Podcasts about Yttrium

Send us a textIn this Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology (JVIR) audio episode, JVIR blog Editor Peter Li, MD, MS, uses artificial intelligence (AI) platform ElevenLabs to produce a podcast discussion on the November 2024 JVIR paper, "Using Voxel-Based Dosimetry to Evaluate Sphere Concentration and Tumor Dose in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treated with Yttrium-90 Radiation Segmentectomy with Glass Microspheres."Related resources:Read the original articleRead the blog entry, "Vox Voxel: Calculating Y90 Tumor Dose and Sphere Distribution with Voxel Dosimetry"SIR thanks BD for its generous support of the Kinked Wire.Contact us with your ideas and questions, or read more about about interventional radiology in IR Quarterly magazine or SIR's Patient Center.(c) Society of Interventional Radiology.Support the show

This recording features audio versions of April 2025 Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology (JVIR) abstracts:Adverse Events After Percutaneous Transhepatic Biliary Drainage: A 10-Year Retrospective Analysis ReadEndovascular Therapy versus Anticoagulation Alone for Subacute Iliofemoral Deep Vein Thrombosis ReadImprovement of Hypoalbuminemia and Hepatic Reserve after Stent Placement for Postsurgical Portal Vein Stenosis ReadSafety and Effectiveness of Yttrium-90 Radioembolization in People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus ReadRadiation Segmentectomy and Modified Radiation Lobectomy for Unresectable Early-Stage Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma ReadComparison of Liquid with Particle Embolics in a Translational Rat Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Histologic and Radiographic Responses ReadJVIR and SIR thank all those who helped record this episode. To sign up to help with future episodes, please contact our outreach coordinator at millennie.chen.jvir@gmail.com.  Host:Sonya Choe, University of California Riverside School of MedicineAudio editor:Hannah Curtis, Loma Linda University School of MedicineOutreach coordinator:Millennie Chen, University of California Riverside School of MedicineAbstract readers:Millennie Chen, University of California Riverside School of MedicineTheodore Addo, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityIpek Midillioglu, Western University of Health SciencesDaniel Roh, Loma Linda University School of MedicineSunil Balamurugan, Western University of Health SciencesMark Oliinik, Loma Linda University School of MedicineSIR thanks BD for its generous support of the Kinked Wire.Contact us with your ideas and questions, or read more about about interventional radiology in IR Quarterly magazine or SIR's Patient Center.(c) Society of Interventional Radiology.Support the show

00:00 Intro Spiele der letzten Woche: 01:20 Junior Labyrinth 02:50 Popup Pirate 03:49 Memory 04:39 Spy Guy 06:00 Kroko Loko 07:20 Monopoly Scrabble 21:14 Tokaido Duo 26:04 Scrabble Pocket 28:03 Flip Circus 30:39 Palm Lab 34:03 Ligretto Kids 36:28 Die Nadel im Heuhaufen 43:07 Bubble Trouble 44:42 Skyjo Junior 47:21 Planken Plumpser 47:51 Mysterium Kids 49:13 Farm Rescue 51:08 Taco Katze Pizza jr 52:07 Ei Ei Stempelei 53:29 SETI 58:11 Intent to Kill 01:08:07 Candy Hunters 01:13:26 Awkward Guests 2 01:15:33 Arkham Horror - The Card Game 01:17:03 Zoople 01:17:58 Top 10 Mashups 01:29:31 Und sonst so? - Pub Quiz - Besuch - Krankenhaus - Geburtstag 01:38:31 Outro

This recording features audio versions of February 2025 Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology (JVIR) abstracts:Radiation Pneumonitis after Yttrium-90 Radioembolization: A Systematic Review ReadComparison of Covered Stent versus Bare-Metal Stent Implantation in Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis ReadThirty-Day Healthcare Encounters after Elective Uterine Artery Embolization for Fibroids with and without Superior Hypogastric Nerve Block ReadIncluding the Hollow Viscera (Stomach or Bowel) within the Ice Ball during Cryoablation: A Review of Adverse Events ReadOutcomes of Transarterial Embolization in Patients with Isolated Pelvic Fractures: A Japanese Nationwide Study Focused on Shock Status and Age ReadTransarterial Embolization Using an Inorganic Phosphate Binder Modulates Immunity- and Angiogenesis-Related Factors in a Rat Model of Liver Cancer ReadMicroembolization Effects of Imipenem/Cilastatin In Vivo Depicted by Monochromatic Synchrotron X-Ray Microangiography ReadJVIR and SIR thank all those who helped record this episode. To sign up to help with future episodes, please contact our outreach coordinator at millennie.chen.jvir@gmail.com.  Host:Manbir Singh Sandhu, University of California Riverside School of MedicineAudio editor:Sonya Choe, University of California Riverside School of MedicineOutreach coordinator:Millennie Chen, University of California Riverside School of MedicineAbstract readers:Daniel Roh, Loma Linda University School of MedicineDave Enriquez, University of California Riverside School of MedicineGavin Shu, University of California San Francisco School of MedicineRyan Nolan, University of Nevada Reno School of MedicineMark Oliinik, Loma Linda University School of MedicineManbir Singh Sandhu, University of California Riverside School of MedicineGrace Kloss, University of California San Francisco School of MedicineSIR thanks BD for its generous support of the Kinked Wire.Contact us with your ideas and questions, or read more about about interventional radiology in IR Quarterly magazine or SIR's Patient Center.(c) Society of Interventional Radiology.Support the show

"'If we know activity, or sphere activity, at the time of delivery, and we know the dose to tumor, and we know the dose that we gave, we could figure out where the sphere concentrations are ... but we'd need to figure out what the dose to tumor is.' And he was like, 'Just do it in Simplicit90Y.' And at that point it was basically like, 'Oh, boom—just use the dosimetry tool we have to solve a problem. And so, that's where we are."—Tyler Sandow, MD In this Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology (JVIR) audio episode, lead author Tyler Sandow, MD, speaks with journal Managing Editor Ana Lewis about his November 2024 paper, "Using Voxel-Based Dosimetry to Evaluate Sphere Concentration and Tumor Dose in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treated with Yttrium-90 Radiation Segmentectomy with Glass Microspheres."Related resources:Read the original article, "Using Voxel-Based Dosimetry to Evaluate Sphere Concentration and Tumor Dose in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treated with Yttrium-90 Radiation Segmentectomy with Glass Microspheres," by Tyler Sandow, MD, Juan Gimenez, MD, Kelley Nunez, PhD, Richard Tramel, MD, Patrick Gilbert, MD, Brianna Oliver, MD, Michael Cline, MD, Kirk Fowers, PhD, Ari Cohen, MD, and Paul Thevenot, PhDRead the related commentary, "Known Unknowns: Gaps in Dose Distribution in Radioembolization, and in Our Understanding of Them," by A. Kyle Jones, MDRead the authors' response, "The Sphere Conundrum: Author's Reply to Commentary on Voxel-Based Dosimetry with Glass Microspheres," by Tyler Sandow, MD, Juan Gimenez, MD, Kirk Fowers, PhD, and Paul Thevenot, PhDSIR thanks BD for its generous support of the Kinked Wire.Contact us with your ideas and questions, or read more about about interventional radiology in IR Quarterly magazine or SIR's Patient Center.(c) Society of Interventional Radiology.Support the show

This recording features audio versions of October 2024 Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology (JVIR) abstracts:Outcomes Analysis of Yttrium-90 Radioembolization for Tumors Other Than Metastatic Colorectal Cancer from the Radiation-Emitting SIR-Spheres in Nonresectable (RESiN) Registry ReadOpen access: Using Voxel-Based Dosimetry to Evaluate Sphere Concentration and Tumor Dose in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treated with Yttrium-90 Radiation Segmentectomy with Glass Microspheres ReadClinical Effectiveness of Drug-Eluting Microsphere Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization Combined with First-Line Chemotherapy as the Initial Treatment for Patients with Unresectable Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma ReadComparison of Small-Sized (70–150 μm) and Intermediate-Sized (100–300 μm) Drug-Eluting Embolics for Transarterial Chemoembolization of Small Hepatocellular Carcinomas (≤3 cm) ReadOpen access: Technical Feasibility and Outcome of Cryoablation of Aneurysmal Bone Cysts in Pediatric Patients ReadPrimary Limb-Based Patency for Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia Treated with Endovascular Therapy Based on the Global Limb Anatomic Staging System ReadOpen access: Initial Outcomes of Embolization for Type II Endoleak: Comparison of n-Butyl Cyanoacrylate–Ethiodized Oil Mixture with n-Butyl Cyanoacrylate– Ethiodized Oil–Ethanol Mixture ReadTrack Sealing in CT-Guided Lung Biopsy Using Gelatin Sponge Slurry versus Saline in Reducing Postbiopsy Pneumothorax: A Prospective Randomized Study ReadJVIR and SIR thank all those who helped record this episode:Host:Manbir Singh Sandhu, University of California Riverside School of MedicineAudio editor:Hannah Curtis, Loma Linda University School of MedicineAbstract readers:Maximillion Hayama, Duke University School of MedicineLana Kamel, University of Minnesota Medical SchoolJessalyn Yam, University of Illinois College of Medicine at ChicagoSiddak Dhaliwal, University of Missouri School of MedicineJason Hoang, The Ohio State University College of MedicineAkumbir Singh Grewal, St. George University School of MedicineMillennie Chen, University of California Riverside School of MedicineDaniel Roh, Loma Linda University School of Medicine Support the showSupport the show

Pentixapharm is a clinical-stage radiopharmaceutical development company targeting a range of diseases. While it is currently owned by the Eckert & Ziegler Group, it will soon be spun off as a separate company. Pentixapharm's clinical pipeline includes PENTIXATHER, am Yttrium-90 based therapeutic against CNS lymphoma, and PENTIXAFOR, a Gallium-68 based companion diagnostic. Additionally, PENTIXAFOR is being developed as a diagnostic tool for primary aldosteronism (PA), a significant cause of hypertension.Recently, the company announced the acquisition of the target discovery business of Glycotope.The deal includes a portfolio of preclinical antibodies against multiple oncology targets that can be developed into radiopharmaceuticals. It also includes Glycotope's laboratories, cell banks, tumor target data base, and the equipment needed to exploit the discovery platform, along with a range of patents, licenses, and other tangible assets. This week, we had a conversation with Andreas Eckert, founder and chairman of the supervisory board at Pentixapharm.00:57-03:07: About the Pentixapharm spinout03:07-05:19: What is Pentixapharm's pipeline?05:19-06:01: What is the CXCR4 ligand approach?06:01-08:51: What are the development plans for tackling primary aldosteronism? 08:51-10:28: Is the process fast, and what about cost?10:28-11:47: The bigger economic picture11:47-14:12: About Glycotope14:12-14:44: How synergistic are Pentixapharm and Glycotope?14:44-15:32: Is the entire company being acquired?15:32-16:27: Will outsourcing still be important to the company?16:27-17:55: What does the future hold for Pentixapharm?Interested in being a sponsor of an episode of our podcast? Discover how you can get involved here! Stay updated by subscribing to our newsletter

This recording features audio versions of September 2024 Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology (JVIR) abstracts:Multidisciplinary Delphi Consensus on Safety of Combining Transarterial Radioembolization with Yttrium-90 Microspheres with Systemic Anticancer Agents for the Treatment of Liver Malignancy ReadImage-Guided Energy Ablation for Palliation of Painful Bony Metastases—A Systematic Review ReadImpact of Percutaneous Cryoablation on Renal Function in Patients with Stage I Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis ReadPredictive Factors for Recurrent Hemoptysis after Bronchial Artery Embolization in Patients with Lung Cancer ReadRadiofrequency Ablation in Patients with Interstitial Lung Disease and Lung Neoplasm: A Retrospective Multicenter Study ReadEffectiveness of Genicular Artery Embolization for Reducing Synovitis as Assessed by Contrast-Enhanced MR Imaging in Knee Osteoarthritis: A Pilot Study ReadHepatobiliary Infection after Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Creation in Patients with Prior Biliary Intervention: A Multi-Institution Retrospective Study ReadJVIR and SIR thank all those who helped record this episode:Host:Manbir Singh Sandhu, University of California Riverside School of MedicineAudio editor:Sonya Choe, University of California Riverside School of MedicineAbstract readers:Maximillian Hayama, Duke University School of MedicineIsabelle Barbosa, Frank H. Netter MD School of MedicineDaniel Roh, Loma Linda University School of MedicineSiddak Dhaliwal, University of Missouri School of MedicineEric Chang, University of Illinois-Chicago College of MedicineJoy Achuonjei, MD, Northwell HealthMaximillian Denys, University of California Riverside School of MedicineSupport the Show.

This recording features audio versions of January 2024 Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology (JVIR) abstracts:Association between End-Stage Renal Disease and Major Adverse Limb Events after Peripheral Vascular Intervention ReadPercutaneous CT-Guided Cryoablation for Locally Recurrent Prostate Cancer: Technical Feasibility, Safety, and Effectiveness ReadHydrogel Augmentation of the Lumbar Intervertebral Disc: An Early Feasibility Study of a Treatment for Discogenic Low Back Pain ReadProgression toward Vertebral Collapse of Vertebral Metastases Treated with Percutaneous Vertebroplasty: Rate and Risk Factors ReadA Pilot Study of Percutaneous Cholecystoenteric Anastomosis: A New Option for High-Risk Patients with Symptomatic Gallstones ReadMeasurement of the Tumor-to-Normal Ratio for Radioembolization of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Prospective Study Comparing 2-Dimensional Perfusion Angiography, Technetium-99m Macroaggregated Albumin, and Yttrium-90 SPECT/CT ReadJVIR and SIR thank all those who helped record this episode:Host:Rommell Noche, Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine at Quinnipiac University, ConnecticutAudio editor:Siddhi Hegde, MBBS, Massachusetts General HospitalAbstract readers:Justin Cook, University of Central Florida College of MedicineColin Standifird, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at University of Nevada, Las VegasAnna Hu, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, D.C.Jack Ficke, Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine at Quinnipiac University, ConnecticutEric Chang, MS, University of Illinois College of MedicineBrian Ng, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Missouri©  Society of Interventional RadiologySupport the show

This recording features audio versions of December 2023 Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology (JVIR) abstracts:Sclerotherapy of Venous Malformations Using Polidocanol: Effectiveness, Safety, and Predictors of Outcomes and Adverse Events ReadComparison of the Safety of Transjugular and Percutaneous Liver Biopsies ReadEffect of Previous Transarterial Chemoembolization on Survival and Toxicity after Yttrium-90 Transarterial Radioembolization of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the Radiation-Emitting SIR-Spheres in Nonresectable Liver Tumor Registry ReadHepatic Hypertrophy in Normal and Cirrhotic Livers Following Portal Vein Embolization: Comparative Assessment of 2 Different Embolic Regimens in a Large Animal Model ReadGenicular Artery Embolization for Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis: Interim Analysis of a Prospective Pilot Trial Including Effect on Serum Osteoarthritis-Associated Biomarkers ReadQuantifying Change in Perfusion after Genicular Artery Embolization with Parametric Analysis of Intraprocedural Digital Subtraction Angiograms Read JVIR and SIR thank all those who helped record this episode:Host:Rommell Noche, Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine at Quinnipiac University, ConnecticutAudio editor:Manbir Sandhu, University of California Riverside School of MedicineAbstract readers:Melissa Millett, St. George's University, GrenadaAlena Khalil, MA, Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, FloridaChristopher Loiselle, MS, Lincoln Memorial University-DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, TennesseeJonathan Dzielski, Kansas City University, MissouriAndrew Brandser, Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine at Quinnipiac University, ConnecticutTaji Kommineni, MD, JD, LLM, American University of Antigua©  Society of Interventional RadiologySupport the show

In Folge 91 schauen wir zuerst auf Doppelasteroiden und die ersten Bilder von Euclid. Danach erzählt Ruth von neuen Erkenntnissen über die “Geistergalaxie”, die voller dunkler Materie ist, bei der es sich aber um “flauschige Materie” handeln könnte. Und in der Hauptgeschichte geht es um die Beobachtungen des James-Webb-Teleskops, die angeblich zeigen, dass der Urknall nicht so stattgefunden haben kann, wie wir dachten. Ist aber nicht so. Neue Untersuchungen zeigen klar: Der Urknall war kein Fehler! Evi erzählt vom Film “Moon”, von Bergbau auf dem Mond und der Kernfusion auf der Erde. Außerdem: Wir zünden Jupiter an, klettern auf den Olymps Mons und haben keine Ahnung von Jugendwörtern. Wenn ihr uns unterstützen wollt, könnt ihr das hier tun: https://www.paypal.com/paypalme/PodcastDasUniversum. Oder hier: https://steadyhq.com/de/dasuniversum. Oder hier: https://www.patreon.com/dasuniversum.

Current imaging options to assess the responses of liver cancer patients to treatment suffer from blurry resolution, making it hard to develop radiotherapy plans. Eye90 Microspheres, developed by ABK Biomedical, enables superior CT-based dosimetry , allowing for more more accurate dose estimates for treatment planning. This work was awarded the Best Paper of the Year in the journal EJNMMI, and is being further assess in the Route90  Study.Read the original research:  https://doi.org/10.1186/s40658-022-00447-1

I 1987 får professor Wu stor anerkendelse for sin opdagelse af en helt ny type superledning med yttrium i centrum. Men i skyggen af ham står den kun 22-årige fysikstuderende Jim Ashburn. Han mener, at det er ham, der har opdaget det og ikke sin professor. Nu vil han konfrontere professor Wu med måneders løgne. For det her, det er en banebrydende opdagelse. Periodisk – en RAKKERPAK original produceret af Rakkerpak Productions. Historierne du hører bygger på journalistisk research og fakta. De kan indeholde fiktive elementer som for eksempel dialog. Hvis du kan lide min fortælling, så husk at gå ind og abonnér, give en anmeldelse og fortæl dine venner om Periodisk. Podcasten er blevet til med støtte fra Novo Nordisk Fonden. Hvis du vil vide mere kan du besøge vores website periodisk.dk Afsnittet er skrevet og tilrettelagt af Mads Gordon Ladekarl Tor Arnbjørn og Dorte Palle er producere Rene Slott står for lyddesign og mix Simon Bennebjerg er vært

This recording features audio versions of September 2023 Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology (JVIR) abstracts:An Interim Analysis of the First 102 Patients Treated in the Prospective Vertebral Augmentation Sacroplasty Fracture Registry  ReadEffectiveness and Safety of Intra-arterial Imipenem/Cilastatin Sodium Infusion for Patients with Hand Osteoarthritis–Related Interphalangeal Joint Pain  ReadMiddle Meningeal Artery Embolization with Liquid Embolic Agents for Chronic Subdural Hematoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis  ReadDouble-Barrel Nitinol Stent Placement for Iliocaval Reconstruction: The Effect of Deployment Sequence and Direction on Final Configuration  ReadRadioembolization with Yttrium-90 Glass Microspheres as a First-Line Treatment for Unresectable Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma—A Prospective Feasibility Study  ReadRobot-Assisted Transarterial Chemoembolization of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using a Coaxial Microcatheter Driving Controller-Responder Robot System: Clinical Pilot Study  ReadA 5-Year Update on the IR Residency Match: 2022 National Survey Results of Program Directors and Matched Applicants Compared with 2017   ReadJVIR and SIR thank all those who helped record this episode:Host:Rommell Noche, Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine at Quinnipiac University, ConnecticutAudio editor:Manbir Sandhu, University of California Riverside School of MedicineAbstract readers:Emily Barr, MBA, Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine at New Mexico State UniversityJoy Achuonjei, MS, MBA, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New YorkJoan Hwang, A.T. Still University School of Osteopathic Medicine, ArizonaChristopher Loiselle, MS, Lincoln Memorial University-DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, TennesseeBenjamin Ellison, Medical University of South CarolinaJack Ficke, Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine at Quinnipiac University, ConnecticutAnne-Marie Nwajei, MS, Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Illinois ©  Society of Interventional RadiologySupport the show

I'm doing a show about gold at the Edinburgh Fringe. If you are in Scotland between August 4th and August 20th, plesase come. It's at Panmure House in the room in which Adam Smith wrote Wealth of Nations. You can get tickets here.Thousands of years before the dawn of civilisation, as prehistoric man hunted and gathered his way through the Stone Age, he might have come across six native metals - metals which occur in nature in a relatively pure state: silver, tin, lead, iron, copper and goldHe found gold in river beds - nuggets, mixed in with sediment, relatively easy to find, collect and shape. Gold doesn't naturally combine with other metals in nature, so it is easy to identify. It shone, it glistened and so man adorned himself with it - as well as with bones, teeth, precious stones and shells. Archaeological evidence from Spanish caves shows that gold was used by human societies as early as 40,000 years ago. This predates agriculture and the development of settled communities. It is the earliest example of human use of any kind of metal, and its purpose was as jewellery. The first records of man using copper came tens of thousands of years later. Lead, tin and iron's first use, when advances in metallurgy took us into the Bronze Age, came even later. The use of gold for personal adornment was an established practice, even in prehistory. (Even copper's first use was as jewellery). It is easy to make anthropological interpretations. Gold, a symbol of beauty, power and status, also indicates reproductive fitness: Look at me, I have access to this rare, shiny substance.Stone Age man had the same basic instincts as we do today - the same urges, desires and compulsions: fear, desire, love, hate, greed. Nothing inspires greed like gold. Survival is the most basic compulsion: to find water, food and shelter, for yourself and for those close to you. Then there is the survival of your species: the need to reproduce. If you are to survive, thrive and reproduce, so does the species as a whole grow stronger. Thus can an individual's self-interest be good for the species as a whole. What often goes unmentioned, though, is our instinct for beauty.  What we find beautiful is also often good for us in some way. We are instinctively repulsed or alarmed by things that are dangerous – snakes, spiders, a cliff edge, loud noises - but things that aid our survival we find beautiful - the sound of running water, a fit and healthy potential mate, an open landscape with water, varied animal and plant life, good visibility and shelter. And we find gold beautiful. The experience of beauty, whether derived from nature, art, music or even mathematics, correlates with activity in the emotional brain - in the medial orbito-frontal cortex. Beauty has long been associated by philosophers with truth and purity – also qualities commonly associated with gold. Our instinct for gold and the emotions it inspires from beauty to desire are basic. There has not been a culture in all history that did not appreciate the value of gold. It is a primal instinct. “The desire for gold,” said Wall Street trader Gerald Loeb, “is the most universal and deeply rooted commercial instinct of the human race.”The artefacts found in those Spanish caves suggest that the people who lived in them had some basic skills. (Gold, which is relatively soft, is fairly easy to shape even using simple tools). Like shells, bones, stones, even hand axes, gold would have been used as reward as well as for decoration: as an expression of gratitude, as a prize for completing a task, for heroic deeds, as a tool in barter and exchange - as early money, in other words,. Even in prehistory gold was performing the role it has always performed - and always will: to store, display and exchange value. Subscribe to this brilliant newsletter.Transcendent Treasure: Gold's Link to the DivineGiven its unique characteristics - beautiful, eternal, immutable - it is no surprise that  gold found special status at the dawn of civilization. Our prehistoric ancestors cherished gold even before they were able to speak. Nor did that captivation fade after pre-history. Whether Asian, African, American, Mediterranean, Germanic or Celtic, gold occupies a place in the history and mythology of almost every ancient culture, the most valuable of all metals. As money, it was at the core of all their economies, however primitive.Today we know of 90 metals or more. Many you've probably never heard of, let alone touched or seen.  The likes of Cesium, Nihonium, Flerovium, Moscovium, Livermorium, Yttrium or Zirconium. Until the 13th century we knew of just seven: gold, silver, copper, tin, lead, iron, and mercury. There were also only seven known celestial bodies: the sun, the moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus and Saturn. Each metal came to be associated with a celestial body - silver with the moon, iron, rusty and red, with Mars, Mercury with its namesake, Jupiter with tin. With its glimmering yellow colour, gold was associated with the sun. To the ancient Greeks, and other cultures besides, the sun was a golden chariot driven by the sun god, Apollo, across the sky each day. The Egyptian sun god Ra was depicted as a yellow blaze of gold. The Incas of South America believed gold to be the sweat or tears of the sun. The Latin word for gold, aurum, derives from Aurora, the goddess of dawn, who rose each morning to announce the sun's arrival. The root of the word by which the Celts and Greeks referred to gold was the Sanskrit “Harat” which means colour of the sun. Plato and Aristotle both thought gold was actually obtained by combining intense sunlight with water.The symbol for the Sun (a circle with a dot in it - ☉) was once the alchemical symbol for gold. There are seven days of the week, too, and in many cultures so did each metal come to be associated with a day. Gold's day, of course, was Sunday.Tell someone about this really interesting article.While silver was perceived as feminine, gold was a masculine metal, connected not just with the sun but with the lion, a symbol of strength. This association lives on today, from the lion rampant (standing on its hind legs) found on so many family crests to the three gold lions on the English coat of arms. Gold represented wealth, prosperity, authority and charisma. It was a symbol of knowledge and enlightenment, its radiant qualities mirroring the illumination provided by the sun. And so scholars and sages adorned themselves with it to reflect their intellectual and spiritual pursuits.The sun's energy was thought to have infused gold with special healing properties. Ancient healers and priests often used gold in their remedies and elixirs, attributing its regenerative powers to the sun's life-giving energy. Wearing gold could help physical well-being and aid in recovery from ailments. The ancient Greek sun god Apollo was the god of healing and diseases, while his son, Asclepius, was the god of medicine. Apollo delivered people from epidemics, but could bring ill-health and deadly plague. Modern science confirms these instincts, with Vitamin D, which we get from sunlight, now being seen as so important for our general well-being. As the sun was a guardian against darkness and evil, so could gold ward off negative energies and offer spiritual protection, thus talismans and amulets were often made of gold. Kings and queens decorated their bodies with gold to demonstrate their power, to impress, to dazzle, to command and to authenticate their god-like status. Because of gold's imperishable characteristics many imbued it with divine qualities, and it is forever associated with the eternal, the permanent and the incorruptible. From Hercules' quest for the Golden Apples of Hesperides (which bestowed immortality) to King Arthur's knights' search for the Holy Grail to Frodo's attempt to destroy the precious ring of power in The Lord of the Rings, gold has become a symbol of incorruptible quest, purity, ambition and purpose. The golden thread left for Theseus by his lover Ariadne to help him escape the minotaur and the labyrinth symbolises an enlightened or clear path. Even today the young student gets a gold star, the athlete a gold medal. It is a symbol of achievement.In Scotland between Aug 4th and Aug 20? I'm doing a show about gold at the Edinburgh Fringe. It's at Panmure House in the room in which  Adam Smith wrote Wealth of Nations. You can get tickets here.Buying gold?Interested in buying gold to protect yourself in these uncertain times? My recommended bullion dealer is The Pure Gold Company, whether you are taking delivery or storing online. Premiums are low, quality of service is high. They deliver to the UK, US, Canada and Europe, or you can store your gold with them. More here.This article first appeared at Moneyweek. This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit www.theflyingfrisby.com/subscribe

I'm doing a show about gold at the Edinburgh Fringe. If you are in Scotland between August 4th and August 20th, plesase come. It's at Panmure House in the room in which Adam Smith wrote Wealth of Nations. You can get tickets here.Thousands of years before the dawn of civilisation, as prehistoric man hunted and gathered his way through the Stone Age, he might have come across six native metals - metals which occur in nature in a relatively pure state: silver, tin, lead, iron, copper and goldHe found gold in river beds - nuggets, mixed in with sediment, relatively easy to find, collect and shape. Gold doesn't naturally combine with other metals in nature, so it is easy to identify. It shone, it glistened and so man adorned himself with it - as well as with bones, teeth, precious stones and shells. Archaeological evidence from Spanish caves shows that gold was used by human societies as early as 40,000 years ago. This predates agriculture and the development of settled communities. It is the earliest example of human use of any kind of metal, and its purpose was as jewellery. The first records of man using copper came tens of thousands of years later. Lead, tin and iron's first use, when advances in metallurgy took us into the Bronze Age, came even later. The use of gold for personal adornment was an established practice, even in prehistory. (Even copper's first use was as jewellery). It is easy to make anthropological interpretations. Gold, a symbol of beauty, power and status, also indicates reproductive fitness: Look at me, I have access to this rare, shiny substance.Stone Age man had the same basic instincts as we do today - the same urges, desires and compulsions: fear, desire, love, hate, greed. Nothing inspires greed like gold. Survival is the most basic compulsion: to find water, food and shelter, for yourself and for those close to you. Then there is the survival of your species: the need to reproduce. If you are to survive, thrive and reproduce, so does the species as a whole grow stronger. Thus can an individual's self-interest be good for the species as a whole. What often goes unmentioned, though, is our instinct for beauty.  What we find beautiful is also often good for us in some way. We are instinctively repulsed or alarmed by things that are dangerous – snakes, spiders, a cliff edge, loud noises - but things that aid our survival we find beautiful - the sound of running water, a fit and healthy potential mate, an open landscape with water, varied animal and plant life, good visibility and shelter. And we find gold beautiful. The experience of beauty, whether derived from nature, art, music or even mathematics, correlates with activity in the emotional brain - in the medial orbito-frontal cortex. Beauty has long been associated by philosophers with truth and purity – also qualities commonly associated with gold. Our instinct for gold and the emotions it inspires from beauty to desire are basic. There has not been a culture in all history that did not appreciate the value of gold. It is a primal instinct. “The desire for gold,” said Wall Street trader Gerald Loeb, “is the most universal and deeply rooted commercial instinct of the human race.”The artefacts found in those Spanish caves suggest that the people who lived in them had some basic skills. (Gold, which is relatively soft, is fairly easy to shape even using simple tools). Like shells, bones, stones, even hand axes, gold would have been used as reward as well as for decoration: as an expression of gratitude, as a prize for completing a task, for heroic deeds, as a tool in barter and exchange - as early money, in other words,. Even in prehistory gold was performing the role it has always performed - and always will: to store, display and exchange value. Subscribe to this brilliant newsletter.Transcendent Treasure: Gold's Link to the DivineGiven its unique characteristics - beautiful, eternal, immutable - it is no surprise that  gold found special status at the dawn of civilization. Our prehistoric ancestors cherished gold even before they were able to speak. Nor did that captivation fade after pre-history. Whether Asian, African, American, Mediterranean, Germanic or Celtic, gold occupies a place in the history and mythology of almost every ancient culture, the most valuable of all metals. As money, it was at the core of all their economies, however primitive.Today we know of 90 metals or more. Many you've probably never heard of, let alone touched or seen.  The likes of Cesium, Nihonium, Flerovium, Moscovium, Livermorium, Yttrium or Zirconium. Until the 13th century we knew of just seven: gold, silver, copper, tin, lead, iron, and mercury. There were also only seven known celestial bodies: the sun, the moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus and Saturn. Each metal came to be associated with a celestial body - silver with the moon, iron, rusty and red, with Mars, Mercury with its namesake, Jupiter with tin. With its glimmering yellow colour, gold was associated with the sun. To the ancient Greeks, and other cultures besides, the sun was a golden chariot driven by the sun god, Apollo, across the sky each day. The Egyptian sun god Ra was depicted as a yellow blaze of gold. The Incas of South America believed gold to be the sweat or tears of the sun. The Latin word for gold, aurum, derives from Aurora, the goddess of dawn, who rose each morning to announce the sun's arrival. The root of the word by which the Celts and Greeks referred to gold was the Sanskrit “Harat” which means colour of the sun. Plato and Aristotle both thought gold was actually obtained by combining intense sunlight with water.The symbol for the Sun (a circle with a dot in it - ☉) was once the alchemical symbol for gold. There are seven days of the week, too, and in many cultures so did each metal come to be associated with a day. Gold's day, of course, was Sunday.Tell someone about this really interesting article.While silver was perceived as feminine, gold was a masculine metal, connected not just with the sun but with the lion, a symbol of strength. This association lives on today, from the lion rampant (standing on its hind legs) found on so many family crests to the three gold lions on the English coat of arms. Gold represented wealth, prosperity, authority and charisma. It was a symbol of knowledge and enlightenment, its radiant qualities mirroring the illumination provided by the sun. And so scholars and sages adorned themselves with it to reflect their intellectual and spiritual pursuits.The sun's energy was thought to have infused gold with special healing properties. Ancient healers and priests often used gold in their remedies and elixirs, attributing its regenerative powers to the sun's life-giving energy. Wearing gold could help physical well-being and aid in recovery from ailments. The ancient Greek sun god Apollo was the god of healing and diseases, while his son, Asclepius, was the god of medicine. Apollo delivered people from epidemics, but could bring ill-health and deadly plague. Modern science confirms these instincts, with Vitamin D, which we get from sunlight, now being seen as so important for our general well-being. As the sun was a guardian against darkness and evil, so could gold ward off negative energies and offer spiritual protection, thus talismans and amulets were often made of gold. Kings and queens decorated their bodies with gold to demonstrate their power, to impress, to dazzle, to command and to authenticate their god-like status. Because of gold's imperishable characteristics many imbued it with divine qualities, and it is forever associated with the eternal, the permanent and the incorruptible. From Hercules' quest for the Golden Apples of Hesperides (which bestowed immortality) to King Arthur's knights' search for the Holy Grail to Frodo's attempt to destroy the precious ring of power in The Lord of the Rings, gold has become a symbol of incorruptible quest, purity, ambition and purpose. The golden thread left for Theseus by his lover Ariadne to help him escape the minotaur and the labyrinth symbolises an enlightened or clear path. Even today the young student gets a gold star, the athlete a gold medal. It is a symbol of achievement.In Scotland between Aug 4th and Aug 20? I'm doing a show about gold at the Edinburgh Fringe. It's at Panmure House in the room in which  Adam Smith wrote Wealth of Nations. You can get tickets here.Buying gold?Interested in buying gold to protect yourself in these uncertain times? My recommended bullion dealer is The Pure Gold Company, whether you are taking delivery or storing online. Premiums are low, quality of service is high. They deliver to the UK, US, Canada and Europe, or you can store your gold with them. More here.This article first appeared at Moneyweek. This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit www.theflyingfrisby.com/subscribe

In der Nachmittagsfolge begrüßen wir heute Julian Mattes, Partner von Yttrium, und sprechen mit ihm über die Auflage seines zweiten Fonds mit einem Gesamtvolumen von 403 Millionen Euro.Yttrium ist eine Beteiligungsgesellschaft mit einem ausschließlichen Fokus auf der Erfolgsbilanz bei Investitionen in B2B-Technologieunternehmen in der Wachstumsphase. Die Spezialisierung ermöglicht es, gezielte und wirkungsvolle Unterstützung zu leisten, damit die momentan 21 aktiven Portfoliounternehmen schneller und effizienter wachsen können. Das Unternehmen wurde 2015 als Digital+ Partners von Axel Krieger, Dirk Schmuecking, Patrick Beitel und Thomas Jetter in München gegründet und begann seine Investitionstätigkeit 2017 mit dem ersten Abschluss des Digital Growth Fund I. Die Eröffnung des Londoner Büros und die Umbenennung in Yttrium zum 1. Januar 2023 soll die Entwicklung des Unternehmens zu einem führenden paneuropäischen B2B-Wachstumsinvestor markieren.Nun hat der Wachstumskapitalspezialist seinen zweiten Fonds für B2B-Software- und Technologieunternehmen mit einem Gesamtvolumen von 403 Millionen Euro erfolgreich geschlossen. Dies folgt auf den Digital Growth Fund I, der im Juli 2018 mit 349 Millionen Euro abgeschlossen wurde. Zu den Investoren des Fonds gehören führende institutionelle Anleger und Technologieunternehmen sowie technologieorientierte Family Offices in Deutschland, Europa und den USA. Yttrium wird bis zu 50 Millionen Euro Wachstumskapital pro Unternehmen investieren und unterstützt Managementteams für erfolgreiche internationale Scale-ups und entsprechende Einführungen in das eigene Unternehmensnetzwerk.

In der Rubrik “Investments & Exits” begrüßen wir heute Olaf Jacobi, Managing Partner bei Capnamic. Olaf spricht über Yttrium und Spectrm. Der Growth-Investor Yttrium, ehemals Digital+ Partners, hat seinen zweiten Fonds „Digital Growth Fund II“ mit einem Volumen von 403 Millionen Euro geschlossen. Das Kapital soll in „führende europäische B2B-Software- und Technologieunternehmen“ investiert werden. Sieben Investitionen mit einem Volumen von 125 Millionen Euro wurden bereits getätigt. Unter anderem wurde der Cybersecurity-Anbieter FTAPI aus München, der Prozesse automatisiert und Datenpakete verschlüsselt, von Yttrium unterstützt. Yttrium stellt inklusive Folgefinanzierungsrunden bis zu 50 Millionen Euro Eigenkapital pro Unternehmen bereit. Investoren des Fonds sind institutionelle Investoren und Technologieunternehmen sowie Family Offices aus Deutschland, Europa und den USA. Die erste Einwerberunde wurde bereits 2021 geschlossen, nun folgt das Final Closing. Yttrium hatte seinen ersten „Digital Growth Fund I“ mit insgesamt 350 Millionen Euro geschlossen und daraus 2017 erste Investitionen getätigt. Das Berliner / New Yorker Unternehmen Spectrm hat in einer Finanzierungsrunde 6,5 Millionen US-Dollar erhalten, angeführt von 3TS Capital Partners und mit Beteiligung bestehender Investoren. Spectrm plant, die finanziellen Mittel für die Entwicklung markenfähiger KI-Tools und die Integration mit CRM-Systemen zu verwenden, um die Konversion zu steigern und Zero-Party-Daten zu erfassen. Das Unternehmen bietet eine Conversational-Marketing-Plattform an, die es Marken ermöglicht, Kunden über soziale Messaging-Kanäle zu konvertieren und den Umsatz zu steigern. Zu den Kunden von Spectrm gehören Unternehmen wie Uber, HelloFresh und Volkswagen. 

Heute u.A. mit diesen Themen:Yttrium: Zweiter Fonds mit 403 Millionen Euro geschlossenDreifaches Gefälle bei deutschen Tech-StartupsEl Salvador: Bitcoin-Portfolio vor Break-evenInstagram testet KI-ChatbotWegen Bundeskartellamt: Neue Kontoübersicht bei MetaSequoia spaltet China-Geschäft abOpenAI: Kein Börsengang geplantLouis Vuitton: NFTs für 39.000 EuroStartup-Investment: FTX könnte Kundengelder zurückzahlenKfW Capital: 100 Millionen Euro für Climatetech-Fonds

Yttrium (formerly Digital+ Partners) is a growth equity investment firm specialised in B2B technology companies. We work as a trusted partner to management teams to help them scale their businesses globally. Yttrium's exclusive focus and successful track record in growth-stage B2B technology investing enables us to provide targeted, high-impact support to enable our companies to grow faster and more efficiently.

0:00 Headlines 16:35 Chlorine Dioxide 37:12 Interview with David Lewis   - Doctors find graphene SHEDS from vaccinated people to the unvaccinated - California allows biological women to be moved to women's prisons as "trans" - How to make chlorine dioxide solution (CDS) for mere pennies - CDS is the ultimate off-grid emergency prepping solution - Can be used to wash vegetables, sanitize surfaces and more - Health Ranger DRINKS IT on camera - Stock up on sodium chlorite to be able to make this in an emergency - Interview with EPA whistleblower and scientist Dr. David Lewis - Learn how the EPA covers up toxic pollution to protect industry profits - Dr. Lewis reveals that the element Yttrium is a marker for biosludge For more updates, visit: http://www.brighteon.com/channel/hrreport NaturalNews videos would not be possible without you, as always we remain passionately dedicated to our mission of educating people all over the world on the subject of natural healing remedies and personal liberty (food freedom, medical freedom, the freedom of speech, etc.). Together, we're helping create a better world, with more honest food labeling, reduced chemical contamination, the avoidance of toxic heavy metals and vastly increased scientific transparency. ▶️ Every dollar you spend at the Health Ranger Store goes toward helping us achieve important science and content goals for humanity: https://www.healthrangerstore.com/ ▶️ Sign Up For Our Newsletter: https://www.naturalnews.com/Readerregistration.html ▶️ Brighteon: https://www.brighteon.com/channels/hrreport ▶️ Join Our Social Network: https://brighteon.social/@HealthRanger ▶️ Check In Stock Products at: https://PrepWithMike.com

In this podcast, we speak to Dr Wali Badar, co-author of a BJR article “Safety and efficacy of repeat Yttrium-90 radioembolization to the same hepatic arterial territory”, which was the winner of this year's BJR/Jusha Early Career Investigator Award.

How did gold come into existence? No one really knows.Its origins are thought to lie in supernovae and the collision of neutron stars. It was present in the dust which formed the solar system four and a half billion years ago and came to earth via the asteroids that then bombarded the planet.According to the Bible, gold and silver are products of God. “The silver is mine, and the gold is mine, saith the Lord of hosts” in the book of Genesis. Although - given that in those days the distinction between God and King was not that always that distinct - that might he been a ploy to control capital.Given its unique characteristics - beautiful, eternal, immutable - it is no surprise that  gold found special status at the dawn of civilisation. Our prehistoric ancestors cherished gold even before they were able to speak. Nor did that captivation fade after pre-history. Whether Asian, African, American, Mediterranean, Germanic or Celtic, gold occupies a place in the history, legend, mythology and folklore of almost every ancient culture: the most prized of all metals. Today we know of 90 or more metals. Many you've probably never heard of, let alone touched or seen.  The likes of Cesium, Nihonium, Flerovium, Moscovium, Livermorium, Yttrium or Zirconium. But until the 13th century we knew of just seven: gold, silver, copper, tin, lead, iron, and mercury. There were also only seven known celestial bodies: the sun, the moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus and Saturn. Each metal came to be associated with a celestial body - silver, light and shining, with the moon, iron, rusty and red, with Mars, Mercury with its namesake, Jupiter with tin. With its glimmering yellow colour, gold was associated with the sun.To the ancient Greeks, and other cultures besides, the sun was a golden chariot driven by the sun god, Apollo, across the sky each day. The Egyptian sun god Ra was depicted as a yellow blaze of gold. The Incas of South America believed gold to be the “sweat of the sun.” The Latin word for gold, aurum, derives from Aurora, the goddess of dawn, who rose each morning to announce the sun's arrival. The root of the word by which the Celts and Greeks referred to gold was the Sanskrit “Harat” which means colour of the sun. The symbol for the Sun (a circle with a dot in it - ☉)  was once the alchemical symbol for gold. Plato and Aristotle both thought gold was obtained by combining intense sunlight with water. We actually find gold in tiny particles embedded in ancient rocks, or as grains or nuggets in riverbeds where it collects after rushing water eroded away the rocks.There are seven days of the week too, and so did each metal come to be associated with a day. Gold's day, of course, was Sunday.Unlike feminine silver, gold is a masculine metal, connected not just with the sun but with the lion, a symbol of strength. It represents wealth, prosperity, authority and charisma. It was an aid to healing, to protection, to growth, and knowledge - all qualities associated with the sun and the gods of the sun. The ancient Greek sun god Apollo was also the god of healing and diseases, while his son, Asclepius, was the god of medicine. Apollo delivered people from epidemics. What's that about Vitamin D (which we get from sunlight) being an aid against COVID, while Vitamin D deficiency is linked to more severe cases? Apollo was also a god who could bring ill-health and deadly plague.Gold, like obscurity, is immortal. It is permanent, never rusting, nor tarnishing. In the museums of Cairo you will find a golden tooth bridge made 4,500 years ago for a pharaoh and it is good enough to go in your mouth today. Gold represented perfection, purity and excellence - “neither moth nor rust devoureth it”, said an ancient Greek text. Because of gold's imperishable characteristics many imbued it with divine qualities, and it is forever associated with the eternal, the permanent and the incorruptible. Kings and queens decorated their bodies with gold to demonstrate their power, to impress, to dazzle, to command and to authenticate their god-like status. In ancient Egypt gold was a royal prerogative and pharaohs were buried with their gold to aid their travel into the next world. Tutankhamun, whose father was the sun god, Ra, was buried in a golden shrine. Gold was a gift from and given to the gods. Indeed it was the breath of the gods.The myth of the Golden Apples of Hesperides is that they conferred immortality on whoever ate them. From Hercules' quest for these golden apples to Arthur's for the Holy Grail to Frodo's to destroy the precious ring of power, gold is a symbol of incorruptible quest, ambition, or purpose. Even today the young student gets a gold star, the athlete a gold medal. It is a symbol of achievement.For numerous reasons, I am a believer that everybody's investment portfolio should have an allocation to gold. My recommended dealer is The Pure Gold Company. The Flying Frisby is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.An earlier version of this article first appeared at Glint. This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit www.theflyingfrisby.com/subscribe

How did gold come into existence? No one really knows.Its origins are thought to lie in supernovae and the collision of neutron stars. It was present in the dust which formed the solar system four and a half billion years ago and came to earth via the asteroids that then bombarded the planet.According to the Bible, gold and silver are products of God. “The silver is mine, and the gold is mine, saith the Lord of hosts” in the book of Genesis. Although - given that in those days the distinction between God and King was not that always that distinct - that might he been a ploy to control capital.Given its unique characteristics - beautiful, eternal, immutable - it is no surprise that  gold found special status at the dawn of civilisation. Our prehistoric ancestors cherished gold even before they were able to speak. Nor did that captivation fade after pre-history. Whether Asian, African, American, Mediterranean, Germanic or Celtic, gold occupies a place in the history, legend, mythology and folklore of almost every ancient culture: the most prized of all metals. Today we know of 90 or more metals. Many you've probably never heard of, let alone touched or seen.  The likes of Cesium, Nihonium, Flerovium, Moscovium, Livermorium, Yttrium or Zirconium. But until the 13th century we knew of just seven: gold, silver, copper, tin, lead, iron, and mercury. There were also only seven known celestial bodies: the sun, the moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus and Saturn. Each metal came to be associated with a celestial body - silver, light and shining, with the moon, iron, rusty and red, with Mars, Mercury with its namesake, Jupiter with tin. With its glimmering yellow colour, gold was associated with the sun.To the ancient Greeks, and other cultures besides, the sun was a golden chariot driven by the sun god, Apollo, across the sky each day. The Egyptian sun god Ra was depicted as a yellow blaze of gold. The Incas of South America believed gold to be the “sweat of the sun.” The Latin word for gold, aurum, derives from Aurora, the goddess of dawn, who rose each morning to announce the sun's arrival. The root of the word by which the Celts and Greeks referred to gold was the Sanskrit “Harat” which means colour of the sun. The symbol for the Sun (a circle with a dot in it - ☉)  was once the alchemical symbol for gold. Plato and Aristotle both thought gold was obtained by combining intense sunlight with water. We actually find gold in tiny particles embedded in ancient rocks, or as grains or nuggets in riverbeds where it collects after rushing water eroded away the rocks.There are seven days of the week too, and so did each metal come to be associated with a day. Gold's day, of course, was Sunday.Unlike feminine silver, gold is a masculine metal, connected not just with the sun but with the lion, a symbol of strength. It represents wealth, prosperity, authority and charisma. It was an aid to healing, to protection, to growth, and knowledge - all qualities associated with the sun and the gods of the sun. The ancient Greek sun god Apollo was also the god of healing and diseases, while his son, Asclepius, was the god of medicine. Apollo delivered people from epidemics. What's that about Vitamin D (which we get from sunlight) being an aid against COVID, while Vitamin D deficiency is linked to more severe cases? Apollo was also a god who could bring ill-health and deadly plague.Gold, like obscurity, is immortal. It is permanent, never rusting, nor tarnishing. In the museums of Cairo you will find a golden tooth bridge made 4,500 years ago for a pharaoh and it is good enough to go in your mouth today. Gold represented perfection, purity and excellence - “neither moth nor rust devoureth it”, said an ancient Greek text. Because of gold's imperishable characteristics many imbued it with divine qualities, and it is forever associated with the eternal, the permanent and the incorruptible. Kings and queens decorated their bodies with gold to demonstrate their power, to impress, to dazzle, to command and to authenticate their god-like status. In ancient Egypt gold was a royal prerogative and pharaohs were buried with their gold to aid their travel into the next world. Tutankhamun, whose father was the sun god, Ra, was buried in a golden shrine. Gold was a gift from and given to the gods. Indeed it was the breath of the gods.The myth of the Golden Apples of Hesperides is that they conferred immortality on whoever ate them. From Hercules' quest for these golden apples to Arthur's for the Holy Grail to Frodo's to destroy the precious ring of power, gold is a symbol of incorruptible quest, ambition, or purpose. Even today the young student gets a gold star, the athlete a gold medal. It is a symbol of achievement.For numerous reasons, I am a believer that everybody's investment portfolio should have an allocation to gold. My recommended dealer is The Pure Gold Company. The Flying Frisby is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.An earlier version of this article first appeared at Glint. This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit frisby.substack.com/subscribe

Dava Newman is a relief artist and accomplished yttrium collector. She tells us about the things she collects, how she finds them, and the unique challenges of working with this unusual material.

Parish: Our Lady of Mount Carmel and Saint Joseph, Battersea, London Episode 4 – Broadcasts on June 11 (Friday) at 8:30pm, June 13 (Sunday) at 4pm and June 15 (Monday) at 10pm Speakers included Dr Charles Wilson and Giacomo Casale. Charles is a leading expert on breast, colorectal and anal malignancy. He has led the development of new radiotherapy techniques, most recently the radioembolisation with Yttrium particles for inoperable liver metastases resulting in Addenbrooke's becoming a nationally accredited centre. He has been the local principal investigator for several national clinical trials in systemic therapy for breast and colorectal cancer. Giacomo graduated with a BSc in Biochemistry from Imperial College London in 2020. As an undergraduate, he spent a year in the Pintacuda lab at the Very High Field NMR Centre (CRMN) in Lyon, France, where he worked on the characterisation of membrane proteins by solid-state NMR. We thank ECLAS for their generosity to make our tour to parishes possible. If you would like to get in touch, email: scienceandfaith@radiomariaengland.uk Facebook/Instagram: @radiomariaengland #RMESCIENCEANDFAITH https://radiomariaengland.uk/science-and-faith-on-tour-season-3-faith-journeys-in-science-ep4/

“Much of the world's oil doesn't go to people just driving their cars to the mall. I mean, a big part of it goes to the trucks that pull everything around, to the ships that sail everything around, to the airplanes that fly everything around, to the plastics and to the precursor materials that go into everything that you wear. I mean, the buttons on your shirt, the soles on your shoes. It's… everything.” ~ Byron W. KingTRANSCRIPT:Joel Bowman:Before we get started, Byron, I was just looking at the time zone differences here. I know you're in Pittsburgh. I didn't realize that Pennsylvania was a commonwealth or designated as a Commonwealth. I thought that was a yolk only we once and former colonists labored under. I didn't know that it extended to Pennsylvanians, too.Byron King:It's one of those things that goes back to colonial days, Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Commonwealth of Virginia, and the Commonwealth of Kentucky. Then there are 46 states and four commonwealths. Although Puerto Rico is considered a commonwealth as well. It has colonial roots. I used to know the answer to that or I used to have an explanation for it, but I actually don't recall why that is. Ben Franklin-ish kind of things or something.Joel Bowman:One of those historical anachronisms. Byron, you and I have known each other for a little while now, longer than I've care to mention. I don't want to date our young dapper looking selves, but you are a man who wears many hats. A historian, an energy investor, a international geopolitical commentator, Well, for listeners who perhaps recognize your name and probably they've seen you around the traps for the last couple of decades, I'd say, writing alongside Bill and some other well-known cast of characters throughout the newsletter publishing world, do you want to just fill us in a little bit by way of a bio to get started? And maybe talk us through up and until how you got to meet Bill and came to working with and writing alongside him?Byron King:Thanks very much, Joel. It's really a pleasure to speak with you and certainly to be on your podcast. I have been part of the Agora Familia since, I believe, around 2002 in one way or another. I've been on the payroll. I was on the payroll at Agora from about 2007, and so the next 15 years. I met Bill Bonner as a subscriber. I was just a reader of The Daily Reckoning. One day I was reading my Reckonings and he made some comment. This is about 2002 or so, he made a comment about the war in Afghanistan. I was just a reader. I was Joe reader out there, and I was a free reader. In fact, I wasn't even ... I thought, "I have a bunch of friends just got back from Afghanistan and I know a few things about what's going on over this." So I send him a little email, "Dear Bill Bonner, we've never met. You don't know me. But I have a bunch of friends just got back from Afghanistan. Here's what's really going on." Next thing you know, we had this discussion going on. Next thing I know, he's printing my emails to him in The Daily Reckoning and I was his friend. Then eventually I became his friend in Pittsburgh. I was a dear friend. Like, "Oh my goodness. This is starting to warm up."Joel Bowman:You're moving up the ladder here.Byron King:Next thing you know we started having this very nice correspondence. Then one day I went to one of the Agora conferences, The Vancouver Investment Conference. And I talked to Addison Wiggin, an old name from the past. Very still around, doing well. And I said, "Addison, hi, I'm Byron King. I'm your unpaid correspondent in Pittsburgh." And he says ...Joel Bowman:That's right. Unpaid correspondent. I remember that.Byron King:He said, "Would you be interested in starting in writing for us and we'll pay you?" I'm like, "Yeah, sure." "Just freelance." "Yeah. Okay." So I started writing Whiskey and Gunpowder with Dan Denning, who we know, Jim Amrhein, he's still around as well, and myself. I said, "What do you want me to write about?" He said, "Well, you seem to know a lot about energy and military stuff. So my first article I ever wrote for Whiskey and Gunpowder was the Ghost of Colonel Drake. Colonel Drake being 1859, drove the well in Titusville. Kind of the birthplace, the DNA of the modern oil industry. Although people in Canada say they drove an earlier well and people in West Virginia say they drove an earlier well. But Colonel Drake gets the credit. We started Whiskey and Gunpowder. I would write about energy and the oil industry. We were writing about military things, US strategy. I mean, the war in Iraq. I remember this one article I wrote about the Sicilian invasion of ancient Greece when the Athenians invaded Sicily. And somebody says, "Why are you writing about the Athenian sailing across the Mediterranean to invade Sicily?" And I said, "I'm really not writing about the Athenians sailing across the Mediterranean to invade Sicily. I'm writing about the war in Iraq, I'm writing about the war in Afghanistan."Joel Bowman:This is actually a Trojan horse for me to get my point across, to go back to the Greeks. Byron King:I would write about Herodotus and I would write about ... But it was fun. We picked up a lot of names, and Whiskey and Gunpowder was a highly successful newsletter. Then one day in 2007, the phone rings, I picked it up, and it's someone from Agora. And they said, "Hey, Byron. The guy that edits our energy and mining pub, outstanding investment, just quit. You want the job?" I'm like, "Is it a real job?" "Yeah." "You pay me?" "Yeah." "You guys have healthcare coverage?" "Yeah. Don't give that job away."Joel Bowman:Sounds like a real job.Byron King:Literally, I hung up. This was in the morning, about 8:00 in the morning. I got in the car, I drove to Baltimore, which is about four and a half, five hours depending on traffic. I had lunch. I came home and I told my wife, I said, "Hey, I got a new job." She says, "What kind of job?" I said, "You know that Agora Group down in Baltimore?" "Yeah." I said, "They offered me a job." She's like, "Do they pay you?" And I said, "Yeah." She said, "Healthcare coverage?" "Yeah." And she said, "Great. Because you hate your other jobs so do this job."Joel Bowman:I liked that she had the same filters as you. That you get paid, there is healthcare...Byron King:I get paid, there's healthcare coverage, and we'll do some fun things. Anyhow, that was 15 years ago and I'm still around, part of the Agora family. I think first time I met you was we actually went to Titusville together.Joel Bowman:I was going to mention that.Byron King:I think it was 2005.Joel Bowman:I think it was probably back in 2005 because I'd read that piece that you wrote in Whiskey. I just mentioned it to you somewhat offhandedly maybe on the sidelines of an editorial meeting or something where we fleshed out these ideas. Within a week, you had sent an invitation saying, "Hey, if you're keen on having a look at this, why don't you come on up and we'll do an old school dynamite frack? I've got some buddies in the industry who can show us around." That was a real hoop. A blast, I got to say.Byron King:And that's what we do. You were up there and one or two others. I had my two children with me. And we went up to Titusville. It was a beautiful, gorgeous fall afternoon. The trees were beautiful and gorgeous, leaves of Western Pennsylvania. We go out to this a working oil well. I knew these fellas. They were doing an old time ... Well, it was an early frack, but it was an old time exploding the well. Literally, they would drop a charge down there. they called it a torpedo. And they would drop it down to the oil bearing zone. And then they covered it with water to keep all from blowing up out of the hole. And boom, they exploded and they fractured the well.They started doing that in the 1860s. There was some colonel or some general from the Union army, got wounded in battle in the Civil War. He couldn't be in the army anymore so he came back. But he knew a lot about explosives so he went to work in the oil fields. And so they came up with it. So fracking, in a sense, has been around for a long time. Although, today with hydraulic fracking, it's quite different than exploding things. For all the listeners, readers, viewers out there, it's an old story, it was a fascinating, old story. And that's how we started, that's how we really got up close and personal to the oil fields.Joel Bowman:For sure. It's very interesting because that dovetails very nicely into the something that I want to get into with you here. And that is an email that you sent around, like the old days, send on a letter and it spawns all these different branches here. Down here in South America, we say, [foreign language 00:11:54], to go for the branches. But anyway, the email that you sent earlier in the week, and I've got the article here was linking to a column that cited a well-known Goldman commodities analyst, Jeff Curry, who's been around the traps for, goodness, I think 30 odd years, maybe more, very well-known. And he said he's been examining the commodities markets, of which you're very familiar, and said he hasn't seen anything like it in his entire career.And I want to get this quote right here because it's a pretty powerful one. He says, here it is, "I've been doing this for 30 years. Never seen markets like this." Here's the key takeaway, "This is a molecule crisis." He said, "We're running out of everything. I don't care if it's oil, gas, coal, copper, aluminum, you name it, we're out of it." And I guess we're starting to see that reflecting itself in prices across the board with oil at its highest mark since 2014, I think. A basket of commodities covered by Bloomberg, a couple of dozen of them from ags to metals, to energy all across the spectrum were really, really ramping up here. So I guess, first, is that similar to your reading, with your experience in the commodities markets? These big shortages that are driving prices? What do you see when you look out across the horizon?Byron King:Well, I mean, I'm old enough to have been around for a few things. There are cycles and then there are really humongous cycles. So we're in a humongous cycle. Not to say that it won't be resolved, but I mean, as people say, the cure to high prices is high prices, the cure to low prices is low prices. But there's more to it than that really, because we're changing the whole investment paradigm industry in what is passed for the industrial revolution for the last 200 years. I mean, when Colonel Drake drilled his well, getting back to the 1859 and Colonel Drake, I mean, people lit their houses with whale oil. I mean, petroleum was this exotic stuff that they skimmed off of creeks and they sold it as a patent medicine. There was no petroleum. So to the modern mind or the modern ... A lot of people think, "There's no petroleum. I guess there were no gasoline engines. I couldn't drive to the mall." That's right. You didn't have any internal combustion engines and you couldn't drive to the mall, but there was no mall. And when you got to the mall that wasn't there, there was no stores selling clothing made out of plastics. And you didn't have natural gas to heat your house and you didn't have electricity for your light bulb, to illuminate.The industrial age has been a coal age but a petroleum age as well. Because you can't have electric wire without copper, but you can't have it without something to wrap around a copper, which is plastic. Much of the world's oil doesn't go to people just driving their cars to the mall. I mean, a big part of it goes to the trucks that pull everything around, to the ships that sail everything around, to the airplanes that fly everything around, to the plastics and to the precursor materials that go into everything that you wear. I mean, the buttons on your shirt, the soles on your shoes.Joel Bowman:Every molecule.Byron King:It's everything. The medicines, you think you're taking an antibiotic and you can label it as that. But if you really go back to where it all started, that antibiotic began in an oil well somewhere because the materials in which they ... The medium in which they grew the bugs that they wound up pressing in to it, the little plastic bottle that it came in. I mean, if you didn't have that, we would live in a very different world. Actually, we wouldn't be here. Somebody else would be here. We would've gone off, would be some alternative universe. Joel Bowman:Is there a shortage of molecules? Byron King:Yeah, of course. Of everything we can get into.Joel Bowman:For sure. I guess, right out the gate, an obvious question presents itself and that is what do you, as someone who is a trained geologist at one of those fringe institutions, I think, it was Harvard university. One of those ...Byron King:Wild and crazy place.Joel Bowman:So what do you say to people who essentially advocate for a world in which all of those processes, those very, very careful processes that you just outlined in which we take these raw materials, these petroleum-based materials, and turn them into finished goods, and all of the energy inputs that are needed along that value chain, what do you say to people who want to go back to an era pre that? To a so-called carbon neutral era? I mean, it seems like we're asking for trouble there.Byron King:They're not just asking for it, they're calling in the artillery on their own position. I mean, it's completely totally destructive. I mean, if you want to say we need to be better about using our energy, you want to be more efficient about energy, you want you want to change life. Well, yeah, except when it comes to changing lifestyles, I mean, how do you plan to do that? Are you going to lock the world down for two years and hold everybody at the point of a gun, and if they drive their trucks in front of your parliament building and honk their horns, you're going to arrest them all or something? I mean, how do you plan to really get this done other than to make life miserable for everybody? To borrow from Ernest Hemingway, "Slowly and then all at once."I mean, that's a very, very, very long talk, you know what I mean? Before we come here, I showed you a ... This is a piece of copper. This is elemental copper, literally chopped out of the ground with a rock hammer. This is a rock hammer, which helps to prove that I'm a geologist. Literally chopped out the ground in the Keweenaw Peninsula, the upper peninsula of Michigan there. I mean, this is copper. America's first mining boom was in about the 1840s in upper Michigan, upper peninsula, where people went up there and literally chopped this stuff up. This is the copper that that era of America used for its tea kettles and to line its ships and to make its wagon wheels and make copper nails to hold the shingles down on people's slate roofs and stuff like that.We don't have this anymore. Well, I mean, you can find it as an exotic specimen every now and then. I mean, this is 99% copper. Today, copper mining, people are mining fractions of a percent of grade of copper. How do you mine fractions of a grade of copper? Well, you go to a mountain somewhere in the Andes, big mountain in the Andes, and you put all sorts of explosives in the ground and you blow it up and you haul this rock out in the great big, huge trucks, and you crush it, and you process it, and you go through all sorts of chemistry. And eventually at the end, you wind up with copper, which you make your electric wire or what-have-you. At every step of the way, the explosive, the trucks, the facility where they crush it, the facility where they process it, the facility where they turn it into copper, all the trucking along the way, the ships that haul it across the ocean or whatever, if you don't have some stored energy in the form of hydrocarbon or various materials that come from hydrocarbon for your chemicals, that's not going to happen. So people will say, "Well, we're just going to go to electric cars." Your electric car uses about four times, maybe five times as much copper as your normal conventional internal combustion car. I mean, you're talking about increasing ... Just in the auto sector, you're increasing the use of copper by four X and five X. So when the man says there's not enough copper, that's partly what it means.Joel Bowman:And that's just one, of course, that's just one metal. This is just one element we're talking about.Byron King:One element on the periodic table. That's just one. I mean, we could go to other things. If you want to do exotic stuff. This is a specimen here, this is a titanium ore. This is rutile. Titanium dioxide. This is a beautiful specimen. I mean, no way I'm going to throw this one in the crusher. These crystals are as big as my thumb. I mean, if you want this thing, maybe I'll take 2,000 bucks for it as a mineral specimen. But it's not for sale.Joel Bowman:Where does this come from?Byron King:Well, this came from Graves Mountain in Georgia. Again, chopped out with my hammer. It's a unique geologic locale, but we don't have any of these anymore. When I say we, pretty much anywhere in the world, you don't find this stuff anymore. Maybe one or two here and there. You can go to Graves Mountain on a Saturday afternoon dig and maybe dig out a few of these things. But most of the world's titanium comes from very, very disseminated mineralization. What do you use titanium for? Well, it's everything in the white paint, all the way to a landing gear on airplanes. So where does most of the world's titanium come? It comes from Russia. I mean, let's all get mad at Russia. Let's all blame Russia for everything so that they can shut off titanium. They'll shut down Boeing in about three days if we don't have any titanium to build the jets with. Now we've covered two elements on the table. There's 90 others. Joel Bowman:So we've got a couple of ... I mean, you've touched on a few points here, but a couple of key takeaways thus far, I think is A, we're not just raking this stuff up off the front lawn anymore. These are hugely energy intensive processes in order to be able to get this stuff from whatever highly pressurized cavern. It is a subterranean, extreme environment up to whether it's painting your walls or driving your car, what-have-you. But the second component and from the Andes and to Russia, you've now mentioned, is not all of these elements, these raw materials are in geopolitically friendly jurisdictions. Which adds a huge price premium or at least a certain amount of market volatility that might be this kind of at the whims of just hoping things go the way that you want them to go. But that's not always the case.There's two angles to that geopolitically unfriendly jurisdictions. There are the geopolitically unfriendly jurisdictions where their government has contrary interest to our government, there's that kind of thing. But then there are the geopolitically unfriendly jurisdiction like Minnesota, where a very significant mine for copper, nickel, cobalt, there's several different proposals in Minnesota have all been shot down. They've all been killed off by the environmental lobby. Another geopolitical jurisdiction, California. You got to try opening new mines in California. Nevada, you can mine Montana, Idaho as if the ... The US and to some extent, Canada. Even Canada has become an unfriendly place to try to do any major projects because ... Byron King:It's not just that the permitting is so hard, it's the level of opposition. You get sort of I call it permanent capital. You know how BlackRock goes out and buys up entire neighborhoods, buys all the houses and nobody can ... You have to rent now. You can never own a house because BlackRock owns them all. Well, you get that same east and west coast permanent capital. And it funds these environmental lobbies and they come in, and their job is to stop projects. It doesn't matter the merits of the ore deposit, it doesn't matter the merits of the geology, it doesn't matter how many water quality analyses you do, how many air quality analyses you do, it doesn't matter how carefully you're going to run your mind or whatever. And if you've ever been around a modern mine, you'll see the absolute lengths to which the modern big guys go to to be safe and be careful and not be environmental stewards. There's those sort of geopolitical issues. And you know what? It's not even just a mining thing. I mean, a lot of people say, "We need more titanium. We need more copper here." It's a mining thing. It's sort of a mining thing. Your deposit is where it is. If it's not there, you can't mine it. If it is there, you still might not be able to mine it. It's a mining thing. But then, all you've done when you've blown up the rock and hauled it out in a truck is you've hauled out a bunch of rock. Now what? Now you need an entire industrial chain. You need the mills, you need the processing facilities, you need the refining facilities, you need the downstream facilities that keep adding value to it, add value, add value, add value. And the people who know how to do this in the world today, we call them Chinese. We don't call them Americans. We hardly ever call those kind of people Americans anymore. There are very, very few places in America where you can go to school and actually learn about, for example, rare earth refining. I mean, at one point, there were no places to go. Now there's Colorado School of Mines and a few other places around the country. China has entire universities that are devoted to teaching people chemistry metallurgy, hydro metallurgy, extracting these minerals. And they're capturing that part of the value chain. I'll just add one thing because I know we're going to talk some more of it. China is actually getting out of the mining industry. They don't want to dig up their ground as much anymore because they've got a huge environmental problems, water problems, food problems. They don't want to do that. They would rather buy the materials, process them in China down to a certain value add level, and then sell them to Western companies and sell them with strings attached saying that, "If you guys don't build a factory in China, if you don't share your technology with us, we're not going to sell you the materials you need." That would be the rarers, the permanent magnets, the phosphorous for lighting systems, things like that. We could talk about that all day.Joel Bowman:For sure. And if I'm not mistaken, China has some enormous percentage of the world's rare earth deposits, 90 plus percent or something. Am I in the right ballpark there? Byron King:You are absolutely in the right ballpark. I mean, you see a lot of figures and a lot of these figures are fudged figures. Well, China used to control 95%, but now it's only 80%. Well, really, when you get to the sweet spot, to the stuff that you can actually have a magnet and put it in the alternator of your car or have a phosphor and put it in your light bulb, things like that, China's back up around. They're way, way, way over 90%. What they're doing is, for example, in the US, there's a company called MP Materials, which mines rare earth ore at a place called Mountain Pass, California. It's a legacy operation going back to the '50s. Otherwise, they would never be able to build it today. But they literally mine the material, they crush it, they concentrate. They put it on in trucks, they haul it down to the port of Long Beach. And when those ships get done unloading in Long Beach and Los Angeles, they put the material on those ships and they send it back to China and we never see those molecules again. I mean, China isn't processing those on behalf of MP Materials. That's not what they call a tolling agreement. They're just selling them the ore, China gets it. And then they export it in the form of high value added materials, whether it's your microwave oven or your air conditioner or ...Joel Bowman:They send us back iPads and sneakers.Byron King:Yeah.Joel Bowman:I mean, all of these little tiles add up to a pretty dismal looking mosaic for the future of energy independence. If not only the US but in the west as well. So talk a little bit about how ... Because you touched on BlackRock just before and the idea of permanent capital and they're having such a mammoth share in the market. I'm talking BlackRock and Vanguard and these gigantic funds. When they move into the kind of mindset that is very high focused on environmentally sustainable governance, or ESG is another buzzword around now, when they go long on that type of regulatory framework, what does that do for American energy independence, and how much is it sending folding those cards to jurisdictions abroad?Byron King:Well, there you go. I guess you'd call it postmodernism. The philosophical postmodernism has transformed itself or it has beamed itself down as this ESG movement. And you get permanent capital, you get really big funds, really big organizations. They own a whole bunch of shares of all these different companies, pick her name, whatever you want. You had the one funded, owned enough shares in Exxon that they could influence other shareholders and they got their people on the board of Exxon. So all of a sudden Exxon went from saying, "We're an oil and energy company and this is who we are and this is what we do." To saying, "We're going to be carbon neutral and we're going to throttle back on this and that." Joel Bowman:That was just in the summer of '21, I think.Byron King:Just three, four months ago. Six or five months ago. Or you look at other big companies, Shell Oil, the Dutch company, or BP, British Petroleum, as it used to be called, as President Obama used to call it during the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, the British Petroleum, BP is their name. They're basically saying, "Well, we don't want to be called names, we don't want people to think harshly of us. We're going to be deinvesting in our traditional business opportunity. We're not going to drill as many wells. We're not going to explore as much. We're going to walk away from certain project, we're going to walk away from this big, huge gas project off of Mozambique or we're going to walk away from this opportunity offshore, Brazil or wherever."What it means is they are intentionally, consciously underinvesting in their business. When you say, "Who cares about Exxon?" "Well, I care about Exxon." I do not own a single share of Exxon. I don't think I ever have. Maybe I've bought and sold, I don't know. But I do not own a single share of Exxon. But I do care that they produce oil, gas, chemicals, plastics, what-have-you because I live in this world.Joel Bowman:You want to turn the lights on. Wear some shoes.Byron King:I like it when I flip the switch and the lights come on.Joel Bowman:Button your shirt up.Byron King:I like having little bull plastic buttons on my nice shirt. But when they underinvest, maybe we won't notice it today ... Well, we won't notice it today, tomorrow, next week, next month. But if they underinvest for the next year or two, by year three, we're going to begin to notice. Well, guess what? First of all, during COVID, there was a lot of underinvestment just because people are sick, can't work, can't show up to the office. Entire areas were just off limits. You can't fly anywhere, you can't drive anywhere, you can't cross borders. There was a lot of underinvestment for two years just because of COVID. And now as we wake up coming out of COVID because I mean, the COVID is ending. It's not over, but it's ending. That's a whole another discussion, but as we come out of it, we look around and we say, "Hey, wait a minute. Geez. People have been underexploring, under drilling, under developing, underplaying their geophysics, underdoing for the last two years. And we've got a couple more years of this as we look out on the whole ESG waterfront. What happens then? Well, if you don't invest in, go out, explore, drill fine, so what do the markets tell us? They're going to have a shortage of oil in the future. I guess, I'll bid oil up to $90 a barrel, maybe $100. How about $110 or $120? I mean, I've seen estimates of oil at $300 a barrel. Of course, when oil's at $300 a barrel, the economy crashes and everybody gets laid off. We'll see what happens. You'll see what the markets do. But then the other angle on that is that when a Western oil company walks away from developing a big oil or gas project somewhere, guess who else moves in? Either the state oil companies, the national oil companies of those other countries, Chinese capital moves in. China has plenty of permanent capital as well. They know how to write checks just as well as BlackRock and Vanguard. And if you pull out of here and you leave a vacuum, somebody else's capital will come in. Joel Bowman:Exactly as you would expect. As you said, we've been, goodness, I don't know how many years, but it would've been probably since the last peak in oil around 2014, thereabouts, that we've had this kind of cyclical turn. And as you mentioned, undercapitalization, underinvestment, under exploration, and now we're reaping the high prices of that under attention, I guess, to an entire sector. So let me ask you, because the people who are advocating for this, great transition, which they never fully get around to explaining how it's going to be funded, although we know the price tag is something extraordinary. I think Janet Yellen put it in the ballpark of $150 trillion. I guess they just print those. I have no idea where they all come from. Those people will say, "Okay, Byron, it's going to be tough. We're going to have to move from these fossil ideas, I guess, of the old oil and gas and the old stalwarts in delivering our energy. But what we're looking forward to is this utopia where we've got windmills and solar panels and all the rest of it." So talk a little bit about how that doesn't quite compute, doesn't quite deliver, how the sun doesn't shine, the wind doesn't blow, and all the rest of it. Because it seems to be a big gap between wishful thinking and cold, hard reality there.Byron King:For sure. I mean, windmills and solar have a place in the world. I call it a niche. They are niche performers. I mean, just to do windmills and solars, what do you need? You need steel, which comes from iron ore, which comes from rocks in the ground. You need coal to make the basic steel. You need coal to make the pig iron, and then once you have the iron, you can melt it. But you still need electricity, and where do you get your electricity from? You can't do big industrial scale electric things off of solar and wind because they ... Unless you have huge capacitors that somehow store the energy. I mean, I don't want to get all electrical engineering on you here. But to do solar and wind, you need a lot of steel, you need a lot of exotic elements, you need a lot of rare earth, you need a lot of silver. The polysilicon that is in the face of the solar panels. I mean, polysilicon is a very exotic material that the ... I mean, where's most of it made? Well, China. For windmills, you need all these big, fancy, permanent magnets in there. And these rotating machinery as the big blades go round and round and round. Where do those rares come from? China. Magnets? China. You've got other issues and these things have a life cycle. They aren't really renewable in the sense that after, pick a number 10, 15, 20 years, these machines, they too will wear out. They aren't going to last forever.Maybe you can rebuild them. Maybe there's a recycling element to them, but right now, what happens to old windmill blades? They bury them in landfills. Well, that doesn't seem very renewable. That's just the machinery about it. But you mentioned, the wind doesn't blow the sun, doesn't shine. The sun comes up and the sun goes down. And when the sun comes up, the little solar panels are out there and you go from no electricity, no electricity to, "Good. We're making lots of electricity. Lots of electricity." Sun goes down, no more electricity.What happens when you want to run your society during those nighttime periods or if it snows or if it's cloudy day or something like that? Well, now you need baseload power. Well, where's the baseload power come from? Well, traditionally coal. Nuclear, that'd be great. But we've really put a lid on nuclear. In the west, I mean, in Germany, they're shutting down their new plants. I wrote an article for Bonner Private Letter about that in December. Germany's energy StalingradJoel Bowman:That's right. Excellent metaphor and not a very good one for students of history who know how Stalingrad went.Byron King:It didn't work out well for the Germans the first time, they want to do it again. I don't get this. Some people don't learn. They don't learn too good, as the saying goes. Right now, as we speak, what happens when the sun goes down and we need to get that base load balanced again? We need to balance the load so that literally the lights will go on, so the refrigerators keep running, people's computers keep working, so that you can charge your Tesla at night or what-have-you. How do we get that power? In a lot of places in the United States, the way to get quick, almost instant electric power is you turn on your natural gas fired turbines. You have out there in the gas fields, you got the pipelines. Again, pipelines are made out of this thing called steel. That comes from ... They're put together by big, heavy machinery that are run by this stuff called diesel fuel. And they're wrapped in these protective coatings that are made out of this stuff called plastic, which comes from this thing called oil, which comes from these things called oil fields. In comes the natural gas to the great, big, huge gas turbines that are made by Siemens and General Electric and what-have-you, made out of all sorts of exotic materials like titanium and all sorts of fancy magnets made out of materials that came from China. We spool these babies up and we generate this electricity and now we balance the load. So by day, we are subsidizing solar power because they all have tax breaks and tax credits and everything for their solar panels and such. By day, we're flooding the market with this subsidized solar power. And by night, we're having to turn on these merchant power systems, these natural gas fired systems just to balance the load. We're really ruining the economics of a broad scale electric power industry. I mean, across the country, public utility commissions in every single state are wrestling with this. I mean, where the public utility goes to the commission and says, "Listen, we're having to pay these high rates back to the homeowners for their solar panels by day on the sunny days but that doesn't support our grid." And then meanwhile, we have these idle plants that we have, these natural gas plants on each side of the sunrise, sunset, we have to pay ... Those are capital costs, too. We have to pay for those. We don't use them for eight or 10 or 12 hours a day but then we have to spin them up at night. You get into public utility law that is very, very complex. The lawyers are having a field day with it, the lawyers and the economists who deal with this. Great jobs for those guys, those gals. There's a whole thoughtless sense to it all. Then you go to a place like California, which has reached something, on a sunny day, something like 30% of the California on a sunny day is solar-powered or so-called renewable power. Okay, but now you destabilize the whole grid with on again, off again power. And they're importing power from British Columbia, they're importing power from Nevada and Utah and other places. How do you do that? Joel Bowman:I mean, it goes back to what you were saying about Germany and what you wrote. I'll link to this article below for our listeners because it's really well worth their reading. It's a little peek into the future just as I'm down here in Buenos Aires, Argentina is a little peek into America's inflationary future if it doesn't pull its breeches up. But I think you can look into the future by having a look at what's going on in Germany. And if we keep down this path as Germany has done, not only do we watch just basic electricity heating costs go through the roof, as we've seen natural gas futures, and oil price skyrocket over the past couple of months during this winter.But also you eventually have to revert if you put a whole load of your power load onto an unreliable, so-called renewable or green energy grid. When that doesn't come through or when the wind doesn't blow, as they found out in Texas last year, then all of a sudden you're back to dirtier fuels. Coal, in the case of Germany. Where you're undercuting your whole reason for going green in the first place when you're ... I think it was actually lignite they went back to. It was even worse.Byron King:They come burning lignite. Is there a dirtier fuel than lignite? The answer, no. I guess if you could burn your front lawn or something...Joel Bowman:You could burn a rain forest.Byron King:They're burning lignite to release the energy to boil water, make steam, spin a turbine and literally keep their lights on and keep their little street cars running in diesel cars.Joel Bowman:Crazy. So what about people who say, "Okay, this is all well and good. But man has innovated past paraffin. We've had whale oil." In some parts of the world, in Indonesia, they're still burning through forests." We used to burn various types of fuels until we got to this high grade, high ERORI of the petroleum energy return and energy invested ... There you go. Until we got to these high ERORI fuel sources. So we've just got to have a bit of faith in technology, we've just got to have a bit of faith in innovation and tomorrow's battery cells and tomorrow's whatever. They're just going to be so much better that we just need to transition to the eutopic future and we'll all live happily ever after over there. What say ye, Mr. King?Byron King:Well, there's an old expression that I heard it long ago from a guy at Westinghouse, the old Westinghouse Electric Company, which was this massive company that it did everything. It made electrical appliances, it made electrical equipment, built nuclear plants. I mean, it built the nuclear reactors for Navy submarines, things like that. But they were very stovepipe company, they had a lot of different branches. And the guy said, "If we only knew what we know, we could really do much better." And when you say, "People are innovative, there's lots of patents out there." Yeah, there are. There's lots of patents out there. And if we knew what we know, we might be able to cobble something together. That takes political leadership and that takes policy making people who actually understand this stuff and who didn't just read a couple magazine articles or didn't just spool up after reading a New York Times article or two about, "We're going to kill ourselves. We're ruining the world," and all this sort of stuff. We're ruining the world and we're all going to die, okay. I grant you that. I mean, in rare earth, for example, there was a not too long ago study that I saw, heard about. They compared patents in the rare earth arena by different countries and they adjusted per population, what-have-you. For every patent in rare earth, which are important if you're going to do renewable, for every patent in rare earth that happens in the United States, there are 35 patents in China. Joel Bowman:Wow. This is population adjusted as you mentioned. That's an important caveat there.Byron King:When it comes to who's going to own the future, the people who are going to own the future are people who are thinking about it and thinking about tying it all together. Which is not to say that China's 10 feet tall, but Chinese people are 10 feet tall, that they strongest gorillas and all this sort stuff. No, no, no. I mean, they're people, too. But they think about it. And it doesn't mean that I want the CCP, the Chinese Communist Party, approach to running life in America or Canada. Even though sometimes you wonder. You kind of wonder, I mean, how much of that rule book over there have they brought over here?Joel Bowman:Gramsci's long march through the academies is alive and well.Byron King:These long march through the academy. I mean, when people say, "We have a carbon dioxide crisis." I said, "Well, all I can say for sure is that every year, there's more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere." It's a very, very, very small fraction. Some people say, "Well, it's enough to change the climate and everything else." "Well, I don't know that the models are that good." Other people who are smart have different models of it. I've spoken with Russian scientists who cover this and they think that Western scientists are just they don't know what they're talking about. And the Russians, they know a few things about the high arctic. I mean, half their, of countries in the north of the Arctic Circle. But we have really a global environmental crisis. I mean, if you look at how much crap is just being thrown into the rivers and streams and the off flow of agriculture chemicals and things, I mean, we're ruining the ecology of the planet, I'll grant you that. I mean, it just seems to me that the policy ought to be broader than just this crackdown on what I'd call the center of gravity of modern life, which is a petroleum-oriented or hydrocarbon-oriented energy and materials economy. When you say, "We've got to turn the valves and we've got to shut in the oil wells and shut in the natural gas. We're going to put the coal companies out of business. They should all go bankrupt." The woman who almost became the comptroller of the currency that President Biden nominated be the comptroller of the currency, from Cornell Law School. She was an immigrant from the Soviet Union. She wrote her thesis on A Marxian analysis of the economy. She said that in order to ...Joel Bowman:Omarova, I think her name was.Byron King:... have the future that we want, we're going to have to bankrupt all the oil companies. It's like, "Well, to bankrupt all the oil companies means our energy's going to go away. Our classics are going to go away, our agricultural fertilizers are going to away, our chemicals are going to go away. I guess that means you just want to kill us all off. Well, no, thank you. No, thank you. We're just fine killing ourselves off without you helping."Joel Bowman:Right. Saule Omarova I think her name was. Another of her quotes, I think she was taking the scorched earth approach. Not only to oil and gas, but I think to banking as well. She wanted something like some federal deposit accounts where, of course, the government would be able to control maybe through a central bank digital currency or some such. Where you spent your money, with whom, at what time, under what circumstances. Because of course, central planning worked out so well for the Soviets. She was a School of Moscow graduate, I think.Talk a little bit, Byron, about a potential kind of transition fuel. It strikes me that when people talk about, "Okay, let's throw the baby up with the bath water." Let's throw the entire petrochemical industry just in the drink. First of all, there's not enough room in St. Greta Thunberg's arc for two of every species at this point, let alone the whole human race. But is there some possibility that we could transition to say, a larger percentage of our energy needs reliant on, say, natural gas or nuclear, if we could get the political will behind it and move away from either geopolitical risk in some places? I mean, you speak about the United States, there's no shortage of natural gas there. One would think that would be a perfect strategy for ensuring a bunch of jobs, reinvesting in America's energy independence and its energy grid, and having a somewhat of a lot, well, a lot cleaner source than say coal or German lignite, for sure.Byron King:Well, it is a rough and rocky road ahead to change. I mean, we're looking at 200 years of inertia here. We're looking at a lot of what we call the built economy, the things that run on things that we used to have. I mean, the easements and the rights of way kind of like with the railroad, they are where they are and they were established long ago. And it's if you want to build a new railroad today or change the trackage of a railroad, how do you do that? I mean, I talked to a guy once at the US Department of Transportation and I said, "What's your biggest problem when it comes to building roads?" He says, "The biggest problem that we encounter most is graveyards." Every time they want to build a road or expand a road, they have to dig up a graveyard, move all the caskets. Transition the economy, every time you want to do something slightly different, you're going to have to dig up somebody else's graveyard. You break their rice bowl or dig up their graveyard. You know what I mean? Now we said, "The thing is we have what we have." And like I said earlier, if we knew what we already know, if people could actually synthesize what we already know, we can do this. And in fact, this is future looking in terms of where Byron is going with his writing. We'll talk about that in a few moments, if you wish. But if we knew what we know and we started to really tie things together, we could take what we have. We could take where we are and begin a reasonably decent transition and people who are part of it could make some money at it investment -wise.We can't just turn the valves and shut off the oil industry because a third of the oil goes for transportation and a third of it goes for industry and chemicals. I mean, it's not just people driving to the mall that's destroying the world. Don't take what you see every day when you're out and about. Don't take that as the problem or, natural gas. Let me just leap frog ahead a couple of things. I mean, we must absolutely revitalize the nuclear sector for base load electricity. Lots of great ideas out there for that. There's uranium. I mean, I could get into thorium but that's a whole another ... We could spend all day talking about thorium.Joel Bowman:It's another episode.Byron King:A whole another episode to talk about thorium. Just basic uranium reactors have an incredible future for base load electricity. Another thing and another point, and this is something that I'm working on right now and I'm going to be coming out eventually, give me a month or so with a report, it's going to be on fuel cells. You take a solid oxide fuel cell. You pass the hydrocarbon over it, natural gas or you could use diesel or you could use almost any hydrocarbon you want. But because of the chemistry and the physics of a fuel cell, and I don't want to get into it, this isn't going to be mechanical, electrical engineering class here. But because it is an immensely efficient way of removing the energy from that hydrocarbon, turning that energy into electricity and capturing and controlling the emissions, I'm not going to say that there will be zero emission. Fuel cells will never emit another molecule of CO2 again, but we will sure emit a lot fewer using fuel cells. And when you say, "Well, tell me more about this fuel cells." I don't want to get into the electrical engineering of how they work. I mean, you can read, I'll tell you more when I write about it and you can read about it eventually and you'll know about it.But the materials that go into these fuel cells, they are familiar materials, again, from the mine mill factory side, copper, nickel, platinum, palladium, rare earths. Oh my goodness. Yttrium-stabilized zirconia. You want exotic metals. I mean, we got to have yttria-stabilized zirconia to make these things work. Is there a molecule shortage of that? You're damn right there is. But what that means that if how to get yttria or if you know how to get zirconia, you're on the right track here investment-wise. That's one example.Joel Bowman:Well, let me ask that because I want to get around to your writings and where people can find them. But before we do that, give us a broad sweep. I don't want to undercut any of your own paid subscribers here, but for investors who are out there, who are they've been having a bit of a turbulent ride in the markets potentially so far this year, to say the least, if they've been investing in the new shiny things and they're looking at getting back to basics as it were. And this of course, Dan Tom have been writing about their trade of the decade, which very generally speaking is long energy, long, old energy that is. We spoke about this earlier in the year or late last year, rather, with Rick Rule, Winter Catastrophe Summit for Bonner Private Research. But when you are looking at ways to actively invest in this long term trend, what kind of sectors are you're looking at and how specific can you get with regards to sharing with us things that are on your radar?Byron King:Well, I'm still writing for one of the old line at Agora pubs. I work with Zach Scheidt on one called Lifetime Income Report. Every week or so, I write a little column that goes out in every month, I write another longer column for the monthly. It's a value investing kind of approach. I mean, just good basic companies in good basic sectors that can survive the tsunamis of what's going on. Nothing big and flashy, no Facebooks that are going to drop 25% one day, that kind of a thing. Joel Bowman:You mean we can't power the world with cat videos and the likes?Byron King:No. You just can't power the world with invitations to your birthday party kind of thing.Joel Bowman:Who would've thunk it?Byron King:That's where I'm at right now. In terms of what do I talk about? I talk about the classic things. I mean, I talk about gold, silver, just basic. I mean, there's definitely an upside to them but they also have what I like, which is the limited downside. And even if they do drop during a market crash, what's the first thing that recovers after a market crash? Gold. It's the most liquid thing there is. People sell their gold to pay their margin calls on Facebook or on Tesla or whatever like that because they got slammed. But then the thing is when they sell their gold, somebody else goes in there and buys it as with a lot of other things. Why do you think Facebook dropped 25%? Well, because it went no bid. Nobody wanted to buy it up there. Maybe some bottom feeding sharks came in to buy it down there. But I actually think some of those bottom feeding sharks are going to wish that they had found a lower bottom, so there's that.I like classic traditional energy. I mean, a company like Exxon or a company like Chevron. I mean, I was writing about Exxon a year ago when the share price was about 50% of where it is now. When the dividend yield was something like, I don't know, 10%. And you say, "Well, Exxon, who needs to be told to buy Exxon?" Well, I don't know. A lot of people seem to be told to buy Exxon because the share price has gone up significantly in the last year. Somebody was buying into it. And even with the people on the board who were like, "We're going to go ESG and we're going to decarbonize ourselves." They're making all this money in spite of themselves in the current oil environment. And I don't see the current oil environment self-correcting.I mean, it's not like government policy. Not this government, not the one we got now, not this ... They're not government policying towards more oil lower prices. I mean, you may have seen our wonderful Secretary of Energy, the former fashion model, tour guide at Universal Studios, Governor of Michigan, Jennifer Granholm, when she was asked, "What's your solution to lowering energy prices?" She literally laughed at the person who asked her that question. Somebody asked her, "How many barrels of oil does the United States use every day?" And she says, "Well, I don't really have that data." I'm like, "You're the secretary of energy and you don't know how many barrels of oil the United States uses every day? Why are you there?"Joel Bowman:You would think of all the pieces of information, that particular data might be one that would maybe spring forth from a well-fertilized mind, but doesn't appear that that's what we're speaking about at this juncture.Byron King:And it's an easy number. I mean, it's in the realm of about 20 million barrels a day to run the United States. Joel Bowman:It's a nice round number. Byron King:Nice round number. You just have to remember that. You don't have to get down to the nearest 100,000 or whatever. Just throw that out and you'll sound like you're smart, like you know what you're talking about. Where does it come from? Well, I mean the United States imports more oil every day from Russia than we do from Saudi Arabia or Mexico. I mean, nobody knows that. Again, let's get into a war with Russia here. Unless we can somehow make another Mexico to make up for that deficit. But anyhow, in terms of like, "What am I looking at?" I mean, basic energy, US natural gas, certain pipeline plays because ... Not all pipelines. I mean, if you have a pipeline to a declining energy basin, well, you have a 50% full pipeline. That's not a good pipeline.If you have pipelines into the Permian basin, which is 98% capacity, that's a good pipeline. So things like that. I have been spending a lot of time talking with the mining place and the processing place for the battery metals, the technology metals, the energy metals, the rare earth place. As I've mentioned earlier, in North America, US, Canada, we have some mining place. We don't have a lot of the downstream place. It's just not there. There are a couple that might turn into something. I mean, Canadian companies, a company like Appia Energy, A-P-P-I-A. Appia Rare Earths and Uranium is their full name, they have the best deposit of a mineral called monazite in North America, maybe the world. It's the highest grade minerality I've ever seen. It's unbelievable minerality. Monazite for again, not to get into all minerology on you here, but it's a fabulous ore for rare earth. The problem is with Monazite is you also get low levels of uranium and thorium so it's a radiation problem. They're in Saskatchewan. They have a relationship with the Saskatchewan Research Council, which has a licensed nuclear capable facility. So when they process their minerals, when they get there ... They're still developmental. But when they get there, when they process the minerals, the Saskatchewan Radionuclide site, they're going to take those radioactive minerals away. That's a good thing. And we'll be left with the molecules we want, which is the rare earths, the neodymium and the dysprosium and the erbium and terbium and gadolinium and all those good stuff that make things work. I've been working on that. It's a model of an investment paradigm that feeds on where the war world is going in the future. Again, if we could only know what we knew. That's going to be ...Joel Bowman:I think we have a title for this episode. If only we knew what we knew.Byron King:If only we knew what we know.Joel Bowman:Well, Byron, I'm cognizant of the fact that we've run a little over time here, but I'm always thrilled to talk to you. It's such an encyclopedic knowledge of all of the aforementioned subjects and so many more. Besides, we didn't even get into half of the things that I wanted to talk about but we can save those for another podcast in the future. And in the meantime, as you mentioned, it looks like trends in motion are going to stay in motion, at least for the remainder of this administration and who knows how long beyond. What that means, I guess, is to torture a metaphor, a rich vein for you to tap with regards to individual investments in a field that you know probably better than anyone out there. So that's good for followers of Byron King and good for followers of Bonner Private Research. We'll be talking to Byron plenty more in the future if we're so lucky. So mate, thank you so much for taking the time. I really appreciate.Byron King:That's great. I thank you for your time and your courtesy. For all the viewers and listeners out there who watch this or listen to it, thank you so much. I truly appreciate that you would give me any of your time at all. And I hope that we've helped you with your thinking.Joel Bowman:Excellent. Byron, thanks a lot, man. I really appreciate it. This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit bonnerprivateresearch.substack.com/subscribe

The News:  A joint advisory was published on Friday, May 7, 2021 by the Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) and the UK's National Cyber Security Centre, the FBI, and the NSA focused on Russian Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR) and their tactics, techniques and procedures used to target victims. These reports focus on threats posted by APT29, how its methods have evolved, and provides best practices to defend against the threat actor. Read the Joint Advisory here. The US/UK Governments Issue Cybersecurity Advisory on Russian Threat Actor Activity Analyst Take: This past Friday was a big day for cybersecurity advisories related to Russian Foreign Service (SVR) threat actors. The threat group APT29 has been attributed to Russia's SVR and have operated since about 2008, largely targeting government networks in Europe and NATO member countries, research institutes, and think tanks. APT29 is also known by the names Dark Halo, StellarParticle, NOBELLIUM, UNC2452, YTTRIUM, The Dukes, Cozy Bear, and Cozy Duke. In the recently issued joint advisory, the US and UK governments outlined tactics and techniques that the Russians are using in their hacking efforts and outlined how they are targeting their victims. In an earlier alert issued the week prior, SVR operations were outlined, along with trends and some recommended best practices for network defenders. These reports also provide more details on the SolarWinds attack spearheaded by those same Russian SVR threat actors. The SolarWinds attack saw malicious updates from compromised SolarWinds systems breaching hundreds of organizations – and we don't yet know the full scope of the damage. Last year we also saw that same SVR group targeting vaccine R&D operations, which involved malware tracked as WellMesshttps://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/analysis-reports/ar20-198c and WellMail. What caught my eye here and what is highlighted in the report is that threat actors embrace best practices for digital transformation. They are agile and adaptable. Once they are detected, they pivot. For instance, once the WellMess/WellMail breach was detected, APT29 pivoted. And this pivot was a really pretty brilliant. The threat actors began using Sliver, which is a security testing tool developed by Bishop Fox, an offensive security assessment firm. Sliver is a legitimate tool used for adversary simulation. This new report focuses on helping threat hunters detect Sliver, but here's the rub: just because it's detected doesn't necessarily mean it's malicious. Have a headache yet? I do. My colleague Fred McClimans and I covered this jointly issued report in our Cybersecurity Shorts series on the Futurum Tech Webcast this past week. Threat Actors Make It Their Job to Know When Servers Are Vulnerable The newly published warning report said that threat actors are actively scanning the internet for vulnerable servers, including vulnerabilities affecting VMware's vCenter Server product and Microsoft Exchange servers, which have already been exploited by many. There are five vulnerabilities the government warns that need immediate attention in addition to the newest Microsoft Exchange Server updates just made available in mid-April. These five are: CVE-2018-13379 Fortinet FortiGate VPN  CVE-2019-9670 Synacor Zimbra Collaboration Suite (advisory here) CVE-2019-11510 Pulse Secure Pulse Connect Secure VPN CVE-2019-19781 Citrix Application Delivery Controller and Gateway  CVE-2020-4006 VMware Workspace ONE Access A final note that organizations have been slow to apply the available fixes, leaving organizations massively at risk. Access the full Joint NCSC-CISA-FBI-NSA Cybersecurity Advisory on Russian CyberSecurity here: Advisory: Further TTPs Associated with SVR Cyber Actors The government also released Fact Sheet: Russian SVR Activities Related to SolarWinds Compromise that they recommend all security personnel familiarize themselves with.

In which we discuss the uses of lead in gasoline (and the temporally and geographically associated violence), avgas, pipes, and car paint primer, and the greener replacements for these products—ethanol as replacement for tetraethyl lead as an anti-knock additive in gasoline, potential plastic replacements for lead pipes, and yttrium as a replacement for lead car primer.Host–Felicia Etzkorn of Virginia Tech, co-host–Jamie Ferguson of Emory & Henry College, with music by Wendy Godley of The Kind. Abelsohn AR, Sanborn M (2010) Lead and Children, Canadian Family Physician 56:531. https://www.cfp.ca/content/56/6/531 EPA Final Revisions to the Lead and Copper Rule: https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/final-revisions-lead-and-copper-rule Angus Chen, Zapping Lead Pipes with Electricity Could Make Them Safer for Drinking Water, Scientific American, April 4, 2019. PPG Industries, Yttrium as a Lead Substitute in Cationic Electrodeposition Coatings, EPA  Green Chemistry Challenge Award 2001. https://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/presidential-green-chemistry-challenge-2001-designing-greener-chemicals-award Grateful Dead, New Speedway Boogie excerpt, from What a Long Strange Trip It's Been, 1977.

Kareena finds all about Yttrium – where it comes from and why it is an element in danger.

Yttrium is yet another element named after the village of Ytterby and is important in the development of high temperature superconductors, says Allan Blackman from AUT in ep 94 of Elemental.

Yttrium is yet another element named after the village of Ytterby and is important in the development of high temperature superconductors, says Allan Blackman from AUT in ep 94 of Elemental.

Yttrium is yet another element named after the village of Ytterby and is important in the development of high temperature superconductors, says Allan Blackman from AUT in ep 94 of Elemental.

A daily look at the relevant information security news from overnight.Episode 177 - 18 October 2019The Dukes are back - https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/cozy-bear-russian-hackers-spotted-after-staying-undetected-for-years/Samsung sucky bios - https://www.zdnet.com/article/samsung-admits-fingerprint-reader-flaw-promises-software-fix/Cisco patches - https://threatpost.com/cisco-aironet-access-points-critical-flaws/149266/UC Browser flaw - https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/500-million-uc-browser-android-users-exposed-to-mitm-attacks-again/Stripe phishing - https://www.darkreading.com/endpoint/phishing-campaign-targets-stripe-credentials-financial-data/d/d-id/1336117

Welcome to the sleepy Swedish town of Ytterby. I hope you like it, because we'll be spending an awful lot of time there later in the series.

According to the American Cancer Society, more than 40,000 adults will be diagnosed with primary liver cancer this year. More commonly, cancer will metastasize to the liver from another part of the body, such as the colon. It's estimated that more than 135,000 people will be diagnosed with colorectal cancer in 2017. Roughly 50 percent of people with colorectal cancer will develop liver metastases.A minimally invasive radiation treatment for liver tumors is now available at Our Lady of Lourdes Medical Center. Yttrium-90 (Y-90) radioembolization targets cancer by injecting special beads into the blood vessels feeding the tumor. The beads, called microspheres, deliver a high dose of short-range radiation to the tumor while sparing surrounding healthy tissue. In this segment, Dr. Joseph Broudy discusses this promising new treatment for liver tumors and the treatment options available at Lourdes Health System.

DJ Row Presents Trancegressive Vibes Ep. 341 1 Young Parisians - U Write The Rules (Solarstone Remix) [Classic Of The Month] 2 DJ Geri feat Laura Mor - Forever Young (Dub Mix) 3 Iverson & Alex Daf vs Anna Lee - New Horizons (Dennis Sheperd Remix) 4 Hamza Khammessi - Afterglow (Make One Remix) 5 Gosselt - Enigma (Imida pres Yttrium) 6 Andrew Cash & DJ Massymo Tn - Strange World (Neutronix Remix) 7 MagicSense & Vittorio Soltanni - Arctica (Skylex Remix)

Neil Withers recalls making this groundbreaking superconductor as a student

Dr. Matt Johnson provides a commentary about Consolidation of Hepatic Arterial Inflow by Embolization of Variant Hepatic Arteries in Preparation for Yttrium-90 Radioembolization, by Abdelmaksoud et al.

R. M. Hickey discusses "Dose-escalating study of Yttrium-90 microspheres with capecitabine for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma or metastatic disease to the liver: Preliminary results".

Das in der interventionellen Kardiologie durch vermehrtes Stenting entstandene Problem des Instent-Rezidivs durch Neointimahyperplasie bleibt neben erfolglosen medikamentösen Ansätzen sowie trotz Anwendung zahlreicher Ablationsverfahren bestehen. Ein Therapieansatz ist dabei die vaskuläre Brachytherapie, welche durch ionisierende Strahlung die Proliferation Neointima-bildender Zellen hemmt. Zur Beurteilung des frühen Verlaufs nach Angioplastie, Cutting-Ballon und anschließender intrakoronarer Brachytherapie (Strontium-90/Yttrium-90) erfolgte bei 42 Patienten die Beurteilung des Lumenverlusts (Neointimabildung) mittels quantitativer Koronarangiographie und seriellem intravaskulärem Ultraschall nach 3 und 6 Monaten. Alle eingeschlossenen Patienten hatten eine hohe Prävalenz an kardiovaskulären Risikofaktoren mit bis zu 4 Rezidiv-Stenosen und überdurchschnittlicher Läsionslänge (32,8 ± 19,2 mm). Nach 3 Monaten zeigte sich keine signifikante Neointimabildung, nach 6 Monaten ein beginnender Lumenverlust. Eine durchschnittliche Stenose von 76% konnte postinterventionell auf 6% reduziert werden und lag nach 3 und 6 Monaten bei 14% bzw. 20%. Damit konnte die Wirksamkeit der intrakoronaren Brachytherapie in der frühen Phase der Behandlung des Instent-Redzidivs gezeigt werden.

Thu, 22 Jul 2010 12:00:00 +0100 https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/11866/ https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/11866/1/Zebuhr_Yorck.pdf Zebuhr, Yorck

Yttrium podcast from Chemistry World - the magazine of the Royal Society of Chemistry.

A study in the January 2010 Gastroenterology assesses long-term clinical outcomes of Hepatocellular carcinoma patients treated with intra-arterial yttrium-90 microspheres. Dr. Kuemmerle speaks to senior author Dr. Riad Salem.

Thu, 23 Jul 2009 12:00:00 +0100 https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/10406/ https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/10406/1/Wirz_Moritz.pdf Wirz, Moritz

The Show Notes:IntroParsec NominationsAcoustic duo vs. PFAOccasional Songs for the Periodic TableCobalt, Nickel, Copper, Zinc, Gallium, Germanium, Arsenic, Selenium, Bromine, Krypton, Rubidium, Strontium, Yttrium, Zirconium, Niobium, Molybdendum, Technetium, Ruthenium, Rhodium, Palladium, SilverA Super Magumba Ask George - Matt Frewer? Marty Gordon- Tom Cruise and Germany? Mike Lee- Ukrainian? Steven Novak- Accents and the other e-mail? Terence Praet - Real piano vs. fake piano? Mat from London- Prime Number? Light Twinkie? Clair High- The J. Foster Interrogatories of DOOMMinoishe Interroberg's To Make with the Good English- Meteoric Rise Paul Minturn- Oriented vs. Orientated V. Ross- For the longest time Jill Arroway- Sketchy vs. Shady, not gonna lie Terence, again- I could care less, For all intensive purposes Jay Parlar- The EX factor Paul MakiShow Close......................................Mentioned in the show: Skepticality, the Philadelphia Funk Authority.And as always: George's blog, website, flickr, and myspace page. Have a comment on the show, a topic for Minoishe Interroberg, or a question for Ask George? Drop George a line at geo@geologicrecords.net or through his blog.Have any comments?

Zwischen Dezember 1998 und September 2000 wurden bei insgesamt 111 Patienten eine intrakoronare Bestrahlung durchgeführt. Indikationen waren in-Stent Restenosen und de-novo Stenosen. In dieser Arbeit wurde ein Beobachtungs-zeitraum von 2 Jahren nach der Intervention analysiert. Bei den in-Stent Restenosen liegt MACE in unserer Arbeit nach 2 Jahren bei 49% und damit identisch zum Ergebnis in der WRIST96,103 Studie (48%). TVR ist mit 33% nach einem Jahr ebenfalls identisch mit dem Ergebnis der WRIST Studie (33,8%). Nach 2 Jahren weicht unser TVR mit 51% etwas nach oben ab (WRIST: 44%), liegt aber immer noch deutlich besser als die Kontrollgruppe der WRIST Studie (72%) Für die de-novo Stenosen sind aus der Literatur keine 2-Jahresverläufe zum Vergleich verfügbar. Die Ergebnisse bei MACE (29%) und TVR (21%) nach 6 Monaten sind jedoch vergleichbar mit den Ergebnissen der PREVENT56 Studie (26/21%). Heute gilt die intrakoronare Brachytherapie von de-novo Stenosen als obsolet, während sie für die Behandlung der in-Stent Restenose die einzige evidenz-basierte Therapieform darstellt. Ob in Zukunft die Medikamente freisetzenden Stents die Brachytherapie der in-Stent Restenose ablösen werden, muss erst in prospektiven, randomisierten Studien geklärt werden.

1 Hydraziniumazide In dieser Arbeit wurde untersucht, ob die Eigenschaften von Hydraziniumazid durch Einführung organischer Substituenten verbessert werden können. Die Hydraziniumazidderivate wurden aus den jeweiligen wasserfreien, substituierten Hydrazinen und einer wasserfreien Lösung von HN3 in Ether dargestellt, die aus der Reaktion von Tetrafluoroborsäureetherat mit Natriumazid gewonnen wurde. Hydraziniumazid ist ein Addukt der schwachen Säure HN3 (pKs = 4.92) mit Hydrazin. Zwischen den Hydrazinium- und Azidionen treten starke Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen auf. Die Stärke der Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen ist entscheidend für die Eigenschaften der jeweiligen Verbindungen. Die Leichtflüchtigkeit sowie die Hygroskopie von Hydraziniumazid und seinen Derivaten lassen sich auf die Stärke und Zahl der Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen zurückführen. Die Einführung organischer Substituenten schwächt die Bindung zwischen Azidionen und Hydraziniumionen bereits dadurch, dass weniger NH Wasserstoffatome, die Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen bilden können, vorhanden sind. Je mehr Substituenten vorhanden sind, desto schwächer ist somit die Bindung zwischen Hydrazin und HN3. Der Schmelzpunkt der Hydraziniumazide ist eine gute Beschreibungsgröße für die Stärke der Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen und damit die Stärke des Hydrazin-HN3 Addukts. Dies kann an den sinkenden Schmelzpunkten der methylierten Verbindungen Methylhydraziniumazid (3), N,N-Dimethylhydraziniumazid (4), N,N´- Dimethylhydraziniumazid (5), und N,N,N´-Trimethylhydraziniumazid (6) überprüft werden. Die organischen Substituenten lieferten während der Explosion keine Energiebeiträge, da sie entweder zum Kohlenwasserstoff oder zum organylsubstituierten Amin reagierten. Daher sinkt der Anteil an aktiver Masse mit zunehmendem Substitutionsgrad. Erstaunlicherweise explodierten aber die flüssigen di-, tri- und tetramethylierten Verbindungen 4-7 bei Erwärmung heftiger als das monomethylierte 3. Dies ist auf die schwache Bindung von HN3 in diesen Verbindungen zurückzuführen. Es wurde zuerst HN3 abgespalten, das dann explodierte. Es wurde versucht, die Bindung zwischen Hydrazinium- und Azidionen durch zusätzliche Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen mit weiteren NH und OH Protonen in 2-Hydroxyethylhydrazin und Ethylendihydrazin zu stärken. Aus der Reaktion dieser Hydrazinderivate mit HN3 wurden keine Feststoffe, sondern zähflüssige Produkte, die nicht die stöchiometrische Menge HN3 enthielten, isoliert.Der Einbau eines Hydrazinstickstoffatoms in Ringsysteme führt zur Erhöhung der Basizität des Stickstoffatoms. Stärkere Hydrazin-HN3 Addukte sollten sich ergeben. Dies wird dadurch belegt, dass der Schmelzpunkt der N,N-dimethylierten Verbindungen N,NDimethylhydraziniumazid (4) und N-Amino-1-azoniacyclohexanazid (18) im Sechsringsystem 18 um 50 °C höher ist. Das Siebenringsystem N-Amino-1- azoniacycloheptanazid (19) zeigt ebenfalls eine Erhöhung des Schmelzpunktes von 18 °C gegenüber 4. Die Erhöhung ist geringer als bei 18, da in Siebenringsystemen die Basizitätserhöhung des Ringstickstoffatoms niedriger ist als in Sechsringsystemen. Das bei N-Amino-1-azonia-4-oxacylcohexanazid (20) im Ringsystem vorhandene Sauerstoffatom zeigt keine Auswirkungen auf den Schmelzpunkt. 20 spaltete jedoch während längerer Lagerung eine NH2-Gruppe ab, Morpholiniumazid (21) wurde erhalten. Auch bei den N,N´-dimethylierten Verbindungen N,N´-Dimethylhydraziniumazid 5, N,N´-Diethylhydraziniumazid (22), Pyrazolidiniumazid (23) und Hexahydropyridaziniumazid (24) wurde eine Erhöhung des Schmelzpunktes durch Einbinden des Hydrazinmoleküls in ein Ringssystem festgestellt. Während die offenkettigen Azide 5 und 22 erst unterhalb Raumtemperatur fest wurden, waren die Ringsysteme 23 und 24 bei Raumtemperatur fest. Diorganylsubstituierte Hydraziniumazide sind nicht praktisch anwendbar, da zu viele organische Substituenten vorhanden sind, die die Explosion hemmen. Während der Explosion entstanden große Mengen an organischen Nebenprodukten, vor allem Organylamine. Ein weiterer Nachteil ist die Oxidationsempfindlichkeit der Alkylhydrazine, die sich in den Azidderivaten wiederfindet. Die Verbindungen N,N,N´,N´-Tetramethylhydraziniumazid-tetramethylhydrazinat (7) und Phenylhydraziniumazid-phenylhydrazinat (14) sind Grenzfälle. Bei der Reaktion mit HN3 bildeten sich Dimere der Hydrazine, an die das Azidion über Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen gebunden ist. Es war nicht möglich, aus einem festen, substituierten Hydrazin das Addukt mit HN3 zu bilden, da bei der Entfernung des Lösungsmittels immer das substituierte Hydrazin ausfiel. Substituierte Hydrazine mit einem permethylierten Stickstoffatom ergaben Hydraziniumazidderivate, die nicht mehr flüchtig, aber sehr hygroskopisch sind. Sie wurden aus der Umsetzung der jeweiligen Hydraziniumiodide mit Silberazid erhalten. N,N,NTrimethylhydraziniumazid (8), N,N,N,N´-Tetramethylhydraziniumazid (9) und Pentamethylhydraziniumazid (10) haben Schmelzpunkte um 180 °C. Die Anzahl der Methylgruppen wirkt sich hier nicht auf den Schmelzpunkt aus. 8-10 explodierten aufgrund der vielen organischen Substituenten nur schwach, bei der Explosion entstanden größere Mengen Trimethylamin. Günstige Auswirkung auf die Eigenschaften von Hydraziniumazid hat die Adduktbildung mit einem weiteren Molekül Hydrazin. Hydraziniumazidhydrazinat (2) ist nicht mehr hygroskopisch, wesentlich weniger flüchtig und die Empfindlichlichkeit gegenüber Schlag, Reibung und Temperaturerhöhung sinkt. Der Schmelzpunkt ist mit 65 °C allerdings noch niedriger als der Schmelzpunkt von Hydraziniumazid mit 75 °C. Ein weiterer Nachteil ist, dass bei der Explosion mehr Ammoniak entsteht als bei Hydraziniumazid. Als Beispiel ist hier die Struktur von Hydraziniumazidhydrazinat (2) abgebildet, die Strukturen vieler anderer Hydraziniumazide finden sich in Kapitel 1. 2 Methylierte Hydraziniumnitrate In Raketentriebwerken werden Methylhydrazin oder N,N-Dimethylhydrazin und N2O4 eingesetzt. Bei der unvollständigen Verbrennung können Ablagerungen der jeweiligen Ammonium- und Hydraziniumnitrate gebildet werden. Die mono- und N,N-dimethylierten Ammonium- und Hydraziniumnitrate wurden hergestellt und ihre Eigenschaften überprüft. Sowohl Methylhydrazinium- (27) als auch N,N-Dimethylhydraziniumnitrat (28) sind sehr hygroskopische Substanzen. Wasser konnte aus den Hydraziniumnitraten nicht im Vakuum entfernt werden. Daher wurden 27 und 28 aus den wasserfreien, methylierten Hydrazinen und wasserfreier Salpetersäure bei –78 °C hergestellt. Die Hydraziniumnitrate zersetzten sich bei leicht erhöhter Temperatur (60 °C) bereits langsam zu den jeweiligen Ammoniumnitraten. Die Strukturen von Methylhydraziniumnitrat (27) und Dimethylhydraziniumnitrat (28) wurden bestimmt, die Struktur von Methylhydraziniumnitrat (27) ist hier als Beispiel angegeben. Die Zersetzung der Ammonium- und Hydraziniumnitrate bei hoher Temperatur erfolgte nicht vollständig. Während die Ammoniumnitrate größere Mengen NO2 ergaben, wurden bei den Hydraziniumnitraten nur Produkte einer weiter fortgeschrittenen Zersetzung, z.B. NO, nachgewiesen. Auch kleine Mengen Methylazid wurden gefunden. Während der durchgeführten Test ist es nicht gelungen, die Nitrate zur Explosion zu bringen. Beim starken Erhitzen der Hydraziniumnitrate 27 und 28 fand nur eine Zersetzung, keine Explosion statt. 3 Reaktionen mit cis-Hyponitrit Die in der Literatur erwähnten Verbindungen mit cis-Hyponitritanionen wurden entweder durch Kupplung von zwei NO Molekülen an einem Metallzentrum oder durch Reaktion von N2O mit Natriumoxid erhalten. In dieser Arbeit ist es nicht gelungen, aus Reaktionen des cis-Hyponitritions neue Verbindungen zu isolieren, es wurde immer die Bildung von N2O beobachtet. Die theoretische Untersuchung der Zersetzung der einfach protonierten Verbindung cis-HN2O2 – ergab eine niedrige Aktivierungsbarriere von 11.9 kcal/mol (MP2/6-31+G(d,p)) für die Bildung von N2O und OH– in der Gasphase. Zusätzlich muss berücksichtigt werden, dass vor allem das OH–-Ion in einem Lösungsmittel gegenüber der Gasphase beträchtlich stabilisiert wird, so dass die Aktivierungsenergie in Lösung noch niedriger liegen dürfte. Dies erklärt die Bildung von N2O, die bei allen durchgeführten Experimenten, selbst bei sehr tiefen Temperaturen beobachtet wurde. Eine Isolierung der cis-hyposalpetrigen Säure kann daher wahrscheinlich nicht aus Lösung erfolgen, da sich die einfach protonierte Verbindung sofort zu N2O und OH– zersetzt. Ein Stickstoffoxid N6O4, das aus der Reaktion von Natrium-cis-hyponitrit mit Tetrafluorhydrazin entstehen kann, hat nur bei der Berechnung auf PM3 und HF Niveau ein Miniumum. Bei stärkerer Berücksichtigung der Elektronenkorrelation auf B3LYP oder MP2 Niveau wurden keine Minima auf der Energiehyperfläche gefunden. 4 Verbindungen mit 5,5´-Azotetrazolat Das 5,5´-Azotetrazolation enthält bereits 5 Mol Stickstoff. Durch Kombination mit Kationen von Stickstoffbasen, vor allen Hydraziniumkationen, können Verbindungen erhalten werden, die pro Formeleinheit viele Mole Gas erzeugen. Der Hauptbestandteil der Explosionsgase ist Stickstoff. Hydraziniumverbindungen bilden zusätzlich Wasserstoff, was für hohe Detonationsgeschwindigkeiten sorgt. Verbindungen, die große Mengen Stickstoff erzeugen, werden für Gasgeneratoren in automatischen Feuerlöschsystemen, Airbags und Rettungswesten gesucht. Ein Vorteil der Salze von 5,5´-Azotetrazolat mit Stickstoffbasen ist, dass sie gegenüber Schlag und Reibung relativ unempfindlich sind, was für eine Anwendung wichtig ist. Das empfindlichste Salz ist das Ammoniumsalz, das im Fallhammertest in der Literatur bei 4.4 kg bei einer Fallhöhe von 50 cm explodierte. [130] 5,5´-Azotetrazol ist im Gegensatz zu HN3 eine starke Säure und zerfiel bei Raumtemperatur innerhalb einer Minute vollständig zu Tetrazolhydrazin. Die freie Säure kann bei –30 °C hergestellt und bei –80 °C mehrere Wochen gelagert werden. Aus Methanol kristallisierte 5,5´-Azotetrazol mit zwei Molekülen Kristallwasser (70). 5,5´-Azotetrazolatsalze sind jedoch stabil. Die Synthese von 5,5´-Azotetrazolatsalzen erfolgte durch Umsetzung von Sulfaten der entsprechenden Kationen mit Barium-5,5´-azotetrazolat. Die Stabilität von 5,5´-Azotetrazolatsalzen mit protonierten Stickstoffbasen ist davon abhängig, wie leicht das Proton von der Stickstoffbase auf das 5,5´-Azotetrazolation übertragen werden kann. Dies kann an den Ammmoniumsalzen Diammonium-5,5´- azotetrazolat (45), Bis-methylammonium-5,5´-azotetrazolat (46), Bis-dimethylammonium- 5,5´-azotetrazolat (47), Bis-trimethylammonium-5,5´-azotetrazolat (48) und den Hydraziniumsalzen Hydrazinium(2+)-5,5´-azotetrazolat (51), Dihydrazinium-5,5´- azotetrazolat (53), Bis-methylhydrazinium-5,5´-azotetrazolat (54), Bis-N,Ndimethylhydrazinium- 5,5´azotetrazolat (55) und Bis-N,N´-dimethylhydrazinium-5,5´- azotetrazolat (56) abgelesen werden. Je mehr Methylgruppen vorhanden waren, desto tiefer waren die Zersetzungstemperatur der Salze. Waren keine NH+ Gruppen in den Kationen vorhanden, z.B. in Bis-tetramethylammonium-5,5´-azotetrazolat (49) und Bis-N,N,Ntrimethylhydrazinium- 5,5´-azotetrazolat (57), so erfolgte die Zersetzung über einen anderen Mechanismus, der wahrscheinlich umgekehrt zur Bildung der Tetrazolringe verläuft und erst bei höheren Temperaturen stattfindet. Die Synthese von 5,5´-Azotetrazolatsalzen mit protonierten Stickstoffbasen kann bei Raumtemperatur nur in Wasser als Lösungsmittel stattfinden. In organischen Lösungsmitteln erfolgte eine Zersetzung des Azotetrazolations. Dihydrazinium-5,5´-azotetrazolat (53) ist eine neue hochenergetische Verbindung, die alle Anforderungen für einen modernen Sprengstoff erfüllt. Die hohe Standardbildungsenthalpie von 264 kcal/mol (ber.), die bei der Detonation freigesetzt wird sowie die bei der Detonation gebildeten großen Mengen Wasserstoff sorgen für ein gute Detonationsgeschwindigkeit von 6330 m/s. Der größte Nachteil von 53 ist die niedrigen Dichte. Bei einer vergleichbaren Dichte würde die Verbindung die Werte der kommerziellen Sprengstoffe RDX und HMX übertreffen. Die bereits bekannten Guanidinium- (66) und Triaminoguanidiniumverbindungen (68), deren Kristallstrukturen in dieser Arbeit bestimmt wurden, haben höhere Dichten und sind thermisch stabiler. Vor allem das Guanidiniumsalz wird wahrscheinlich in den nächsten Jahren in Gasgeneratoren zum Einsatz kommen. Die niedrigen Dichten der Hydraziniumsalze im Vergleich zu den Guanidiuniumsalzen sind geometrisch begründet. Die Guanidiuniumderivate sind flach. Dadurch können sich sowohl die 5,5´-Azotetrazolationen als auch die Kationen platzsparend übereinander anordnen. Hydraziniumionen haben Wasserstoffatome, die nach allen Raumrichtungen ausgerichtet sind. Da diese Wasserstoffatome in Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen einbezogen werden, entstehen Lücken zwischen den 5,5´-Azotetrazolationen in der Kristallpackung. Das Hydraziniumsalz 53 kann zwei Einheiten Wasser oder Hydrazin über Wasserstoffbrücken binden. Sowohl das Ammoniumsalz 45, als auch Hydroxylammonium- 5,5´-azotetrazolat (50) und die methylierten Ammonium- 46-49 und Hydraziniumverbindungen 54-57 können keine zusätzlichen Stickstoffbasen über Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen binden. Die Alkali- und Erdalkalisalze 29-37 von 5,5´-Azotetrazolat binden große Mengen Kristallwasser. Die Wassermoleküle sind sowohl an die Kationen koordiniert als auch über Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen im Kristall gebunden. Daraus ergeben sich verschiedene Bedingungen für die Entfernung des Kristallwassers. Während nur über Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen gebundenes Kristallwasser beim Aufheizen bereits bei Temperaturen um 100 °C entwichen ist, liessen sich die koordierten Wassermoleküle erst bei Temperaturen von 120-150 °C entfernen. Bei der Entfernung der letzten Wassermoleküle wurden im DSC jeweils große Energiemengen festgestellt, die für eine Strukturänderung nach der Entfernung der letzten Wassermoleküle sprechen. Die Temperaturstabilität der Alkali- und Erdalkalimetallsalze sinkt mit zunehmender Größe des Kations. Während die Lithiumverbindung (29) erst bei 335 °C explodierte, explodierte die Bariumverbindung (37) bereits bei 211 °C. Bei der Entfernung von Wasser bei Temperaturen um 100 °C im Ölpumpenvakuum fanden Explosionen statt. Daher kann Wasser praktisch nur durch lange Lagerung der Salze im Exsikkator über P2O5 entfernt werden. Die wasserfreien Alkali- und Erdalkalimetallsalze sind schlag- und reibungsempfindlich, was sie zu potentiellen Primärexplosivstoffen macht Die Kristallstrukturen von Lithium-5,5´-azotetrazolat-hexahydrat (29), Natrium-5,5´- azotetrazolat-pentahydrat (30), Rubidium-5,5´-azotetrazolat-hydrat (32) und Barium-5,5´- azotetrazolat-pentahydrat (37) zeigen eine Koordination von 5,5´-Azotetrazolat– stickstoffatomen an das jeweilige Metallion. In Calcium-5,5´-azotetrazolat-octahydrat (35) und Yttrium-5,5´-azotetrazolat-docosahydrat (39) sind die 5,5´-Azotetrazolatstickstoffatome nicht mehr an die Metallionen koordiniert, die Metallionen sind von einer Hydrathülle umgeben. Auch Magnesium-5,5´-azotetrazolat-octahydrat (34) und die Salze der dreiwertigen Kationen Aluminium 38, Lanthan 40, Cer 41 und Neodym 42 sind im Einklang mit dem HSAB-Prinzip wahrscheinlich nur von einer Hydrathülle umgeben. Das Magnesiumsalz 34 sowie die Salze der dreiwertigen Kationen sind nur solange stabil, wie das Kation von der Hydrathülle umgeben ist. Verlieren die Verbindungen Wasser, z. B. beim Erhitzen, so werden farblose Zersetzungsprodukte erhalten. Bei der Reaktion von [Ce]4+[SO4]2– 2 mit Barium-5,5´-azotetrazolat kommt es sofort zu einer Gasentwicklung, Ce+4 ist in wässriger Lösung zu sauer. Nach Auflösen von Barium-5,5´-azotetrazolat in Hydrazin entfärbte sich die Reaktionslösung innerhalb von zwei Stunden. Farbloses Barium-N,N´-ditetrazolatohydrazintrihydrazin (44) wurde erhalten. 5 Reaktion von Tetrazoldiazoniumchlorid mit Lithiumazid Aus der Reaktion von Benzoldiazoniumchlorid mit Lithiumazid konnte Phenylpentazol isoliert werden. Analoge Reaktionen mit verschiedenen Phenylderivaten ergaben substituierte Phenylpentazole. Die Reaktion von Tetrazoldiazoniumchlorid mit Lithiumazid ergibt Tetrazolazid. Daher wurde auch in dieser Reaktion eine Pentazolzwischenstufe vermutet. Theoretische Berechnungen ergaben, dass die Aktivierungsenergie für den Zerfall verschiedener Tetrazolpentazolisomere in der Gasphase zu Tetrazolazid und Stickstoff mindestens 14.8 kcal/mol beträgt. Daher erschien es möglich, Tetrazolpentazol im Experiment zu beobachten. Bei der 15N-NMR spektroskopischen Verfolgung der Reaktion von Tetrazoldiazoniumchlorid (71) mit Lithium-15Nα-azid wurden zwei Signale bei δ = –29.7 und δ = 7.7 beobachtet, die bei Erwärmung auf –50 °C an Intensität abnahmen und bei –30 °C vollständig verschwunden waren. Gleichzeitig nahm das Signal von Stickstoff an Intensität zu und ein Signal von Nβ markiertem Tetrazolazid erschien. Die bereits bei tiefen Temperaturen wieder verschwindende Zwischenstufe der Reaktion von Tetrazoldiazoniumchlorid mit Lithiumazid entspricht daher sowohl ihrem chemischen Verhalten, als auch in den beobachteten Signalen dem Verhalten, das von Tetrazolpentazol erwartet wird.

In this long term retrospective study of radiation synovectomy with Yttrium-90 (Y90), we evaluated the results of 164 applications in 82 patients with RA, OA with synovitis, ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis. Radiation synovectomy with Y90 has an overall success rate of approximately 50% and is therefore an effective alternative to surgical synovectomy in chronic synovitis which fails to respond to conservative treatment. Elbow and knee responded significantly better than shoulder and ankle joints. Patients with radiological stages from 0 to 2 showed a significantly better success rate than those with stage 3 changes. In responders, repeat therapy for recurrence of symptoms or treatment of a symptomatic corresponding symmetrical joint is advisable. Repeat therapy in a previous non-responder is associated with an unacceptably high failure rate. Therefore, when a joint fails to respond after 6 months, arthroscopy should be performed to evaluate further treatment procedures. A successful result was found in only 11 of 25 joints treated with arthroscopic synovectomy followed by radiation synovectomy within 2 weeks, indicating no benefit of this combination.