emeritus in the Philosophy Department at Vanderbilt University, where he researches African, Africana, continental, social, and political philosophy. Both Chike and Lou have written widely on African and Africana philosophy, which form the subject of this episode. More particularly, Robinson, Chike, and Lou discuss the origin of Africana philosophy in the diaspora, violence in Africana philosophy, and the role of aesthetics in the tradition. For background, check out Lou's article on Africana Philosophy in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, and Chike's work with Peter Adamson and Jonardon Ganeri on the History of Indian and Africana Philosophy Podcast. History of Indian and Africana Philosophy Podcast: https://historyofphilosophy.net/series/africana-philosophy Africana Philosophy on the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/africana/ OUTLINE 00:00 In This Episode 00:52 Introduction 03:14 What Is Africana Philosophy? 30:16 Distinguishing African and Africana Philosophy 37:16 Violence in Africana Philosophy 01:04:44 Aesthetics and Africana Philosophy 01:28:17 Final Thoughts Robinson's Website: http://robinsonerhardt.com Robinson Erhardt researches symbolic logic and the foundations of mathematics at Stanford University. Join him in conversations with philosophers, scientists, weightlifters, artists, and everyone in-between.  --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/robinson-erhardt/support

The world is changing fast. Technology can be used to empower us -- and also to hack our brains & our lives. What laws do we need to protect our freedoms? Rahul Matthan joins Amit Varma in episode 360 of The Seen and the Unseen to share his work on privacy -- and on a new, subtle approach towards data governance. (FOR FULL LINKED SHOW NOTES, GO TO SEENUNSEEN.IN.)   Also check out: 1. Rahul Matthan on Twitter, Instagram, LinkedIn, Trilegal, Substack and his own website. 2. Privacy 3.0: Unlocking Our Data-Driven Future -- Rahul Matthan. 3. The Third Way: India's Revolutionary Approach to Data Governance -- Rahul Matthan. 4. The Life and Times of KP Krishnan -- Episode 355 of The Seen and the Unseen. 5. Sudhir Sarnobat Works to Understand the World -- Episode 350 of The Seen and the Unseen. 6. Roam Research. 7. Zettelkasten on Wikipedia. 8. Tana, Obsidian and Notion. 9. Getting Things Done -- David Allen. 10. The Greatest Productivity Mantra: Kaator Re Bhaaji! -- Episode 11 of Everything is Everything. 11. Hallelujah (Spotify) (YouTube) -- Leonard Cohen. 12. Hallelujah (Spotify) (YouTube) -- Jeff Buckley. 13. The Holy or the Broken: Leonard Cohen, Jeff Buckley, and the Unlikely Ascent of "Hallelujah" -- Alan Light. 14. Hallelujah on Revisionist History by Malcolm Gladwell. 15. Bird by Bird: Some Instructions on Writing and Life -- Anne Lamott. 16. The New Basement Tapes. (Also Wikipedia.) 17. Kansas City -- Marcus Mumford. 18. The Premium Mediocre Life of Maya Millennial -- Venkatesh Rao. 19. Vitalik Buterin Fights the Dragon-Tyrant — Episode 342 of The Seen and the Unseen. 20. Paul Graham on Twitter and his own website. (His essays are extraordinary.) 21. Ribbonfarm by Venkatesh Rao. 22. The Network State --  Balaji Srinivasan. 23. Marc Andreessen on Twitter. 24. The Techno-Optimist Manifesto -- Marc Andreessen. 25. Siddhartha Mukherjee and Carlo Rovelli on Amazon. 26. For the Lord (Spotify) (YouTube) -- Rahul Matthan. 27. Predicting the Future -- Rahul Matthan (on Asimov's concept of Psychohistory etc). 28. Gurwinder Bhogal Examines Human Nature — Episode 331 of The Seen and the Unseen. 29. The Looking-Glass Self. 30. Panopticon. 31. Danish Husain and the Multiverse of Culture -- Episode 359 of The Seen and the Unseen. 32. A Scientist in the Kitchen — Episode 204 of The Seen and the Unseen (w Krish Ashok). 33. We Are All Amits From Africa — Episode 343 of The Seen and the Unseen (w Krish Ashok and Naren Shenoy). 34. Nothing is Indian! Everything is Indian! — Episode 12 of Everything is Everything. 35. The Right to Privacy -- Samuel D Warren and Louis D Brandeis. 36. John Locke on Britannica, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Wikipedia and Econlib. 37. Build for Tomorrow -- Jason Feifer. 38. Ex Machina -- Alex Garland. 39. Arrival -- Denis Villeneuve. 40. The Great Manure Crisis of 1894 -- Rahul Matthan. 41. Climate Change and Our Power Sector — Episode 278 of The Seen and the Unseen (w Akshay Jaitley and Ajay Shah). 42. The Book of Why: The New Science of Cause and Effect -- Judea Pearl. 43. The New World Upon Us — Amit Varma on Alpha Zero. 44. Brave New World -- Vasant Dhar's podcast, produced by Amit Varma. 45. Human and Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare -- Episode 4 of Brave New World (w Eric Topol). 46. The Colonial Constitution -- Arghya Sengupta. 47. Beyond Consent: A New Paradigm for Data Protection -- Rahul Matthan. 48. The Puttaswamy case. 49. Judicial Reforms in India -- Episode 62 of The Seen and the Unseen (w Alok Prasanna Kumar.) 50. Accidental Feminism: Gender Parity and Selective Mobility among India's Professional Elite --  Swethaa S Ballakrishnen. 51. Magic Fruit: A Poetic Trip -- Vaishnav Vyas. 52. Hermanos Gutiérrez and Arc De Soleil on Spotify. 53. The Travelling Salesman Problem. 54. The Twenty-Six Words That Created the Internet -- Jeff Kosseff. 55. Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace -- Lawrence Lessig. 56. Financial Inclusion and Digital Transformation in India -- Suyash Rai. 57. No Time for False Modesty -- Rahul Matthan. 58. In Service of the Republic: The Art and Science of Economic Policy -- Vijay Kelkar and Ajay Shah. 59. Once Upon a Prime -- Sarah Hart. 60. The Greatest Invention -- Silvia Ferrara. 61. Surveillance State -- Josh Chin and Liza Lin. 62. Surveillance Valley -- Yasha Levine. 63. Sex Robots and Vegan Meat -- Jenny Kleeman. 64. How to Take Smart Notes -- Sönke Ahrens. 65. The Creative Act -- Rick Rubin. 66. How to Write One Song -- Jeff Tweedy. 67. Adrian Tchaikovsky and NK Jemisin on Amazon. 68. Snarky Puppy. on Spotify and YouTube. 69. Empire Central -- Snarky Puppy. 70. Polyphia on Spotify and YouTube. 71. The Lazarus Project on Jio Cinema. This episode is sponsored by the Pune Public Policy Festival 2024, which takes place on January 19 & 20, 2024. The theme this year is Trade-offs! Amit Varma and Ajay Shah have launched a new video podcast. Check out Everything is Everything on YouTube. Check out Amit's online course, The Art of Clear Writing. And subscribe to The India Uncut Newsletter. It's free! Episode art: ‘Protocol' by Simahina.

From March 2015: Can God be proved by definition? That's the claim of the Ontological Argument for God's existence. Christian Philosopher Peter S Williams and sceptic philosopher Peter Millican from Oxford University explore the different versions of the argument. Williams defends the argument, Millican believes it is flawed. For Peter S Williams: www.peterswilliams.com Peter SW YouTube Playlist on the OA and Peter SW teaching on the argument For Peter Millican: http://www.millican.org/ and Graham Oppy's Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Ontological Arguments For Millican's 2011 debate with William Lane Craig Click here. • Subscribe to the Unbelievable? podcast: https://pod.link/267142101 • More shows, free eBook & newsletter: https://premierunbelievable.com • For live events: http://www.unbelievable.live • For online learning: https://www.premierunbelievable.com/training • Support us in the USA: http://www.premierinsight.org/unbelievableshow • Support us in the rest of the world: https://www.premierunbelievable.com/donate

The VOID was a location-based entertainment company that shut down during the pandemic and maybe coming back at some point. The VOID Co-founder & Chief Creative Officer Curtis Hickman convinced his partners to allow him to reflect upon and share the many experiential design lessons in a book titled Hyper-Reality: The Art of Designing Impossible Experiences. The book launched on June 15, 2023, and does an amazing job of sharing a ton of theoretical design insights that are grounded in specific examples and anecdotes from The VOID's backlog of experiences. Hickman is a big fan of lists and frameworks, and he includes lots of theoretical reflections with the primary structure of his 52 Laws of Hyper-Reality Design spanning four categories of Story Laws, World Laws, Guest Laws, and Magic Laws. These were the underlying principles of designing impossible experiences that The VOID would share all of the content partners, and he manages to seamlessly weave them together in digestible and fun-to-read book. Hickman is also a professional magician, and spends the second half of the book unpacking how he applied magic design theory to creating awe and wonder within the experiential design of the VOID. I had a chance to talk with Hickman about his book unpacking his experiential design process, the four categories of Hyper-Reality Design, unpacking the mimetic storytelling affordances of VR, and the VR genres of action, adventure, and "Hyper-Reality." which he defines as "the practical Illusion of an impossible reality so convincing the mind accepts it as reality itself." We chat a bit about presence in VR, and a bit about how my elemental theory of presence relates to his four categories of Hyper-Reality with Story Laws focusing on emotional presence, World Laws focusing on environmental presence and embodied presence, and Guest Laws focusing on active presence, and Magic Laws focusing on Mental Presence. Before I wrap up, I wanted to make a quick comment on a definition of experience that Hickman uses from Disney Imagineering legend Joe Rohde: Experience is a record of relationships. Relationships between things that happen in the world, your body's reception of the impulses created by that thing that happened, and the formation in your brain of the story you tell yourself about what happened. Since the last part of that sequence is the main part you are aware of, that means experience is a narrative event. It is what we tell ourselves happened. This means that a lot of the principles that you would apply in crafting narrative, say a play, a novel, a poem… Hickman, Curtis (2023, June 15) "Hyper-Reality: The Art of Designing Impossible Experiences." page 65. Independently Published. I love this definition of experience because it is very much aligned with process-relational philosophy, which the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Process Philosophy says that "If we admit that the basic entities of our world are processes, we can generate better philosophical descriptions of all the kinds of entities and relationships we are committed to when we reason about our world in common sense and in science." As Mesle says in his book on process-relational philosophy: Just look at your own experience. Isn't that exactly what your own experience is like? New drops of experience pop into being one after another like “buds or drops of perception” ([Whitehead's Process & Reality page] 68, quoting William James). Each new drop of awareness is incredibly complex, composed of thoughts, feelings, sensory experiences, and deeper feelings of being surrounded by a world of causal forces. You can never make thoughts stand still. Your own flow of experience is a paradigm for the process-relational vision of reality laid out in Whitehead's work and in the book you are currently reading. Mesle, C. Robert (2018, March 1). Process-Relational Philosophy: An Introduction to Alfred North Whitehead. page 7.

In a democracy, every vote should be equal. But in India, that's not the case. Shruti Rajagopalan joins Amit Varma in episode 336 of The Seen and the Unseen to give a detailed primer into the complex issue of Delimitation -- and to suggest her own radical solution. (FOR FULL LINKED SHOW NOTES, GO TO SEENUNSEEN.IN.) Also check out: 1. Shruti Rajagopalan on Twitter, Substack, Instagram and her podcast, Ideas of India. 2. Demography, Delimitation, and Democracy -- Shruti Rajagopalan's detailed post on Delimitation. 3. Episodes of The Seen and the Unseen w Shruti Rajagopalan, in reverse chronological order: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17. 4. India's Emerging Crisis of Representation -- Milan Vaishnav and Jamie Hintson. 5. Of Openings and Possibilities -- Pranay Kotasthane on Delimitation. 6. South India Would Like to Have a Word — Episode 320 of The Seen and the Unseen (w Nilakantan RS). 7. Jayaprakash Narayan Wants to Mend Our Democracy -- Episode 334 of The Seen and the Unseen (w Jayaprakash Narayan). 8. The Life and Times of Shanta Gokhale — Episode 311 of The Seen and the Unseen. 9. The Life and Times of Jerry Pinto — Episode 314 of The Seen and the Unseen. 10. Amit Varma on the Creator Economy -- A recent episode of the Ideas of India podcast. 11. Gurwinder Bhogal Examines Human Nature -- Episode 331 of The Seen and the Unseen. 12. The Prism -- Gurwinder Bhogal's Substack newsletter. 13. Public Choice Theory — Episode 121 of The Seen and the Unseen. 14. Public Choice: A Primer — Eomonn Butler. 15. Public Choice -- Politics Without Romance -- James M Buchanan. 16. Politics Without Romance -- Amit Varma's column archives for Bloomberg Quint. 17. David Hume on Britannica, Wikipedia and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 18. Adam Smith on Britannica, Wikipedia and Amazon. 19. James M Buchanan on Britannica, Wikipedia, Econlib and Amazon. 20. Gordon Tullock on Wikipedia, Econlib, Mercatus and Amazon. 21. The Calculus of Consent — James M Buchanan and Gordon Tullock. 22. Democracy in Deficit -- James M Buchanan and Richard E Wagner. 23. Shruti Rajagopalan on our constitutional amendments. 24. Subhashish Bhadra on Our Dysfunctional State -- Episode 33 of The Seen and the Unseen. 25. Caged Tiger: How Too Much Government Is Holding Indians Back — Subhashish Bhadra. 26. Where Have All The Leaders Gone? -- Amit Varma. 27. The Political Theory of a Compound Republic -- Vincent Ostrom. 28. Urban Governance in India — Episode 31 of The Seen and the Unseen (w Shruti Rajagopalan). 29. India's Greatest Civil Servant — Episode 167 of The Seen and the Unseen (w Narayani Basu, on VP Menon). 30. Great Soul -- Joseph Lelyveld. 31. Understanding Gandhi. Part 1: Mohandas — Episode 104 of The Seen and the Unseen (w Ram Guha). 32. Understanding Gandhi. Part 2: Mahatma — Episode 105 of The Seen and the Unseen (w Ram Guha). 33. Population Is Not a Problem, but Our Greatest Strength — Amit Varma. 34. A Life in Indian Politics — Episode 149 of The Seen and the Unseen (w Jayaprakash Narayan). 35. The First Assault on Our Constitution — Episode 194 of The Seen and the Unseen (w Tripurdaman Singh). 36. Nehru's Debates — Episode 262 of The Seen and the Unseen (w Tripurdaman Singh and Adeel Hussain.) 37. Coalition Politics and Economic Development -- Irfan Nooruddin. 38. The Laffer Curve. 39. The Anti-Defection Law — Episode 13 of The Seen and the Unseen (w Barun Mitra). 40. Our Parliament and Our Democracy — Episode 253 of The Seen and the Unseen (w MR Madhavan). 41. The Four Quadrants of Conformism — Paul Graham. 42. ‘Let Me Interrupt Your Expertise With My Confidence' — New Yorker cartoon by Jason Adam Katzenstein. 43. Eppur si muove. 44. Jagdish Bhagwati's co-written defence of demonetisation, and Shruti Rajagopalan's co-written rebuttal. This episode is sponsored by CTQ Compounds. Check out The Daily Reader and FutureStack. Use the code UNSEEN for Rs 2500 off. Amit Varma and Ajay Shah have launched a new video podcast. Check out Everything is Everything on YouTube. Check out Amit's online course, The Art of Clear Writing. And subscribe to The India Uncut Newsletter. It's free! Episode art: ‘Figure it Out' by Simahina.

Modern computers are somewhat more secure against being hacked - either by an inanimate virus or a human interloper - than they used to be. But as our lives are increasingly intertwined with computers, the dangers that hacking poses are enormously greater. Why don't we just build unhackable computers? Scott Shapiro, who is a law professor and philosopher, explains why that's essentially impossible. On a philosophical level, computers rely on an essential equivalence between "data" and "code," which is vulnerable to exploitation. And on a psychological level, human beings will always be the weakest link in the chain of security.Web page with transcript: https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2023/05/29/238-scott-shapiro-on-the-technology-and-philosophy-of-hacking/Support Mindscape on Patreon.Scott Shapiro received a J.D. from Yale Law School and a Ph.D. in philosophy from Columbia. He is currently the Charles F Southmayd Prof of Law and Philosophy at Yale University. He is the Director of the Yale Center for Law and Philosophy and also Director of the Yale Cybersecurity Lab. He is the Co-Editor of Legal Theory, and Co-Editor for philosophy of Law at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. His new book is Fancy Bear Goes Phishing: The Dark History of the Information Age, in Five Extraordinary Hacks.Yale web pageGoogle Scholar publicationsWikipediaTwitterSee Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

William of Ockham is best known today for the model of problem solving known as Ockham's (or Occam's) Razor. But the event that defined his life was an argument with Pope John XXII. Research: Lieberich, Heinz. "Louis IV". Encyclopedia Britannica, 7 Oct. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-IV-Holy-Roman-emperor Kilcullen, John. “Ockham's Political Writings.” “The Cambridge Companion to Ockham. Cambridge University Press. 1999. Republished online: http://publications.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/pubs/dialogus/polth.html Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Peter Lombard". Encyclopedia Britannica, 20 Aug. 2020, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Peter-Lombard Gál, Gedeon, O.F.M. "William of Ockham Died "impenitent" in April 1347." Franciscan Studies, vol. 42, 1982, p. 90-95. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/frc.1982.0011 Lambert, M. D. “THE FRANCISCAN CRISIS UNDER JOHN XXII.” Franciscan Studies, vol. 32, 1972, pp. 123–43. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/44000287 Donovan, Stephen M. “Bonagratia of Bergamo.” Catholic Encyclopedia. https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/bonagratia-of-bergamo Nold, Patrick. “Pope John XXII's Annotations on the Franciscan Rule: Content and Contexts.” Franciscan Studies, vol. 65, 2007, pp. 295–324. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41975430 Knysh, George. “BIOGRAPHICAL RECTIFICATIONS CONCERNING OCKHAM'S AVIGNON PERIOD.” Franciscan Studies, vol. 46, 1986, pp. 61–91. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41975065 Spade, Paul Vincent. “William of Ockham.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. March 5, 2019. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ockham/ Vignaux, Paul D.. "William of Ockham". Encyclopedia Britannica, 24 Aug. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-of-Ockham See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Cavendish was a prolific poet, playwright, and natural philosopher. She published multiple works under her own name before that was common for a woman, and she published at least five major works on natural philosophy. Research: Boyle, Deborah. “Margaret Cavendish on Gender, Nature, and Freedom.” Hypatia vol. 28, no. 3 (Summer 2013). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24542000 British Library. “Margaret Cavendish.” https://www.bl.uk/people/margaret-cavendish British Library. “Margaret Cavendish's Blazing World.” https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/margaret-cavendishs-blazing-world "Cavendish, Margaret." Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library, edited by Julie L. Carnagie, et al., vol. 3: Vol. 1: Biographies, UXL, 2002, pp. 60-65. Gale In Context: World History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3426300052/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=36cbb94b. Accessed 25 Apr. 2022. Cavendish, Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle and C.H. Firth. “The life of William Cavendish, duke of Newcastle, to which is added The true relation of my birth, breeding and life.” London : J.C. Nimmo. 1886. Cunning, David, "Margaret Lucas Cavendish", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2021 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2021/entries/margaret-cavendish/. Donagan, B. Lucas, Sir Charles (1612/13–1648), royalist army officer. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved 28 Apr. 2022. Donagan, B. Lucas, Sir Thomas (1597/8–1648/9), royalist army officer. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved 28 Apr. 2022. English Heritage. “Margaret Cavendish.” https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/histories/women-in-history/margaret-cavendish/ Fransee, Emily Lord. “Mistress of a New World: Early Science Fiction in Europe's ‘Age of Discovery.'” Public Domain Review. 10/11/2018. https://publicdomainreview.org/essay/mistress-of-a-new-world-early-science-fiction-in-europes-age-of-discovery Frederickson, Anne. “First Lady.” Distillations. Science History Institute. 4/15/2013. https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/first-lady Gryntaki, Gelly. “Margaret Cavendish: Being A Female Philosopher In The 17th Century.” The Collector. 7/24/2021. https://www.thecollector.com/margaret-cavendish-female-philosopher-17th-century/ Knight, J. Cavendish, Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle (1624?–1674). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved 27 Apr. 2022, from https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.001.0001/odnb-9780192683120-e-4940. Marshall, Eugene. “Margaret Cavendish (1623—1673).” Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://iep.utm.edu/margaret-cavendish/ Newcastle, Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle. “The cavalier in exile; being the lives of the first Duke & Duchess of Newcastle.” London, G. Newnes, Ltd. 1903. Poetry Foundation. “Duchess of Newcastle Margaret Cavendish.” https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/margaret-cavendish Project Vox team. (2019). “Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle-upon-Tyne.” Project Vox. Duke University Libraries. https://projectvox.org/cavendish-1623-1673/ Robbins, Michael. “The Royally Radical Life of Margaret Cavendish.” The Paris Review. 4/15/2019. https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2019/04/15/the-royally-radical-life-of-margaret-cavendish/ Sarasohn, Lisa T. "Cavendish, Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vol. 20, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008, pp. 79-81. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX2830905568/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=88a78131. Accessed 25 Apr. 2022. Walter, J. Lucas, John, first Baron Lucas of Shenfield (1606–1671), royalist landowner. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved 28 Apr. 2022. Wilkins, Emma. “Margaret Cavendish and the Royal Society.” Notes and Records. Volume 68, Issue 3. 5/14/2014. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2014.0015 Wills, Matthew. “'Mad Meg,' the Poet-Duchess of 17th Century England.” JSTOR Daily. 3/10/2019. https://daily.jstor.org/mad-meg-the-poet-duchess-of-17th-century-england/ Woolf, Virginia. “The Common Reader.” New York. Harcourt, Brace and Company. 1925. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Bruno was a mathematician, philosopher, astronomer, occultist, and according to the Catholic church of 16th-century Italy, a heretic. He met a bad end because of his views, but he started out as a friar. Research:  Aquilecchia, Giovanni. "Giordano Bruno". Encyclopedia Britannica, 13 Feb. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Giordano-Bruno “Giordano Bruno.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. May 30, 2018. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bruno/ Martinez, Alberto A. “Burned Alive: Bruno, Galileo and the Inquisition.” Reaktion Books. 2018. Rosenthal, Erwin I.J.. "Averroës". Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Jan. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Averroes Alberto A. Martinez Giordano Bruno and the heresy of many worlds, Annals of Science. 73:4, 345-374. 2016. 10.1080/00033790.2016.1193627 Rowland, Ingrid D. “Giordano Bruno Philosopher, Heretic.” Farrar, Straus & Giroux. 2008. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.