Midrats

The People's Republic of China continues to expand its already well-established contestation of ownership, access, and control of ports throughout the world.They have done this in parallel with building the world's largest navy and a diverse set of military capabilities clearly designed with one purpose—defeating the U.S. military in the Indo-Pacific.Returning to Midrats to discuss this and related topics is be T. X. Hammes.T.X. is a distinguished research fellow at the Center for Strategic Research, National Defense University. He served 30 years in the U.S. Marine Corps.Show LinksChina's exploitation of overseas ports and basesKratos XQ-58 ValkyrieAres anti-ship cruise missileTyphonMWI Podcast: The Future Battlefield, from Europe to the Indo-PacificThe Eastern FrontSummaryIn this conversation, Sal, Mark, and T.X. Hammes discuss the implications of China's global expansion, particularly its military strategy and naval capabilities. They explore how China is leveraging its control over ports and logistics to challenge U.S. dominance in the Indo-Pacific. The discussion also delves into operational planning assumptions for potential conflict with China, the historical context of long wars, and the challenges facing U.S. military readiness. Innovative solutions for naval warfare, the importance of economic exhaustion and sea control, and the role of mines in modern warfare are also examined. The conversation concludes with thoughts on the future of military technology and the potential for leveraging civilian resources in military operations.TakeawaysChina's global expansion poses significant challenges to U.S. interests.The U.S. Navy must adapt to China's growing naval capabilities.China's unconventional use of ports can disrupt global trade.Long wars are historically common between healthy powers.U.S. military readiness is not sufficient for a prolonged conflict.Innovative solutions like missile barges could enhance naval warfare.Economic exhaustion is a critical factor in long-term conflicts.Mines could play a crucial role in modern naval strategy.The focus should shift from platforms to payloads in military planning.Leveraging civilian resources can enhance military capabilities.Chapters00:00: Introduction to China's Global Expansion02:36: China's Naval Capabilities and Strategic Ports10:42: Planning Assumptions for Potential Conflict21:29: Control of the Sea and Economic Exhaustion30:26: Utilizing Merchant Ships in Warfare33:27: Investing in Future Military Technologies35:44: Innovative Solutions for Pacific Defense40:11: The Role of Unmanned Systems in Modern Warfare42:57: Lessons from the Russo-Ukrainian War44:59: Adapting Combined Arms for Modern Conflicts48:44: The Importance of Flexibility in Naval Operations53:10: Building a Resilient Merchant Fleet55:57: Exploring New Strategies for Warfare01:00:50: Future Directions in Military Strategy

With each new administration, there is opportunity for change and reform. In the new Trump Administration, reform isn't seen as a secondary effect of a leadership change but as a requirement.What reform options should the new Pentagon leadership explore under the Trump Administration?Joining us to discuss this and related topics is Gary Anderson, Colonel, USMC (Ret.). A starting point for our conversation will be his recent article in The American Spectator, Real Military Reform Begins: Will Pete Hegseth be able to reverse our military's decline.Gary retired as the chief of staff of the Marine Corps Warfighting Lab. He served as a special adviser to the deputy secretary of defense. He is an adjunct professor at George Washington University.SummaryIn this episode, Sal and Mark engage with Gary Anderson to discuss the current state of America's military, focusing on the need for reform and the implications of the Goldwater-Nichols Act. They explore the challenges facing the Marine Corps and Navy, the importance of revitalizing the defense industrial base, and the recent uptick in military morale and recruitment. The conversation also critiques the Force Design 2030 initiative and emphasizes the need for a more effective military education system and logistics support.TakeawaysAmerica's military has been adrift for some time.The rot in military effectiveness goes back decades.The Goldwater-Nichols Act has had unintended consequences.Careerism and ticket-punching are detrimental to military readiness.Morale among military personnel is currently high.The defense industrial base needs revitalization to keep up with adversaries.Military education has shifted focus away from essential warfighting skills.Logistics has been neglected in recent military operations.War games should not be used to validate military concepts without scrutiny.Chapters00:00: Introduction to Military Reform and Change02:35: The State of America's Military10:42: Challenges in Military Education and Careerism18:36: The Need for Honest Feedback in Military Leadership26:16: Revitalizing the Defense Industrial Base29:15: Addressing the Crisis in Submarine Maintenance32:12: Revitalizing the Fleet: Innovative Solutions for Shipbuilding36:18: The Drone Dilemma: Quality vs. Quantity in Warfare41:04: Logistics in Modern Warfare: Lessons from the Past45:17: Morale in the Military: A Shift in Attitude51:15: Leadership Changes: Navigating New Directions54:00: Accountability in Military Decisions: The Need for Integrity58:44: War Games and Military Strategy: The Importance of Honest Analysis

Many frustrated by the perceived lack of understanding of our nation's maritime heritage requirements want new leaders with fresh ideas, unburdened by legacy entanglements. It is hoped that a younger cohort with military experience, preferably naval, in the House of Representatives and the Senate who bring to the job an additional background in business and industry will emerge to promote constructive change.Today's guest fits the bill perfectly: the new Senator from Montana, Senator Tim Sheehy.Tim Sheehy is a father, husband, combat veteran, patriot, and an entrepreneur. A graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy class of 2008 with a B.S. in History, Tim completed several deployments and hundreds of missions as a US Navy SEAL Officer and Team Leader, deploying to Iraq, Afghanistan, South America, and the Pacific region. Tim was honored to serve alongside many American heroes and was involved in dozens of engagements with enemy forces, earning him multiple combat decorations. Additionally, Tim completed a joint tour with Army Special Operations forces where he was privileged to complete US Army Ranger School and serve alongside the 5th Special Forces Group, 75th Ranger Regiment and other units within US Army Special Operations Command.Tim completed his active duty service as a mini submarine pilot and navigator specializing in sensitive undersea operations. After his active duty service, Tim fulfilled reserve duty as a recruiter and assessor for future naval officers. Tim was honorably discharged from the Naval Reserve in 2019.In 2014, Tim founded Belgrade-based Bridger Aerospace with all of his savings and an all-veteran team. Under his leadership, Bridger Aerospace and its sister company, Ascent Vision Technologies experienced rapid growth and created hundreds of Montana jobs. Ascent Vision Technologies was acquired by CACI in 2020, and Bridger Aerospace went public on the NASDAQ in 2023.Tim sits on the Senate Armed Services, Veterans' Affairs, and Commerce, Science and Transportation Committee.SummaryIn this conversation, Senator Tim Sheehy discusses his journey from Naval Academy graduate to U.S. Senator, emphasizing the need for a new generation of leaders in the maritime domain. He highlights the importance of revitalizing the Navy, addressing challenges in shipbuilding, and fostering bipartisan support for maritime strength. The discussion also touches on the need for innovation in naval strategy and acquisition processes, advocating for a shift in mindset towards risk-taking and adaptability in the face of modern challenges.Show LinksOperation Red WingsSix FrigatesThe Fall of KabulTakeawaysTim shares his journey from the Naval Academy to the Senate.The importance of revitalizing the Navy is highlighted.Challenges in shipbuilding and acquisition processes are discussed.Bipartisan support for maritime strength is crucial.Innovation in naval strategy is necessary for future readiness.Quantity in naval assets is as important as quality.A new shipbuilding paradigm is needed to meet modern demands.Risk-taking should be encouraged in military leadership.The Navy's historical context is essential for understanding current challenges.Chapters00:00: Introduction to Maritime Challenges and New Perspectives12:47: Senator Tim Sheehy's Journey: From Navy to Politics18:44: Revitalizing the Navy: Challenges and Opportunities24:37: Acquisition Paradigms and the Future of Naval Strategy

Returning for the full hour will be Dr. Sebastian Bruns.Sebastian is a seapower expert and maritime strategist. His current project as Senior Researcher at the Institute for Security Policy Kiel University (ISPK) is “NATO Maritime Strategies and Naval Operations since 1985”, a multi-year effort to explore the Alliance's maritime and naval roles between the late Cold War and today. Sebastian is the founder of the Kiel International Seapower Symposium (KISS), the Baltic Sea Strategy Forum (BSSF), the “Dreizack” young voices in maritime research workshop, and the ISPK Seapower publication series (NOMOS). From 2021-2022, Dr. Bruns served as the inaugural John McCain-Fulbright Distinguished Visiting Professor at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, teaching Baltic Sea security and U.S. naval strategy to Midshipmen at the Political Science Department. He is a former Congressional staffer (then-Rep. Todd Young, IN-09), a fellow at the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences, and a Non-Resident Fellow at the Royal Navy Strategic Studies Centre.ShowlinksHow much do Nato members spend on defense?Kiel Seapower.West-up map of the Baltic.Kaliningrad.German-Norwegian submarine program.SummaryIn this episode, Sal and Mark welcome Dr. Sebastian Bruhn to discuss the evolving security landscape in the Baltic Sea region, particularly in light of recent Russian activities. They explore NATO's response, the historical context of the Baltic, and the implications of the Kaliningrad exclave. The conversation also touches on the concept of the 'NATO lake', the challenges of gray zone tactics, and the future of naval cooperation and shipbuilding partnerships within NATO.TakeawaysThe Baltic Sea is experiencing increased military activity due to Russian threats.Kaliningrad's strategic position poses significant risks to NATO operations.The concept of the 'NATO lake' may lead to complacency in security measures.Gray zone tactics are complicating maritime security in the Baltic.NATO spending is increasing, particularly among Baltic nations.Germany's naval capabilities are being modernized but remain limited.Coast Guards are playing a crucial role in detaining shadow fleet vessels.Transatlantic shipbuilding partnerships are becoming more important.Historical context is vital for understanding current Baltic security dynamics.Chapters00:00: Introduction to NATO's Maritime North03:40: The Baltic Sea: A Strategic Overview10:04: Historical Context and Current Threats18:38: Kaliningrad: A Geopolitical Challenge21:27: Russian Military Capabilities in the Baltic29:00: Gray Zone Tactics and Hybrid Warfare29:27: Historical Context of Naval Warfare31:40: NATO Spending and Defense Strategies39:17: The Role of Coast Guards in Maritime Security44:40: Bureaucracy and Naval Operations48:03: International Collaboration in Shipbuilding53:15: Maritime Domain Awareness and NATO's Role

SummarySal and Mark delve into the current state of the U.S. Navy, discussing the size and capabilities of the fleet, the challenges of operating as a two-ocean Navy, and the potential for utilizing alternative naval assets such as offshore supply vessels. They explore the ongoing debate between manned and unmanned aircraft. Discussed some of the lessons on how to turn around a military quickly using the transition from the 1970s malaise, to the Reagan Era victory in the Cold War. The discussion also touches on military leadership, morale, and the strategic importance of aircraft carriers in contemporary military operations.Show Links"Crash Fleet: An Emergency Shipbuilding Program”, by Lieutenant Commander Brian Adornato, USNR.German army struggles to get Gen Z recruits ‘ready for war', by Laura Pitel.TakeawaysThe U.S. Navy's fleet size is often overestimated.The Navy operates as a two-ocean force, complicating logistics.Alternative naval assets could enhance defense capabilities.The future of naval warfare will involve a mix of manned and unmanned systems.Aircraft carriers remain a cornerstone of naval power.Chapters00:00: Introduction and Overview of the Fleet Discussion01:28: Analyzing the Current Size of the Navy05:40: Challenges of a Two-Ocean Navy07:48: Exploring Alternative Naval Platforms11:58: Possible Role of Offshore Supply Vessels14:47: Historical Context and Lessons Learned18:20: Rethinking Naval Strategy and Resources21:22: Utilizing Reserve Forces Effectively25:02: Future of Aircraft Carriers and Naval Aviation29:59: The Future of Manned vs. Unmanned Aircraft34:38: Military Resource Allocation and Strategy39:35: Generational Perspectives on Military Service in the post Vietnam recovery44:39: Leadership and Military Morale

The origin story of the United States of America begins, in no small part, with maritime trade issues. Most of the declared and many of the undeclared, wars our nation has fought can be traced to the safety of our maritime commerce and unfettered access to the open seas.Look at any map, and you'll see we have oceans to the east and west of us, between our nation and its markets, allies, and competitors on the world stage.Today we're going to cast a wide net on that world view with returning guest, Ross Kennedy.Ross is a logistics and trade expert who has worked at the intersection of global trade, supply chains, and national security for two decades in support of United States national interests and private-sector clients.SummaryThis conversation delves into the intricate relationship between maritime trade, national security, and the evolving policies under the new administration. Ross Kennedy, a logistics and trade expert, discusses the historical context of maritime commerce in the U.S., the challenges of reindustrialization, and the need for a coordinated approach among various stakeholders in the maritime sector. The dialogue emphasizes the importance of investing in domestic shipbuilding capabilities, addressing supply chain issues, and recognizing strategic choke points in global trade. Kennedy advocates for innovative funding mechanisms and a holistic strategy to revitalize the maritime industry and ensure national security.TakeawaysThe U.S. maritime industry is crucial for national security.90% of global trade is conducted via maritime routes.A coordinated approach among stakeholders is essential.Reindustrialization requires long-term planning and investment.Funding mechanisms must support small businesses in the maritime sector.Disused shipyards can be revitalized for modern needs.Strategic choke points are vital for U.S. interests.Investing in domestic capabilities is a priority.Healthy debate is necessary for effective policy-making.The Arctic route poses significant geopolitical challenges.Chapters00:00: Introduction to Maritime Trade and National Security02:46: The Impact of the New Administration on Maritime Policies08:11: The Role of Stakeholders in Shipbuilding13:58: Challenges in Maritime Infrastructure and Supply Chains20:25: Innovative Approaches to Shipbuilding and Economic Zones25:26: The Future of Maritime Commerce and Procurement Reform27:16: Decoupling Funding from National Security29:18: Investing in Domestic Capabilities31:51: Reimagining Maritime Logistics35:05: Reviving Disused Shipyards38:30: Strategic Maritime Infrastructure43:44: Choke Points and Global Trade50:27: Closing Thoughts

Having trouble keeping up with all the developments in the national security realm over the last two months?Well, let not your heart be troubled, Sal & Mark are here for you this week with the ever-popular Midrats Melee format!No guest this week for the podcast, just your two humble hosts, solving the world's problems in 60-minutes.Show LinksRear Admiral William Daly, USN OPNAV N96 at Surface Navy Association's annual symposium: quotes can be found at link 1 and link 2.TRANSCOM's purchase of used cargo ships.Substack on medium USV.Trump's Gunboats, The National Interest, December 2016, by Claude Berube, and Mark Tempest.Substack on The Ship's Act, December 2024.SummaryIn this episode of MidRats, Sal and Mark discuss the current state of naval infrastructure and the bipartisan Ships Act aimed at revitalizing shipbuilding in the U.S. They explore leadership changes within the Navy, the importance of unmanned vessels, and the potential for optimism in naval operations. The conversation also touches on geopolitical concerns, particularly regarding the Ukraine conflict and North Korea's military developments, emphasizing the need for a robust maritime strategy.TakeawaysThe Ships Act has bipartisan support and aims to enhance naval infrastructure.Leadership changes in the executive and legislative branchs could positively impact shipbuilding efforts.There is optimism regarding the revitalization of the U.S. maritime industry.Unmanned vessels are seen as a crucial component of future naval strategy.Admiral Daly advocates for affordable and practical designs.The maritime industry can provide significant economic benefits across the U.S.The U.S. must adapt to lessons learned from the Ukraine conflict.The importance of recapturing intellectual capital from former military personnel.Sound Bites"It's an exciting thing to see.""We need hulls in the water.""We need to keep the money flowing."Chapters00:00: Introduction01:44: The Ships Act: A Bipartisan Initiative09:11: Challenges in Shipbuilding and Maintenance12:45: Historical Context: Lessons from WWII16:38: The Need for New Vessels and Innovation20:28: Admiral Daly's Vision for Unmanned Vessels23:56: Utilizing Naval Reserves for Unmanned Operations28:03: Conclusion and Future Directions30:01: Navigating Military Transitions32:57: Optimism in Maritime Strategy36:49: Challenges in Global Security39:05: The Syrian Crisis and Its Implications45:30: North Korea's Military Developments52:59: Lessons from the Ukraine Conflict

A firm and lasting peace treaty, a ceasefire, in or out of NATO, in or out of the EU, European or international peacekeeping forces, an unending slog, or Russian tanks in downtown Kyiv?What are the realistic…and unrealistic…options for Ukraine as they enter the 4th year of the Russo-Ukrainian War of 2022?Is the best path for Ukrainian security instead a new security architecture based on Ukrainian power itself?How do you create a framework that could produce a realistic peace, while giving Ukraine a deterrence from future conflict?Using her recent article in Foreign Affairs, Ukraine Must Guarantee Its Own Security, as a kicking off point for our conversation on these and related topics returning to Midrats will be Emma Ashford.Emma is a senior fellow with the Reimagining US Grand Strategy program at the Stimson Center, and the author of First Among Equals: U.S. Foreign Policy for a Multipolar World, forthcoming from Yale University Press.Showlink Ukraine Must Guarantee Its Own SecuritySummaryIn this conversation, Sal, Mark, and Emma Ashford delve into the complexities of the Ukraine conflict, discussing historical agreements like the Budapest Memorandum, the implications of NATO membership, and the current geopolitical landscape. They explore the challenges of European defense strategies, the lessons from Finland's historical context, and the potential pathways to peace negotiations. The discussion emphasizes the need for Ukraine to build its own security capabilities while navigating the intricate dynamics of international relations.TakeawaysThe Budapest Memorandum's implications are still relevant today.NATO membership remains a contentious issue for Ukraine.European states have divergent threat perceptions affecting defense strategies.The concept of 'Bluff and Pray' highlights European defense challenges.Lessons from Finland's Winter War can inform Ukraine's strategy.Ukraine must focus on internal capabilities for security.The US presence in Europe influences European defense initiatives.Negotiating peace involves complex territorial and sovereignty questions.European defense production can align with Ukraine's needs.The need for a unified European defense strategy is critical.Chapters00:00: Introduction and Context of the Ukraine Conflict03:59: The Budapest Memorandum and Its Implications06:41: NATO's Role and European Security Dynamics11:55: European Military Capabilities and Collective Action Problems18:25: Bluff and Pray: The Dilemma of European Deterrence20:52: The Risks of European Military Engagement in Ukraine28:10: NATO's Role in Ukraine's Security32:45: Ukraine's Self-Defense and Historical Parallels37:39: Models of Neutrality and Defense40:20: European Defense Production and Cooperation46:49: US Withdrawal Scenarios and European Responsibility51:19: Negotiating Peace: Territory, Arms, and Finance

In the first month of the new Trump Administration, much of the attention outside our borders has focused on Europe and the Middle East—the two regions that always seem to divert our focus from America's greatest competitor, the People's Republic of China (PRC). We often think of the challenge in terms of the most obvious arena—the Pacific—but it extends from the Arctic to Africa and, increasingly, to space.Returning to Midrats this Sunday to discuss the PRC's challenge for the new administration is Dean Cheng.Dean Cheng, Senior Advisor, United States Institute of Peace; Non-resident Senior Fellow, Potomac Institute for Policy Studies; Non-resident Fellow, George Washington University Space Policy Institute.He recently retired after 13 years with the Heritage Foundation, where he was a senior research fellow on Chinese political and security affairs, and wrote on various aspects of Chinese foreign and defense policy.Prior to joining the Heritage Foundation, he was a senior analyst with the China Studies Division (previously, Project Asia) at CNA from 2001-2009. Before joining CNA, he was a senior analyst with Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) from 1996-2001. From 1993-1995, he was an analyst with the US Congress' Office of Technology Assessment in the International Security and Space Division, where he studied the Chinese defense industrial complex.He is the author of the book Cyber Dragon: Inside China's Information Warfare and Cyber Operations (NY: Praeger Publishing, 2016), as well as a number of papers and book chapters examining various aspects of Chinese security affairs.Show LinksChina and the new Moon RaceHome Depot v. European UnionSummaryIn this conversation, Sal, Mark and Dean discuss the evolving global landscape with a focus on China's strategic ambitions in space, military capabilities, and economic strategies. They explore the implications of China's presence on the moon, its approach to international order, and the challenges posed by its cyber and nuclear capabilities. The discussion highlights the need for the U.S. to reassess its priorities in light of China's growing influence and the importance of strategic choices moving forward.TakeawaysChina is challenging the post-war international order established by the U.S.The U.S. needs to focus on China's ambitions in space.China's presence on the moon could redefine international norms.The Chinese view of engagement differs significantly from the U.S. perspective.China's cyber capabilities pose a significant threat to U.S. interests.The evolution of China's nuclear deterrence is a growing concern.China's demographic challenges may impact its long-term strategy.The U.S. must prioritize its strategic choices in response to China.China's economic espionage is a tool for technological advancement.The need for a coherent U.S. strategy to counter China's influence is critical.Chapters00:00: Introduction and Context of the Trump Administration's First Month03:35: China's Global Challenge and Space Ambitions08:44: The Implications of China's Space Strategy17:33: China's Technological Advancements in Space24:32: Chinese Military Strategy and Information Dominance29:01: China's Strategic Maneuvers in the Pacific31:56: Cultural Perspectives: Engagement vs. Cooperation36:31: Cyber Warfare: China's Digital Strategies39:38: China's Evolving Nuclear Deterrence44:05: Demographic and Economic Challenges for China47:44: Shifting Focus: U.S. Foreign Policy and China51:57: Future Considerations: Prioritizing Global Threats

Returning to Midrats this week to discuss his latest non-fiction novel is Seth W.B. Folsom, Colonel, USMC (Ret.).From the Amazon page:Nothing Here Worth Dying For tells the story of his command of Task Force Lion—a “purpose-built” combat advisor team—and his frenetic 2017 deployment to Iraq's Al Anbar Province. Charged with the daunting task of advising, assisting, and enabling the Iraqi Security Forces in their fight against the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, Folsom and his team of Marines and sailors struggled to support their Iraqi partners in the Jazeera Operations Command while simultaneously grappling with their own leadership for their relevance on the battlefield.…As with the author's previous books, Nothing Here Worth Dying For focuses on individual Marine actions at the tactical and operational levels while also addressing regional events that contributed to the overall narrative of the U.S. war in Iraq. Folsom describes his unpopular decision to prioritize his team members and their mission to support the Iraqi army above the desires of his own military service branch. As the final operation against ISIS in western Al Anbar gained steam, he questioned the wisdom of the military leadership to which he had dedicated his entire adult life.ShowlinksNothing Here Worth Dying ForThe Highway War: A Marine Company Commander in IraqIn the Gray Area: A Marine Advisor Team at WarWhere Youth and Laughter Go: With ‘the Cutting Edge in AfghanistanSummaryThis conversation delves into the complexities of military operations in Iraq, focusing on the formation and challenges faced by Task Force Lion during the fight against ISIS. Colonel Seth Folsom shares insights on the cultural dynamics, logistical feats, and the intricate relationships between various military and coalition forces. The discussion highlights the sacrifices made by service members and the ongoing questions about the purpose and impact of their missions.TakeawaysThe rise of ISIS in 2014 prompted a swift military response.Task Force Lion was formed from diverse units, creating unique challenges.Cultural differences between U.S. and Iraqi forces impacted operations.Logistical coordination was crucial for mission success.The PMF played a significant role in the fight against ISIS.Command structures were complex and often convoluted.The importance of building a cohesive team was emphasized.Leadership involved navigating various military and political dynamics.Sacrifices made by service members were a central theme.Reflections on the purpose of military engagement remain relevant.Chapters00:00: Introduction and Context of the Long War02:56: The Rise of ISIS and Initial Responses05:39: Building Task Force Lion08:12: Challenges of Individual Augments10:54: Mission Overview and Arrival in Iraq13:49: The Complex Landscape of Iraqi Forces16:12: The Role of PMF and Tribal Forces19:09: Navigating Command Structures and Relationships36:42: Challenges of Coalition Operations39:59: Authority and Responsibility in Combat40:54: Logistical Feats in a War Zone45:19: The Complexity of Joint Operations47:50: Cultural Differences in Military Operations55:17: Reflections on Purpose and SacrificeSeth W. B. Folsom is a retired Marine Corps colonel who served more than twenty-eight years in uniform. Throughout the Global War on Terror, he deployed multiple times to Iraq and Afghanistan, where he commanded in combat at the company, battalion, and task force levels. A graduate of the University of Virginia, Naval Postgraduate School, and the Marine Corps War College, he is the author of “The Highway War: A Marine Company Commander in Iraq;” “In the Gray Area: A Marine Advisor Team at War;” “Where Youth and Laughter Go: With ‘the Cutting Edge in Afghanistan;” and “Nothing Here Worth Dying For: Task Force Lion in Iraq.” He, his family, and their needy, spoiled cat live in Southern California.

Does the US Navy have the right number and mix of amphibious ships, and are those ships being properly maintained?The Government Accountability Office's (GAO) recent report to Congress explored this topic in depth, and today's Midrats Podcast will delve into it further.From the summary of the report:Amphibious warfare ships are critical for Marine Corps missions, but the Navy has struggled to ensure they are available for operations and training. In some cases, ships in the amphibious fleet have not been available for years at a time. The Navy and Marine Corps are working to agree on a ship availability goal but have yet to complete a metrics-based analysis to support such a goal. Until the Navy completes this analysis, it risks jeopardizing its ability to align amphibious ship schedules with the Marine Corps units that deploy on them.As of March 2024, half of the amphibious fleet is in poor condition and these ships are not on track to meet their expected service lives.Our guests for the full hour to discuss the report and its implications will be two joint directors for the project, Shelby S. Oakley, Director, Contracting and National Security Acquisitions, and Diana Maurer Director, Defense Capabilities and Management at GAO.ShowlinksGAO Report: AMPHIBIOUS WARFARE FLEET Navy Needs to Complete Key Efforts to Better Ensure Ships Are Available for MarinesGAO Report: Navy Readiness: Actions Needed to Improve Support for Sailor-Led MaintenanceSummaryThe conversation delves into the critical state of the U.S. Navy's amphibious fleet, focusing on the challenges of ship maintenance, the role of the Government Accountability Office (GAO) in assessing fleet readiness, and the ongoing controversy between the Navy and Marine Corps regarding ship availability. The discussion highlights the importance of metrics, accountability, and transparency in addressing these issues, as well as the need for a cultural shift within the Navy to prioritize maintenance and resource allocation effectively.TakeawaysMetrics and definitions of ship readiness need to be standardized.Cultural and bureaucratic challenges hinder effective maintenance practices.Accountability is essential for improving the Navy's operational readiness.Budgeting for maintenance is often deprioritized in favor of new acquisitions.Sailors are overworked and under-resourced, impacting their performance.The Navy must address root causes of maintenance issues to improve fleet readiness.Future leadership changes present an opportunity for reform in the Navy.Chapters00:00: Introduction and Context of the Discussion02:03: Understanding the GAO's Role in National Security09:35: Insights from the Fleet: Realities of Ship Maintenance14:49: Defining Ship Availability and Readiness18:15: The Need for Metrics and Accountability22:22: Challenges in Navy Bureaucracy and Culture30:04: Navigating Accountability in Navy Maintenance33:02: The Consequences of Deferred Maintenance36:53: Policy Challenges in Navy Maintenance43:09: Budgeting for Maintenance vs. New Acquisitions45:53: Cultural Attitudes Towards Manpower and Maintenance49:15: Realistic Expectations in Maintenance Planning54:34: Future Directions for Navy Reports and AccountabilityFull Guest BiosMs. Oakley is a Director in the Government Accountability Office's (GAO) Contracting and National Security Acquisitions team. In her role, she oversees GAO's portfolio of work examining the most complex and expensive acquisitions within the federal government. Her portfolio includes Navy and Coast Guard Shipbuilding programs, DOD acquisition policy and oversight, and leading practices in product development. In addition, she is responsible for GAO's annual work to assess the cost, schedule, and performance of DOD's entire portfolio of major defense and middle-tier acquisition programs. Ms. Oakley previously served as a Director in GAO's Natural Resources and Environment team where she led teams reviewing a range of nuclear security, policy, and nonproliferation related issues. From 2004 to 2015, Ms. Oakley led teams reviewing the activities of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) with a focus on helping NASA improve its acquisition management practices. Her reviews covered key aspects of NASA's operations, such as Space Shuttle workforce transition and sustainment of the International Space Station, as well as reviews of all major NASA systems including in-depth reviews of NASA's human spaceflight programs and the James Webb Space Telescope. Ms. Oakley earned a Master's Degree in Public Administration from the University of Pittsburgh's Graduate School of Public and International Affairs and her Bachelor of Arts Degree from Washington and Jefferson College.Ms. Maurer is a Director in the U.S. Government Accountability Office's (GAO) Defense Capabilities and Management team, where she currently leads GAO's independent oversight of sustainment and readiness across the military services and the Office of the Secretary of Defense. Her recent work includes reviews of F-35 sustainment, Air Force and Army force generation, Navy ship maintenance, missile defense sustainment, Space Force readiness, and the mission capability of military aviation and surface ships. She has testified three dozen times before Congressional committees on a variety of issues including the F-35, military readiness, Navy ship maintenance, national drug control policy, and several DHS and DOJ management issues.Ms. Maurer was a Director in GAO's Homeland Security and Justice team from 2009-2017, where she led GAO's oversight of the federal prison system; the Secret Service, FBI and other federal law enforcement agencies; and DHS's efforts to build a unified department. She worked from 2008-2009 as an Acting Director in GAO's Natural Resource and Environment team. From 1993-2007, Ms. Maurer worked in GAO's International team, where she led reviews of a variety of international security issues including efforts to combat the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. Ms. Maurer began her GAO career in 1990 in GAO's Detroit Regional Office.Ms. Maurer has an M.S. in national resource strategy from the National Defense University where she was recognized as a Distinguished Graduate of the Industrial College of the Armed Forces. Ms. Maurer also has an M.P.P in international public policy from the University of Michigan and a B.A. in international relations from Michigan State University.

When a report has an opening like this, you know you have to find a way to get the author on Midrats.As a nation, we are in an undeclared state of emergency.…This is a hot Cold War II. The West has empirically lost deterrence. We must respond to this emergency to regain it.We have a peer adversary: China. “Near-Peer” is a shibboleth, a euphemism to avoid the embarrassment of acknowledging we have peers when we were once peerless. That quote is from The Defense Reformation, written last October by Shyam Sankar the Chief Technology Officer for Palantir.So many of the issues my cohost and I have been covering on Midrats the last decade and a half; personnel reform, Goldwater-Nichols, COCOM reform, the accretion encumbered acquisition program, and more are not just addressed in Sankar's 18 Thesis, as I outlined in my Substack on it a few months ago, he provides solutions and new approaches.Get a fresh cup of coffee, relax, and enjoy an impactful hour of conversation for those interested in reforming the US military towards a stronger, more responsive steward of our nation's defense.SummaryIn this conversation, Sal, Mark, and Shyam Sankar discuss the need for innovation within the Department of Defense. They explore historical parallels, the importance of creativity, and the role a Silicon Valley mindset can have in national security. The discussion emphasizes the need for agility in budgeting, the impact of monopsony on procurement, and the significance of software in modern warfare. They also highlight the importance of founders and innovative thinking in driving change within the defense sector.TakeawaysThe historical context of the Reformation can inform modern defense strategies.Creativity and innovation are essential for overcoming bureaucratic structures in defense.Silicon Valley's involvement in defense technology is crucial for national security.Lessons from the automotive industry can be applied to improve defense procurement.Founders play a vital role in driving innovation and change in organizations.People, processes, and policies must be aligned to optimize defense operations.Monopsony in defense procurement limits competition and innovation.Agility in budgeting is necessary to respond to changing defense needs.Stockpiles are less important than the ability to produce weapons quickly.Software is a key component in achieving asymmetric advantages in warfare.Chapters00:00: Introduction to Defense Reformation03:21: Historical Context: The Reformation and Defense Reform06:18: Creativity and Innovation in Defense09:04: The Role of Silicon Valley in National Security11:42: The Legacy of McNamara and Defense Management14:30: Protecting Innovative Personalities in Defense17:14: The Need for Modernization in Defense Policies20:05: Monopsony in Defense Procurement22:59: Encouraging Founders and Innovation in Defense32:36: The Nature of Venture Capital and Innovation33:08: Learning from Failure: The SpaceX Approach34:21: Breaking Down Bureaucracy: The Need for Reinvention36:24: Institutionalizing Rebellion: Encouraging Innovation38:46: Leveraging Free Market Principles in Military Operations41:06: The Role of Combatant Commanders in Defense Budgeting43:09: Reassessing Cost-Plus Contracting in Defense46:23: The Need for Agility in Budget Processes49:11: The Importance of Production Over Stockpiles52:58: Empowering Decision-Making in Military Leadership57:41: Harnessing Software as a National Superpower

There is almost a cottage industry in appreciating the decades-long shortfall in America's maritime industrial base for shipbuilding and repair.After more than a decade of self-delusion in labeling the People's Republic of China (PRC) as merely a ‘Pacing Challenge', people are increasingly waking up to the fact that the PRC has overtaken the USA in the maritime arena—a domain in which we were globally unchallenged since the end of WWII.When considering both its vast commercial capacity and its development of the world's largest navy, it is a fair argument to make that the maritime challenge posed by the PRC now eclipses the threat posed by the Soviet Union at its peak.With time being short, are there solutions? There are, as outlined by our guests for today's Midrats, Michael Roberts & Bryan Clark and their report Shoring Up the Foundation: Affordable Approaches to Improve US and Allied Shipbuilding and Ship Repair from The Hudson Institute.Mike Roberts joined the Hudson Institute beginning in 2022. Before then Mike was the general counsel and a senior leader with Crowley Maritime, a top American shipping company, and president of the American Maritime Partnership. His focus is on commercial shipping and shipbuilding industries, and specifically, how fundamental changes in US maritime policies are needed to compete with China.Bryan Clark is a senior fellow and director of the Center for Defense Concepts and Technology at Hudson Institute. He studies naval operations, cyber and electromagnetic warfare, autonomous systems, military competitions, and wargaming. He is a retired enlisted and officer submariner and his last job in the Navy was as Commander's Action Group Director for the CNO.SummaryThis conversation delves into the pressing challenges facing the U.S. maritime industry, particularly the shipbuilding sector, in light of China's overwhelming shipbuilding capacity. The discussion highlights the need for affordable solutions, legislative support, and workforce development to revitalize the U.S. maritime industrial base. The guests, Mike Roberts and Bryan Clark, present their report from the Hudson Institute, which outlines actionable policies to enhance U.S. and allied shipping and ship repair capabilities. They emphasize the importance of a consistent demand signal from the government to stabilize the industry and attract skilled workers. The conversation delves into the challenges faced by the US Navy in maintaining maritime readiness and resilience in the face of potential conflicts, particularly with China. It discusses the need for a robust US-flagged shipping fleet, the implications of supply chain vulnerabilities, and the importance of leveraging allied shipbuilding capacities. The speakers emphasize the necessity of innovative shipbuilding strategies, improved maintenance practices, and a shift in mindset to prepare for future military operations effectively.TakeawaysThe U.S. maritime industrial base faces significant challenges.China's shipbuilding capacity far exceeds that of the U.S.Affordable solutions are necessary for immediate impact.Legislative support is crucial for revitalizing shipbuilding.Workforce development is essential for the shipbuilding industry.The Ships for America Act aims to increase U.S. flag fleet.Educational benefits can attract skilled workers to shipyards.A consistent demand signal is vital for industry stability.Shipbuilding is a low-margin business requiring government support.Investment in workforce training is critical for future success. The US needs a sufficient number of ships to support major combat operations overseas.China's control over global shipping assets poses a significant risk to US supply chains.The US Navy's reliance on foreign-flagged ships may not be viable in wartime.Innovative shipbuilding practices, including AI, can enhance Navy capabilities.Improving ship repair readiness is crucial for fleet capacity by 2027.The Navy must adapt its technical standards to facilitate faster shipbuilding.Allied shipbuilding capacities can be leveraged to enhance US naval strength.A consistent demand signal is necessary for ship repair yards to thrive.The Navy's public shipyards require significant infrastructure upgrades.A cultural shift within the Navy is essential to address current challenges.Sound Bites"China has 230 times the amount of shipbuilding capacity.""The Navy is far from its readiness goals.""We need to build capacity not just for peace but for war.""We can build uncrewed vessels in many different places.""We have to change the mindset we've been living with."Chapters00:00: Introduction to Maritime Challenges03:11: The Shipbuilding Capacity Gap06:04: Affordable Solutions for Shipbuilding15:05: Legislative Support: Ships for America Act17:29: Workforce Development in Shipbuilding29:24: Long-term Stability in Shipbuilding Industry34:10: Navigating Maritime Challenges and Supply Chain Resilience41:07: Innovations in Shipbuilding and Maintenance Strategies50:31: Leveraging Allied Shipbuilding and Repair Capacities57:59: Preparing for Future Conflicts and Fleet Readiness

Happy New Year to everyone…and Midrats is back with you.Join us today for a broad-ranging discussion for our 15th Anniversary Show with a regular guest since the start, Claude Berube.The conversation will go who knows where, but we will begin by reflecting on how the defense media and information environment has evolved since 2010—not just from the perspective of the information consumer, but also in terms of where decision-makers turn for opinions and ideas. We'll include some inside baseball as well, starting with how the relationship between the PAO world and the broader number and flavor of media has evolved.Here's to the 16th Season!Claude Berube, PhD, is a retired Navy Commander and retired professor from the Naval Academy. He's worked on Capitol Hill and as a contractor for Naval Sea Systems Command and the Office of Naval Research. He also worked at the Office of Naval Intelligence. He is the author or co-author of eight books including his most recent. He is working on his ninth book, about the Navy and the lead up to World War 2. His new podcast about the United States Senate will begin later this month.ShowlinksPowerline Blog and Dan Rather's MemogateMWI's “Spear” podcastThe Failure of the InstitutionsClaude's “Siren's Song” and other booksWar on the RocksCIMSECBill Roggio & Long War JournalSal Mergcogliano's What's Going on With ShippingJohn Konrad's gCaptainGeopolitics Decanted PodcastInformation Dissemination blog, by Raymond PritchettSummaryIn this episode of the MidRats podcast, hosts Sal and Mark celebrate the 15th anniversary of their show with guest Claude Berube. They discuss the evolution of information in national security, the impact of media on public perception, and the changing landscape of military communication. The conversation highlights the importance of accountability, transparency, and credible voices in media, as well as the collaborative nature of modern information sharing. They also look ahead to future projects and initiatives in the realm of military and national security communication.TakeawaysThe Midrats podcast has been a consistent platform for naval discussions for 15 years.The evolution of information access has transformed national security discourse.Public Affairs Officers have become more cautious in their engagement with the media.The military's communication strategies have shifted significantly over the years.Accountability and transparency are essential for maintaining public trust in the military.A culture of untruth can undermine the credibility of official statements.Independent media sources are increasingly important for accurate information.Collaboration among information producers enhances the quality of discourse.Future initiatives in military communication will focus on transparency and engagement.Sound Bites"It's amazing how fast time flies.""This is the C-SPAN for the Navy.""The future is disaggregated."Chapters00:00: Celebrating 15 Years of Midrats Podcast02:16: The Evolution of Naval Information06:28: Democratization of Media and Its Impacts14:54: The Changing Role of Public Affairs in the Navy27:11: Navigating a Culture of Untruth in Media32:48: Independence in Media: The Value of Non-Sponsorship35:31: The Role of Personalities in Information Dissemination37:59: The Importance of Open Dialogue and Accountability42:01: Self-Correction in New Media44:48: The Credibility of Online Sources47:40: The Future of Media and Influence55:25: Upcoming Projects and Future Endeavors

With one of the most militarily and energy strategic states in our union, Alaska, being in the Arctic, and the extensive interests we have on the other side of the planet in Antarctica, do you wonder why our nation's icebreaking “fleet”—being what it is—amounts to an antique road show? Are you curious how our plan to replace them is making the LCS program look like a successful and well-run program? Can a nation of 335 million souls learn something from a nation of 5.5 million?Today's Midrats is for you with our guest, Peter Rybski.Pete is a retired nuclear-trained surface warfare officer who has served on six different ships and a couple of overseas staffs. His last job on Active Duty was as the U.S. Naval Attache to Finland. It was in that position that he began a deep dive into icebreakers and icebreaking technology. Pete retired in 2021, but remained in Finland, where he and his family live 106 miles from the Russian border.Forgot the most important part- He writes about icebreakers, security policy, and general life in Finland over at his Substack, Sixty Degrees North.ShowlinksSixty Degrees North article on USCG Polar Security Cutter ProgramSea ice trackerUSCGC Healy (WAGB-20)gCaptain article on Chinese icebreakersPolar Security Cutter Program from WikipediaWind Class icebreakersIcebreaker Collaboration Effort (ICE)Sam LaGrone article on the VT Halter icebreaker programLe Commandant Charcot, French icebreaking cruise shipFinland icebreaking Missile CorvettesAker ArcticDr Elizabeth Buchanan on XSummaryThis conversation delves into the critical role of icebreakers in U.S. Arctic strategy, highlighting the challenges faced by the U.S. Coast Guard in maintaining and expanding its icebreaker fleet. Guest Peter Rybski shares his experiences in Finland, where he developed a keen interest in icebreakers, and discusses the historical context of U.S. icebreaker capabilities compared to other nations. The dialogue also addresses procurement issues, legal challenges, and the necessity for armed icebreakers in the Arctic, culminating in a discussion about international cooperation through the Icebreaker Coalition.TakeawaysThe U.S. has not built an icebreaker in 50 years.80% of the world's icebreakers are designed in Finland.The Coast Guard has been slow to prioritize icebreaker needs.China is rapidly expanding its icebreaker fleet.The procurement process for U.S. icebreakers is dysfunctional.International cooperation is essential for icebreaker capabilities.The U.S. needs to consider purchasing foreign-built icebreakers.Armed icebreakers are necessary for Arctic security.The Icebreaker Coalition aims to enhance collaboration among allies.Political will is crucial for advancing U.S. icebreaker strategy.Chapters00:00: Introduction to Icebreakers and Arctic Strategy06:10: Transitioning to Finland: A Personal Journey13:03: The Importance of Icebreakers in Global Trade18:12: Challenges in U.S. Icebreaker Procurement24:34: The Complexity of Icebreaker Design and Construction30:00: Understanding the Delays in Icebreaker Development31:15: Legal and Political Constraints in Shipbuilding34:34: The Need for a Comprehensive Icebreaker Strategy37:17: Arming Icebreakers: A Strategic Discussion43:52: The Icebreaker Coalition: Collaboration and Challenges47:19: Finland's Defense Purchases and U.S. Relations51:42: China's Growing Influence in Antarctica53:53: Future Insights and Closing Thoughts

Trying to get your mind around who the actors are in Syria as this 'frozen conflict' from the last decade begins to thaw?If you are concerned about international jihadist organizations, the security of Israel, instability caused by mass migration, rights of religious minorities in the Middle East, or human suffering, the cascading events in Syria should be in your scan.Well, this Midrats is just for you. Returning to Midrats for the full hour to give an overview of the different players in the conflict, from the perspective of a US Marine who helped lead the fight in an earlier phase of this long conflict, will be Seth W.B. Folsom.Seth is a retired Marine Corps colonel who served more than twenty-eight years in uniform. Throughout the Global War on Terror, he deployed multiple times to Iraq and Afghanistan, where he commanded in combat at the company, battalion, and task force levels. A graduate of the University of Virginia, Naval Postgraduate School, and the Marine Corps War College, he also is the author of “The Highway War: A Marine Company Commander in Iraq;” “In the Gray Area: A Marine Advisor Team at War;” “Where Youth and Laughter Go: With ‘the Cutting Edge' in Afghanistan;” and the forthcoming “Nothing Here Worth Dying For: Task Force Lion in Iraq.”He lives with his family and their needy cat in Southern California.You can listen here or at the Spotify widget below:ShowlinksNothing Here Worth Dying For: Task Force Lion in Iraq, by Seth FolsomHardcore History Series, Dan CarlinSummaryIn this conversation, Sal, Mark, and Seth discuss the complexities of the Syrian conflict, drawing connections to historical events and the role of various actors involved. They explore the implications of the recent developments in Syria, including the potential for humanitarian crises and the influence of external forces. The discussion also touches on military strategies, the significance of ethnic and religious groups, and the challenges faced by the international community in addressing the situation.TakeawaysThe Syrian conflict is deeply intertwined with historical and regional complexities.Jihadist groups in Syria present a complicated landscape that defies simple categorization.Comparisons to past conflicts, such as the Afghan Civil War, highlight potential future challenges in Syria.Ethnic and religious divisions in Syria complicate the political landscape and future governance.External actors, including Turkey and Iran, play significant roles in shaping the conflict's outcome.Humanitarian concerns are paramount as the situation in Syria evolves.The international community's response to the crisis will be critical in determining future stability.Chapters00:00: Introduction to the Syrian Conflict03:00: Task Force Lion and Its Role in Iraq and Syria11:09: The Complexity of Syrian Factions13:48: Comparisons to Historical Conflicts19:49: The Future of Syria and Regional Implications30:43: Historical Context and Military Logistics36:20: The Evolving Threat of ISIS38:03: Geopolitical Dynamics in the Middle East44:27: Humanitarian Crisis and International Response52:34: Reflections on Military Experience and Future Implications

Before everyone dives into a week of family and fasting, time to catch up with Sal and Mark on Midrats.From the retention crisis to some stark comments from senior leaders about the Western Pacific, we'll cover the waterfront and more.ShowlinksFighter pilot burnoutAdmiral Paparo at BrookingsDereliction of Duty: Johnson, McNamara, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Lies That Led to VietnamSummaryIn this episode, Sal and Mark discuss the complexities of national defense, focusing on the importance of personnel in the military, the challenges of recruitment and retention, and the impact of deployment lengths on service members' lives. They explore the zero-sum nature of military personnel management, the strategic decisions that need to be made regarding deployments, and the role of allies in global military dynamics. The conversation critiques current military strategies and reflects on the future of military engagements, emphasizing the need for a reevaluation of military policy and priorities. In this conversation, Sal and Mark discuss the economic vulnerabilities of nations, particularly focusing on the UK's reliance on maritime access and the implications for military readiness. They explore the challenges of budgetary pressures on defense spending, the inefficiencies within government bureaucracy, and the need for a reevaluation of military strategy in light of current geopolitical realities. The discussion emphasizes the importance of joint operations and the necessity for a more efficient allocation of resources to ensure national security.Chapters00:00: Introduction and Thanksgiving Greetings03:02: The People Behind National Defense06:10: Challenges in Retention and Recruitment08:54: The Zero-Sum Game of Military Personnel11:49: The Impact of Deployment Length on Retention15:08: Strategic Decisions in Military Deployments17:51: The Role of Allies and Global Military Dynamics21:01: Critique of Current Military Strategies23:58: The Complexity of International Conflicts27:12: The Future of Military Engagements29:56: Conclusion and Reflections on Military Policy32:15: The Economic Vulnerability of Nations35:52: Military Readiness and Strategic Realities39:42: Budgetary Pressures and Social Welfare Challenges43:17: Government Efficiency and Bureaucratic Challenges49:10: Rethinking Military Strategy and Deterrence57:11: The Future of Military Operations and Joint Forces

With 63 days until President Trump's second inauguration and a new national security team lining up, what are the expected opportunities they will be looking to make an impact quickly? What should people be looking at? Where is the fruit ripe for the picking?For the full hour we have returning guest, Jerry Dunleavy IV, author of Kabul: The Untold Story of Biden's Fiasco and the American Warriors Who Fought to the End, Former investigative journalist for the Washington Examiner, & former senior investigator for the House Foreign Affairs Committee. Summary:In this conversation, Jerry Dunleavy discusses the implications of Trump's presidency, focusing on the shock experienced in Washington during his election and the subsequent challenges faced by the administration. He emphasizes the need for accountability regarding the Afghanistan situation and the potential pushback from entrenched bureaucracies. The conversation also touches on Trump's agenda for government reform and the overlooked threats posed by COVID and fentanyl, highlighting the intelligence community's lack of interest in these issues. The discussion concludes with reflections on the topics covered.Chapters:00:00: Introduction02:22: Accountability in the Trump Administration08:47: Lawfare and Political Resistance09:09: Consequences of Intelligence Failures09:34: The Hunter Biden Laptop Controversy11:51: Politicization of Intelligence14:01: Accountability in Intelligence and Military19:54: Challenges in Military Leadership28:43: National Security Challenges Ahead33:49: Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in the Military44:43: China's Influence and Accountability55:49: Future Directions and Closing Thoughts

SummaryThe conversation delves into various themes surrounding innovation, customization, and future planning. It highlights the importance of bespoke solutions in development and addresses the challenges faced in implementing these ideas. The speakers reflect on their insights and look forward to new developments in the field.Show LinksTrump Declares No Mercy on CartelsChris Cappy from Task & Purpose on the Cartel WarsRed Hill Fuel Storage ReportWho Put Quartermaster Bloomfield in Charge of Defending Guam?Elbridge Colby on Tucker Carlson's ShowElbridge Colby on MidratsReturn to TinianBuilding Navy Bases in WWIIThe Art of Military Innovation: Lessons from the Israel Defense Forces, by Edward N. LuttwakChapters00:00: Introduction and Veterans Day Reflection02:55: Post-Election Analysis and Military Implications09:05: National Security and Fuel Storage Concerns13:54: War on Cartels: A New Approach18:35: Military Cooperation with Mexico23:33: Political Polarization and Bureaucratic Challenges27:08: International Relations and Energy Policies29:14: Political Landscape and Defense Spending32:52: Innovations in Military Technology35:36: Strategic Military Planning and Leadership38:17: Naval Strategy and Regional Security40:58: Impact of Political Changes on Foreign Policy44:25: Military Readiness and Resource Allocation49:14: Bureaucratic Challenges in Defense54:43: Critique of Diversity Initiatives in the Military

ShowlinksJoint Sword 2024 off Taiwan.TAFFY-3 off Samar.USAF NGAD Pause.Narrow Seas, Small Navies, and Fat Merchantmen: Naval Strategies for the 1990s.USS Carney's 1 year anniversary.Debt service now greater than spending on defense.SummaryIn this episode of Midrats, Sal and Mark discuss the evolving geopolitical landscape, focusing on China's strategic maneuvers around Taiwan and the implications for US military preparedness. They explore the potential for conflict, the challenges facing the US Navy, and the need for a reevaluation of military strategy and acquisition processes. The conversation highlights the complexities of international relations and the shifting balance of power in the region. In this conversation, Mark and Sal delve into the complexities of naval strategy, fleet composition, and the lessons learned from historical engagements like Taffy 3. They discuss the limitations of wargaming, the need for modernization in naval warfare, and the challenges of military production in times of peace. The dialogue also touches on the shifting global power dynamics and the implications for military strategy, particularly in relation to Israel and the broader international community.TakeawaysThe ongoing conflict in the Red Sea highlights the complexities of modern warfare.China's maneuvers around Taiwan reflect a strategic approach to territorial claims.The use of non-military assets by China complicates international responses.The US military faces significant challenges in terms of preparedness and resources.China's strategy may involve a slow strangulation of Taiwan's economy.International recognition of Taiwan's sovereignty is dwindling.The US's military pivot to the Pacific has not been adequately supported by resources.Naval strategy must adapt to the realities of modern warfare in narrow seas.The acquisition process for military assets is slow and risk-averse.There is a pressing need for change in military development and strategy. The importance of having a diverse fleet for various combat scenarios.Historical engagements like Taffy 3 provide valuable lessons for modern naval strategy.Wargaming often fails to capture the unpredictability of real-world engagements.Smaller, well-led units can outperform larger forces under the right conditions.The U.S. Navy needs to modernize its approach to warfare and fleet composition.Production capabilities must align with wartime needs to ensure readiness.Understanding global power dynamics is crucial for effective military strategy.The international community's perception of military actions can impact alliances.Decisive action is necessary when dealing with irrational adversaries.Military strategy must evolve to address contemporary threats effectively.Sound Bites"Halloween's spooktacular, but all our shows are spooktacular.""We need to think about smaller, highly armed boats.""Wargames are limited by assumptions and math.""Taffy 3 turned around a massive Japanese force."Chapters00:00: Introduction and Context Setting01:55: China's Strategic Maneuvers Around Taiwan09:55: The Implications of China's Actions18:13: US Military Preparedness and Response26:05: Challenges in Naval Strategy and Acquisition32:07: Future of Military Development and Change Management33:47: Navigating Naval Strategy and Fleet Composition39:49: Lessons from History: The Taffy 3 Engagement45:40: The Need for Modernization in Naval Warfare52:19: Production Challenges in Military Readiness56:05: Understanding Global Power Dynamics and Military Strategy

It's mid-October, and time for another no-hold-barred Maritime Melee from Midrats!You can listen at this link, or via the Spotify widget below.Show LinksHappy 249th Birthday Navy!Kaman K-MAX helicoptersStarlinkLifestrawIodine tabletsCNOC bagKatadyn filtersUkraine's Baba Yaga dronesNavy relearns how to reload at seaHeavy lift shipsNet Assessment Podcast: What is the US Military Doing in EuropeTom Shugart's report on 24 PRC patrol craft under constructionSummaryIn this conversation, Sal and Mark discuss the importance of disaster preparedness, particularly in the context of recent hurricanes. They explore various solutions, including maritime logistics, innovative technologies, and community self-sufficiency. They also touch on military logistics and the necessity of being prepared for future challenges. They discuss the critical need for the U.S. Navy to enhance its reloading capabilities, particularly for Vertical Launching System (VLS) cells, and the importance of maintenance and logistics in sustaining naval operations. They explore the implications of military readiness in the context of global power dynamics, particularly concerning China, and the challenges faced by the U.S. Navy in maintaining operational effectiveness amidst increasing demands. The discussion emphasizes the necessity for strategic foresight and collaboration with allies to ensure a robust defense posture.TakeawaysDisaster preparedness is essential for everyone, regardless of location.Maritime solutions can significantly enhance disaster response efforts.Innovative technologies, such as drones and unmanned systems, can aid in logistics during emergencies.Self-sufficiency and community preparedness are crucial in disaster situations.Effective communication is vital for managing disaster responses.Utilizing water transport systems can improve logistics during emergencies.Military logistics play a key role in national security and disaster response.Preparation for significant combat operations is necessary in the current geopolitical climate.Community volunteers can make a substantial impact during disasters.Having a disaster kit and knowing how to use it can save lives.The U.S. Navy needs to enhance its reloading capabilities for VLS cells.Maintenance and logistics are crucial for sustaining naval operations.The absence of destroyer tenders has impacted fleet readiness.Military readiness is essential in the face of global power shifts.The U.S. must focus on strategic partnerships to share defense burdens.Sustainment logistics are critical for operational effectiveness.The Navy's current operational tempo is wearing out ships.There is a need for a reset in naval operations and strategy.The U.S. must prepare for potential conflicts in the Pacific.Historical lessons indicate the importance of proactive military readiness.Chapters00:00: Introduction and Hurricane Recovery Discussion03:11: Disaster Preparedness and Maritime Solutions06:09: Innovative Technologies in Disaster Response09:55: Self-Sufficiency and Community Preparedness14:09: Communication and Information Dissemination18:49: Logistics and Water Transport in Emergencies29:00: Military Logistics and Future Preparedness33:11: Reloading Capabilities and Strategic Considerations39:49: The Importance of Maintenance and Logistics46:06: Military Readiness and Global Power Dynamics56:58: Challenges in U.S. Naval Operations and Global Strategy

What can be done to reform The Pentagon?Returning to Midrats to discuss the challenge of real reform to our military bureaucratic establishment will be Steve Deal.Steve Deal, Captain, U.S. Navy (Ret.) served as Deputy Chief of Staff to the Secretary of the Navy and Deputy Chief Learning Officer for the Department of the Navy.  During his twenty-seven years on active duty, he commanded Patrol Squadron Forty-Seven, in Ali Air Base, Iraq; Joint Provincial Reconstruction Team Khost, Afghanistan; and Patrol and Reconnaissance Wing Ten in Whidbey Island, Washington. ShowlinkTransforming to Innovate for National SecuritySummaryIn this conversation, Sal and Steve Deal discuss the pressing need for reform within the Pentagon, emphasizing the importance of political will, leadership, and human capital in driving change. They explore historical contexts, the challenges posed by bureaucracy, and the necessity of engaging the public in national security discussions. The dialogue highlights the critical role of education and talent management in the military, as well as the need for accountability and innovative thinking to overcome systemic inertia.TakeawaysPolitical will is essential for true change in the Pentagon.The inertia of bureaucracy often prevents necessary reforms.Human capital is a critical component of national security.Leadership must be ruthless to drive real change.Engaging the public is vital for national security discussions.Education and talent management are key to military transformation.Tacit collusion can hinder innovation within the defense sector.A new Goldwater Nichols is needed for future reforms.We must challenge existing assumptions about military recruitment.The role of people in defense innovation cannot be overlooked.Chapters00:00: Introduction and Overview of Pentagon Reform03:06: Political Will and Historical Context for Change06:43: The Role of People in Defense Innovation10:51: Challenges of Human Capital in the Military14:26: Need for Holistic Change in Defense Structure18:08: The Inertia of Bureaucracy and Resistance to Change22:51: Leadership and Accountability in National Security26:33: Education and Talent Management in the Navy30:40: The Importance of Engaging the Public34:46: Consulting and Internal Change Agents39:51: Tacit Collusion and the Need for Accountability43:54: The Future of Defense Strategy and Leadership48:44: Closing Thoughts and Future Directions

For the last 23 years, the major powers outside the People's Republic of China (PRC) have been engaged in a series of imperial police actions like in Afghanistan, small wars turning into inextricable problems, like Iraq, and not-insignificant medium sized wars as we see in Ukraine.The PRC chose to stay out of these conflicts, but has been learning from them.After studying 20th-century Pacific war lessons deeply and, though untested in combat since 1979, the PRC is preparing for something.Dr. Toshi Yoshihara returned to Midrats to discuss what the PRC has studied most and how its study is manifesting in policy and action.You can listen from this link, or the Spotify widget below.Remember, is you don't already, subscribe to the podcast.Toshi is a Senior Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments. He was previously the inaugural John A. van Beuren Chair of Asia-Pacific Studies and a Professor of Strategy at the U.S. Naval War College.  Dr. Yoshihara's latest book is Mao's Army Goes to Sea: The Island Campaigns and the Founding of China's Navy (Georgetown University Press, 2022). A Japanese translation of Mao's Army Goes to Sea was published in 2023. He co-authored, with James R. Holmes, the second edition of Red Star over the Pacific: China's Rise and the Challenge to U.S. Maritime Strategy (Naval Institute Press, 2018). The book has been listed on the Chief of Naval Operations Professional Reading Program, the Indo-Pacific Command Professional Development Reading List, and the Commandant of the Marine Corps Professional Reading Program.Dr. Yoshihara is the recipient of the 8th annual Kokkiken Japan Study Award by the Japan Institute for National Fundamentals in July 2021 for his CSBA study, "Dragon Against the Sun." In 2016 he was awarded the Navy Meritorious Civilian Service Award in recognition of his scholarship on maritime and strategic affairs at the Naval War College.  Dr. Yoshihara served as a visiting professor at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University; the School of Global Policy and Strategy, University of California, San Diego; and the Strategy Department of the U.S. Air War College. He currently teaches a graduate course on seapower in the Indo-Pacific at the School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University.ShowlinksChinese Lessons from the Great Pacific War: Implications for PRC Warfighting, CBSAChina is Learning About Western Decision Making from the Ukraine War, by Mick RyanElbridge Colby on XU.S. Navy's Top Officer Plans for Confrontation With China by 2027SummaryIn this conversation, Toshi Yoshihara, Sal, and Mark delve into the lessons that the People's Liberation Army (PLA) has learned from historical conflicts, particularly the Pacific War in World War II. They discuss the importance of logistics, intelligence, and joint operations in modern warfare, as well as how the PLA is analyzing past battles to inform its future strategies. The conversation also touches on the implications of the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict and the concept of comprehensive national power in the context of military readiness and capability.TakeawaysThe PLA has not fought a major war since 1979, relying on historical analysis.China studies past conflicts to inform its military strategies.Logistics played a crucial role in the success of the US in the Pacific War.Shore-based air power is essential for modern military operations.The PLA recognizes its weaknesses in joint operations and is working to improve.Intelligence gathering and analysis are vital for understanding adversaries.The study of history is integral to military education in China.The PLA draws lessons from both World War II and contemporary conflicts.China is observing the Russia-Ukraine war for strategic insights.Comprehensive national power is a key concept in assessing military capabilities.Chapters00:00: Introduction and Context of the Discussion02:56: China's Learning from Historical Conflicts09:12: Analyzing Key Battles of the Pacific War20:44: Logistics and Its Importance in Warfare27:53: The Concept of Joint Operations in Military Strategy30:06: The Role of Intelligence in Modern Warfare34:05: Intellectual Approaches to Military History43:17: Lessons from the Japanese and American Military Strategies48:56: Learning from the Russia-Ukraine Conflict58:01: Comprehensive National Power and Its Implications

Summer is over, and it's time to focus on adult things once again.If it is of interest to from the Pacific to the Red Sea to the Potomac River—we have you covered.Showlinks:Royal Navy Ship Availability graphicCO USS John S. McCain relievedEgypt in Yemen Civil War 1960s/70sUS Army Typhon (not Typhoon, I know) launcherEgypt's Interest in PRC AircraftSummaryThe conversation discusses the current situation in the Red Sea and the challenges posed by the Houthi rebels and Iran. It explores the implications of inaction and the role of the US and other nations in addressing the issue. The conversation also touches on the need for international cooperation and the changing dynamics of naval power. Other topics mentioned include the relief of the CO of the USS John S. McCain and the future of the Navy. The conversation in this part focuses on the importance of icebreakers and ice-hardened vessels in the Arctic region, the need for a grand strategy and force planning, the role of unmanned systems in warfare, the significance of mine warfare, and the changing dynamics in the Eastern Mediterranean.TakeawaysThe Red Sea is currently a volatile region due to the activities of the Houthi rebels and Iran's support for them.The international community, particularly the US and its allies, need to address the situation in the Red Sea to ensure the free flow of trade and maintain stability.There are challenges and risks involved in taking action, including the potential for a larger conflict with Iran.The role of the US Navy and its allies in maintaining the security of the seas is crucial, but there are limitations to what they can do.The changing dynamics of naval power, including the rise of China in the Arctic, pose additional challenges for the US Navy.There is a need for international cooperation and a clear strategy to address the issues in the Red Sea and other critical maritime regions.The lack of icebreakers and ice-hardened vessels in the Arctic region is a concern for national security and environmental protection.Unmanned systems, including drones and unmanned submarines, are becoming increasingly important in modern warfare.Mine warfare is a critical aspect of naval operations and can be a deterrent to enemy forces.The Eastern Mediterranean is experiencing changing dynamics with the involvement of Egypt, Turkey, and China.Sound Bites"The Red Sea is worse than the Wild Wild West.""If we're going to pursue this vigorously, then we really have to go after Iran.""If not the US Navy, people will look towards the Royal Navy.""If we're going to do the guns and butter routine again, sometimes you ought to have guns and not just all butter."Chapters00:00: Introduction and Technical Difficulties03:20: The Volatile Situation in the Red Sea08:05: Challenges of Addressing the Conflict15:25: The Role of Naval Power in Maritime Security21:03: The Need for Investment in Naval Assets31:02: China's Growing Presence in the Arctic32:47: Icebreakers and Arctic Security34:42: Grand Strategy and Countering Great Power Competition40:14: Unmanned Systems in Modern Warfare48:48: The Significance of Range in Defense and Offense55:46: Mine Warfare and Naval Operations59:26: Geopolitical Dynamics in the Eastern Mediterranean01:01:24: China's Presence in Egypt and Regional Implications

Where there appears to be a fair bit of shock and surprise in the general public, for those who have tracked the story closest, the feeling could be found along the spectrum from resignation to dismay. This did not happen overnight - and for those given responsibility for our nation's sea power, this was only a matter of time. By acts of commission and omission, the nation that likes to call itself the world's greatest - because we are no longer the largest - seapower, finds itself here;The Navy will reportedly sideline 17 vessels due to a manpower shortage that makes it difficult to properly crew and operate ships across the fleet. …The ships include two replenishment ships, one fleet oiler, a dozen Spearhead-class Expeditionary Fast Transports and two forward-deployed Navy expeditionary sea bases – the USS Lewis Puller, based in Bahrain and the USS Herschel "Woody" Williams, based in Souda Bay, Greece.The effort is known as the "great reset" and is awaiting approval from Chief of Naval Operations Adm. Lisa Franchetti. The change will reduce Navy demands for officers by 700 mariners.No amount of spin or PAO squid ink can hide this carbuncle - so we're going to dive into it on the next Midrats Podcast. Returning to Midrats to get everyone up to speed is Dr. Sal Mercogliano, Chair Department of History, Criminal Justice and Political Science at Campbell University Former merchant mariner, contributor to USNI Proceedings, Sea History, Naval History, and gCaptain. Host of the YouTube channel What's Going on With Shipping.SummaryThe conversation discusses the recent decision by the Navy to sideline 17 vessels due to a manpower shortage. This decision has raised concerns about the impact on the fleet's operational capabilities. The guest, Dr. Sal Mercagliano, explains that this issue has been a long time coming and traces it back to decisions made in the 1980s. He highlights the challenges faced by Military Sealift Command (MSC) in recruiting and retaining mariners, as well as the negative impact of COVID-19 on crew availability. The conversation also touches on the lack of recognition and benefits for CivMars, the civilian mariners who serve on these ships.The conversation explores the challenges and potential solutions for the Military Sealift Command (MSC) and the U.S. merchant marine. The complex chain of command for MSC and the stringent requirements for civilian merchant sailors are discussed. The need to make it easier for people to transition from active duty to MSC is highlighted. The conversation also addresses the issues of training, leave, and travel expenses for MSC mariners. The low recruitment rate from the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy and the negative experiences of some mariners with MSC are mentioned. The potential consequences of a shortage of mariners during a crisis are examined. The conversation emphasizes the importance of proper allocation of funds and the need for leadership and recognition of mariners' contributions. The lack of visibility and positive messaging about the merchant marine is discussed, along with the need for a national maritime strategy. The importance of logistics and the challenges of maintaining a strong logistics force are highlighted. The conversation concludes with a discussion on the need to reevaluate the role of MSC and the potential benefits of reverting some ships from USNS to USS.TakeawaysThe Navy's decision to sideline 17 vessels due to a manpower shortage raises concerns about the fleet's operational capabilities.Recruiting and retaining mariners has been a long-standing challenge for Military Sealift Command (MSC).The COVID-19 pandemic has further exacerbated the crew availability issue.CivMars, the civilian mariners who serve on these ships, do not receive adequate recognition and benefits for their service. The chain of command for MSC is complicated, which makes life difficult for the Admiral in charge of MSC.There is a need to make it easier for people to transition from active duty to MSC.The stringent requirements for civilian merchant sailors and the training and travel expenses for MSC mariners need to be addressed and made more efficient.The recruitment rate from the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy is low, and negative experiences with MSC can deter mariners from continuing their careers at sea.There is a need for a national maritime strategy and better recognition of the contributions of mariners.The importance of logistics and the challenges of maintaining a strong logistics force are emphasized.Reverting some ships from USNS to USS and putting supply officers in charge of fleets and commands could improve the understanding and management of logistics.Chapters00:00: Introduction and Invitation to Join the Conversation02:07: The Navy's Decision to Sideline 17 Vessels05:32: The Long-standing Issue of Personnel Shortage in the Military Sealift Command09:09: The Impact of COVID-19 on the Merchant Marine and the MSC15:23: The Poor Work Environment and Recruitment Challenges26:00: The Importance of Auxiliaries in Supporting Warships29:26: The Potential Repercussions of Sidelineing Vessels31:54: Addressing the Manpower Shortage: Improving Work Environment and Recruitment33:23: The Complex Chain of Command for MSC34:19: Making the Transition to MSC Easier35:34: Increasing Recruitment from the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy36:29: Addressing Negative Experiences and Retention Issues37:50: The Potential Consequences of a Shortage of Mariners40:55: The Importance of Leadership and Resource Allocation

If you find a message that is consistent over time, through times of ease and times of challenge, and at each challenge in the real world this message is validated, reinforced, and found to be correct — is that a message you need to pay attention to?Since the Houthi joined a second front with the Gazans against Israel by attacking international shipping in the Red Sea and its approaches, the US Navy has led the international response and has been engaged in continuous combat operations facing almost all anti-ship weapons that any navy would expect to face in 2024.The experience in the Red Sea is validating the consistent messages about fleet size and requirements voiced by our guest this week on Midrats — a consistent guest since 2010 — Bryan McGrath, Commander, USN (Ret.).SummaryIn this conversation, Sal, Mark, and Bryan McGrath discuss the ongoing attacks on international shipping in the Red Sea by the Houthis, who are clients of Iran. They also talk about the performance of the US Navy in protecting commercial shipping, the investments made in the Navy, and improvements and challenges in the US Navy. The conversation then shifts to the development of directed energy weapons and the challenges in integrating them into the fleet. They also discuss the importance of multi-mission platforms and the need for single-mission platforms in certain situations. The conversation concludes with a discussion on the presence and deterrence mission of submarines and the need for VLS reload capabilities on DDGs. McGrath highlighted the positive changes in the fleet's material condition and combat systems, as well as the increased investment in training and spare parts. However, he also expressed concerns about the extended deployments and the strain it puts on ships and crews. McGrath emphasized the need for a larger Navy, particularly in terms of aircraft carriers, to meet the demands of global operations. He also discussed the challenges in the shipbuilding industry and the importance of stability and additional shipyards.Sound Bites"It is time to bring systems to see that allow us to economically engage civilizations that can out-produce us""There's been three straight budgets now that have funded spare parts significantly higher than I have seen them since I was in command."Chapters00:00: Introduction02:04: Ongoing Attacks on International Shipping in the Red Sea04:07: Performance of the Fleet in the Red Sea07:10: The Potential of Directed Energy Weapons09:40: Challenges in Integrating New Technology12:14: The Need for More VLS Tubes and Single-Mission Platforms16:13: The Role of Submarines in Naval Power21:53: Deterrence in the South China Sea26:43: Presence and Deterrence with the USS Georgia30:20: Rearming DDGs and the Importance of VLS33:36: Improvements in Shipyards and Material Conditions41:18: The Need for More Aircraft Carriers48:00: The Impact of Extended Deployments54:35: The Importance of Spare Parts58:58: Challenges of the Constellation Class01:00:09: The Importance of Stability and Additional ShipyardsBryan is the founding Managing Director of The FerryBridge Group LLC (FBG), a niche consultancy specializing in naval and national security issues including national and military strategy, strategic planning, executive communications, strategic communications, and emerging technologies. A retired Naval Officer, Bryan spent 21 years on active duty including a tour in command of USS BULKELEY (DDG 84), a guided-missile destroyer homeported in Norfolk, Virginia.In command, he received the “Admiral Elmo Zumwalt Award for Inspirational Leadership” from the Surface Navy Association and his ship earned the USS ARIZONA Memorial Trophy signifying its selection as the Fleet's most combat-ready warship. His final duties ashore included serving as Team Lead and Primary Author of the US Navy's 2007 Maritime Strategy “A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower”.Bryan was formerly the Deputy Director of the Hudson Institute Center for American Seapower. In this capacity, he helped develop the Surface Navy's “Distributed Lethality” concept and the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments' 2017 Navy Alternate Fleet Architecture Study. He served as the Co-Lead of the 2012 Romney for President Naval Policy Committee, and the Lead of the 2016 Rubio for President Navy and Marine Corps Policy Committee.In March of 2023, he was appointed by the Chairman of the House Armed Services Committee (HASC Rep. Mike Rogers R-Al) to the National Commission on the Future of the Navy. Bryan earned a BA in History from the University of Virginia in 1987, and an MA in Political Science (Congressional Studies) from The Catholic University of America. He is a graduate of the Naval War College.

Look who we have on a short-turnaround visit to Midrats, Dr. Emma Salisbury!We're going to cover the waterfront issues in the Anglosphere, but we'll kick off the discussion with the issues she outlined in her recent Behind the Front post, Franken-FREMM: How the Constellation Class Became a Monster.Emma recently completed her PhD at Birkbeck College, University of London, with research focusing on the history of the U.S. military-industrial complex. She is the Sea Power Research Fellow at the Council on Geostrategy, Fellow at UK Strategic Command Defence Futures, and an assistant editor at War on the Rocks.ShowlinksFranken-FREMM: How the Constellation Class Became a Monster - Emma SalisburyBeyond the Iron Triangle: The Military-Industrial Complex as Assemblage - Emma SalisburyThe US Navy has Fallen Victim to the British Disease - Tom SharpeSummaryThe conversation discusses the challenges and systemic problems in naval shipbuilding, specifically focusing on the Constellation Class FFG program. The guests highlight the lack of learning from previous failures, the accumulation of unnecessary changes, and the desire for perfection at the outset. They also explore the mindset issue in shipbuilding, the impact of economic considerations on decision-making, and the importance of maintaining shipbuilding capacity. The conversation emphasizes the need for an iterative approach and long-term planning to address these issues. The conversation explores the challenges and issues surrounding naval procurement and shipbuilding in the UK and the US. It discusses the underfunding of the armed forces, the problem of project creep, the need for investment in defense, and the importance of having a clear vision for ship designs. The conversation also touches on the potential of AI and unmanned assets in the future, the need for flexibility in ship designs, and the importance of maintaining a strong defense industrial base.TakeawaysNaval shipbuilding faces systemic problems and a lack of learning from previous failures.The desire for perfection at the outset and the accumulation of unnecessary changes contribute to shipbuilding challenges.Economic considerations and the impact on local communities often influence decision-making in shipbuilding programs.Maintaining shipbuilding capacity is crucial for national security and requires long-term planning.An iterative approach, similar to China's shipbuilding strategy, could be beneficial for naval shipbuilding programs. Both the UK and the US have historically underfunded their armed forces, leading to challenges in naval procurement and shipbuilding.Project creep, the tendency to continuously add features and modifications to a design, has been a major problem in naval procurement.Investment in defense is necessary to ensure the readiness and capability of armed forces.There is a need for a clear vision and focus on the intended role and capabilities of ships, rather than trying to make them do everything.While AI and unmanned assets hold promise for the future, there is still a long way to go in terms of technology development and integration into fleet structures.Flexibility in ship designs is important to accommodate future upgrades and capabilities.Maintaining a strong defense industrial base is crucial for national security and the success of naval procurement and shipbuilding.Chapters00:00: Introduction01:21: Systemic Problems in Naval Shipbuilding03:03: The Constellation Class FFG Program and its Challenges06:01: The Desire for Perfection and Accumulation of Changes10:26: The Need for an Iterative Approach in Shipbuilding17:47: Economic Considerations and Decision-Making in Shipbuilding22:40: The Importance of Maintaining Shipbuilding Capacity25:23: Long-Term Planning for Naval Shipbuilding29:48: Underfunding and Sea Blindness33:01: The Problem of Project Creep35:44: The Need for Defense Investment38:41: Making the Case for Defense Spending44:12: The Importance of Clear Ship Designs46:09: The Potential and Limitations of AI and Unmanned Assets49:32: Flexibility in Ship Designs for Future Upgrades52:09: The Challenge of Limited Space and Displacement55:09: Fixing the Defense Industrial Base

What has the People's Republic of China been doing to grow its influence in the Pacific Island nations that proved so crucial in the Pacific theater in WWII, and will be just as important for the next Great Pacific War?Our guest for the full hour is be Cleo Paskal.Cleo is Non-Resident Senior Fellow focusing on the Indo-Pacific at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies. She has testified before Congress multiple times and regularly lectures for seminars for the U.S. military. She is also a columnist with India's The Sunday Guardian newspaper. She is surprisingly short, but as this is a podcast, no one will notice.Showlinks:Protecting the Corridor of Freedom to America's Asian Border, by Cleo Paskal. Published July 1, 2024 in Journal of INDO-PACIFIC Affairs.Island-Hopping with Chinese Characteristics—What the PRC Is Island-Hopping with Chinese Characteristics, by Cleo Paskal. Published in the Autumn 2023 edition of the Naval War College Review.Chinese Lessons From the Pacific War: Implications for PLA Warfighting, by Toshi Yoshihara. Published January 5, 2023 at Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments.The Compacts of Free Association report by the Congressional Research Service, April 2024.Map of the South Pacific Ocean.Summary:The conversation discusses China's growing influence in the Pacific Island nations and its comprehensive national power strategy. The Pacific Island nations, located between Hawaii and Guam, are strategically important for the US. China's comprehensive national power metric ranks countries based on various factors, including economic, military, and political influence. China's approach is externally focused and aims to increase its own power while decreasing the power of other nations. The Chinese Communist Party's influence extends beyond government and includes economic, social, and criminal elements. The US and its allies need to be aware of China's grand strategy and its impact on the Pacific region. The principal themes of the conversation are the importance of addressing corruption in the Pacific Islands, the strategic significance of the Pacific region, the need for maritime domain enforcement, and the role of the US in supporting the Pacific Islands.Takeaways:China is actively growing its influence in the Pacific Island nations, which are strategically important for the US.China's comprehensive national power metric ranks countries based on various factors and aims to increase China's power while decreasing the power of other nations.China's approach is externally focused and includes economic, social, and criminal elements.The US and its allies need to be aware of China's grand strategy and its impact on the Pacific region. Corruption in the Pacific Islands is a major issue that needs to be addressed, as it undermines national security and allows China to gain influence in the region.The Pacific region is strategically significant, and control over the islands and maritime routes is crucial for both the US and China.Maritime domain enforcement is essential to protect the rights and interests of the Pacific Islands and to counter illegal activities by China.The US should provide support to the Pacific Islands in terms of intelligence sharing, investigations, and strengthening their legal systems to combat corruption and defend their communities.The US needs to increase its presence and engagement in the Pacific Islands to counter China's influence and protect its own interests in the region.Sound Bites:"If you have a Pacific centered map, you know, the Indo-Pacific is going to be the, to the 21st century, what the Atlantic was to the 20th century.""China's comprehensive national power mentality seems to have actually translated into action in the way that they interact with the region.""China's approach is not just a kind of zero-sum game. They will go into the other side loses more.""You are sending in the mercy or Guard cut or whatever corruption that's happening on the ground is what's feeding out into the maritime environment, the air environment, and the entire national security bubble and corroding it.""We should have an unlimited prosecution and investigation budget. You don't compete on their terms, you compete on our terms because fundamentally, I think our system is better.""Unless we raise the cost of taking the money from China and give breathing space to the people who are trying to defend their communities and the things that they believe, it's not going to tip in our favor."Chapters:00:00: Introduction and Call to Join the Conversation02:10: Overview of the Pacific Island Nations07:24: China's Comprehensive National Power Strategy13:33: China's Influence in the Commonwealth of Northern Marianas21:23: China's Braided Approach and Challenges for the US32:18: The Corrosive Effect of Corruption on National Security34:44: The Significance of the First and Second Island Chains38:29: The Importance of Geography in Conflict41:58: The Need for a Stronger US Presence in the Pacific Islands47:14: China's Political Warfare in the Pacific Islands53:22: China's Maritime Strategy in Latin America56:20: Enforcing Maritime Domain Awareness in the Pacific Islands59:41: The Importance of FBI Field Offices in the Pacific Islands

SummaryIn this conversation, Sal and Mark discuss various topics related to national security and the military. They start by questioning the purpose and effectiveness of the US presence in the Red Sea. They also touch on the lack of accountability in the executive branch, the importance of congressional oversight, and the decline in military press coverage. They highlight some positive developments, such as improvements in ship maintenance and the increased visibility of sailors through social media. They also mention the exoneration of the Chicago 50 and the extended screen time given to sailors by the Commanding Officer of the USS Eisenhower. Overall, the conversation explores the challenges and successes in the military and national security arena. The conversation covers various topics related to the Navy and its operations. Some of the main themes include the importance of the Navy's distinctive uniforms and theatrical landscapes for visibility and recruitment, the need for effective shipbuilding and acquisition processes, the limitations of relying on a single aircraft design, the importance of a diverse toolkit for a complicated world, the challenges of extending the range of strike forces, the need for search and rescue capabilities in the Pacific, and the significance of logistics and resupply ships in operations.TakeawaysThe purpose and effectiveness of the US presence in the Red Sea is questioned, highlighting the need for clear guidance and intent from the executive branch.Congressional oversight is crucial in holding the executive branch accountable, but it may be limited during an election year.There has been a noticeable improvement in ship maintenance and corrosion control in the past 18 months, which is a positive development.The increased visibility of sailors through social media and the efforts of the CEO of the USS Eisenhower to showcase their work are commendable.The exoneration of the Chicago 50 and the recognition of their contributions is a step towards acknowledging past injustices.There is a need for more personalized and relatable storytelling to showcase the importance and impact of the military. The Navy's distinctive uniforms and theatrical landscapes are important for visibility and recruitment.Effective shipbuilding and acquisition processes are crucial for the Navy's success.Relying on a single aircraft design limits the Navy's capabilities.A diverse toolkit is necessary for navigating a complicated world.Extending the range of strike forces is a challenge that needs to be addressed.Search and rescue capabilities are essential in the Pacific.Logistics and resupply ships play a significant role in operations.Chapters00:00 - Introduction and Invitation to Engage01:40 - Questioning the Purpose of the US Presence in the Red Sea05:04 - The Importance of Congressional Oversight10:10 - Improvements in Ship Maintenance and Corrosion Control18:15 - Increasing Visibility of Sailors through Social Media24:14 - The Need for Personalized Storytelling in the Military33:51 - The Importance of Visibility and Recruitment36:16 - The Need for Effective Shipbuilding and Acquisition41:43 - The Limitations of Relying on a Single Aircraft Design46:20 - Navigating a Complicated World with a Diverse Toolkit52:14 - Challenges in Extending the Range of Strike Forces59:30 - The Significance of Search and Rescue in the Pacific01:02:21 - The Role of Logistics and Resupply Ships in Operations

How have the modern European navies developed since the start of the Cold War, and how are they positioned to address the challenges we see today?Returning to Midrats this Sunday at 3pm Eastern will be Dr. Jeremy Stöhs.Jeremy is an Austrian-American security and defense analyst. He co-heads the Austrian Center for Intelligence, Propaganda & Security Studies at the University of Graz and is a senior fellow at the Institute for Security Policy at Kiel University. His publications include The Decline of European Naval Forces: Challenges to Sea Power in an Age of Fiscal Austerity and Political Uncertainty (Naval Institute Press, 2018) and newly published European Naval Power: From Cold War to Hybrid Wars (Palgrave Macmillan, 2024).The new book will be the focus of our discussion.

In a news cycle dominated by the attempted assassination of former President Trump, give yourself a break with an update on the Russian military in year three of the Russo-Ukrainian War, with regular Midrats guest Dr. Dmitry Gorenburg.Dmitry Gorenburg is Senior Research Scientist in the Strategy, Policy, Plans, and Programs division of CNA, where he has worked since 2000. Dr. Gorenburg is an associate at the Harvard University Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies and previously served as Executive Director of the American Association of the Advancement of Slavic Studies (AAASS). His research interests include security issues in the former Soviet Union, Russian military reform, Russian foreign policy, and ethnic politics and identity. Dr. Gorenburg is author of Nationalism for the Masses: Minority Ethnic Mobilization in the Russian Federation (Cambridge University Press, 2003), and has been published in journals such as World Politics and Post-Soviet Affairs. He currently serves as editor of Problems of Post-Communism and was also editor of Russian Politics and Law from 2009 to 2016. Dr. Gorenburg received a B.A. in international relations from Princeton University and a Ph.D. in political science from Harvard University.

Law. Ethics. Morality. Character.What do these words mean, and why are they important in the profession of arms. That is the subject of this week's Midrats.We have just the right person to dig in to this topic, returning to Midrats, Dr. Pauline Shanks-Kaurin.Professor Shanks-Kaurin is the Admiral James B. Stockdale Chair in Professional Military Ethics at the Naval War College. She holds a Ph.D. in philosophy from Temple University and specializes in military ethics, “just war theory” and philosophy of law and applied ethics. She is author of “On Obedience: Contrasting Philosophies for Military, Community and Citizenry” and “Achilles Goes Asymmetrical: The Warrior, Military Ethics and Contemporary Warfare.” She served as a contributor for The Strategy Bridge and has published in War on the Rocks, Real Clear Defense, The Wavell Room, Grounded Curiosity, Newsweek and Just Security.Showlinks:Reviewing The Character Gap: 2021 review at The Strategy Bridge of, The Character Gap: How Good Are We?, by Christian B. Miller.The Smartest Guys in the Room.Ethics: Starting at the Beginning: 2018 article in The Wavell Room.High Noon.The Cruel Sea.Dereliction of Duty: Johnson, McNamara, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Lies That Led to VietnamFat Leonard: How One Man Bribed, Bilked, and Seduced the U.S. NavyWith the Old BreedMy Helmet for a Pillow

Anyone even remotely around the Navy or the national defense area in DC and the Pacific knows this two words, “Fat Leonard” and the unprecedented impact it has had on the navy as an institution and its very highest uniformed leadership for well over a decade. Visiting the topic on Midrats for the full hour will be Craig Whitlock, investigative reporter for The Washington Post. #1 NYT Bestselling author of "Fat Leonard: How One Man Bribed, Bilked, and Seduced the U.S. Navy" (2024) and "The Afghanistan Papers: A Secret History of the War" (2021).

Hope you enjoy the new audio quality for this month's melee!We kick things off with an overview of the Gaza Pier debacle, the Eisenhower deployment extension, the Constellation Class frigate purgatory, the potential fun with the #AsianNATO, and finish things up with a former VCNO who is not in a happy place.Showlinks:Better Tabletop Exercises for Wartime Acquisition By Ron WeinbergerArmy JLOTS v. Navy ELCASYou Go to War with the Industrial Base You Have, by Mackenzie Eaglen"Just as PLA is clearly communicating its threats to the world, it's also communicating its insecurities." - Zach OtaAdmiral Paparo shows the correct attitude at the Shangri-La Dialogue.Former VCNO not having a good week

Midrats returns for a broad-reaching discussion on maritime and national security issues from the Gaza Beaches to the South China Sea!My audio was a bit poppy early in the show, but it gets better.Mentioned links:PRC is playing games with undersea cablesCONGRESSIONAL GUIDANCE FOR A NATIONAL MARITIME STRATEGY Reversing the Decline of America's Maritime PowerWhen US Army tried to deactivate the unit that built the Gaza pierSECNAV has a testy time on The HillAzeri percentage of Iranian populationCFR report on the challenge of the PRC invading TaiwanPRC's Drone Carrier

Just as they share a common tradition going back to before the American Revolution, the United State's Navy and Britain's Royal Navy, today both nations' navies share a similar challenge of prioritizing and finding the navy - and the industrial base to support it - that both nations need in order to secure their nation's from global threats and challengers.We'll cover both nations' military industrial base, the latest lrelated essons from the Red Sea, AUKUS, and even a funny little moment in the series, "3 Body Problem."Coming back to Midrats for a long ranging discussion will be Dr. Emma Salisbury, Phd.Emma recently completed her PhD at Birkbeck College, University of London, with research focusing on the history of the U.S. military-industrial complex. She is an associate fellow at the Council on Geostrategy, an associate fellow at the UK Ministry of Defence's Development, Concepts, and Doctrine Centre, and an assistant editor at War on the Rocks.

For the first two decades of this century, as the West and her friends were distracted by small wars in Central Asia and the Middle East, the People's Republic of China slowly, deliberately, and steadily grew her economic, diplomatic, and economic power.As we are in the last year closing out the first quarter of the 21st Century, the West distracted by an ongoing major conventional war in its third year in Europe, and still cannot extract itself from the Middle Eastern tar-pit. Haw is the PRC doing? Keeping on, moving on...and it's time for an update on their progress.Returning to Midrats for the full hour will be Dean Cheng, Senior Fellow, Potomac Institute for Policy Studies; Senior Adviser, United States Institute of Peace; and Non-resident Fellow, George Washington University Space Policy Institute.Dean was recently appointed a non-resident Senior Fellow at the Potomac Institute for Policy Studies, a Senior Adviser with the US Institute of Peace, and a non-resident fellow with the George Washington University Space Policy Institute.He retired as the Senior Research Fellow for Chinese Political and Military Affairs at the Heritage Foundation after 13 years. He is fluent in Chinese, and uses Chinese language materials regularly in his work.Prior to joining the Heritage Foundation, he worked at the Center for Naval Analyses (CNA), a Federally Funded Research and Development Center, Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC), and as an analyst with the US Congress' Office of Technology Assessment.He is the author of the volume Cyber Dragon: Inside China's Information Warfare and Cyber Operations (Praeger Publishing, 2016), and has written extensively on Chinese views of deterrence, Chinese views of space power, and Chinese mobilization, and contributed to a number of volumes on the Chinese People's Liberation Army.

For navalists from Souda Bay to San Diego, April has started not with a whimper, not a grin - but with a scream.For the full hour, we'll start in Baltimore, review the latest revelations about shipbuilding, and some enlightening developments on our allies from Australia to NATO…and end things up after a little spot of tech bother, with a discussion on how to tell our Navy story right - and why it matters.Links:The shipbuilding grid.CANX ship brief.AUKUS and Japan.US, Japan, Australia, & The Philippines go to sea.

For our last podcast of March, come join us for and open-ended free-for-all format to look at the national security environment as we head in to April.From the water cannons off the Philippines to the folly of keeping your naval bases in range of your enemies missiles ... and perhaps a dive in to the long winter for navalists that 2024 is lining up to be ... we'll cover it!Links mentioned in the show:Amphib USS Boxer Sidelined by "General Complacency" and BreakdownsThe Lost Opportunity: The Failure of the National Commission on the Future of the NavySal Mercogliano's What's Going on With ShippingWhy Houthi Attacks in the Red Sea Are Likely to Persist: They're PopularClaude Berube books

If people are policy and policy shapes decisions, then that is the start in understanding why a nation like the USA wound up neglecting what should be a core sector of not just its economy, but its strategic advantage - its civilian maritime industry.Using his recent article, The Urgent Need for U.S. Maritime Reform as a starting point, our guest for the full hour is William Cahill.Will is president of Applied Maritime Sciences, a maritime technology and strategy consultancy. He served as Director for Strategic Planning on the National Security Council and Maritime Advisor on the Council of Economic Advisers where he helped develop and lead Interagency efforts to enhance American maritime competitiveness. During his 20 years as a Coast Guard officer, Will completed numerous operational tours both at sea as a Cutterman and at air stations as a Coast Guard aviator. Will holds degrees in Naval Architecture and Marine engineering from the USCGA and a Master of Public Policy from Princeton University. 

Especially for the Royal Navy, it was assumed the military leaders, politicians, and the general population understood that they were island nations and that their security and prosperity depended on a strong navy and civilian maritime commerce. Even the greatest naval power of the last century, the United States of America seems to be unable to have people understand why it needs a strong navy. What happened?Focused primarily on the core of the issue with the Royal Navy, our guest for the full hour to discuss the scourge of seablindness will be Dr James WE Smith, the Laughton-Corbett Research Fellow in the Department of War Studies, King's College London.He completed his PhD in ‘War and Strategic Studies' that focused on studying the organization of defense and defense unification in the UK and US and how that impacts strategy and strategic thought. This has complemented a broader research effort which has taken nearly fifteen years about the devaluation of sea, navies and maritime strategy in nations and strategic thought from seabed to space.Links:'Seablindness' and the Royal Navy TodayThe US Navy versus Seablindness: par for the course for America?You can follow James on X, or his substack.

Feel like the chaos from the Black Sea, Red Sea, South China Sea and various places ashore seems just too much to keep track of?Well, if you need an hour to catch up and ponder as Sal & Eagle One will take you from the Houthi's sinking their first ship, Darwinism at war, to the US Navy heading in to Haiphong witih guns blazing ... for peace.

From the February 12th guest post over at Sal's substack, our guest today opened with a firm point;"..the combat performance of U.S. Navy destroyers in the Red Sea against a variety of weapons employed by the Houthis from Yemen stands as a monument to decades of brilliance, hard work, and dedication across generations of naval officers, government civilians, industry executives, talented engineers and technologists, assembly line workers, and shipbuilders. THIS—is the military-industrial complex, and it works."Returning for another visit to Midrats to dive into his arguments about where the Military Industrial Complex puts "Ws" on the board and related topics will be Bryan McGrath, CDR, USN (Ret.).Bryan is the Managing Director of The FerryBridge Group LLC, a defense consultancy. The opinions expressed here are his.

The vulnerability of aircraft carriers is nothing new. They are vulnerable not just because of how they are designed - really just a thin hulled ship full of fuel and explosives - but because of what they do.At peace and at war, there is no other platform that can project power and national will on a global scale at sea than an aircraft carrier. As such, everyone either wants one, or wants to sink one - or both.While many people think of the Pacific wars of WWII, Korea, and Vietnam as places where the US Navy's aircraft carriers could operate at will and dominate everything, that really was not the case until late 1944.The reality was quite different before then. Proper use of carriers was mostly about husbanding carriers's limited resources while still getting max value out of them.That will be the topic of today's show with returning guest Dr. John T. Kuehn.John is Professor of Military History at the Army Command and General Staff College. He served in the US Navy as a naval flight officer flying in EP-3s and ES-3s, retiring in 2004. He has authored or co-authored seven books and was awarded a Vandevort Prize from the Society for Military History in 2023 for his article “Zumwalt, Holloway, and the Soviet Navy Threat Leadership in a Time of Strategic, Social, and Cultural Change.”His latest book from is Strategy in Crisis (Naval Institute, 2023).

Feel like there is too much going on in the national security world to keep up with? Well, let your heart not be troubled. Mark & Sal will deliver a full hour of discussion of not just what's breaking in to the news in the last week of January 2024, but whatever else pops up.Iranian proxies causing American military losses from Jordan to the Horn of Africa; Iranian drone carriers to America's need for some inventive ideas to bring more VLS cells forward sooner - with some ASBM pondering thrown in for good measure.

If we are approaching the end of the almost century-long age of the aircraft carrier, for the United States Navy, what are some of the options we could have in fleet designed to execute the Navy's mission in its place?Challenges, opportunities, and compromises - we'll dive into it all with guest Jeff Vandenengel, CDR USN.The reference point for our conversation will be his new book, Questioning the Carrier: Opportunities in Fleet Design for the U.S. Navy.Jeff completed three tours on fast-attack submarines. Winner of the 2019 Admiral Willis Lent Award for tactical excellence at sea, he deployed to the Western Pacific three times and to the Atlantic at the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

While everyone is focused on the Red Sea or the goings on in Ukraine, there are serious developments between The Philippines and the Peoples Republic of China that is not going to wait for the other world's problems to finish up their time in the sun. If the main game is in the Western Pacific, then The Philippines are the center square.Returning to Midrats to discuss this ongoing story will be Ray Powell.Ray is the Founder and Director of SeaLight, a maritime transparency project of the Gordian Knot Center for National Security Innovation at Stanford University, California.Ray served 35 years in the U.S. Air Force, including posts in the Philippines, Japan, Germany, and Qatar, as well as combat tours in Iraq and Afghanistan. He served as the U.S. Air Attaché to Vietnam and the U.S. Defense Attaché to Australia.

From moving grain to the world markets from the Black Sea to global trade through the Red Sea, and the People's Republic of China's unabashed bullying of The Philippines and the nations surrounding the South China Sea – the US Navy is not large enough to carry the burden of maintaining the international order at sea.We have a series of alliances with most of the top-10 maritime powers on the globe, but are they being effectively harnessed toward maintaining this order? Are we an ally that instills confidence in our friends and respect from our challengers?Returning to Midrats to discuss these and related topics in a wide-ranging conversation will be Kori Schake.Kori leads the foreign and defense policy team at the American Enterprise Institute. She is the author of Safe Passage: the Transition from British to American Hegemony, and a contributing writer at the Atlantic, War on the Rocks, and Bloomberg.This show is part of the Spreaker Prime Network, if you are interested in advertising on this podcast, contact us at https://www.spreaker.com/show/3270000/advertisement

With a few exceptions on the sidelines by Japan and France, what has been clearly apparent in the last two months has been the absence of the International Community's presence in the Red Sea to enforce the International Order everyone seems to consider of utmost importance to the economic system that gives us the standard of living the globe is accustomed to? Once again, it is the U.S. Navy that seems to be the force of choice, or the only real option to do the bare minimum to keep lawlessness at sea at bay. Is this sustainable when we have allies closer to the threat with equally deployable assets? The U.S. and her Navy have larger concerns much closer to its core national interests that are already under resourced. Our guest today to dive in to this and related issues is Elbridge Colby, Principal at the Marathon Initiative. Former Pentagon, 2018 National Defense Strategy player and author of Strategy of Denial. Recorded December 8th.This show is part of the Spreaker Prime Network, if you are interested in advertising on this podcast, contact us at https://www.spreaker.com/show/3270000/advertisement

With Thanksgiving behind us and another month of the Holiday Season to go, it's time to catch up on the goings on at the waterfront with a special guest calling in who we decided to hijack and keep for the rest of the show - returning listener favorite Mark Vandroff.This show is part of the Spreaker Prime Network, if you are interested in advertising on this podcast, contact us at https://www.spreaker.com/show/3270000/advertisement

How is a maritime power like the United States going to be able to sustain a fight against a land power with four times its population, a larger Navy, and is located on the other side of the Pacific?The only reliable way you can get the fuel, weapons, and supplies is with a robust force of combat logistics ships.Do we have that force? Do our budgets and plans match realistic requirements?We're going to dive in deep on the topic today with returning guest, Dr. James Holmes, the inaugural J. C. Wylie Chair of Maritime Strategy at the US Naval War College. We will pin our discussion today on his recent article, More Combat Logistics Force Ships? Yes Please! at the Center for Maritime Strategy.This show is part of the Spreaker Prime Network, if you are interested in advertising on this podcast, contact us at https://www.spreaker.com/show/3270000/advertisement