Podcasts about arctic sea

Eliminating NASA's climate research programs is a bit like someone who has a CT scan which reveals a health problem demanding that the CT scan machine be destroyed instead of looking for a cure for themselves. On March 7, 2017 the Arctic Sea ice reached a record low wintertime maximum extent. The maximum Arctic ice cover in 2017 was about a half million square miles smaller than the average for 1981 to 2010. From the first satellite observations in 1979 till 2017 the Arctic sea ice cover has continued to get smaller and thinner making it more easily disrupted by ocean currents, winds, and warmer temperatures than ever before. Even so it appears that it will be a while before ships begin to make the long sought northwest passage from Europe to Asia. At the opposite end of the Earth on March 3, 2017, the end of summer sea ice around Antarctica was at the lowest extent ever observed by satellites. This surprising result followed several decades of moderate sea ice growth. It will take a few more years of data to determine if there has been a significant change in the trend of Antarctic ice sheet growth. Cutting funding for NASA's observations and analysis of the changes happening on Earth will not stop human activity from warming our planet's atmosphere. Get ready, changing the ocean surface from ice to open water is likely to have a significant, complex, and hard to predict impact on weather and climate.

This fall NASA launched the Europa Clipper spaceship on a mission to the Jupiter moon of Europa to see if life might exist in its subsurface ocean. In this episode or ‘Rising Tide the Ocean Podcast' we interview Dr. Kathy Crane who was key to the discovery and mapping of hydrothermal vents in the deep Pacific 45 years ago when new ‘chemosynthetic' life including giant clams and tubeworms were discovered. These are the kinds of deep ocean life that might exist on Europa and elsewhere in the universe. We talk with Kathy about being a woman geologist in these famed days of deep-sea discovery as well as her work exploring the Arctic Sea bottom during the Cold War. It's a fascinating tale of science and the thrill of discovering new realms. Dive in with us. ** Links & Resources ** Sea Legs, Tales of a Woman Oceanographer: https://www.hachettebookgroup.com/titles/kathleen-crane/sea-legs/9780813342856/?lens=basic-books Blue Frontier: bluefront.org Building the solution-based citizen movement needed to protect our ocean, coasts and communities, both human and wild. Blue Frontier on Substack: https://davidhelvarg.substack.com/ Inland Ocean Coalition: inlandoceancoalition.org Building land-to-sea stewardship - the inland voice for ocean protection Fluid Studios: fluidstudios.org Thinking radically different about the collective good, our planet, & the future.

A version of this essay was published by the Deccan Herald at https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/the-end-of-the-european-century-3438618The frenetic activity recently around the Ukraine war has brought into sharp focus several things. One is the irrelevance of the United Nations. Two, the fact that Europe has in effect reverted to being a backwater in the scheme of things. Three, the US may have finally escaped from being a British “Imperial Fortress”. Four, it would be generally a good idea for Europe to bury the hatchet with Russia, as they usually lose wars with Russia.The United Nations, which is to say the “liberal rules-based international order” [sic] set up by the winners in World War II, may have reached the end of its useful life. The UN is going the way of its feckless predecessor, the League of Nations. There were resolutions and counter-resolutions at the UN and its Security Council, but none of it mattered. It signals the end of globalization, and the end of Europe's brief dominance.After Vladimir Zelensky made a spectacle of himself in Donald Trump's Oval Office (which may have been instigated by Keir Starmer and others encouraging Zelensky to, as it were, stand up to Trump), there was the remarkable, hastily organized summit in London to drum up support for Ukraine. Alas, it showed instead the relative impotence of western Europe: despite their brave words, they cannot defend Ukraine without US support.The participants were: Britain, France, Germany, Poland, Denmark, Sweden, Italy, Turkey, etc and Euro-grandees such as Ursula von der Leyen. It is unclear whether this motley crew can raise more than a few infantry brigades/squadrons of aircraft, and some munitions. Enough perhaps for a peace-keeping force after a standstill/ceasefire, but not for a defensive force if war were to continue.A major problem with Europe is that they are living off of old glory. There was no reason to include both Britain and France in the UN Security Council with veto power after WWII, except for misguided American generosity. But there is a much bigger problem: after a brief ‘European Century' (or to be precise, three or four centuries) of global importance, they are reverting to their natural, diminished state.The economic center of gravity of the world, according to McKinsey and The Economist, has moved decisively to Asia from where it was in the post-war era (somewhere in the Arctic Sea near Iceland around 1950 and 1960). The Industrial Revolution enabled European conquest, and this caused a break in the pattern of Asian prominence.The magisterial “Economic History of the World” by Angus Maddison for the EU showed how India was the biggest economic power in the world from 1 CE (where they started their study) up until the 1500s or 1600s. India and China dominated the world economy until European colonialism hollowed out both, especially India. Now the pendulum is swinging back. And with economic power comes military power, as well as influence.My contention is that Europe isn't really a separate ‘continent', but only an appendage to Asia, and it should be called “Northwest Asia” henceforth.A major reason for British power, apart from their guns, steel and ruthlessness, was their cunning use of far-flung ‘imperial fortresses' such as in Malta, Gibraltar, Bermuda, Halifax, St Helena, Mauritius, Singapore, etc from which they could project power around the world. Interestingly, they were able to gaslight the United States into being another such fortress despite formal independence. Whitehall has led Foggy Bottom by the nose. In effect, NATO has been the instrument for thisThe US now seems to have woken up, and is pushing back. Starmer was told by Trump that the best outcome is for the war to end and the misery to stop for Ukraine, despite loss of territory. In any case, territory in Europe has been very fluid, and they have been fighting interminable wars there such as the 30 Years' War, 100 Years' War, etc. Notably, the Crimean peninsula was ‘donated' to Ukraine by Khruschev, himself a Russian-speaking Ukrainian.There are age-old blood feuds in Europe. I realised this in the Soviet days when I had a study partner in grad school, a Ukrainian-American woman. By mistake I referred to her as a ‘Russian' and she was most offended. I think this is because western Europe has been fighting with Russia forever, based partly on race (Russians are seen as ‘tainted' by Asian blood) and religion (Russian Orthodox Church vs Catholics and other Protestants).Unfortunately for them, western Europeans have continually lost their wars to Russia: most notably, Napoleon and Hitler were decimated. It would be best for all concerned if the EU/NATO and Russia were to make peace; otherwise they will both end up dominated and turned into vassals by China.The AI-generated podcast from NotebookLM.google.com is here:792 words, 4 Mar 2025 This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit rajeevsrinivasan.substack.com/subscribe

Solo sailor, Ella Hibbert, spent this Summer preparing herself and her boat for her upcoming non-stop single-handed circumnavigation of the Arctic Circle; a world-first.But in Ella's own words, 'this is not a record attempt, it's a wake-up call'.Not only is Ella incredibly seaworthy, experienced and capable of such an adventure, it's the first time in history that Arctic Sea ice has receded enough to make these circumnavigations possible...Tune in to hear how Ella's shakedown sailing went and what she learnt about herself, her boat and observations on our changing climate, from the Solent to Svalbard.

ARCTIC Sea Mix, Это Солнце, море и леденящий край земли, в который хочется идти на ледоколе, все дальше и дальше.

The impact of climate change on the world around us is there for everyone to see—from stronger and more frequent storms to the loss of Arctic Sea ice.  But Sherri Goodman says the threat isn't just to crops or the polar bears, but to American national security. Sherri Goodman, Senior Fellow at the Wilson Center's Environmental Change and Security Program and Polar Institute, and Secretary General of the International Military Council on Climate & Security, is credited with educating a generation of US military and government officials about the nexus between climate change and national security, using her famous coinage, “threat multiplier,” to fundamentally reshape the national discourse on the topic. Sherri serves as Vice Chair of the Secretary of State's International Security Advisory Board and on the EXIM Bank's Council on Climate. A former first Deputy Undersecretary of Defense (Environmental Security) and staff member on the Senate Armed Services Committee, Goodman has founded, led, or advised nearly a dozen research organizations on environmental and energy matters, national security, and public policy.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

We have asked the question before: does Vladimir Putin's full-scale invasion of Ukraine put superpowers on a collision course? With the revelation that Iran is supplying Russia with not just drones but ballistic missiles, allies strongly suggest that a UK-US summit in Washington this Friday could, on the quiet, mean the end to the Biden administration's restrictions on Ukraine using the long-range missiles it provides for strikes deep inside Russia.  Already Kyiv is growing bolder in response to the Kremlin's relentless targeting of its critical infrastructure, with Ukrainian drones this week hitting a military airport near Moscow and aiming for bases in Murmansk, all the way on the Arctic Sea. What would be legitimate targets for US-made ATACMs and Franco-British-made Storm Shadows? In view of Tehran's role, could war in the Middle East and tensions in eastern Europe conflate into one?On that score, we hear what the candidates for US president had to say in their Tuesday showdown. How is that electoral campaign weighing on the military campaign between Russia and Ukraine?Produced by Andrew Hilliar, Rebecca Gnignati and Ilayda Habip. 

In today's episode, you will learn a series of vocabulary words that are connected to a specific topic. This lesson will help you improve your ability to speak English fluently about a specific topic. It will also help you feel more confident in your English abilities.5 Vocabulary Words Related to the topicHabitat (noun): The natural environment in which a particular species of animal, plant, or organism lives and thrives. Example sentences: Deforestation threatens the habitat of many endangered species.Polar bears depend on Arctic Sea ice for their habitat and hunting grounds.Conservation efforts aim to preserve and restore diverse habitats around the world.Carnivore (noun): An animal that primarily eats meat as its main source of nutrition.Example sentences: Lions are well-known carnivores, preying on a variety of animals in the savanna.Domestic cats are obligate carnivores, requiring a diet rich in animal protein.Polar bears are powerful carnivores adapted to hunting seals in icy waters.Herbivore (noun): An animal that primarily eats plants as its main source of nutrition.Example sentences: Deer are herbivores, grazing on grasses and vegetation in forests and meadows.Elephants are large herbivores that consume vast quantities of leaves, grasses, and fruits.Rabbits are small herbivores that feed on a variety of greens and vegetables.Migration (noun): The seasonal movement of animals from one region to another, often in search of food, breeding grounds, or favorable climate conditions. Example sentences: Birds undertake long-distance migrations each year, traveling thousands of miles between breeding and wintering grounds.Salmon migrate from the ocean to freshwater rivers and streams to spawn, completing their life cycle.Wildebeest undertake one of the largest land migrations in the world, crossing the Serengeti in search of fresh grazing lands.Camouflage (noun): The natural coloring or pattern of an animal's skin, fur, or feathers that allows it to blend in with its surroundings, providing protection from predators or aiding in hunting. Example sentences: The snow leopard's spotted coat provides excellent camouflage in its mountainous habitat, making it difficult to spot against rocky terrain.The stick insect's body resembles a twig, providing effective camouflage against tree bark and branches.Chameleons can change their skin color to match their surroundings, using camouflage to evade predators and ambush prey.A Paragraph using the 5 vocabulary wordsThe animal kingdom thrives on a remarkable diversity of adaptations. Some creatures, like the chameleon, utilize camouflage to blend seamlessly into their habitat, becoming invisible predators or avoiding hungry eyes themselves. Others, like the wildebeest, embark on epic migrations, following the changing seasons and ensuring access to food. Herbivores, like zebras, consume only plant matter, while carnivores, like lions, rely on hunting other animals for sustenance. Each species has evolved unique strategies to survive and thrive within their specific habitat, whether it be the vast savanna, the dense rainforest canopy, or the icy depths of the ocean.If you want to sign up for the free daily English vocabulary newsletter, go towww.dailyenglishvocabulary.com

It's June 1881, and USS Jeannette has been crushed between ice floes and sunk to the bottom of the Arctic Sea. The crew now find themselves stranded on the ice, a thousand miles from Siberia, the nearest inhabited land. If they're ever going to reach it, they'll have to endure a brutal march over an inhospitable icescape.See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

In this episode, let's harness the power of guided visualization to transport you to the serene expanses of the Arctic Sea. Using your imagination as a tool, you will redirect your focus away from stress, immersing yourself in vivid imagery. This technique promotes relaxation and improves sleep quality, offering reduced anxiety levels and improved focus. As you explore the Arctic landscapes, a soothing combination of storytelling, natural sounds, and music will guide you away from the daily hustle and create a peaceful sanctuary for a restful night's sleep. Please leave a review here and let me know how Your Sleep Guru Podcast has contributed to your relaxation and sleep. Your feedback fuels the creation of more episodes. Thank you for being part of the community, and may your dreams be as soothing as the landscapes we explore together. Sleep well, dear listeners. Your Sleep Guru Podcast is now even more accessible with the dedicated app! Download it to enjoy ad-free content, exclusive courses, behind-the-scenes videos, and more. Immerse yourself in the library of episodes, ensuring a seamless sleep experience. You can also visit the Your Sleep Guru Etsy Shop, featuring a diverse collection of calendars, t-shirts, posters, and more—all inspired by the natural world. Each item is crafted to bring a touch of nature into your everyday life. Visit the Etsy shop here.   

This is episode 7 and I'm covering the first week of January 1940. The Russian invasion of Finland has stalled as their mechanised units find the defenders extremely motivated, and the use of various innovations such as the Molotov cocktail and the Motti attack system have stymied Moscow's grand Red Army. Instead of flooding over the border and seizing Finland, the Russians have already lost thousands of men and they've been stopped dead in their tracks both in the crucial Karelian Isthmus battlefront, and further north of Lake Ladoga around Suomussalmi. They've also come to a frozen halt in the far north, near the Arctic Sea as -40C temperatures stun Russian troops. So it is with Suoussalmi we start, where the Soviet 44th Division was to face imminent destruction. Colonel Hjalmar Siilalsvuo who commanded the Finnish 9th Division Regiment with the code name JR-27 was facing the Russian 44th Division led by Alexei Ivanovich Vinogradov. Siilasvuo was a veteran of the World War One Jaeger Battalion, the son of a newspaper editor, he was also going to become known as one of the Finns master tacticians. Vinogradov on the other hand was not a master tactician as you'll hear. Siilasvuo's intention was to ambush the 44th, as it approached Suomussalmi along the main road from Raate, then to break it into pockets, isolate each and destroy them one-by-one. This was the Motte system, the chopping up of bundles of firewood. Two task forces were ready by New years eve and moved into position along the ice road the Finns cut in secret to the south of the main Raate to Suomussalmi route. One of these task forces was led by Major Kari, the other by Colonel Fagernas. Kari took up his position near a town called Makala, and FAgernas near Heikkila. A third raiding detachment was also on the move, traversing a tiny wagon track near Raate, stopping at the village of Vanka. The Finns had already destroyed the Russian 163rd Division on the Juntusranta road as the Red Army tried to flee back to their homeland — leaving 5 000 bodies littering the snow covered road. That was a sign of things to come as you're going to hear. Desmond Latham blog

The Russians have invaded on a broad front, stretching from the Karelia Isthmus all the war to the Arctic Sea, ten major incursions in all. When the Soviets attacked on November 30th, they did so without declaring war — they just rolled in. As you heard last episode, by day two of the Soviet invasion, December 2nd 1939 the Finns were facing the might of the Red Army and the prognosis was not good. But they had a chance to carry out Finnish General Gustaf Mannerheim's master plan, allowing the Russians to invade, then striking them behind their lines. There wasn't much else the Finnish Army could do, it was hopelessly outgunned and outmanned. However, within 48 hours of the invasion, however, the Russian mechanised columns had bunched up, their lines of supply jammed bumper to bumper. Heavy snowstorms were also lashing the advancing columns adding to the chaos. The token Finnish resistance also caused some of the Russian commanders pause, stopping when a single sniper opened fire, or a defensive position was spotted in the distance. Mannerheim wanted to throw his covering groups of 21 000 troops along the Isthmus forward of the defensive line, but his chief of staff General Hugo Ostermann thought this was a mistake. They were covering a string of villages here like, Uusikirkko, Kivinapa, Lipola, Kiviniemi and each day the remained behind these fortifications, was a day spent improving the defences, digging deeper, laying mines, blowing up bridges. The Soviet military leaders believed that a decisive strike across the Karelian Isthmus would be the key to victory. The Soviet Seventh Army was based south of this Isthmus, 120 000 infantry, 1 400 tanks and 1500 artillery pieces, all backed up by over 1000 planes of various sorts. The Finns along the Isthmus were led by lieutenant General Hugo Osterman who had 26 000 infantry, and 71 artillery pieces. The army was split with Two Army corps led by lieutenant General Harald Ohquist on the west side of the Isthmus and Three Army Corps on the east, led by Major General Erik Heinrichs. Another division of Finns was behind the covering groups, being held back in reserve near the lakes Suulajarvi and Valkjarvi. On the eastern side of the Isthmus, III Army Corps was made up of Task Force Rautu and the 11th Division Task Force Lipola — named after the villages there. A change began to take place in the Finnish consciousness, and this was going to be very bad news for the Russian soldiers. The first few days of fighting had actually given the Finns a good idea about some of the Russians weaknesses — their slow witted officer class, fearful of their political commissars, unimaginative and ponderous. The Finnish fox was outthinking the Russian bear. Stories began to circulate amongst the troops about how abysmally the Russians were fighting, despite their vast army, and this stiffened resolve. Sometimes morale is more important than ammunition. Desmond Latham blog

Photographer Gregor Sailer exposes the neo-imperial scramble for resources in the Arctic Circle and the Polar Silk Road, with stills frozen in white cubes at the Natural History Museum in London. Climate change is melting ice across the Arctic Sea, opening a channel known as ‘The Polar Silk Road'- and for traders, access to a wealth of natural resources. The term was defined by contemporary China, a nod to the long history of the the Eurasian Silk Road, characterised by the exchange of tea, spices, and disease. But these stark monochrome settings are contemporary sites of geopolitical conflict over the ownership and exploitation of oil, gas, and borders, all subjects of a new Cold War; the damage endured by local Indigenous people, animals, and plants has global impacts. From isolated research centres to Icelandic geothermal power plants, Austrian photographer Gregor Sailer captures man-made architectures across the region, but always avoids photographing people themselves. He talks about documenting the ‘surreal', the sustainability of travel photography, and how taking one-shot analogue photographs makes him more present in his environments. The Polar Silk Road: Photographs by Gregor Sailer runs at the Jerwood Gallery at the Natural History Museum in London, part of the programme Our Broken Planet, throughout 2023. Part of EMPIRE LINES Photography Season, exposing different perspectives on the past. Listen to the other episodes on Carrie Mae Weems, Contemporary African Photography at Tate Modern, and Nil Yalter's Exile is a Hard Job. WITH: Gregor Sailer, artist and photographer. ART: ‘Photographs of the Polar Silk Road, Gregor Sailer (2017-2021)'. PRODUCER: Jelena Sofronijevic. Follow EMPIRE LINES on Twitter: twitter.com/jelsofron/status/1306563558063271936 And Instagram: instagram.com/empirelinespodcast Support EMPIRE LINES on Patreon: patreon.com/empirelines

In this episode of "How to Protect the Ocean," host Andrew Lewin discusses the effects of climate change on the snow crab population in Alaska. He explores how over a decade of warming has impacted the Arctic Sea and the Bering Sea, leading to significant changes in the local community and future fisheries. Tune in to learn more about the undersea effects of climate change and how we can take action to protect the ocean. Link to article: https://hakaimagazine.com/features/how-ocean-warming-is-killing-a-prime-alaska-crab-fishery/ Share your conservation journey on the podcast by booking here: https://calendly.com/sufb/sufb-interview   Fill out our listener survey: https://www.speakupforblue.com/survey   Join the audio program - Build Your Marine Science and Conservation Career: https://www.speakupforblue.com/career   Facebook Group: https://bit.ly/3NmYvsI Connect with Speak Up For Blue: Website: https://bit.ly/3fOF3Wf Instagram: https://bit.ly/3rIaJSG Twitter: https://bit.ly/3rHZxpc   

Photo: No known restrictions on publication. @Batchelorshow #NATO: The Baltic Sea becomes a NATO Lake; the Arctic Sea becomes NATO patrol duty. Brad Bowman, FDD https://www.politico.eu/article/nato-lake-what-sweden-and-finland-will-change-in-the-baltics-russia-ukraine-war/

S26E78 of SpaceTime with Stuart Gary brings exciting discoveries and advancements in the realm of space and science. In a groundbreaking revelation, astronomers have found tryptophan, one of the essential amino acids for life, in the depths of interstellar space. This finding provides intriguing insights into the potential origins of life beyond our planet. Meanwhile, NASA's Deep Space Network is undergoing significant upgrades, allowing for enhanced communication with a greater number of spacecraft and adapting to evolving mission requirements.Rocket Lab has achieved another successful launch, deploying a constellation of satellites dedicated to monitoring tropical cyclones for NASA. This promising development contributes to our ability to predict and mitigate the devastating impact of these storms. In the Science Report segment, alarming research suggests that Arctic Sea ice may disappear as early as the 2030s, raising concerns about the accelerating effects of climate change. Additionally, individuals with cannabis use disorder face a higher risk of being diagnosed with depression, highlighting the need for comprehensive mental health support.Finally, the show explores the intriguing concept of "Nobel Prize syndrome" or "nobelitis" in the Skeptic's Guide, shedding light on the challenges faced by Nobel laureates in maintaining scientific objectivity and the impact of the prestigious award on their future work.Tune in to SpaceTime with Stuart Gary to delve into these fascinating topics and stay updated on the latest breakthroughs in space exploration, astronomy, and science.

This week's show features stories from Going Underground, France 24, Radio Havana Cuba, and NHK Japan. http://youthspeaksout.net/swr230609.mp3 (29:00) From GOING UNDERGROUND- Afshin speaks with Harriet Fraad, feminist, psychotherapist, and host of the Capitalism Hits Home podcast and a weekly program on WBAI called Interpersonal Update. She discusses the debt ceiling fiasco, the US focus on the military-industrial complex, and the motives behind the US involvement in the war in Ukraine. From FRANCE- This past Monday was the 50th annual World Environment Day, and this year's theme was plastic pollution- an interview with Graham Forbes from Greenpeace USA. Last week the German government rounded up leaders of the environmental group called Last Generation, which has created a spike in new members. Then a press review on the dam collapse in Ukraine. From CUBA- A brief update on the growing political support for the release of Julian Assange. In Germany dozens were arrested protesting the conviction of an anti-fascist activist. US Senator Chris Van Hollen called on Biden to make public a report on the killing of journalist Shireen Abu Akleh in Palestine by Israeli military forces. France threatened to ban Twitter from the EU. From JAPAN- France is unhappy with NATO (the North Atlantic Treaty Organization) plans to open an office in Tokyo. More information about the recently discovered structural problems with a reactor in Fukushima. Scientists now predict that the Arctic Sea may become ice free at the end of summer by 2030. Available in 3 forms- (new) HIGHEST QUALITY (160kb)(33MB), broadcast quality (13MB), and quickdownload or streaming form (6MB) (28:59) Links at outfarpress.com/shortwave.shtml PODCAST!!!- https://feed.podbean.com/outFarpress/feed.xml (160kb Highest Quality) Website Page- < http://www.outfarpress.com/shortwave.shtml ¡FurthuR! Dan Roberts "Poor people, especially those of color, are worth nothing to corporations and private contractors if they are on the street. In jail and prisons, however, they can each generate corporate revenues of $30,000 to $40,000 a year." --Chris Hedges Shortwave Report- www.outfarpress.com YouthSpeaksOut!- www.youthspeaksout.net Dan Roberts

New York City has topped the world's worst areas for air pollution. An 18 year old was among the two men killed after a graduation ceremony in Virginia. The GOP 2024 race is getting crowded as more politicians throw their hat in the ring. More kids are suffering from anxiety, but fewer are getting the right treatment. Plus, the Arctic Sea could be ice free for part of the year by the 2030s.To learn more about how CNN protects listener privacy, visit cnn.com/privacy

 My special guest is author Matt Lewis who's here to discuss the nightmare he faced on a ship in the cold, dark and deadly Arctic Sea.  Get his book 'Last Man Off: A True Story of Disaster and Survival on the Antarctic Seas' on Amazon.  Antarctica, June 6th, 1998: 23-year-old Matt Lewis has just started his dream job: an observer aboard a deep-sea fishing boat. As the crew haul in their lines for the day, the waves seem bigger than usual - they are casting shadows on the deck. A storm is brewing. What follows is an astonishing story of courage and tragedy. Lewis leads the escape onto three life rafts, where the battle for survival begins.    It's super easy to access our archives!   Here's how:   iPhone Users: Access Mysterious Radio from Apple Podcasts and become a subscriber there or if you want access to even more exclusive content join us on Patreon.   Android Users: Enjoy over 800 exclusive member-only posts to include ad-free episodes, case files and more when you join us on Patreon.    Copy and Paste our link in a text message to all your family members and friends! We'll love you forever! (Check out Mysterious Radio!)     

Midshipman Alexander Turner interviews Dr. Lawson Brigham about the challenges of commanding Coast Guard vessels in polar waters, recent innovations in ice breaking technologies, and the commercial potentials of the Arctic Sea.Follow us on Instagram and Twitter: @usnahistoryFor more information about NAHP and the Naval Academy's History Department, please visit https://usna.edu/History/NAHP/

"The sound I chose to work with was the Airgun pulse that is used to explore the ocean bed for oil and gas. As soon as I heard the clip, it sounded to me eerily like bombs going off. Wondering what impact this had for the acoustic soundscapes of the Arctic (where the clips were recorded), I then did some reading around the topic and although research is still it's in its early days, it is suggested that airguns do impact life in the ocean, in particular masking communication and impacting the travel routes of whales. "I then wondered, as the Arctic Sea ice melts and shipping and airgun exploration intensifies and these bomb like noises become more frequent, what impact will it have on the acoustic environment, and those living in it? "So, I decided to create a dystopian future narrative as if we were talking to the whales in the future and asking them how the airgun noise has impacted their lives. "I am from Swansea, a city which was severely impacted by bombing in the second world war, and so for the voices of the whales, I decided to search the archives of Swansea Library for interviews of people talking about the devastation the bombing had on them and the city. "Surprisingly, their descriptions on some of the ways the bombs impacted their lives matched with what research suggests is happening to the whales and so I used the clips from the archives to represent the whales' story. "I then merged these interview clips with the sound of the airgun pulses, keeping it a constant throughout the piece and then created a brief narrative at the beginning, introducing us to a future world where we are now made aware of just how damaging the airguns have been. "The great thing about using dystopian storytelling like this is that it gives us the flexibility to explore potential possibilities of what could happen to the environment. As such, it is great for asking questions that we do not know the answers for yet. "When people hear the piece not only do I want them to think about the acoustic world of the seas, the sound of the airguns, and the politics of what this means for the future health of our oceans, but I also want to emphasise that there is also still time to prevent these impacts becoming irreversible." Seismic airgun reimagined by Geraint Rhys. Part of the Polar Sounds project, a collaboration between Cities and Memory, the Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity (HIFMB) and the Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI). Explore the project in full at http://citiesandmemory.com/polar-sounds. 

Den 24 juli år 2009 kapas det finskägda fraktfartyget Arctic Sea av okända män i farleden mellan Öland och Gotland. Ombord har fartyget trävaror från Jakobstad. Vilka är de gåtfulla kaparna och var befinner sig fartyget efter att det senast skådats vid Engelska kanalen? Redaktör: Petter Lindberg

Det försvunna fartyget Arctic Sea hittas på Atlanten av ryska örlogsfartyg. Besättningsmännen och de tillfångatagna kaparna flygs till Moskva. Spekulationer om narkotika- och vapensmuggling går heta, men de ryska myndigheterna avfärdar ryktena som grundlösa. Redaktör: Petter Lindberg

Big shouts to Barbara Bush and Papito Juan on this show with Texas Army combat veteran Jesse Lawrence.  Age yourself with a store like Hills Department Store which is apparently making a grand comeback in 2023 (what?!). If you like outer space and/or Alaska, this is the podcast for you. As always, please visit our sponsors below and browse their fantastic product lines. #AbrahamLincoln #Glizzys #KevinBacon camoenergyshots.com shotgunsquad.com

Live from the no panic zone—I'm Steve Gruber—I am America's Voice— I am an anti- socialist     Here are three big things you need to know right now—   ONE— Donald Trump is a Free Bird now on Twitter—after a poll taken by Elon Musk—said yes—reinstate the former President—But after 22 months—will he be back?   TWO— In Congress—the Grim Reaper is coming for some committee chairs and more—as Schiff, Omar and Swalwell could soon find themselves on the sidelines—   THREE— I want to congratulate the Democrats first and foremost today for a remarkable, unprecedented and speedy success on the Green New Deal—   Because its quite clear from the weather over the past few days the Dems have delivered a absolute miracle and ended Global Warming!   I am not sure the folks in Buffalo are all that thrilled that the left was able to stop climate change so quickly and so effectively however— and as a result some are now digging out from 6 and a half feet of snow delivered in just one blast—with more on the way—    I think it time for the people of the deep blue states like Michigan, Pennsylvania and New York to thank their lucky stars that the deep freeze is starting early and saving the planet—now don't let the fact that heating oil, natural gas and propane have skyrocketed in price—and it means the early blast of ice cold weather and heavy snow—means people will be paying a lot more just to keep warm—BUT that's what they wanted right?   I mean arctic cold is the key to mankind surviving past the year 2030—I mean Alexandria Ocasio Cortez said so—so it has to be true right?   Well, it has been 10 years now since the extent of Arctic Sea ice was at the lowest amount recorded—and despite all the declarations that every year is hotter than the last, it appears that could not possibly be true—because if it was we would have less ice every year and that is not what's been happening.   In fact there is far more ice right now than compared to 2018, 2019 and 2020 at the same time—and 2022 is running about even with last years ice pack—so I am going to go ahead and not panic.   I am sure however that John Kerry will continue to circle the globe in his monstrous private plane spewing plenty of greenhouse gases while trying to gaslight the rest of us about the end of the world.   Meanwhile the people in Buffalo and all over Western New York won't have time to listen to Kerry gaslighting all of us because the newly re-elected Governor Kathy Hochul, another propagandist for the Green New Deal will be helping those that are snowed into their homes or cannot find their cars under several feet of snow, by declaring an emergency and calling in the National Guard.   Several people were killed by Mother Natures opening salvo for the winter of 2022/23—but I am positive that somehow the left will of course preach from the mountaintop that massive snowstorms and temperatures in the teens are a sure sign of the end of the world. It's also my fault for being a climate denier and because I drove my pickup truck over the weekend.   I wonder what will become of those climate deniers in Buffalo and Europe—that are likely going to sit in the cold during blackouts this winter. I wonder what will happen to the champions of the Green New Steal—when they too are shivering and wondering what they are going to do if the winter continues this way.   Do you think any of these energy deniers will come around and admit—that we need energy, American energy to overcome the challenges we are facing right now.   There is one surefire way to get America back on track and save millions from sitting in the dark and the cold from Lake Ontario to Lake Geneva and that is to open up the vast quantities of American energy for us and for our friends around the world.   We are not subject to any energy whim or that make believe notion that somehow we are better off buying dirty oil from Saudi Arabia or Venezuela. The idea that windmills, that often sit quietly not turning in the winter doldrums or the solar panels that are often far less effective under the gray skies of winter are somehow the answer to high costs and inconsistent energy production, is just false.   We need energy density and there is nothing more energy dense and time tested than the hydro-carbons America has in Spades.   I know it won't happen yet because Republicans failed to create the Red Wave we were all looking forward to this year—but the capture of the House   the Red Teamplus very good math for the GOP in 2024 means we can hopefully stop the bleeding and prevent AOC and Bernie Sanders from imposing their insidious and frankly preposterous energy plans on us any longer.   What we need is blanket protection against the whims of politicians both from this country and around the world. We provide ourselves with that protection by maximizing American energy production, not by punishing the companies and the people that make that possible.   Its time America and the misguided Green New Dealers warm up to the idea of energy independence again. Otherwise, this will be just the first in a series of long hard winters that will destroy the overstated ‘Climate Emergency' scam. Leave families devastated trying to choose between inflation driven prices at the grocery store, filling the car or heating the house.   The long hard economic winter could last for several years if we fail to act and act soon.    You have been warned.   So now we can turn to some other important headlines— how about White House corruption?  

It is time for all of us to come into a Spirit of Unity! Which country benefits themost from destroying Russia's Nordstream 1 and 2 gas pipelines? Sec. of StateBlinken says that this sabotage attack creates a tremendous opportunity, Russialaunches its super torpedo called Poseidon in the Arctic Sea, Little Rocket Man,Kim Jung un launches missile over Japan, the people of Iran are rising upagainst the regime, huge protests in Prague, Czeck Republic, the Chinese havepurchased more farmland in Hawaii, a rally in Nashville, Tn. to end childmutilation at Vanderbilt Hospital (can you believe this is even happening?) andprayers for our friends in Florida and the Carolinas! New episodes are released every Monday.  Subscribe so you don't miss an episode, and leave us a rating on your podcast platform of choice. For more info or to support Burning Bush Ministries, visit our website at burningbushministries.tv.Follow us on social media:Twitter.com/ediifypodcastInstagram.com/edifypodcastFacebook.com/edifypodcastSources:https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ephesians+4%3A1-6&version=KJV;NIVhttps://www.biblestudytools.com/kjv/galatians/passage/?q=galatians+5:22-23https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalm%20119%3A165&version=KJVhttps://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Philippians+1%3A9-10+&version=KJVhttps://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Proverbs+30%3A11-14&version=KJVhttps://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Proverbs+1%3A10-19&version=KJVhttps://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Proverbs+21%3A31&version=KJVhttps://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Philippians-1-27/https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Philippians+1%3A28-29&version=KJVhttps://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Proverbs%2017:17&version=KJVhttps://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=galatians+5%3A1+&version=KJVhttps://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ezekiel+33%3A8-9&version=NIVhttps://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2022/09/coincidence/https://www.zerohedge.com/geopolitical/blinken-calls-sabotage-attacks-nord-stream-pipelines-tremendous-opportunity?commentId=633a039bfe37a3001b8df143https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2022/10/matt-walsh-holding-rally-end-child-mutilation-tennessee/https://nypost.com/2022/10/03/north-korea-fires-ballistic-missile-over-japan/https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2022/09/people-rise-iranian-revolutionaries-take-arms-regime/https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2022/09/prague-rising-thousands-protest-czech-republic-nato-eu-destroying-way-life-demand-end-hostility-toward-russia-video/https://www.thegatewaypundit.com/2022/09/aftermath-category-4-storm-hurricane-ian-shows-massive-destruction-along-floridas-west-coast-video/

In this special episode, we sat down with Bruce Jones, senior fellow at the Brookings Institute and author of “To Rule the Waves: How Control of the World's Oceans Shapes the Fate of the Superpowers.” He sheds light on how, in history, naval power translated to world power, how that's playing out now between the United States and China, and how the cold reaches of the Arctic are becoming the next geopolitical flash point. Jones said: “It's very striking when you look back at the history of empires in the modern period. And what you see is that for most of the last several hundred years, the state or empire or nation that was able to most successfully dominate world affairs was the state or nation or empire that had the largest and most effective navy in the world. For a brief period, that was the Portuguese. For a long period, it was the British. Over the last 100 years or so, it's been the United States. And it matters because so much of world trade moves by the oceans. So much of how we live our lives is shaped by commerce across and underneath the oceans. Just think about digital communications, which is central to everything we do now—modern finance, modern social media, everything else. Ninety-three percent of all data in the world moves on undersea cables. About 85 percent of world trade moves by ocean-going containership and bulk carrier. So if you can dominate the world's oceans, it really gives you an extraordinary influence on global affairs.” As for the Arctic, Jones pointed out there's a lot at stake: “Now, if you think about it from a trade perspective, the distance between Shanghai and New York, if you can sail the Arctic route, is about half the distance if you have to go through the Suez Canal, across the Mediterranean, and then across the Atlantic Ocean. So it has the potential to dramatically cut trade times with dramatic savings. It was similar in nature to what the Suez Canal did to trade between Asia and Europe when it was first established. So it has the potential to be a major change in global commercial routes. That's one. Two, with warming waters, it's more easy to access the energy reserves that are underneath the Arctic Sea, on the continental shelf off the coast of Russia, which are huge. The largest gas find in the world recently was in those waters, in Russian waters, in the Arctic Sea and the Barents Sea. So there are huge commercial stakes. There are huge energy stakes, there are huge fishing stakes. And of course, there are strategic stakes. This is where Russia now has the largest concentration of its naval power.” “The United States has begun to return nuclear submarines to the Arctic for the first time since the end of the Cold War. China is deploying repeated scientific missions, which are, you know, frequently dual use. And so this is really becoming a zone of tense military buildup,” he added. ⭕️Watch in-depth videos based on Truth & Tradition at Epoch TV

Marcus & Sandy's What You Know 'Bout That? trivia game for Wednesday, April 6th, 2022

My special guest this time is Dean Bushala. He is a commercial and television Producer, Director and Cinematographer.  He has directed series for National Geographic, History and Discovery Channel.  He started his career designing and branding television networks in Europe. Listen in as Dean and I cover a lot of ground in our 1-hour fun and insightful chat. Dean explains how and why he got attracted from an early age to film. He shares some funny and interesting anecdotal stories including some of the risks in achieving TV shows that can be popular in both the US domestic market and also language dubbed, and remain successful in other countries. Dean talks about diversity and quality of the people he gets to work with and shares some advice for younger people wishing to get deeper into the film industry. Honestly, 1-hour was not long enough but it was sure real quality time spent... Dean has his own company called Red Branch Productions which is well worth exploring. One of Deans passions is to give back and help educate children through his newly co-created children's live-action animated film documentary series -  here's just one example: Ebo's Adventures - Song: What's in the Sea'.   I'm rounding off these show notes with direct text from Deans website because I want to highlight this exceptionally talented, and I sense, humble individual...and below is just the first paragraph!

 Dean is an Emmy-winning Producer and Director of Photography. His documentary films and commercial work have taken him to some of the world's most remote locations, from several hundred miles out onto the frozen Arctic Sea, to floating through the Amazon jungle on a man-made raft, to 60 feet under water SCUBA diving with sharks off the coastal reef of Belize.

 And a Big Shout and thanks for the support of the following: Rodney Hall FAME Recording Studios in Muscle Shoals, Alabama Shure microphones Affliction clothing  and Nigel J. my co-producer and voice over talent, all while running - Music Tribes Unite & VoiceWrap Studio   A Big thanks to our friends at #AudioGeer and the team @shure for their awesome support! #Shure #MV7 #podcast mic! Please check out our Music Matters podcast on @spotifypodcasts Hey, also check out the New Music Matters Podcast Website- and Music Matters SWAG - Please, support, LIKE and helps us grow - check out our Social Media pages:       

In this episode, long-time VJBooks author David Poyer, chatted with us to discuss his new book, Arctic Sea: A Dan Lenson Novel. To get the latest on David Poyer, check him out on Facebook Purchase Signed Copies of Arctic Sea More Books By David Poyer Like Us On Facebook Follow Us On Twitter About Arctic Sea: New threats surface in the aftermath of WWIII―this time, in the remote waters of the Arctic. Arctic Sea is the next thrilling entry in David Poyer's critically-acclaimed future war series. In the aftermath of a world war with China, Admiral Dan Lenson is assigned to set up a US Navy base on the rugged North Slope of Alaska, in response to Russian seabed claims that reach nearly to the US coast. Yet the current administration seems oddly reluctant to confront Russian aggression. At the same time, the International Criminal Court is accusing Dan of a war crime. Back in Washington, Blair Titus is running Jim Yangerhans's campaign for president, while Dan's daughter Nan battles disease in a radiation-soaked Midwest. But when Moscow plans to test the Apocalyps, a nuclear powered citykiller torpedo, in the Arctic Sea, Dan is sucked into a perilous covert mission. Will a barely victorious America survive dangerous new threats...both from without, and within? --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/msbooks/message

Peter the Great is known to history as the ruler who pushed for the westernization of Russia; who defeated Sweden, thereby making Russia a Baltic power; and who then built a great capital on that Baltic Sea to be Russia's window to the west. Yet on his deathbed Peter was thinking of Asia, dreaming of a passage to China and India through the Arctic Sea. It's with this vignette that Chris Miller begins his new book We Shall Be Masters: Russia's Pivots to East Asia from Peter the Great to Putin. As Miller makes clear, Russia has never been constantly interested in Asia, but cyclically interested. The Tsar's colonized Alaska, California, and Hawaii, and abandoned them all. They leveraged the Qing Dynasty to control the Amur River, imagining that it would be an Asian Mississippi–and then lost interest in it. Most Russian attempts to find security, wealth, and glory in Asia end up being half-hearted, and result in failure. What can explain these cycles of fascination and indifference? Chris Miller is Assistant Professor of International History at the Fletcher School at Tufts University. He was last heard on Historically Thinking in Episode 153 discussing the Chinese surveillance state.

From Helsinki: During the pandemic, the Finns have had relatively lower levels of cases in this county with high social cohesion. The proximity to nature has been welcome during this period that has paused the trend toward urbanization. We look to the example of Finland in technological innovation and preservation of the environment. There are lessons from Arctic Sea expeditions, and we review their team's recently published children's book Patrick the Polar Bear: Operation Paw Print. We learn about the mission of the John Nurminen Foundation to conserve the Baltic Sea and its heritage for future generations. Guest: Mr. Tommi Juusela, an independent board executive who has served in leadership with Nokia and Neste renewable energy. He is an active Arctic explorer and Vice-Chair of the John Nurminen Foundation based in Finland.

Jill sits down today with a pal to discuss a fisheries opportunity for Arctic sea cucumbers, snowmageddon in New foundling, and Grad School life! Check out more from Rachel: @rachelannekmorrison As always, you can check out more water women on our Website: https://waterwomenpodcast.ca Instagram: @waterwomenpodcast, Facebook: @waterwomenPodcast, and Twitter @Waterwomenpod Stay Salty!

INTRODUCTION Ian and Gemma chat to Christine Dennison.  She aims to empower women through exploration, adventure and role models. “Quest for knowledge, Thirst for Adventure” is a great moto.  Christine is the Co-founder and President of Mad Dog Expeditions an internationally recognized technical scuba diving and exploration company based in New York City. For more than 20 years Christine has been diving and exploring in remote regions of the world. Among her accomplishments, Christine is the first woman to dive and explore beneath the Arctic Sea ice and ice caves of the Canadian High Arctic.   Christine is very active in oceanographic and wildlife conservation issues surrounding indigenous peoples. She is a role model for women everywhere and passes on her expertise by mentoring, lecturing and presenting to student groups throughout the country.   http://www.maddogexpeditions.com/index.html https://www.exploringwomen.com/team https://www.instagram.com/exploringwomen/   info@maddogexpeditions.com   The BiG Scuba Bat Phone    +44 7810 005924   Please Help support us.  Become a BiG Dolphin  for just $2 and get involved in the show.  Just click here: https://www.patreon.com/thebigscubapodcast   Are you looking for a new dive camera?   Check out the range from Paralenz     Here is the link  http://www.paralenz.com?aff=11   Are you looking for a Drone?   Use these two links to make your purchase with a 5%  Discount too! DJi MAVIC AIR:                 https://click.dji.com/ALcsa3-0HfHe8tQ DJi SPARK:                         https://click.dji.com/ABz6Lk-DM4vrq3e " We are a Wavemaker Ambassador Partner for Stream2Sea.  Use this link to get 10% of your order  : https://stream2sea.com/?ref=thebigscuba     Voucher Code    thebigscuba   Electric Bike Email for further details on prices and specifications:  thebigscubapodcast@gmail.com   YOUTUBE  Check out our YouTube channel and watch some of our videos and subscribe.   https://www.youtube.com/c/TheBiGScuba   We love hearing from you!Contact Gemma and Ian with your messages, ideas and feedback. We look forward to hearing from you via our social media pages or just email us  thebigscubapodcast@gmail.com  

On this episode of The WAFLcast, the hosts go under the sea to discover a new Chlamydia species lurking under the Arctic Sea! Coronavirus porn trends are among us("News News") and its edutainment porn! They cover a long list of studios, events, and films being cancelled or delayed ("Cinematic Cemetery"). After taking you under the sea, they bring you back to the surface to stay away from questionable products. That's right, the product segment with no name is back! And please if you haven't yet, listen, like, share, repost, follow, and rate our episodes! We want to hear from you, dear listeners! Follow us for more of that WAFL behavior at waflproductions.com And everything else WAFL on... Facebook: www.facebook.com/WAFLproductions/ Twitter: twitter.com/WAFLProductions Instagram: www.instagram.com/wafl_productions/ Intro track by Anokim: @anokim_musik ITUNES - goo.gl/hi6rbw GOOGLE PLAY MUSIC - goo.gl/zKeKiC SPOTIFY - spoti.fi/2ZnDFz4

A ship loaded with timber is hijacked, then let go, then goes missing. As if that wasn't strange enough, soon the whole Russian navy is looking for it, the Israeli prime minister is flying to Moscow and 11 years later no one really knows what actually happened. 

The latest round of climate negotiations, COP25 have ended without agreement on many fundamental issues. We join researchers from Perdue University in the US who have developed a role playing game to encourage climate negotiators and others to take a long term view. Key to this research project is the concept of tipping points, where an environment changes irreversibly from one state to another. This is accompanied by the loss of ecosystems, for example the widespread melting of arctic sea ice, rainforest burning or coral bleaching. The idea is that such tipping points provide a more meaning full focus for the implication of climate change than abstract concepts like temperature rise. Two years ago reporter Anand Jagatia travelled up beyond the Arctic Circle to meet Norwegian researchers in order to answer a question from US listener Kira on why some people function best in the mornings whilst others only come alive at night. In this episode we revisit the topic with the help of science writer and Parentland podcast presenter Linda Geddes, author of Chasing the Sun, a book which explores the science behind the Sun’s effects on our bodies and our minds. The morning sun helps to kick-start our day and our body’s biological cycle – so what happens when it barely rises above the horizon or we live for prolonged periods in artificial environments where the sun never shines? Research has suggested that some communities in northern latitudes are better protected against the mental and physical effects of reduced exposure to sunlight in the winter which might have implications for those suffering the winter blues. (Image: Polar Bear in the Arctic Sea, Credit: Coldimages/Getty)

You hear about mercury in seafood, and that you should be careful not to eat too much. But have you ever wondered where the mercury that’s in the ocean even comes from? On the show today is Dr. Carl Lamborg, a marine chemist, specializing in studying mercury in the ocean. Carl’s research has taken him all over the world, including to the Arctic Sea, and through different research institutions such as WHOI. Now Carl is currently teaching and conducting his research with UCSC. In this episode, learn where mercury in the ocean comes from, how it gets into the food web, and ultimately how we may have this neurotoxin inside our own tissues. Carl has a really great ask and resource at the end of the episode, so be sure to stay tuned to hear about that.For links to everything discussed on this episode, please visit https://marinebio.life/carlSupport the show (http://patreon.com/marinebiolife)

This week, James is joined by Bonnie Roupé, a Swedish-born international businesswoman and social entrepreneur, best known as the founder of Bonzun, a health company providing pregnant women and parents with unbiased evidence based medical information. In 2004, Bonnie started a publishing house and founded the Swedish Golf Magazine for women, Red Tee, the first niched sports magazine for women. In 2005 she was named the most promising entrepreneur of the Year in Sweden and in 2012 she was listed as one of Sweden's super talents. She was rewarded Innovation Against Poverty by SIDA 2012 for Bonzun's work spreading medical information in the countryside in China. In 2001 and 2003 Bonnie sailed on around Svalbard and from Greenland to the United States, making her one of few people to cross the Arctic Sea, Greenland Sea, Labrador Sea and North Atlantic Ocean on a 47.7 feet sailboat! bonnie@bonzun.com | www.linkedin.com/in/bonnieroupe For more information and content, check out our website www.hs.ventures. You can follow us on Twitter @HSVenture, on Instagram @hs.ventures, on Linkedin at HS. and you can email us at info@hs.live You can get our host, Dr. James Somauroo, at www.jamessomauroo.com and you can follow him on Twitter @jamessomauroo, on Instagram @j_soms and on Linkedin at james-somauroo

Christine is half Spanish, born and raised in NYC, she was an only child and traveled from a young age. She has been surrounded by great mentors such as her grandmother, mother and family friends. She has been raised in a multicultural environment by strong women who have empowered her to go after her dreams.    Christine is the co-founder and President of Mad Dog Expeditions an internationally recognised technical scuba diving and exploration company based in NYC. For more than 20 years Christine has been diving and exploring in remote regions of the world. Christine is the first woman to dive and explore beneath the Arctic Sea ice and ice caves of the Canadian High Arctic. Christine is also the first woman to dive the dangerous piranha saturated waters of the Amazon's Rio Negro and its tributaries.  During this podcast, Christine shares more about her background, growing up in NYC and her struggle to get certified to scuba dive (for fun and business) while battling asthma, severe inner ear issues and sea sickness. Although her health issues have always been there, Christine learnt at an early age how to manage them, by working closely with doctors, remaining disciplined and conservative especially when she is in remote locations and working in extreme environments. Christine is very active in oceanographic and wildlife conservation issues surrounding indigenous peoples. She is a role model for young women everywhere and passes on her expertise by mentoring, lecturing and presenting to student groups throughout the country. Christine is a Fellow of both the Explorers Club in New York and the Royal Geographical Society in London. Show notes Living and growing up in New York City How a city girl got into travel and adventure Growing up in a multi-cultural family Training and leaning how to scuba dive Dealing with Asthma as a child and how it impacted her ability to do sports The opportunity to start a travel company The first expedition - A trip to the Canadian High Arctic What it’s like under the water Dealing with the cold 2010 working on a project to find a US Submarine in the Gulf of Mexico Using Remote Operated Vehicles (ROVs) Discovering history under water What is the right thing to do? Diving in the Amazon Length of expeditions and dealing with weather issues Being the only women on teams Why you have to be self reliant  Why the company was called Maddog Expeditions Loving huskies dogs Skiing to the North Pole as part of an all women team (2015) Not knowing anyone before heading out to the North Pole Getting competent on skies Why women are tough Getting injured on the ice and having to keep on going Planning to head out to the North Pole in 2020 How Exploring Women came about Why you should go out and do something you never though you could do A new book coming in 2020 Quick Fire Questions Quest for knowledge - thirst for adventure    Social Media Website - www.maddogexpeditions.com Empowering women, sharing firsthand knowledge, pursuing adventure and creating strong role models www.exploringwomen.com "Quest For Knowledge | Thirst For Adventure” Instagram: @Exploringwomen   

Exclusive Austrian edition. No talk just music. Have fun and thanks for tuning in! Songs: 10/15 | 5K HD | 10/15 | 2019 fiveK Records Rhino | Baguette | oh!deu!vre! | 2015 Numavi Records Nabelschnur | Buntspecht | Draußen im Kopf | 2019 Phat Penguin Records Alles wird gut | Crystal Soda Cream | Things Don't Talk | 2019 Wilhelm show me the Major Label Aliens, Pixeladet | Bernhard Eder | Reset | 2019 monkey. ᐊᐅᔪᐃᑦᑐᖅ | Arctic Sea Survivors | ᐃᒃᑮ ᑕᕆᐅᖅ ᐅᑭ | 2019 self-released

Austria first oder so ähnlich. In dieser Ausgabe präsentieren wir neues und interessantes aus der heimischen Musiklandschaft. Viel Spaß beim Zuhören und danke für´s Einschalten! Songs: 10/15 | 5K HD | 10/15 | 2019 fiveK Records Rhino | Baguette | oh!deu!vre! | 2015 Numavi Records Nabelschnur | Buntspecht | Draußen im Kopf | 2019 Phat Penguin Records Alles wird gut | Crystal Soda Cream | Things Don't Talk | 2019 Wilhelm show me the Major Label Aliens, Pixeladet | Bernhard Eder | Reset | 2019 monkey. ᐊᐅᔪᐃᑦᑐᖅ | Arctic Sea Survivors | ᐃᒃᑮ ᑕᕆᐅᖅ ᐅᑭ | 2019 self-released

I leave Spencer behind and continue towards the mountains as I cycle south from the Arctic Sea. https://youtube.com/adamhugill

I meet another crazy man on a bike at the Arctic Sea.You can support the podcast, the filming and bike tour by becoming a Patreon and get a bunch of rewards: PatreonYou can also watch the accompanying videos on Youtube at: https://www.youtube.com/adamhugill

In this episode, Matt talks about Asking Questions and Patterns, and how to use these key practices and concepts in the classroom. He also shares his ideas on one of the key instructional shifts that NGSS encourage - flipping the lesson upside down. Eugene and Matt also talk about recent changes in Arctic Sea ice, and why such subjects are perfect companions to a NGSS classroom.

Climate data is overwhelming. And being inundated with numbers can make you feel disconnected or even hopeless, especially if you’re not a mathematician or a scientist. So, how can we help people connect with important data sets like the Keeling Curve or the satellite record of Arctic Sea ice? Is there a way to transform the data into art, giving people a new way to talk about climate change? Judy Twedt is a doctoral candidate at the University of Washington who shares climate science through data-driven music compositions. Her soundtracks are designed to emotionally connect us to the evidence of our rapidly changing planet and encourage us to become better stewards of the Earth we share. Judy has a master’s in atmospheric sciences, and her current research is supported by scholarships and fellowships from NASA, the National Science Foundation, and local philanthropic organizations. Today, Judy joins Ross, Christophe and Paul to explain how she translates climate data into music. We listen to one of her pieces based on the satellite record of Arctic Sea ice, and she describes the meaning behind the chords and key changes. Judy discusses the intent of her work to connect people with the data, evoke an emotional response, and empower listeners to talk about climate change in a new way. Listen in for Judy’s insight around meeting people where their values are and learn how she initiates conversation around climate change in her own civic community.   Resources  Judy’s Website Judy’s TED Talk Kristina Lee: ‘Arctic Sea Ice’ ‘What Climate Change Sounds Like’ in Crosscut The Keeling Curve Satellite Record of Arctic Sea Ice Ice Core Data Katharine Hayhoe Katharine Hayhoe’s TED Talk The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion by Johnathan Haidt King County Climate Caucus Sufjan Stevens Carbon Removal Newsroom   Connect with Ross & Christophe Nori Nori on Facebook Nori on Twitter Nori on Medium Nori on YouTube Nori on GitHub Email hello@nori.com Nori White Paper Subscribe on iTunes   Key Takeaways [1:04] Judy’s path to reversing climate change Grew up in Tacoma, family of musicians Interest in natural world from childhood Shift to career in environmental science Idea to make soundtracks of climate data [5:13] How Judy translates data into music Use satellite record of Arctic Sea ice Each chord represents season of year Right hand notes = one month of data Above/below long-term average [10:24] Judy’s motivation to share data through music Teaching large undergrad lecture classes Need to connect with important data sets Evoke emotional response [13:27] Judy’s insight on the key changes in her piece Reflect ice entering different state regularly Dissonance when majority of months statistical outliers [16:29] How Judy’s work gives people hope and agency New modality to open conversation Every new approach = important experiment [18:28] Judy’s take on meeting people where their values are Value relationship, recognize different approaches Don’t try to change identity but identify overlap [20:59] How to initiate conversation outside your bubble Find common ground (i.e.: economic interest of workers) Connect with civic community  [25:00] The connection between social justice and climate change Food security concerns among fishing community in Alaska Higher asthma rates around highway corridors

Rolland Trowbridge is the owner/operator of Trinity Sails & Repair in Nome, Alaska, the only shop for hundreds of miles. Perched on the western coast of Alaska at the edge of the Arctic Sea, Trowbridge faces some unique shop challenges in the frozen north. Hear the conclusion of his story in part 2 of 2 this week. 

Rolland Trowbridge is the owner/operator of Trinity Sails & Repair in Nome, Alaska, the only shop for hundreds of miles. Perched on the western coast of Alaska at the edge of the Arctic Sea, Trowbridge faces some unique shop challenges in the frozen north. Hear his story in part 1 of 2 this week. 

The North Pole lies at the very top of our world. Covered in a thick layer of sea ice, this uninhabitable frozen point in the Arctic Sea has fascinated us for centuries as both a physical location on a map and as a far away place in our imagination. Warmer than the South Pole, the northernmost point of the Earth's axis sits outside of any time zone in a place where the sun rises and sets just once a year. Today, it has come to symbolise a warming planet but remains linked to exploration and mythology. Joining Bridget Kendall to discuss the North Pole are the explorer, author and former climate scientist Felicity Aston MBE; Klaus Dodds, Professor of Geopolitics at Royal Holloway, University of London, and author of the forthcoming book The Arctic: What Everyone Needs to Know; and Michael Bravo, Senior Lecturer at the University of Cambridge, Head of Circumpolar History and Public Policy Research at the Scott Polar Research Institute and author of a new book called North Pole. Photo: Robert Peary's North Pole Expedition. (Getty Images)

Check out our Jet Lagged featuring playlist on our Spotify profile. Share it with someone who suffers from jet lag, insomnia or have sleep deprivation problems. www.asmrsleeptriggers.com/jet-lag-recovery-section Thank you again for your feedback. You can drop us a line here: www.asmrsleeptriggers.com/feedback-section Your feedback is super important for the type of content we will make in the future. If this podcast gives you value we appreciate if you would give us a written review or share it with a sleepy friend. Thank you so much! WHAT IS JET LAG? Jet lag, also known as time zone change syndrome or desynchronosis, occurs when people travel rapidly across time zones or when their sleep is disrupted, for example, because of shift work. It is a physiological condition that results from a disruption in the body's circadian rhythms, also known as the body clock. Your circadian rhythm is an ingrained biological clock that regulates periods of sleep and wakefulness. The circadian rhythm also influences other biological factors such as body temperature, times for eating, and the regulation of certain hormones. These functions are calibrated by a group of cells called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) located in the hypothalamus. The SCN is connected to the optic nerves and senses changes in daylight that help it regulate certain functions of the body. It uses the presence (or lack) of daylight as it's primary measurement in balancing these functions. It tells us that when there is daylight, that it's time to be awake, and when it is dark, it's time to be asleep. Your circadian rhythm is set to match the environment in which you live in. When traveling long distances over short periods of time, your circadian rhythm is slow to adjust to the new cycles of daylight and darkness. Your body wants to sleep when it's night back home, and to be awake when it's daytime back home. Jet lag manifests when your internal clock is out of sync with your current location's external clock. New Sleep App: The sound engineering team behind ASMR Sleep Triggers are at the moment developing a new sleep meditation app for iPhone (iOS). LIMITED-TIME OFFER - TRY OUR UPCOMING SLEEP APP FOR FREE. SIGN UP NOW: https://www.asmrsleeptriggers.com/#sleep-app-section (Planned release, spring 2019, only iOS). 10 Tips For Better Sleep: 1. Use a bedtime alarm. Stick to a consistent sleep schedule and calm down before bedtime. 2. Use the bed only for sleep. (not for work or TV). 3. Cut down on caffeine. 4. Be physically active. 5. Limit daytime naps. 6. If you use tobacco in any form, quit. 7. Use alcohol cautiously. 8. Improve your sleep surroundings. 9. If you're still awake after about 20 minutes in bed, get up and read awhile to relax. 10. Avoid taking sleeping pills. Sweet dreams!

Check out our Jet Lagged featuring playlist on our Spotify profile. Share it with someone who suffers from jet lag, insomnia or have sleep deprivation problems. www.asmrsleeptriggers.com/jet-lag-recovery-section Thank you again for your feedback. You can drop us a line here: www.asmrsleeptriggers.com/feedback-section Your feedback is super important for the type of content we will make in the future. If this podcast gives you value we appreciate if you would give us a written review or share it with a sleepy friend. Thank you so much! WHAT IS JET LAG? Jet lag, also known as time zone change syndrome or desynchronosis, occurs when people travel rapidly across time zones or when their sleep is disrupted, for example, because of shift work. It is a physiological condition that results from a disruption in the body's circadian rhythms, also known as the body clock. Your circadian rhythm is an ingrained biological clock that regulates periods of sleep and wakefulness. The circadian rhythm also influences other biological factors such as body temperature, times for eating, and the regulation of certain hormones. These functions are calibrated by a group of cells called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) located in the hypothalamus. The SCN is connected to the optic nerves and senses changes in daylight that help it regulate certain functions of the body. It uses the presence (or lack) of daylight as it's primary measurement in balancing these functions. It tells us that when there is daylight, that it's time to be awake, and when it is dark, it's time to be asleep. Your circadian rhythm is set to match the environment in which you live in. When traveling long distances over short periods of time, your circadian rhythm is slow to adjust to the new cycles of daylight and darkness. Your body wants to sleep when it's night back home, and to be awake when it's daytime back home. Jet lag manifests when your internal clock is out of sync with your current location's external clock. New Sleep App: The sound engineering team behind ASMR Sleep Triggers are at the moment developing a new sleep meditation app for iPhone (iOS). LIMITED-TIME OFFER - TRY OUR UPCOMING SLEEP APP FOR FREE. SIGN UP NOW: https://www.asmrsleeptriggers.com/#sleep-app-section (Planned release, spring 2019, only iOS). 10 Tips For Better Sleep: 1. Use a bedtime alarm. Stick to a consistent sleep schedule and calm down before bedtime. 2. Use the bed only for sleep. (not for work or TV). 3. Cut down on caffeine. 4. Be physically active. 5. Limit daytime naps. 6. If you use tobacco in any form, quit. 7. Use alcohol cautiously. 8. Improve your sleep surroundings. 9. If you're still awake after about 20 minutes in bed, get up and read awhile to relax. 10. Avoid taking sleeping pills. Sweet dreams!

Hi! We are finally back with new daily podcast episodes. Sorry about the delay, regarding new episodes this month. We have been on travel north in the Arctic Sea and recorded new Ocean Sounds for this Podcast. We hope you will enjoy it. After the travel to the Arctic Sea our sound engineer got sick after cold evenings recording, but his is fine now. So we decided to make a Jet Lagged featuring playlist on our Spotify profile. You can find it here if you also are a traveller suffering from jet lag. https://www.asmrsleeptriggers.com/jet-lag-recovery-section Thank you again for your feedback. You can drop us a line here: https://www.asmrsleeptriggers.com/feedback-section Your feedback is super important for the type of content we will make in the future. If this podcast gives you value we appreciate if you would give us a written review or share it with a sleepy friend. Thank you so much! New Sleep App: The sound engineering team behind ASMR Sleep Triggers are at the moment developing a new sleep meditation app for iPhone (iOS). LIMITED-TIME OFFER - TRY OUR UPCOMING SLEEP APP FOR FREE. SIGN UP NOW: https://www.asmrsleeptriggers.com/#sleep-app-section (Planned release, spring 2019, only iOS). 10 Tips For Better Sleep: 1. Use a bedtime alarm. Stick to a consistent sleep schedule and calm down before bedtime. 2. Use the bed only for sleep. (not for work or TV). 3. Cut down on caffeine. 4. Be physically active. 5. Limit daytime naps. 6. If you use tobacco in any form, quit. 7. Use alcohol cautiously. 8. Improve your sleep surroundings. 9. If you're still awake after about 20 minutes in bed, get up and read awhile to relax. 10. Avoid taking sleeping pills. Sweet dreams!

What is the status of European naval power? With growing challenges from the Arctic Sea to the Mediterranean and a growing call for presence operations from the Gulf of Guinea to the South China Sea, how are the European nations building and maintaining fleets to remain effective and relevant regionally and on the high seas?Our guest to discuss this and more for the full hour will be Jeremy Stöhs.Jeremy is an Austrian-American defense analyst at the Institute for Security Policy at Kiel University (ISPK) and its adjunct Center for Maritime Strategy & Security. He is also a non-resident fellow of the Austrian Center for Intelligence, Propaganda & Security Studies (ACIPSS) and author of The Decline of European Naval Forces: Challenges to Sea Power in an Age of Fiscal Austerity and Political Uncertainty. You can follow him on twitter at @JeremyStohs.

My guest is Cai Emmons. Her newest book, Weather Woman (https://www.amazon.com/Weather-Woman-Cai-Emmons/dp/1597096008/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1537539428&sr=1-1&keywords=weather+women), is the story of meteorologist Bronwyn Artair who discovers she has the power to change the weather. Feeling out of place in her doctoral program in Atmospheric Sciences at MIT, 30-year-old Bronwyn drops out and takes a job as a TV meteorologist in Southern New Hampshire, much to the dismay of her female mentor, Diane Fenwick. When, after a year of living alone by the Swampscott River, enduring the indignities of her job, first neglected by her Boston boyfriend, then dumped, she discovers that her deep connection to the natural world has led her to an ability to affect natural forces. When she finally accepts that she really possesses this startling capability, she must then negotiate a new relationship to the world. Who will she tell? Who will believe her? How can she keep herself from being seen as a kook? And, most importantly, how will she put this new skill of hers to use? As she seeks answers to these questions, she travels to Kansas to see the tornado maverick she thought was her mentor; falls in love with Matt, the tabloid journalist who has come to investigate her; feels called to visit the fires raging out of control in Los Angeles; and eventually voyages with Matt and Dr. Fenwick to the methane fields of Siberia near the Arctic Sea. This is the story of a woman experiencing power for the first time in her life. She must come to grips with that power and test its limits. What can she do for the world without hurting it further? Cai Emmons is the author of His Mother's Son, published by Harcourt in 2003 and The Stylist, published by HarperCollins in 2007. Her short work has appeared in Arts and Letters, Narrative Magazine, The New York Post, and Portland Monthly, among others, and she has a selection in Now Write: Writing Exercises from Today’s Best Writers and Teachers _(Tarcher Publications, 2006). Before turning to fiction Cai wrote for theater, film, and television. Two of her plays—Mergatroid and _When Petulia Comes—were produced in New York theaters. She wrote for the TV show The Trials of Rosie O’Neill, and she has optioned numerous feature-length screenplays. Special Guest: Cai Emmons.

They say you should respect your elders. But what if your elder is a gigantic shark? The oldest living vertebrate might just cruising around the Arctic Sea. Find out how old a fish can get in this episode of Life, Death, and Taxonomy.     Music by Music Head

In this second part of the series about the Arctic I am talking with Jennifer Hynes about methane release in the Arctic and the exponential way it is accelerating. The last episode No. 21 in November 2017 has been about the melting Arctic Sea ice, especially the volume had a record low in 2017. The melting leads to an increasing temperature of the water. The permafrost is thawing and the outgasing of huge methane deposits has begun. Jennifer Hynes With Jennifer Hynes I have already talked about tipping points in the 8th episode in March 2016 and about a Blue Ocean Event one year ago. http://xwer.de/en/sag-002-tipping-points-climate-and-personal http://xwer.de/en/sag-008-blue-ocean-event Since Jennifer has published two videos, Methane Monster 1 and 2, she is one of the Arctic and methane experts. It’s still highly recommended to watch these introductions to abrupt climate change. Methane Monster II ~ Demise of the Arctic: https://jenniferhynes99.wordpress.com/methane-monster-ii-demise-of-the-arctic/ Methane Monster In 2017 Nick Breeze has published an interview with Shakhova and Semiletov. This time he concentrated on the subsea permafrost on the Siberian Arctic shelf. While permafrost and gas-hydrates are melting on the sea bed, Gas migration paths building in degrading permafrost acts like a Champagne cork. Subsea permafrost on East Siberian Arctic Shelf in accelerated decline http://envisionation.co.uk/index.php/nick-breeze/203-subsea-permafrost-on-east-siberian-arctic-shelf-now-in-accelerated-decline One remarkable statement is: „Emissions that are occurring right now are the result of a combined effect of natural and anthropogenic warming and they will be accelerated until warming is turned to cooling. Even after it happens, there is no mechanism to stop permafrost disintegration in the ESAS...“ The Keeling Curve 2017: The Keeling Curve animation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rEbE5fcnFVs&sns=em Shownotes: http://xwer.de/fte23

David Thompson Part 2 Last week I talked about David Thompson's arrival in Canada and some of his adventures during the earliest part of his long career in Canada. They were just the start of a 40+ year adventure across the wilderness of this nation and the northern United States. This week, I planned to talk about his explorations in the Canadian Rockies and along the course of the Columbia River in British Columbia, but quite frankly, his story is just too important to rush. So this week, I talk about the period between last week's episode of a young David Thompson until he made the decision to join the Northwest Company in 1797. If we start from the 18-year old Thompson we left last week, then for the next 10 years, he settled into a routine as both a fur trader and surveyor. To be a Hudson's Bay man meant that you had to put trade above all else, including surveying. Thompson continued his gruelling schedule of travel during these intervening years, travelling to and from the forts of present-day northern Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. Thompson's true love was surveying. He was an admirable fur trader but the more time he spent in the wilderness, the more he began to admire the traders of the Northwest Company. They seemed to have the freedom to explore and were less tied to distant forts like Hudson Bay. He was under the command of Joseph Colen of York Factory. Colen was a cautious trader who focused his energy on getting more and more furs to Hudson Bay and didn't believe in wasting manpower and money to explore more distant areas, like the country surrounding Lake Athabasca. This, however, was completely counter to directives given to him from London. In 1778-79, Peter Pond of the Northwest Company had significant success trading at Lake Athabasca, and the Hudson's Bay Company directors wanted a piece of that action. Some 10 years later, In 1790, Philip Turnor was charged by the Hudson's Bay Company to lead an expedition to the lake and investigate the possibility of a route to the Pacific. During the previous winter, Turnor had trained David Thompson and Peter Fidler (another explorer of note), the skills of surveying. Turnor's experiences at Lake Athabasca showed that it was a potential bonanza for trade, despite the presence of the Northwest Company Traders that had preceded them. He described it as "the Grand Magazine of the Athapiscow Country," and believed that it would be an extremely profitable venture if the HBC were to build a fort there. The Directors in London were very excited and continually urged Colen to send Malcolm Ross and Thompson to follow-up on Turnor's explorations. While the London Directors were keen to expand trade inland, some of the local managers, like Chief Factor William Tomison and Resident Chief Joseph Colen, blocked any efforts to extend a permanent presence so far inland. While Ross and Thompson were sent out several times to retrace the route via Cumberland House, they were repeatedly unsuccessful. In 1792 they headed out, and after overwintering at Sipiwesk Lake in northern Manitoba, Thompson attempted to push on to Lake Athabasca but was forced to retreat when he couldn't find any native canoemen to accompany him. The next summer, 1793, Ross and Thompson were again sent up to Cumberland House and then on to another fort called Buckingham House. Ross and Thompson never attempted to travel to Lake Athabasca. It is likely that the Resident Factor at York Factory, Joseph Colen, may have also neglected to order the group to continue to Lake Athabasca, and instead directed them to Buckingham House, a fort to the NW of present-day Edmonton. Thompson returned to York Factory in the summer of 1794 and in the meantime, Colen and his associates at York wrote to England as follows: “Notwithstanding the steps pursued last fall to ensure the success of the Athapascow Expedition, we are sorry to remark it was again set aside at Cumberland House this Spring. As these transactions happened many hundred miles distance from us, and with much secrecy, we cannot from our own knowledge inform your honours the real cause, and it is from letter and hearsay we form our judgment. It, however, appears surprising, for when Mr. Colen accompanied the men and boats up Hill River, with trading goods, many volunteers offered their service for the Athapascow Expedition, and said they were ready to have gone from Cumberland House with Messrs. Ross and Thompson, but Mr. Tomison refusing to pass his word for the advance of wages promised by the Honourable Committee it of course stopt the Expedition in question and the considerable loss of your honours. Indeed we find this business involved in mystery, and as are many other transactions inland. . . . We have already remarked on the overthrow of the Athapascow Expedition this season. The repeated disappointments so much disheartened Mr. Ross determined him to return to England had not Mr. Thompson prevailed on him to pursue some other track into the Athapascow country, for they declare it will be impossible to carry it on from Cumberland as the Honourable Company’s affairs at present stand, as every obstacle is thrown in the way to prevent its success. In order to suppress similar obstructions Mr. Ross took men and one canoe cargo of goods with him from Cumberland House and built a house to the northward near to a station occupied by a Mr. Thompson, a Canadian Proprietor whose success of late years in collecting of furs has been great. Mr. David Thompson has been fitted out with men and three canoe cargoes from this place to supply Mr. Ross by proceeding up Nelson River track.” The response from London reaffirmed their confidence in Ross and Thompson. They wrote: “ We are perfectly satisfied with the conduct of Messrs. David Thompson, Ross, and others…" They continued “Obstacles are again, we perceive, thrown in the way of the Athapascow Expedition, but we trust all difficulties which occur and impede the Company’s success will soon be removed.” In 1795, Thompson visited York Factory for the last time. At this point, he had been collecting astronomical and temperature data everywhere he travelled for the previous decade. Despite this, the Hudson's Bay Company offered no encouragement to him to continue to explore further into the wilderness and add more data points to the map of what would later become Canada. Thompson headed out again in 1796 to push through to Lake Athabasca, but rather than properly outfitting him with canoes and supplies, he was forced to engage two natives that were completely unfamiliar with the territory. They weren't even given a canoe and so had to take the time to build their own. They set out on Jun 10th with: "one fowling gun; forty balls, five pounds of shot, three flints and five pounds of powder, one Net of thirty fathoms; one small Axe, a small Tent of grey cotton; with a few trifles to trade provisions, as beads, brass rings and awls, of which we had little hopes; our chief dependence next to good Providence, was on our Net and Gun." As they continued north, the trees began to disappear. It was hard country, without wood to burn. He wrote: "The Natives, when they hunt on the North East parts of the Rein Deer’s Lake, cannot stay long; the Moss, when dry, makes a tolerable fire; but in wet weather, which often happens, it holds the rain like a sponge, and cannot be made to burn; this want of fire often obliges them to eat the meat raw, and also the fish; the latter I have seen them by choice; especially the pike, and a Trout is no sooner caught than the eyes are scooped out and swallowed whole, as most delicious morsels." Manito Lake (now Wolloston Lake), lies just to the north of Reindeer Lake. Thompson had great respect for the first nations of the Canadian north. He lamented the way in which they were so ill-treated in areas far to the south: "By civilised men, especially those of the United States, who have a mortal antipathy to the North American Indian; or, as he is now called the, “Red Man”; it is confidently predicted, that the Red Man, must soon cease to exist, and give place to the White Man; this is true of all the lands formerly possessed by the Red Man, that the White Man has thought it worth his while to seize by fraud or force; but the Stony Region is an immense extent of country, on which the White Man cannot live; except by hunting, which he will not submit to. Here then is an immense tract of country which the Supreme Being, the Lord of the whole Earth, has given to the Deer, and other wild animals; and to the Red Man forever, here, as his fathers of many centuries past have done, he may roam, free as the wind; but this wandering life, and the poverty of the country, prevents the labors of the Missionary to teach them the sacred truths of Christianity." As he got closer to Lake Athabasca, the country got increasingly barren: "A civilized man may never travel this way again; there is nothing to tempt him; a rude barren country that has neither provisions nor furrs, and there are no woods of which he could build a warm hut; and at best his fuel, of which a large quantity is required, could be only of small poles, which would burn away, almost as fast as he could cut them. In the winter the Natives do not frequent these countries but hunt to the westward." In late June, they made it to Lake Athabasca but spent only a few days there. The forests had returned and the country was much more pleasant. On the return trip, Thompson went over a 3-metre waterfall and almost all of their supplies were lost. They managed to salvage his sextant and instruments as well as his papers but: "We had no time to lose, my all was my shirt and a thin linen vest, my companions were in the same condition, we divided the small tent into three pieces to wrap round ourselves, as a defence against the flies in the day, and something to keep us from the cold at night… It was now our destitute condition stared us in the face, a long journey through a barren country, without provisions, or the means of obtaining any, almost naked, and suffering from the weather, all before us was very dark, but I had hopes that the Supreme Being through our great Redeemer to whom I made my short prayers morning and evening would find some way to preserve us." Things looked very bleak for the party as their physical condition continued to deteriorate: Thompson wrote: "We continued our voyage day after day, subsisting on berries, mostly the crowberry, which grows on the ground; and is not nutritious. To the sixteenth of July; both Paddy and myself were now like skeletons, the effects of hunger, and dysentry from cold nights, and so weak, that we thought it useless to go any further but die where we were. Kozdaw now burst out into tears, upon which we told him that he was yet strong, as he had not suffered from disease. He replied, if both of you die, I am sure to be killed, for everyone will believe that I have killed you both, the white men will revenge your death on me, and the Indians will do the same for him; I told him to get some thin white birch rind, and I would give him a writing, which he did, with charcoal I wrote a short account of our situation, which I gave him, upon which he said now I am safe." Later that day, they met a group of Chipewyan (now Dene) Indians who took pity on them and gave them food, drink, and a meagre amount of supplies to continue their journey. They spent the winter at Reindeer Lake, a lake that crosses the Saskatchewan-Manitoba border slightly above 57° N. Thompson was finding that the extreme cold of the northern winter was making his thermometre less accurate than it should be. He had a custom one made for him that would go as low as -79°C. Temperatures in December dropped as low as -40°C and the northern lights were dazzling in the sky at night. He wrote: "Hitherto I have said little on the Aurora Borealis of the northern countries; at Hudson’s Bay they are north westward, and only occasionally brilliant. I have passed four winters between the Bay and the Rein Deer’s Lake, the more to the westward, the higher and brighter is this electric fluid, but always westward; but at this, the Rein Deer’s Lake, as the winter came on, especially in the months of February and March, the whole heavens were in a bright glow. We seemed to be in the centre of its action, from the horizon in every direction from north to south, from east to west, the Aurora was equally bright, sometimes, indeed often, with a tremulous motion in immense sheets, slightly tinged with the colors of the Rainbow, would roll, from horizon to horizon. Sometimes there would be a stillness of two minutes; the Dogs howled with fear, and their brightness was often such that with only their light I could see to shoot an owl at twenty yards; in the rapid motions of the Aurora we were all perswaded (sic) we heard them, reason told me I did not, but it was cool reason against sense. My men were positive they did hear the rapid motions of the Aurora, this was the eye deceiving the ear; I had my men blindfolded by turns, and then enquired of them, if they heard the rapid motions of the Aurora. They soon became sensible they did not, and yet so powerful was the Illusion of the eye on the ear, that they still believed they heard the Aurora. What is the cause that this place seems to be in the centre of the most vivid brightness and extension of the Aurora: from whence this immense extent of electric fluid, how is it formed, whither does it go. Questions without an answer. I am well acquainted with all the countries to the westward. The farther west the less is this Aurora. At the Mountains it is not seen." Those of us who live in the mountain west will recognize his error in saying that the aurora are not seen in the mountains. It's a regular visitor, especially during the dark skies of winter. His narrative though, brings this beautiful phenomenon to life, and his description of it as an "electric fluid" is one of the most apt that I have ever come across. After all he had suffered through, and done for the Hudson's Bay Company, in the Spring of 1797, he received a letter from Joseph Colen, the Resident Chief at York Factory that: "however extensive the countries yet unknown yet he could not sanction any further surveys." Thompson decided to leave the service of the Bay Men and On May 23, 1797 simply wrote: "This Day, left the service of the Hudson's Bay Company, and entered that of the Company of the Merchants from Canada. May God Almighty prosper me." He also wrote the best resignation letters I have ever read. It was addressed to Joseph Colen. He was, if anything, brutally honest: DEERS RIVER, June 1, 1797. “Mr. COLEN. “SIR: I take this opportunity of returning you my most respectful thanks for your loan of two guineas to my mother. I have enclosed a bill to you for the above amount. “My friends belonging to York inform me that you are very desirous to find out who was the author of those letters that were wrote to H. B. Co. and militated against you 1795. I will give you that satisfaction. When I came down that year the other gentlemen were waiting my arrival in order to assist them in drawing up their grievances; as you were then absent I accepted the office with some hesitation, but as the letters were to be delivered to you on your landing at York for your inspection, and that you might have time to answer them, I considered you in a manner as present. Those letters were drawn up by me, assisted by my friend Dr. Thomas, and not one half of the evils complained of were enumerated. “You told Mr. Ross that when in England you were endeavouring to serve those, who behind your back were trying to cut your throat. Before you went to England I had always a Letter and Books from the Co., since that neither the one nor the other, and I have been put the whole winter to the greatest inconvenience for want of a Nautical Almanac. “Many of us acknowledge with readiness that you have some good qualities, and I had once the greatest respect for you; I have some yet, but . . . it is not my wish to say those things which I know you do not wish to hear. How is it, Sir, that everyone who has once wished you well should turn to be indifferent to you, and even some to hate you, altho’ they are constant in their other friendships, - there must be a defect somewhere. “The fact is, that from your peculiar manner of conduct, you are also one of those unfortunate men who will have many an acquaintance, but never never a real friend.-Your humble Servant, “ D. THOMPSON.” In his narrative, Thompson describes his move from the Hudson's Bay to the Northwest Company in a very matter of fact way: "My time was up, and I determined to seek that employment from the Company Merchants of Canada, carrying on the Furr Trade, under the name of the North West Company: With two Natives I proceeded to their nearest trading House, under the charge of Mr Alexander Fraser; and by the usual route of the Canoes arrived at the Great Carrying Place on the north shore of Lake Superior, then the depot of the merchandise from Montreal; and of the Furrs from the interior countries. The Agents who acted for the Company and were also Partners of the Firm, were the Honorable William McGillvray and Sir Alexander McKenzie, gentlemen of enlarged views; the latter had crossed the Rocky Mountains by the Peace River and was far advanced by Fraser River towards the Pacific Ocean, when want of Provisions and the hostility of the Natives obliged him to return. From the Great Slave he had explored the great River which flowed from it into the Arctic Sea, and which is justly named McKenzie's River" Thompson was greeted with open arms. His extensive knowledge of the north country, along with his extensive records of astronomical measurements, helped them to determine the true locations of their various forts. Thompson was set free to do what he truly loved - survey and explore. He was charged with finding the position of the 49th parallel between the American and Canadian territories. Long before the Oregon treaty of 1849 established the 49th parallel as the international border, the Paris Treaty of 1782 established an interim boundary between Canadian and American Territories. As a result of his surveys, some of Northwest Companies most important sites, like Grand Portage ended up in American territory (now in Minnesota), and had to be moved north to Canadian territory. Fort William (now Thunder Bay, Ontario) replaced Grand Portage as the main depot of furs for the Northwest Company on Lake Superior. Thompson was also charged to: "if possible to extend my Surveys to the Missisourie River; visit the villages of the ancient agricultural Natives who dwelt there; enquire for fossil bones of large animals, and any monuments, if any, that might throw light on the ancient state of the unknown countries I had to travel over and examine. The Agents and Partners all agreed to give orders to all their Trading Posts, to send Men with me, and every necessary I required [was] to be at my order. How very different the liberal and public spirit of this North West Company of Merchants of Canada; from the mean selfish policy of the Hudson’s Bay Company styled Honorable; and whom, at little expense, might have had the northern part of this Continent surveyed to the Pacific Ocean, and greatly extended their Trading Posts" The day that David Thompson the fur-trader joined the ranks of the Northwest Company, he became David Thompson the explorer. Next week, I'll look into David Thompson as he cracks the mountain barriers to the fur trade. Next Up…What's wrong with climate change research? Errors in Climate Science Needless to say, there are few areas of science more dangerous to discuss these days than climate science. Back in episode 31, I shared a presentation by Bob Sandford titled: The Hard Work of Hope: Scientific Fact vs Politicized Fantasy in the Post-Truth Trumpocene. You can check out the episode at www.MountainNaturePodcast.com/ep031. In this presentation, Bob describes the challenges of communicating science in a political environment where high profile dismissers of climate science, including current president Donald Trump, simply won't listen to the science behind climate change. Anyone spending time in the glacier-filled landscapes of the mountain west has watched our icy heritage disappearing at an alarming pace over the past 100 years. Many people like to sow dissent into the discussion by saying that there is NO consensus amongst the many researchers that are investigating climate science. In reality, nothing could be further from the truth. In a 2013 peer-reviewed study published in Environmental Research Letters, John Cook and 8 other researchers studied the abstracts of 11,944 scientific papers published between 1991 and 2011 that matched the subjects 'global climate change' or 'global warming'. The papers were specifically selected to limit the study to papers published by researchers that specifically identify as climate scientists. They omitted studies from people that did not claim to have a particular speciality in climate science. The media is full of speculative papers with a flawed scientific methodology that professes many different opinions. For the purpose of this study, it was limited to specifically peer-reviewed papers that were produced by climate scientists. Not all of the papers express an opinion on the cause of global warming. This paper wanted to look at, in particular, human-caused global warming. So they broke down the papers based on whether or not they made a determination as to whether climates were warming because of human changes to the environment. Of the papers, 66.4% did not make any claims as to the cause of global warming, 32.6% endorsed human-caused climate change and 0.7% rejected a human connection to warming climates. Of the scientists expressing an opinion on whether or not humans responsible, 97.1% were in agreement that humans are the cause of global warming. It's important to note that this study did NOT include papers by scientists publishing outside of their discipline. A petroleum geologist may have a very different opinion on climate change. It focused solely on climate specialists. A quick review of the bios of many papers will show their authors are not climate specialists and their results should be carefully examined. This doesn't discount interdisciplinary research, it just means that the methodologies need to be screened to remove any outside bias that may interfere with the results. The scientific method is one of the wonders of knowledge. Every scientific paper needs to start with a Theory, develop a methodology to test that theory, examine external factors that may influence the results, and then submit their results to other scientists for review - all before being published. It's then the duty of future researchers to test, and perhaps expand or disprove, those results. When multiple, independent studies come up with the same results, knowledge is advanced, and a new emergent truth arises. As Neil deGrasse Tyson, a world-renowned astrophysicist states in a video titled Science In America he states: "When you have an established, scientific, emergent truth, it is true whether or not you believe in it, and the sooner you understand that the sooner we can get on with the political conversations on how to solve the problems that face us". I'll link to the video in the show notes at www.MountainNaturePodcast.com/ep052. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8MqTOEospfo In the future, new research may disprove or improve previous knowledge and lead us into new directions. So if 97% of papers support human-caused climate change than why do some disagree? In another paper, published in the Journal of Theoretical and Applied Climatology, researchers examined the papers that found no human connection to climate change and attempted to recreate them in order to confirm their results. They looked at the 38 papers from the previous study that did NOT agree with human-caused climate change. When they attempted to recreate the studies in order to confirm their findings, a critical part of the scientific process, they found errors in their methodologies that, when corrected, would provide very different results. The papers were grouped into categories based on errors discovered in their methodologies. Many started with false assumptions or used erroneous analysis. Another common mistake was ignoring any research that was contrary to your assumptions. Other papers used models that were Ill-suited to the research and essentially, fit the research to the curve. Others pre-processed the data in order to focus on certain features while others ignored negative tests in order to cherry pick the desired results. In some cases, the papers were published in journals not connected to climate change and so the reviewers may not have had sufficient understanding to properly peer review them. The scientific method is very rigorous and every paper must survive the scrutiny of future researchers questioning the methodology, assumptions, analysis and the results. In November of 2016, the U.S. National Science and Technology Council released a draft report called Our Changing Planet, which integrated scientific data collected across 13 Federal agencies. The very first paragraph states: "The global environment is changing rapidly. This century has seen 15 of the 16 warmest years since adequate thermometer records became available in the late 1800s; globally-averaged temperatures in 2015 shattered the previous record, which was set in 2014; and 2016 is on track to break the 2015 record. Arctic sea ice extent continues a dramatic, decades-long decline. Many independent lines of evidence show a long-term warming trend driven by human activities, with cascading impacts that may outpace the ability of human and natural systems to adapt to change." How's that for an opener? You can view the full report here (for the time being): (http://www.globalchange.gov/browse/reports/our-changing-planet-FY-2017). Despite the important message of the report, the U.S. Government in August dissolved the advisory committee responsible for creating it, so it's unlikely that it will be adopted as policy - even though it's still available on the government website. If you'd like to read it, go now, before it is removed from government websites. Most recently, Trump disbanded a cross-agency group designed to help communities protect their residents against extreme weather and natural disasters. In June, he dissolved the Environmental Protection Agencies Board of Scientific Counselors. Science IS science. As Canadians, we suffered through a dark era in terms of environmental stewardship during the Harper years. Stephen Harper, while pro-business and anti-environment, was tame compared to the rabid hatred of all things environmental that Trump has expressed. First, he forbid climate scientists to publish their findings, then other government-funded scientists. Eventually, the ban on communication trickled all the way down to the local National Park  Warden. In the end, the most innocuous media interview request to Parks Canada had to be forwarded to the Prime Minister's Office and was rarely rewarded with an interview. Thankfully, we are now in a new era of climate change leadership. Some of the brain drain that began during the Harper administration is reversing as American scholars look to Canada to avoid the scientific chill sweeping the U.S. There are many arrows in the anti-climate change quiver that also extend beyond potential government policy. In a paper Published on Nov. 29, 2017, in the journal BioScience, researchers led by Jeffrey Harvey looked at the influence of blogs in influencing popular opinion. Having just returned from Churchill, Manitoba, I'm very aware of the challenges facing polar bears in the future as warming climates limit their time feeding for seals on winter pack ice. The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has confirmed that 2016 was the warmest year on record, followed by 2015, and then 2014. As I've already stated in this story, there is little scientific debate as to what causes global warming - at least within the scientific community. In the wider community, there is growing scepticism as to the human cause of warming climates. This recent study looks at the influence of non-scientific social media, in particular, blog posts in framing the public consciousness when talking about climate change. Nobody can dispute the power of websites like Breitbart in the U.S. and Rebel Media in Canada, but this paper looked to objectively look at the impact media like these were having on public perception. While blog sites like these aggressively try to muddy the water in terms of denying climate science and scientific consensus, even mainstream media are often afraid to overemphasize the human nature of climate change for fear of alienating readership or advertisers. The paper states: "Recent evidence shows that climate-change denial involves a growing labyrinthine network of corporations, conservative foundations, think tanks, and the mainstream media. Facebook, Twitter, and other social-media outlets also provide powerful voices in the battle for public opinion, and Internet blogs have become major conduits for disseminating various views on AGW (anthropogenic or human-caused global warming)." One of the democratizing characteristics of the Internet is that literally anyone can set up shop and promote their own opinions, regardless of the scientific validity of such opinions. Recent examples of malicious misinformation include anti-vaccination sites or others promoting folly like the idea that the Earth is flat…and come on! If it really was flat, the cats would have knocked everything off of it by now. Humour aside, sites like www.Wattsupwiththat.com which promotes itself as the "world's most viewed site on global warming and climate change", which gets some 2 million unique views per month, makes claims for which there is absolutely no scientific backing. Other sites like Climate Depot and Junk Science follow suit. The challenge with climate change dismissal sites is that they cross-link to each other creating, as the report states: "a large echo chamber, making them what one journalist described as 'foot soldiers' of AGW (human-caused global warming) denial". One of their favourite techniques is to use hot-button topics and turn the science upside down to support their completely fabricated view of reality. Polar bears are one classic example. Since their entire life is based upon their need to feed on seals using winter pack ice as a platform, these blogs simply ignore the peer-reviewed science and create their own alternate realities. As the report states: "Because the evidence is so overwhelming, it would be virtually impossible to debunk; the main strategy of denier blogs is, therefore, to focus on topics that are showy and in which it is therefore easy to generate public interest. These topics are used as 'proxies' for AGW (human-caused global warming) in general; in other words, they represent keystone dominos that are strategically placed in front of many hundreds of others, each representing a separate line of evidence for AGW (human-caused global warming). By appearing to knock over the keystone domino, audiences targeted by the communication may assume all other dominoes are toppled in a form of 'dismissal by association'." The case with polar bears is absolutely undeniable. With warming climates, their potential season for feeding is reduced every year as the ice forms later and melts sooner. There is no scientific debate that polar bears are one of the most at risk mammals based on predicted models of climate change. Of 90 blogs specifically dealing with polar bears and climate change, the views expressed fell solely into two camps. The 45 science-based blogs took completely opposite views from the 45 denier blogs. As expected science-based blogs used logical arguments backed up by peer-reviewed articles. Denier blogs did just the opposite, focusing on any uncertainties they could find while discounting the vast amount of evidence that did not support their viewpoints. Unfortunately, 80% of the denier blogs cited a single blog, that of Susan Crockford called Polar Bear Science. Not surprisingly, the report states: "Notably, as of this writing, Crockford has neither conducted any original research nor published any articles in the peer-reviewed literature on polar bears. However, she has published notes and 'briefings' through a conservative think tank, the Global Warming Policy Foundation (GWPF), and is described by them as 'an expert on polar bear evolution.' Similarly, the Heartland Institute, another conservative think tank that downplays AGW (human-caused global warming), describes her as 'one of the world's foremost experts on polar bears.'" Blog posts by Crockford insist that polar bears are highly adaptable and will easily adapt to any changes we make to the environment. Other strategies used by deniers like Crockford include personally attacking actual researchers and suggesting that they overstate their findings and that their work is both lame and dangerous. This helps to evoke fear and feed the denier's belief that the scientists are the enemy and that there is actually something called "fake science". The report continues: "Denier blogs that downplay the threats of AGW (human-caused global warming) to Arctic Ice and polar bears rely heavily on arguments that it has been warmer in the past, that temperature and seasonal ice extent vary naturally over time, and that it is therefore difficult or even impossible to predict what will happen in the future. While climates have varied in the past, summer ice didn't disappear completely as it will under current models. The current situation cannot be reversed without reducing the release of greenhouse gases. Also, when we are talking about natural fluctuations in climate change, we are talking about changes that took place over millennia - not the changes that are taking place over decades in the current reality. Ecosystems, and the wildlife that call them home can adapt to a certain extent given a few millennia, but over a few decades, there is little opportunity for adaptation. So how do you know if you're reading a reputable site? Follow the science. Denier blogs rarely overemphasize the science or provide methodologies or peer-reviewed information. Follow the money. In many cases, when you find out where the money comes from, you may find them supported by conservative think tanks, oil and gas concerns, or other groups with a vested interest in downplaying current science. Follow the credentials. If you see someone touted as an expert, do a google search and look for peer-reviewed publications that help to support their claims. With pundits like Susan Crockford, you'll find no evidence of peer-reviewed publications, or for that matter, any other evidence of her stated expertise on polar bears. Follow the language. Denier sites often don't spend much time focusing on the science but are quick to personally attack academics and other researchers whose views they discount. Real scientists don't use personal attacks. They use peer-reviewed science to back up their arguments. Any scientist that publishes a peer-reviewed article instinctively knows that it is the job of other scientists to disprove his findings. When subsequent research actually confirms the findings of previous studies, you get the emergent truths I spoke about earlier. As more and more people get their news from blogs as opposed to mainstream media, it's even more important that we evaluate the sites we visit. Anyone who spends time on Facebook has had friends share ludicrous claims that a quick search on sites like Snopes.com will show as false. I would argue that simply because a site does not have peer-reviewed publications to support their argument, that you shouldn't simply dismiss their value. Take time to evaluate both their message and the science they quote. I look at myself as an example of this. While I am not a field researcher, I spend countless hours reading, highlighting, translating and educating listeners to the most current, relevant science. If the science changes, so will the message that I promote. Look to blogs that reflect real science, and always be sceptical of claims that seem counter to the scientific literature. It is great when scientists take advantage of the personal nature of blogs, but currently, the sheer number of fact-free opinion blogs on any number of subjects will continue to overwhelm the ability of researchers to counter. I hope that podcasts like this help to provide ways to evaluate sites so that you can make truly informed decisions. Hey, as a polar bear viewing guide, I wish wild polar bears were going to be just fine, regardless of future changes to climate - but it just ain't so! And with that, it's time to wrap this episode up. You can check out the show notes for this episode at www.MountainNaturePodcast.com/ep052, or drop me a line by visiting the contact page on the same site. If you'd like to reach out personally you can hit me up on Twitter @wardcameron. If you're heading to the mountain west, Ward Cameron Enterprises is your source for step-on, hiking, snowshoe, and photography guides. Check us out at www.WardCameron.com. We look forward to helping you make the most of your mountain adventure…and with that, the sun's out and it's time to go hiking. I'll talk to you next week.

This week its back to the 80's as Pete remembers That's Life a dog that said"sausages" and Cyril's odd odes. He also looks into Arctic Sea ice, co-production and hepatitis E while presenting more Health & Safety Gone Mad all served with a generous helping of odd shaped vegetables! I'm a Public Health Professional Get Me Out of Here is written, produced and presented by Pete Hill for JigsawPSPH As featured on UK Health Radio's Health Kicks Show and at the iTunes Store JigsawPSPH working with www.RHEnvironmental.co.uk for a better future for Public Health

On the 11th of July 1897, the world breathlessly awaited word from the small Norwegian island of Danskøya in the Arctic Sea. Three gallant Swedish scientists stationed there were about to embark on an enterprise of history-making proportions, and newspapers around the globe had allotted considerable ink to the anticipated adventure. The undertaking was led by renowned engineer Salomon August Andrée, and he was accompanied by his research companions Nils Strindberg and Knut Fraenkel. In the shadow of a 67-foot-wide spherical hydrogen balloon--one of the largest to have been built at that time--toasts were drunk, telegrams to the Swedish king were dictated, hands were shook, and notes to loved ones were pressed into palms. "Strindberg and Fraenkel!" Andrée cried, "Are you ready to get into the car?" They were, and they dutifully ducked into the four-and-a-half-foot tall, six-foot-wide carriage suspended from the balloon. The whole flying apparatus had been christened the "Örnen," the Swedish word for "Eagle." "Cut away everywhere!" Andrée commanded after clambering into the Eagle himself, and the ground crew slashed at the lines binding the balloon to the Earth. Hurrahs were offered as the immense, primitive airship pulled away from the wood-plank hangar and bobbed ponderously into the atmosphere. Their mission was to be the first humans to reach the North Pole, taking aerial photographs and scientific measurements along the way for future explorers. If all went according to plan they would then touch down in Siberia or Alaska after a few weeks' flight, laden with information about the top of the world. Onlookers watched for about an hour as the voluminous sphere shrank into the distance and disappeared into northerly mists. Andrée, Strindberg, and Fraenkel would not arrive on the other side of the planet as planned. But their journey was far from over.

Jeff Silverman and Nicholas McConnell helped Spectrum present a three part Astronomy survey explaining the ideas, experiments, and observation technology that are transforming Astronomy. This is part three of three. We discuss Dark matter and dark energy.TranscriptSpeaker 1: Spectrum's next Speaker 2: [inaudible].Speaker 1: Welcome to spectrum the science and technology show on k a l x Berkeley, a biweekly [00:00:30] 30 minute program bringing you interviews featuring bay area scientists and technologists as well as a calendar of local events and news. Speaker 3: Hello and good afternoon. My name is Brad Swift. I'm joined today by spectrum contributors, Rick Karnofsky and Lisa [inaudible]. Our interview is with Dr Jeff Silverman, a recent phd in astrophysics from UC Berkeley and Nicholas McConnell, a phd candidate, unscheduled to be awarded a phd in astrophysics by UC Berkeley this summer. [00:01:00] Jeff and Nicholas have been helping spectrum present a three part astronomy survey, explaining the big ideas, recent experiments, collaborations and improvements in observation technology that are transforming astronomy. This is part three of three and we discuss dark matter, also known as dark energy. Before we talk about dark energy, let me ask you, how do you Speaker 4: relate to time, the human lifetime and then universe lifetime as a scientist [00:01:30] and as a human being, how do you do that? How do you make that stretch? I can't say that I necessarily have an intuitive sense for just how much time has elapsed between the dawn of the universe and me. But I think you can extend it a little bit. You can think of your parents and your parents' parents. And the idea of having ancestry and lineage as a person is a fairly familiar concept. And so I'm the product of generations of people who have done things. And similarly our planet and the conditions that we have and experience every day [00:02:00] are the product of generations and generations of stars being formed and galaxies being formed throughout the universe. And so I think this idea of generations where one thing spawns another and conditions change slightly and gradually over time, but some of the same processes like new stars forming happen over and over and over again is one way to sort of access the, the notion of time throughout the universe. Speaker 5: I think one of the hardest issues for astronomers in astronomy research in general [00:02:30] is the further away we look, the further back in time we look. As Nicholas mentioned, it takes light time to get to us. So if you look at something very far away, it looks like it did much younger in the past, but we can't just watch two galaxies collide and merge. We can't watch a cloud of gas collapse on itself and form a new star and then evolve and then explode as a supernova. We can't wash those processes. We get a snapshot in time, affectively a still of all these processes [00:03:00] all over the universe at different stages. And then the astronomers have to put these pictures in the right order of what's going on, which picture corresponds to which age and how you go from one to the other. And I think that's something that I've had trouble with trying to think about it. Speaker 5: You know, I want to sit down as a scientist and just watch a star evolve and watch it grow up and then die. And then you take your notes and figure it out. Then you're lucky you do get to actually watch them die. I do watch the dying part and you know, with Supernova, with certain kinds of astronomy of phenomena, we [00:03:30] can watch things change on a reasonable basis, on a daily, monthly, yearly basis. But that's the very last bit of a star that has maybe lived for 10 million years or 4 billion years. And one of the things we tried to do is by looking at the death in for a lot about the life, but it is only that small part portion. And there's lots of astronomy where it is basically static and you just see the same thing without any kind of change. There are certain parts of astronomy that do change a little bit with time and we can learn from that. [00:04:00] But the bulk of the star's life, we don't see any change or we just see that tiny bit at the end. Speaker 6: This is spectrum on k a l x Berkeley. We're talking with Dr Jeff Silverman and Nicholas McConnell, astrophysicists from UC Berkeley talking about dark energy. [00:04:30] Let's talk about dark Speaker 4: dark matter. And in so doing, talk about how dark energy or dark matter have become important to astronomy. So one of the interesting things that's happened over the past say half century is that we've profoundly changed our perspective of what the universe contains and what it's fundamentally made of. And so Jeff mentioned through the Supernova in the late nineties we discovered that the universe was expanding faster [00:05:00] and faster and faster. And we think that is due to something that we refer to as dark energy, which we believe makes up about 70 75 5% of the overall mass and energy in the universe. And then when we look at things that we think are sort of more classically as matters stuff that admits gravity and causes things to orbit around it, we've also learned that a very large percentage of gravitational stuff in the universe is made up of this mysterious stuff called dark matter that we know is there [00:05:30] in very large quantities. Speaker 4: It dominates the gravity of how galaxies, for instance, interact with one another. However, we don't know what it's made of. Unlike other kinds of matter, it doesn't emit any light whatsoever. So using telescopes we can learn very little about its actual composition. But on the other side of physics and astronomy, particle physicists have been coming up with theoretical models of the various subatomic particles that constitute universe. And there are certainly space in those [00:06:00] particle models to have particles that are responsible for creating the dark matter. But even though there are a bunch of theories that describe what this dark matter particle might be, it's still not constrained by experiment. We haven't detected definitively any dark matter particle yet, but there are experiments ongoing that are trying to determine what some of these very fundamental particles are. And one that I'll mention because it's led at Berkeley and had an interesting, although definitely not definitive result a couple of years ago is called the cryogenic [00:06:30] dark matter search or cdms. Speaker 4: Uh, and this is an interesting experiment that takes tablets of pure Germanium and buries them, deepen a mine in Minnesota with a lot of equipment and the Germanium is cooled to almost absolute zero as close to absolute zero as we're technologically able to get it. And just sits there waiting for a dark matter particle to come along and collide with one of the atomic nuclei in one of these tablets and the thing about these theorize dark matter particles is that they're extremely noninteractive [00:07:00] to a certain degree. The earth and the galaxy are swimming in a sea of dark matter particles, but they pass through us and never have any noticeable effect on us almost entirely all of the time, but on very, very, very rare occasions you actually do get an interaction in principle between a dark matter particle in something else and so we have these tablets just sitting there waiting for one of these collisions to happen so that we can detect it. Speaker 4: Now there are a bunch of other things that cause collisions in Germanium, things like cosmic rays, which you kind [00:07:30] of get out of the way of by bearing a deep underground electrons and light from other sources, radioactive decay, all of these can set off signals that with a lot of processing and principle, you can distinguish from the ones you expect from having a dark matter particle. Anyway, in 2009 CMS released a statement that they'd been collecting data on collisions inside these tablets for roughly a year's time period and what they found was that based on the best efforts they could do between weeding out [00:08:00] all of the background sources that they're not interested in, they estimated that they would have one false detection that on average statistically they would have missed one background source and classified as a real source. I mean in that same year time period they had found two detections. Speaker 4: So in a very, very, very non-statistical sense, you say, well we found two and we think that one of them statistically is probably false. Maybe we found a dark matter particle. Of course, this is far below the standards of rigor that science requires [00:08:30] for actually saying, yes, we found dark matter, but it's an interesting start and there are certainly ongoing experiments to try to detect these very, very rare interactions between the mysterious dark matter that makes up most of the gravitational stuff in the universe and the ordinary matter that we do know about that. For the large part, it never actually does get to experience it. Are Neutrinos part of dark man or is that another issue entirely? Neutrinos. So I think that some of these particle models suggest that the dark [00:09:00] matter particle is what's called a super symmetric version of a neutrino. So something that has a lot of similar properties to a neutrino but is much, much, much more massive than neutrinos that we do know about have almost no mass whatsoever similar to the dark matter. They also almost never interact with ordinary particles, but there were models run basically saying how would the universe evolve and what would it look like today if dark matter were made up of these neutrinos that we do know about. And those models predict the [00:09:30] overall structure of the universe being very different from what we observe. So we're pretty sure that neutrinos are at most a very small fraction of this dark matter. Speaker 5: Yeah, getting talking a little bit more about the neutrinos. As Nicholas said, they probably are not a huge component of what classically we're referring to as dark matter and that these big experiments are looking for, but they are very interesting weird particles that don't interact very much. They're very hard to detect. They're going through our bodies all the time. The Sun produces them a supernovae produce them [00:10:00] in large amounts as well and even though they're not rigorously really much of this dark matter, they are very interesting and large experiments around the world have been conducted over the past few years to try and detect more of them, to try and classify them and learn more about these neutrino particles. One that Berkeley is very heavily involved in in the, in the Lawrence Berkeley lab is called ice cube down in Antarctica actually. So if you're a poor Grad student in that group, you get to a winter over for six months in Antarctica with lots and lots of DVDs is what I've been told. Speaker 5: [00:10:30] But basically what they do down there is they drill huge vertical holes into the ice shelves and drop down detectors, a photo multiplier tube type devices, things that should light up if they get hit by a neutrino or something like that. And they do a ton of these at various depths and make a greed under the ice. A three dimensional cube under the ice of these detectors could imagine a cubic ice cube and you poke one laser beam through [00:11:00] it. You'll light up a bunch of these detectors in the line and you can connect all of those points with a straight line and sort of see where it's coming from in the sky. And so connecting back a little bit to supernovae. If the Supernova goes off very, very close by, we could possibly detect neutrinos from some of these supernovae and perhaps little deviations from where it goes through and which detectors that lights up could be telling us some interesting information about the neutrinos that are produced in the supernova about our detectors. Speaker 5: So it's a very nice, uh, play back and forth. [00:11:30] Ice Cube has not found neutrinos from a supernova yet. Hopefully we'll have even closer supernovae in the near future and ice cube and other types of neutrino experiments. We'll see possibly some of these and so another great example of big international collaborations even from different types of physics and astronomy getting together the supernova hunters and Supernova Observer, astronomers talking to these neutrino detector particle and trying to come together and answer these questions about the universe from two different sides. Basically two different kinds of science [00:12:00] almost, but coming together with similar observations or related observations is a very interesting prospect. Speaker 6: The show is spectrum. The station is KALX Berkeley. We're talking with Dr Jeff Silverman and Nicholas McConnell there explaining dark matter, dark energy, Speaker 7: dark matter and dark energy as [00:12:30] you called it. Are there other experiments and avenues of research for uncovering this phenomenon or particle, however you want to refer to it? Speaker 8: The direct particle detection experiments that are on earth and we mentioned one of them led by Berkeley are probably the main avenues we have right now for discovering what particle is responsible for the dark matter. There are other ways that we can still collect additional evidence, [00:13:00] although we already have quite a bit for the fact that some strange particle and not ordinary protons and neutrons and electrons are responsible for a lot of the gravitational forces that we see in the universe. One other avenue that might be interesting is the idea that if dark matter is made of subatomic particles, there could be cases where two of those particles interact with one another and Gamma Ray radiation by annihilating them and in that case we have [00:13:30] gamma ray telescopes set up in space that spend a lot of their time detecting more prosaic Cammeray sources. Things like exploding stars, but it's possible perhaps in the near future that these telescopes can also detect gamma ray signatures from the centers of galaxies that we would be able to analyze in such a way that we determined was more likely to be from dark matter particles annihilating one another than from these other astrophysical sources that we already know about. Speaker 8: I'm not sure if that would reveal the identity [00:14:00] of what the dark matter particle is, but it would be more evidence that they do exist. Speaker 7: Dark matter has been hypothesized so that the theory of relativity works or is it devised to prop up the standard model, Speaker 5: the strongest pieces of evidence for the existence of dark matter and sort of the reason that we added it into our pictures of the cosmos is there's not enough stars and gas in galaxies. If you [00:14:30] add up all of the gravity, it's not enough gravity force to hold all those stars and gas together in a galaxy and so we need some other matter that exists that exerts the gravitational force to hold everything together, but it doesn't glow. It's not bright. We can't see it with our normal telescopes at any wavelengths in space or on the ground. And so we've sort of given it this name, dark matter, these dark particles that exert a gravity force but don't give off light in any sense of that word. [00:15:00] We found some candidates over the years. Those have been interesting but they don't add up to enough matter out there and so we hypothesize that there is some other particles, something we haven't figured out yet in particle physics since that is out there and we're not detecting it with our telescopes, we're not detecting it with these other experiments that find subatomic particles and I can see very rare subatomic particles, but I personally think in the next decade we will directly detect one of these particles or a handful of these [00:15:30] particles. Speaker 5: If we don't with these experiments that are online and coming online. If we don't detect these dark matter particles then we're going to have to really rethink how these galaxies, our own galaxy included can exist in their current form with all their stars and gas that we can observe. There'll be some serious issues in our understanding of galaxies and the study of the universe in general, but I think we will find dark matter particles. I think it will match to at least some of the models and theories we have and I like to think that everything is nice and [00:16:00] ordered in. That gives me comfort when I go to sleep at night. Speaker 7: So on that personal level and trying to understand the standard model and your confidence in all that, is there a part of you that's open to the idea that it may not really be as you've as has been imagined for the past 30 years? Speaker 8: I think that at one level of detail or another it's actually very likely that the models we've constructed over the last century, in the case of particle physics in the last 30 years, in [00:16:30] the case of adding dark matter as an ingredient to the universe that we see as astronomers, I think it's very likely that some of those details are going to fall by the wayside and be replaced by a different and more accurate description that people aren't thinking of yet. I think if the history of science teaches us anything, it's that as soon as we get over confident that we've put all the pieces together. If something comes in really forces us to rethink how the universe works as far as dark matter goes. I'd like to point out that there's sort of two [00:17:00] different theories in play and that either one of them I think could be revised in order to explain observations if we do fail to detect dark matter particles soon. Speaker 8: And one of them is Einstein's theory of relativity saying that if we know how much stuff there is that we actually understand the literal force of gravity well enough to determine how mass interacts with one another and how the force of gravity works. And then the other one is different particle physics theories that say that if you have stuff coming and gravity like a dark [00:17:30] matter particle, what are the, the limiting things for what that particle could actually be. And I'm not well versed enough to know whether there's a lot of room for dark matter particles to exist that we wouldn't be able to detect with this generation or the next generation of experiments. But one possible way to fail to detect matter particles now and not have to revise general relativity as if particle physics can come up with a particle that is responsible for dark matter but is well beyond our capacity to detect [00:18:00] at this point. Speaker 3: Nicholas and Jeffrey, thanks very much for coming on spectrum. Thanks for having me. Thanks for having me. Speaker 6: For people who are interested in getting involved in amateur astronomy, let me mention a few avenues to pursue. The astronomy connection has a website that will lead you to a wide range of observing individuals and groups in the bay area. Their website is observers.org [00:18:30] for those who want to get involved in a crowdsource astronomy project, go to the website, Galaxy zoo.org the University of California observatories have a website that has a great deal of information, particularly under the links heading. Their website is used, c o lik.org or [00:19:00] regular feature of spectrum is to mention a few of the science and technology events happening in the bay area. Over the next few weeks. I'm joined by Rick Kaneski and Lisa Katovich for the calendar. Speaker 9: The science of art is the spring open house at the crucible. This event we'll highlight the scientific principles, inquiry and exploration behind the fine and industrial arts processes taught there. This event will bring together crucible faculty, guest artists, and a curated gallery of exhibits and demonstrations. Also projects from local schools [00:19:30] as well as special performances, food and the participation of a number of other local art and science related organizations and university programs. This event will happen on Saturday, April 7th from 12 to 4:00 PM and the crucibles located at 1260 seventh street in Oakland. Speaker 3: The Oppenheimer Lecture, the Higgs particle pivot of symmetry and mass. The Speaker is [inaudible] to [inaudible] professor of theoretical physics [00:20:00] at Utrecht University in the Netherlands. Professor to Hoeft was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 1999 in this lecture, professor to Hoeft will reflect on the importance of the as yet undetected Higgs particle and speculate on the Subatomic world once the particle is observed in detail. The lecture is April 9th at 5:00 PM in the Chevron Auditorium at International House [00:20:30] on the UC Berkeley campus. On Monday, April 9th the Commonwealth Club of San Francisco at five nine five market street is hosting Barb Stuckey, the author of taste, what you're missing. The passionate eaters guy too. I good food. Tastes good. Some reviewers say that this book bring science to the of taste. In the same Speaker 10: way that Harold McGee's book on food and cooking popularized food science. She will talk about understanding the science and senses of what you eat. You'll better understand both the psychology and physiology of taste [00:21:00] and learn how to develop and improve your tasting pellet by discerning flavors and detecting and ingredients. A five-thirty checkin proceeds. The 6:00 PM program, which is then followed by a book signing at seven the event is free for members, $20 standard admission and a $7 for students. Visit www.commonwealthclub.org for more info Speaker 9: pioneers in engineering. A nonprofit high school robotics competition organized by UC Berkeley students is holding its fourth annual robotics competition. [00:21:30] The Big Day is Saturday, April 14th at the Lawrence Hall of science in Berkeley. The competition begins at 10:00 AM and continues all day until five. This year's challenge is titled Ballistic Blitz for the seven weeks leading up to the final event. 200 high school students in teams from 21 East Bay high schools each work to design and build a robot. Come see the dramatic culmination of their hard work. This event is included in the price of admission. Admission is [00:22:00] free for UC Berkeley students and staff. For more information, go to the Lawrence Hall of Science website and Click on events. Mount Diablo Astronomical Society presents member planets, our solar system, neighbors, Venus and Mars through telescopes and find out why earth has abundant life but not Mars and Venus. Saturday, April 14th 7:00 PM to 11:00 PM the rendezvous is at Mount Diablo lower summit parking lot [00:22:30] summit road. Speaker 9: Clayton. For more details and contact information, go to the website, m d a s. Dot. Mitt. On Wednesday, April 18th ask a scientist. A monthly lecture series will be co launching the wonder Fest Book Club with USI Professor, biological anthropology and neuroscience, Terrence Deacon's book, incomplete nature, how mind emerged from matter. Professor Deacon's presentation will focus on the idea that key elements of consciousness, [00:23:00] values, meanings, feelings, etc. Emerge from specific constraints on the physical processes of a nervous system. The lecture will be located at the California Institute of Integral Studies at Namaz Day Hall, 1453 Mission Street in San Francisco. It will start at 7:00 PM and it's free. Speaker 10: Cal Day, UC Berkeley's free annual open house will be on Saturday, April 21st 9:00 AM until 4:00 PM there'll be a ton of science related events this year, including [00:23:30] tours of the labs and shops used for molecular and cell biology, synthetic biology, mechanical engineering, Quantum Nano Electronics, space sciences, star dust, nuclear engineering, automation, science, and more. There'll be lectures on diverse topics such as environmental design, geology, and the art and science of prehistoric life, as well as tables for various science and engineering majors and student groups. For more information. Visit [inaudible] dot berkeley.edu [00:24:00] now on to the news, Speaker 9: a February NASA study reports that climatic changes in the polar regions are occurring at a magnitude far greater than the rest of the planet. The oldest and thickest Arctic Sea ice is disappearing at a faster rate than the younger and thinner eyes at the edges of the Arctic oceans floating ice cap, the thicker ice known as multi-year ice survived through the cyclical summer melt season when young ice that has formed over winter. Just as quickly melt again, [00:24:30] Joey Comiso, senior scientists at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and author of a study recently published in the Journal of climate says the rapid disappearance of older ice makes Arctic Sea ice even more vulnerable to further decline in the summer. The surface temperature in the Arctic is going up, which results in a shorter ice forming season. It would take a persistent cold spell for most multi-year CIS and other ice types to grow thick enough in the winter to survive the summer melt season and reverse the trend. [00:25:00] This warming in the Arctic is the warmest 12 month on record. For the region. This means that the region is moving closer to, if not already, breaching climatic tipping points which could see the Arctic's current ecological state being shifted to an entirely new one, having severe ramifications, not only for the biodiversity and ecosystems of the region but also for the rest of the planet. Speaker 10: The April 2nd issue of the proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences has an article by Francesco Burma of Boston University [00:25:30] and others that reports evidence that humans acquired fire at least 200,000 years earlier than previously believed. The evidence is in the form of sediments from the wonderware cave in the Northern Cape province of South Africa. They were studied by micro morphological and foray transform infrared micro spectroscopy and data to be 1 million years old. The sediment contained burn, sharp bone fragments and plant ashes. The bone seems to have been exposed to temperature is found by a small cooking fires under about [00:26:00] 700 degrees Celsius. Previous to this finding, there was consensus that the earliest fires dated to only 790,000 years ago, and so these reporting older fires tended to be controversial as it is difficult to demonstrate that fires were small and intentional and use for cooking rather than acts of nature. Speaker 9: More than half of all cancer is preventable. Experts say science daily reports that in a review article published in Science Translational Medicine on March 28th the investigators outlined obstacles. [00:26:30] They say stand in the way of making a huge dent in the cancer burden in the u s and around the world. Epidemiologists, Graham Colditz, MD professor at the Washington University School of Medicine and associate director of prevention and control. The Siteman cancer center says, we actually have an enormous amount of data about the causes and preventability of cancer. It's time we made an investment in implementing what we know. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 1,600,000 new cancer cases will be diagnosed this year in the u s [00:27:00] also this year, approximately 577,000 Americans are expected to die of cancer according to Kolditz and his co authors individual habits and the structure of society itself from medical research, funding to building design and food subsidies influences the extent of the cancer burden and can be changed to reduce it. Speaker 10: Science news reports on a paper presented at the cognitive neuroscience society by Andrew met her, Ellie, Mika, and CN Beilock. [00:27:30] Both of the University of Chicago. The team use brain scans to find areas in a person's brain whose activity you will predict how well that person functions under pressure. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, the team gave both low and high stakes math problems to volunteers. Stakes were determined by both the size of financial reward and a social pressure via a financial penalty imposed upon teammates. In the case of failure, well, easy questions could be answered regardless of the stakes in the study. More difficult [00:28:00] questions led to a 10% average decrease in performance for volunteers who had decreased performance. There is greater activity in the enterprise [inaudible] circus and the inferior frontal junction of the brain area is linked to working memory. Furthermore, the more the ventral medial prefrontal cortex and area linked with emotions work to keep these two areas in sync, the more likely the volunteer was to choke under pressure. Speaker 2: [inaudible]Speaker 6: [00:28:30] a special thanks to Dr Jeffers Silverman and Nicholas McConnell for spending the time with us. Degenerate three shows on astronomy. Thanks to Rick Karnofsky who helps produce the show and Lisa Katovich for her health Speaker 2: [inaudible]Speaker 6: the music heard during the show is by Los Donna David and album titled Folk and Acoustic [00:29:00] made available by a creative comments 3.0 attributional license. Speaker 2: [inaudible]Speaker 6: thank you for listening to spectrum. If you have comments about the show, please send them to us via email. Our email address is spectrum dot k@yahoo.com join us in two weeks at this same [00:29:30] time. Speaker 2: [inaudible]Speaker 11: [inaudible]. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Jeff Silverman and Nicholas McConnell helped Spectrum present a three part Astronomy survey explaining the ideas, experiments, and observation technology that are transforming Astronomy. This is part three of three. We discuss Dark matter and dark energy.TranscriptSpeaker 1: Spectrum's next Speaker 2: [inaudible].Speaker 1: Welcome to spectrum the science and technology show on k a l x Berkeley, a biweekly [00:00:30] 30 minute program bringing you interviews featuring bay area scientists and technologists as well as a calendar of local events and news. Speaker 3: Hello and good afternoon. My name is Brad Swift. I'm joined today by spectrum contributors, Rick Karnofsky and Lisa [inaudible]. Our interview is with Dr Jeff Silverman, a recent phd in astrophysics from UC Berkeley and Nicholas McConnell, a phd candidate, unscheduled to be awarded a phd in astrophysics by UC Berkeley this summer. [00:01:00] Jeff and Nicholas have been helping spectrum present a three part astronomy survey, explaining the big ideas, recent experiments, collaborations and improvements in observation technology that are transforming astronomy. This is part three of three and we discuss dark matter, also known as dark energy. Before we talk about dark energy, let me ask you, how do you Speaker 4: relate to time, the human lifetime and then universe lifetime as a scientist [00:01:30] and as a human being, how do you do that? How do you make that stretch? I can't say that I necessarily have an intuitive sense for just how much time has elapsed between the dawn of the universe and me. But I think you can extend it a little bit. You can think of your parents and your parents' parents. And the idea of having ancestry and lineage as a person is a fairly familiar concept. And so I'm the product of generations of people who have done things. And similarly our planet and the conditions that we have and experience every day [00:02:00] are the product of generations and generations of stars being formed and galaxies being formed throughout the universe. And so I think this idea of generations where one thing spawns another and conditions change slightly and gradually over time, but some of the same processes like new stars forming happen over and over and over again is one way to sort of access the, the notion of time throughout the universe. Speaker 5: I think one of the hardest issues for astronomers in astronomy research in general [00:02:30] is the further away we look, the further back in time we look. As Nicholas mentioned, it takes light time to get to us. So if you look at something very far away, it looks like it did much younger in the past, but we can't just watch two galaxies collide and merge. We can't watch a cloud of gas collapse on itself and form a new star and then evolve and then explode as a supernova. We can't wash those processes. We get a snapshot in time, affectively a still of all these processes [00:03:00] all over the universe at different stages. And then the astronomers have to put these pictures in the right order of what's going on, which picture corresponds to which age and how you go from one to the other. And I think that's something that I've had trouble with trying to think about it. Speaker 5: You know, I want to sit down as a scientist and just watch a star evolve and watch it grow up and then die. And then you take your notes and figure it out. Then you're lucky you do get to actually watch them die. I do watch the dying part and you know, with Supernova, with certain kinds of astronomy of phenomena, we [00:03:30] can watch things change on a reasonable basis, on a daily, monthly, yearly basis. But that's the very last bit of a star that has maybe lived for 10 million years or 4 billion years. And one of the things we tried to do is by looking at the death in for a lot about the life, but it is only that small part portion. And there's lots of astronomy where it is basically static and you just see the same thing without any kind of change. There are certain parts of astronomy that do change a little bit with time and we can learn from that. [00:04:00] But the bulk of the star's life, we don't see any change or we just see that tiny bit at the end. Speaker 6: This is spectrum on k a l x Berkeley. We're talking with Dr Jeff Silverman and Nicholas McConnell, astrophysicists from UC Berkeley talking about dark energy. [00:04:30] Let's talk about dark Speaker 4: dark matter. And in so doing, talk about how dark energy or dark matter have become important to astronomy. So one of the interesting things that's happened over the past say half century is that we've profoundly changed our perspective of what the universe contains and what it's fundamentally made of. And so Jeff mentioned through the Supernova in the late nineties we discovered that the universe was expanding faster [00:05:00] and faster and faster. And we think that is due to something that we refer to as dark energy, which we believe makes up about 70 75 5% of the overall mass and energy in the universe. And then when we look at things that we think are sort of more classically as matters stuff that admits gravity and causes things to orbit around it, we've also learned that a very large percentage of gravitational stuff in the universe is made up of this mysterious stuff called dark matter that we know is there [00:05:30] in very large quantities. Speaker 4: It dominates the gravity of how galaxies, for instance, interact with one another. However, we don't know what it's made of. Unlike other kinds of matter, it doesn't emit any light whatsoever. So using telescopes we can learn very little about its actual composition. But on the other side of physics and astronomy, particle physicists have been coming up with theoretical models of the various subatomic particles that constitute universe. And there are certainly space in those [00:06:00] particle models to have particles that are responsible for creating the dark matter. But even though there are a bunch of theories that describe what this dark matter particle might be, it's still not constrained by experiment. We haven't detected definitively any dark matter particle yet, but there are experiments ongoing that are trying to determine what some of these very fundamental particles are. And one that I'll mention because it's led at Berkeley and had an interesting, although definitely not definitive result a couple of years ago is called the cryogenic [00:06:30] dark matter search or cdms. Speaker 4: Uh, and this is an interesting experiment that takes tablets of pure Germanium and buries them, deepen a mine in Minnesota with a lot of equipment and the Germanium is cooled to almost absolute zero as close to absolute zero as we're technologically able to get it. And just sits there waiting for a dark matter particle to come along and collide with one of the atomic nuclei in one of these tablets and the thing about these theorize dark matter particles is that they're extremely noninteractive [00:07:00] to a certain degree. The earth and the galaxy are swimming in a sea of dark matter particles, but they pass through us and never have any noticeable effect on us almost entirely all of the time, but on very, very, very rare occasions you actually do get an interaction in principle between a dark matter particle in something else and so we have these tablets just sitting there waiting for one of these collisions to happen so that we can detect it. Speaker 4: Now there are a bunch of other things that cause collisions in Germanium, things like cosmic rays, which you kind [00:07:30] of get out of the way of by bearing a deep underground electrons and light from other sources, radioactive decay, all of these can set off signals that with a lot of processing and principle, you can distinguish from the ones you expect from having a dark matter particle. Anyway, in 2009 CMS released a statement that they'd been collecting data on collisions inside these tablets for roughly a year's time period and what they found was that based on the best efforts they could do between weeding out [00:08:00] all of the background sources that they're not interested in, they estimated that they would have one false detection that on average statistically they would have missed one background source and classified as a real source. I mean in that same year time period they had found two detections. Speaker 4: So in a very, very, very non-statistical sense, you say, well we found two and we think that one of them statistically is probably false. Maybe we found a dark matter particle. Of course, this is far below the standards of rigor that science requires [00:08:30] for actually saying, yes, we found dark matter, but it's an interesting start and there are certainly ongoing experiments to try to detect these very, very rare interactions between the mysterious dark matter that makes up most of the gravitational stuff in the universe and the ordinary matter that we do know about that. For the large part, it never actually does get to experience it. Are Neutrinos part of dark man or is that another issue entirely? Neutrinos. So I think that some of these particle models suggest that the dark [00:09:00] matter particle is what's called a super symmetric version of a neutrino. So something that has a lot of similar properties to a neutrino but is much, much, much more massive than neutrinos that we do know about have almost no mass whatsoever similar to the dark matter. They also almost never interact with ordinary particles, but there were models run basically saying how would the universe evolve and what would it look like today if dark matter were made up of these neutrinos that we do know about. And those models predict the [00:09:30] overall structure of the universe being very different from what we observe. So we're pretty sure that neutrinos are at most a very small fraction of this dark matter. Speaker 5: Yeah, getting talking a little bit more about the neutrinos. As Nicholas said, they probably are not a huge component of what classically we're referring to as dark matter and that these big experiments are looking for, but they are very interesting weird particles that don't interact very much. They're very hard to detect. They're going through our bodies all the time. The Sun produces them a supernovae produce them [00:10:00] in large amounts as well and even though they're not rigorously really much of this dark matter, they are very interesting and large experiments around the world have been conducted over the past few years to try and detect more of them, to try and classify them and learn more about these neutrino particles. One that Berkeley is very heavily involved in in the, in the Lawrence Berkeley lab is called ice cube down in Antarctica actually. So if you're a poor Grad student in that group, you get to a winter over for six months in Antarctica with lots and lots of DVDs is what I've been told. Speaker 5: [00:10:30] But basically what they do down there is they drill huge vertical holes into the ice shelves and drop down detectors, a photo multiplier tube type devices, things that should light up if they get hit by a neutrino or something like that. And they do a ton of these at various depths and make a greed under the ice. A three dimensional cube under the ice of these detectors could imagine a cubic ice cube and you poke one laser beam through [00:11:00] it. You'll light up a bunch of these detectors in the line and you can connect all of those points with a straight line and sort of see where it's coming from in the sky. And so connecting back a little bit to supernovae. If the Supernova goes off very, very close by, we could possibly detect neutrinos from some of these supernovae and perhaps little deviations from where it goes through and which detectors that lights up could be telling us some interesting information about the neutrinos that are produced in the supernova about our detectors. Speaker 5: So it's a very nice, uh, play back and forth. [00:11:30] Ice Cube has not found neutrinos from a supernova yet. Hopefully we'll have even closer supernovae in the near future and ice cube and other types of neutrino experiments. We'll see possibly some of these and so another great example of big international collaborations even from different types of physics and astronomy getting together the supernova hunters and Supernova Observer, astronomers talking to these neutrino detector particle and trying to come together and answer these questions about the universe from two different sides. Basically two different kinds of science [00:12:00] almost, but coming together with similar observations or related observations is a very interesting prospect. Speaker 6: The show is spectrum. The station is KALX Berkeley. We're talking with Dr Jeff Silverman and Nicholas McConnell there explaining dark matter, dark energy, Speaker 7: dark matter and dark energy as [00:12:30] you called it. Are there other experiments and avenues of research for uncovering this phenomenon or particle, however you want to refer to it? Speaker 8: The direct particle detection experiments that are on earth and we mentioned one of them led by Berkeley are probably the main avenues we have right now for discovering what particle is responsible for the dark matter. There are other ways that we can still collect additional evidence, [00:13:00] although we already have quite a bit for the fact that some strange particle and not ordinary protons and neutrons and electrons are responsible for a lot of the gravitational forces that we see in the universe. One other avenue that might be interesting is the idea that if dark matter is made of subatomic particles, there could be cases where two of those particles interact with one another and Gamma Ray radiation by annihilating them and in that case we have [00:13:30] gamma ray telescopes set up in space that spend a lot of their time detecting more prosaic Cammeray sources. Things like exploding stars, but it's possible perhaps in the near future that these telescopes can also detect gamma ray signatures from the centers of galaxies that we would be able to analyze in such a way that we determined was more likely to be from dark matter particles annihilating one another than from these other astrophysical sources that we already know about. Speaker 8: I'm not sure if that would reveal the identity [00:14:00] of what the dark matter particle is, but it would be more evidence that they do exist. Speaker 7: Dark matter has been hypothesized so that the theory of relativity works or is it devised to prop up the standard model, Speaker 5: the strongest pieces of evidence for the existence of dark matter and sort of the reason that we added it into our pictures of the cosmos is there's not enough stars and gas in galaxies. If you [00:14:30] add up all of the gravity, it's not enough gravity force to hold all those stars and gas together in a galaxy and so we need some other matter that exists that exerts the gravitational force to hold everything together, but it doesn't glow. It's not bright. We can't see it with our normal telescopes at any wavelengths in space or on the ground. And so we've sort of given it this name, dark matter, these dark particles that exert a gravity force but don't give off light in any sense of that word. [00:15:00] We found some candidates over the years. Those have been interesting but they don't add up to enough matter out there and so we hypothesize that there is some other particles, something we haven't figured out yet in particle physics since that is out there and we're not detecting it with our telescopes, we're not detecting it with these other experiments that find subatomic particles and I can see very rare subatomic particles, but I personally think in the next decade we will directly detect one of these particles or a handful of these [00:15:30] particles. Speaker 5: If we don't with these experiments that are online and coming online. If we don't detect these dark matter particles then we're going to have to really rethink how these galaxies, our own galaxy included can exist in their current form with all their stars and gas that we can observe. There'll be some serious issues in our understanding of galaxies and the study of the universe in general, but I think we will find dark matter particles. I think it will match to at least some of the models and theories we have and I like to think that everything is nice and [00:16:00] ordered in. That gives me comfort when I go to sleep at night. Speaker 7: So on that personal level and trying to understand the standard model and your confidence in all that, is there a part of you that's open to the idea that it may not really be as you've as has been imagined for the past 30 years? Speaker 8: I think that at one level of detail or another it's actually very likely that the models we've constructed over the last century, in the case of particle physics in the last 30 years, in [00:16:30] the case of adding dark matter as an ingredient to the universe that we see as astronomers, I think it's very likely that some of those details are going to fall by the wayside and be replaced by a different and more accurate description that people aren't thinking of yet. I think if the history of science teaches us anything, it's that as soon as we get over confident that we've put all the pieces together. If something comes in really forces us to rethink how the universe works as far as dark matter goes. I'd like to point out that there's sort of two [00:17:00] different theories in play and that either one of them I think could be revised in order to explain observations if we do fail to detect dark matter particles soon. Speaker 8: And one of them is Einstein's theory of relativity saying that if we know how much stuff there is that we actually understand the literal force of gravity well enough to determine how mass interacts with one another and how the force of gravity works. And then the other one is different particle physics theories that say that if you have stuff coming and gravity like a dark [00:17:30] matter particle, what are the, the limiting things for what that particle could actually be. And I'm not well versed enough to know whether there's a lot of room for dark matter particles to exist that we wouldn't be able to detect with this generation or the next generation of experiments. But one possible way to fail to detect matter particles now and not have to revise general relativity as if particle physics can come up with a particle that is responsible for dark matter but is well beyond our capacity to detect [00:18:00] at this point. Speaker 3: Nicholas and Jeffrey, thanks very much for coming on spectrum. Thanks for having me. Thanks for having me. Speaker 6: For people who are interested in getting involved in amateur astronomy, let me mention a few avenues to pursue. The astronomy connection has a website that will lead you to a wide range of observing individuals and groups in the bay area. Their website is observers.org [00:18:30] for those who want to get involved in a crowdsource astronomy project, go to the website, Galaxy zoo.org the University of California observatories have a website that has a great deal of information, particularly under the links heading. Their website is used, c o lik.org or [00:19:00] regular feature of spectrum is to mention a few of the science and technology events happening in the bay area. Over the next few weeks. I'm joined by Rick Kaneski and Lisa Katovich for the calendar. Speaker 9: The science of art is the spring open house at the crucible. This event we'll highlight the scientific principles, inquiry and exploration behind the fine and industrial arts processes taught there. This event will bring together crucible faculty, guest artists, and a curated gallery of exhibits and demonstrations. Also projects from local schools [00:19:30] as well as special performances, food and the participation of a number of other local art and science related organizations and university programs. This event will happen on Saturday, April 7th from 12 to 4:00 PM and the crucibles located at 1260 seventh street in Oakland. Speaker 3: The Oppenheimer Lecture, the Higgs particle pivot of symmetry and mass. The Speaker is [inaudible] to [inaudible] professor of theoretical physics [00:20:00] at Utrecht University in the Netherlands. Professor to Hoeft was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 1999 in this lecture, professor to Hoeft will reflect on the importance of the as yet undetected Higgs particle and speculate on the Subatomic world once the particle is observed in detail. The lecture is April 9th at 5:00 PM in the Chevron Auditorium at International House [00:20:30] on the UC Berkeley campus. On Monday, April 9th the Commonwealth Club of San Francisco at five nine five market street is hosting Barb Stuckey, the author of taste, what you're missing. The passionate eaters guy too. I good food. Tastes good. Some reviewers say that this book bring science to the of taste. In the same Speaker 10: way that Harold McGee's book on food and cooking popularized food science. She will talk about understanding the science and senses of what you eat. You'll better understand both the psychology and physiology of taste [00:21:00] and learn how to develop and improve your tasting pellet by discerning flavors and detecting and ingredients. A five-thirty checkin proceeds. The 6:00 PM program, which is then followed by a book signing at seven the event is free for members, $20 standard admission and a $7 for students. Visit www.commonwealthclub.org for more info Speaker 9: pioneers in engineering. A nonprofit high school robotics competition organized by UC Berkeley students is holding its fourth annual robotics competition. [00:21:30] The Big Day is Saturday, April 14th at the Lawrence Hall of science in Berkeley. The competition begins at 10:00 AM and continues all day until five. This year's challenge is titled Ballistic Blitz for the seven weeks leading up to the final event. 200 high school students in teams from 21 East Bay high schools each work to design and build a robot. Come see the dramatic culmination of their hard work. This event is included in the price of admission. Admission is [00:22:00] free for UC Berkeley students and staff. For more information, go to the Lawrence Hall of Science website and Click on events. Mount Diablo Astronomical Society presents member planets, our solar system, neighbors, Venus and Mars through telescopes and find out why earth has abundant life but not Mars and Venus. Saturday, April 14th 7:00 PM to 11:00 PM the rendezvous is at Mount Diablo lower summit parking lot [00:22:30] summit road. Speaker 9: Clayton. For more details and contact information, go to the website, m d a s. Dot. Mitt. On Wednesday, April 18th ask a scientist. A monthly lecture series will be co launching the wonder Fest Book Club with USI Professor, biological anthropology and neuroscience, Terrence Deacon's book, incomplete nature, how mind emerged from matter. Professor Deacon's presentation will focus on the idea that key elements of consciousness, [00:23:00] values, meanings, feelings, etc. Emerge from specific constraints on the physical processes of a nervous system. The lecture will be located at the California Institute of Integral Studies at Namaz Day Hall, 1453 Mission Street in San Francisco. It will start at 7:00 PM and it's free. Speaker 10: Cal Day, UC Berkeley's free annual open house will be on Saturday, April 21st 9:00 AM until 4:00 PM there'll be a ton of science related events this year, including [00:23:30] tours of the labs and shops used for molecular and cell biology, synthetic biology, mechanical engineering, Quantum Nano Electronics, space sciences, star dust, nuclear engineering, automation, science, and more. There'll be lectures on diverse topics such as environmental design, geology, and the art and science of prehistoric life, as well as tables for various science and engineering majors and student groups. For more information. Visit [inaudible] dot berkeley.edu [00:24:00] now on to the news, Speaker 9: a February NASA study reports that climatic changes in the polar regions are occurring at a magnitude far greater than the rest of the planet. The oldest and thickest Arctic Sea ice is disappearing at a faster rate than the younger and thinner eyes at the edges of the Arctic oceans floating ice cap, the thicker ice known as multi-year ice survived through the cyclical summer melt season when young ice that has formed over winter. Just as quickly melt again, [00:24:30] Joey Comiso, senior scientists at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and author of a study recently published in the Journal of climate says the rapid disappearance of older ice makes Arctic Sea ice even more vulnerable to further decline in the summer. The surface temperature in the Arctic is going up, which results in a shorter ice forming season. It would take a persistent cold spell for most multi-year CIS and other ice types to grow thick enough in the winter to survive the summer melt season and reverse the trend. [00:25:00] This warming in the Arctic is the warmest 12 month on record. For the region. This means that the region is moving closer to, if not already, breaching climatic tipping points which could see the Arctic's current ecological state being shifted to an entirely new one, having severe ramifications, not only for the biodiversity and ecosystems of the region but also for the rest of the planet. Speaker 10: The April 2nd issue of the proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences has an article by Francesco Burma of Boston University [00:25:30] and others that reports evidence that humans acquired fire at least 200,000 years earlier than previously believed. The evidence is in the form of sediments from the wonderware cave in the Northern Cape province of South Africa. They were studied by micro morphological and foray transform infrared micro spectroscopy and data to be 1 million years old. The sediment contained burn, sharp bone fragments and plant ashes. The bone seems to have been exposed to temperature is found by a small cooking fires under about [00:26:00] 700 degrees Celsius. Previous to this finding, there was consensus that the earliest fires dated to only 790,000 years ago, and so these reporting older fires tended to be controversial as it is difficult to demonstrate that fires were small and intentional and use for cooking rather than acts of nature. Speaker 9: More than half of all cancer is preventable. Experts say science daily reports that in a review article published in Science Translational Medicine on March 28th the investigators outlined obstacles. [00:26:30] They say stand in the way of making a huge dent in the cancer burden in the u s and around the world. Epidemiologists, Graham Colditz, MD professor at the Washington University School of Medicine and associate director of prevention and control. The Siteman cancer center says, we actually have an enormous amount of data about the causes and preventability of cancer. It's time we made an investment in implementing what we know. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 1,600,000 new cancer cases will be diagnosed this year in the u s [00:27:00] also this year, approximately 577,000 Americans are expected to die of cancer according to Kolditz and his co authors individual habits and the structure of society itself from medical research, funding to building design and food subsidies influences the extent of the cancer burden and can be changed to reduce it. Speaker 10: Science news reports on a paper presented at the cognitive neuroscience society by Andrew met her, Ellie, Mika, and CN Beilock. [00:27:30] Both of the University of Chicago. The team use brain scans to find areas in a person's brain whose activity you will predict how well that person functions under pressure. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, the team gave both low and high stakes math problems to volunteers. Stakes were determined by both the size of financial reward and a social pressure via a financial penalty imposed upon teammates. In the case of failure, well, easy questions could be answered regardless of the stakes in the study. More difficult [00:28:00] questions led to a 10% average decrease in performance for volunteers who had decreased performance. There is greater activity in the enterprise [inaudible] circus and the inferior frontal junction of the brain area is linked to working memory. Furthermore, the more the ventral medial prefrontal cortex and area linked with emotions work to keep these two areas in sync, the more likely the volunteer was to choke under pressure. Speaker 2: [inaudible]Speaker 6: [00:28:30] a special thanks to Dr Jeffers Silverman and Nicholas McConnell for spending the time with us. Degenerate three shows on astronomy. Thanks to Rick Karnofsky who helps produce the show and Lisa Katovich for her health Speaker 2: [inaudible]Speaker 6: the music heard during the show is by Los Donna David and album titled Folk and Acoustic [00:29:00] made available by a creative comments 3.0 attributional license. Speaker 2: [inaudible]Speaker 6: thank you for listening to spectrum. If you have comments about the show, please send them to us via email. Our email address is spectrum dot k@yahoo.com join us in two weeks at this same [00:29:30] time. Speaker 2: [inaudible]Speaker 11: [inaudible]. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Join us this week for two stories and an Ocean Fact: Arctic Sea Floor Inventory. NOAA scientists are collecting environmental data off the coast of Alaska in the Chukchi Sea to get a clear picture of this underwater ecosystem before any offshore development begins. A Whale of a Partnership. NOAA, French sanctuaries join forces to protect endangered humpback whales along their annual migration route. Ocean Fact. Where is the largest protected area in NOAA's National Marine Sanctuary system?

It's straight out of the pages of a thriller novel: a cargo ship, lost without trace; pirates working the seas at the heart of Europe; whispers of arms smuggling and the scent of international conspiracy. The mysterious disappearance of a Russian-operated cargo ship off the coast of Britain in late July sparked furious speculation that's never been resolved. For Assignment, Sarah Rainsford tries to shine a light on what really happened on board the vessel, the Arctic Sea.

This week, we bring you news about a recent expedition to map an unknown sea floor in the Arctic. Then we travel to California, where staff of the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary work to prevent ships from striking blue whales in the Santa Barbara Channel. Finally, we head down to Texas to talk about a new digital map of underwater vegetation in the Coastal Bend region near Corpus Christi.