Podcasts about mercatus

Good evening: The show begins with a European debate, should we acquire a Eurobomb? 1953 NEVADA CBS Eye on the World with John Batchelor FIRST HOUR 9-915 3 Eurobomb: Fantasy or Next? Anatol Lieven, Quincy Institute 915-930 #NATO: Can Europe Rally Without the US? Anatol Lieven, Quincy Institute 930-945 1/2: Remembering Baroness M. Thatcher, Charlie Cooke, Civitas Institute, NRO 945-1000 2/2: Remembering Baroness M. Thatcher, Charlie Cooke, Civitas Institute, NRO SECOND HOUR 10-1015 #Canada: Green PM Mark Carney. Mary Anastasia O'Grady, WSJ 1015-1030 #MrMarket: Tariffs Cost Manufacturing Jobs. Veronique de Rugy, Mercatus 1030-1045 #PPRC: Tariffs Crush the CCP Export Driven Model. #ScalaReport: Chris Riegel CEO, Scala.com @Stratacache. 1045-1100 #Canada: Premier Doug Ford of Ontario Offers a Deal to the Trump Administration. Conrad Black, National Post THIRD HOUR 1100-1115 1/8: Taking Manhattan: The Extraordinary Events That Created New York and Shaped America Hardcover – March 4, 2025 by Russell Shorto (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Taking-Manhattan-Extraordinary-Created-America/dp/0393881164/ref=tmm_hrd_swatch_0 The author of The Island at the Center of the World offers up a thrilling narrative of how New York―that brash, bold, archetypal city―came to be. In 1664, England decided to invade the Dutch-controlled city of New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island. Charles II and his brother, the Duke of York, had dreams of empire, and their archrivals, the Dutch, were in the way. But Richard Nicolls, the military officer who led the English flotilla bent on destruction, changed his strategy once he encountered Peter Stuyvesant, New Netherland's canny director general. Bristling with vibrant characters, Taking Manhattan reveals the founding of New York to be an invention, the result of creative negotiations that would blend the multiethnic, capitalistic society of New Amsterdam with the power of the rising English empire. But the birth of what might be termed the first modern city is also a story of the brutal dispossession of Native Americans and of the roots of American slavery. The book draws from newly translated materials and illuminates neglected histories―of religious refugees, Indigenous tribes, and free and enslaved Africans. Taking Manhattan tells the riveting story of the birth of New York City as a center of capitalism and pluralism, a foundation from which America would rise. It also shows how the paradox of New York's origins―boundless opportunity coupled with subjugation and displacement―reflects America's promise and failure to this day. Russell Shorto, whose work has been described as "astonishing" (New York Times) and "literary alchemy" (Chicago Tribune), has once again mined archival sources to offer a vibrant tale and a fresh and trenchant argument about American beginnings. 115-1130 2/8: Taking Manhattan: The Extraordinary Events That Created New York and Shaped America Hardcover – March 4, 2025 by Russell Shorto (Author) 1130-1145 3/8: Taking Manhattan: The Extraordinary Events That Created New York and Shaped America Hardcover – March 4, 2025 by Russell Shorto (Author) 1145-1200 4/8: Taking Manhattan: The Extraordinary Events That Created New York and Shaped America Hardcover – March 4, 2025 by Russell Shorto (Author) FOURTH HOUR 12-1215 #NewWorldReport: Tariffs and Mexico and Brazil. Trouble in Panama. Latin American Research Professor Evan Ellis, U.S. Army War College Strategic Studies Institute. @RevAnEllis #NewWorldReportEllis 1215-1230#NewWorldReport: Mexico and the Cartels, Latin American Research Professor Evan Ellis, U.S. Army War College Strategic Studies Institute. @RevAnEllis #NewWorldReportEllis 1230-1245 #NewWorldReport: SecState Rubio Visits Jamaica, Guyana, Suriname. Latin American Research Professor Evan Ellis, U.S. Army War College Strategic Studies Institute. @RevAnEllis #NewWorldReportEllis 1245-100 AM #NewWorldReport: Good News in Buenos Aires. Latin American Research Professor Evan Ellis, U.S. Army War College Strategic Studies Institute. @RevAnEllis #NewWorldReportEllis

#MRMARKET: TARIFFS COST MANUFACTURING JOBS. VERONIQUE DE RUGY, MERCATUS

.#POTUS: EXITING EDUCATION DEPARTMENT. VERONIQUE DE RUGY, MERCATUS 1905 NORMAL SCHOOL, LA

Good evening: The show begins in Las Vegas with an apparently political attack on parked Teslas... 1885 "ROBUR THE CONQUEROR" BY JULESS VERNE CBS EYE ON THE WORLD WITH JOHN BATCHELOR FIRST HOUR 9-915 #PacificWatch: #VegasReport: BURNING TESLAS @JCBliss 915-930 #CANADA: PM CARNEY CALLS AN ELECTION. CONRAD BLACK 930-945 #SMALLBUSINESSAMERICA: UNCERTAINTY. @GENEMARKS @GUARDIAN @PHILLYINQUIRER 945-1000 #SMALLBUSINESSAMERICA: AI SUPREME. @GENEMARKS @GUARDIAN @PHILLYINQUIRER SECOND HOUR 10-1015 #CA: NEWSOM HOSTING PODCAST. BILL WHALEN, HOOVER 1015-1030 #POTUS: EXITING EDUCATION DEPARTMENT. VERONIQUE DE RUGY, MERCATUS 1030-1045 MORE FIREFLY SUCCESS. BOB ZIMMERMAN BEHINDTHEBLACK.COM 1045-1100 STARLINER: MORE TESTS. BOB ZIMMERMAN BEHINDTHEBLACK.COM THIRD HOUR 1100-1115 #EL SALVADOR: BUKELE THE JAILER OF TREN DE ARAGUA. MARY ANASTASIA O'GRADY 1115-1130 #ITALY PM MELONI BETWEEN DC AND BRUSSELS. LORENZO FIORI IN MILAN. 1130-1145 1/2: #POTUS: US AND THE UKRAINE NUCLEAR POWER FLEET. HENRY SOKOLSKI, NPEC 1145-1200 2/2: #POTUS: US AND THE UKRAINE NUCLEAR POWER FLEET. HENRY SOKOLSKI, NPEC FOURTH HOUR 12-1215 #AGI: THE NEXT AI. BRANDON WEICHERT, NATIONAL INTEREST. 1215-1230 #URANUS: HEAT ON AN ICE GIANT. KEN CROSWELL, SCIENCE NEWS 1230-1245 #SCOTUS: DEPORTING DISORDER. RICHARD EPSTEIN, CIVITAS INSTITUTE 1245-100 am #SCOTUS: PUNISHING COLUMBIA. RICHARD EPSTEIN, CIVITAS.

Good evening: The show begins in Las Vegas, celebrating the global Disneyfication of the F1 sport and passion. More later. 1953 LAS VEGAS I'll add boldface to the four hour headings: CBS EYE ON THE WORLD WITH JOHN BATCHELOR FIRST HOUR 9:00-9:15 #PACIFICWATCH: #VEGASREPORT: F1 DISNEYFICATION. @JCBLISS 9:15-9:30 ENERGY: ELECTRICITY DEMANDS, THREATEN SHORTFALL. 9:30-9:45 1/2: #TARIFFS: FREE TRADE AND NVIDIA CHIPS. JOHN COCHRANE, HOOVER 9:45-10:00 2/2: #TARIFFS: FREE TRADE AND NVIDIA CHIPS. JOHN COCHRANE, HOOVER SECOND HOUR 10:00-10:15 #CALIFORNIA: NEWSOM PODCASTS. BILL WHALEN, HOOVER. 10:15-10:30 #TARIFFS: NO USEFULNESS. VERONIQUE DE RUGY, MERCATUS 10:30-10:45 #NASA: ISAACMAN? BOB ZIMMERMAN, BEHINDTHEBLACK.COM 10:45-11:00 FIREFLY BLUE GHOST SLEEPS. BOB ZIMMERMAN, BEHINDTHEBLACK.COM THIRD HOUR 11:00-11:15 1/4: "The Shadow War: Iran's Quest for Supremacy" by Brandon J. Weichert (Author) 11:15-11:30 2/4: "The Shadow War: Iran's Quest for Supremacy" by Brandon J. Weichert (Author) 11:30-11:45 3/4: "The Shadow War: Iran's Quest for Supremacy" by Brandon J. Weichert (Author) 11:45-12:00 4/4: "The Shadow War: Iran's Quest for Supremacy" by Brandon J. Weichert (Author) FOURTH HOUR 12:00-12:15 #NUKES: POLAND, SOUTH KOREA. HENRY SOKOLSKI, NPEC. 12:15-12:30 #ITALY: EARTHQUAKE NAPLES; FLOR FIRENZE. LORENZO FIORI IN MILAN 12:30-12:45 SCOTUS: INDEPENDENT BOARDS. RICHARD EPSTEIN, CIVITAS INSTITUTE 12:45-1:00 AM DHS: DEPORTING GREEN CARD. RICHARD EPSTEIN, CIVITAS INSTITUTE

#TARIFFS: NO USEFULNESS.. VERONIQUE DE RUGY, MERCATUS 1908 NYSE

A Wuhan-developed AI agent went viral this weekend. Guests Rohit Krishnan of the substack Strange Loop Canon, Shawn Wang of Latent Space, and Dean Ball of Mercatus and Hyperdimensional join us to discuss. We get into What Manus is and isn't What Manus tells us about the broader AI ecosystem's ability to produce products we actually want to use The political economy and liability issues that AI agents will engender More ChinaTalk coverage: https://www.chinatalk.media/p/manus-chinas-latest-ai-sensation Outtro Music: La Marelu "Mala" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HAB5rx8mqjM&ab_channel=LaMarelu-Topic Alaska y Dinarama "A Quién Le Importa" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2uQhdDtdXg0&ab_channel=YouMoreTv-Espect%C3%A1culo Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A Wuhan-developed AI agent went viral this weekend. Guests Rohit Krishnan of the substack Strange Loop Canon, Shawn Wang of Latent Space, and Dean Ball of Mercatus and Hyperdimensional join us to discuss. We get into What Manus is and isn't What Manus tells us about the broader AI ecosystem's ability to produce products we actually want to use The political economy and liability issues that AI agents will engender More ChinaTalk coverage: https://www.chinatalk.media/p/manus-chinas-latest-ai-sensation Outtro Music: La Marelu "Mala" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HAB5rx8mqjM&ab_channel=LaMarelu-Topic Alaska y Dinarama "A Quién Le Importa" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2uQhdDtdXg0&ab_channel=YouMoreTv-Espect%C3%A1culo Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

On this special crossover episode, Ideas of India podcast host, Shruti Rajagopalan, interviews Christopher J. Coyne on the economics of conflict and peace, the history of the U.S. security state, the US intervention in Afghanistan, domestic consequences of militarism abroad, and much more!For the full length transcript and for more episodes like this, check out the Ideas of India podcast page.Shruti Rajagopalan is a Senior Research Fellow at the Mercatus Center and a Fellow at the Classical Liberal Institute at New York University School of Law. She leads the India political economy research program and Emergent Ventures India at Mercatus and hosts the Ideas of India podcast.Christopher J. Coyne is Associate Director of the F. A. Hayek Program for Advanced Study in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics, Professor of Economics at George Mason University, and Director of the Initiative for the Study of a Stable Peace (ISSP).If you like the show, please subscribe, leave a 5-star review, and tell others about the show! We're available on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, Amazon Music, and wherever you get your podcasts.Virtual Sentiments, a podcast series from the Hayek Program, is streaming. Subscribe today and listen to season three, releasing now!Follow the Hayek Program on Twitter: @HayekProgramLearn more about Academic & Student ProgramsFollow the Mercatus Center on Twitter: @mercatusCC Music: Twisterium

Dr. Gary Null provides a commentary on "Universal  Healthcare"       Universal Healthcare is the Solution to a Broken Medical System Gary Null, PhD Progressive Radio Network, March 3, 2025 For over 50 years, there has been no concerted or successful effort to bring down medical costs in the American healthcare system. Nor are the federal health agencies making disease prevention a priority. Regardless whether the political left or right sponsors proposals for reform, such measures are repeatedly defeated by both parties in Congress. As a result, the nation's healthcare system remains one of the most expensive and least efficient in the developed world. For the past 30 years, medical bills contributing to personal debt regularly rank among the top three causes of personal bankruptcy. This is a reality that reflects not only the financial strain on ordinary Americans but the systemic failure of the healthcare system itself. The urgent question is: If President Trump and his administration are truly seeking to reduce the nation's $36 trillion deficit, why is there no serious effort to reform the most bloated and corrupt sector of the economy? A key obstacle is the widespread misinformation campaign that falsely claims universal health care would cost an additional $2 trillion annually and further balloon the national debt. However, a more honest assessment reveals the opposite. If the US adopted a universal single-payer system, the nation could actually save up to $20 trillion over the next 10 years rather than add to the deficit. Even with the most ambitious efforts by people like Elon Musk to rein in federal spending or optimize government efficiency, the estimated savings would only amount to $500 billion. This is only a fraction of what could be achieved through comprehensive healthcare reform alone. Healthcare is the largest single expenditure of the federal budget. A careful examination of where the $5 trillion spent annually on healthcare actually goes reveals massive systemic fraud and inefficiency. Aside from emergency medicine, which accounts for only 10-12 percent of total healthcare expenditures, the bulk of this spending does not deliver better health outcomes nor reduce trends in physical and mental illness. Applying Ockham's Razor, the principle that the simplest solution is often the best, the obvious conclusion is that America's astronomical healthcare costs are the direct result of price gouging on an unimaginable scale. For example, in most small businesses, profit margins range between 1.6 and 2.5 percent, such as in grocery retail. Yet the pharmaceutical industrial complex routinely operates on markup rates as high as 150,000 percent for many prescription drugs. The chart below highlights the astronomical gap between the retail price of some top-selling patented pharmaceutical medications and their generic equivalents. Drug Condition Patent Price (per unit) Generic Price Estimated Manufacture Cost Markup Source Insulin (Humalog) Diabetes $300 $30 $3 10,000% Rand (2021) EpiPen Allergic reactions $600 $30 $10 6,000% BMJ (2022) Daraprim Toxoplasmosis $750/pill $2 $0.50 150,000% JAMA (2019) Harvoni Hepatitis C $94,500 (12 weeks) $30,000 $200 47,000% WHO Report (2018) Lipitor Cholesterol $150 $10 $0.50 29,900% Health Affairs (2020) Xarelto Blood Thinner $450 $25 $1.50 30,000% NEJM (2020) Abilify Schizophrenia $800 (30 tablets) $15 $2 39,900% AJMC (2019) Revlimid Cancer $16,000/mo $450 $150 10,500% Kaiser Health News (2021) Humira Arthritis $2,984/dose $400 $50 5,868% Rand (2021) Sovaldi Hepatitis C $1,000/pill $10 $2 49,900% JAMA (2021) Xolair Asthma $2,400/dose $300 $50 4,800% NEJM (2020) Gleevec Leukemia $10,000/mo $350 $200 4,900% Harvard Public Health Review (2020) OxyContin Pain Relief $600 (30 tablets) $15 $0.50 119,900% BMJ (2022) Remdesivir Covid-19 $3,120 (5 doses) N/A $10 31,100% The Lancet (2020) The corruption extends far beyond price gouging. Many pharmaceutical companies convince federal health agencies to fund their basic research and drug development with taxpayer dollars. Yet when these companies bring successful products to market, the profits are kept entirely by the corporations or shared with the agencies or groups of government scientists. On the other hand, the public, who funded the research, receives no financial return. This amounts to a systemic betrayal of the public trust on a scale of hundreds of billions of dollars annually. Another significant contributor to rising healthcare costs is the widespread practice of defensive medicine that is driven by the constant threat of litigation. Over the past 40 years, defensive medicine has become a cottage industry. Physicians order excessive diagnostic tests and unnecessary treatments simply to protect themselves from lawsuits. Study after study has shown that these over-performed procedures not only inflate costs but lead to iatrogenesis or medical injury and death caused by the medical  system and practices itself. The solution is simple: adopting no-fault healthcare coverage for everyone where patients receive care without needing to sue and thereby freeing doctors from the burden of excessive malpractice insurance. A single-payer universal healthcare system could fundamentally transform the entire industry by capping profits at every level — from drug manufacturers to hospitals to medical equipment suppliers. The Department of Health and Human Services would have the authority to set profit margins for medical procedures. This would ensure that healthcare is determined by outcomes, not profits. Additionally, the growing influence of private equity firms and vulture capitalists buying up hospitals and medical clinics across America must be reined in. These equity firms prioritize profit extraction over improving the quality of care. They often slash staff, raise prices, and dictate medical procedures based on what will yield the highest returns. Another vital reform would be to provide free medical education for doctors and nurses in exchange for five years of service under the universal system. Medical professionals would earn a realistic salary cap to prevent them from being lured into equity partnerships or charging exorbitant rates. The biggest single expense in the current system, however, is the private health insurance industry, which consumes 33 percent of the $5 trillion healthcare budget. Health insurance CEOs consistently rank among the highest-paid executives in the country. Their companies, who are nothing more than bean counters, decide what procedures and drugs will be covered, partially covered, or denied altogether. This entire industry is designed to place profits above patients' lives. If the US dismantled its existing insurance-based system and replaced it with a fully reformed national healthcare model, the country could save $2.7 trillion annually while simultaneously improving health outcomes. Over the course of 10 years, those savings would amount to $27 trillion. This could wipe out nearly the entire national debt in a short time. This solution has been available for decades but has been systematically blocked by corporate lobbying and bipartisan corruption in Washington. The path forward is clear but only if American citizens demand a system where healthcare is valued as a public service and not a commodity. The national healthcare crisis is not just a fiscal issue. It is a crucial moral failure of the highest order. With the right reforms, the nation could simultaneously restore its financial health and deliver the kind of healthcare system its citizens have long deserved. American Healthcare: Corrupt, Broken and Lethal Richard Gale and Gary Null Progressive Radio Network, March 3, 2025 For a nation that prides itself on being the world's wealthiest, most innovative and technologically advanced, the US' healthcare system is nothing less than a disaster and disgrace. Not only are Americans the least healthy among the most developed nations, but the US' health system ranks dead last among high-income countries. Despite rising costs and our unshakeable faith in American medical exceptionalism, average life expectancy in the US has remained lower than other OECD nations for many years and continues to decline. The United Nations recognizes healthcare as a human right. In 2018, former UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon denounced the American healthcare system as "politically and morally wrong." During the pandemic it is estimated that two to three years was lost on average life expectancy. On the other hand, before the Covid-19 pandemic, countries with universal healthcare coverage found their average life expectancy stable or slowly increasing. The fundamental problem in the U.S. is that politics have been far too beholden to the pharmaceutical, HMO and private insurance industries. Neither party has made any concerted effort to reign in the corruption of corporate campaign funding and do what is sensible, financially feasible and morally correct to improve Americans' quality of health and well-being.   The fact that our healthcare system is horribly broken is proof that moneyed interests have become so powerful to keep single-payer debate out of the media spotlight and censored. Poll after poll shows that the American public favors the expansion of public health coverage. Other incremental proposals, including Medicare and Medicaid buy-in plans, are also widely preferred to the Affordable Care Act or Obamacare mess we are currently stuck with.   It is not difficult to understand how the dismal state of American medicine is the result of a system that has been sold out to the free-market and the bottom line interests of drug makers and an inflated private insurance industry. How advanced and ethically sound can a healthcare system be if tens of millions of people have no access to medical care because it is financially out of their reach?  The figures speak for themselves. The U.S. is burdened with a $41 trillion Medicare liability. The number of uninsured has declined during the past several years but still lingers around 25 million. An additional 30-35 million are underinsured. There are currently 65 million Medicare enrollees and 89 million Medicaid recipients. This is an extremely unhealthy snapshot of the country's ability to provide affordable healthcare and it is certainly unsustainable. The system is a public economic failure, benefiting no one except the large and increasingly consolidated insurance and pharmaceutical firms at the top that supervise the racket.   Our political parties have wrestled with single-payer or universal healthcare for decades. Obama ran his first 2008 presidential campaign on a single-payer platform. Since 1985, his campaign health adviser, the late Dr. Quentin Young from the University of Illinois Medical School, was one of the nation's leading voices calling for universal health coverage.  During a private conversation with Dr. Young shortly before his passing in 2016, he conveyed his sense of betrayal at the hands of the Obama administration. Dr. Young was in his 80s when he joined the Obama campaign team to help lead the young Senator to victory on a promise that America would finally catch up with other nations. The doctor sounded defeated. He shared how he was manipulated, and that Obama held no sincere intention to make universal healthcare a part of his administration's agenda. During the closed-door negotiations, which spawned the weak and compromised Affordable Care Act, Dr. Young was neither consulted nor invited to participate. In fact, he told us that he never heard from Obama again after his White House victory.   Past efforts to even raise the issue have been viciously attacked. A huge army of private interests is determined to keep the public enslaved to private insurers and high medical costs. The failure of our healthcare is in no small measure due to it being a fully for-profit operation. Last year, private health insurance accounted for 65 percent of coverage. Consider that there are over 900 private insurance companies in the US. National Health Expenditures (NHE) grew to $4.5 trillion in 2022, which was 17.3 percent of GDP. Older corporate rank-and-file Democrats and Republicans argue that a single-payer or socialized medical program is unaffordable. However, not only is single-payer affordable, it will end bankruptcies due to unpayable medical debt. In addition, universal healthcare, structured on a preventative model, will reduce disease rates at the outset.    Corporate Democrats argue that Obama's Affordable Care Act (ACA) was a positive step inching the country towards complete public coverage. However, aside from providing coverage to the poorest of Americans, Obamacare turned into another financial anchor around the necks of millions more. According to the health policy research group KFF, the average annual health insurance premium for single coverage is $8,400 and almost $24,000 for a family. In addition, patient out-of-pocket costs continue to increase, a 6.6% increase to $471 billion in 2022. Rather than healthcare spending falling, it has exploded, and the Trump and Biden administrations made matters worse.    Clearly, a universal healthcare program will require flipping the script on the entire private insurance industry, which employed over half a million people last year.  Obviously, the most volatile debate concerning a national universal healthcare system concerns cost. Although there is already a socialized healthcare system in place -- every federal legislator, bureaucrat, government employee and veteran benefits from it -- fiscal Republican conservatives and groups such as the Koch Brothers network are single-mindedly dedicated to preventing the expansion of Medicare and Medicaid. A Koch-funded Mercatus analysis made the outrageous claim that a single-payer system would increase federal health spending by $32 trillion in ten years. However, analyses and reviews by the Congressional Budget Office in the early 1990s concluded that such a system would only increase spending at the start; enormous savings would quickly offset it as the years pass. In one analysis, "the savings in administrative costs [10 percent of health spending] would be more than enough to offset the expense of universal coverage."    Defenders of those advocating for funding a National Health Program argue this can primarily be accomplished by raising taxes to levels comparable to other developed nations. This was a platform Senator Bernie Sanders and some of the younger progressive Democrats in the House campaigned on. The strategy was to tax the highest multimillion-dollar earners 60-70 percent. Despite the outrage of its critics, including old rank-and-file multi-millionaire Democrats like Nancy Pelosi and Chuck Schumer, this is still far less than in the past. During the Korean War, the top tax rate was 91 percent; it declined to 70 percent in the late 1960s. Throughout most of the 1970s, those in the lowest income bracket were taxed at 14 percent. We are not advocating for this strategy because it ignores where the funding is going, and the corruption in the system that is contributing to exorbitant waste.    But Democratic supporters of the ACA who oppose a universal healthcare plan ignore the additional taxes Obama levied to pay for the program. These included surtaxes on investment income, Medicare taxes from those earning over $200,000, taxes on tanning services, an excise tax on medical equipment, and a 40 percent tax on health coverage for costs over the designated cap that applied to flexible savings and health savings accounts. The entire ACA was reckless, sloppy and unnecessarily complicated from the start.    The fact that Obamacare further strengthened the distinctions between two parallel systems -- federal and private -- with entirely different economic structures created a labyrinth of red tape, rules, and wasteful bureaucracy. Since the ACA went into effect, over 150 new boards, agencies and programs have had to be established to monitor its 2,700 pages of gibberish. A federal single-payer system would easily eliminate this bureaucracy and waste.    A medical New Deal to establish universal healthcare coverage is a decisive step in the correct direction. But we must look at the crisis holistically and in a systematic way. Simply shuffling private insurance into a federal Medicare-for-all or buy-in program, funded by taxing the wealthiest of citizens, would only temporarily reduce costs. It will neither curtail nor slash escalating disease rates e. Any effective healthcare reform must also tackle the underlying reasons for Americans' poor state of health. We cannot shy away from examining the social illnesses infecting our entire free-market capitalist culture and its addiction to deregulation. A viable healthcare model would have to structurally transform how the medical economy operates. Finally, a successful medical New Deal must honestly evaluate the best and most reliable scientific evidence in order to effectively redirect public health spending.    For example, Dr. Ezekiel Emanuel, a former Obama healthcare adviser, observed that AIDS-HIV measures consume the most public health spending, even though the disease "ranked 75th on the list of diseases by personal health expenditures." On the other hand, according to the American Medical Association, a large percentage of the nation's $3.4 trillion healthcare spending goes towards treating preventable diseases, notably diabetes, common forms of heart disease, and back and neck pain conditions. In 2016, these three conditions were the most costly and accounted for approximately $277 billion in spending. Last year, the CDC announced the autism rate is now 1 in 36 children compared to 1 in 44 two years ago. A retracted study by Mark Blaxill, an autism activist at the Holland Center and a friend of the authors, estimates that ASD costs will reach $589 billion annually by 2030. There are no signs that this alarming trend will reverse and decline; and yet, our entire federal health system has failed to conscientiously investigate the underlying causes of this epidemic. All explanations that might interfere with the pharmaceutical industry's unchecked growth, such as over-vaccination, are ignored and viciously discredited without any sound scientific evidence. Therefore, a proper medical New Deal will require a systemic overhaul and reform of our federal health agencies, especially the HHS, CDC and FDA. Only the Robert Kennedy Jr presidential campaign is even addressing the crisis and has an inexpensive and comprehensive plan to deal with it. For any medical revolution to succeed in advancing universal healthcare, the plan must prioritize spending in a manner that serves public health and not private interests. It will also require reshuffling private corporate interests and their lobbyists to the sidelines, away from any strategic planning, in order to break up the private interests' control over federal agencies and its revolving door policies. Aside from those who benefit from this medical corruption, the overwhelming majority of Americans would agree with this criticism. However, there is a complete lack of national trust that our legislators, including the so-called progressives, would be willing to undertake such actions.    In addition, America's healthcare system ignores the single most critical initiative to reduce costs - that is, preventative efforts and programs instead of deregulation and closing loopholes designed to protect the drug and insurance industries' bottom line. Prevention can begin with banning toxic chemicals that are proven health hazards associated with current disease epidemics, and it can begin by removing a 1,000-plus toxins already banned in Europe. This should be a no-brainer for any legislator who cares for public health. For example, Stacy Malkan, co-founder of the Campaign for Safe Cosmetics, notes that "the policy approach in the US and Europe is dramatically different" when it comes to chemical allowances in cosmetic products. Whereas the EU has banned 1,328 toxic substances from the cosmetic industry alone, the US has banned only 11. The US continues to allow carcinogenic formaldehyde, petroleum, forever chemicals, many parabens (an estrogen mimicker and endocrine hormone destroyer), the highly allergenic p-phenylenediamine or PBD, triclosan, which has been associated with the rise in antibiotic resistant bacteria, avobenzone, and many others to be used in cosmetics, sunscreens, shampoo and hair dyes.   Next, the food Americans consume can be reevaluated for its health benefits. There should be no hesitation to tax the unhealthiest foods, such as commercial junk food, sodas and candy relying on high fructose corn syrup, products that contain ingredients proven to be toxic, and meat products laden with dangerous chemicals including growth hormones and antibiotics. The scientific evidence that the average American diet is contributing to rising disease trends is indisputable. We could also implement additional taxes on the public advertising of these demonstrably unhealthy products. All such tax revenue would accrue to a national universal health program to offset medical expenditures associated with the very illnesses linked to these products. Although such tax measures would help pay for a new medical New Deal, it may be combined with programs to educate the public about healthy nutrition if it is to produce a reduction in the most common preventable diseases. In fact, comprehensive nutrition courses in medical schools should be mandatory because the average physician receives no education in this crucial subject.  In addition, preventative health education should be mandatory throughout public school systems.   Private insurers force hospitals, clinics and private physicians into financial corners, and this is contributing to prodigious waste in money and resources. Annually, healthcare spending towards medical liability insurance costs tens of billions of dollars. In particular, this economic burden has taxed small clinics and physicians. It is well past the time that physician liability insurance is replaced with no-fault options. Today's doctors are spending an inordinate amount of money to protect themselves. Legions of liability and trial lawyers seek big paydays for themselves stemming from physician error. This has created a culture of fear among doctors and hospitals, resulting in the overly cautious practice of defensive medicine, driving up costs and insurance premiums just to avoid lawsuits. Doctors are forced to order unnecessary tests and prescribe more medications and medical procedures just to cover their backsides. No-fault insurance is a common-sense plan that enables physicians to pursue their profession in a manner that will reduce iatrogenic injuries and costs. Individual cases requiring additional medical intervention and loss of income would still be compensated. This would generate huge savings.    No other nation suffers from the scourge of excessive drug price gouging like the US. After many years of haggling to lower prices and increase access to generic drugs, only a minute amount of progress has been made in recent years. A 60 Minutes feature about the Affordable Care Act reported an "orgy of lobbying and backroom deals in which just about everyone with a stake in the $3-trillion-a-year health industry came out ahead—except the taxpayers.” For example, Life Extension magazine reported that an antiviral cream (acyclovir), which had lost its patent protection, "was being sold to pharmacies for 7,500% over the active ingredient cost. The active ingredient (acyclovir) costs only 8 pennies, yet pharmacies are paying a generic maker $600 for this drug and selling it to consumers for around $700." Other examples include the antibiotic Doxycycline. The price per pill averages 7 cents to $3.36 but has a 5,300 percent markup when it reaches the consumer. The antidepressant Clomipramine is marked up 3,780 percent, and the anti-hypertensive drug Captopril's mark-up is 2,850 percent. And these are generic drugs!    Medication costs need to be dramatically cut to allow drug manufacturers a reasonable but not obscene profit margin. By capping profits approximately 100 percent above all costs, we would save our system hundreds of billions of dollars. Such a measure would also extirpate the growing corporate misdemeanors of pricing fraud, which forces patients to pay out-of-pocket in order to make up for the costs insurers are unwilling to pay.    Finally, we can acknowledge that our healthcare is fundamentally a despotic rationing system based upon high insurance costs vis-a-vis a toss of the dice to determine where a person sits on the economic ladder. For the past three decades it has contributed to inequality. The present insurance-based economic metrics cast millions of Americans out of coverage because private insurance costs are beyond their means. Uwe Reinhardt, a Princeton University political economist, has called our system "brutal" because it "rations [people] out of the system." He defined rationing as "withholding something from someone that is beneficial." Discriminatory healthcare rationing now affects upwards to 60 million people who have been either priced out of the system or under insured. They make too much to qualify for Medicare under Obamacare, yet earn far too little to afford private insurance costs and premiums. In the final analysis, the entire system is discriminatory and predatory.    However, we must be realistic. Almost every member of Congress has benefited from Big Pharma and private insurance lobbyists. The only way to begin to bring our healthcare program up to the level of a truly developed nation is to remove the drug industry's rampant and unnecessary profiteering from the equation.     How did Fauci memory-hole a cure for AIDS and get away with it?   By Helen Buyniski   Over 700,000 Americans have died of AIDS since 1981, with the disease claiming some 42.3 million victims worldwide. While an HIV diagnosis is no longer considered a certain death sentence, the disease looms large in the public imagination and in public health funding, with contemporary treatments running into thousands of dollars per patient annually.   But was there a cure for AIDS all this time - an affordable and safe treatment that was ruthlessly suppressed and attacked by the US public health bureaucracy and its agents? Could this have saved millions of lives and billions of dollars spent on AZT, ddI and failed HIV vaccine trials? What could possibly justify the decision to disappear a safe and effective approach down the memory hole?   The inventor of the cure, Gary Null, already had several decades of experience creating healing protocols for physicians to help patients not responding well to conventional treatments by the time AIDS was officially defined in 1981. Null, a registered dietitian and board-certified nutritionist with a PhD in human nutrition and public health science, was a senior research fellow and Director of Anti-Aging Medicine at the Institute of Applied Biology for 36 years and has published over 950 papers, conducting groundbreaking experiments in reversing biological aging as confirmed with DNA methylation testing. Additionally, Null is a multi-award-winning documentary filmmaker, bestselling author, and investigative journalist whose work exposing crimes against humanity over the last 50 years has highlighted abuses by Big Pharma, the military-industrial complex, the financial industry, and the permanent government stay-behind networks that have come to be known as the Deep State.   Null was contacted in 1974 by Dr. Stephen Caiazza, a physician working with a subculture of gay men in New York living the so-called “fast track” lifestyle, an extreme manifestation of the gay liberation movement that began with the Stonewall riots. Defined by rampant sexual promiscuity and copious use of illegal and prescription drugs, including heavy antibiotic use for a cornucopia of sexually-transmitted diseases, the fast-track never included more than about two percent of gay men, though these dominated many of the bathhouses and clubs that defined gay nightlife in the era. These patients had become seriously ill as a result of their indulgence, generally arriving at the clinic with multiple STDs including cytomegalovirus and several types of herpes and hepatitis, along with candida overgrowth, nutritional deficiencies, gut issues, and recurring pneumonia. Every week for the next 10 years, Null would counsel two or three of these men - a total of 800 patients - on how to detoxify their bodies and de-stress their lives, tracking their progress with Caiazza and the other providers at weekly feedback meetings that he credits with allowing the team to quickly evaluate which treatments were most effective. He observed that it only took about two years on the “fast track” for a healthy young person to begin seeing muscle loss and the recurrent, lingering opportunistic infections that would later come to be associated with AIDS - while those willing to commit to a healthier lifestyle could regain their health in about a year.    It was with this background that Null established the Tri-State Healing Center in Manhattan in 1980, staffing the facility with what would eventually run to 22 certified health professionals to offer safe, natural, and effective low- and no-cost treatments to thousands of patients with HIV and AIDS-defining conditions. Null and his staff used variations of the protocols he had perfected with Caiazza's patients, a multifactorial patient-tailored approach that included high-dose vitamin C drips, intravenous ozone therapy, juicing and nutritional improvements and supplementation, aspects of homeopathy and naturopathy with some Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ayurvedic practices. Additional services offered on-site included acupuncture and holistic dentistry, while peer support groups were also held at the facility so that patients could find community and a positive environment, healing their minds and spirits while they healed their bodies.   “Instead of trying to kill the virus with antiretroviral pharmaceuticals designed to stop viral replication before it kills patients, we focused on what benefits could be gained by building up the patients' natural immunity and restoring biochemical integrity so the body could fight for itself,” Null wrote in a 2014 article describing the philosophy behind the Center's approach, which was wholly at odds with the pharmaceutical model.1   Patients were comprehensively tested every week, with any “recovery” defined solely by the labs, which documented AIDS patient after patient - 1,200 of them - returning to good health and reversing their debilitating conditions. Null claims to have never lost an AIDS patient in the Center's care, even as the death toll for the disease - and its pharmaceutical standard of care AZT - reached an all-time high in the early 1990s. Eight patients who had opted for a more intensive course of treatment - visiting the Center six days a week rather than one - actually sero-deconverted, with repeated subsequent testing showing no trace of HIV in their bodies.   As an experienced clinical researcher himself, Null recognized that any claims made by the Center would be massively scrutinized, challenging as they did the prevailing scientific consensus that AIDS was an incurable, terminal illness. He freely gave his protocols to any medical practitioner who asked, understanding that his own work could be considered scientifically valid only if others could replicate it under the same conditions. After weeks of daily observational visits to the Center, Dr. Robert Cathcart took the protocols back to San Francisco, where he excitedly reported that patients were no longer dying in his care.    Null's own colleague at the Institute of Applied Biology, senior research fellow Elana Avram, set up IV drip rooms at the Institute and used his intensive protocols to sero-deconvert 10 patients over a two-year period. While the experiment had been conducted in secret, as the Institute had been funded by Big Pharma since its inception half a century earlier, Avram had hoped she would be able to publish a journal article to further publicize Null's protocols and potentially help AIDS patients, who were still dying at incredibly high rates thanks to Burroughs Wellcome's noxious but profitable AZT. But as she would later explain in a 2019 letter to Null, their groundbreaking research never made it into print - despite meticulous documentation of their successes - because the Institute's director and board feared their pharmaceutical benefactors would withdraw the funding on which they depended, given that Null's protocols did not involve any patentable or otherwise profitable drugs. When Avram approached them about publication, the board vetoed the idea, arguing that it would “draw negative attention because [the work] was contrary to standard drug treatments.” With no real point in continuing experiments along those lines without institutional support and no hope of obtaining funding from elsewhere, the department she had created specifically for these experiments shut down after a two-year followup with her test subjects - all of whom remained alive and healthy - was completed.2   While the Center was receiving regular visits by this time from medical professionals and, increasingly, black celebrities like Stokely Carmichael and Isaac Hayes, who would occasionally perform for the patients, the news was spreading by word of mouth alone - not a single media outlet had dared to document the clinic that was curing AIDS patients for free. Instead, they gave airtime to Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Diseases, who had for years been spreading baseless, hysteria-fueling claims about HIV and AIDS to any news outlet that would put him on. His claim that children could contract the virus from “ordinary household conduct” with an infected relative proved so outrageous he had to walk it back,3 and he never really stopped insisting the deadly plague associated with gays and drug users was about to explode like a nuclear bomb among the law-abiding heterosexual population. Fauci by this time controlled all government science funding through NIAID, and his zero-tolerance approach to dissent on the HIV/AIDS front had already seen prominent scientists like virologist Peter Duesberg stripped of the resources they needed for their work because they had dared to question his commandment: There is no cause of AIDS but HIV, and AZT is its treatment. Even the AIDS activist groups, which by then had been coopted by Big Pharma and essentially reduced to astroturfing for the toxic failed chemotherapy drug AZT backed by the institutional might of Fauci's NIAID,4 didn't seem to want to hear that there was a cure. Unconcerned with the irrationality of denouncing the man touting his free AIDS cure as an  “AIDS denier,” they warned journalists that platforming Null or anyone else rejecting the mainstream medical line would be met with organized demands for their firing.    Determined to breach the institutional iron curtain and get his message to the masses, Null and his team staged a press conference in New York, inviting scientists and doctors from around the world to share their research on alternative approaches to HIV and AIDS in 1993. To emphasize the sound scientific basis of the Center's protocols and encourage guests to adopt them into their own practices, Null printed out thousands of abstracts in support of each nutrient and treatment being used. However, despite over 7,000 invitations sent three times to major media, government figures, scientists, and activists, almost none of the intended audience members showed up. Over 100 AIDS patients and their doctors, whose charts exhaustively documented their improvements using natural and nontoxic modalities over the preceding 12 months, gave filmed testimonials, declaring that the feared disease was no longer a death sentence, but the conference had effectively been silenced. Bill Tatum, publisher of the Amsterdam News, suggested Null and his patients would find a more welcoming audience in his home neighborhood of Harlem - specifically, its iconic Apollo Theatre. For three nights, the theater was packed to capacity. Hit especially hard by the epidemic and distrustful of a medical system that had only recently stopped being openly racist (the Tuskegee syphilis experiment only ended in 1972), black Americans, at least, did not seem to care what Anthony Fauci would do if he found out they were investigating alternatives to AZT and death.    PBS journalist Tony Brown, having obtained a copy of the video of patient testimonials from the failed press conference, was among a handful of black journalists who began visiting the Center to investigate the legitimacy of Null's claims. Satisfied they had something significant to offer his audience, Brown invited eight patients - along with Null himself - onto his program over the course of several episodes to discuss the work. It was the first time these protocols had received any attention in the media, despite Null having released nearly two dozen articles and multiple documentaries on the subject by that time. A typical patient on one program, Al, a recovered IV drug user who was diagnosed with AIDS at age 32, described how he “panicked,” saw a doctor and started taking AZT despite his misgivings - only to be forced to discontinue the drug after just a few weeks due to his condition deteriorating rapidly. Researching alternatives brought him to Null, and after six months of “detoxing [his] lifestyle,” he observed his initial symptoms - swollen lymph nodes and weight loss - begin to reverse, culminating with sero-deconversion. On Bill McCreary's Channel 5 program, a married couple diagnosed with HIV described how they watched their T-cell counts increase as they cut out sugar, caffeine, smoking, and drinking and began eating a healthy diet. They also saw the virus leave their bodies.   For HIV-positive viewers surrounded by fear and negativity, watching healthy-looking, cheerful “AIDS patients” detail their recovery while Null backed up their claims with charts must have been balm for the soul. But the TV programs were also a form of outreach to the medical community, with patients' charts always on hand to convince skeptics the cure was scientifically valid. Null brought patients' charts to every program, urging them to keep an open mind: “Other physicians and public health officials should know that there's good science in the alternative perspective. It may not be a therapy that they're familiar with, because they're just not trained in it, but if the results are positive, and you can document them…” He challenged doubters to send in charts from their own sero-deconverted patients on AZT, and volunteered to debate proponents of the orthodox treatment paradigm - though the NIH and WHO both refused to participate in such a debate on Tony Brown's Journal, following Fauci's directive prohibiting engagement with forbidden ideas.    Aside from those few TV programs and Null's own films, suppression of Null's AIDS cure beyond word of mouth was total. The 2021 documentary The Cost of Denial, produced by the Society for Independent Journalists, tells the story of the Tri-State Healing Center and the medical paradigm that sought to destroy it, lamenting the loss of the lives that might have been saved in a more enlightened society. Nurse practitioner Luanne Pennesi, who treated many of the AIDS patients at the Center, speculated in the film that the refusal by the scientific establishment and AIDS activists to accept their successes was financially motivated. “It was as if they didn't want this information to get out. Understand that our healthcare system as we know it is a corporation, it's a corporate model, and it's about generating revenue. My concern was that maybe they couldn't generate enough revenue from these natural approaches.”5   Funding was certainly the main disciplinary tool Fauci's NIAID used to keep the scientific community in line. Despite the massive community interest in the work being done at the Center, no foundation or institution would defy Fauci and risk getting itself blacklisted, leaving Null to continue funding the operation out of his pocket with the profits from book sales. After 15 years, he left the Center in 1995, convinced the mainstream model had so thoroughly been institutionalized that there was no chance of overthrowing it. He has continued to counsel patients and advocate for a reappraisal of the HIV=AIDS hypothesis and its pharmaceutical treatments, highlighting the deeply flawed science underpinning the model of the disease espoused by the scientific establishment in 39 articles, six documentaries and a 700-page textbook on AIDS, but the Center's achievements have been effectively memory-holed by Fauci's multi-billion-dollar propaganda apparatus.     FRUIT OF THE POISONOUS TREE   To understand just how much of a threat Null's work was to the HIV/AIDS establishment, it is instructive to revisit the 1984 paper, published by Dr. Robert Gallo of the National Cancer Institute, that established HIV as the sole cause of AIDS. The CDC's official recognition of AIDS in 1981 had done little to quell the mounting public panic over the mysterious illness afflicting gay men in the US, as the agency had effectively admitted it had no idea what was causing them to sicken and die. As years passed with no progress determining the causative agent of the plague, activist groups like Gay Men's Health Crisis disrupted public events and threatened further mass civil disobedience as they excoriated the NIH for its sluggish allocation of government science funding to uncovering the cause of the “gay cancer.”6 When Gallo published his paper declaring that the retrovirus we now know as HIV was the sole “probable” cause of AIDS, its simple, single-factor hypothesis was the answer to the scientific establishment's prayers. This was particularly true for Fauci, as the NIAID chief was able to claim the hot new disease as his agency's own domain in what has been described as a “dramatic confrontation” with his rival Sam Broder at the National Cancer Institute. After all, Fauci pointed out, Gallo's findings - presented by Health and Human Services Secretary Margaret Heckler as if they were gospel truth before any other scientists had had a chance to inspect them, never mind conduct a full peer review - clearly classified AIDS as an infectious disease, and not a cancer like the Kaposi's sarcoma which was at the time its most visible manifestation. Money and media attention began pouring in, even as funding for the investigation of other potential causes of AIDS dried up. Having already patented a diagnostic test for “his” retrovirus before introducing it to the world, Gallo was poised for a financial windfall, while Fauci was busily leveraging the discovery into full bureaucratic empire of the US scientific apparatus.   While it would serve as the sole basis for all US government-backed AIDS research to follow - quickly turning Gallo into the most-cited scientist in the world during the 1980s,7 Gallo's “discovery” of HIV was deeply problematic. The sample that yielded the momentous discovery actually belonged to Prof. Luc Montagnier of the French Institut Pasteur, a fact Gallo finally admitted in 1991, four years after a lawsuit from the French government challenged his patent on the HIV antibody test, forcing the US government to negotiate a hasty profit-sharing agreement between Gallo's and Montagnier's labs. That lawsuit triggered a cascade of official investigations into scientific misconduct by Gallo, and evidence submitted during one of these probes, unearthed in 2008 by journalist Janine Roberts, revealed a much deeper problem with the seminal “discovery.” While Gallo's co-author, Mikulas Popovic, had concluded after numerous experiments with the French samples that the virus they contained was not the cause of AIDS, Gallo had drastically altered the paper's conclusion, scribbling his notes in the margins, and submitted it for publication to the journal Science without informing his co-author.   After Roberts shared her discovery with contacts in the scientific community, 37 scientific experts wrote to the journal demanding that Gallo's career-defining HIV paper be retracted from Science for lacking scientific integrity.8 Their call, backed by an endorsement from the 2,600-member scientific organization Rethinking AIDS, was ignored by the publication and by the rest of mainstream science despite - or perhaps because of - its profound implications.   That 2008 letter, addressed to Science editor-in-chief Bruce Alberts and copied to American Association for the Advancement of Science CEO Alan Leshner, is worth reproducing here in its entirety, as it utterly dismantles Gallo's hypothesis - and with them the entire HIV is the sole cause of AIDS dogma upon which the contemporary medical model of the disease rests:   On May 4, 1984 your journal published four papers by a group led by Dr. Robert Gallo. We are writing to express our serious concerns with regard to the integrity and veracity of the lead paper among these four of which Dr. Mikulas Popovic is the lead author.[1] The other three are also of concern because they rely upon the conclusions of the lead paper .[2][3][4]  In the early 1990s, several highly critical reports on the research underlying these papers were produced as a result of governmental inquiries working under the supervision of scientists nominated by the National Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Medicine. The Office of Research Integrity of the US Department of Health and Human Services concluded that the lead paper was “fraught with false and erroneous statements,” and that the “ORI believes that the careless and unacceptable keeping of research records...reflects irresponsible laboratory management that has permanently impaired the ability to retrace the important steps taken.”[5] Further, a Congressional Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations led by US Representative John D. Dingell of Michigan produced a staff report on the papers which contains scathing criticisms of their integrity.[6]  Despite the publically available record of challenges to their veracity, these papers have remained uncorrected and continue to be part of the scientific record.  What prompts our communication today is the recent revelation of an astonishing number of previously unreported deletions and unjustified alterations made by Gallo to the lead paper. There are several documents originating from Gallo's laboratory that, while available for some time, have only recently been fully analyzed. These include a draft of the lead paper typewritten by Popovic which contains handwritten changes made to it by Gallo.[7] This draft was the key evidence used in the above described inquiries to establish that Gallo had concealed his laboratory's use of a cell culture sample (known as LAV) which it received from the Institut Pasteur.  These earlier inquiries verified that the typed manuscript draft was produced by Popovic who had carried out the recorded experiment while his laboratory chief, Gallo, was in Europe and that, upon his return, Gallo changed the document by hand a few days before it was submitted to Science on March 30, 1984. According to the ORI investigation, “Dr. Gallo systematically rewrote the manuscript for what would become a renowned LTCB [Gallo's laboratory at the National Cancer Institute] paper.”[5]  This document provided the important evidence that established the basis for awarding Dr. Luc Montagnier and Dr. Francoise Barré-Sinoussi the 2008 Nobel Prize in Medicine for the discovery of the AIDS virus by proving it was their samples of LAV that Popovic used in his key experiment. The draft reveals that Popovic had forthrightly admitted using the French samples of LAV renamed as Gallo's virus, HTLV-III, and that Gallo had deleted this admission, concealing their use of LAV.  However, it has not been previously reported that on page three of this same document Gallo had also deleted Popovic's unambiguous statement that, "Despite intensive research efforts, the causative agent of AIDS has not yet been identified,” replacing it in the published paper with a statement that said practically the opposite, namely, “That a retrovirus of the HTLV family might be an etiologic agent of AIDS was suggested by the findings.”  It is clear that the rest of Popovic's typed paper is entirely consistent with his statement that the cause of AIDS had not been found, despite his use of the French LAV. Popovic's final conclusion was that the culture he produced “provides the possibility” for detailed studies. He claimed to have achieved nothing more. At no point in his paper did Popovic attempt to prove that any virus caused AIDS, and it is evident that Gallo concealed these key elements in Popovic's experimental findings.  It is astonishing now to discover these unreported changes to such a seminal document. We can only assume that Gallo's alterations of Popovic's conclusions were not highlighted by earlier inquiries because the focus at the time was on establishing that the sample used by Gallo's lab came from Montagnier and was not independently collected by Gallo. In fact, the only attention paid to the deletions made by Gallo pertains to his effort to hide the identity of the sample. The questions of whether Gallo and Popovic's research proved that LAV or any other virus was the cause of AIDS were clearly not considered.  Related to these questions are other long overlooked documents that merit your attention. One of these is a letter from Dr. Matthew A. Gonda, then Head of the Electron Microscopy Laboratory at the National Cancer Institute, which is addressed to Popovic, copied to Gallo and dated just four days prior to Gallo's submission to Science.[8] In this letter, Gonda remarks on samples he had been sent for imaging because “Dr Gallo wanted these micrographs for publication because they contain HTLV.” He states, “I do not believe any of the particles photographed are of HTLV-I, II or III.” According to Gonda, one sample contained cellular debris, while another had no particles near the size of a retrovirus. Despite Gonda's clearly worded statement, Science published on May 4, 1984 papers attributed to Gallo et al with micrographs attributed to Gonda and described unequivocally as HTLV-III.  In another letter by Gallo, dated one day before he submitted his papers to Science, Gallo states, “It's extremely rare to find fresh cells [from AIDS patients] expressing the virus... cell culture seems to be necessary to induce virus,” a statement which raises the possibility he was working with a laboratory artifact. [9]  Included here are copies of these documents and links to the same. The very serious flaws they reveal in the preparation of the lead paper published in your journal in 1984 prompts our request that this paper be withdrawn. It appears that key experimental findings have been concealed. We further request that the three associated papers published on the same date also be withdrawn as they depend on the accuracy of this paper.  For the scientific record to be reliable, it is vital that papers shown to be flawed, or falsified be retracted. Because a very public record now exists showing that the Gallo papers drew unjustified conclusions, their withdrawal from Science is all the more important to maintain integrity. Future researchers must also understand they cannot rely on the 1984 Gallo papers for statements about HIV and AIDS, and all authors of papers that previously relied on this set of four papers should have the opportunity to consider whether their own conclusions are weakened by these revelations.      Gallo's handwritten revision, submitted without his colleague's knowledge despite multiple experiments that failed to support the new conclusion, was the sole foundation for the HIV=AIDS hypothesis. Had Science published the manuscript the way Popovic had typed it, there would be no AIDS “pandemic” - merely small clusters of people with AIDS. Without a viral hypothesis backing the development of expensive and deadly pharmaceuticals, would Fauci have allowed these patients to learn about the cure that existed all along?   Faced with a potential rebellion, Fauci marshaled the full resources under his control to squelch the publication of the investigations into Gallo and restrict any discussion of competing hypotheses in the scientific and mainstream press, which had been running virus-scare stories full-time since 1984. The effect was total, according to biochemist Dr. Kary Mullis, inventor of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure. In a 2009 interview, Mullis recalled his own shock when he attempted to unearth the experimental basis for the HIV=AIDS hypothesis. Despite his extensive inquiry into the literature, “there wasn't a scientific reference…[that] said ‘here's how come we know that HIV is the probable cause of AIDS.' There was nothing out there like that.”9 This yawning void at the core of HIV/AIDS “science" turned him into a strident critic of AIDS dogma - and those views made him persona non grata where the scientific press was concerned, suddenly unable to publish a single paper despite having won the Nobel Prize for his invention of the PCR test just weeks before.  10   DISSENT BECOMES “DENIAL”   While many of those who dissent from the orthodox HIV=AIDS view believe HIV plays a role in the development of AIDS, they point to lifestyle and other co-factors as being equally if not more important. Individuals who test positive for HIV can live for decades in perfect health - so long as they don't take AZT or the other toxic antivirals fast-tracked by Fauci's NIAID - but those who developed full-blown AIDS generally engaged in highly risky behaviors like extreme promiscuity and prodigious drug abuse, contracting STDs they took large quantities of antibiotics to treat, further running down their immune systems. While AIDS was largely portrayed as a “gay disease,” it was only the “fast track” gays, hooking up with dozens of partners nightly in sex marathons fueled by “poppers” (nitrate inhalants notorious for their own devastating effects on the immune system), who became sick. Kaposi's sarcoma, one of the original AIDS-defining conditions, was widespread among poppers-using gay men, but never appeared among IV drug users or hemophiliacs, the other two main risk groups during the early years of the epidemic. Even Robert Gallo himself, at a 1994 conference on poppers held by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, would admit that the previously-rare form of skin cancer surging among gay men was not primarily caused by HIV - and that it was immune stimulation, rather than suppression, that was likely responsible.11 Similarly, IV drug users are often riddled with opportunistic infections as their habit depresses the immune system and their focus on maintaining their addiction means that healthier habits - like good nutrition and even basic hygiene - fall by the wayside.    Supporting the call for revising the HIV=AIDS hypothesis to include co-factors is the fact that the mass heterosexual outbreaks long predicted by Fauci and his ilk in seemingly every country on Earth have failed to materialize, except - supposedly - in Africa, where the diagnostic standard for AIDS differs dramatically from those of the West. Given the prohibitively high cost of HIV testing for poor African nations, the WHO in 1985 crafted a diagnostic loophole that became known as the “Bangui definition,” allowing medical professionals to diagnose AIDS in the absence of a test using just clinical symptoms: high fever, persistent cough, at least 30 days of diarrhea, and the loss of 10% of one's body weight within two months. Often suffering from malnutrition and without access to clean drinking water, many of the inhabitants of sub-Saharan Africa fit the bill, especially when the WHO added tuberculosis to the list of AIDS-defining illnesses in 1993 - a move which may be responsible for as many as one half of African “AIDS” cases, according to journalist Christine Johnson. The WHO's former Chief of Global HIV Surveillance, James Chin, acknowledged their manipulation of statistics, but stressed that it was the entire AIDS industry - not just his organization - perpetrating the fraud. “There's the saying that, if you knew what sausages are made of, most people would hesitate to sort of eat them, because they wouldn't like what's in it. And if you knew how HIV/AIDS numbers are cooked, or made up, you would use them with extreme caution,” Chin told an interviewer in 2009.12   With infected numbers stubbornly remaining constant in the US despite Fauci's fearmongering projections of the looming heterosexually-transmitted plague, the CDC in 1993 broadened its definition of AIDS to include asymptomatic (that is, healthy) HIV-positive people with low T-cell counts - an absurd criteria given that an individual's T-cell count can fluctuate by hundreds within a single day. As a result, the number of “AIDS cases” in the US immediately doubled. Supervised by Fauci, the NIAID had been quietly piling on diseases into the “AIDS-related” category for years, bloating the list from just two conditions - pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and Kaposi's sarcoma - to 30 so fast it raised eyebrows among some of science's leading lights. Deeming the entire process “bizarre” and unprecedented, Kary Mullis wondered aloud why no one had called the AIDS establishment out: “There's something wrong here. And it's got to be financial.”13   Indeed, an early CDC public relations campaign was exposed by the Wall Street Journal in 1987 as having deliberately mischaracterized AIDS as a threat to the entire population so as to garner increased public and private funding for what was very much a niche issue, with the risk to average heterosexuals from a single act of sex “smaller than the risk of ever getting hit by lightning.” Ironically, the ads, which sought to humanize AIDS patients in an era when few Americans knew anyone with the disease and more than half the adult population thought infected people should be forced to carry cards warning of their status, could be seen as a reaction to the fear tactics deployed by Fauci early on.14   It's hard to tell where fraud ends and incompetence begins with Gallo's HIV antibody test. Much like Covid-19 would become a “pandemic of testing,” with murder victims and motorcycle crashes lumped into “Covid deaths” thanks to over-sensitized PCR tests that yielded as many as 90% false positives,15 HIV testing is fraught with false positives - and unlike with Covid-19, most people who hear they are HIV-positive still believe they are receiving a death sentence. Due to the difficulty of isolating HIV itself from human samples, the most common diagnostic tests, ELISA and the Western Blot, are designed to detect not the virus but antibodies to it, upending the traditional medical understanding that the presence of antibodies indicates only exposure - and often that the body has actually vanquished the pathogen. Patients are known to test positive for HIV antibodies in the absence of the virus due to at least 70 other conditions, including hepatitis, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, syphilis, recent vaccination or even pregnancy. (https://www.chcfl.org/diseases-that-can-cause-a-false-positive-hiv-test/) Positive results are often followed up with a PCR “viral load” test, even though the inventor of the PCR technique Kary Mullis famously condemned its misuse as a tool for diagnosing infection. Packaging inserts for all three tests warn the user that they cannot be reliably used to diagnose HIV.16 The ELISA HIV antibody test explicitly states: “At present there is no recognized standard for establishing the presence and absence of HIV antibody in human blood.”17   That the public remains largely unaware of these and other massive holes in the supposedly airtight HIV=AIDS=DEATH paradigm is a testament to Fauci's multi-layered control of the press. Like the writers of the Great Barrington Declaration and other Covid-19 dissidents, scientists who question HIV/AIDS dogma have been brutally punished for their heresy, no matter how prestigious their prior standing in the field and no matter how much evidence they have for their own claims. In 1987, the year the FDA's approval of AZT made AIDS the most profitable epidemic yet (a dubious designation Covid-19 has since surpassed), Fauci made it clearer than ever that scientific inquiry and debate - the basis of the scientific method - would no longer be welcome in the American public health sector, eliminating retrovirologist Peter Duesberg, then one of the most prominent opponents of the HIV=AIDS hypothesis, from the scientific conversation with a professional disemboweling that would make a cartel hitman blush. Duesberg had just eviscerated Gallo's 1984 HIV paper with an article of his own in the journal Cancer Research, pointing out that retroviruses had never before been found to cause a single disease in humans - let alone 30 AIDS-defining diseases. Rather than allow Gallo or any of the other scientists in his camp to respond to the challenge, Fauci waged a scorched-earth campaign against Duesberg, who had until then been one of the most highly regarded researchers in his field. Every research grant he requested was denied; every media appearance was canceled or preempted. The University of California at Berkeley, unable to fully fire him due to tenure, took away his lab, his graduate students, and the rest of his funding. The few colleagues who dared speak up for him in public were also attacked, while enemies and opportunists were encouraged to slander Duesberg at the conferences he was barred from attending and in the journals that would no longer publish his replies. When Duesberg was summoned to the White House later that year by then-President Ronald Reagan to debate Fauci on the origins of AIDS, Fauci convinced the president to cancel, allegedly pulling rank on the Commander-in-Chief with an accusation that the “White House was interfering in scientific matters that belonged to the NIH and the Office of Science and Technology Assessment.” After seven years of this treatment, Duesberg was contacted by NIH official Stephen O'Brien and offered an escape from professional purgatory. He could have “everything back,” he was told, and shown a manuscript of a scientific paper - apparently commissioned by the editor of the journal Nature - “HIV Causes AIDS: Koch's Postulates Fulfilled” with his own name listed alongside O'Brien's as an author.18 His refusal to take the bribe effectively guaranteed the epithet “AIDS denier” will appear on his tombstone. The character assassination of Duesberg became a template that would be deployed to great effectiveness wherever Fauci encountered dissent - never debate, only demonize, deplatform and destroy.    Even Luc Montagnier, the real discoverer of HIV, soon found himself on the wrong side of the Fauci machine. With his 1990 declaration that “the HIV virus [by itself] is harmless and passive, a benign virus,” Montagnier began distancing himself from Gallo's fraud, effectively placing a target on his own back. In a 1995 interview, he elaborated: “four factors that have come together to account for the sudden epidemic [of AIDS]: HIV presence, immune hyper-activation, increased sexually transmitted disease incidence, sexual behavior changes and other behavioral changes” such as drug use, poor nutrition and stress - all of which he said had to occur “essentially simultaneously” for HIV to be transmitted, creating the modern epidemic. Like the professionals at the Tri-State Healing Center, Montagnier advocated for the use of antioxidants like vitamin C and N-acetyl cysteine, naming oxidative stress as a critical factor in the progression from HIV to AIDS.19 When Montagnier died in 2022, Fauci's media mouthpieces sneered that the scientist (who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2008 for his discovery of HIV, despite his flagging faith in that discovery's significance) “started espousing views devoid of a scientific basis” in the late 2000s, leading him to be “shunned by the scientific community.”20 In a particularly egregious jab, the Washington Post's obit sings the praises of Robert Gallo, implying it was the American scientist who really should have won the Nobel for HIV, while dismissing as “

IN HOC PROGRAMMA’ ‘DE WHEELOCK 6th , Ed. capite tertio, paginis 17-23: de nominibus et adiectivis omnibus casibus ex secunda declinatione, de appositione, et de verborum ordine in oratione vel sententia’ ‘SEQUIMUR’ [QUIA “NUNTII IN LINGUA LATINA” ‘INSTRUMENTUM’ ‘AD LATINUM DISCENDUM ET DOCENDUMQUE’ ‘EST’]. ‘NUNTII IN LINGUA LATINA’ ‘IN LINGUA LATINA, ANGLICA ET GALLICA’ ‘*AUDIS’! CIVITATES FOEDERATAE AMERICAE ET RUSSIA CONTRA EUROPAM ET UCRAINAM. 14 TRANSLATIO A FERNANDA SOLÍS VERSAM EST. ‘*CIVITATES FOEDERATAE AMERICAE ET *RUSSIA ‘COLLOQUIA’ ‘DE UCRANIA’ , ‘SINE KIOVIA NEQUE UNIONE EUROPAEA ‘*INEUNT’ . // ‘*EUROPA PERTURBATA ‘*EST’ ‘QUIA DEFENSIONEM SUAM SINE AMERICA ‘COGITARE’ ‘INDIGET’ . AEGYPTO. TRANSLATIO AB ALISSA SOUZA VERSAM EST. ‘*CAIRUS’ ‘SUUM CONSILIUM’ ‘PRO GAZA’ ‘*PARAT’. // ‘*NATIONES ARABICAE’ ‘SUAS OPTIONES’ ‘IMPROVISO IMPETU’ ‘A DONALDO TRUMP, CIVITATUM FOEDERATAE AMERICAE PRAESIDE,’ ‘CAPTAE’ ‘*PRAEPARANT’. //. ‘*AEGYPTUS’ ‘CONSILIUM’ ‘DE REFICIENDO HOC TERRITORIO PALAESTINENSI’ ‘CUM ARGENTARIA MUNDANA’ ‘*EXCOLIT’. {De Wheelock 6th Ed. Capite 3, Paginis 17-23. In hoc nuntio inveni: ¿Quot nomina et adiectiva in secunda declinatione invenis, quae sunt? ¿1 vel plures appositionem invenis? ¿Verborum ordo in orationes vel sententias adaequatus est? ¿Lexico ex capite 3 invenis?}. ‘NUNTII IN LINGUA LATINA’ ‘IN LINGUA LATINA, ANGLICA ET ITALICA’ ‘*AUDIS’! CIVITAITS VATICANAE STATU. ‘PAPA *FRANCISCUS’ ‘IN VALETUDINARIO’ ‘AD ANALYSES FACENDUM’ ‘*EST’ . // ‘*FRANCISCUS, PAPA ECCLESIAE CATHOLICAE ROMANAE 15 A TERTIO DECIMO DIE MARTIIS MENSE ANNO DOMINI BIS MILLÉSIMO DECIMO TERTIO,’ ‘IN VALETUDINARIO’ ‘*MANET’ [QUIA ‘ANALYSES’ ‘MORBOS MULTIPLICES’ ‘*OSTENDUNT’]. {De Wheelock 6th Ed. Capite 3, Paginis 17-23. In hoc nuntio inveni: ¿Quot nomina et adiectiva in secunda declinatione invenis, quae sunt? ¿1 vel plures appositionem invenis? ¿Verborum ordo in orationes vel sententias adaequatus est? ¿Lexico ex capite 3 invenis?}. ‘NUNTII IN LINGUA LATINA’ ‘IN LINGUA LATINA, ANGLICA ET GERMANICA ‘*AUDIS’! TRANSLATIO AB ALISSA SOUZA VERSAM EST. UCRAINA. BELLATOR SOLITARIUS. // [CUM ‘*RUSSIA’ ‘URAINAM’ ‘*INVADEBAT’], ‘*VLADIMIRUS ZELENS’KYJ, UCRAINAE PRAESES’ ‘BELLUM DOMINATOR’ ET , ‘QUOMODO WINSTON CHURCHILL’ ‘PUTATUS EST’. // ‘ID EST: FORTIS ET FIRMUS’ . // ‘NUNC VERO’ ‘DONALDUS , TRUMP, DENUO CIVITATUM FOEDERATAE AMERICAE PRAESES’ , ‘EUM’ ‘RELIQUIT’. // ‘*ZELENS’KYJ’ ‘IPSE SIT’ ‘IAM *NESCIT’ . {De Wheelock 6th Ed. Capite 3, Paginis 17-23. In hoc nuntio inveni: ¿Quot nomina et adiectiva in secunda declinatione invenis, quae sunt? ¿1 vel 2 appositiones invenis, quae sunt? ¿Verborum ordo in orationes vel sententias adaequatus est? ¿Lexico ex capite 3 invenis?}. 16 IN ORBE TERRARUM. ‘*AGE’, ‘ORBEM TERRARUM’ ‘*DIVIDAMUS’. // ‘FOEDUS’ INTER ‘TRUMP, ITERUM C-F-A PRAESES A DIE VICESIMO MENSE IANUARII HOC ANNO’ , ET ‘PUTIN, ITERUM FOEDERATIONIS RUSSICAE PRAESES A ANNO BIS MILLESIMO DUOCESIMO’ , UCRAINAM AESTUAT ET SOCIA CONCUTIT. // ¿‘INTER EOSNE’ ‘EUROPAE PACEM ET FUTURUM’ ‘*DECIDENT’? {De Wheelock 6th Ed. Capite 3, Paginis 17-23. In hoc nuntio inveni: ¿Nomina et adiectiva in secunda declinatione invenis? ¿2 appositiones invenis, quae sunt? ¿Verborum ordo in orationes vel sententias adaequatus est? ¿Lexico ex capite 3 invenis?}. ‘NUNTII IN LINGUA LATINA’ ‘IN LINGUA LATINA, ANGLICA ET HISPANICA’ ‘*AUDIS’! MEXICO. MEXICOPOLIS. ‘AEROPLANA NON GUBERNATA SPECULATORIAS. // ‘TRUMP *REGIMEN’ ‘SEDIS CENTRALIS EXPLORATORIAE’ ‘AEROPLANA NON GUBERNATA SPECULATORIAS, ID EST , VEL VEHICULUM AERIUM EXPLORANS SINE GUBERNATOR, ’ ‘AD NARCOTICORUM CULINAS IN MEXICO INVENIENDUM’ ‘*UTUNTUR’. {De Wheelock 6th Ed. Capite 3, Paginis 17-23. In hoc nuntio inveni: ¿Quot nomina et adiectiva in secunda declinatione invenis? ¿1 appositiones invenis, quae 17 sunt? ¿Verborum ordo in orationes vel sententias adaequatus est? ¿Lexico ex capite 3 invenis?}. ‘NUNTII IN LINGUA LATINA’ ‘IN LINGUA LATINA, ANGLICA ET RUSSICA’ ‘AUDIS’! TRANSLATIONES A SAID RAYMUNDO DELGADO VERSA SUNT. TRUMP ADVERSUS ZELENSKY. '*TRUMP' 'APROBATIONEM ZELENSKII' 'AD QUATTUOR PARTES EX CENTUM CECIDIT' '*DIXIT'. // 'ESTNE HOC VERUM?' // '*ORATIO DONALD TRUMP' 'ERGA UCRANIAM ET ERGA VOLODYMYR ZELESNKY, UCRAINAE PRAESES,' MAGIS HOSTILIS' '*FIT'. // '*TRUMP, DUX CIVITATIUM FOEDERATAE AMERICAE,' 'DIE DUODEVIGINTI FEBRUARII MENSE' '*ITERAVIT': 'SECUNDUM SUA SENTENTIAM', '*ELECTIONES PRAESIDENCIALES' 'IN UCRANIA IN MOMENTO FUTURO PROXIMO' '*HABENDAE ESSE'. // 'SECUNDUM TRUMP': ('HOC DICERE' '*NON PLACET') '*VALOR APROBATIONIS ZELENSKY' QUTUOR PARTES EX CENTUM TANTUM' '*EST'. {De Wheelock 6th Ed. Capite 3, Paginis 17-23. In hoc nuntio inveni: ¿1 vel plures appositionem invenis? ¿Verborum ordo in orationes vel sententias adaequatus est?}. DENUO TRUMP ADVERSUS ZELENSKY. -"*EGO' 'STATUM' 'VENDERE NON *POSSUM."- // '*ZELENSKY' ['CUR PROPOSITIONEM CIVITATIUM 18 FOEDERATAE AMERICAE' 'DE OPIBUS MINERALIBUS' '*REIECIT']' *EXPLICAVIT'. // ET '*ZELENSKY' 'AD TRUMP', ['*QUI' 'ELECTIONES' 'IN UCRANIA' ' *PETIVIT']' *RESPONDIT'. // -"SI '*ALIQUIS' 'ME MUTARE' 'HOC TEMPORE' '*VULT', TUNC: ['*HOC' '*NON EFFICIET']. // PRAETEREA '*CORRUPTIO INFORMATIONIS' 'DE CASU VALORIS APROBATIONIS' 'A RUSIA' '*PROVENIT'.- // '*ADMINISTRATIO TRUMP' 'SUAM ATTITUDINEM ERGA RUSSIAM' '*LENIVIT'. // 'BELLUM '*NON APELLAT', SED 'CONTENTIONEM'. ‘NUNTII IN LINGUA LATINA’ ‘IN LINGUA LATINA, ANGLICA ET SINENSIS PINYIN’ ‘*AUDIS’! TRANSLATIONES A CASANDRA FREIRE VERSA SUNT. SINIS. ‘DIE QUATTUORDECIM FEBRUARII’ ‘*COLLOQUIUM’ ‘SUCHEI ANNI BIS MILLESIMO VICESIMO QUINTO’ ‘PROMOTIONIS PROGRESSIONIS ET INNOVATIONIS INTELLIGENTIAE ARTIFICIALIS’ ET ‘*COLLOQUIUM’ ‘POTESTATIS NOVAE INDUSTRIALIZATIONIS ARTIFICIALIS INTELLIGENTIAE’ ‘*EVENERANT’ . // ‘IN THEMATE’ ‘*TRACTANDO’ "*INTELLEGENTIA ARTIFICIALIS’ ET ‘BONA *QUALITAS’ ‘NOVUM FUTURUM’ ‘*DUCIT", ‘PLUS QUAM CENTUM’ ‘*EXEMPLA’ ‘[UT ROBOTA HUMANOIDES, [ID EST ROBOTUM CORPUS SIMILIS HOMINI], RATIONES MODERATORUM 19 INTELLIGENTIUM] ET ‘* EXEMPLARIA VIRTUALIUM INTERACTIVORUM’ [CUM MAGNA-SCALAE INTERACTIVA AI, [ ID EST INTELLEGENTIA ARTIFICIALIS]] ‘*REVELATI SUNT’ . {De Wheelock 6th Ed. Capite 2, ¿Nomen ex prima declinatione invenis quod quadruplex apparet?}. SINIS. ‘NOVAE INCLINATIONES, NOVA LOCA, NOVAE POTENTIAE’: ‘NOVI *MERCATUS’ ‘NOVUM VIGOREM OECONOMIAE SINENSIS ‘*DEMONSTRANT’ . // ‘PRIMO VER ‘*FESTO’ , [HOC DECLARANTE MUNDI HEREDITATIS] ‘*IUCUNDIUS EST’ ET ‘*MERCATUS NOVI ANNI’ ‘IN FLUMINE MERIDIANO’ ‘*VIVIDISSIMUM EST’. {De Wheelock 6th Ed. Capite 3, Paginis 17-23. In hoc nuntio inveni: ¿Quot nomina et adiectiva in secunda declinatione invenis, quae sunt? ¿Aliqua appositio invenis, quae est? ¿Verborum ordo in orationes vel sententias adaequatus est? ¿Lexico ex capite 3 invenis?}. LEXICON LEXICON EX “CIVITATES FOEDERATAE AMERICAE ET RUSSIA CONTRA EUROPAM ET UCRAINAM”… Nomina • America – America • Colloquia – Talks, negotiations • Civitates – States • Defensionem – Defense • Europa – Europe 20 • Foederatae – Allied (as a substantive: Allied States) • Kiovia – Kyiv • Russia – Russia • Unione – Union • Ucrania – Ukraine Adiectiva • Perturbata – Disturbed, troubled Verba • Cogito – I think, consider • Indigeo – I need, lack • Ineo – I enter, begin • Sum – I am LEXICON EX “AEGYPTO”… Nomina • Aegyptus – Egypt • Argentaria – Bank • Cairus – Cairo • Civitatum (genitivo plural de Civitas) – States • Consilium – Plan, decision • Foederatae – Allied (as a substantive: Allied States) • Gaza – Gaza • Impetu (ablativo de Impetus) – Attack, momentum • Mundana – World (as an adjective meaning "global") • Nationes – Nations • Optiones – Options, choices • Palaestinensi – Palestinian (adjective) • Praeses – President • Territorium – Territory Adiectiva 21 • Arabicae – Arabic • Captae – Captured, seized • Suas – Their own • Suum – Their own Verba • Excolo – I develop, cultivate • Paro – I prepare • Praeparo – I make ready, prepare LEXICON EX “CIVITAITS VATICANAE STATU”… Nomina • Analyses – Examinations, tests • Ecclesia – Church • Franciscus – Francis • Menses – Month • Morbos (acusativo plural de Morbus) – Diseases • Papa – Pope • Valetudinarium – Hospital Adiectiva • Catholica – Catholic • Multiplices – Multiple • Romana – Roman • Tertius – Third Verba • Maneo – I remain, stay • Ostendo – I show, reveal • Sum – I am LEXICON EX “UCRAINA”… Nomina • Bellator – Warrior • Bellum – War • Civitates – States 22 • Dominator – Ruler, master • Praeses – President • Russia – Russia • Ucraina – Ukraine • Zelens’kyj – Zelensky Adiectiva • Firmus – Strong, firm • Fortis – Brave, courageous • Solitarus – Lonely, solitary Verba • Nescio – I do not know • Sum – I am LEXICON EX “IN ORBE TERRARUM”… Nomina • Foederatio – Federation • Foedus – Treaty, alliance • Futurum – Future • Orbis – World, globe • Pax – Peace • Praeses – President • Russia – Russia • Socia – Ally • Ucraina – Ukraine Adiectiva • Russica – Russian Verba • Aestuo – I am in turmoil, I am agitated • Decido – I decide • Divido – I divide • Concutio – I shake, I disturb LEXICON EX “MEXICO”… Nomina • Aeroplanum – Airplane 23 • Culina – Kitchen (in this context: drug lab) • Mexico – Mexico • Regimen – Government • Sedes – Headquarters, seat • Vehiculum – Vehicle Adiectiva • Centralis – Central • Exploratorius – Exploratory, reconnaissance • Speculatorius – Surveillance, spy Verba • Invenio – I find, discover • Utor – I use (takes the ablative) LEXICON EX “TRUMP ADVERSUS ZELENSKY.”… Nomina • Aprobatio – Approval • Civitates – States • Dux – Leader • Electiones – Elections • Mensis – Month • Oratio – Speech, discourse • Praeses – President • Sententia – Opinion, judgment • Ucraina – Ukraine • Valor – Value Adiectiva • Foederatus – Allied • Futurus – Future • Hostilis – Hostile • Presidentialis – Presidential • Proximus – Near, close Verba • Dico – I say, speak • Fio – I become, happen 24 • Habeo – I have • Itero – I repeat • Placeo – I please, am agreeable • Sum – I am LEXICON EX “DENUO TRUMP ADVERSUS ZELENSKY.” Nomina • Administratio – Administration • Aprobatio – Approval • Bellum – War • Civitas – State • Contencio – Conflict, dispute • Corruptio – Corruption • Electio – Election • Informacio – Information • Minerale – Mineral • Opes – Resources, wealth • Russia – Russia • Status – State, condition • Valor – Value Adiectiva • Foederatus – Allied • Hoc – This • Suus – His, their own Verba • ApeIlo – I call, name • Efficio – I accomplish, achieve • Explico – I explain • Lenio – I soften, alleviate • Possum – I am able, I can • Provenio – I come forth, arise • Reicio – I reject • Respondeo – I reply, answer • Vendo – I sell 25 • Volo – I want, wish LEXICON EX “SINIS” … Nomina • Colloquium – Conference, discussion • Dies – Day • Exemplum – Example • Futurum – Future • Innovatio – Innovation • Intelligentia – Intelligence • Potestas – Power • Progressio – Progress • Promotio – Promotion • Qualitas – Quality • Ratio – System, method • Robotum – Robot • Themata – Theme, subject Adiectiva • Artificialis – Artificial • Humaniformis – Humanoid • Industrialis – Industrial • Interactivus – Interactive • Novus – New Verba • Duceo – I lead • Revelo – I reveal • Tracto – I handle, discuss LEXICON EX “SINIS” … Nomina • Economia – Economy • Flumen – River, stream • Hereditas – Heritage, inheritance • Mercatus – Market 26 • Mundi – World (genitive singular of Mundus) • Potentia – Power, potential • Vigor – Strength, vigor • Ver – Spring (season) Adiectiva • Novus – New • Sinensis – Chinese • Iucundus – Pleasant, enjoyable • Vividissimus – Very vivid, most vivid Verba • Demonstrato – I demonstrate • Vivo – I live SI NUNTII IN LINGUA LATINA TRADUCTOR ESSE VOLUERIS, QUAESO LITTERAM ELECTRONICAM AD lpesquera@up.edu.mx MITTAS’. If you would like to collaborate as a translator in Nuntii in Lingua Latina, please send an email to lpesquera@up.edu.mx

GOOD EVENING: The show begins in LA where the mayor has fired the fire chief for cause following the massive fires in Pacific Palisades and Eaton Canyon.. 1904 LA CBS EYE ON THE WORLD WITH JOHN BATCHELOR FIRST HOUR * 9:00-9:15: PACIFICWATCH: MAYOR BASS FIRES LAFD CHIEF CROWLEY   Guest: @JCBliss * 9:15-9:30: LANCASTER REPORT: DC BLUES   Guest: Jim McTague, Former Washington Editor, Barrons (@McTagueJ)   Author of "The Martin and Twyla Boundary Series" * 9:30-9:45: SMALLBUSINESSAMERICA   Guest: @GeneMarks (@Guardian @PhillyInquirer) * 9:45-10:00: SMALLBUSINESSAMERICA   Guest: @GeneMarks (@Guardian @PhillyInquirer) SECOND HOUR * 10:00-10:15: KEYSTONEREPORT: DAY THE MUSIC DIED   Guest: Salena Zito (Middle of Somewhere, @DCExaminer, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, New York Post) * 10:15-10:30: START: DE-NUKING   Guest: Henry Sokolski, NPEC * 10:30-10:45: SPACEX: LANDING A BOOSTER IN THE BAHAMAS   Guest: Bob Zimmerman (BehindTheBlack.com) * 10:45-11:00: NEO: 2024 YR4   Guest: Bob Zimmerman (BehindTheBlack.com) THIRD HOUR Book Discussion: "Embers of the Hands: Hidden Histories of the Viking Age" by Eleanor Rosamund Barraclough * 11:00-11:15: Part 5/8 * 11:15-11:30: Part 6/8 * 11:30-11:45: Part 7/8 * 11:45-12:00: Part 8/8 FOURTH HOUR * 12:00-12:15: MRMARKET: DOGE REBATE AND THE DEBT   Guest: Veronique de Rugy, Mercatus * 12:15-12:30: ITALY: MT ETNA ERUPTION DRAWING HIKERS TO THE PERIL   Guest: Lorenzo Fiori * 12:30-12:45: HOTEL MARS: ASTEROID BENNU COLLISION WITH EARTH 2187?   Guest: Harold Connolly, JPL * 12:45-1:00 AM: HOTEL MARS: THE DISCOVERIES   Guests: Harold Connolly (JPL), David Livingston (SpaceShow.com)

#MRMARKET: DOGE REBATE AND THE DEBT. VERONIQUE DERUGY, MERCATUS LAKE HURON

#MRMARKET: DOGE ISN'T SUFFICIENT FOR THE DEBT. VERONIQUE DE RUGY, MERCATUS 1834 https://www.creators.com/read/veronique-de-rugy/02/25/the-upside-risks-and-limits-of-doge

GOOD EVENING.  The show begins in Ukraine waiting on more details of the negotiations between Washington and Moscow... 1898 Brussels # CBS EYE ON THE WORLD WITH JOHN BATCHELOR ## FIRST HOUR **9:00-9:30** #UKRAINE: No ceasefire before talks - Anatol Lieven, Quincy Institute **9:30-9:45** #SCALAREPORT: While Europe slept - Chris Riegel CEO, Scala.com @Stratacache **9:45-10:00** #QUANTUM REPORT: Breakthrough at Oxford - Brandon Weichert, Center for National Interest ## SECOND HOUR **10:00-10:15** #PRC: Billionaire Communists - Grant Newsham, "When China Attacks" **10:15-10:30** #CANADA: Off-put by POTUS remarks - Conrad Black, National Post **10:30-11:00** #POTUS: Tax cuts and the discontents - John Cochrane, Hoover ## THIRD HOUR **11:00-12:00** Extended discussion of "Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism" - Sebastian Smee, Author - Discussion of Impressionism's birth during the Franco-Prussian War - Focus on Manet, Morisot, and other key Impressionists ## FOURTH HOUR **12:00-12:15** #PRC: FENTANYL: Follow the money - Elaine Dezenski, FDD **12:15-12:30** #MRMARKET: DOGE isn't sufficient for the debt - Veronique De Rugy, Mercatus **12:30-12:45** #HOTEL MARS: Endgame SLS - Eric Berger, Ars Technica - David Livingston, SpaceShow.com **12:45-1:00** #HOTEL MARS: Endgame ROSCOSMOS - Eric Berger, Ars Technica - David Livingston, SpaceShow.com

She's an economist, an institution-builder, an ecosystem-nurturer and one of our finest thinkers. Shruti Rajagopalan joins Amit Varma in episode 410 of The Seen and the Unseen to talk about her life & times -- and her remarkable work. (FOR FULL LINKED SHOW NOTES, GO TO SEENUNSEEN.IN.) Also check out: 1. Shruti Rajagopalan on Twitter, Substack, Instagram, her podcast, Ideas of India and her own website. 2. Emergent Ventures India. 3. The 1991 Project. 4. Life Lessons That Are Priceless -- Episodes 400 of The Seen and the Unseen. 5. Other episodes of The Seen and the Unseen w Shruti Rajagopalan, in reverse chronological order: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18. 6. The Day Ryan Started Masturbating -- Amit Varma's newsletter post explaining Shruti Rajagopalan's swimming pool analogy for social science research. 7. A Deep Dive Into Education -- Episode 54 of Everything is Everything. 8. Fixing Indian Education — Episode 185 of The Seen and the Unseen (w Karthik Muralidharan). 9. Population Is Not a Problem, but Our Greatest Strength -- Amit Varma. 10. Our Population Is Our Greatest Asset -- Episode 20 of Everything is Everything. 11. Where Has All the Education Gone? -- Lant Pritchett. 12. Lant Pritchett Is on Team Prosperity — Episode 379 of The Seen and the Unseen. 13. The Theory of Moral Sentiments — Adam Smith. 14. The Wealth of Nations — Adam Smith. 15. Commanding Heights -- Daniel Yergin. 16. Capitalism and Freedom -- Milton Friedman. 17. Free to Choose -- Milton Friedman and Rose Friedman. 18. Economics in One Lesson -- Henry Hazlitt. 19. The Road to Serfdom -- Friedrich Hayek. 20. Four Papers That Changed the World -- Episode 41 of Everything is Everything. 21. The Use of Knowledge in Society -- Friedrich Hayek. 22. Individualism and Economic Order -- Friedrich Hayek. 23. Understanding the State -- Episode 25 of Everything is Everything.  24. Richard E Wagner at Mercatus and Amazon. 25. Larry White and the First Principles of Money -- Episode 397 of The Seen and the Unseen. 26. Fixing the Knowledge Society -- Episode 24 of Everything is Everything. 27. Marginal Revolution. 28. Paul Graham's essays. 29. Commands and controls: Planning for indian industrial development, 1951–1990 -- Rakesh Mohan and Vandana Aggarwal. 30. The Reformers -- Episode 28 of Everything is Everything. 31. India: Planning for Industrialization -- Jagdish Bhagwati and Padma Desai. 32. Open Borders: The Science and Ethics of Immigration -- Bryan Caplan and Zach Weinersmith. 33. Cows on India Uncut. 34. Abdul Karim Khan on Spotify and YouTube. 35. The Surface Area of Serendipity -- Episode 39 of Everything is Everything. 36. Objects From Our Past -- Episode 77 of Everything is Everything. 37. Sriya Iyer on the Economics of Religion -- The Ideas of India Podcast. 38. Episodes of The Seen and the Unseen with Ramachandra Guha: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. 39. Episodes of The Seen and the Unseen with Pratap Bhanu Mehta: 1, 2. 40. Rohit Lamba Reimagines India's Economic Policy Emphasis -- The Ideas of India Podcast. 41. Rohit Lamba Will Never Be Bezubaan — Episode 378 of The Seen and the Unseen. 42. The Constitutional Law and Philosophy blog. 43. Cost and Choice -- James Buchanan. 44. Philip Wicksteed. 45. Pratap Bhanu Mehta on The Theory of Moral Sentiments -- The Ideas of India Podcast. 46. Conversation and Society — Episode 182 of The Seen and the Unseen (w Russ Roberts). 47. The Common Sense of Political Economy -- Philip Wicksteed. 48. Narendra Shenoy and Mr Narendra Shenoy — Episode 250 of The Seen and the Unseen. 49. Sudhir Sarnobat Works to Understand the World — Episode 350 of The Seen and the Unseen. 50. Manmohan Singh: India's Finest Talent Scout -- Shruti Rajagopalan. 51. The Importance of the 1991 Reforms — Episode 237 of The Seen and the Unseen (w Shruti Rajagopalan and Ajay Shah). 52. The Life and Times of Montek Singh Ahluwalia — Episode 285 of The Seen and the Unseen. 53. The Forgotten Greatness of PV Narasimha Rao — Episode 283 of The Seen and the Unseen (w Vinay Sitapati). 54. India's Massive Pensions Crisis — Episode 347 of The Seen and the Unseen (w Ajay Shah & Renuka Sane). 55. The Life and Times of KP Krishnan — Episode 355 of The Seen and the Unseen. 56. Breaking Through — Isher Judge Ahluwalia. 57. Breaking Out — Padma Desai. 58. Perestroika in Perspective -- Padma Desai. 59. Shephali Bhatt Is Searching for the Incredible — Episode 391 of The Seen and the Unseen. 60. Pics from the Seen-Unseen party. 61. Pramod Varma on India's Digital Empowerment -- Episode 50 of Brave New World. 59. Niranjan Rajadhyaksha Is the Impartial Spectator — Episode 388 of The Seen and the Unseen. 60. Our Parliament and Our Democracy — Episode 253 of The Seen and the Unseen (w MR Madhavan). 61. Episodes of The Seen and the Unseen with Pranay Kotasthane: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13. 62. The Overton Window. 63. When Ideas Have Sex -- Matt Ridley. 64. The Three Languages of Politics — Arnold Kling. 65. Arnold Kling and the Four Languages of Politics -- Episode 394 of The Seen and the Unseen. 66. The Double ‘Thank You' Moment — John Stossel. 67. Economic growth is enough and only economic growth is enough — Lant Pritchett with Addison Lewis. 68. What is Libertarianism? — Episode 117 of The Seen and the Unseen (w David Boaz). 69. What Does It Mean to Be Libertarian? — Episode 64 of The Seen and the Unseen. 70. The Libertarian Mind: A Manifesto for Freedom -- David Boaz. 71. Publish and Perish — Agnes Callard. 72. Classical Liberal Institute. 73. Shruti Rajagopalan's YouTube talk on constitutional amendments. 74. What I, as a development economist, have been actively “for” -- Lant Pritchett. 75. Can Economics Become More Reflexive? — Vijayendra Rao. 76. Premature Imitation and India's Flailing State — Shruti Rajagopalan & Alexander Tabarrok. 77. Elite Imitation in Public Policy — Episode 180 of The Seen and the Unseen (w Shruti Rajagopalan and Alex Tabarrok). 78. Invisible Infrastructure -- Episode 82 of Everything is Everything. 79. The Sundara Kanda. 80. Devdutt Pattanaik and the Stories That Shape Us -- Episode 404 of The Seen and the Unseen. 81. Y Combinator. 82. Space Fields. 83. Apoorwa Masuk, Onkar Singh Batra, Naman Pushp, Angad Daryani, Deepak VS and Srijon Sarkar. 84. Deepak VS and the Man Behind His Face — Episode 373 of The Seen and the Unseen. 85. You've Got To Hide Your Love Away -- The Beatles. 86. Caste, Capitalism and Chandra Bhan Prasad — Episode 296 of The Seen and the Unseen. 87. Data For India -- Rukmini S's startup. 88. Whole Numbers And Half Truths — Rukmini S. 89. The Moving Curve — Rukmini S's Covid podcast, also on all podcast apps. 90. The Importance of Data Journalism — Episode 196 of The Seen and the Unseen (w Rukmini S). 91. Rukmini Sees India's Multitudes — Episode 261 of The Seen and the Unseen (w Rukmini S). 92. Prosperiti. 93. This Be The Verse — Philip Larkin. 94. The Dilemma of an Indian Liberal -- Gurcharan Das. 95. Zakir: 1951-2024 -- Shruti Rajagopalan. 96. Dazzling Blue -- Paul Simon, featuring Karaikudi R Mani. 97. John Coltrane, Shakti, Zakir Hussain, Ali Akbar Khan, Pannalal Ghosh, Nikhil Banerjee, Vilayat Khan, Bismillah Khan, Ravi Shankar, Bhimsen Joshi, Bade Ghulam Ali Khan, Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Esperanza Spalding, MS Subbulakshmi, Lalgudi Jayaraman, TN Krishnan, Sanjay Subrahmanyan, Ranjani-Gayatri and TM Krishna on Spotify. 98. James Buchanan, Gordon Tullock, Israel Kirzner, Mario Rizzo, Vernon Smith, Thomas Schelling and Ronald Coase. 99. The Calculus of Consent -- James Buchanan and Gordon Tullock. 100. Tim Harford and Martin Wolf. 101. The Shawshank Redemption -- Frank Darabont. 102. The Marriage of Figaro in The Shawshank Redemption. 103. An Equal Music -- Vikram Seth. 104. Beethoven: Symphony No. 7 - Zubin Mehta and the Belgrade Philharmonic. 105. Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's violin concertos. 106. Animal Farm -- George Orwell. 107. Down and Out in Paris and London -- George Orwell. 108. Gulliver's Travels -- Jonathan Swift. 109. Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass -- Lewis Carroll. 110. One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich -- Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. 111. The Gulag Archipelago -- Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. 112. Khosla Ka Ghosla -- Dibakar Banerjee. 113. Mr India -- Shekhar Kapur. 114. Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi -- Satyen Bose. 114. Finding Nemo -- Andrew Stanton. 115. Tom and Jerry and Bugs Bunny. 116. Michael Madana Kama Rajan -- Singeetam Srinivasa Rao. 117. The Music Box, with Laurel and Hardy. 118. The Disciple -- Chaitanya Tamhane. 119. Court -- Chaitanya Tamhane. 120. Dwarkesh Patel on YouTube. Amit Varma and Ajay Shah have launched a new course called Life Lessons, which aims to be a launchpad towards learning essential life skills all of you need. For more details, and to sign up, click here. Amit and Ajay also bring out a weekly YouTube show, Everything is Everything. Have you watched it yet? You must! And have you read Amit's newsletter? Subscribe right away to The India Uncut Newsletter! It's free! Also check out Amit's online course, The Art of Clear Writing. Episode art: ‘Learn' by Simahina.

#MrMarket: Tariffs are not inflationary. Veronique De Rug, Mercatus 1909 Chicago

Good Evening: The show begins in Ukraine, despairing that  the EU refuses to give uo]p Russian gas purchases... 1917 Odessa CBS EYE ON THE WORLD WITH JOHN BATCHELOR FIRST HOUR 9-9:15 Ukraine: EU must buy Russian gas. Anatol Lieven, Quincy 9:15-9:30 GERMANY: Turning away from Zeitenwende. Anatol Lieven, Quincy 9:30-9:45 Election 2024: It was not the economy. Peter Berkowitz, Hoover 9:45-10:00 Antisemitism: Elite universities continue to fail. Peter Berkowitz, Hoover SECOND HOUR 10-10:15 ISRAEL: Relocating Gazans. Alex Traiman, JNS.org. Malcolm Hoenlein @Conf_of_pres @mhoenlein1 10:15-10:30 QATAR: Enabling Hamas and the Muslim Brothers. Yaakov Lappin, Alma Research, Miryam Institute, JNS.org 10:30-10:45 HOSTAGES: Hamas deceives. Malcolm Hoenlein @Conf_of_pres @mhoenlein1 10:45-11:00 Antisemitism: Trouble in Australia. Malcolm Hoenlein @Conf_of_pres @mhoenlein1 THIRD HOUR 11:00-11:15 CANADA: Unhinged denouncing of Israel and Canada at the University of Toronto. Conrad Black, National Post 11:15-11:30 SCALA REPORT: PRC culture of knock-offs and bootlegs. Chris Riegel, CEO, Scala.com @Stratacache 11:30-11:45 1/2: Nuclear Weapon Arsenal: Two saber-rattling adversaries and What is to be done? Peter Huessy, National Institute of Deterrent Studies 11:45-12:00 2/2: Nuclear Weapon Arsenal: Two saber-rattling adversaries and What is to be done? Peter Huessy, National Institute of Deterrent Studies FOURTH HOUR 12-12:15 Mr Market: Tariffs are not inflationary. Veronique De Rugy, Mercatus 12:15-12:30 RUSSIA: EU cannot forgo Russian energy. Michael Bernstam, Hoover 12:30-12:45 1/2: HOTEL MARS: From Ice Station Zebra to the next: Russian spy satellites. Anatoly Zak, RussianSpaceWeb.com. David Livingston, SpaceShow.com 12:45-1:00 am 2/2: HOTEL MARS: From Ice Station Zebra to the next: Russian spy satellites. Anatoly Zak, RussianSpaceWeb.com. David Livingston, SpaceShow.com

Hui Min Zheng, cofundadora de Mercatus 9 by Diario La república

Send us a textWhat if transaction costs could shape entire political and economic systems? Join us for an insightful discussion with Shruti Rajagopalan, a senior research fellow at the Mercatus Center, as she takes us through her fascinating journey from the University of Delhi to George Mason University. Her research on India's economic liberalization shaped her understanding of economics and public choice theory, and now she is looking at the Indian Constitution as a subject of study. She shares how India's socialist elements and frequent amendments navigate the balance between democracy and central planning.Explore the contrasting worlds of constitutional amendments in the United States and India, where transaction costs play a pivotal role. We unravel the philosophical differences in how these two nations interpret their constitutions, impacting citizens' rights and governance in uniquely distinct ways. Through metaphors like the Ship of Theseus, we evaluate the stability and adaptability of these constitutions, shedding light on how they sustain their respective democratic frameworks amid evolving societal needs.Adding a dose of humor, we recount a satirical tale of international contractors bidding for a White House fence and explore the complexities of voting systems influenced by transaction costs. The episode takes a reflective turn as we discuss Ulysses S. Grant's memoirs, highlighting themes of personal sacrifice and political intricacies. This conversation promises to enrich your understanding of how economics, law, and political systems intricately intertwine, offering both serious insights and light-hearted moments to ponder.Links:Dr. Shruti Rajagopalan's web site at Mercatus and her personal web siteDr. Rajagopalan's podcast, "Ideas of India" and publicationsBook o'da'month: U.S. Grant, Personal Memoirs, Modern Library, 1999. A note on the TWEJ: Some listeners may find the joke racist. But in fact each of the three stereotypes captures a kind of "excellence," though the three kinds of excellence might not all be equally socially admirable. Gordon Tullock, who was discussed in this episode, made some observations about corruption that are worth keeping in mind: Western nations abhor, or pretend to abhor, corruption, though in fact there is plenty of it in the West. Tullock's point was that, in a nation with dysfunctional institutions, corruption can be efficiency enhancing. Institutions matter. The point is not that Germans are inherently organized and methodical, nor that Mexicans are inherently hard-working and efficient, and certainly not that Indians are all corrupt. But the political and economic systems of those nations create a setting where such actions are "rational," and even expected.  I wrote a piece for Public Choice on Tullock's insight, and the problem of India, and that's why I enjoyed this joke!If you have questions or comments, or want to suggest a future topic, email the show at taitc.email@gmail.com ! You can follow Mike Munger on Twitter at @mungowitz

Jon Hartley and David Beckworth discuss David's career, monetary policy, the history of Nominal GDP targeting as an idea along with its benefits and challenges, the history of inflation targeting along with its recent evolution, the Fed's recent framework reviews, as well as corridor (scarce reserves) versus floor (ample reserves) systems. Recorded on January 7, 2025. ABOUT THE SPEAKERS: David Beckworth is a senior research fellow at the Mercatus Center at George Mason University and director of the Mercatus Center's monetary policy program. His primary research focuses on the targets, tools, operating system, and governance of the Federal Reserve, and has included work on the US Treasury market, the safe asset shortage, and dollar dominance. He has advised congressional staffers and Fed officials on monetary policy and has been cited by the Wall Street Journal, Financial Times, New York Times, Bloomberg Businessweek, and the Economist.  Beckworth is also the host of Macro Musings, a weekly podcast on macroeconomics, where, since 2016, he has interviewed hundreds of experts, including regional presidents of the Federal Reserve, Nobel laureates, and leading academics from around the world. He is the author of Boom and Bust Banking: The Causes and Cures of the Great Recession (Independent Institute, 2012). Formerly an international economist at the US Department of the Treasury, he earned his PhD in economics from the University of Georgia.  Follow David Beckworth on X: DavidBeckworth Jon Hartley is the host of the Capitalism and Freedom in the 21st Century Podcast at the Hoover Institution and an economics PhD Candidate at Stanford University, where he specializes in finance, labor economics, and macroeconomics. He is also currently an Affiliated Scholar at the Mercatus Center, a Senior Fellow at the Foundation for Research on Equal Opportunity (FREOPP), and a Senior Fellow at the Macdonald-Laurier Institute. Jon is also a member of the Canadian Group of Economists, and serves as chair of the Economic Club of Miami. Jon has previously worked at Goldman Sachs Asset Management as well as in various policy roles at the World Bank, IMF, Committee on Capital Markets Regulation, US Congress Joint Economic Committee, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, and the Bank of Canada.  Jon has also been a regular economics contributor for National Review Online, Forbes, and The Huffington Post and has contributed to The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, USA Today, Globe and Mail, National Post, and Toronto Star among other outlets. Jon has also appeared on CNBC, Fox Business, Fox News, Bloomberg, and NBC, and was named to the 2017 Forbes 30 Under 30 Law & Policy list, the 2017 Wharton 40 Under 40 list, and was previously a World Economic Forum Global Shaper. ABOUT THE SERIES: Each episode of Capitalism and Freedom in the 21st Century, a video podcast series and the official podcast of the Hoover Economic Policy Working Group, focuses on getting into the weeds of economics, finance, and public policy on important current topics through one-on-one interviews. Host Jon Hartley asks guests about their main ideas and contributions to academic research and policy. The podcast is titled after Milton Friedman‘s famous 1962 bestselling book Capitalism and Freedom, which after 60 years, remains prescient from its focus on various topics which are now at the forefront of economic debates, such as monetary policy and inflation, fiscal policy, occupational licensing, education vouchers, income share agreements, the distribution of income, and negative income taxes, among many other topics. For more information, visit: capitalismandfreedom.substack.com/

As CEO and Co-Founder of Mercatus, I grew a dining-room-table idea into the largest private market investment platform, managing $1.5 trillion in assets across real estate, infrastructure, and energy sectors. Following its acquisition by State Street, I successfully guided the integration while doubling revenue and maintaining less than 2% employee turnover. Before Mercatus, I spent 25 years in the semiconductor industry, driving growth and innovation at market-leading companies like Texas Instruments, Fujitsu, PMC-Sierra Agilent Technologies and WJ Communications. These global head of sales and marketing roles honed my expertise in navigating complex markets, scaling teams, and delivering operational excellence. Advisory and Board Expertise in Fintech AI, SaaS Platforms, and Semiconductor technologies, with experience in: -Strategic growth and scaling: Proven ability to align people, processes, and priorities to create exponential growth. -M&A and integration: Hands-on expertise in acquisitions, ensuring seamless transitions while maintaining momentum. -Corporate governance: Seasoned in board-level decision-making, stakeholder engagement, and fostering accountability and transparency. -Culture and talent development: Building high-performing teams and creating cultures that drive innovation and execution. What Others Say About Me "Haresh has an exceptional ability to foresee trends, identify opportunities, and navigate challenges with confidence and precision." "A revenue-driven leader who harmonizes all aspects of a business to deliver aggressive, sustainable growth." "His focus on culture, transparency, and integrity sets him apart as a board member and trusted advisor." Let's Connect I'm passionate about leveraging my experience to help early and mid-stage organizations achieve their full potential. Whether as a board member, advisor, or consultant, I'm eager to work with leadership teams and investors to drive growth, help execute a critical pivot, and achieve product market fit. and solve challenges.

Jeffrey Lacker is a senior affiliated scholar at the Mercatus Center, and he previously worked at the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, where he served as its president from 2004 to 2017. Jeff is also a returning guest to the podcast, and he rejoins David on Macro Musings to talk about the history of the Federal Reserve's credit policy, as well as a recent Shadow Open Market Committee conference.   Transcript for this week's episode.   Jeffrey's website Jeffrey's Mercatus profile   David Beckworth's Twitter: @DavidBeckworth Follow us on Twitter: @Macro_Musings   Check out our new AI chatbot: the Macro Musebot! Join the new Macro Musings Discord server!   Join the Macro Musings mailing list! Check out our Macro Musings merch!   Related Links:   *A 50-Year Retrospective on the Shadow Open Market Committee and its Role in Monetary Policy* — A conference hosted by the Hoover Institution   *From the “Lender of Last Resort” to “Too Big to Fail” to “Financial System Savior”: Federal Reserve Credit Policy and the Shadow Open Market Committee* by Jeffrey Lacker   *Last Resort Lending: Classical Thought vs. Modern Federal Reserve Practice* by Jeffrey Lacker   Timestamps:   (00:00:00) – Intro   (00:01:47) – The Shadow Open Market Committee and its Contributions Throughout Time   (00:05:32) – Highlights from the Recent Shadow Open Market Committee Conference   (00:10:17) – From FAIT Back to FIT?   (00:14:07) – *Federal Reserve Credit Policy and the Shadow Open Market Committee*: Motivation and Summary   (00:16:05) – Breaking Down the Difference Between Credit Policy and Monetary Policy   (00:22:10) – The Four Doctrines of Fed Lending: The Monetary Stability Doctrine   (00:28:56) – The Four Doctrines of Fed Lending: The Real Bills Doctrine   (00:34:49) – The Four Doctrines of Fed Lending: Warburg's Mercantilism   (00:39:11) – The Four Doctrines of Fed Lending: Too-big-to-fail and the Reluctant Samaritan   (00:47:45) – Solutions for Improving the System Moving Forward   (00:55:25) – Outro

MRMARKET: Double taxation & What is to be done? Veronique De Rugy, Mercatus NYSE 1939 

As India's economic landscape evolves amid population growth, crafting regulations that foster progress is critical. But how can India leverage its advanced digital infrastructure and young workforce to drive innovation and create sustainable job opportunities? What regulatory reforms could help create an environment that encourages start-up growth and technological entrepreneurship? And how do proposed reforms like the draft Digital Competition Bill shape up? In this conversation, Shane Tews is joined by Shruti Rajagopalan and Shreyas Narla. Shruti is a senior research fellow at the Mercatus Center and a fellow at the Classical Liberal Institute at the New York University School of Law. She leads the India Political Economy program and Emergent Ventures India at Mercatus. Shreyas is a research scholar with the India Political Economy program at Mercatus. Join us as they explore the challenges regulatory frameworks pose, the importance of digital infrastructure, and the need for reforms to foster innovation and growth in India's economy.

#MRMARKET: FTC vs. Bigness, failing. Veronique de Rugy, Mercatus 1912 Waiting for Bryant to speak.

GOOD EVENING: The show begins with the roll-out of the Trump Administration's national security team as reported by Cliff May of FDD... 1955 CBS EYE ON THE WORLD WITH JOHN BATCHELOR FIRST HOUR 9:00-9:15: POTUS: Trump Administration National Security team roll out. Cliff May, FDD 9:15-9:30: #BRAZIL: Lula da Silva's ambition to be a hegemon. Mary Anastasia O'Grady 9:30-9:45: #PRC: Stock Bubble building at the hands of the CCP. #SCALAREPORT: Chris Riegel, CEO, Scala.com @Stratacache 9:45-10:00: #INDIA: No generalities suit on the polling and voting 2024. Sadanand Dhume, WSJ SECOND HOUR 10:00-10:15: #LEBANON: Hezbollah seeks separate peace. Hussain Abdul-Hussain, Research Fellow at FDD 10:15-10:30: #IRAQ: Shia militias firing drones and rockets. Dr. Michael Knights, Jill and Jay Bernstein Senior Fellow, The Washington Institute 10:30-10:45: #ANTISEMITISM: Dion J. Pierre, Campus Correspondent, The Algemeiner 10:45-11:00: #ISRAEL: ICC attacks; Bernie Sanders fails; EU and UN sanction. Malcolm Hoenlein @Conf_of_pres @mhoenlein1 THIRD HOUR 11:00-11:15: #NewWorldReport: APEC, G-20 and Xi 11:15-11:30: #NewWorldReport: Milei and Xi 11:30-11:45: #NewWorldReport: Sheinbaum and Trump 11:45-12:00: #NewWorldReport: US and Maduro All segments with Latin American Research Professor Evan Ellis, U.S. Army War College Strategic Studies Institute @revanellis FOURTH HOUR 12:00-12:15: #ICC: Global Lawfare targeting Netanyahu and Gallant. Richard Goldberg, FDD 12:15-12:30: #MRMARKET: FTC vs. Bigness, failing. Veronique de Rugy, Mercatus 12:30-12:45: #RUSSIA: Provocation parade (Part 1). Anatol Lieven, Quincy Institute 12:45-1:00 AM: #RUSSIA: Provocation parade (Part 2). Anatol Lieven, Quincy Institute

Welcome to Omni Talk's Retail Daily Minute, sponsored by Ownit AI and Mirakl. Here are today's top headlines:Online grocery prices dropped nearly 4% in August from July, marking the sharpest monthly decline in ten years, according to Adobe Analytics. Zara is bringing its ‘Pre-Owned' service to the U.S. in October, allowing customers to buy, sell, repair, or donate secondhand clothes through its stores, website, and app.Stater Bros. Markets, a leading grocery chain in Southern California, is launching a new product sampling initiative. Partnering with Mercatus and Swish Brand Experiences, the program will provide targeted, measurable product sampling campaigns directly through its e-commerce platform. Stay informed with Omni Talk's Retail Daily Minute, your source for the latest and most important retail insights. Be careful out there!

It's one thing to understand the issues. It's another to understand how to debate those issues, which cam be divisive. In this discussion, Mercatus Center Executive Director Ben Klutsey discusses the campaign to teach civil discourse in America. Is there a place for that in our classrooms? For more information: https://www.seattletimes.com/opinion/teaching-civil-discourse-a-classroom-blueprint-for-all-america/ For More information: Mercatus.org

#MrMarket: "Republicrats" Harris and Trump on trade, industrial policy, spending, taxes, entitlements.  Veronique DeRugy, Mercatus Center https://www.creators.com/read/veronique-de-rugy/08/24/how-similar-are-harris-and-trumps-economic-policies-lets-take-a-look 1964 Atlantic City Democratic National Convention

#MrMarket: The deficit and the debt ignored by all parties in DC. Veronique DeRugy, Mercatus Center https://nationalpost.com/opinion/conrad-black-the-media-and-trudeau-have-yet-to-return-to-reality 1885 Cleveland Inaugural

Jeffrey Lacker is a senior affiliated scholar at the Mercatus Center, but has also previously worked at the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond from 1989 to 2017, serving as its president from 2004 to 2017. Jeff is also a returning guest to podcast, and he rejoins Macro Musings to talk about Fed governance issues and the lessons learned from the recent inflation surge. Specifically, David and Jeffrey also discuss the issue of maximum employment, how the Fed could reform its governance structure, what the central bank should address during the next framework review, and more.   Transcript for this week's episode.   Jeffrey's Mercatus profile Jeffrey's website Jeffrey's Richmond Fed archive   David Beckworth's Twitter: @DavidBeckworth Follow us on Twitter: @Macro_Musings   Check out our new AI chatbot: the Macro Musebot! Join the new Macro Musings Discord server!   Join the Macro Musings mailing list! Check out our Macro Musings merch!   Related Links:   *Governance and Diversity at the Federal Reserve* by Jeffrey Lacker   *What Lessons Should the Federal Reserve Learn from the Recent Inflation Surge?* Presentation by Jeffrey Lacker at the 2024 UC San Diego Economics Roundtable Lecture Series   *Central Bank Undersight: Assessing the Fed's Accountability to Congress* by Andrew Levin and Christina Parajon Skinner   *Reform the Federal Reserve's Governance to Deliver Better Monetary Outcomes* by Dan Katz and Stephen Miran   *Don't Audit the Fed, Restructure It* by Michael Belongia and Peter Ireland   *Restoring the Promise of Federal Reserve Governance* by Peter Conti-Brown   *Jim Hamilton on Econometrics, Energy Markets, and Low Interest Rates* by Macro Musings   Timestamps:   (00:00:00) – Intro   (00:04:35) – Jeffrey's View on “Monetary Federalism”   (00:10:01) – Reducing the Number of Regional Fed Banks   (00:13:11) – Addressing Peter Conti-Brown's Proposals for Fed Governance Reform   (00:18:23) – Addressing Andy Levin and Christina Skinner's Proposals for Fed Governance Reform   (00:23:07) – Altering the Fed's Responsibilities as a Bank Regulator   (00:29:21) – What Lessons Should the Federal Reserve Learn from the Recent Inflation Surge?   (00:36:14) – The Issue of Maximum Employment   (00:46:38) – Evaluating the Fed's Response to the Recent Inflation Episode   (00:50:45) – What Should the Fed Be Addressing During the Next Framework Review?   (00:55:01) – Outro

12-1215A:  The plan that can end all freight trains by 2035, Veronique De Rugy, Mercatus https://www.fdd.org/analysis/op_eds/2024/05/01/the-ideological-cocktail-poisoning-american-campuses/ 1882

In this episode, Liz Ann Sonders and Kathy Jones analyze the March 2024 CPI data and its impact on the bond markets and Fed policy. CPI came in higher than expected, with significant increases in housing, clothing, and transportation services, probably closing the door on a June rate cut, as the Fed will likely have to be patient and wait for the numbers to improve. Then, Kathy interviews David Beckworth. They discuss the concept of nominal GDP targeting as an alternative approach to monetary policy. He explains that instead of targeting the price level or inflation, nominal GDP targeting focuses on stabilizing total dollar spending in the economy. Beckworth also discusses how nominal GDP targeting could have been used during the pandemic and its potential benefits for central banks. He highlights the importance of following nominal GDP and asset prices as indicators of the health of the macro economy.Finally, Kathy and Liz Ann offer their outlook on the coming week's economic data.David Beckworth is the host of the Macro Musings podcast and is a senior research fellow at the Mercatus Center at George Mason University as well as a former international economist at the U.S. Department of the Treasury.On Investing is an original podcast from Charles Schwab. For more on the show, visit schwab.com/OnInvesting.If you enjoy the show, please leave a rating or review on Apple Podcasts. Important DisclosuresThe information provided here is for general informational purposes only and should not be considered an individualized recommendation or personalized investment advice. The investment strategies mentioned here may not be suitable for everyone. Each investor needs to review an investment strategy for his or her own particular situation before making any investment decision. All expressions of opinion are subject to change without notice in reaction to shifting market conditions. Data contained herein from third-party providers is obtained from what are considered reliable sources. However, its accuracy, completeness, or reliability cannot be guaranteed. Examples provided are for illustrative purposes only and not intended to be reflective of results you can expect to achieve.All corporate names and market data shown above are for illustrative purposes only and are not a recommendation, offer to sell, or a solicitation of an offer to buy any security. Supporting documentation for any claims or statistical information is available upon request. Investing involves risk, including loss of principal.The comments, views, and opinions expressed in the presentation are those of the speakers and do not necessarily represent the views of Charles Schwab.The policy analysis provided by the Charles Schwab & Co., Inc., does not constitute and should not be interpreted as an endorsement of any political party.The information and content provided herein is general in nature and is for informational purposes only. It is not intended, and should not be construed, as a specific recommendation, individualized tax, legal, or investment advice. Tax laws are subject to change, either prospectively or retroactively. Where specific advice is necessary or appropriate, individuals should contact their own professional tax and investment advisors or other professionals (CPA, Financial Planner, Investment Manager) to help answer questions about specific situations or needs prior to taking any action based upon this information.Past performance is no guarantee of future results and the opinions presented cannot be viewed as an indicator of future performance.Fixed income securities are subject to increased loss of principal during periods of rising interest rates. Fixed income investments are subject to various other risks including changes in credit quality, market valuations, liquidity, prepayments, early redemption, corporate events, tax ramifications and other factors.Forecasts contained herein are for illustrative purposes only, may be based upon proprietary research and are developed through analysis of historical public data.Indexes are unmanaged, do not incur management fees, costs, and expenses, and cannot be invested in directly. For additional information, please see schwab.com/indexdefinitions.(0424-WMNF)

#MrMarket: Federal subsidies to revive manufacturing are ineffective welfare for the already prosperous and no solution for the men who have dropped out of the workforce. Veronique De Rugy, Mercatus https://www.creators.com/read/veronique-de-rugy/04/24/washingtons-job-creation-circus-is-hitting-the-road 1936 Garment District NYC

This is our 100th episode and I want to thank our listeners, the guests who have been exceptionally generous with their time and insights, the fantastic team at Mercatus that helps me produce and disseminate the podcast, and to all our donors and supporters. Today my guest is Douglas Irwin, who is the John French Professor of Economics at Dartmouth College. He is the author of dozens of books and papers, most recently, Clashing over Commerce, which is a magisterial history of US trade policy. We spoke about India's liberalization moment in 1991, the five phases of globalization, British repeal of Corn laws, premature deindustrialization, the relevance of the WTO, absolute versus comparative advantage, the future Argentina, and much more.  Recorded January 23rd, 2024. Read a full transcript enhanced with helpful links. Follow us on X Follow Shruti on X Follow Doug on X Click here for the latest Ideas of India episodes sent straight to your inbox.

Eric Leeper is a professor of economics at the University of Virginia, a former advisor to central banks around the world, and a distinguished visiting scholar at the Mercatus Center. Eric is also a returning guest to the podcast, and he rejoins Macro Musings to talk about his work on the fiscal accounting of the COVID inflation surge. Specifically, David and Eric discuss fiscal dominance during the pandemic period, how the fiscal theory of the price level explains inflationary trends, the backward and forward-looking fiscal accounting exercises, and more.   Transcript for this week's episode.   Eric's Twitter: @EricMLeeper Eric's UVA profile Eric's Mercatus profile   David Beckworth's Twitter: @DavidBeckworth Follow us on Twitter: @Macro_Musings   Join the Macro Musings mailing list! Check out our Macro Musings merch!   Related Links:   *A Fiscal Account of COVID Inflation* by Eric Leeper and Joe Anderson   *Fiscal Dominance—What It Is and How It Threatens Inflation Control* by Eric Leeper   *Three World Wars: Fiscal-Monetary Consequences* by George Hall and Thomas Sargent   *The Fiscal Theory of the Price Level With a Bubble* by Markus Brunnermeier, Sebastian Merkel, and Yuliy Sannikov   *George Hall on the History of the U.S. National Debt and Government Financing* by Macro Musings

Jeffrey Lacker is a former president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, where he served as its head from 2004 to 2017. Jeffrey is now a senior affiliated scholar at the Mercatus Center and is also a returning guest to the podcast. He rejoins David on Macro Musings to talk about a wide range of Fed governance issues, including the evolving nature of governance at the Fed, the increasing politicization of the central bank, its continuing relationship with Congress, and a lot more.   Transcript for this week's episode.   Jeffrey's Mercatus profile Jeffrey's website Jeffrey's Richmond Fed archive   David Beckworth's Twitter: @DavidBeckworth Follow us on Twitter: @Macro_Musings   Related Links:   *Governance and Diversity at the Federal Reserve* by Jeffrey Lacker   *Some Questions About the Fed's Monetary Policy Operating Regime* by Jeffrey Lacker   *The Legacy of Bennett McCallum and Lessons for Monetary Policy Today* an event hosted by the Mercatus Center   *Ed Nelson on the Life, Work, and Legacy of Bennett McCallum* by Macro Musings   *What Can the Fed Do About the Deficit? Nothing* by Greg Ip

Mark Koyama is an associate professor of economics at George Mason University and is a senior fellow with the F.A. Hayek Program for Advanced Study in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics at the Mercatus Center. Mark is also a returning guest to the podcast, and he rejoins Macro Musings to talk about his recent book that he co-authored with Jared Rubin titled, *How the World Became Rich: The Historical Origins of Economic Growth.* Specifically, David and Mark discuss the key drivers of long-run economic growth throughout history and what we might be able to expect in the future.   Transcript for this week's episode.   Mark's Twitter: @MarkKoyama Mark's GMU profile Mark's Mercatus profile   David Beckworth's Twitter: @DavidBeckworth Follow us on Twitter: @Macro_Musings   Join the Macro Musings mailing list! Check out our new Macro Musings merch!   Related Links:   *How the World Became Rich: The Historical Origins of Economic Growth* by Mark Koyama and Jared Rubin

This week on #locationweekly we talk about Microspoft & TomTom working on generative AI for cars, Stor.AI & Mercatus merging, Mattress Firm working with LiveRamp on linking ad impressions to store visits & LiveRamp acquiring Habu. Tune in now!

Tyler Cowen is a professor of economics at George Mason University, and is the co-author of the popular economics blog, Marginal Revolution. Tyler has also published widely in the field of economics, and he is the author of numerous books, including his most recent one titled, *GOAT: Who is the Greatest Economist of All Time, and Why Does it Matter?* As a returning guest to show, Tyler rejoins Macro Musings for this special holiday episode to break down who should be considered the greatest economist of all time. David and Tyler also assign awards to the best performing macroeconomic theories of the past decade, in addition to discussing Tyler's view on recent deflationary trends, the Fed's framework, and more.   Transcript for this week's episode.   Tyler's Mercatus profile Tyler's blog: Marginal Revolution Tyler's Twitter: @tylercowen   David Beckworth's Twitter: @DavidBeckworth Follow us on Twitter: @Macro_Musings   Donate to Macro Musings! Join the Macro Musings mailing list! Check out our new Macro Musings merch!   Related Links:   *GOAT: Who is the Greatest Economist of All Time and Why Does it Matter?* by Tyler Cowen   *Tyler Cowen on the Culture of Big Business in the United States* by Macro Musings

On this episode, Patrick McLaughlin, a Senior Research Fellow and Director of the Regulatory Studies Project here at Mercatus, chats about the latest economic situation report with Dr. Bruce Yandle, who is a Distinguished Adjunct Fellow here at Mercatus. They discuss interest rates, rising household wealth, growing debt, and much more.If you would like to connect with a scholar featured on this episode, please email the Mercatus Outreach team at mercatusoutreach@mercatus.gmu.edu. Bruce's report.

#MrMarket: The beginnings of a responsible debt-reducing commission. Veronique de Rugy, Mercatus https://www.creators.com/read/veronique-de-rugy/11/23/congress-can-redeem-itself-by-calling-for-help

#MrMarket: Student Loan spending $9B equals higher interest rates for longer. Veronique de Rugy, Mercatus  https://www.creators.com/read/veronique-de-rugy/10/23/good-government-is-a-two-way-street#increaseFont 1930 FDR

Thomas Hoenig is a distinguished senior fellow with the Mercatus Center at George Mason University, where he focuses on the long-term impacts of the politicization of financial services as well as the effects of government-granted privileges and market performance. He was formerly the vice chair of the FDIC from 2012 to 2018 and the 20 years prior to that, he was president of the Kansas City Federal Reserve Bank. Tom is also a returning guest to Macro Musings, and he rejoins to talk about the Treasury market, public debt sustainability issues, and the state of banking in the United States. David and Tom also discuss the history of Tom's influence on the Jackson Hole Conference, the growing size of the US current account deficit, the Fed's role as the primary Treasury market backstop, the dangers of risk-weighted capital regulation, and more.   Transcript for this week's episode.   Register now for the Bennett McCallum Monetary Policy Conference!   Thomas's Twitter: @tom_hoenig Thomas's Mercatus profile   David Beckworth's Twitter: @DavidBeckworth Follow us on Twitter: @Macro_Musings   Join the Macro Musings mailing list! Check out our new Macro Musings merch!   Related Links:   *Housing IS the Business Cycle* by Edward Leamer   *Understanding the Greenspan Standard* by Alan Blinder and Ricardo Reis   *Living with High Public Debt* by Serkan Arslanalp and Barry Eichengreen   *Has Financial Development Made the World Riskier?* by Raghuram Rajan   *Resilience Redux in the US Treasury Market* by Darrell Duffie   *Meet the Man Making Big Banks Tremble* by Jeanna Smialek and Emily Flitter

Larry White is a professor of economics at George Mason University and is the author of a new book titled, *Better Money: Gold, Fiat, or Bitcoin?* Larry is also a returning guest to Macro Musings, and he rejoins the podcast to discuss this book and the comparison among those monetary standards. David and Larry specifically discuss the bottom-up vs. top-down theories of money, the basics and functionality of a gold, bitcoin, and fiat standards, the future of money, and more.   Transcript for this week's episode.   Larry's Twitter: @lawrencehwhite1 Larry's Mercatus profile Larry's GMU profile   David Beckworth's Twitter: @DavidBeckworth Follow us on Twitter: @Macro_Musings   Join the Macro Musings mailing list! Check out our new Macro Musings merch!   Related Links:   *Better Money: Gold, Fiat, or Bitcoin?* by Lawrence White   *Larry White on Stablecoins, Money Market Funds, and the History of Free Banking* by Macro Musings

Photo: The Arkansas Traveller. No known restrictions on publication. @Batchelorshow #MrMarket: What use "national industrial policy?" Is the Fed done after 11 hikes? Veronique de Rugy, Mercatus Centerhttps://www.creators.com/read/veronique-de-rugy/07/23/why-were-asking-the-wrong-question-about-the-industrial-policy-push

Photo: No known restrictions on publication. @Batchelorshow #MrMarket: Two years from now another debt talking. Veronique de Rugy, Mercatus. https://www.creators.com/read/veronique-de-rugy/06/23/resist-dangerous-political-theater-and-look-to-that-which-is-not-seen

Photo: No known restrictions on publication. @Batchelorshow 1945 #PRC: #TikTok: Banning, sanctioning, punishing, retaliating and global trade. Veronique de Rugy, Mercatus https://www.creators.com/read/veronique-de-rugy/03/23/how-banning-chinese-products-could-backfire-for-the-us https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/03/23/tiktok-ceo-congress-ban/

Photo: No known restrictions on publication. 1936 social security arthur arthur j altmeyer member board united states history @Batchelorshow #MrMarket: The Fed slows growth & What is to be done about Social Security? Veronique DeRugy, Mercatus https://www.creators.com/read/veronique-de-rugy/01/23/why-would-republicans-rule-out-social-security-and-medicare-reform