Podcasts about darwins

På en dörrvaktsfest fick jag en gång frågan varför jag valt att bli präst, med det lite provocerande tillägget; vad är det du inte gillar? Sprit, tjejer mm. Som om prästvalet innebar någon slags ogillande av världen och att finnas här som vi gör. Det blev ett intressant samtal som aldrig helt lämnat mig. Här i det kanske sista avsnittet av Darwins stege innan vi startar den nya podden Hoppsan?! - om livets mysterier - har vi därför ingen gäst med oss. Utan Maria Bergius och jag gräver i vad det var som fick in oss på den här banan och vad som förändrats längs vägen. 

VEM: Johan CedersjöYRKE: JournalistOM: Podden Experimentet: Det sista pillret – den mest påkostade poddsatsningen hittills i Sverige, självtvivel, diagnosernas explosion på 90-talet, känslor, att aldrig ha varit i kontakt med psykiatrin, placebo och nocebo, att behöva sänka två öl innan intervjun med Scott Stossel, höga krav, sexlusten med och utan 100 mg Sertralin och givetvis en hel del om hur Darwins galopperande ångest på Galapagosöarna blev startskottet för podden som fick Johan själv att kliva av antidepressiva.NYHET! Min nya bok 'Livet – en handbok' är snart här. Den går att förbeställa på både Adlibris och Bokus. Vore väldigt roligt om du ville läsa! Tack på förhand! /KristofferSAMTALSLEDARE: Kristoffer TriumfPRODUCENT: Klara ForslyckeREDAKTION: Ninni WestinKONTAKT: varvet@triumf.se och InstagramHosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Igår var det Darwins födelsedag och det får vi fira med att prata hästens långa historia. Från liten skogsvarelse till de stora moderna sporthästarna tillsammans med oss. Hur tog sig hästarna från Nordamerika till Asien och Europa? Hur blev de en del av vår historia? Följ med och fira Darwindagen med oss!

Jakten på evigt liv är gammal. Under 1900-talet fick idén nya former. Dan Jönsson ser en poäng i att hålla liv i odödligheten. Lyssna på alla avsnitt i Sveriges Radio Play. ESSÄ: Detta är en text där skribenten reflekterar över ett ämne eller ett verk. Åsikter som uttrycks är skribentens egna. Ursprungligen publicerad 2019-02-26.På morgnarna när jag står framför badrumsspegeln och begrundar de djupnande vikarna i hårfästet faller min blick på en liten medicinflaska jag köpte en gång för många år sedan i en butik på Brick Lane i Londons East End. Flaskan innehåller något som heter Blessed Seed Oil, en hemlig mixtur som sägs hjälpa mot allt från impotens och håravfall till reumatism och ögonsjukdomar. Enligt någon guru som citeras på förpackningen innehåller Blessed Seed ”ett botemedel mot alla sjukdomar, utom döden”. Det låter förstås livsfarligt; ändå är det för det där citatet som flaskan har fått stå kvar på hyllan. Trots allt skänker den lite hopp i förgängligheten, hoppet om att även döden faktiskt är en sjukdom bland andra, även om vi till dags dato inte har hittat någon bot för den.En revolution var knappast värd sitt namn om den inte också ville spränga gränserna i tid och rum.Men vad vore den mänskliga civilisationen om vi inte åtminstone försökte? Den 7 april 1928 dog den sovjetiske forskaren och revolutionären Alexander Bogdanov i sitt laboratorium i Moskva. Dödsorsaken lär ha varit blodförgiftning, eller möjligen malaria. Bogdanov var en av den ryska revolutionens veteraner, han hade varit med när bolsjevikpartiet grundades och efter revolutionen ledde han den kommunistiska kultur- och propagandaorganisationen Proletkult. Men han var också besatt av tanken att partiets stora uppgift, när kapitalismen väl var avskaffad, var att övervinna döden. Hans idé var egentligen ganska enkel: med hjälp av regelbundna blodtransfusioner kunde man hjälpa kroppen att bromsa åldrandet och på så vis skjuta döden på en oviss framtid. I sitt Institut för Blodtransfusioner utförde Bogdanov under några år på tjugotalet en serie experiment, som alltså fick ett fatalt slut när han av misstag råkade byta blod med en malariasjuk patient.Den här historien är nästan glömd idag, men faktum är att i den ryska revolutionens tankegods var sådana här spekulationer inte oviktiga. Ursprunget finns hos författaren Nikolaj Fjodorov, som i några uppmärksammade skrifter i slutet av artonhundratalet proklamerade en rörelse han kallade ”kosmismen”, vars program gick ut på att mänsklighetens uppgift var att göra sig till herre över tid och rum – mer konkret verka för odödlighet och de dödas uppståndelse samt kolonisera rymden. Fjodorov själv var långtifrån någon revolutionär, ändå tog många revolutionärer till sig hans idéer och utvecklade dem under namnet ”biokosmism” som en logisk förlängning av det egna emancipationsprojektet. En revolution var knappast värd sitt namn om den inte också ville spränga gränserna i tid och rum. Avskaffandet av döden sågs inte minst som en fråga om upprättelse för dem som fallit offer för historiens tyranner; en befrielse som bara omfattade de levande var helt enkelt inte rättvis.Från att i årtusenden ha förankrats i det religiösa blev alltså drömmen om ett evigt liv till ett vetenskapligt och politiskt projekt. Liksom de kosmiska fantasierna: det var biokosmisternas idéer som tände gnistan till det som med tiden blev det sovjetiska rymdprogrammet, och när raketforskningen tog sina första stapplande steg på tjugo- och trettiotalen var de ideologiska banden fortfarande starka. Konstantin Tsiolkovskij, som brukar anses som det sovjetiska rymdprogrammets fader, var starkt inspirerad av Fjodorov, och även om Alexander Bogdanovs död på laboratoriebänken blev slutet för de revolutionära odödlighetsdrömmarna, så överlevde de alltså på sätt och vis i sublimerad form. De sovjetiska rymdfärdernas betydelse som symboler för den djärva, himlastormande kommunismen är omöjlig att överskatta.Men det här betydde inte att idéerna om odödlighet hade tömt ut sin politiska kraft. Nästan samtidigt som i Ryssland, mellan de båda världskrigen, pågick bland tyska kristna intellektuella en intensiv debatt om evighet och odödlighet. Bakgrunden var i stort sett densamma som hos biokosmisterna: en religiös världsbild som i takt med den moderna rationalismens framväxt krympt ihop till en historisk horisont där evigheten helt enkelt inte fick plats längre. Framför allt Darwins evolutionsteori hade fått de eviga perspektiven att framstå som myter och vidskepelse, och i den samhällssyn som växte fram vid nittonhundratalets början sågs det istället som den centrala uppgiften att ägna kraft åt att förbättra förutsättningarna för livet här och nu, helst med vetenskapliga metoder; en ambition som den svenske statsvetaren Rudolf Kjellén redan 1916 kallade för ”biopolitik”. I pilens ännu oanade riktning låg förstås den rasbiologiska forskningen och nazisternas eugenik.Mot den här utvecklingen protesterade teologer som Franz Rosenzweig och Karl Barth. Tvärt emot att som de ryska biokosmisterna se odödligheten som en del av ett rationalistiskt samhällsomstörtande projekt, där forskning och ny teknik spelade en avgörande roll för att spränga jordelivets gränser, så såg de modernitetens materialistiska livssyn som själva grundproblemet. För Rosenzweig och Barth kunde den mänskliga tillvaron inte begränsas till ett ändligt, historiskt och materiellt, perspektiv. Som teologen Mårten Björk formulerar det i sin avhandling ”Life Outside Life” från 2018 sökte de sig bortom den förgängliga världen, mot dess ”utsida”. Det var där, i föreställningarna om evighet och odödlighet de fann det enda perspektiv som kunde ge människans tillfälliga, historiska existens en mening.som individuellt projekt är risken snarare att evigheten skulle föda en varelse som är mer monster än människaDen politiska hållning som blev synlig från denna livets utsida handlade förstås inte ett dugg om att här på jorden förverkliga ett odödligt människosläkte och de dödas uppståndelse. Utan helt enkelt om hur man som människa bör leva, nämligen i ständig medvetenhet om döden och, särskilt hos Barth, i en strävan att undkomma den antagonistiska, nedbrytande kampen för överlevnad. Livet är mer än så, mer än död och dödande. Det är nog ingen överdrift att säga att Barth, Rosenzweig och andra tänkare i samma anda med sitt sätt att vända ryggen till en destruktiv historisk utveckling förebådade den civilisationskritik som ligger till grund för mycket av dagens gröna ekoideologi – som ju på många sätt också den försöker hitta ett politiskt metaperspektiv, ett sätt att se på världen från andra sidan utvecklingens gränser, med andra ord från dess kosmiska ”utsida”.Och visst är det så att politiken, i och med de senaste årens klimatlarm, mer och mer har fått en dragning åt den här sortens utsidesperspektiv? Helt logiskt, när man tänker på saken – för handlar kanske inte det politiska i sig om att överskrida det individuella livets horisont, i både tid och rum? De ryska biokosmisterna, mitt i sina utspejsade fantasterier, hade förstått den saken, och vår tids stamcellsforskning kan ju på sätt och vis ses som ett historiskt eko av Alexander Bogdanovs blodtransfusionsexperiment. Om det är svårt att tänka sig något mer dystopiskt än de kryotekniska laboratorier som om några hundra år kommer att återuppväcka sina nerfrysta kunder till en förstörd planet, så kan jag ändå tänka mig att odödligheten rent politiskt vore en bra idé, just för att den skulle vidga perspektiven och befria oss från de småskurna drivkrafter som förstör vår värld. Rent politiskt, alltså – för som individuellt projekt är risken snarare att evigheten skulle föda en varelse som är mer monster än människa. Odöd, snarare än odödlig. Då tappar jag nog hellre håret.Dan Jönsson, författare och kritikerLitteraturMårten Björk: Life Outside Life: The Politics of Immortality, 1914-1945. Göteborgs universitet, 2018.

Die Internationalität der Hamburger wie der Berliner Tageszeitungen aus den 1920er Jahren erstaunt uns immer wieder aufs Neue. Kaum ein Winkel der Welt, in den uns die Reisejournalisten jener Zeit in den vergangenen knapp fünf Jahren noch nicht entführt haben. Und wenn doch, wird das vermutlich nicht mehr lange so bleiben. Auf den Galapagos-Inseln vor der Küste Ecuadors waren wir tatsächlich bislang noch nicht, aber das wollten die Harburger Anzeigen und Nachrichten offenbar nicht länger auf sich sitzen lassen. Zwar hat man keinen eigenen Korrespondenten dort hinschicken können, dafür aber einen Reisereport des amerikanischen Forschers William Beebe so ergriffen rezipiert, dass es am 12. November 1924 im Bericht darüber mit der Erzählerperspektive zwischen dritter und erster Person munter durcheinander geht. Für uns auf Darwins Spuren ins Paradies begibt sich Rosa Leu.

"Darwins" Galapagos-Inseln sind ein Naturparadies. Doch invasive Pflanzen und Tierarten und Massentourismus gefährden das ökologische Gleichgewicht. Zudem liegen sie auf der Schmuggler-Route, auf der Drogen von Ecuador in die USA verschifft werden. Anne Herrberg, Katrin Materna www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de, Weltzeit

Rafflande och ruggig. Charles Darwins Resan med Beagle är suverän läsning, men den ger också den moderna läsaren övning i att skaka på huvudet, menar författaren och biologen Fredrik Sjöberg. Lyssna på alla avsnitt i Sveriges Radio Play. ESSÄ: Detta är en text där skribenten reflekterar över ett ämne eller ett verk. Åsikter som uttrycks är skribentens egna. Publicerad 2022-04-25.Först av allt – en varning. Känsliga lyssnare som bekänner sig till flera tusen år gamla teorier om skapelsen bör möjligen stänga av radioapparaten redan här, så även de som tar illa vid sig av att rasbiologer som Carl von Linné och Charles Darwin ännu tar plats i det offentliga rummet. Anser man att naturforskare som de ska gömmas undan, och statyerna kasseras i metallåtervinningen, kan det som följer framstå som stötande. En promenad i det vackra vädret är nog att föredra.Kvarvarande lyssnare, ni oförbätterliga råskinn, ska få höra om en resa som kom att betyda mer än de flesta: det brittiska örlogsfartyget Beagles världsomsegling på 1830-talet, sorglöst finansierad av idel kolonialister och imperiebyggare. En ganska ordinär expedition, ska sägas; syftet var att kartlägga kustlinjer och farleder, främst i Sydamerika, och resan hade knappast blivit legendarisk om inte Beagles 26-årige befälhavare, Robert FitzRoy, hade plågats av en välgrundad misstanke att hans anlag för depression kunde slå över i komplett galenskap.Alltså behövde han sällskap, en bildad, godmodig människa att samtala med när tristessen och grubblerierna kom smygande. Frågan gick till den fyra år yngre överklasspojken Charles Darwin – som skulle ha blivit läkare, var det tänkt, men han ogillade barbariska operationer utan bedövning, så nu skulle han istället bli präst. Inte för att han var påtagligt religiös, men en position som landsortspräst lovade gott om fritid för att samla skalbaggar, som var hans egentliga intresse. I det läget kom budet från kapten FitzRoy – och resten är, som bekant, historia.Darwin mönstrade inte på Beagle som officiell naturforskare, utan som privatman och betalande passagerare. Hans mamma hade ärvt en porslinsfabrik så det fanns gott om pengar i familjen, och när killarna väl kom iväg med 28 man i besättningen och sex kanoner på batteridäck började så Darwins förvandling från bortskämd flanör till en av tidernas vassaste vetenskapsmän. Det var i december 1831; de kastade loss och satte kurs på Kap Verde. Darwin ångrade sig omedelbart, så vedervärdig var hans sjösjuka.Men han bet ihop och började skriva ner sina observationer och funderingar. Inte så mycket från havsvidderna, men väl från alla de platser där man ankrade. Fem år senare, när de kom hem till England igen och Darwin satte sig att redigera sin bok Resan med Beagle, noterade han att oceanerna visserligen hade varit stora, men att han ändå hade befunnit sig på landbacken under mer än tre år – i Brasiliens djungler, på Pampas och i Patagonien, i Chile, Peru och senare bortåt Nya Zeeland och Australien samt slutligen i södra Afrika. Dessutom hade Beagle på vägen anlöpt en lång rad mindre öar: Falklandsöarna, Galapagos, Tahiti, S:t Helena och många andra. Alla bidrog till Darwins tänkande kring livets utveckling på jorden."Resan med Beagle" är en förvånansvärt bra bok. Författaren var ännu mycket ung och ett alldeles oprövat kort. Berömmelsen i och med skandalboken Om arternas uppkomst låg ännu tjugo år i framtiden. Men skriva kunde han. Stilen är frisk och berättelsen lever av alla biologiska och geologiska iakttagelser, som dessutom vittnar om att han redan då hade börjat syssla med artbildningens gåta. Hans uttryck ”den allsmäktiga tiden” pekar spikrakt fram emot hans banbrytande evolutionsteori. Emellertid kan och bör denna bok även läsas lika mycket för dess berättelser om alla människor författaren möter. Bussiga landsmän och brutala tyranner om vartannat, och förstås även mer ursprungliga folkspillror med sämre framtidsutsikter.Eländigast är befolkningen i de regniga, vindpinade bergen på Eldslandet, nere vid Kap Horn. De står där halvnakna i kölden på stranden och fattar ingenting; européer har de aldrig stött på förut. När Beagle bränner av ett kanonskott från två kilometers håll svarar de med att kasta sten. Vid ett annat tillfälle när FitzRoy och hans mannar försöker kommunicera blir kaptenen orolig och skjuter ett par pistolskott i marken bredvid några urinnevånare, men de vet inte var skjutvapen är och blir bara förvånade, inte rädda. Darwin skriver i sin dagbok att de kan bara inte begripa vem som är överlägsen. Den enda pedagogik som fungerar är att skjuta ihjäl dem.På flera ställen i boken finns kommentarer om att skillnaden mellan vilda och civiliserade människor ofta är större än mellan vilda och domesticerade djur. På Tahiti är det dock inte lika förskräckligt, skriver han, för där har missionärerna haft större framgång. Till och med sedeslösheten som sägs utmärka öns kvinnor finner han aningen överdriven, och aboriginerna i Australien kan åtminstone jaga med bumerang. Oborstade är de, men intelligenta.Ja, ni hör.Naturligtvis var Charles Darwin rasist och sexist och allt annat ont som är lätt att fördöma i dag, men det tjänar ingenting till att skuldbelägga honom för 1900-talets mordorgier under buller från rasbiologins med tiden ganska tomma tunnor. En möjliggörare, i någon mening ja, men inte mer än Albert Einstein i relation till atombomben. Tänkarna ska bedömas just för sina tankar, inte andras gärningar, för också cancelkulturen kan slå över i komplett galenskap. Det enda raka är att läsa det de skrev, och sedan tänka själv, det gäller många – från Linné, Adam Smith och Darwin till Ayn Rand och Karl Marx.Den senare skickade förresten ett exemplar av sitt magnum opus Das Kapital till Charles Darwin, sådär som stora författare gör för håva in lite beröm från andra tolvtaggare. Men Darwin gjorde sig aldrig omaket att läsa boken. Han hade börjat forska om daggmaskar då, så han hade väl inte tid.I ungdomen, på resan med Beagle, var det mest plattmaskar han studerade, och lysmaskar. Bläckfiskar också, och fjärilar samt sköldpaddor förstås och vattensvin, gamar, finkar, strutsar, ödlor, palmer, sniglar, koraller, valar, mossor, löss och ungefär allting annat inklusive myrlejonsländor och fossiliserade mastodonter. Politisk filosofi var inte hans grej, det framgår mot slutet av Resan med Beagle, i en reflexion över ”den brittiska nationens filantropiska själ”. Han skriver: ”Som engelsman är det omöjligt att betrakta dessa avlägsna kolonier utan en stark känsla av stolthet och tillfredsställelse. När man hissar den brittiska flaggan verkar rikedom, välstånd och civilisation oundvikligen följa.”Ja ja, fast å andra sidan, Marx var väl inte så bra på skalbaggar. Som intellektuell måste man hämta impulser från olika håll, hela tiden. En förutsättning är att böckerna finns tillgängliga i tryck, som Bibeln har varit i gott och väl femhundra år. När Resan med Beagle gavs ut i januari 2022, i Kungliga Vetenskapsakademiens klassikerserie, var detta ord i rättan tid. Cancelkulturen var visserligen omdebatterad, men kön till metallåtervinningen var ännu lång. Så läs, kära lyssnare. Darwin lämnar ingen oberörd. Man kan inte sitta och nicka instämmande en hel dag. Man får liksom nackspärr av det. Bättre att skaka på huvudet ibland – och glädjas åt allt som har blivit bättre sedan 1830-talet.Fredrik Sjöberg, författare och biologLitteraturCharles Darwin: Resan med Beagle. Översättning: Daniel Helsing. Fri tanke förlag, i samarbetet med Kungliga vetenskapsakademien, 2022.

Chris Yi, Wendy Yi, and Zee Garcia take turns discussing the games nominated for the Spiel Des Jahres and Kennerspiel des Jahres 2024: In the Footsteps of Darwins, Sky Team, Captain Flip, and then The Guild of Merchant Explorers, Daybreak, and Ticket to Ride Legacy: Legends of the West.

Den 27. december 1831 sejlede skibet HMS Beagle fra Plymouth, England. Om bord varden blot 22 år gamle Charles Darwin. Ekspeditionen var en kortlægningsekspedition -Englænderne ønskede at hente viden og militære efterretninger fra Sydamerika, bl.a. om,hvor og hvordan havnene så ud langs kysten. Som det var kutyme dengang havde manogså en naturalist med - måske kunne der også dukke noget spændende op gennemham? Ingen kunne dog have forudset at den unge Darwin var så ihærdig, og så nysgerrigpå verden. Og så struktureret og arbejdsom. Og ingen havde med garanti - i deres vildestefantasi - kunne forestille sig, at netop Darwins opdagelser kom til at ændre historien ogændre menneskets opfattelse af sig selv. Hvad var det han fandt i Sydamerika, der sattetankerne i gang? Hvilke erkendelser var det han fik?Medvirkende:Hanne Strager, uddannet biolog. Hanne har været udstillingschef på StatensNaturhistoriske Museum og arbejder i dag for at skabe et hvalmuseum i Andenæs iNordnorge. Hun er forfatter til en række bøger om opdagelsesrejsende og eventyrere b.la.bogen: “Et beskedent geni - Darwin og ideen der forandrede verden.”Coverbillede:Charles Darwin op ad dage.

Den 27. december 1831 sejlede skibet HMS Beagle fra Plymouth, England. Om bord varden blot 22 år gamle Charles Darwin. Ekspeditionen var en kortlægningsekspedition -Englænderne ønskede at hente viden og militære efterretninger fra Sydamerika, bl.a. om,hvor og hvordan havnene så ud langs kysten. Som det var kutyme dengang havde manogså en naturalist med - måske kunne der også dukke noget spændende op gennemham? Ingen kunne dog have forudset at den unge Darwin var så ihærdig, og så nysgerrigpå verden. Og så struktureret og arbejdsom. Og ingen havde med garanti - i deres vildestefantasi - kunne forestille sig, at netop Darwins opdagelser kom til at ændre historien ogændre menneskets opfattelse af sig selv. Hvad var det han fandt i Sydamerika, der sattetankerne i gang? Hvilke erkendelser var det han fik?Medvirkende:Hanne Strager, uddannet biolog. Hanne har været udstillingschef på StatensNaturhistoriske Museum og arbejder i dag for at skabe et hvalmuseum i Andenæs iNordnorge. Hun er forfatter til en række bøger om opdagelsesrejsende og eventyrere b.la.bogen: “Et beskedent geni - Darwin og ideen der forandrede verden.”Coverbillede:Charles Darwin op ad dage.

A season finale is upon us. A lot remains to be said about Lysenko, epigenetics and that original cliffhanger regarding Darwins repressed theory of pangenesis. Not all has been said about Kruschev and the nuclear-bomb-corn of American Big Ag during the creation of the first truly global market of grain speculation, all has not been said about x-ray Mullers letter to Stalin that kickstarted the purge of the natural sciences or how Huxley got him into the soviet union and how they helped exiling Serebrovsky's deserter students to take part in radiation sterilisation experiments in Nazi Germany. Not much has been said about Lysenko's teachers themselves, Michurin and Timiryazev who, though already seniors when the winter palace was stormed, nonetheless gladly supported the communist reorganisation of their scientific fields.  We have yet to explore the great around-the-world adventures of Vavilov which debunked the biblical idea of a single origin of civilization, have not yet in detail told the story of Himmler's SS-biopiracy operations. During which it was not Vavilovs international Rockefeller “colleague” who defended his seed banks in Leningrad, but Lysenkoites who starved to death on their post to protect the work and legacy of a man whom western historians are telling us they saw as an enemy to be eradicated. There is a lot left to be talked about dear listener, but to really get there, we will begin today with something which our Marxist-Botanist Allan G. Morton has stated was and is “In fact, after all, the central problem of genetics, the explanation of Ontogeny.” This is a story of genetic fluidity and shaken heredity, the material dialectic critique of DNA-essentialism. 

Is Darwinian Evolution established "science" or should we have doubts about Darwins views? Dr. Thomas Woodward, author of "Doubts about Darwin" discusses the gaping holes in the theory of darwinian evolution.

Nya lag till Premier League, instick kring Championship, nya rekord, Haalands svar på tal, Uniteds skador, Chelseas imponerande form och spelare som tagit kliv i laget, West Hams nedgång, effektiva Newcastle, tillgängliga nior, Liverpool med en klockren match, Darwins instagram och hur ska man bedöma Spurs säsong? Kommer både Arsenal och City gå rent?

In this week's episode, English Sikhs establish a court without all those pesky laws to get in the way, GOP lawmakers in Oklahoma wanna punch disabled kids to save capitalism, and Eli will tell you what to buy your mom for Mother's Day if she sucks. --- To make a per episode donation at Patreon.com, click here: http://www.patreon.com/ScathingAtheist To buy our book, click here: https://www.amazon.com/Outbreak-Crisis-Religion-Ruined-Pandemic/dp/B08L2HSVS8/ If you see a news story you think we might be interested in, you can send it here: scathingnews@gmail.com To check out our sister show, The Skepticrat, click here: https://audioboom.com/channel/the-skepticrat To check out our sister show's hot friend, God Awful Movies, click here: https://audioboom.com/channel/god-awful-movies To check out our half-sister show, Citation Needed, click here: http://citationpod.com/ To check out our sister show's sister show, D and D minus, click here: https://danddminus.libsyn.com/ To hear more from our intrepid audio engineer Morgan Clarke, click here: https://www.morganclarkemusic.com/ --- Headlines: Catholic hospital group ordered to pay $200 million in stolen wages: https://religionnews.com/2024/04/26/providence-catholic-health-care-system-to-pay-more-than-200-million-for-unpaid-wages/ The world's first Sikh court opens in London: https://religionmediacentre.org.uk/news/the-worlds-first-sikh-court-opens-in-london/ Christian lawmaker thinks teachers should be allowed to hit disabled students: https://www.friendlyatheist.com/p/christian-lawmaker-says-teachers Tucker Carlson goes on Joe Rogan and says there's no evidence for evolution: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-13340809/Tucker-Carlson-no-evidence-Darwins-theory-evolution.html https://www.christianpost.com/news/6-highlights-from-joe-rogans-interview-with-tucker-carlson.html

I denne episoden utforsker vi hvordan vi kan forstå kreft og aldring gjennom Darwins evolusjonsteori. Vi henter innsikt fra Jarle Breiviks bok, Løsningen på kreftgåten. Vi skal også diskutere hvordan anti-aldringstrender, personifisert ved den amerikanske tech-grunderen Bryan Johnson, kan påvirke vår forståelse og tilnærming til aldring i seg selv. Vi fortsetter jakten på Norges blå soner. I øykommunen Bokn prøver vi å finne flere svar på hvordan vi kan oppnå sunne og lange liv. Vi svarer på et lytterspørsmål fra forrige episode: Er det mulig å få tak i vin av cannonau-druen fra den blå sonen på Sardinia? Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Man United suffered yet another Manchester derby defeat as it seems to get easier for Man City every single time. In a game which saw the best and worst of Marcus RashfordSpeaking of Rashford, he firmly placed himself in the news before the game with a Players Tribune piece where he re-affirmed his love for the club and told his haters, doubt him if you dare.At the top of the league Liverpool clutched victory in the 99th minute against Nottingham Forest, in a game reminicsent of a certain other last minute top of the table victory from last season. And what of Darwin Nunez who is quickly becoming a hero at the club in spite of some of his performances.Some top notch chaos across the European leagues as there were red cards and disallowed goals aplenty in Serie A and La Liga.And finally, Will has put together the ultimate starting 11 of Simpsons characters.RATE US 5 STARS ON SPOTIFY TO HELP US UP THE CHARTS!Leave us a 5 star review on Apple and we'll read it out on the show!EMAIL - ANONONSENSEPODCAST@GMAIL.COMHit us up with questions or feedback and we'll read it out on the next episode! Support the showWant to support us and also get some sweet bonus exclusive pods? Head to patreon.com/nononsensepod where you can get access to:* Weekly Bonus After The Nonsense. Where we talk everything but football.* Bonus European and midweek episodes.* A full archive of our bonus content in one handy to find spot!

Klasskillnad på Etihad där Phil Foden visade att han både är Citys och Englands offensiva nyckel idag och för framtiden. Rashford med drömmål men med en alibiinsats i övrigt. Bryr han sig inte om hur det ser ut? Därför var Darwins vinstmål i 99:e mer än tre poäng och hur mådde egentligen de blåa delarna av Merseyside igår? Ollie Watkins fortsätter leverera och känns given för en flytt i sommar. Eller kan Aston Villa ta sådana steg att hans nästa nivå finns i Birmingham? Newcastles andrum, Spurs lunk mot CL och den grekiska puffran som var på väg fram mot Tierney! Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

«Nichts in der Welt ist mächtiger als eine Idee deren Zeit gekommen ist» – dieses bekannte (sinngemässe) Zitat von Viktor Hugo trifft zweifellos auf die Idee der Evolution zu, die gemeinhin mit der Person Charles Darwins verbunden wird. Die Vorstellung einer Entwicklung der biologischen Arten und des Menschen im Laufe der Zeit ist natürlich älter als Darwins epochale Studie «On the Origin of Species» (1859) – aber durch die von ihm wesentlich geprägte Evolutionstheore und den geistesgeschichtlich schon populären Fortschrittsgedanken trat die Idee der Evolution einen Siegeszug durch ganz verschiedene Wissenschaftsfelder und Lebensbereiche an. Manuel und Stephan diskutieren, wie einflussreich die Idee der Evolution weit über die Biologie hinaus geworden ist und wie daraus ein Evolutionismus wurde, ein Paradigma, mit dem die ganze Welt interpretiert wurde: Irgendwie ist doch alles in einer evolutiven Entwicklung begriffen – die Religionen und Glaubensvorstellungen, die Zivilisationen und Kulturen, die Sprache und das Denken des Menschen! Aber wie weit trägt diese Überzeugung, wie angemessen ist diese Brille zur Wahrnehmung der Wirklichkeit? Am Beispiel verschiedener Geschichtsverständnisse spielen Stephan und Manuel durch, wie sehr unsere grundsätzliche Sicht, unser grosses Narrativ bestimmt, wie wir die Menschheitsgeschichte wahrnehmen und einordnen. Der Gedanke der Evolution lebt von einem linearen, zielgerichteten Verständnis der Geschichte – und dieses kann auch unmittelbar am christlichen Glauben an Gottes Heilsplan mit dem Menschen anschliessen (auch wenn sich das Christentum mit der biologischen Evolutionstheorie anfänglich schwergetan hat). Alternativlos ist dieses Verständnis aber nicht: Man kann die Geschichte der Menschheit auch dialektisch verstehen, als eine Entwicklung, die sich erst durch Rückschläge und Fehltritte erst weiterbewegt – oder man kann sie disruptiv verstehen: Die Menschheitsgeschichte kommt in diesem Falle nur weiter, wenn Gott überraschend und unplanbar eingreift und ganz neue Verhältnisse schafft. Historisch am weiteresten verbreitet und am ältesten ist aber ein zyklisches Bild der Geschichte, in der sich alles wiederholt. Auch diese Vorstellung ist hochaktuell und hat prominente Vertreter in unserer Zeit. Oder müsste man vielmehr für der Verzicht auf all diese Versuche plädieren, unsere Geschichte in einen umgreifenden Rahmen zu passen und auf den Begriff zu bringen? Dafür setzt sich ein postmodernes Geschichtsverständnis ein, das nicht an eine Menschheitsgeschichte glaubt, sondern an eine Vielfalt von Geschichten, in denen gerade auch die Verlierer und Unterdrückten vorkommen… Welche Erklärung überzeugt dich am meisten?

Super Sunday blev Sunday League och frågan är om Holgates tackling, Bramall Lanes burop eller Anels intervju var värst. Dansk dynamit gjorde iaf susen för United igen och nu är det väl snart Lad of the Week-läge på RÄSMUS!? Från lördagen tar vi med oss Chelsea blueprint på hur man stör City, mittbackar som hittar zonen, Liverpools växande skadelista, Darwins iskyla, Arsenals fortsätta full-fart-framåt och slår för sista gången fast att Ange måste hitta balansen mellan naivitetoch cynism. Snart kommer det kosta Spurs deras Champions League-plats! Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Die Themen in den Wissensnachrichten +++ Wandernden Tierarten drohen erhebliche Gefahren durch den Menschen +++ In Darwins Bücherregal standen vor allem Fachbücher, aber nicht nur +++ Pestizide, die in Alpentälern genutzt werden, ziehen bis auf die Gipfel +++**********Weiterführende Quellen zu dieser Folge:The State of the World's Migratory SpeciesRain may improve survival from direct lightning strikes to the human headEvidence of the intentional use of black henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) in the Roman NetherlandsDarwin OnlineWidespread contamination of soils and vegetation with current use pesticide residues along altitudinal gradients in a European Alpine valleyAlle Quellen findet ihr hier.**********Ihr könnt uns auch auf diesen Kanälen folgen: Tiktok und Instagram.

Wir behandeln einen der Gründe für Darwins Abkehr vom Glauben und finden den Fehlschluss, den er gemacht hat. Dabei behandeln wir auch die häufig diskutierte Theozideefrage und finden interessante Antworten aus einem der großen Werke der Weltliteratur.

Former Google data scientist and bestselling author of Everybody Lies Seth Stephens-Davidowitz turns his analytic skills to the NBA. Shermer and Stephens-Davidowitz discuss: why some countries produce so many more NBA players than others • the greatest NBA players adjusted for height • why tall NBA players are worse athletes than short NBA players • How much do NBA coaches matter and what do they do? • In a population of 8 billion today compared to centuries past, where are all the Mozarts, Beethovens, Da Vincis, Newtons, Darwins, etc.? Seth Stephens-Davidowitz is a contributing op-ed writer for the New York Times, a lecturer at The Wharton School, and a former Google data scientist. He received a BA from Stanford and a PhD from Harvard. He is the author of Everybody Lies: Big Data, New Data, and What the Internet Can Tell Us About Who We Really Are and Don't Trust Your Gut: Using Data to Get What You Really Want in Life.

De evolutietheorie is de bekendste natuurwetenschappelijke verklaring voor de evolutie van het leven op aarde. In dezelfde adem noem je natuurlijk de bedenker: Charles Darwin. Zijn ideeën vinden we nu vanzelfsprekend, in zijn tijd waren ze baanbrekend. Wat is het Darwinisme eigenlijk en waarom lukte het juist hem om zijn ideeën te verspreiden? Wie was de man achter de theorie? Presentatie: Lucas BrouwersGasten: Gemma Venhuizen & Hendrik SpieringRedactie en montage: Elze van DrielHeeft u vragen, suggesties of ideeën over onze journalistiek? Mail dan naar onze ombudsman via ombudsman@nrc.nlZie het privacybeleid op https://art19.com/privacy en de privacyverklaring van Californië op https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

Autumn signals the slow descent into slumber for another year - but not before the fireworks of the late flowering perennials, exotics and bulbs, the harvest of the last of the beautiful summer veg and finally the firework bank of the tree's as they turn there annual colours of orange, reds and yellows. Its time to switch up the usual gardening to get on with some bigger jobs and also dust off the longer trousers, thermals and the rain coat as moisture levels increase and the temperatures go down. Autumn is always a time for both reflection and planning as the previous growing season and next collide in the Head Gardeners mind - so join Lucy and Saul every week as they bring you more tales from their gardening lives!It's official - Saul and Lucy love tulips! Whether they're showy Darwins and Triumphs, or the more diminutive species, the duo have been busy stocking up on this late spring performer. Daffodils, too, have been purchased, be they ones for naturalising in turf, or planting into pots to fill the air with scent. Fritillaries, anemones, scillas, muscari, lilies, alliums - between Lucy and Saul the stock of Peter Nyssen and J Parkers has been severely dented! We finish the episode with a flurry of other jobs to complete on your estate, large or small, proving that autumn is one of the key seasons for cracking on with practical tasks.Twitter links:Saul @GardeningSaulInstagram Links:Lucy headgardenerlcIntro and Outro music from https://filmmusic.io"Fireflies and Stardust" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com)License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)Support the show

The Darwins trick the police into thinking John's dead and decide they need to flee the country.See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

Conservatives spread fake outrage over new Barbie movie, Elon Musk melts down after Facebooks new Twitter clone gets 70 million signups in first day, leader of JFK Qanon cult Darwins himself, I'm back from vacation, PLUS 50 other topics! If you enjoy my work, please consider supporting it by becoming a Patreon! Every little bit really helps. http://www.patreon.com/codcast We now have a P.O. Box so you can send us anything you want and we will unbox it live on the show. Send whatever you want to see me unbox to: Dusty Smith 1231 SUNSET DR STE 302 GRENADA, MS 38901-4025

På nationaldagen fyller Sverige 500 år räknat från när Gustav Vasa valdes till kung. Vi bad fem litteratursjälar välja varsitt verk på svenska från varje sekel. Författaren Gabriella Håkansson plockar fram August Strindbergs "En dåres försvarstal". 1823-1923 är en omvälvande tid i det politiska Sverige: vi går från ståndsriksdag till kvinnlig rösträtt.Det är också industrialiseringens tid: järnvägen läggs över landet och den första telegrafkabeln dras mellan Europa och USA, dit över en miljon svenskar emigrerar.Samtidigt växer nya tankar fram: Sören Kirkegaard existentialistiska skrifter ser världens ljus, precis som det kommunistiska manifestet och Darwins evolutionsteori. Nietzsche skriver att Gud är död, Dostoijevski skriver Brott och Straff och Freuds delger sina teorier om det undermedvetna. Det är också under den här perioden August Strindberg lever och verkar.Författaren Gabriella Håkansson om en idag skrämmande aktuell roman: Strindbergs "En dåres försvarstal".Musiken i inslaget: Franz Berwalds Symfoni nr 3 i C durReporter: Jesper CederströmUppläsare: Nina Asarnoj

Woher kommt der Mensch? Wie ist das Leben auf der Erde entstanden? Die Wissenschaft findet bis heute keine klare Antwort darauf. Vertreter der Evolutionstheorie glauben, sie seien dem Geheimnis des Lebens auf der Spur. Wissenschaftliche Entdeckungen deuten hingegen darauf, dass Charles Darwin seine Unterstützer in eine Sackgasse geführt hat. Eine Analyse. Web: https://www.epochtimes.de Probeabo der Epoch Times Wochenzeitung: https://bit.ly/EpochProbeabo Twitter: https://twitter.com/EpochTimesDE YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC81ACRSbWNgmnVSK6M1p_Ug Telegram: https://t.me/epochtimesde Gettr: https://gettr.com/user/epochtimesde Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/EpochTimesWelt/ Unseren Podcast finden Sie unter anderem auch hier: iTunes: https://podcasts.apple.com/at/podcast/etdpodcast/id1496589910 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/277zmVduHgYooQyFIxPH97 Unterstützen Sie unabhängigen Journalismus: Per Paypal: http://bit.ly/SpendenEpochTimesDeutsch Per Banküberweisung (Epoch Times Europe GmbH, IBAN: DE 2110 0700 2405 2550 5400, BIC/SWIFT: DEUTDEDBBER, Verwendungszweck: Spenden) Vielen Dank! (c) 2023 Epoch Times

This week Mary Rodwell and I have a discussion about the new human - the kids who have been incarnating into the planet since 2000 - and chat through concepts from her book, called The New Human.  These are what Dr Lara Ohlson calls 'Letter People' - ADD, ADHD, Aspergers, Austism etc. and we not only know they have different wiring in the brain, but possibly their DNA is different too. In fact all of our DNA is changing...and scientists are baffled! We talk through the genetic changes that are occurring with humans now, including the sideways insertion of 223 genes - and no one knows how they got there. The 3rd strand of DNA found in a baby in the UK in 2016, and the new codons that are resistant to HIV, and are now said to be in around 3% of the population.  Where are these genetic, and intelligent, changes coming from? Yes, quantum mutations exist but even geneticists know that this many in such a short space of time is asking questions. But one thing it isn't is Darwins evolution theory.  We also look at different case studies from Mary's book, of young children talking about their past lives, on different planets; knowing why they came to earth and what their purpose is.  As always we discuss the current state of the world, why we can feel very positive about the future and how the rising energies of the planet is taking us all into a new earth; with new abilities and a multidimensional reality.  If you are struggling to reach your full potential, just know that your full potential now exists outside of this 3D reality, and we are all moving into a multidimensional existence.  To contact Mary email her on  starline@iinet.net.au View her website - https://www.maryrodwell.com.au/ To join ACERN (Australian Close Encounter Research Network) or meet like minded people go here - https://www.facebook.com/acern.com.au/ ------------------------------------   To connect with me click on the links below:- Buy My New International Best Seller Book - Work Your Energy    Amazon UK https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/1781336717   Amazon US https://www.amazon.com/Work-Your-Energy-entrepreneurs-consciousness-ebook/dp/B09ZJ9HL2R   Buy an EMF Radiation blocker + 10% discount https://www.omniaradiationbalancer.com?p=B1XJ8hJIs View my website https://ruthelisabethhancock.com/   Email me on elisabeth@elisabethhancock.com    Sign up to an Online course (Energy Mastery & Wealth Consciousness Living)  https://ruthelisabethhancock.com/online-course/   Follow me on Social Media @workyourenergypodcast - https://www.instagram.com/workyourenergypodcast/ Join my FREE Facebook Group for discussions from my podcast around metaphysics, energetics, esoteric wisdom, ancient lost civilisations, interdimensional and multidimensional, hidden history, star ancestory and the science behind the spiritual.    https://www.facebook.com/groups/ascensionandexpandingconsciousness

Modern Science was invented by Academics 100's of years ago who actually believed in intelligent design. Sir Isaac Newton, Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo, Louis Pasteur, Michael Faraday, & many more. Darwin came along & with some good hypothesis. But much of his assertions have had holes punched in them. - Its said, "Evolution doesn't scientifically have a leg to stand on." YET, it is still the gold standard in school books today. Taught across the world. You probably can't find someone who believes anything different than Evolution Theory. A lie told long enough & often enough, still does not make it truth. - What is actually proving evolution scientifically does not work? Let's look beyond RELIGION. (Where most evolution dissenters can be found.) - Academics are scared to speak out against the main stream dogma. In fear of retaliation...like loss of job, status, or worse. Still thousands of academics have signed polls & petitions against or for removal of evolution theory! From every field - Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Geology, Astronomy, & Mathematics. - So I will cover the list of problems with validating evolution theory from the Academics themselves. Thanks for listening! Please rate, review, and share. Also, look for the monthly SUPPORT link at the bottom. Help the show for as low as $1 a month! I can't do it without you. I appreciate each & every one of you. Much love! - You can SUPPORT with a one time tip! Find me on.... - Venmo @ Jay-Scott-Mo - PayPal @ jmgymjunkie - All my links to podcasts, social, & e-mail info: https://linktr.ee/keepitrealjayscott --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/jay-morris9/support

“I'm gonna rip out your heart and suck your blood!” Patreon member Joaquim Dantas steps up to the Cannon Canon plate and knocks it out of the park with this COULD'VE Been A Cannon pick! 1987's ENEMY TERRITORY! Before Full Moon Productions, Charles Band ran Empire Pictures and released this gem that hits ALL the Cannon staples. It's a movie described as Die Hard meets The Warriors and...it's pretty spot on! Add a dash (pun not intended) of some Fox News fearmonger porn and a surprisingly excellent soundtrack and you got yourself one perfect COULD'VE Been A Cannon! Starring Tony "Candyman" Todd, Ray "Ghostbusters Theme" Parker Jr., Stacey "Clueless" Dash, Jan-Michael "Airwolf" Vincent, Gary "Family" Franks and a brief appearance from Kadeem "A Different World" Hardison. The film caters to Frank and Geoff even more with its Halloween theme sampled end-credit song! Take a listen, ya dime store Darwins! OUR PATREON: patreon.com/thecannoncanon Follow us on the socials: Twitter: @thecannoncanon Instagram: @thecannoncanon Please rate and review us!

Charles Darwin was far from the first person to defend the idea that new species originate by a natural evolutionary process. Between 1750 and 1850 the idea had many defenders, including his grandfather. Why did Charles Darwin succeed in convincing his fellow naturalists, when many before him had failed? Based on a decades-long study of his private notebooks and correspondence, this lecture by James Lennox will describe the inductive method that lies behind Darwin's brilliant presentation of the theory of evolution by natural selection presented in On the Origin of Species.Recorded live on July 3, 2022 as part of the Objectivist Summer Conference.

In this episode I interview Bobby Azarian, author of The Romance of Reality, neuroscientist and science journalist. He has been a guest on famous podcasts such as JRE The Joe Rogan Experience. It was a pleasure to talk with Bobby as we delve into his book and discuss a multitude of topics. We talk about evolution theory and how Darwins theory of evolution could do with an update, as well as diving into aspects of universal consciousness, spiritual/religious concepts and how science and spirituality are likely to merge in the future.   Bobbys Website: http://www.theromanceofreality.com Bobbys Twitter: @bobbyazarian   To support the channel and to receieve perks such as having your questions read to guests, channel merchandise, early video content and bonus releases go to: http://www.patreon.com/theamazingpeoplepodcast    Opening peoples eyes to their potential through inspiring life stories by individuals who advocate the truth.    Find the podcast social media pages for shorts on Twitter, Intagram, Facebook, TikTok and more!   Future guest lists can be found at http://www.ahelpfulearth.com --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/theamazingpeoplepodcast/message

Hij veranderde onze kennis over de evolutie van soorten voor altijd, maar zijn naam is niet Charles Darwin. Het gaat om evolutionair bioloog Dolph Schluter van de universiteit van British Columbia in Canada. Hij won deze week de prestigieuze Crafoord Prize voor zijn jarenlange onderzoek.Net als Darwin (en zeker een beetje in zijn voetsporen, maar een flinke tijd later) trok Schluter naar de Galapagoseilanden om de verschillen tussen de vinken die daar leven te bestuderen. Hij liet zien dat wanneer twee verwante soorten samen voorkomen en er sprake is van voedselcompetitie, de evolutionaire verschillen tussen de soorten het grootst waren. Ditzelfde vond hij later ook bij driedoornige stekelbaarzen.  Op het moment is hij nog steeds bezig met het verder uitwerken van de puzzel. Hoe zit het met verschillen in genen die ontstaan tussen deze soorten? Hoe kan het dat die evolutie zo ontzettend snel gaat? Waarom zijn hybride soorten minder succesvol? En wat gebeurt er met dit mechanisme in een veranderend klimaat?  Lees hier meer over de Crafoord Prize van de Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences en het werk van onderzoeker Dolph Schluter.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Wist jij dat grote vissen ook naar de tandarts gaan en dat sommige dieren ook babysitters hebben? Fenomenen die niet helemaal rijmen met Darwins evolutietheorie. Evolutionair bioloog Sjouke Kingma (Wageningen University & Research) vertelt hoe dit zit.

Charles C. Mann is the author of three of my favorite history books: 1491. 1493, and The Wizard and the Prophet. We discuss:why Native American civilizations collapsed and why they failed to make more technological progresswhy he disagrees with Will MacAskill about longtermismwhy there aren't any successful slave revoltshow geoengineering can help us solve climate changewhy Bitcoin is like the Chinese Silver Tradeand much much more!Watch on YouTube. Listen on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, or any other podcast platform. Read the full transcript here. Some really cool guests coming up, subscribe to find out about future episodes!Follow me on Twitter for updates on future episodes.If you enjoyed this episode, you may also enjoy my interviews of Will MacAskill (about longtermism), Steve Hsu (about intelligence and embryo selection), and David Deutsch (about AI and the problems with America's constitution).If you end up enjoying this episode, I would be super grateful if you shared it. Post it on Twitter, send it to your friends & group-chats, and throw it up on any relevant subreddits & forums you follow. Can't exaggerate how much it helps a small podcast like mine.Timestamps(0:00:00) -Epidemically Alternate Realities(0:00:25) -Weak Points in Empires(0:03:28) -Slave Revolts(0:08:43) -Slavery Ban(0:12:46) - Contingency & The Pyramids(0:18:13) - Teotihuacan(0:20:02) - New Book Thesis(0:25:20) - Gender Ratios and Silicon Valley(0:31:15) - Technological Stupidity in the New World(0:41:24) - Religious Demoralization(0:44:00) - Critiques of Civilization Collapse Theories(0:49:05) - Virginia Company + Hubris(0:53:30) - China's Silver Trade(1:03:03) - Wizards vs. Prophets(1:07:55) - In Defense of Regulatory Delays(0:12:26) -Geoengineering(0:16:51) -Finding New Wizards(0:18:46) -Agroforestry is Underrated(1:18:46) -Longtermism & Free MarketsTranscriptDwarkesh Patel   Okay! Today I have the pleasure of speaking with Charles Mann, who is the author of three of my favorite books, including 1491: New Revelations of America before Columbus. 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created, and The Wizard and the Prophet: Two Remarkable Scientists and Their Dueling Visions to Shape Tomorrow's World. Charles, welcome to the Lunar Society.Charles C. Mann   It's a pleasure to be here.Epidemically Alternate RealitiesDwarkesh Patel   My first question is: How much of the New World was basically baked into the cake? So at some point, people from Eurasia were going to travel to the New World, bringing their diseases. Considering disparities and where they would survive, if the Acemoglu theory that you cited is correct, then some of these places were bound to have good institutions and some of them were bound to have bad institutions. Plus, because of malaria, there were going to be shortages in labor that people would try to fix with African slaves. So how much of all this was just bound to happen? If Columbus hadn't done it, then maybe 50 years down the line, would someone from Italy have done it? What is the contingency here?Charles C. Mann   Well, I think that some of it was baked into the cake. It was pretty clear that at some point, people from Eurasia and the Western Hemisphere were going to come into contact with each other. I mean, how could that not happen, right? There was a huge epidemiological disparity between the two hemispheres––largely because by a quirk of evolutionary history, there were many more domesticable animals in Eurasia and the Eastern hemisphere. This leads almost inevitably to the creation of zoonotic diseases: diseases that start off in animals and jump the species barrier and become human diseases. Most of the great killers in human history are zoonotic diseases. When people from Eurasia and the Western Hemisphere meet, there are going to be those kinds of diseases. But if you wanted to, it's possible to imagine alternative histories. There's a wonderful book by Laurent Binet called Civilizations that, in fact, does just that. It's a great alternative history book. He imagines that some of the Vikings came and extended further into North America, bringing all these diseases, and by the time of Columbus and so forth, the epidemiological balance was different. So when Columbus and those guys came, these societies killed him, grabbed his boats, and went and conquered Europe. It's far-fetched, but it does say that this encounter would've happened and that the diseases would've happened, but it didn't have to happen in exactly the way that it did. It's also perfectly possible to imagine that Europeans didn't engage in wholesale slavery. There was a huge debate when this began about whether or not slavery was a good idea. There were a lot of reservations, particularly among the Catholic monarchy asking the Pope “Is it okay that we do this?” You could imagine the penny dropping in a slightly different way. So, I think some of it was bound to happen, but how exactly it happened was really up to chance, contingency, and human agency,Weak Points in EmpiresDwarkesh Patel   When the Spanish first arrived in the 15th and 16th centuries, were the Incas and the Aztecs at a particularly weak point or particularly decadent? Or was this just how well you should have expected this civilization to be functioning at any given time period?Charles C. Mann   Well, typically, empires are much more jumbly and fragile entities than we imagine. There's always fighting at the top. What Hernán Cortés was able to do, for instance, with the Aztecs––who are better called The Triple Alliance (the term “Aztec” is an invention from the 19th century). The Triple Alliance was comprised of three groups of people in central Mexico, the largest of which were the Mexica, who had the great city of Tenochtitlan. The other two guys really resented them and so what Cortes was able to do was foment a civil war within the Aztec empire: taking some enemies of the Aztec, some members of the Aztec empire, and creating an entirely new order. There's a fascinating set of history that hasn't really emerged into the popular consciousness. I didn't include it in 1491 or 1493 because it was so new that I didn't know anything about it; everything was largely from Spanish and Mexican scholars about the conquest within the conquest. The allies of the Spaniards actually sent armies out and conquered big swaths of northern and southern Mexico and Central America. So there's a far more complex picture than we realized even 15 or 20 years ago when I first published 1491. However, the conquest wasn't as complete as we think. I talk a bit about this in 1493 but what happens is Cortes moves in and he marries his lieutenants to these indigenous people, creating this hybrid nobility that then extended on to the Incas. The Incas were a very powerful but unstable empire and Pizarro had the luck to walk in right after a civil war. When he did that right after a civil war and massive epidemic, he got them at a very vulnerable point. Without that, it all would have been impossible. Pizarro cleverly allied with the losing side (or the apparently losing side in this in the Civil War), and was able to create a new rallying point and then attack the winning side. So yes, they came in at weak points, but empires typically have these weak points because of fratricidal stuff going on in the leadership.Dwarkesh Patel   It does also remind me of the East India Trading Company.Charles C. Mann   And the Mughal empire, yeah. Some of those guys in Bengal invited Clive and his people in. In fact, I was struck by this. I had just been reading this book, maybe you've heard of it: The Anarchy by William Dalrymple.Dwarkesh Patel   I've started reading it, yeah but I haven't made much progress.Charles C. Mann   It's an amazing book! It's so oddly similar to what happened. There was this fratricidal stuff going on in the Mughal empire, and one side thought, “Oh, we'll get these foreigners to come in, and we'll use them.” That turned out to be a big mistake.Dwarkesh Patel   Yes. What's also interestingly similar is the efficiency of the bureaucracy. Niall Ferguson has a good book on the British Empire and one thing he points out is that in India, the ratio between an actual English civil servant and the Indian population was about 1: 3,000,000 at the peak of the ratio. Which obviously is only possible if you have the cooperation of at least the elites, right? So it sounds similar to what you were saying about Cortes marrying his underlings to the nobility. Charles C. Mann   Something that isn't stressed enough in history is how often the elites recognize each other. They join up in arrangements that increase both of their power and exploit the poor schmucks down below. It's exactly what happened with the East India Company, and it's exactly what happened with Spain. It's not so much that there was this amazing efficiency, but rather, it was a mutually beneficial arrangement for Xcalack, which is now a Mexican state. It had its rights, and the people kept their integrity, but they weren't really a part of the Spanish Empire. They also weren't really wasn't part of Mexico until around 1857. It was a good deal for them. The same thing was true for the Bengalis, especially the elites who made out like bandits from the British Empire.Slave Revolts Dwarkesh Patel   Yeah, that's super interesting. Why was there only one successful slave revolt in the new world in Haiti? In many of these cases, the ratios between slaves and the owners are just huge. So why weren't more of them successful?Charles C. Mann   Well, you would first have to define ‘successful'. Haiti wasn't successful if you meant ‘creating a prosperous state that would last for a long time.' Haiti was and is (to no small extent because of the incredible blockade that was put on it by all the other nations) in terrible shape. Whereas in the case of Paul Maurice, you had people who were self-governing for more than 100 years.. Eventually, they were incorporated into the larger project of Brazil. There's a great Brazilian classic that's equivalent to what Moby Dick or Huck Finn is to us called Os Sertões by a guy named Cunha. And it's good! It's been translated into this amazing translation in English called ​​Rebellion in the Backlands. It's set in the 1880s, and it's about the creation of a hybrid state of runaway slaves, and so forth, and how they had essentially kept their independence and lack of supervision informally, from the time of colonialism. Now the new Brazilian state is trying to take control, and they fight them to the last person. So you have these effectively independent areas in de facto, if not de jure, that existed in the Americas for a very long time. There are some in the US, too, in the great dismal swamp, and you hear about those marooned communities in North Carolina, in Mexico, where everybody just agreed “these places aren't actually under our control, but we're not going to say anything.”  If they don't mess with us too much, we won't mess with them too much. Is that successful or not? I don't know.Dwarkesh Patel   Yeah, but it seems like these are temporary successes..Charles C. Mann   I mean, how long did nations last? Like Genghis Khan! How long did the Khan age last? But basically, they had overwhelming odds against them. There's an entire colonial system that was threatened by their existence. Similar to the reasons that rebellions in South Asia were suppressed with incredible brutality–– these were seen as so profoundly threatening to this entire colonial order that people exerted a lot more force against them than you would think would be worthwhile.Dwarkesh Patel   Right. It reminds me of James Scott's Against the Grain. He pointed out that if you look at the history of agriculture, there're many examples where people choose to run away as foragers in the forest, and then the state tries to bring them back into the fold.Charles C. Mann   Right. And so this is exactly part of that dynamic. I mean, who wants to be a slave, right? So as many people as possible ended up leaving. It's easier in some places than others.. it's very easy in Brazil. There are 20 million people in the Brazilian Amazon and the great bulk of them are the descendants of people who left slavery. They're still Brazilians and so forth, but, you know, they ended up not being slaves.Slavery BanDwarkesh Patel   Yeah, that's super fascinating. What is the explanation for why slavery went from being historically ever-present to ending at a particular time when it was at its peak in terms of value and usefulness? What's the explanation for why, when Britain banned the slave trade, within 100 or 200 years, there ended up being basically no legal sanction for slavery anywhere in the world?Charles C. Mann   This is a really good question and the real answer is that historians have been arguing about this forever. I mean, not forever, but you know, for decades, and there's a bunch of different explanations. I think the reason it's so hard to pin down is… kind of amazing. I mean, if you think about it, in 1800, if you were to have a black and white map of the world and put red in countries in which slavery was illegal and socially accepted, there would be no red anywhere on the planet. It's the most ancient human institution that there is. The Code of Hammurabi is still the oldest complete legal code that we have, and about a third of it is about rules for when you can buy slaves, when you can sell slaves, how you can mistreat them, and how you can't–– all that stuff. About a third of it is about buying, selling, and working other human beings. So this has been going on for a very, very long time. And then in a century and a half, it suddenly changes. So there's some explanation, and it's that machinery gets better. But the reason to have people is that you have these intelligent autonomous workers, who are like the world's best robots. From the point of view of the owner, they're fantastically good, except they're incredibly obstreperous and when they're caught, you're constantly afraid they're going to kill you. So if you have a chance to replace them with machinery, or to create a wage where you can run wage people, pay wage workers who are kept in bad conditions but somewhat have more legal rights, then maybe that's a better deal for you. Another one is that industrialization produced different kinds of commodities that became more and more valuable, and slavery was typically associated with the agricultural laborer. So as agriculture diminished as a part of the economy, slavery become less and less important and it became easier to get rid of them. Another one has to do with the beginning of the collapse of the colonial order. Part of it has to do with.. (at least in the West, I don't know enough about the East) the rise of a serious abolition movement with people like Wilberforce and various Darwins and so forth. And they're incredibly influential, so to some extent, I think people started saying, “Wow, this is really bad.”  I suspect that if you looked at South Asia and Africa, you might see similar things having to do with a social moment, but I just don't know enough about that. I know there's an anti-slavery movement and anti-caste movement in which we're all tangled up in South Asia, but I just don't know enough about it to say anything intelligent.Dwarkesh Patel   Yeah, the social aspect of it is really interesting. The things you mentioned about automation, industrialization, and ending slavery… Obviously, with time, that might have actually been why it expanded, but its original inception in Britain happened before the Industrial Revolution took off. So that was purely them just taking a huge loss because this movement took hold. Charles C. Mann   And the same thing is true for Bartolome de Las Casas. I mean, Las Casas, you know, in the 1540s just comes out of nowhere and starts saying, “Hey! This is bad.” He is the predecessor of the modern human rights movement. He's an absolutely extraordinary figure, and he has huge amounts of influence. He causes Spain's king in the 1540s to pass what they call The New Laws which says no more slavery, which is a devastating blow enacted to the colonial economy in Spain because they depended on having slaves to work in the silver mines in the northern half of Mexico and in Bolivia, which was the most important part of not only the Spanish colonial economy but the entire Spanish empire. It was all slave labor. And they actually tried to ban it. Now, you can say they came to their senses and found a workaround in which it wasn't banned. But it's still… this actually happened in the 1540s. Largely because people like Las Casas said, “This is bad! you're going to hell doing this.”Contingency & The Pyramids Dwarkesh Patel   Right. I'm super interested in getting into The Wizard and the Prophet section with you. Discussing how movements like environmentalism, for example, have been hugely effective. Again, even though it probably goes against the naked self-interest of many countries. So I'm very interested in discussing that point about why these movements have been so influential!But let me continue asking you about globalization in the world. I'm really interested in how you think about contingency in history, especially given that you have these two groups of people that have been independently evolving and separated for tens of thousands of years. What things turn out to be contingent? What I find really interesting from the book was how both of them developed pyramids––  who would have thought that structure would be within our extended phenotype or something?Charles C. Mann    It's also geometry! I mean, there's only a certain limited number of ways you can pile up stone blocks in a stable way. And pyramids are certainly one of them. It's harder to have a very long-lasting monument that's a cylinder. Pyramids are also easier to build: if you get a cylinder, you have to have scaffolding around it and it gets harder and harder.With pyramids, you can use each lower step to put the next one, on and on, and so forth. So pyramids seem kind of natural to me. Now the material you make them up of is going to be partly determined by what there is. In Cahokia and in the Mississippi Valley, there isn't a lot of stone. So people are going to make these earthen pyramids and if you want them to stay on for a long time, there's going to be certain things you have to do for the structure which people figured out. For some pyramids, you had all this marble around them so you could make these giant slabs of marble, which seems, from today's perspective, incredibly wasteful. So you're going to have some things that are universal like that, along with the apparently universal, or near-universal idea that people who are really powerful like to identify themselves as supernatural and therefore want to be commemorated. Dwarkesh Patel   Yes, I visited Mexico City recently.Charles C. Mann Beautiful city!TeotihuacanDwarkesh Patel Yeah, the pyramids there… I think I was reading your book at the time or already had read your book. What struck me was that if I remember correctly, they didn't have the wheel and they didn't have domesticated animals. So if you really think about it, that's a really huge amount of human misery and toil it must have taken to put this thing together as basically a vanity project. It's like a huge negative connotation if you think about what it took to construct it.Charles C. Mann   Sure, but there are lots of really interesting things about Teotihuacan. This is just one of those things where you can only say so much in one book. If I was writing the two-thousand-page version of 1491, I would have included this. So Tehuácan pretty much starts out as a standard Imperial project, and they build all these huge castles and temples and so forth. There's no reason to suppose it was anything other than an awful experience (like building the pyramids), but then something happened to Teotihuacan that we don't understand. All these new buildings started springing up during the next couple of 100 years, and they're all very very similar. They're like apartment blocks and there doesn't seem to be a great separation between rich and poor. It's really quite striking how egalitarian the architecture is because that's usually thought to be a reflection of social status. So based on the way it looks, could there have been a political revolution of some sort? Where they created something much more egalitarian, probably with a bunch of good guy kings who weren't interested in elevating themselves so much? There's a whole chapter in the book by David Wingrove and David Graeber, The Dawn of Everything about this, and they make this argument that Tehuácan is an example that we can look at as an ancient society that was much more socially egalitarian than we think. Now, in my view, they go a little overboard–– it was also an aggressive imperial power and it was conquering much of the Maya world at the same time. But it is absolutely true that something that started out one way can start looking very differently quite quickly. You see this lots of times in the Americas in the Southwest–– I don't know if you've ever been to Chaco Canyon or any of those places, but you should absolutely go! Unfortunately, it's hard to get there because of the roads terrible but overall, it's totally worth it. It's an amazing place. Mesa Verde right north of it is incredible, it's just really a fantastic thing to see. There are these enormous structures in Chaco Canyon, that we would call castles if they were anywhere else because they're huge. The biggest one, Pueblo Bonito, is like 800 rooms or some insane number like that. And it's clearly an imperial venture, we know that because it's in this canyon and one side is getting all the good light and good sun–– a whole line of these huge castles. And then on the other side is where the peons lived. We also know that starting around 1100, everybody just left! And then their descendants start the Puebla, who are these sort of intensely socially egalitarian type of people. It looks like a political revolution took place. In fact, in the book I'm now writing, I'm arguing (in a sort of tongue-in-cheek manner but also seriously) that this is the first American Revolution! They got rid of these “kings” and created these very different and much more egalitarian societies in which ordinary people had a much larger voice about what went on.Dwarkesh Patel   Interesting. I think I got a chance to see the Teotihuacan apartments when I was there, but I wonder if we're just looking at the buildings that survived. Maybe the buildings that survived were better constructed because they were for the elites? The way everybody else lived might have just washed away over the years.Charles C. Mann   So what's happened in the last 20 years is basically much more sophisticated surveys of what is there. I mean, what you're saying is absolutely the right question to ask. Are the rich guys the only people with things that survived while the ordinary people didn't? You can never be absolutely sure, but what they did is they had these ground penetrating radar surveys, and it looks like this egalitarian construction extends for a huge distance. So it's possible that there are more really, really poor people. But at least you'd see an aggressively large “middle class” getting there, which is very, very different from the picture you have of the ancient world where there's the sun priest and then all the peasants around them.New Book ThesisDwarkesh Patel   Yeah. By the way, is the thesis of the new book something you're willing to disclose at this point? It's okay if you're not––Charles C. Mann   Sure sure, it's okay! This is a sort of weird thing, it's like a sequel or offshoot of 1491. That book, I'm embarrassed to say, was supposed to end with another chapter. The chapter was going to be about the American West, which is where I grew up, and I'm very fond of it. And apparently, I had a lot to say because when I outlined the chapter; the outline was way longer than the actual completed chapters of the rest of the book. So I sort of tried to chop it up and so forth, and it just was awful. So I just cut it. If you carefully look at 1491, it doesn't really have an ending. At the end, the author sort of goes, “Hey! I'm ending, look at how great this is!” So this has been bothering me for 15 years. During the pandemic, when I was stuck at home like so many other people, I held out what I had since I've been saving string and tossing articles that I came across into a folder, and I thought, “Okay, I'm gonna write this out more seriously now.” 15 or 20 years later. And then it was pretty long so I thought “Maybe this could be an e-book.” then I showed it to my editor. And he said, “That is not an e-book. That's an actual book.” So I take a chapter and hope I haven't just padded it, and it's about the North American West. My kids like the West, and at various times, they've questioned what it would be like to move out there because I'm in Massachusetts, where they grew up. So I started thinking “What is the West going to be like, tomorrow? When I'm not around 30 or 50 years from now?”It seems to be that you won't know who's president or who's governor or anything, but there are some things we can know. It'd be hotter and drier than it is now or has been in the recent past, like that wouldn't really be a surprise. So I think we can say that it's very likely to be like that. All the projections are that something like 40% of the people in the area between the Mississippi and the Pacific will be of Latino descent–– from the south, so to speak. And there's a whole lot of people from Asia along the Pacific coast, so it's going to be a real ethnic mixing ground. There's going to be an epicenter of energy, sort of no matter what happens. Whether it's solar, whether it's wind, whether it's petroleum, or hydroelectric, the West is going to be economically extremely powerful, because energy is a fundamental industry.And the last thing is (and this is the iffiest of the whole thing), but I'm going to go out on a limb and say that the ongoing recuperation of sovereignty by the 294 federally recognized Native nations in the West is going to continue. That's been going in this very jagged way, but definitely for the last 50 or 60 years, as long as I've been around, the overall trend is in a very clear direction. So then you think, okay, this West is going to be wildly ethnically diverse, full of competing sovereignties and overlapping sovereignties. Nature is also going to really be in kind of a terminal. Well, that actually sounds like the 1200s! And the conventional history starts with Lewis and Clark and so forth. There's this breakpoint in history when people who looked like me came in and sort of rolled in from the East and kind of took over everything. And the West disappears! That separate entity, the native people disappear, and nature is tamed. That's pretty much what was in the textbooks when I was a kid. Do you know who Frederick Jackson Turner is? Dwarkesh Patel  No.Charles C. Mann So he's like one of these guys where nobody knows who he is. But he was incredibly influential in setting intellectual ideas. He wrote this article in 1893, called The Significance of the Frontier. It was what established this idea that there's this frontier moving from East to West and on this side was savagery and barbarism, and on this other side of civilization was team nature and wilderness and all that. Then it goes to the Pacific, and that's the end of the West. That's still in the textbooks but in a different form: we don't call native people “lurking savages” as he did. But it's in my kids' textbooks. If you have kids, it'll very likely be in their textbook because it's such a bedrock. What I'm saying is that's actually not a useful way to look at it, given what's coming up. A wonderful Texas writer, Bruce Sterling, says, “To know the past, you first have to understand the future.”It's funny, right? But what he means is that all of us have an idea of where the trajectory of history is going. A whole lot of history is about asking, “How did we get here? How do we get there?” To get that, you have to have an idea of what the “there” is. So I'm saying, I'm writing a history of the West with that West that I talked about in mind. Which gives you a very different picture: a lot more about indigenous fire management, the way the Hohokam survived the drought of the 1200s, and a little bit less about Billy the Kid. Gender Ratios and Silicon Valley Dwarkesh Patel   I love that quote hahaha. Speaking of the frontier, maybe it's a mistaken concept, but I remember that in a chapter of 1493, you talk about these rowdy adventurer men who outnumber the women in the silver mines and the kind of trouble that they cause. I wonder if there's some sort of distant analogy to the technology world or Silicon Valley, where you have the same kind of gender ratio and you have the same kind of frontier spirit? Maybe not the same physical violence––– more sociologically. Is there any similarity there?Charles C. Mann   I think it's funny, I hadn't thought about it. But it's certainly funny to think about. So let me do this off the top of my head. I like the idea that at the end of it, I can say, “wait, wait, that's ridiculous.“ Both of them would attract people who either didn't have much to lose, or were oblivious about what they had to lose, and had a resilience towards failure. I mean, it's amazing, the number of people in Silicon Valley who have completely failed at numbers of things! They just get up and keep‌ trying and have a kind of real obliviousness to social norms. It's pretty clear they are very much interested in making a mark and making their fortunes themselves. So there's at least a sort of shallow comparison, there are some certain similarities. I don't think this is entirely flattering to either group. It's absolutely true that those silver miners in Bolivia, and in northern‌ Mexico, created to a large extent, the modern world. But it's also true that they created these cesspools of violence and exploitation that had consequences we're still living with today. So you have to kind of take the bitter with the sweet. And I think that's true of Silicon Valley and its products *chuckles* I use them every day, and I curse them every day.Dwarkesh Patel   Right.Charles C. Mann   I want to give you an example. The internet has made it possible for me to do something like write a Twitter thread, get millions of people to read it, and have a discussion that's really amazing at the same time. Yet today, The Washington Post has an article about how every book in Texas (it's one of the states) a child checks out of the school library goes into a central state databank. They can see and look for patterns of people taking out “bad books” and this sort of stuff. And I think “whoa, that's really bad! That's not so good.” It's really the same technology that brings this dissemination and collection of vast amounts of information with relative ease. So with all these things, you take the bitter with the sweet. Technological Stupidity in the New WorldDwarkesh Patel   I want to ask you again about contingency because there are so many other examples where things you thought would be universal actually don't turn out to be. I think you talked about how the natives had different forms of metallurgy, with gold and copper, but then they didn't do iron or steel. You would think that given their “warring nature”, iron would be such a huge help. There's a clear incentive to build it. Millions of people living there could have built or developed this technology. Same with the steel, same with the wheel. What's the explanation for why these things you think anybody would have come up with didn't happen?Charles C. Mann   I know. It's just amazing to me! I don't know. This is one of those things I think about all the time. A few weeks ago, it rained, and I went out to walk the dog. I'm always amazed that there are literal glistening drops of water on the crabgrass and when you pick it up, sometimes there are little holes eaten by insects in the crabgrass. Every now and then, if you look carefully, you'll see a drop of water in one of those holes and it forms a lens. And you can look through it! You can see that it's not a very powerful lens by any means, but you can see that things are magnified. So you think “How long has there been crabgrass? Or leaves? And water?”  Just forever! We've had glass forever! So how is it that we had to wait for whoever it was to create lenses? I just don't get it. In book 1491, I mentioned the moldboard plow, which is the one with a curving blade that allows you to go through the soil much more easily. It was invented in China thousands of years ago, but not around in Europe until the 1400s. Like, come on, guys! What was it? And so, you know, there's this mysterious sort of mass stupidity. One of the wonderful things about globalization and trade and contact is that maybe not everybody is as blind as you and you can learn from them. I mean, that's the most wonderful thing about trade. So in the case of the wheel, the more amazing thing is that in Mesoamerica, they had the wheel on child's toys. Why didn't they develop it? The best explanation I can get is they didn't have domestic animals. A cart then would have to be pulled by people. That would imply that to make the cart work, you'd have to cut a really good road. Whereas they had these travois, which are these things that you hold and they have these skids that are shaped kind of like an upside-down V. You can drag them across rough ground, you don't need a road for them. That's what people used in the Great Plains and so forth. So you look at this, and you think “maybe this was the ultimate way to save labor. I mean, this was good enough. And you didn't have to build and maintain these roads to make this work”  so maybe it was rational or just maybe they're just blinkered. I don't know. As for assembly with steel, I think there's some values involved in that. I don't know if you've ever seen one of those things they had in Mesoamerica called Macuahuitl. They're wooden clubs with obsidian blades on them and they are sharp as hell. You don't run your finger along the edge because they just slice it open. An obsidian blade is pretty much sharper than any iron or steel blade and it doesn't rust. Nice. But it's much more brittle. So okay, they're there, and the Spaniards were really afraid of them. Because a single blow from these heavy sharp blades could kill a horse. They saw people whack off the head of a horse carrying a big strong guy with a single blow! So they're really dangerous, but they're not long-lasting. Part of the deal was that the values around conflict were different in the sense that conflict in Mesoamerica wasn't a matter of sending out foot soldiers in grunts, it was a chance for soldiers to get individual glory and prestige. This was associated with having these very elaborately beautiful weapons that you killed people with. So maybe not having steel worked better for their values and what they were trying to do at war. That would've lasted for years and I mean, that's just a guess. But you can imagine a scenario where they're not just blinkered but instead expressive on the basis of their different values. This is hugely speculative. There's a wonderful book by Ross Hassig about old Aztec warfare. It's an amazing book which is about the military history of The Aztecs and it's really quite interesting. He talks about this a little bit but he finally just says we don't know why they didn't develop all these technologies, but this worked for them.Dwarkesh Patel   Interesting. Yeah, it's kind of similar to China not developing gunpowder into an actual ballistic material––Charles C. Mann   Or Japan giving up the gun! They actually banned guns during the Edo period. The Portuguese introduced guns and the Japanese used them, and they said “Ahhh nope! Don't want them.” and they banned them. This turned out to be a terrible idea when Perry came in the 1860s. But for a long time, supposedly under the Edo period, Japan had the longest period of any nation ever without a foreign war. Dwarkesh Patel   Hmm. Interesting. Yeah, it's concerning when you think the lack of war might make you vulnerable in certain ways. Charles C. Mann   Yeah, that's a depressing thought.Religious DemoralizationDwarkesh Patel   Right. In Fukuyama's The End of History, he's obviously arguing that liberal democracy will be the final form of government everywhere. But there's this point he makes at the end where he's like, “Yeah, but maybe we need a small war every 50 years or so just to make sure people remember how bad it can get and how to deal with it.” Anyway, when the epidemic started in the New World, surely the Indians must have had some story or superstitious explanation–– some way of explaining what was happening. What was it?Charles C. Mann   You have to remember, the germ theory of disease didn't exist at the time. So neither the Spaniards, or the English, or the native people, had a clear idea of what was going on. In fact, both of them thought of it as essentially a spiritual event, a religious event. You went into areas that were bad, and the air was bad. That was malaria, right? That was an example. To them, it was God that was in control of the whole business. There's a line from my distant ancestor––the Governor Bradford of Plymouth Colony, who's my umpteenth, umpteenth grandfather, that's how waspy I am, he's actually my ancestor––about how God saw fit to clear the natives for us. So they see all of this in really religious terms, and more or less native people did too! So they thought over and over again that “we must have done something bad for this to have happened.” And that's a very powerful demoralizing thing. Your God either punished you or failed you. And this was it. This is one of the reasons that Christianity was able to make inroads. People thought “Their god is coming in and they seem to be less harmed by these diseases than people with our God.” Now, both of them are completely misinterpreting what's going on! But if you have that kind of spiritual explanation, it makes sense for you to say, “Well, maybe I should hit up their God.”Critiques of Civilization Collapse TheoriesDwarkesh Patel   Yeah, super fascinating. There's been a lot of books written in the last few decades about why civilizations collapse. There's Joseph Tainter's book, there's Jared Diamond's book. Do you feel like any of them actually do a good job of explaining how these different Indian societies collapsed over time?Charles C. Mann   No. Well not the ones that I've read. And there are two reasons for that. One is that it's not really a mystery. If you have a society that's epidemiologically naive, and smallpox sweeps in and kills 30% of you, measles kills 10% of you, and this all happens in a short period of time, that's really tough! I mean COVID killed one million people in the United States. That's 1/330th of the population. And it wasn't even particularly the most economically vital part of the population. It wasn't kids, it was elderly people like my aunt–– I hope I'm not sounding callous when I'm describing it like a demographer. Because I don't mean it that way. But it caused enormous economic damage and social conflict and so forth. Now, imagine something that's 30 or 40 times worse than that, and you have no explanation for it at all. It's kind of not a surprise to me that this is a super challenge. What's actually amazing is the number of nations that survived and came up with ways to deal with this incredible loss.That relates to the second issue, which is that it's sort of weird to talk about collapse in the ways that they sometimes do. Like both of them talk about the Mayan collapse. But there are 30 million Mayan people still there. They were never really conquered by the Spaniards. The Spaniards were still waging giant wars in Yucatan in the 1590s. In the early 21st century, I went with my son to Chiapas, which is the southernmost exit province. And that is where the Commandante Cero and the rebellions were going on. We were looking at some Mayan ruins, and they were too beautiful, and I stayed too long, and we were driving back through the night on these terrible roads. And we got stopped by some of these guys with guns. I was like, “Oh God, not only have I got myself into this, I got my son into this.” And the guy comes and looks at us and says, “Who are you?” And I say that we're American tourists. And he just gets this disgusted look, and he says, “Go on.” And you know, the journalist in me takes over and I ask, “What do you mean, just go on?” And he says, “We're hunting for Mexicans.” And as I'm driving I'm like “Wait a minute, I'm in Mexico.” And that those were Mayans. All those guys were Maya people still fighting against the Spaniards. So it's kind of funny to say that their society collapsed when there are Mayan radio stations, there are Maya schools, and they're speaking Mayan in their home. It's true, they don't have giant castles anymore. But, it's odd to think of that as collapse. They seem like highly successful people who have dealt pretty well with a lot of foreign incursions. So there's this whole aspect of “What do you mean collapse?” And you see that in Against the Grain, the James Scott book, where you think, “What do you mean barbarians?” If you're an average Maya person, working as a farmer under the purview of these elites in the big cities probably wasn't all that great. So after the collapse, you're probably better off. So all of that I feel is important in this discussion of collapse. I think it's hard to point to collapses that either have very clear exterior causes or are really collapses of the environment. Particularly the environmental sort that are pictured in books like Diamond has, where he talks about Easter Island. The striking thing about that is we know pretty much what happened to all those trees. Easter Island is this little speck of land, in the middle of the ocean, and Dutch guys come there and it's the only wood around for forever, so they cut down all the trees to use it for boat repair, ship repair, and they enslave most of the people who are living there. And we know pretty much what happened. There's no mystery about it.Virginia Company + HubrisDwarkesh Patel   Why did the British government and the king keep subsidizing and giving sanctions to the Virginia Company, even after it was clear that this is not especially profitable and half the people that go die? Why didn't they just stop?Charles C. Mann   That's a really good question. It's a super good question. I don't really know if we have a satisfactory answer, because it was so stupid for them to keep doing that. It was such a loss for so long. So you have to say, they were thinking, not purely economically. Part of it is that the backers of the Virginia Company, in sort of classic VC style, when things were going bad, they lied about it. They're burning through their cash, they did these rosy presentations, and they said, “It's gonna be great! We just need this extra money.” Kind of the way that Uber did. There's this tremendous burn rate and now the company says you're in tremendous trouble because it turns out that it's really expensive to provide all these calves and do all this stuff. The cheaper prices that made people like me really happy about it are vanishing. So, you know, I think future business studies will look at those rosy presentations and see that they have a kind of analogy to the ones that were done with the Virginia Company. A second thing is that there was this dog-headed belief kind of based on the inability to understand longitude and so forth, that the Americas were far narrower than they actually are. I reproduced this in 1493. There were all kinds of maps in Britain at the time showing these little skinny Philippines-like islands. So there's the thought that you just go up the Chesapeake, go a couple 100 miles, and you're gonna get to the Pacific into China. So there's this constant searching for a passage to China through this thought to be very narrow path. Sir Francis Drake and some other people had shown that there was a West Coast so they thought the whole thing was this narrow, Panama-like landform. So there's this geographical confusion. Finally, there's the fact that the Spaniards had found all this gold and silver, which is an ideal commodity, because it's not perishable: it's small, you can put it on your ship and bring it back, and it's just great in every way. It's money, essentially. Basically, you dig up money in the hills and there's this long-standing belief that there's got to be more of that in the Americas, we just need to find out where. So there's always that hope. Lastly, there's the Imperial bragging rights. You know, we can't be the only guys with a colony. You see that later in the 19th century when Germany became a nation and one of the first things the Dutch said was “Let's look for pieces of Africa that the rest of Europe hasn't claimed,” and they set up their own mini colonial empire. So there's this kind of “Keeping Up with the Joneses” aspect, it just seems to be sort of deep in the European ruling class. So then you got to have an empire that in this weird way, seems very culturally part of it. I guess it's the same for many other places. As soon as you feel like you have a state together, you want to index other things. You see that over and over again, all over the world. So that's part of it. All those things, I think, contributed to this. Outright lying, this delusion, other various delusions, plus hubris.Dwarkesh Patel   It seems that colonial envy has today probably spread to China. I don't know too much about it, but I hear that the Silk Road stuff they're doing is not especially economically wise. Is this kind of like when you have the impulse where if you're a nation trying to rise, you have that “I gotta go here, I gotta go over there––Charles C. Mann   Yeah and “Show what a big guy I am. Yeah,––China's Silver TradeDwarkesh Patel   Exactly. So speaking of China, I want to ask you about the silver trade. Excuse another tortured analogy, but when I was reading that chapter where you're describing how the Spanish silver was ending up with China and how the Ming Dynasty caused too much inflation. They needed more reliable mediums of exchange, so they had to give up real goods from China, just in order to get silver, which is just a medium of exchange––but it's not creating more apples, right? I was thinking about how this sounds a bit like Bitcoin today, (obviously to a much smaller magnitude) but in the sense that you're using up goods. It's a small amount of electricity, all things considered, but you're having to use up real energy in order to construct this medium of exchange. Maybe somebody can claim that this is necessary because of inflation or some other policy mistake and you can compare it to the Ming Dynasty. But what do you think about this analogy? Is there a similar situation where real goods are being exchanged for just a medium of exchange?Charles C. Mann   That's really interesting. I mean, on some level, that's the way money works, right? I go into a store, like a Starbucks and I buy a coffee, then I hand them a piece of paper with some drawings on it, and they hand me an actual coffee in return for a piece of paper. So the mysteriousness of money is kind of amazing. History is of course replete with examples of things that people took very seriously as money. Things that to us seem very silly like the cowry shell or in the island of Yap where they had giant stones! Those were money and nobody ever carried them around. You transferred the ownership of the stone from one person to another person to buy something. I would get some coconuts or gourds or whatever, and now you own that stone on the hill. So there's a tremendous sort of mysteriousness about the human willingness to assign value to arbitrary things such as (in Bitcoin's case) strings of zeros and ones. That part of it makes sense to me. What's extraordinary is when the effort to create a medium of exchange ends up costing you significantly–– which is what you're talking about in China where people had a medium of exchange, but they had to work hugely to get that money. I don't have to work hugely to get a $1 bill, right? It's not like I'm cutting down a tree and smashing the papers to pulp and printing. But you're right, that's what they're kind of doing in China. And that's, to a lesser extent, what you're doing in Bitcoin. So I hadn't thought about this, but Bitcoin in this case is using computer cycles and energy. To me, it's absolutely extraordinary the degree to which people who are Bitcoin miners are willing to upend their lives to get cheap energy. A guy I know is talking about setting up small nuclear plants as part of his idea for climate change and he wants to set them up in really weird remote areas. And I was asking “Well who would be your customers?” and he says Bitcoin people would move to these nowhere places so they could have these pocket nukes to privately supply their Bitcoin habits. And that's really crazy! To completely upend your life to create something that you hope is a medium of exchange that will allow you to buy the things that you're giving up. So there's a kind of funny aspect to this. That was partly what was happening in China. Unfortunately, China's very large, so they were able to send off all this stuff to Mexico so that they could get the silver to pay their taxes, but it definitely weakened the country.Wizards vs. ProphetsDwarkesh Patel   Yeah, and that story you were talking about, El Salvador actually tried it. They were trying to set up a Bitcoin city next to this volcano and use the geothermal energy from the volcano to incentivize people to come there and mine cheap Bitcoin. Staying on the theme of China, do you think the prophets were more correct, or the wizards were more correct for that given time period? Because we have the introduction of potato, corn, maize, sweet potatoes, and this drastically increases the population until it reaches a carrying capacity. Obviously, what follows is the other kinds of ecological problems this causes and you describe these in the book. Is this evidence of the wizard worldview that potatoes appear and populations balloon? Or are the prophets like “No, no, carrying capacity will catch up to us eventually.”Charles C. Mann   Okay, so let me interject here. For those members of your audience who don't know what we're talking about. I wrote this book, The Wizard and the Prophet. And it's about these two camps that have been around for a long time who have differing views regarding how we think about energy resources, the environment, and all those issues. The wizards, that's my name for them––Stuart Brand called them druids and, in fact, originally, the title was going to involve the word druid but my editor said, “Nobody knows what a Druid is” so I changed it into wizards–– and anyway the wizards would say that science and technology properly applied can allow you to produce your way out of these environmental dilemmas. You turn on the science machine, essentially, and then we can escape these kinds of dilemmas. The prophets say “No. Natural systems are governed by laws and there's an inherent carrying capacity or limit or planetary boundary.” there are a bunch of different names for them that say you can't do more than so much.So what happened in China is that European crops came over. One of China's basic geographical conditions is that it's 20% of the Earth's habitable surface area, or it has 20% of the world's population, but only has seven or 8% of the world's above-ground freshwater. There are no big giant lakes like we have in the Great Lakes. And there are only a couple of big rivers, the Yangtze and the Yellow River. The main staple crop in China has to be grown in swimming pools, and that's you know, rice. So there's this paradox, which is “How do you keep people fed with rice in a country that has very little water?” If you want a shorthand history of China, that's it. So prophets believe that there are these planetary boundaries. In history, these are typically called Malthusian Limits after Malthus and the question is: With the available technology at a certain time, how many people can you feed before there's misery?The great thing about history is it provides evidence for both sides. Because in the short run, what happened when American crops came in is that the potato, sweet potato, and maize corn were the first staple crops that were dryland crops that could be grown in the western half of China, which is very, very dry and hot and mountainous with very little water. Population soars immediately afterward, but so does social unrest, misery, and so forth. In the long run, that becomes adaptable when China becomes a wealthy and powerful nation. In the short run, which is not so short (it's a couple of centuries), it really causes tremendous chaos and suffering. So, this provides evidence for both sides. One increases human capacity, and the second unquestionably increases human numbers and that leads to tremendous erosion, land degradation, and human suffering.Dwarkesh Patel   Yeah, that's a thick coin with two sides. By the way, I realized I haven't gotten to all the Wizard and Prophet questions, and there are a lot of them. So I––Charles C. Mann   I certainly have time! I'm enjoying the conversation. One of the weird things about podcasts is that, as far as I can tell, the average podcast interviewer is far more knowledgeable and thoughtful than the average sort of mainstream journalist interviewer and I just find that amazing. I don't understand it. So I think you guys should be hired. You know, they should make you switch roles or something.Dwarkesh Patel   Yeah, maybe. Charles C. Mann   It's a pleasure to be asked these interesting questions about subjects I find fascinating.Dwarkesh Patel   Oh, it's my pleasure to get to talk to you and to get to ask these questions. So let me ask about the Wizard and the Prophet. I just interviewed WIll McCaskill, and we were talking about what ends up mattering most in history. I asked him about Norman Borlaug and said that he's saved a billion lives. But then McCaskill pointed out, “Well, that's an exceptional result” and he doesn't think the technology is that contingent. So if Borlaug hadn't existed, somebody else would have discovered what he discovered about short wheat stalks anyways. So counterfactually, in a world where Ebola doesn't exist, it's not like a billion people die, maybe a couple million more die until the next guy comes around. That was his view. Do you agree? What is your response?Charles C. Mann   To some extent, I agree. It's very likely that in the absence of one scientist, some other scientist would have discovered this, and I mentioned in the book, in fact, that there's a guy named Swaminathan, a remarkable Indian scientist, who's a step behind him and did much of the same work. At the same time, the individual qualities of Borlaug are really quite remarkable. The insane amount of work and dedication that he did.. it's really hard to imagine. The fact is that he was going against many of the breeding plant breeding dogmas of his day, that all matters! His insistence on feeding the poor… he did remarkable things. Yes, I think some of those same things would have been discovered but it would have been a huge deal if it had taken 20 years later. I mean, that would have been a lot of people who would have been hurt in the interim! Because at the same time, things like the end of colonialism, the discovery of antibiotics, and so forth, were leading to a real population rise, and the amount of human misery that would have occurred, it's really frightening to think about. So, in some sense, I think he's (Will McCaskill) right. But I wouldn't be so glib about those couple of million people.Dwarkesh Patel   Yeah. And another thing you might be concerned about is that given the hostile attitude that people had towards the green revolution right after, if the actual implementation of these different strains of biochar sent in India, if that hadn't been delayed, it's not that weird to imagine a scenario where the governments there are just totally won over by the prophets and they decide to not implant this technology at all. If you think about what happened to nuclear power in the 70s, in many different countries, maybe something similar could have happened to the Green Revolution. So it's important to beat the Prophet. Maybe that's not the correct way to say it. But one way you could put it is: It's important to beat the prophets before the policies are passed. You have to get a good bit of technology in there.Charles C. Mann   This is just my personal opinion, but you want to listen to the prophets about what the problems are. They're incredible at diagnosing problems, and very frequently, they're right about those things. The social issues about the Green Revolution… they were dead right, they were completely right. I don't know if you then adopt their solutions. It's a little bit like how I feel about my editors–– my editors will often point out problems and I almost never agree with their solutions. The fact is that Borlaug did develop this wheat that came into India, but it probably wouldn't have been nearly as successful if Swaminathan hadn't changed that wheat to make it more acceptable to the culture of India. That was one of the most important parts for me in this book. When I went to Tamil Nadu, I listened to this and I thought, “Oh! I never heard about this part where they took Mexican wheat, and they made it into Indian wheat.” You know, I don't even know if Borlaug ever knew or really grasped that they really had done that! By the way, a person for you to interview is Marci Baranski–– she's got a forthcoming book about the history of the Green Revolution and she sounds great. I'm really looking forward to reading it. So here's a plug for her.In Defense of Regulatory DelaysDwarkesh Patel   So if we applied that particular story to today, let's say that we had regulatory agencies like the FDA back then that were as powerful back then as they are now. Do you think it's possible that these new advances would have just dithered in some approval process that took years or decades to complete? If you just backtest our current process for implementing technological solutions, are you concerned that something like the green revolution could not have happened or that it would have taken way too long or something?Charles C. Mann   It's possible. Bureaucracies can always go rogue, and the government is faced with this kind of impossible problem. There's a current big political argument about whether former President Trump should have taken these top-secret documents to his house in Florida and done whatever he wanted to? Just for the moment, let's accept the argument that these were like super secret toxic documents and should not have been in a basement. Let's just say that's true. Whatever the President says is declassified is declassified. Let us say that's true.  Obviously, that would be bad. You would not want to have that kind of informal process because you can imagine all kinds of things–– you wouldn't want to have that kind of informal process in place. But nobody has ever imagined that you would do that because it's sort of nutty in that scenario.Now say you write a law and you create a bureaucracy for declassification and immediately add more delay, you make things harder, you add in the problems of the bureaucrats getting too much power, you know–– all the things that you do. So you have this problem with the government, which is that people occasionally do things that you would never imagine. It's completely screwy. So you put in regulatory mechanisms to stop them from doing that and that impedes everybody else. In the case of the FDA, it was founded in the 30 when some person produced this thing called elixir sulfonamides. They killed hundreds of people! It was a flat-out poison! And, you know, hundreds of people died. You think like who would do that? But somebody did that. So they created this entire review mechanism to make sure it never happened again, which introduced delay, and then something was solidified. Which they did start here because the people who invented that didn't even do the most cursory kind of check. So you have this constant problem. I'm sympathetic to the dilemma faced by the government here in which you either let through really bad things done by occasional people, or you screw up everything for everybody else. I was tracing it crudely, but I think you see the trade-off. So the question is, how well can you manage this trade-off? I would argue that sometimes it's well managed. It's kind of remarkable that we got vaccines produced by an entirely new mechanism, in record time, and they passed pretty rigorous safety reviews and were given to millions and millions and millions of people with very, very few negative effects. I mean, that's a real regulatory triumph there, right?So that would be the counter-example: you have this new thing that you can feed people and so forth. They let it through very quickly. On the other hand, you have things like genetically modified salmon and trees, which as far as I can tell, especially for the chestnuts, they've made extraordinary efforts to test. I'm sure that those are going to be in regulatory hell for years to come. *chuckles* You know, I just feel that there's this great problem. These flaws that you identified, I would like to back off and say that this is a problem sort of inherent to government. They're always protecting us against the edge case. The edge case sets the rules, and that ends up, unless you're very careful, making it very difficult for everybody else.Dwarkesh Patel   Yeah. And the vaccines are an interesting example here. Because one of the things you talked about in the book–– one of the possible solutions to climate change is that you can have some kind of geoengineering. Right? I think you mentioned in the book that as long as even one country tries this, then they can effectively (for relatively modest amounts of money), change the atmosphere. But then I look at the failure of every government to approve human challenge trials. This is something that seems like an obvious thing to do and we would have potentially saved hundreds of thousands of lives during COVID by speeding up the vaccine approval. So I wonder, maybe the international collaboration is strong enough that something like geoengineering actually couldn't happen because something like human challenge trials didn't happen.Geoengineering Charles C. Mann   So let me give a plug here for a fun novel by my friend, Neal Stephenson, called Termination Shock. Which is about some rich person just doing it. Just doing geoengineering. The fact is that it's actually not actually against the law to fire off rockets into the stratosphere. In his case, it's a giant gun that shoots shells full of sulfur into the upper atmosphere. So I guess the question is, what timescale do you think is appropriate for all this? I feel quite confident that there will be geoengineering trials within the next 10 years. Is that fast enough? That's a real judgment call. I think people like David Keith and the other advocates for geoengineering would have said it should have happened already and that it's way, way too slow. People who are super anxious about moral hazard and precautionary principles say that that's way, way too fast. So you have these different constituencies. It's hard for me to think off the top of my head of an example where these regulatory agencies have actually totally throttled something in a long-lasting way as opposed to delaying it for 10 years. I don't mean to imply that 10 years is nothing. But it's really killing off something. Is there an example you can think of?Dwarkesh Patel   Well, it's very dependent on where you think it would have been otherwise, like people say maybe it was just bound to be the state. Charles C. Mann   I think that was a very successful case of regulatory capture, in which the proponents of the technology successfully created this crazy…. One of the weird things I really wanted to explain about nuclear stuff is not actually in the book.

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In late 1819 the whaleship Essex set off for a routine whaling trip before getting attacked by a freak whale. Sources: In the heart of the seacool pic of whales asleepWhaling industryspermacetiWikis:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_(whaleship)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Chasehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_whalinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale_oil Loose transcript: Hi everyone. And welcome or welcome back to nightmare now the show where we take a look at all things scary, unknown or otherwise horrible, we talk history, myth, monsters and more and boy do I have a whale of a tale for you today. I feel like not a lot has changed over the course of the week so I can spare you any personal updates this week, and that works out well anyway because dear god this is a long involved story to get into. We're finally doing another full deep dive episode and man have I had a time putting this one together. I've clipped up my notes and outlines a couple of different ways and I just can't find a way to put it all together in one episode without skipping a week to pull it together. So this is going to be our very first sequential series. I feel like aside from technical issues I've gotten the hang of putting out a show mostly every week. With that being said I'm not doing these full super deep dive long form episodes as often as I want, but at the same time, I've been digging deeper for the shorter ones and even they're getting longer as I get the hang of this, so eventually maybe they'll meet in the middle over time.Anyway I'm glad to have you along for the ride, but I'm afraid it'll be a harrowing one. In the early months of 1821 a whaleship happened across a peculiar sight in the distance, a small whaleboat, heavily modified through slapdash construction. It had a makeshift sail, reinforced sides,  and it had obviously been drifting for quite some time. There didn't appear to be anyone on board as waves lazily lapped against the small craft. All the same the captain of the whaleship turned about to investigate the pathetic little boat. When the crew could finally see over the deck into the sun bleached whaleboat, they were met with a violently unsettling sight. Two creatures, sinewy, thin, and emaciated. The floor of the boat was riddled with bones. Human bones. The creatures were curled up on either end of the boat and slurping on the marrow from the bones like something that would give bram stoker nightmares. Pale and wide eyes bulged out of their heads, sore covered skin pulled taut over their gaunt skulls and frail frames. They had beards red from dried blood and a madness about them. On seeing the witnesses to their bone collection funerary raft they jealousy gathered up as many of the bones as they could carry and recoiled back. Unwilling to surrender all that sustained them, and the last remnants of the crew they once captained. The crew of the whaleship looked down at th ghouls in abject horror.  (RECORD SCRATCH) YUP THAT'S ME, I guess you're wondering how I got in this situation, well, it's a whale of a tale my friend. Name's george pollard, and like many others my story begins thus. There once was a man from nantucket…Lets dive into these murky depths. The whaleship essex facilitated one of the more famous maritime disasters in history, maybe behind the mutiny on the bounty and the shark attacks on the uss indianapolis, and I guess probably shackleton's ill fated voyage too. I guess I could go on, and on all those topics I certainly will. In future episodes. I think there's something hugely compelling about maritime disasters. There's the isolation of it, the secret chemical X in any great horror movie, certainly in my two favorites, the thing, an alien. And then there's the human element. There's something about the intersection of survival, isolation, the will to live, and the classic man vs nature struggle that resonates deep within our cultural consciousness. For each person there is the competing values of hope, tenacity, despair, fear, stubbornness and resilience and so many more factors, and for each person there is a breaking point. Some never reach it, some perish before hand, and some do, and at that point we either see an alien facsimile of humanity, or potentially humanity distilled into its purest form. Innocents turned killers, nobles turned barbaric survivors, cowards can become heroes. For the crew of the Essex, we witness all of the above and more. During the 1820s when the event took place, it really became the talk of the world for a time. A ship from nantucket massachusetts, the whaling capital of the world was attacked and sunk by a freakish sperm whale. 21 people shipped off that day and most of them don't ever make it home, and truth be told, not a single one of the survivors really came back at all. The men were changed irreparably. And perhaps when I finish this series, you'll understand why. Today the Essex disaster is just a footnote of 1800s trivia. Known mostly because a certain whaling author wrote something a lot of us had to read in school. A little novel called moby dick. When I read it in high school, I definitely spark noted some chapters, mostly the ones that tried to be more of a definitive guide on whaling rather than a novel, but the core story is hard to avoid. Captain ahab in his ludicrous quest for revenge, a great white whale, and the famous attack of the titular whale. But this quest didn't spawn entirely from the mind of herman melville, who was himself a one time whaler before he found success writing, it was loosely based off of the true story of the ESSEX. Melville heard accounts of the tragedy and sought out survivors to give his novel the oomph it needed to be read or spark noted hundreds of years later. This series I'll try to bring that real story to life as best I can, and maybe add a little bit of levity along the way. Thanks for being patient last week, I really wanted to get this one right and push the limits of what a nightmare now show  can really be. I hope you enjoy, lets get into the belly of the whale.Now outside of new england it's tough to understate the effect of whaling in the region, and outside of massachusetts doubly so, and outside of the tiny island of nantucket probably 100 times moreso. The island is just 14 miles across at it's longest but it was the epicenter of whaling in the entire world. Whaling of course being the dangerous and lucrative enterprise of hunting whales, mostly for their oil. Made by boiling down the literal tons of blubber on a whales body. The main use of whale oil was of course, light. A society able to keep lamps going throughout the night was a huge advantage. But it didn't stop there, not in houses and businesses alone. Streetlamps let a city's business continue deep into the night, lighthouses made more whaling possible in a feedback loop. But no, the usefulness continues,  without whale oil there would not have been an industrial revolution in the 1800s that lead to the world as we know it today. We can wax poetic about whether or not the industrial revolution was good for humanity as whole when we cover the unabomber but for now we'll leave it at the fact that without industrialization we would be living on a planet devoid of the glory of the boneless chicken wing, a luxury only an industrial society could ever hope to achieve.  Whale oil was the lubricant in guns, machinery, and typewriters, and even until fucking 1973 whale oil was used in transmission fluids in modern cars. It was a long time before this stuff retired. Most industrial purposes were replaced after the invention of kerosene but whaling continued long after. We still use a chemical called ambergris today extracted from the intestines of sperm whales for perfume of all things, I think there was a blacklist episode on that at one point. Furthermore baleen, the fibrous filters of baleen whales like the humpback or blue whales was used in a variety of fashion products like hats and umbrellas, blubber could be used to make whale margarine. Which reminds me, A while back I was looking at protein to calorie ratios of food and holy shit whale meat is top tier fitness food. You get almost 30 grams of protein per 100 calories it's insane. Then we get into your real money fish. Yeah I know whales are mammals, I don't care I can call them fish. The sperm whale. Named for the spermaceti sloshing around in their big fat heads. And we still don't know what it's for. Biologically speaking that is. It is a special type of milky white,waxy, gooey clean burning, odorless oil compared to the crap they burn off of blubber. So when whaling they would cut open their heads and be like damn there's buckets and buckets o cum in their brain, that's the good shit. It was a higher quality oil. And that's how sperm whales got their name. Literally their heads are full of what 19th century whalers thought looked like cum. Like I said a minute ago, biologists still have no idea what the goop sloshing around in their heads is for. Some theories point to it being a excellent medium for echolocation where sound can travel 3 times as fast in spermaceti than it can in water and others say it's for buoyancy, like the whales can suck up sea water, cool it down and increase the density making it easier to dive, or blow it out to warm it up and make it easier to surface. Ultimately, none of it is pertinent to this episode so we're moving on. The Eessex  had been on several whaling adventures so far but the previous captain was retiring or taking on a new ship, ultimately it isn't important to the story, ifyou want more detail check out the wonderful source for today's episode, IN THE HEART OF THE SEA, by nathaniel philbrick, funny I knew a nate philbrick in high school hope he's doing all right these days. I don't want to go too deep into nantucket and the powers that be controlling the essex and it's crew before they pulled up the anchor but it's a lot of the bullshit you expect, nepotism, financiers and people with cash on the line deciding who is in charge, first mate, and other unimportant details. Suffice to say that funding and staffing a whaleship was a substantial expense and it really had the potential to pay off, given the lucrative nature of whaling in nantucket at the time. It was grueling work for the whalers and an interesting life for family back home, most people didn't have their fathers around because the ships were out for years at a time. Families oftentimes would be married within a few months, get pregnant and the dude would take off and hope he got to meet his three year old when he got back. There's some interesting dynamics at work there, where women had a large amount of power in society, compared to other areas at the same time. So fuck the financiers, they really didn't have anything much to do with the story especially in a dramatic podcast form, lets talk about the cast of the show, the crew of the essex. As listed in the book and ship records, I'm not gonna go through every last person's life story but we're talking at least an overview. I guess we should start with one of the main characters, the essex itself, a whaleship 87 feet long and displacing 238 tons of water it was fairly standard for the time. The previous captain daniel russel helmed another ship while his first mate george pollard took over as captain of the essex. It's said repeatedly that russell took the luck from the essex, a previously successful whaling ship, when he left. Following george pollard in command, a nantucket boy, was the first mate, owen chase, whom spoiler alert survives, and is widely responsible for us knowing this story at all. Both nantucket lads. And that's important too, because there's a strict hierarchy on nantucket whaling ships, less of a hierarchy I guess because that's the chain of command, but more of a preference. In trust, picking crew for the smaller whaleboats themselves, and general station and accommodations nantucket natives were number 1, it was an extremely tight knit community, most of which were quakers, following the nantucket guys wearing their trust me I'm local t shirts were the coofs, a derogatory term for off islanders, they could be better whalers, sailors and the like but 9 times outta ten they came after the nantucketers in the pecking order. Lastly were blacks. I don't really know what to say about that one I don't think anybody's surprised there, pre industrial america generally wasn't the most accommodating place and time for black people.  After the two officers you had second mate matthew joy, 3 boatsteerers, the guys working the rudders in the whaleboats themselves, 1 steward of the ship, 13 general sailors, there's that lucky number again huh, and the cabin boy, thomas nickerson. Totalling up to 21 people on the boat. I don't think you need all the other names right now, I'm not trying to overwhelm you like it's game of thrones or anything, as people come up (And sink down) in the narrative I'll try to remember to keep you abreast of their station.Fast forward through some political drama between the owners of the ship, people saying goodbye to their wives and mothers and it was finally august 12, 1819. The day of the launch. And watching launches on nantucket was pretty much the only thing anyone did for fun, there weren't any video games yet. Not only did you have all the women in children but also the extremely judgemental retired whalers, watching for every mistake, so they'd have something to talk about the whole time you're gone. Haters been hating a long time, and boy oh boy did stuff go wrong all the time, oftentimes half the crew were taking their first voyage out at these launches, imagine you're starting a new job and not only do you have to figure it out, it's dangerous and literally everyone you've ever known is watching. I'm sure it didn't make it any easier. As soon as they're out of earshot from town too, the experienced crew start swearing like… well, sailor and slapping the new guys around, a stark contrast from the uiet calm of quaker nantucket. So all the new guys, some as young as 14 just start getting screamed at immediately, swab the deck or I'll gut ye and all that good stuff and they see their home fading from view over the horizon and are just like what the fuck have I gotten myself into. A common thought perhaps, but most of the time they hadn't gotten on an utterly doomed voyage like the essex. And then the seasickness, this is true they would tie pork fat to a string, make you swallow it and yank it back up out of your mouth, apparently that's how to fix it.  Sounds gross.Just a day later the bad omens began. A huge storm approached off the side of the boat and in an act of hubris or hesitation instead of sailing directly into the storm, better yet, sailing away from it, they waited till the last minute to try to turn and let it hit from the stern. In delaying this maneuver,  the storm hit full strength from the side, the worst possible outcome. The wind, gusts and waves hit from the largest possible surface area, and the essex began to tip over.  With a great creaking and groaning in the howling wind the ship tilted almost 90 degrees sideways, almost sinking two days into the voyage. Just as they thought they might need to cut the masts loose in order to right the ship she lurched back upwards as equilibrium took hold. Some of the sails had been shredded in the carnage, one of the whale boats had been smashed in between the ship and the waves, leaving only 2 in working order and no spares. Captain pollard and the mates debated returning to nantucket for repairs but instead opted to forge ahead, taking chances in supply ports to repair the ship and get a new whaleboat. It seemed preferable to the shame of returning empty handed. Just days from leaving home. Plus the likeliness of people ditching the boat as soon as they got there, the old pork submarine life ain't for everyone after all.After the excitement from the get go you have a nice slice of life sailing montage for months, on september second they reached the azores islands off the coast of europe, scooped some supplies, and dipped south towards the cape verde islands west of africa. Here they managed to snag an extra whaleboat, bringing their total to 4 after repairing the one damaged in the storm. They also made a lucrative trade offer with a ship that had gone aground in the verdes trading, a barrel and a half of beans for thirty squealing hogs! These delightful creatures supplemented literal tons of food  for the journey. Salted meats, bread and hardtack. A sort of disgusting hard bread to meet the minimum caloric values people needed. Somewhere along the line pollard, chase and joy picked their crews for their respective whaleboats, with the captain and firstlmate  getting all the nantuckets and leaving joy with the coofs and blacks. This would of course come into play when they finally saw their first whale in early october, off the coast of south america between rio de janeiro and buenos aries.  With a THAR SHE BLOWS The hunt begins. They got within a nautical mile of the whale and jumped into the whaleboats, only 3 people remaining on the essex to keep it afloat. The remaining 18 divided between the 3 whaleboats set off racing one another to be the first to get up next to the beasties. Chase's boat was the first one to catch up to the sperm whale and the harpooner, a man by the name of benjamin lawrence hesitated when faced with the awesome size of the whale. It blasted it's spout over them, and just as he seems to finally come to his senses and aim WHAM all six of them are thrown into the air. THe whaleboat splinters as another whale breaches and tears it apart with its tail. The other two boats have to rescue the people in chase's boat because get this, they can't swim! You would think you take your whole life learning how to become a whaler that might be worth looking into, on account of you know, THE FUCKING WATER. So the whales get away and the whole crew is pissed, they're down another whaleboat and they've been underway for almost three months at this point with nothing to show for it except a fucking barnyard full of emaciated hog. A few days later they got a second chance and this time when they launched the boats someone got a hit. And the description of a kill is brutal, to my whale fans you probably just want to skip ahead five minutes here.  Once a harpoon strikes true on a sperm whale it fastens to the creature and the whale boat gets tugged along in the ol nantucket sleighride, I'm sure now that's some vile urban dictionary term these days involving dookie but back then it described the whaleboat being tugged along by the stuck whale. The whale would pull the boat something like 20 mph while the whale would tire itself out before surfacing for the last time. It would pull them all over but once a whaleboat was fastened, there wasn't a whole lot it could do except launch the whaleboat into the sky, but most of the time they didn't think of that. When they eventually tired out the mate or captain would have his chance to hit the creature with the killing lance. A specialized harpoon designed to tear up the creatures's internal organs, but through tons of blubber it was hard to hit true, sometimes requiring 15 stabs to really get in there. The surefire indicator of  success was a gruesome sight indeed. The creature would breath out through it's blowhole and blast out a crimson spray of blood seawater and snot, it was choking on it's blood and living it's last minutes in abject terror. The whalers called this a fired chimeny as the largest creatures on earth shot out red  mist with each breath. It's admittedly sad, but whaling these days is pretty much dead outside of specially permitted indigeonus peoples. So that's good. When the whale was struck true at some point it's labored struggle would end suddenly and the creature would float up on its side ready for the grim harvest to come. The greenhorns on the crew weren't really sure what to do at this point, at least spiritually and emotionally, all this talk hyping them up for the kill and then seeing one of god's mightiest creatures writhing and spraying them with his blood  really did a number  on them psychologically. It didn't take long for the more experienced among them to snap the new guys out of it  but I really think threre's something very profound in that minute of silence when nobody is cheering when the whale finally gives up the ghost and before the harvest kicks off. There's emotional highs and lows all at once, they're covered in blood, sad at the death of an almost mythical creature, proud at their ability to take it down and happy with the promise of a fat check when they got home. I find that internal conflict so interesting. When they finally bring down the massive beast it's time to harvest it. IT takes until nightfall to take the carcass to the ship and that's when the real work begins. They would rip off the blubber with saws, spears and hooks to peel th whale in five foot wide tapestries of meat, blood and oil, yanking them up onto the deck to be boiled down. And separated belowdeck. When the whale was completely peeled the head was severed and brought upon deck, a hole was cut open and the cabin boy was thrown into the skull with a bucket to make sure not a drop of the spermaceti was wasted. Like literally tossing a child into the whale's skull to scoop every last drop of the precious spermaceti. While thomas nickerson was doing that and trying not to puke unsuccessfully, the rest of the crew chopped the sheets of blubber into 1 by 1 strips that go boiled in copper trying pots to extract the oil. The more seasoned sailors would take the bits and pieces that wouldn't turn into oil and just fucking chow down on em, partially to show dominance, partially to skip eating the revolting hardtack. The boiling processToo revolting to describe. In all descriptions. The revolting process could take up to three days, sharks attacking the corpse all the while. Finally things were looking up. They looped around CAPE HORN, Say that 3 times fast if you're not immature like me. Around the horn they saw some penguins so that's nice. A few whales later they reach the western coast of south america and meet up with a few other whalers in a popular resting spot. This was late october where they met another whaleship captain whose boat had sunk and he was stuck in south america. He was shitfaced all the time and seemed to be doing plenty fine in south america. He told pollard and the mates about the legendary offshore ground. A part of the deep ocean where all the whales chilled out far from shore where you could fill a two year whale oil quota in a week. After some debate they decided to head for this legendary stretch of water in the fucking geometric center of the pacific. Like it's almost impossible to get any farther from a mainland if you tried. But it wasn't without a little stop after they resupplied in south america. The essex sent it's crew onto hood island of the galapagos. And this shit is just depressingly funny and sad. Turtle appreciators skip ahead here.  SO they land at hood island of the galapagos to harvest some tortoises. They had slow metabolism, so they didn't need a lot of food to keep on the boat. So they have 21 people, close to thirty hogs, and a fuckton of tortiseses. They would scoop these guys up, probably 80 plus years old to throw on the boat. They collected 180 of these fuckers. For slaughter. They're just chilling. Darwins tortoises evolved precisely for each island. ENTER THOMAS CHAPPEL, one of the natucketer boatsteerers, who brought a tinderbox onto the island. Just  prankKilled thousands, To this day a wasteland 200 years later. Fast forward to the disaster site. 1000 fucking miles west of the galapagos. And they're already 600 miles offshore.  Again you can't really get farther from a true shore than these guys. And bam it's time to hunt more whales so they send out the boats and owne chase's boat gets slapped by a tail immediately so they have to return to the essex. When they get back to the essex they see a fucking 85 foot bull sperm whale  headed straight for them. It's unclear why it did this, was it divine intervention? Was it sledge hammers slamming in repair that looked like a mate? Some other evil posession of that monstrous whale? We dont know. It hit the essex at maximum speed and caved in many of the planks in the hold water began to rush in and the essex began to tilt towards the widening hole. It knocked the crew into the air and holy fuck did it set them up for one of the most evil survival tales in human history. Chase, thought about stabbing the monstrous whale that had struck them but, hesitated thinking that the whale might destroy the rudder in a spasm upon being struck with a harpoon. He probably should have taken the shot due to what happened next. The whale swam in a circle and hit the boat again. A deathblow. The essex was irreparable after that. The whaleboats saw the carnage and the essex flip over, and returned to the main ship despite being surrounded by money whales. Water was filling up the holds, the ship was beyond saving, all thoughts of financiers went out the window. It was a game of pure survival. The whale turn around and struck again. Slamming into the already weakened and rotten, 20 something year old Essex. That was all it took the ship was beyond all hope. The hold was filling with water, whale oil was lighting on fire on the surface of the water for purely dramatic effect. The people still out in the whaleboats headed towards the wreck, to see what the could salvage. And it was then that one of the black sailors saved the whole enterprise. Diving into the sinking ship as it filled with water, william bond managed to retrieve atlases and compasses rom the captains and first mate's quarters, without these naviagational aids, literally every soul on board would have been lost to the sea. This episode is dedicated to my man billy bonds, without which, I wouldn't have a show, but just a grim footnote in the annals of history. And unfortunately that's where I gotta leave ya. The ship is sinking, hope is nearly lost, they're almost 2000 miles from the shore, and well over 5000 miles from home in nantucket. I hate to do this but that's where I'm gonna leave you this week, Pollard, chase, joy and friends watching as a whale tears their only hope of getting home asunder, something altogether unheard of until this point in history. It's gonna be late when I finish editing this so expect show notes tomorrow. As this is our first true sequential series let me know what you think at nightmarenow.com I love that you're here and I can't wait for you to tune in next week for the next stage in the journey and tragedy of the whaleship essex. We'll get back to shorter night bites now but I wanted to try to push the envelope tonight with this series. I hope you like it and please tell your friends or reach out to me. Without listeners, I really don't have a show so I love to hear from you, and sharing means a lot. I'd say sweet dream but we all know it's only gonna be nightmares now. Tune in next week for part two to see the crew face hardship, cannibalism, pshyological damgae and maybe someone making it hom despite all odds! 

On this week's episode Cheryl tells the story of 3 women that were held captive in Cleveland Ohio for over a decade. Plus Rob will tell you stories about how even powerful conquererors from the past had moments that led to Darwin awards

#Nunez #LFC #FSG Darwins Asterix Phil hosts Dicko and Pete as they look at the asterix beside Darwins name, the forward planning from LFC and the transfer window madness thats in turbo drive already!! Support Féileacáin… Please get us to 10k!! Donate here! https://www.idonate.ie/fundraiser/11425598_lfc--daytrippers-s-page.html See https://www.feileacain.ie for more info on an outstanding charity that deserves for us to smash this out of the park!! IP VANISH OFFER - Go To https://ipvanish.com/daytrippers Merch - https://www.lfcdt.com/shop Subscribe, Like, Hit the bell icon and never miss another show from the worlds biggest, 100% free LFC Podcast. ** All views on the show are those of the individual and do not represent those of the LFC Daytrippers ** Twitter https://twitter.com/LFCDaytrippers Discord http://discord.gg/QvH6tzu4tq Spotify https://spoti.fi/3f8PVPG Apple pods https://apple.co/3cchQvY Youtube https://www.youtube.com/user/TheLFCDa... Instagram https://www.instagram.com/lfcdaytripp... Intro Graphics done by Mohammed Jogee - Enquiries to enquiries@earthweb.co.za Betmate Video promotion is played under license code ASLC-10639E4B-4520E08299 Copyrighted content “Brutus” owned by Epidemic Sound Don't forget to subscribe or follow, leave reviews if possible and turn notifications on!!! LFC - Liverpool FC - YNWA - LFC Family - Premier League - EPL - Klopp - Transfer News - Redmen News and Chat - Match Preview - Live Updates - Match Predictions - Match Reaction - Football - Soccer - Football Debate - Passion - Opinion - Laughter - Free Content - Competitions - Giveaways - Podcast - Unfiltered - LFC Daytrippers - Champions League - Foot Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

What is Darwins theory of evolution and how can we defend against it? What are some of the best arguments for Design and against evolution? Nick Shalna interviews Dr. Stephen Meyer, a prominent scientist, author and speaker in the Intelligent Design movement in order to get  answers to questions on the Cambrian Explosion, science going secular, and what Darwin did and didn't know about DNA.  Join us for the part one of this interview on our "Doubts About Darwinism" seriesDr Meyer's newest book The Return of the God Hypothesis:https://www.amazon.com/Return-God-Hypothesis-Compelling-Scientific/dp/0062071505/ref=sr_1_1?crid=SU6X71JCIYHO&keywords=the+return+of+the+god+hypothesis&qid=1652735249&sprefix=the+return+of+the+Go%2Caps%2C167&sr=8-1Darwins Doubt: https://www.amazon.com/Darwins-Doubt-Explosive-Origin-Intelligent/dp/0062071483/ref=sr_1_1?crid=115J5X78I78KN&keywords=darwins+doubt&qid=1652735278&sprefix=darwins+doubt%2Caps%2C105&sr=8-1Dr Meyer's Websites:https://returnofthegodhypothesis.com/https://www.discovery.org/Support the show

In this weeks episode, the adorable Sir Alfred Hitchcock and his owner Comedian Corinne Fisher join the show. We talk about the joey of snacks for dogs, letting your dog do things on their own to learn autonomy and independence, and Alfred even spots himself in the camera and gets riled up! We answer a few questions from Instagram and Patreon, we talk about Corinne's amazing idea for older dogs, and reading bed time stories to your K9 friend. Then we talk about Funny for Fido and our shelter shout out of the week, Near and Far AF. All of these tools, when used effectively, will help teach a dog what to do instead of what NOT to do, and continue the language you are trying to develop with your dog.   FOLLOW US AT: http://www.thelanguageofdogs.com/ https://www.instagram.com/thelanguageofdogs/ https://www.tiktok.com/@thelanguageofdogs https://twitter.com/LanguageOfDogs GOT QUESTIONS? ASK US ANYTHING ABOUT YOUR POOCH AT: https://www.patreon.com/tlod   Follow: Justin Silver @iamjustinsilver Corinne Fisher @philanthropygal Kristen Hartley @hartleytv Sir Alfred Hitchcock @thelanguageofdogs   Get 10lbs of Darwins raw organic dog & cat food for 14.95 with promo code “TLOD” at darwinspet.com    PEOPLE TRAINING: PLEASE BE POLITE IN YOUR COMMENTS: WE CAN SOLVE BAD DOG BEHAVIOR. FOR PEOPLE, THAT'S ANOTHER PAGE. WOOF!   Produced by: Too Much Content toomuchcontent.live @toomuchcontent.live

In this weeks episode, the adorable Mushu helps us get caught on our viewer questions from Patreon and instagram!  We talk about being your K-9's keeper and understanding the responsibility a pet like a dog comes with, house breaking vs weewee pads and overhydrating, and studio apartment dogs! We answer questions about nutrition and proper dog teeth cleaning, dealing with joint pain in dogs and a few products we recommend for your fur babies, and trying to understand a dog's pain scale. Then we talk about Funny for Fido and our shelter shout out of the week, Mutty Paws Rescue. All of these tools, when used effectively, will help teach a dog what to do instead of what NOT to do, and continue the language you are trying to develop with your dog. FOLLOW US AT: http://www.thelanguageofdogs.com/ https://www.instagram.com/thelanguageofdogs/ https://www.tiktok.com/@thelanguageofdogs https://twitter.com/LanguageOfDogs   GOT QUESTIONS? ASK US ANYTHING ABOUT YOUR POOCH AT: https://www.patreon.com/tlod   Follow: Justin Silver @iamjustinsilver Kristen Hartley @hartleytv Mushu @thelanguageofdogs   Get 10lbs of Darwins raw organic dog & cat food for 14.95 with promo code “TLOD” at darwinspet.com   PEOPLE TRAINING: PLEASE BE POLITE IN YOUR COMMENTS: WE CAN SOLVE BAD DOG BEHAVIOR. FOR PEOPLE, THAT'S ANOTHER PAGE. WOOF!   Produced by: Too Much Content toomuchcontent.live @toomuchcontent.live

In this weeks episode, we talk about one of our favorite organizations, Second Chance Rescue!  We meet with Jen and Chance from Second Chance Rescue and discuss the myths and truths of dog rescue.  We talk about how Second Chance Rescue, how many dogs they have rescued to date, how far reaching the organization is, and the process of rescue and how you can get involved! All of these tools, when used effectively, will help teach a dog what to do instead of what NOT to do, and continue the language you are trying to develop with your dog.   FOLLOW US AT: http://www.thelanguageofdogs.com/ https://www.instagram.com/thelanguageofdogs https://www.tiktok.com/@thelanguageofdogs https://twitter.com/LanguageOfDogs GOT QUESTIONS? ASK US ANYTHING ABOUT YOUR POOCH AT: https://www.patreon.com/tlod Follow: Justin Silver @iamjustinsilver Kristen Hartley @hartleytv Jen and Chance @nycscr Get 10lbs of Darwins raw organic dog & cat food for 14.95 with promo code “TLOD” at darwinspet.com  PEOPLE TRAINING: PLEASE BE POLITE IN YOUR COMMENTS: WE CAN SOLVE BAD DOG BEHAVIOR. FOR PEOPLE, THAT'S ANOTHER PAGE. WOOF!   Produced by: Too Much Content toomuchcontent.live @toomuchcontent.live

In this weeks episode, we talk about Reactivity!  We catch up on what happened to Justin's leg as well as welcome Mushu (Kristen's new rescue) to the TLOD family! We have a patreon question about a dog that freaks out anytime it sees other dogs, a dog who is anxious at people standing up and bites at their legs, and a dog that is great off leash but a menace on one. We shout out our Rescue of the week "I Stand With My Pack," and our TikTok dog of the week that understands sign language!  All of these tools, when used effectively, will help teach a dog what to do instead of what NOT to do, and continue the language you are trying to develop with your dog.   FOLLOW US AT: http://www.thelanguageofdogs.com/ https://www.instagram.com/thelanguage... https://www.tiktok.com/@thelanguageofdogs https://twitter.com/LanguageOfDogs GOT QUESTIONS ABOUT YOUR POOCH- ASK US ANYTHING AT: ASK US ANYTHING ABOUT YOUR POOCH AT: https://www.patreon.com/tlod   Follow: Justin Silver @iamjustinsilver Kristen Hartley @hartleytv   Get 10lbs of Darwins raw organic dog & cat food for 14.95 with promo code “TLOD” at darwinspet.com    PEOPLE TRAINING: PLEASE BE POLITE IN YOUR COMMENTS: WE CAN SOLVE BAD DOG BEHAVIOR. FOR PEOPLE, THAT'S ANOTHER PAGE. WOOF!   Produced by: Too Much Content toomuchcontent.live @toomuchcontent.live

21 Jahre nach ihrem Verschwinden hat die Universitätsbibliothek in Cambridge zwei kostbare Notizbücher des britischen Naturforschers Charles Darwin zurückbekommen. Die Bücher wurden in der Bibliothek auf dem Dachboden gefunden.

In this weeks episode, we talk about the last three of the Big 6 in our K-9 Vocabulary: Come, Down, and Heel!  All of these play into your dogs understanding of your intentions, helps teach them patience, and ultimately creates a tighter bond with your companion.  All of these tools, when used effectively, will help teach a dog what to do instead of what NOT to do, and continue the language you are trying to develop with your dog. FOLLOW US AT: http://www.thelanguageofdogs.com/ https://www.instagram.com/thelanguage... https://www.tiktok.com/@thelanguageofdogs https://twitter.com/LanguageOfDogs GOT QUESTIONS ABOUT YOUR POOCH- ASK US ANYTHING AT: ASK US ANYTHING ABOUT YOUR POOCH AT: https://www.patreon.com/tlod   Follow: Justin Silver @iamjustinsilver Kristen Hartley @hartleytv   Get 10lbs of Darwins raw organic dog & cat food for 14.95 with promo code “TLOD” at darwinspet.com  PEOPLE TRAINING: PLEASE BE POLITE IN YOUR COMMENTS: WE CAN SOLVE BAD DOG BEHAVIOR. FOR PEOPLE, THAT'S ANOTHER PAGE. WOOF!   Produced by: Too Much Content toomuchcontent.live @toomuchcontent.live

In this weeks Ep. We talk about the first three of the Big 6 in our K-9 Vocabulary, Sit, Stay, and Go To Spot!  All of these play into your dogs understanding of your intentions, helps teach them patience, and ultimately creates a tighter bond with your companion.  All of these tools, when used effectively, will help teach a dog what to do instead of what NOT to do, and continue the language you are trying to develop with your dog.   Plus our shelter shout out to: Second Chance Rescue   Dogfluencer of the week TikTok-MeganReginaldSebastian   To ask questions about your pooch, see training demos,  product reviews, copies of our book and more, visit patreon.com/TLOD Instagram - @thelanguageofdogs YouTube - https://www.youtube.com/c/TheLanguageOfDogs   Follow: Justin Silver @iamjustinsilver Kristen Hartley @hartleytv   Get 10lbs of Darwins raw organic dog & cat food for 14.95 with promo code “TLOD” at darwinspet.com    WOOF!    Produced by:   Too Much Content toomuchcontent.live @toomuchcontent.live

It's the moment at least SOME of you have probably been waiting for...SSHB has made it to not only the most infamous "Voyager" episode, but possibly one of the most infamous "Trek" episodes in general. Yes, we're talking "Threshold" this week! What do we think about Tom Paris's adventure into Infinite Velocity that leads to some really junky evolutionary science? Listen to find out! After that, we spend way too long talking about the filmography of Brad Dourif when he shows up to play a sociopath Betazoid in the deeply twisted "Meld"! Also this week: coke and coffee, screaming at Janeway from behind a forcefield, and character transformations! [Timestamps: "Threshold": 3:37; "Meld": 41:19; Blogtivity: 1:08:00] [Blog link: https://sshbpodcast.tumblr.com/post/677656292079419392/making-a-case-for-threshold-character]

Join us as we break down Darwins Game. This was a fantastic anime that we feel needs to be brought into the light.