Podcasts about lusignan

Saladino es uno de los héroes más famosos y celebrados del mundo islámico, también una de las figuras de las Cruzadas más conocidas. Fue el fundador de la dinastía ayubí que primero extendió su imperio por los actuales Egipto y Siria para luego expandirse hacia Mesopotamia, el Yemen, Arabia, Libia y los reinos cruzados de Tierra Santa. Provenía de una familia kurda y su figura es muy relevante desde el punto de vista histórico ya que consiguió imponerse a los cruzados en la batalla de los Cuernos de Hattin, una victoria que le permitió reconquistar Jerusalén en el año 1187 tras casi un siglo de dominación cristiana. Saladino era un ferviente defensor del islam en su variedad sunní. Esa palanca la empleó para unificar desde el punto de vista político y religioso todo Oriente Próximo. No solo acaudilló la resistencia contra los cruzados llegados de Europa, sino que también se concentró en erradicar doctrinas heréticas contrarias al islam oficial heredero del Califato abasí. Su victoria sobre el reino de Jerusalén supuso golpe decisivo para los cruzados. Aquello, de hecho, desencadenó la tercera cruzada a cuyo frente estaba Ricardo I de Inglaterra, más conocido como Corazón de León. El duelo entre Saladino y Ricardo Corazón de León adquirió tintes legendarios que la literatura y el cine han reproducido en numerosas ocasiones. Pero Saladino no era hijo de reyes, no estaba llamado en principio a interpretar un papel tan decisivo en la historia. Pertenecía a una familia kurda que se empleaba como mercenarios de alto rango para la dinastía zenguí. Siendo muy joven, en calidad de enviado de los zenguíes viajó junto a su padre al Egipto de los Fatimíes para mediar en una disputa con el visir del califa. Decidió quedarse allí y fue escalando en la administración fatimí gracias a su cercanía al sultán Al-Adid y a su habilidad con las armas. Se hizo con el cargo de visir y, a la muerte del sultán, abolió el califato y prestó lealtad a los abasíes de Bagdad. Ya convertido en el general mejor valorado por los califas se concentró en ir expandiendo su imperio. Conquistó el Yemen, se apoderó de Siria y derrotó a sus antiguos amos zenguíes. El califa le recompensó nombrándole sultán de Egipto y Siria. Sólo le quedaban los cruzados que décadas antes habían llegado de Europa para establecer una serie de principados cristianos en Tierra Santa. El mayor y más valioso de todos ellos era el reino de Jerusalén controlado en aquel entonces por Sibila y Guido de Lusignan, un noble franco al que Saladino derrotó en los Cuernos de Hattin. Tras ello tomó Jerusalén reincorporándolo al mundo islámico. El reino de Jerusalén como tal siguió existiendo durante un siglo más, pero ya reducido a pequeños enclaves costeros en los que los cruzados resistieron hasta que se rindió la fortaleza de San Juan de Acre en 1291. La figura de Saladino es recordada tanto en oriente como en Occidente. Su tumba en Damasco es muy visitada y para los Estados árabes contemporáneos es toda una fuente de inspiración. El águila de Saladino, de hecho, forma parte de la heráldica de varios de ellos. En Occidente se le tiene como ejemplo de virtudes principescas, alguien piadoso y sabio que hizo las delicias siglos más tarde de los novelistas románticos. En La ContraRéplica: 0:00 Introducción 3:42 Saladino, azote de los cruzados 1:21:14 Antonio Maura 1:26:58 Puy du Fou Bibliografía: - "Vida y leyenda del sultán Saladino" de Jonathan Phillips - https://amzn.to/3F3RkpI - "El libro de Saladino" Tariq Ali - https://amzn.to/3DuP61V - "Saladino: El sultán y su época" de Hannes Möhring - https://amzn.to/3FkFyaj - "El talismán" de Walter Scott - https://amzn.to/4brU1NV · Canal de Telegram: https://t.me/lacontracronica · “Contra la Revolución Francesa”… https://amzn.to/4aF0LpZ · “Hispanos. Breve historia de los pueblos de habla hispana”… https://amzn.to/428js1G · “La ContraHistoria de España. Auge, caída y vuelta a empezar de un país en 28 episodios”… https://amzn.to/3kXcZ6i · “Lutero, Calvino y Trento, la Reforma que no fue”… https://amzn.to/3shKOlK · “La ContraHistoria del comunismo”… https://amzn.to/39QP2KE Apoya La Contra en: · Patreon... https://www.patreon.com/diazvillanueva · iVoox... https://www.ivoox.com/podcast-contracronica_sq_f1267769_1.html · Paypal... https://www.paypal.me/diazvillanueva Sígueme en: · Web... https://diazvillanueva.com · Twitter... https://twitter.com/diazvillanueva · Facebook... https://www.facebook.com/fernandodiazvillanueva1/ · Instagram... https://www.instagram.com/diazvillanueva · Linkedin… https://www.linkedin.com/in/fernando-d%C3%ADaz-villanueva-7303865/ · Flickr... https://www.flickr.com/photos/147276463@N05/?/ · Pinterest... https://www.pinterest.com/fernandodiazvillanueva Encuentra mis libros en: · Amazon... https://www.amazon.es/Fernando-Diaz-Villanueva/e/B00J2ASBXM #FernandoDiazVillanueva #cruzadas #saladino Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

Isabelle d'Angoulême est une figure marquante du Moyen-Âge. Une comtesse ambitieuse et influente qui a accédé au trône d'Angleterre grâce à son mariage avec Jean sans Terre. Mais à la mort de ce dernier, elle ne s'est pas résignée à abandonner le pouvoir. De retour sur ses terres natales, elle a géré le comté d'Angoulême avec une poigne de fer se faisant appeler « reine-comtesse ». Mère du roi Henri III d'Angleterre, elle a aussi su jouer un rôle clé dans les conflits entre l'Angleterre et la France.

In mid-1435 delegates from England, France, and Burgundy converged on Arras to discuss ending the Hundred Years War. Time Period Covered: 1435 Notable People: Philip the Good, Cardinal Niccolo Albergati, Charles I Duke of Bourbon, Cardinal Hugh de Lusignan, Cardinal Henry Beaufort Notable Events/Developments: The Congress of Arras, The Treaty of Arras, Death of John Duke of Bedford

L'auteur-compositeur-interprète, âgé de 45 ans, nous reçoit chez lui dans le 18e arrondissement à Paris, à l'occasion de la sortie de son nouvel album « Vivant » et d'une tournée dans toute la France. Malik Djoudi évoque son enfance à Béziers puis dans un manoir, à la campagne, à Lusignan, près de Poitiers, auprès d'une mère avocate d'origine algérienne et vietnamienne qui aimait la fête. Très vite, il s'intéresse à la musique. Il découvre « Thriller » de Michael Jackson, écoute du hip-hop, du rock anglo-saxon et de la chanson française. A 19 ans, il compose la chanson de l'émission « Loft Story » puis repart vivre chez ses parents et monte finalement le groupe Moon Palace. Après la mort de sa grand-mère, il part en voyage au Vietnam puis compose un premier album solo en français qui donne une nouvelle direction à sa carrière. Malik Djoudi confesse son admiration pour Etienne Daho, Philippe Zdar, James Blake, Salt, Sébastien Tellier ou Rick Rubin.Il revient également sur son goût pour le cinéma : « Dans mon salon, j'ai deux petits tableaux de deux films que j'adore : “Metropolis” de Fritz Lang et “Les Guerriers de la nuit” de Walter Hill, dont j'ai été marqué par la sauvagerie. Quand je l'ai découvert, c'était une des premières fois que je voyais de la science-fiction. La musique est incroyable. J'adore le cinéma. Je vais souvent en salle voir des films seul le matin. »Depuis six saisons, la journaliste et productrice Géraldine Sarratia interroge la construction et les méandres du goût d'une personnalité. Qu'ils ou elles soient créateurs, artistes, cuisiniers ou intellectuels, tous convoquent leurs souvenirs d'enfance, tous évoquent la dimension sociale et culturelle de la construction d'un corpus de goûts, d'un ensemble de valeurs.Un podcast produit et présenté par Géraldine Sarratia (Genre idéal) préparé avec l'aide de Diane Lisarelli et Juliette SavardRéalisation : Emmanuel BauxMusique : Gotan Project Hébergé par Audion. Visitez https://www.audion.fm/fr/privacy-policy pour plus d'informations.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an RNA virus which causes respiratory infections; the most significant clinical effects are in infants and people who are elderly and have chronic medical conditions or immunosuppression. In this podcast, Professor Simon de Lusignan from the RCGP's Research and Surveillance Centre discusses the new RSV vaccination programme, which offers a one-off vaccine to everyone at the age of 75, with an initial catch-up programme between the ages of 75 and 80. He also touches on monoclonal antibodies and antivirals, which are given in secondary care to children who are at high risk of serious complications if they contract RSV. Sponsored by Pfizer Limited. Pfizer has had no involvement in the editorial component of this educational material. Editorial and content decisions were made solely by the RCGP.

À l'occasion du festival Mélusik 2024 qui se tenait en juin à Lusignan, à côté de Poitiers, Radio Pulsar est parti à la rencontre de NØNNE, un groupe de rock tourangeau. Nous avons échangé avec Axel et Annabelle, les deux membres fondateurs du groupe, à propos de l'histoire qui les a menés là et de leur dernier EP, Nothing's Goin' On, sorti en mai 2024.Hébergé par Ausha. Visitez ausha.co/politique-de-confidentialite pour plus d'informations.

À l'occasion du festival Mélusik 2024 qui se tenait en juin à Lusignan, à côté de Poitiers, Radio Pulsar est parti à la rencontre de NØNNE, un groupe de rock tourangeau. Nous avons échangé avec Axel et Annabelle, les deux membres fondateurs du groupe, à propos de l'histoire qui les a menés là et de leur dernier EP, Nothing's Goin' On, sorti en mai 2024.

rWotD Episode 2617: James I of Cyprus Welcome to Random Wiki of the Day, your journey through Wikipedia’s vast and varied content, one random article at a time.The random article for Wednesday, 3 July 2024 is James I of Cyprus.James I (French: Jacques de Lusignan; 1334 – September 9, 1398) was the youngest son of King Hugh IV of Cyprus and by 1369 held the title "Constable of Jerusalem." When his nephew Peter II died in 1382, he became King of Cyprus. James was also crowned King of Jerusalem in 1389 and assumed the title of King of Armenia in 1393, which was formally given to him in 1396.James was the third son of Hugh IV of Cyprus and his second wife, Alix of Ibelin. His older half-brother was Guy, Prince of Galilee (1320–43), and his two brothers were Peter I, King of Cyprus (1328–1369), and John of Lusignan, Prince of Antioch (1329–1375). Before becoming king, James had other offices and was known for his resistance against the Genoese invasion of Cyprus.This recording reflects the Wikipedia text as of 00:22 UTC on Wednesday, 3 July 2024.For the full current version of the article, see James I of Cyprus on Wikipedia.This podcast uses content from Wikipedia under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.Visit our archives at wikioftheday.com and subscribe to stay updated on new episodes.Follow us on Mastodon at @wikioftheday@masto.ai.Also check out Curmudgeon's Corner, a current events podcast.Until next time, I'm neural Amy.

Send us a Text Message.On 3-4 July 1187 the Sultan of Egypt and Syria Saladin enjoyed the greatest military victory of his career. The Battle of Hattin, a two-day battle fought along the road leading to the town of Tiberias and, on the following day, on the Horns of Hattin, an iron-age hillfort above that road, is one of the few decisive battles of the Middle Ages. (In this episode, Richard explains why there were so few battles.) The battle pitted a Muslim force of about 30,000, comprised largely of Turkish cavalry, against the largest military force ever raised by the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, an army of about 1,200 cavalry and 18,000 foot soldiers.  The outcome of the battle was the capture of King Guy and the virtual annihilation of the field army of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.  In the months following the battle, Saladin systematically took all the major coastal cities of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, except for Tyre, and then turned inland to take Jerusalem. King Guy of Lusignan's ultimately disastrous decision to leave the safety of its camp at the springs of Sepphoris (Saffurya) and march 30 kilometers across waterless farmland in the July heat to relieve Saladin's siege of Tiberias remains controversial.  In this episode, Professor Nicholas Morton, author of Crusader States and Their Neighbours: A Military History, 1099-1187 and veteran of this podcast, explains Guy's military thinking by placing the Battle of Hattin in the larger context of warfare as practiced by the rulers of the Crusader States of the Middle East.  In doing so, Nick persuasively argues against a reigning academic and popular consensus that regards Guy's decision as defying military logic. (Sorry, no movie reviews in this episode--though the prelude to and aftermath of the Battle of Hattin is depicted in Ridley Scott's The Kingdom of Heaven, and the full battle is shown in Egyptian director Youssef Chahine's 1963 movie Saladin the Victorious.)Listen on Podurama https://podurama.com Intro and exit music are by Alexander NakaradaIf you have questions, feel free to contact me at richard.abels54@gmail.com

durée : 00:22:59 - Chrétiens d'Orient - par : Sébastien de Courtois - Famagouste est une ville importante pour l'histoire des communautés chrétiennes du Levant sous le règne des Lusignan. Située à Chypre, elle a abrité au Moyen-Âge des dizaines d'églises appartenant à une diversité de cultes.

durée : 00:23:43 - Chrétiens d'Orient - par : Sébastien de Courtois - La dynastie d'origine française des Lusignan a régné sur l'île de Chypre pendant plus de trois siècles créant une société unique ouverte sur le monde oriental. Laurent Fenoy retrace les grandes lignes de cette épopée.

If I had an award to give out for the messiest Queen of England, I'm sure Isabella of Angoulême would be in the running. Isabella started out as a young child heiress in France and had the unfortunate experience of being married to bad King John. It gets worse from there. Come join me this week to hear her crazy story. Bibliography Rebecca Starr Brown. “A Legacy of Destruction: King John & Isabella of Angouleme,” June 7, 2017. https://rebeccastarrbrown.com/2017/06/07/a-legacy-of-destruction-king-john-isabella-of-angouleme/. Bloks, Moniek. “Isabella of Angoulême - Queen of England.” History of Royal Women, June 17, 2017. https://www.historyofroyalwomen.com/isabella-of-angouleme/isabella-angouleme-queen-england/. Contributors to Wikimedia projects. “Alice of Courtenay.” Wikipedia, June 1, 2023. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_of_Courtenay. ———. “Aymer, Count of Angoulême.” Wikipedia, September 17, 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aymer,_Count_of_Angoul%C3%AAme. ———. “Hugh IX of Lusignan.” Wikipedia, October 7, 2023. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_IX_of_Lusignan. ———. “Hugh X of Lusignan.” Wikipedia, November 3, 2023. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_X_of_Lusignan. ———. “Isabella of Angoulême.” Wikipedia, December 12, 2023. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_Angoul%C3%AAme. ———. “John, King of England.” Wikipedia, January 14, 2024. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John,_King_of_England. “History of Isabella of Angoulême.” Accessed January 14, 2024. https://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/plantagenet_31.html. History... the interesting bits! “Isabelle d'Angoulême: A Complicated Queen,” January 22, 2022. https://historytheinterestingbits.com/2022/01/22/isabelle-dangouleme-a-complicated-queen/. The Freelance History Writer. “Isabelle of Angoulême, Queen of England,” May 15, 2015. https://thefreelancehistorywriter.com/2015/05/15/isabelle-of-angouleme-queen-of-england/. Lewis, Jone Johnson. “Isabella of Angouleme: Young Queen Consort of John of England.” ThoughtCo, December 4, 2010. https://www.thoughtco.com/isabella-of-angouleme-biography-3530277. Ratio7.com, Steve -. “Isabella of Angoulême, Wife of King John.” Magna Carta Trust 800th Anniversary | Celebrating 800 years of democracy, August 29, 2014. https://magnacarta800th.com/schools/biographies/women-of-magna-carta/isabella-of-angouleme-wife-of-king-john/. Roller, Sarah. “How Did King John Lose the Crown Jewels?” History Hit. Accessed January 14, 2024. https://www.historyhit.com/day-king-john-loses-crown-jewels-wash/.

Some men just can't keep their promises. Of course, when that promise is to his magical wife, the consequences can be dire. This episode brings you the story of Melusine, the mythical faerie of the waters said to have founded some of medieval Europe's most powerful ruling dynasties.  Researched, written, and produced by Corinne Wieben, with original music by Purple Planet. Episode sources  Support the showEnchantedPodcast.netFacebook/enchantedpodcastInstagram/enchantedpodcastTumblr/enchantedpodcast

LA BIBLIOTECA DE LA HISTORIA nos abre uno de sus archivos, que nos va a acercar a: "El sangriento camino a Jerusalén - Hattin (La Caída de Jerusalén de 1187 #1/2") Croosover con Héroes de Guerra 2.0. En este programa volvemos a tener el placer de contar con la inestimable compañía de José Antonio Márquez, divulgador militar y que ya lleva a sus espaldas más de treinta libros publicados. Tenemos con nosotros también para hablar de estos temas a Rovin, colaborador habitual del programa. En este programa viajamos de nuevo a la época de Cruzadas para asistir a lo que sería la caída o sitio de Jerusalén de 1187. Los cristianos del recién nombrado rey de Jerusalén Guido de Lusignan se enfrentan a las tropas musulmanas de Saladino para impedir que estas lleguen a la Ciudad Santa. Pero en ese intento asistiremos a una de las peores derrotas de los cristianos a manos de los musulmanes como fue la Batalla de Hattin. Y para no desvelaros nada más por el momento, sin más preámbulos os dejo con el programa. Espero que os guste. -Enlace al podcast de José Antonio Márquez y Daniel Ortega, Héroes de Guerra 2.0: https://www.ivoox.com/podcast-heroes-guerra_sq_f1256035_1.html -Enlace a los libros de José Antonio Márquez: www.heroesdeguerra.net -Twitter de José Antonio Márquez Periano: @Heroesdeguerra -Blog de José Antonio Márquez Periano: http://heroesdeguerra.blogspot.com/ *Rovin es colaborador del podcast "La Senda del Romano", un podcast que a pesar de su nombre es un podcast de temática policial. -Enlace al podcast "La Senda del Romano": https://www.ivoox.com/podcast-senda-del-romano_sq_f1865362_1.html *Rovin también colabora con el podcast amigo "Permiso para Clave". -Enlace al podcast "Permiso para Clave": https://www.ivoox.com/podcast-permiso-para-clave_sq_f1909797_1.html *Podéis seguir a Rovin en twitter @del_besos (El Remero). Este es un Podcast producido y dirigido por Gerión de Contestania, miembro del grupo "Divulgadores de la Historia". -Enlace a la página del Grupo Divulgadores de la Historia: https://divulgadoresdelahistoria.wordpress.com/ Somos un podcast perteneciente al sello iVoox Originals. Canal de YouTube de LA BIBLIOTECA DE LA HISTORIA: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCfHTOD0Z_yC-McS71OhfHIA *Si te ha gustado el programa dale al "Like", ya que con esto ayudarás a darnos más visibilidad. También puedes dejar tu comentario, decirnos en que hemos fallado o errado y también puedes sugerir un tema para que sea tratado en un futuro programa de LA BIBLIOTECA DE LA HISTORIA. Gracias. Música del audio: -Entrada: Epic Victory by Akashic Records . License by Jamendo. -Voz entrada: http://www.locutordigital.es/ -Relato: Music with License by Jamendo. Imagen del audio: Pintura "Saladino y Guy de Lusignan después de la batalla de Hattin" - Said Tahseen (1904-1985 Siria) Redes Sociales: -Twitter: LABIBLIOTECADE3 -Facebook: Gerión De Contestania Muchísimas gracias por escuchar LA BIBLIOTECA DE LA HISTORIA y hasta la semana que viene. Podcast amigos: La Biblioteca Perdida: https://www.ivoox.com/podcast-podcast-la-biblioteca-perdida_sq_f171036_1.html Niebla de Guerra: https://www.ivoox.com/podcast-niebla-guerra_sq_f1608912_1.html Casus Belli: https://www.ivoox.com/podcast-casus-belli-podcast_sq_f1391278_1.html Victoria Podcast: https://www.ivoox.com/podcast-victoria-podcast_sq_f1781831_1.html BELLUMARTIS: https://www.ivoox.com/podcast-bellumartis-podcast_sq_f1618669_1.html Relatos Salvajes: https://www.ivoox.com/podcast-relatos-salvajes_sq_f1470115_1.html Motor y al Aire: https://www.ivoox.com/podcast-motor-al-aire_sq_f1117313_1.html Pasaporte Historia: https://www.ivoox.com/podcast-pasaporte-historia_sq_f1835476_1.html Cita con Rama Podcast: https://www.ivoox.com/cita-rama-podcast-ciencia-ficcion_sq_f11043138_1.html Sierra Delta: https://www.ivoox.com/podcast-sierra-delta_sq_f1507669_1.html Permiso para Clave: https://www.ivoox.com/podcast-permiso-para-clave_sq_f1909797_1.html Héroes de Guerra 2.0: https://www.ivoox.com/podcast-heroes-guerra_sq_f1256035_1.html Calamares a la Romana: https://www.ivoox.com/podcast-calamares-a-romana_sq_f12234654_1.html Lignvm en Roma: https://www.ivoox.com/podcast-lignum-roma-ler_sq_f1828941_1.html Escucha el episodio completo en la app de iVoox, o descubre todo el catálogo de iVoox Originals

[ARCHIVE EUROPE 1 - Les récits extraordinaires de Pierre Bellemare] Cela fait quatre ans que personne n'a vu la très belle Madeleine, dans la commune de Lusignan en Nouvelle-Aquitaine. Cette jeune femme d'une trentaine d'années est la fille aînée d'un homme étrange qui vit seul avec ses trois enfants dans une grosse bâtisse grise qu'on appelle 'le château de Lusignan' et où personne n'est jamais entré. Très vite, les soupçons sont nombreux autour du père de famille : aurait-il séquestré sa fille ? Le maire de la ville, lassé de recevoir des centaines de lettres anonymes accusant le père, décide alors de mener l'enquête. Lorsqu'il se rend au domicile de la famille, on l'empêche strictement d'entrer. Après plusieurs recherches, le maire rencontre un homme qui lui confie alors qu'il vivait une histoire d'amour avec la jeune disparue. Lorsque le père a appris leur liaison, il aurait violemment chassé le jeune homme. Aurait-il enfermé sa fille depuis ? C'en est trop pour l'édile de la ville qui décide de perquisitionner le domicile en présence des gendarmes. Que va-t-il découvrir dans cette effrayante maison ? La famille est-elle complice de la disparition de Madeleine ? Pierre Bellemare raconte cette incroyable histoire dans cet épisode du podcast 'Les récits extraordinaires de Pierre Bellemare', issu des archives d'Europe 1 et produit par Europe 1 Studio. Crédits Réalisation et composition musicale : Julien Tharaud Production : Sébastien Guyot - Europe 1 Studio Patrimoine sonore : Sylvaine Denis, Laetitia Casanova, Antoine Reclus Direction artistique : Xavier Jolly Création du visuel : Sidonie Mangin Rédaction et Diffusion : Lisa Soster Communication : Kelly DecroixRemerciements à Roselyne Bellemare et Mariapia Bracchi-Bellemare

Some of the place names I couldn't pronounce

In honour of World Hepatitis Day, today we focus on the Hepatitis B virus (HBV), a virus that can be transmitted through contact with infected blood and from mother to child during labour. HBV can also be transmitted sexually. It infects liver cells and causes both acute and chronic infections, which can be severe. Since HBV was discovered in 1965, we have made great progress in reducing the burden of infections and disease through prevention and antiviral treatment, but much is left to do. The World Health Organization has called for enhanced efforts along four main pathways: i) increasing awareness of HBV infection, ii) promoting prevention strategies, iii) expanding access to testing and treatment; and iv) improving surveillance, data collection and research. Today we will discuss these topics with a focus on the European Region with our three guests: - Dr. Erika Duffell, Public Health Physician, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden - Prof. Anna Maria Geretti, Editor in Chief, STI journal; Professor & Consultant in Infectious Diseases & Virology, Fondazione PTV, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; North Middlesex University Hospital and King's College London, London, United Kingdom - Prof.  Simon de Lusignan, Senior Academic General Practitioner (GP) and Director of the Royal College of GPs Research & Surveillance Centre, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom Hosted by: Dr. Fabiola Martin, Sexual Health, HIV, HTLV specialist, BMJ STI Podcast Editor, Brisbane, Australia    Relevant papers: Hepatitis B virus infection in general practice across England: An analysis of the Royal College of General Practitioners Research and Surveillance Centre real-world database https://www.journalofinfection.com/article/S0163-4453(23)00130-5/ Impact of maternal HIV–HBV coinfection on pregnancy outcomes in an underdeveloped rural area of southwest China https://sti.bmj.com/content/96/7/509 Prevalence of hepatitis B immunity and infection in home self-sampling HIV service users https://sti.bmj.com/content/98/4/286 Hepatitis A and B vaccination in gbMSM in Ireland: findings from the European MSM Internet Survey 2017 (EMIS-2017) https://sti.bmj.com/content/99/5/337 Hepatitis A and B vaccine uptake and immunisation among men who have sex with men seeking PrEP: a substudy of the ANRS IPERGAY trial https://sti.bmj.com/content/99/2/140 Hepatitis A, hepatitis B and HPV vaccine needs and coverage in MSM initiating HIV PrEP in a sexual health clinic in Paris https://sti.bmj.com/content/99/5/361    

George Boustronios, in his Narrative of the Chronicle of Cyprus 1456–1489, documents the transition from the Lusignan dynasty to Venice. In this month's excerpt, you'll hear a dramatized reading of last Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, as she abdicates her throne, bequeathing Cyprus to the Republic of Venice, and departing Cyprus forever. Next month I invite Benjamin Arbel (University of Tel Aviv) to discuss Cyprus under Venetian rule.

We have come a long way from the start of the pandemic, when those well enough to avoid admission could not even access a COVID-19 test, let alone any specific therapeutics. Those in the highest-risk groups for severe consequences of COVID-19 can now access an antiviral or neutralising monoclonal antibody in the community. In this podcast, Dr Toni Hazell and Professor Simon de Lusignan outline the various drugs available, which are recommended by NICE, who is eligible for them and the practicalities of ensuring that your patients have access to these medications in a timely manner.  They also discuss the PANORAMIC trial and which patients might want to take part in that, as well as the broader issues around testing for viruses in primary care. As of June 2023, national commissioning of Covid Medicines Delivery Units (CMDU) in England has ended. These services will now be commissioned locally by ICBs and patients will not be contacted if they are high risk and have a positive COVID-19 test. Depending on local arrangements, patients might access COVID-19 therapeutics via 111, via the GP, via their hospital consultant, or by emailing/phoning their local CMDU directly. Further information is here https://www.england.nhs.uk/coronavirus/wp-content/uploads/sites/52/2023/06/PRN00532-access-to-covid-treatments-letter-190623.pdf.  Full financial support for the design and development of this podcast is provided by Pfizer Ltd as a corporate sponsorship project, an arm's length agreement. Pfizer has had no involvement in the content. Editorial and content decisions were made solely by the RCGP.

In this episode I traveled to Atlanta, Georgia  for a celebration,  It was Baba Eusi's  98th birthday.  Friends, family, former students and many others who walked with him in the struggle gathered to pay homage to one of Guyana's greatest treasures.  These are their testimonies. Eusi Kwayana, formerly Sydney King (born April 4 1925) in Lusignan, Guyana. A cabinet minister in the People's Progressive Party (PPP) government of 1953. Later he left the PPP to form ASCRIA (African Society for Cultural Relations with Independent Africa), a Pan-Africanist grassroots political group that, after a brief time with the People's National Congress (PNC) of Forbes Burnham, fused into the Working People's Alliance (WPA). In 1956 he founded and became principal of County High School, later renamed Republic Cooperative High School, in Buxton, Guyana.Kwayana met his wife Tchaiko Kwayana (formerly Ann Cook), a Pan-Africanist, and civil rights activist from Georgia, in 1968. She made her transition in 2017.Baba Eusi is a Playwright, poet, author, educator, political songwriter and grassroots organizer. A special thanks to Elder Kadumu Moyenda for the opening libation and Elder Yiriba for the drumming on my introduction. 

Included in this podcast is an interview from a few years ago with Debbie Lusignan and Jimmy Dore. I hadn't listened to the Sane Progressive video podcast in years. Debbie Lusignan, whether you agreed with her or not, was passionate, energetic and devoted to the cause for ending corruption and beginning a just and democratic world. One day, she mysteriously disappeared in a panic from the online sphere. She had been friends with Claudia Stauber of Cabin Talk, but Claudia, to my knowledge, revealed nothing publicly as to Debbie's whereabouts. Why did Debbie disappear? Was she threatened? Sued? I'd heard around that time when Debbie disappeared that some people were being sued for stating that mass shootings were false flags. Families of some of the victims, if I'm remembering correctly, were claiming that false flag "conspiracy theories" were causing them to get harassed, and even threatened. Sometimes people involved in these lawsuits have a gag order placed on them or are just advised to not discuss the details of the case. Did that happen to Debbie or did something more sinister occur? Anyhow, it appears that she did not stay offline for long. Apparently, she started a website: https://www.unite4truth.com/ I did not know Debbie personally, so I cannot say that I know whether or not she committed suicide. However, I will say that there are an awfully lot of political activists who seem to die either from suicide or cancer. Remember Brandy Vaughan (who died of "natural causes at age 45"? Aaron Swartz? Michael Hastings? And the lesser-known Ted Westhusing? Danny Casolaro? Perhaps it's just a coincidence... I did hear something a while back from a journalist who claimed that medicines, prescription drugs, could be poisoned, used as a possible weapon to stop dissidents. It's funny how there have been so many "suicides" over the years... But the perpetrators who cause all the trouble--the big money elites, politicians and CEOs seem to live on... and on... and on... Not that I wish them ill. Oh, no. Of course not. I wouldn't dare. https://everloved.com/life-of/debbie-lusignan/memories/?share-memory=2&flow=221 #saneprogressive #novaccinemandates #truther https://www.amazon.com/Diary-Mad-Bag-Lady-Homelessness/dp/0578689839 --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/occupyyourmind/support

Practices are well into the flu vaccination season by now, but how often do we actually stop and think about what is in the vaccinations that we give, and how we know when flu is circulating? Dr Toni Hazell talks to Professor Simon de Lusignan of the RCGP Research and Surveillance Centre (RSC). They discuss the strains of flu that are in the vaccine, our expectations for uptake this year and why we have moved to a quadrivalent vaccine. Simon also talks about the work of the RSC, who are always looking for more practices to be part of their network. If you would like to enquire about joining the RCGP Research and Surveillance Centre, please email practiceenquiries@phc.ox.ac.uk You can view the RSC's Virology Dashboard here: https://tinyurl.com/34p2xjbb CSL Seqirus has funded these podcasts and has been involved in discussion for the topic of this podcast. The content has been prepared independently by the RCGP without any input from CSL Seqirus. This podcast is intended for healthcare professionals and is disseminated by media determined by the RCGP.

Vous écoutez la trente cinquième session de la campagne du Souffle du Dragon, adaptée pour un système de jeu en construction que j'aime appeler Nephiloth. En l'absence du joueur de Phaëton, nous avons décidé de jouer une clé des songes, la version à trois de la clé des nuages. Mais Mist et Gobelin ne jouent pas leurs personnages habituels Séphir et Esus, mais respectivement Guenièvre et Tiras. L'idée était l'explorer ce qui est arrivé à ces deux personnages après qu'elles aient passé un portail pour fuir l'arrivée des templiers qui assiégeaient le manoir des Lusignan (session 22, rappelé plus récemment à la session 32). Chacun a choisi deux objets qui évoquent respectivement le désir et la personnalité de son personnage. Moi-même, j'ai choisi deux symboles habituels de la campagne comme clé. Bonne écoute. 02:15 Passage du portail 09:52 L'hiver 13:27 Grotte des portraits de Guenièvre 18:23 Concert dans l'arbre 21:11 Sommet de l'arbre et cadran lunaire 23:20 Flammes 24:37 Fumée et vision globale 27:10 Débrief 36:19 Coma

DNR Conservation Officer Tyler Lusignan provides information about deer hunting season.

DNR Conservation Officer Tyler Lusignan provides information about deer hunting season.

Bienvenue dans cette série spéciale du programme Univox consacrée aux étudiant.e.s qui entreprennent. Animafac, Pépites France et Radio Campus proposent à l'occasion de CREATIV' la semaine de l'Esprit d'entreprendre, d'aller à la rencontre des porteurs et porteuses de projets qui interrogent la notion d'impact dans leur démarches entrepreneuriale : impacter son territoire ou des publics, exercer sa citoyenneté, questionner l'impact écologique de son projet ou mesurer la valeur sociales d'un projet ESS. - Au travers de cet épisode, réalisé par Radio Pulsar à Poitiers, l'idée est d'évaluer l'impact des projets. Les structures de l'économie sociale et solidaire ont pour objectif principal de créer de la valeur sociale. Elles défendent le fait que leur performance ne se réduit pas à leurs résultats financiers et que les effets se font sentir sur un temps long. Pour réfléchir à cette question, nous avons rencontré deux associations accompagnées par Pépite et Animafac, Transmission 86, qui a pour objectif de sensibiliser sur le sujet de la transidentité et d'apporter de l'aide aux personnes transgenres dans la Vienne, représentée par l'un de ses membres, Jonathan. Et l'Atelier du soleil et du vent qui propose des stages d'autoconstruction bois et métal et d'énergies renouvelables. La rencontre se fera sur place à Lusignan, où nous sommes accueillis par le président, Florent Dupont. - Une production Radio Pulsar pour le réseau Radio Campus France en partenariat avec Pépite France et Animafac www.pepite-france.fr www.animafac.net

Integrative medicine uses a combination of therapies and lifestyle changes to treat and heal the whole person. So how can the ancient Vedic system, (which addresses the complete mind, body and soul to improve health and wellness) join forces with modern Western medicine? Sasha sits down with Jessica to find out. Find Jessica at: https://www.msayurjyotishta.com and @ms.ayurjyotishtaSend us a Text Message.Support the Show.To learn more about Ayurveda, visit www.OjasOasis.com Connect with us @ojasoasis on Instagram

Sasha Bershadsky Integrative medicine uses a combination of therapies and lifestyle changes to treat and heal the whole person. So how can the ancient Vedic system, (which addresses the complete mind, body and soul to improve health and wellness) join forces with modern Western medicine? Sasha sits down with Jessica to find out. Find Jessica at: https://www.msayurjyotishta.com and @ms.ayurjyotishta https://www.listennotes.com/e/d3957cbc4a544d74a6418a26f52d1cb8/

Wed, 20 Jul 2022 07:32:35 GMThttps://podcasts.audiomeans.fr/67-jours-sur-le-chemin-de-compostelle-5c114058/jour-19-de-poitiers-a-lusignan-fed5d116eed4AirZen RadioAirZen Radiononofull18:15

Jean sans Terre est sans doute l'un des Rois d'Angleterre dont la réputation est la plus détestable. Ils n'est que de voir la manière dont il est considéré, dans la légende de Robin des Bois, comme le type même du prince félon et tyrannique. Un prince qui ne devait pas régner Né en 1166, Jean sans Terre n'était pas destiné à régner. C'est pourquoi on ne lui avait pas prévu d'apanage, d'où son nom. En effet, il était le dernier fils d'Henri II Plantagenêt et d'Aliénor d'Aquitaine. Quatre frères, et même un neveu, le devançaient dans l'ordre de succession au trône. Mais le destin le servit. En effet, trois de ses frères meurent de façon prématurée, ce qui n'avait rien de surprenant à l'époque. En guerre contre leur père, ils s'attirent en plus sa colère. Cet épisode permet à Jean de regagner les faveurs d'Henri II. Révélant déjà son caractère fourbe, il essaie, en vain, de ravir le trône à son frère Ricard Cœur de Lion, parti à la Croisade. Cependant, la mort de celui-ci, en 1199, lui permet enfin de monter sur le trône. Un souverain unanimement détesté Durant ses 17 ans de règne, Jean sans Terre réussit à se faire détester de la plupart de ses sujets. Il indispose d'abord la noblesse par le peu de cas qu'il fait d'elle et son attitude tyrannique. Et il use avec ses barons de procédés qui scandalisent ses contemporains. Afin d'éviter la réunion, en une principauté rivale, des comtés d'Angoulême et de la Marche, il n'hésite pas à faire enlever la jeune Isabelle d'Angoulême, qui devait épouser Hugues de Lusignan, comte de la Marche. Puis il force la jeune fille à l'épouser. Exaspérés par le comportement du Roi, les barons lui déclarent la guerre et le forcent à signer, en 1215, la Grande Charte, première étape vers une Monarchie contrôlée. En conflit avec Rome, Jean sans Terre est même excommunié. Enfin, pour financer ses nombreuses expéditions militaires en France, le souverain alourdit sans cesse la pression fiscale, suscitant le mécontentement de l'ensemble de ses sujets. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Jean sans Terre est sans doute l'un des Rois d'Angleterre dont la réputation est la plus détestable. Ils n'est que de voir la manière dont il est considéré, dans la légende de Robin des Bois, comme le type même du prince félon et tyrannique.Un prince qui ne devait pas régnerNé en 1166, Jean sans Terre n'était pas destiné à régner. C'est pourquoi on ne lui avait pas prévu d'apanage, d'où son nom.En effet, il était le dernier fils d'Henri II Plantagenêt et d'Aliénor d'Aquitaine. Quatre frères, et même un neveu, le devançaient dans l'ordre de succession au trône.Mais le destin le servit. En effet, trois de ses frères meurent de façon prématurée, ce qui n'avait rien de surprenant à l'époque. En guerre contre leur père, ils s'attirent en plus sa colère.Cet épisode permet à Jean de regagner les faveurs d'Henri II. Révélant déjà son caractère fourbe, il essaie, en vain, de ravir le trône à son frère Ricard Cœur de Lion, parti à la Croisade. Cependant, la mort de celui-ci, en 1199, lui permet enfin de monter sur le trône.Un souverain unanimement détestéDurant ses 17 ans de règne, Jean sans Terre réussit à se faire détester de la plupart de ses sujets. Il indispose d'abord la noblesse par le peu de cas qu'il fait d'elle et son attitude tyrannique. Et il use avec ses barons de procédés qui scandalisent ses contemporains.Afin d'éviter la réunion, en une principauté rivale, des comtés d'Angoulême et de la Marche, il n'hésite pas à faire enlever la jeune Isabelle d'Angoulême, qui devait épouser Hugues de Lusignan, comte de la Marche. Puis il force la jeune fille à l'épouser.Exaspérés par le comportement du Roi, les barons lui déclarent la guerre et le forcent à signer, en 1215, la Grande Charte, première étape vers une Monarchie contrôlée. En conflit avec Rome, Jean sans Terre est même excommunié.Enfin, pour financer ses nombreuses expéditions militaires en France, le souverain alourdit sans cesse la pression fiscale, suscitant le mécontentement de l'ensemble de ses sujets. Hébergé par Acast. Visitez acast.com/privacy pour plus d'informations.

durée : 00:02:36 - Circuits courts en Gascogne - Hélène Lusignan est une artiste sculpteur qui associe deux matières, le bois et la résine. Son inspiration, la beauté de la nature. Hélène peint également.

En chemin avec Sébastien qui a vendu sa boulangerie et martine qui m'explique le pisse-debout, sans oublier l'Abbaye de Fontaine le Comte Notre politique de confidentialité GDPR a été mise à jour le 8 août 2022. Visitez acast.com/privacy pour plus d'informations.

Este episodio 56 de CS es la tercera parte de nuestra serie sobre Las Cruzadas.Uno de los principales resultados de la Primera Cruzada fue un mayor distanciamiento entre las Iglesias de Oriente y Occidente. La ayuda prestada a Bizancio por los cruzados no fue la que esperaba el emperador oriental Alejo.También dio lugar a una alienación de los musulmanes aún mayor que la que existía antes. 200 años de cruzadas por el Mediterráneo oriental envenenaron permanentemente las relaciones entre musulmanes y cristianos y acabaron con el espíritu de tolerancia moderada hacia los cristianos que vivían bajo el dominio musulmán en una amplia franja de territorio. Los únicos que dieron la bienvenida a los cruzados fueron un puñado de minorías cristianas que habían sufrido bajo el dominio bizantino y musulmán: los armenios y los maronitas que vivían en el Líbano. Los coptos de Egipto vieron las Cruzadas como una calamidad. Ahora los musulmanes sospechaban que tenían simpatías occidentales, mientras que la Iglesia de Occidente los trataba como cismáticos. Una vez que los cruzados tomaron Jerusalén, prohibieron a los coptos peregrinar allí.Las cosas se agriaron realmente entre Oriente y Occidente cuando la Iglesia romana instaló patriarcados latinos en los centros históricamente orientales de Antioquía y Jerusalén. Luego, durante la 4ª Cruzada, se nombró un patriarca latino para la iglesia en la propia Constantinopla.Para que te hagas una idea de lo que habría sentido el cristiano de Constantinopla, imagina cómo se sentirían los bautistas del Sur si un obispo mormón fuera nombrado presidente de la Convención Bautista del Sur. Ya te haces una idea = No Bueno.Otro efecto duradero de las Cruzadas fue que debilitaron el Imperio Bizantino y aceleraron su caída ante los turcos otomanos un par de siglos después. También desestabilizaron a los gobiernos árabes, dejándolos susceptibles de ser invadidos por turcos y mongoles.En esta época se produjo un nuevo e importante desarrollo en la historia monástica con el surgimiento de las órdenes monásticas de caballería. La primera de ellas fue la de los Caballeros Templarios, fundada en 1118 bajo Hugh de Payens. El rey Balduino dio a los templarios su nombre, y de ellos pasó a otras órdenes la idea de luchar por el Temple. Bernardo de Claraval, aunque no fue el autor de la regla de los Templarios, como dice la leyenda, sí escribió una influyente obra titulada Elogio de la nueva milicia de Cristo, que alababa las nuevas órdenes de caballeros.Los Templarios fueron imitados por los Hospitalarios, que tuvieron un origen anterior como orden caritativa. Fueron organizados en 1050 por mercaderes de Amalfi que vivían en Jerusalén para proteger a los peregrinos. Proporcionaban hospitalidad y atención a los enfermos, y contribuyeron a transformar la palabra "hospitalidad" en "hospital". Con Gerardo, en 1120, los Hospitalarios obtuvieron la sanción papal. El sucesor de Gerardo fue Raimundo de Provenza, que reorganizó a los Hospitalarios como una orden militar según el modelo de los Caballeros Templarios. Los Hospitalarios, también conocidos como Caballeros de San Juan, se trasladaron finalmente a las islas de Rodas y luego a Malta, donde resistieron en 1565 en un prolongado asedio contra los turcos en una de las batallas más importantes de la historia.Otra importante orden militar, los Caballeros Teutónicos, surgió en 1199, durante la 3ª Cruzada.Las órdenes monásticas caballerescas tenían ciertos rasgos en común. Consideraban la guerra como una forma de vida devocional. La antigua idea monástica de luchar contra los demonios, como se veía en los antiguos ermitaños del desierto egipcio, evolucionó hacia el combate real con personas consideradas agentes del mal. La guerra espiritual se convirtió en una batalla real. Los caballeros y sus ayudantes hicieron votos similares a los de otros monjes. Profesaban pobreza, castidad y obediencia, junto con la promesa de defender a otros por la fuerza de las armas. Aunque se juraba la pobreza personal, se consideraba adecuado el uso de la violencia para asegurar la riqueza, de modo que pudiera utilizarse en beneficio de otros, incluida la propia orden. Los templarios se convirtieron en objeto de envidia por su inmensa riqueza.Al estudiar las relaciones entre el cristianismo y el islam durante la Edad Media, debemos recordar que hubo muchos intercambios pacíficos. Algunos cristianos defendían las misiones pacíficas con los musulmanes. Estos encuentros pacíficos pueden verse en el intercambio de arte. Los cristianos valoraban mucho la metalistería y los tejidos musulmanes. Los ornamentos de las iglesias eran a menudo confeccionados por tejedores musulmanes. Una de estas vestimentas se encuentra hoy en Canterbury. Contiene una escritura árabe que dice: "Grande es Alá y Mahoma es su profeta".Desde el punto de vista positivo, si hubo algo positivo que extraer de las Cruzadas, fue que promovieron un mayor sentido de unidad en Europa Occidental. Recuerda que una de las razones por las que el Papa Urbano desencadenó la Cruzada fue para desahogar los hábitos violentos de los nobles europeos, que se enfrentaban constantemente entre sí. En lugar de guerrear entre ellos de un lado a otro de Europa, regando sus campos de sangre, se unieron para ir contra los infieles "de allá".Las Cruzadas también supusieron un aumento del prestigio del papado, ya que pudieron movilizar a un gran número de personas.  Las Cruzadas también estimularon un renacimiento intelectual en Europa, ya que los cruzados regresaron con nuevas experiencias y conocimientos de otra parte del mundo.Tras la 1ª Cruzada, durante los siguientes 60 años, Jerusalén vio una sucesión de gobernantes débiles, mientras que los musulmanes, desde Damasco hasta Egipto, se unieron bajo una nueva dinastía de líderes competentes y carismáticos. El último de ellos fue Saladino o, más propiamente, Salah ad-Din. Fundador de la dinastía ayubí del Islam, se convirtió en califa en 1174 y se propuso retomar Jerusalén.El rey de Jerusalén en aquella época era (y aviso: voy a destrozar el nombre de este pobre hombre) Guy de Lusignan. Llamémosle simplemente "Guy". Dirigió a los cruzados a una colina al oeste del mar de Galilea llamada los Cuernos de Hattin. Tanto los Templarios como los Hospitalarios se encontraban allí con fuerza, y la tan cacareada "verdadera cruz" era llevada por el obispo de Acre, que a su vez iba vestido con armadura. El 5 de julio de 1187 se libró la batalla decisiva. Los cruzados fueron completamente derrotados. Perecieron 30.000 personas. El rey Guy, los líderes de los templarios y los hospitalarios, junto con algunos otros nobles, fueron hechos prisioneros. Saladino les dio clemencia. El destino de Tierra Santa estaba decidido.El 2 de octubre de 1187, Saladino entró en Jerusalén después de que ésta opusiera una valiente resistencia. Las generosas condiciones de la rendición fueron, en su mayoría, dignas de la caballerosidad del comandante musulmán. No hubo escenas de carnicería salvaje como las que siguieron a la entrada de los cruzados 90 años antes. A los habitantes de Jerusalén se les dio la libertad si pagaban un rescate. A los europeos y a todo aquel que lo deseara, se les permitió salir. Durante 40 días continuó la procesión de la partida. Las reliquias almacenadas en la Iglesia del Santo Sepulcro fueron rescatadas por la suma de 50.000 bezantes. Llamados así por Bizancio, donde eran el medio de cambio, el bezante era una moneda de oro de 5 gramos.Así terminó el reino latino de Jerusalén. Desde entonces, el culto del Islam ha continuado en el Monte Moría sin interrupción. Las demás conquistas europeas de la 1ª Cruzada estaban entonces en peligro por las interminables disputas de los propios cruzados y, a pesar del constante flujo de reclutas y tesoros procedentes de Europa, cayeron fácilmente ante Saladino.Permitió que un gobernante latino meramente ceremonial ostentara el título de rey de Jerusalén, pero el último rey real fue Guy, que fue liberado y luego viajó reclamando el título de rey, pero sin corte ni capital. Finalmente se estableció en Chipre.Entraremos en menos detalles sobre el resto de las Cruzadas cuando las terminemos en el próximo episodio.La 2ª Cruzada fue provocada por 2 acontecimientos: la caída del estado cruzado de Edesa en Siria y la predicación de Bernardo de Claraval. Y ten en cuenta que la 2ª Cruzada tuvo lugar ANTES de la llegada de Saladino a la escena.Edesa cayó en manos de los turcos en diciembre de 1144.  Hicieron un fuego en una gran brecha que habían abierto en la muralla de la ciudad. El fuego estaba tan caliente que agrietó una sección de la muralla de cien metros de largo. Cuando la muralla se derrumbó, los turcos se abalanzaron sobre ella y desencadenaron el mismo tipo de brutalidad que los cruzados cuando conquistaron Jerusalén.El Papa Eugenio III vio la victoria turca en Edesa como una amenaza para la continuidad de los cruzados en Palestina y pidió al rey de Francia que marchara en su ayuda. Se prometió el perdón de todos los pecados y la entrada inmediata en el cielo a todos los que se embarcaran en una nueva Cruzada. Eugenio convocó a Bernardo de Claraval para que abandonara su abadía y predicara la cruzada. Bernardo era la persona más famosa de su tiempo y esta llamada del Papa se produjo en el cenit de su fama. Consideró la llamada del Papa como una llamada de Dios.En la Pascua de 1146, el rey Luis de Francia juró liderar la Cruzada. La promesa del Papa de la remisión de los pecados le era muy querida, ya que estaba afectado por la culpa de haber quemado una iglesia con 1300 personas dentro. ¡Qué grandioso es poder obtener el perdón matando a más personas! Reunió un concilio en Vézelai, en el que Bernardo causó una impresión tan poderosa con su mensaje que todos los presentes se lanzaron a la causa de las cruzadas. Bernardo se vio obligado a cortar su propia túnica en pequeños fragmentos, para regalarlos a todos los que quisieran algo suyo que pudieran llevar a Oriente. Escribió al Papa Eugenio que el entusiasmo era tan grande que "los castillos y las ciudades se vaciaron de sus habitantes. Apenas se podía encontrar un hombre para 7 mujeres, y las mujeres enviudaban en todas partes mientras sus maridos aún vivían". Es decir, la mayoría de los hombres partieron a la Cruzada, dejando a la población de Francia con 7 mujeres por cada hombre. ¡Qué suerte tuvieron!Desde Francia, Bernardo se dirigió a Basilea, en la actual Suiza, y luego subió por las ciudades a lo largo del Rin hasta llegar a Colonia. Al igual que en la 1ª Cruzada, la persecución contra los judíos estalló en esta zona cuando un monje llamado Radulph se preguntó por qué era necesario ir a Oriente Medio para deshacerse de los que odian a Dios y matan a Cristo. Había muchos en Europa.  Bernardo se opuso con vehemencia. Pidió que la Iglesia intentara ganarse a los judíos mediante la discusión y el respeto, no matándolos.Bernardo era LA celebridad de la época y miles de personas acudían a escucharle. Se le atribuyeron varios milagros y curaciones notables. El emperador alemán Konrad III se sintió profundamente conmovido por su predicación y se convenció de que debía apoyar la Cruzada.Konrad reunió un ejército de 70.000 personas, de las cuales una décima parte eran caballeros. Se reunieron en Ratisbona y se dirigieron a través de Hungría hacia el Bósforo. A lo largo de su ruta no fueron bien recibidos. Konrad y el emperador oriental Manuel eran cuñados, pero eso no impidió que Manuel hiciera todo lo posible por acabar con la fuerza alemana. Los guías que les proporcionó condujeron a los alemanes a emboscadas y trampas y luego los abandonaron en las montañas. Cuando finalmente llegaron a Nicea, el hambre, la fiebre y los ataques habían reducido la fuerza a una décima parte de su tamaño original.El rey Luis partió en la primavera de 1147 y siguió la misma ruta que había seguido Konrad. Su reina, Leonor, famosa por su belleza y habilidad como líder, junto con muchas otras damas de la corte francesa, acompañó al ejército. Los franceses se reunieron con lo que quedaba de la fuerza de Konrad en Nicea.Las fuerzas se dividieron entonces en diferentes grupos que llegaron a Acre en 1148. Se reunieron con el rey Balduino III de Jerusalén y se comprometieron a unir sus fuerzas para intentar conquistar Damasco antes de retomar Edesa. El asedio a Damasco fue un fracaso total. Los nobles europeos cayeron en tales luchas internas que su bando se fragmentó en grupos beligerantes. Konrad partió hacia Alemania en el otoño de 1148 y Luis regresó a Francia unos meses después.Bernardo se sintió humillado por el fracaso de la Cruzada. Lo atribuyó al juicio de Dios por los pecados de los cruzados y del mundo cristiano.Un poco más sobre la esposa del rey Luis, Leonor. Leonor de Aquitania era realmente extraordinaria. En un mundo dominado por los hombres, la carrera de Leonor fue algo especial. Fue una de las personas más ricas y poderosas de Europa durante la Edad Media.Leonor sucedió a su padre como gobernante de Aquitania y Poitiers a la edad de 15 años. Era entonces la novia más codiciada de Europa. Tres meses después de su ascenso, se casó con el rey Luis VII. Como reina de Francia, participó en la 2ª Cruzada. Después, con su derrota y de vuelta a Francia, consiguió la anulación de Luis sobre la base de que eran parientes, y luego se casó con Enrique Plantaget, duque de Normandía y conde de Anjou, que pronto se convirtió en el rey Enrique II de Inglaterra en 1154. Esto a pesar de que Enrique era un pariente aún más cercano que Luis y 9 años más joven que ella. Se casaron sólo 8 semanas después de su anulación. Durante los 13 años siguientes, Leonor dio a Enrique 8 hijos: 5 hijos, 3 de los cuales llegarían a ser reyes, y 3 hijas. Sin embargo, Enrique y Leonor acabaron distanciándose. Ella fue encarcelada entre 1173 y 1189 por apoyar la revuelta de su hijo contra su marido.Leonor enviudó en julio de 1189. A su marido le sucedió su hijo, Ricardo I, conocido como Corazón de León. En cuanto ascendió al trono, Ricardo hizo que liberaran a su madre de la prisión. Leonor, ahora reina viuda, actuó como regente mientras Ricardo iba a la Tercera Cruzada. Sobrevivió a Ricardo y vivió hasta el reinado de su hijo menor, Juan, conocido como el peor rey de la larga historia de Inglaterra. Es este rey Juan el que aparece como el principal villano en la historia de Robin Hood.La 3ª Cruzada se conoce como la Cruzada de los Reyes debido a los monarcas europeos que participaron en ella. Fue un intento de reconquistar Tierra Santa a los musulmanes que, bajo Saladino, habían recuperado las tierras que los cruzados tomaron en la 1ª Cruzada. La 3ª tuvo éxito en su mayor parte, pero no alcanzó su objetivo final, la reconquista de Jerusalén.Cuando Saladino capturó Jerusalén en 1187, la noticia sacudió a Europa. Se cuenta que el Papa Urbano III quedó tan traumatizado que murió de shock. Enrique II de Inglaterra y Felipe II de Francia pusieron fin a su disputa entre ellos para dirigir una nueva cruzada. Cuando Enrique murió 2 años después, Ricardo Corazón de León se puso al frente de los ingleses. El anciano emperador del Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico, Federico Barbarroja, también respondió a la llamada a las armas y dirigió un enorme ejército a través de Turquía. Barbarroja se ahogó mientras cruzaba un río en junio de 1190, antes de llegar a Tierra Santa. Su muerte causó un gran dolor entre los cruzados alemanes. La mayoría estaban tan desanimados que volvieron a casa.Tras expulsar a los musulmanes del puerto de Acre, el sucesor de Federico, Leopoldo V de Austria, y el rey Felipe de Francia abandonaron Tierra Santa en agosto de 1191, dejando a Ricardo para que siguiera solo. Saladino no consiguió derrotar a Ricardo en ningún enfrentamiento militar, y éste se aseguró varias ciudades costeras clave. Pero el rey inglés se dio cuenta de que la conquista de Jerusalén no era posible para sus ahora debilitadas fuerzas y, en septiembre de 1192, hizo un tratado con Saladino por el que Jerusalén permanecería bajo control musulmán, pero permitía a los peregrinos y mercaderes cristianos desarmados visitar la ciudad. Ricardo partió de Tierra Santa un mes después.Los éxitos de la 3ª Cruzada permitieron a los cruzados mantener un reino considerable basado en Chipre y a lo largo de la costa siria. Su fracaso en la reconquista de Jerusalén condujo a la convocatoria de una 4ª Cruzada 6 años después.La 3ª Cruzada fue una prueba más de la incapacidad de los europeos para formar una unión eficaz contra los musulmanes. Los líderes y la nobleza de Europa hicieron grandes promesas de unidad cuando se embarcaron en una Cruzada, pero los rigores del viaje, junto con la inminente perspectiva de la victoria, les hicieron caer la mayoría de las veces en incesantes y mezquinas disputas.En su viaje de regreso a Inglaterra, Ricardo fue apresado por el mencionado Leopoldo, duque de Austria, cuya enemistad se había ganado en la batalla por la ciudad de Jope. El duque entregó a su cautivo al emperador del Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico, Enrique VI, que también tenía un rencor que saldar. Corazón de León fue liberado bajo las humillantes condiciones de pagar un enorme rescate y consentir que su reino fuera un feudo del Imperio.  Esta toma de rehenes de Ricardo Corazón de León es el telón de fondo de la historia de Robin Hood.Saladino murió en marzo de 1193, siendo con mucho el más famoso de los enemigos de los cruzados. La cristiandad se ha unido a los escritores árabes en la alabanza de su valor, su cultura y la forma magnánima en que trató a sus enemigos.Los historiadores debaten sobre cuántas Cruzadas hubo. No es que los reyes Enrique y Felipe dijeran: "Oye, hagamos las paces y lancemos la 3ª Cruzada". No las numeraron como lo han hecho los historiadores desde entonces. La historia tiende a atribuir 9 como número de Cruzadas, pero luego añade 2 más asignándoles nombres en lugar de números; la Cruzada Albigense y la Cruzada de los Niños, que tuvieron lugar entre la 4ª y la 5ª Cruzada.En general, las Cruzadas 5ª a 9ª se consideran movimientos armados menores, mientras que las 4 primeras se denominan Grandes Cruzadas.Terminaremos con un rápido repaso de la 4ª Cruzada.Inocencio III se convirtió en Papa en 1198.  Convocó la 4ª Cruzada, que fue el golpe final que separó para siempre las iglesias de Occidente y Oriente, aunque ciertamente ése nunca fue su objetivo. De hecho, advirtió a los cruzados que no lo hicieran.El plan del Papa Inocencio era simplemente destruir una base militar musulmana en Egipto. Los mercaderes de Venecia habían prometido suministrar barcos a los cruzados con un gran descuento, que los cruzados no podían dejar pasar. Así que, en el verano de 1202, llegaron a Venecia esperando navegar hacia Egipto. Pero había un problema: sólo se presentó un tercio del número esperado de guerreros. Y llegaron con poco más de la mitad de la cuota de navegación requerida.Un príncipe de Oriente se ofreció a financiar el resto con una condición: Que los cruzados navegaran primero a Constantinopla, destronaran al actual emperador y se la entregaran. Entonces podrían seguir su alegre camino hacia Egipto. El Papa Inocencio prohibió esta diversión, pero nadie le hizo caso.El 5 de julio de 1203, los cruzados llegaron a la capital oriental. El pueblo de Constantinopla estaba ya harto de que los europeos se entrometieran en sus asuntos y formó una contrarrevolución que barrió del trono al emperador de turno, pero sólo para poder instalar a su propio gobernante ferozmente anticruzado. Al verse excluido de sus esperanzas, el aspirante a emperador que había pagado a los cruzados el camino a Constantinopla se negó a pagarles el camino a Egipto, dejándoles abandonados en un territorio cada vez más hostil.Estaban furiosos. Sus líderes decidieron intentar sacar lo mejor de la situación y convocaron un rápido saqueo de Constantinopla. Uno de los capellanes de la Cruzada proclamó, haciendo caso omiso de los deseos del Papa: "Si tenéis la intención de conquistar esta tierra y someterla a la obediencia romana, todos los que mueran participarán de la indulgencia del Papa".  Eso fue como soltar la cadena a un perro rabioso. Para muchos de los cruzados, esto no sólo era una excusa para enriquecerse con el botín, sino que significaba una licencia para hacer lo que quisieran en Constantinopla.El Viernes Santo de 1204, los cruzados, con cruces rojas en sus túnicas, saquearon Constantinopla. Durante 3 días, violaron y mataron a compañeros cristianos. Las estatuas de la ciudad fueron descuartizadas y fundidas. La Santa Sofía fue despojada de sus vasos de oro. Una ramera realizó bailes sensuales en la Mesa del Señor, entonando viles canciones para beber. Un escritor oriental se lamentó: "Los musulmanes son misericordiosos comparados con estos hombres que llevan la cruz de Cristo sobre sus hombros".Ni el Imperio ni la Iglesia de Oriente se recuperaron jamás de aquellos 3 días. Durante los siguientes 60 años, los cruzados de la Iglesia romana gobernaron lo que antes era el Imperio de Oriente. El emperador oriental estableció una corte en el exilio en Nicea. En lugar de adoptar las costumbres romanas, muchos cristianos orientales huyeron allí. Allí permanecieron hasta 1261, cuando un gobernante Oriental retomó Constantinopla.

Este episodio 56 de CS es la tercera parte de nuestra serie sobre Las Cruzadas.Uno de los principales resultados de la Primera Cruzada fue un mayor distanciamiento entre las Iglesias de Oriente y Occidente. La ayuda prestada a Bizancio por los cruzados no fue la que esperaba el emperador oriental Alejo.También dio lugar a una alienación de los musulmanes aún mayor que la que existía antes. 200 años de cruzadas por el Mediterráneo oriental envenenaron permanentemente las relaciones entre musulmanes y cristianos y acabaron con el espíritu de tolerancia moderada hacia los cristianos que vivían bajo el dominio musulmán en una amplia franja de territorio. Los únicos que dieron la bienvenida a los cruzados fueron un puñado de minorías cristianas que habían sufrido bajo el dominio bizantino y musulmán: los armenios y los maronitas que vivían en el Líbano. Los coptos de Egipto vieron las Cruzadas como una calamidad. Ahora los musulmanes sospechaban que tenían simpatías occidentales, mientras que la Iglesia de Occidente los trataba como cismáticos. Una vez que los cruzados tomaron Jerusalén, prohibieron a los coptos peregrinar allí.Las cosas se agriaron realmente entre Oriente y Occidente cuando la Iglesia romana instaló patriarcados latinos en los centros históricamente orientales de Antioquía y Jerusalén. Luego, durante la 4ª Cruzada, se nombró un patriarca latino para la iglesia en la propia Constantinopla.Para que te hagas una idea de lo que habría sentido el cristiano de Constantinopla, imagina cómo se sentirían los bautistas del Sur si un obispo mormón fuera nombrado presidente de la Convención Bautista del Sur. Ya te haces una idea = No Bueno.Otro efecto duradero de las Cruzadas fue que debilitaron el Imperio Bizantino y aceleraron su caída ante los turcos otomanos un par de siglos después. También desestabilizaron a los gobiernos árabes, dejándolos susceptibles de ser invadidos por turcos y mongoles.En esta época se produjo un nuevo e importante desarrollo en la historia monástica con el surgimiento de las órdenes monásticas de caballería. La primera de ellas fue la de los Caballeros Templarios, fundada en 1118 bajo Hugh de Payens. El rey Balduino dio a los templarios su nombre, y de ellos pasó a otras órdenes la idea de luchar por el Temple. Bernardo de Claraval, aunque no fue el autor de la regla de los Templarios, como dice la leyenda, sí escribió una influyente obra titulada Elogio de la nueva milicia de Cristo, que alababa las nuevas órdenes de caballeros.Los Templarios fueron imitados por los Hospitalarios, que tuvieron un origen anterior como orden caritativa. Fueron organizados en 1050 por mercaderes de Amalfi que vivían en Jerusalén para proteger a los peregrinos. Proporcionaban hospitalidad y atención a los enfermos, y contribuyeron a transformar la palabra "hospitalidad" en "hospital". Con Gerardo, en 1120, los Hospitalarios obtuvieron la sanción papal. El sucesor de Gerardo fue Raimundo de Provenza, que reorganizó a los Hospitalarios como una orden militar según el modelo de los Caballeros Templarios. Los Hospitalarios, también conocidos como Caballeros de San Juan, se trasladaron finalmente a las islas de Rodas y luego a Malta, donde resistieron en 1565 en un prolongado asedio contra los turcos en una de las batallas más importantes de la historia.Otra importante orden militar, los Caballeros Teutónicos, surgió en 1199, durante la 3ª Cruzada.Las órdenes monásticas caballerescas tenían ciertos rasgos en común. Consideraban la guerra como una forma de vida devocional. La antigua idea monástica de luchar contra los demonios, como se veía en los antiguos ermitaños del desierto egipcio, evolucionó hacia el combate real con personas consideradas agentes del mal. La guerra espiritual se convirtió en una batalla real. Los caballeros y sus ayudantes hicieron votos similares a los de otros monjes. Profesaban pobreza, castidad y obediencia, junto con la promesa de defender a otros por la fuerza de las armas. Aunque se juraba la pobreza personal, se consideraba adecuado el uso de la violencia para asegurar la riqueza, de modo que pudiera utilizarse en beneficio de otros, incluida la propia orden. Los templarios se convirtieron en objeto de envidia por su inmensa riqueza.Al estudiar las relaciones entre el cristianismo y el islam durante la Edad Media, debemos recordar que hubo muchos intercambios pacíficos. Algunos cristianos defendían las misiones pacíficas con los musulmanes. Estos encuentros pacíficos pueden verse en el intercambio de arte. Los cristianos valoraban mucho la metalistería y los tejidos musulmanes. Los ornamentos de las iglesias eran a menudo confeccionados por tejedores musulmanes. Una de estas vestimentas se encuentra hoy en Canterbury. Contiene una escritura árabe que dice: "Grande es Alá y Mahoma es su profeta".Desde el punto de vista positivo, si hubo algo positivo que extraer de las Cruzadas, fue que promovieron un mayor sentido de unidad en Europa Occidental. Recuerda que una de las razones por las que el Papa Urbano desencadenó la Cruzada fue para desahogar los hábitos violentos de los nobles europeos, que se enfrentaban constantemente entre sí. En lugar de guerrear entre ellos de un lado a otro de Europa, regando sus campos de sangre, se unieron para ir contra los infieles "de allá".Las Cruzadas también supusieron un aumento del prestigio del papado, ya que pudieron movilizar a un gran número de personas.  Las Cruzadas también estimularon un renacimiento intelectual en Europa, ya que los cruzados regresaron con nuevas experiencias y conocimientos de otra parte del mundo.Tras la 1ª Cruzada, durante los siguientes 60 años, Jerusalén vio una sucesión de gobernantes débiles, mientras que los musulmanes, desde Damasco hasta Egipto, se unieron bajo una nueva dinastía de líderes competentes y carismáticos. El último de ellos fue Saladino o, más propiamente, Salah ad-Din. Fundador de la dinastía ayubí del Islam, se convirtió en califa en 1174 y se propuso retomar Jerusalén.El rey de Jerusalén en aquella época era (y aviso: voy a destrozar el nombre de este pobre hombre) Guy de Lusignan. Llamémosle simplemente "Guy". Dirigió a los cruzados a una colina al oeste del mar de Galilea llamada los Cuernos de Hattin. Tanto los Templarios como los Hospitalarios se encontraban allí con fuerza, y la tan cacareada "verdadera cruz" era llevada por el obispo de Acre, que a su vez iba vestido con armadura. El 5 de julio de 1187 se libró la batalla decisiva. Los cruzados fueron completamente derrotados. Perecieron 30.000 personas. El rey Guy, los líderes de los templarios y los hospitalarios, junto con algunos otros nobles, fueron hechos prisioneros. Saladino les dio clemencia. El destino de Tierra Santa estaba decidido.El 2 de octubre de 1187, Saladino entró en Jerusalén después de que ésta opusiera una valiente resistencia. Las generosas condiciones de la rendición fueron, en su mayoría, dignas de la caballerosidad del comandante musulmán. No hubo escenas de carnicería salvaje como las que siguieron a la entrada de los cruzados 90 años antes. A los habitantes de Jerusalén se les dio la libertad si pagaban un rescate. A los europeos y a todo aquel que lo deseara, se les permitió salir. Durante 40 días continuó la procesión de la partida. Las reliquias almacenadas en la Iglesia del Santo Sepulcro fueron rescatadas por la suma de 50.000 bezantes. Llamados así por Bizancio, donde eran el medio de cambio, el bezante era una moneda de oro de 5 gramos.Así terminó el reino latino de Jerusalén. Desde entonces, el culto del Islam ha continuado en el Monte Moría sin interrupción. Las demás conquistas europeas de la 1ª Cruzada estaban entonces en peligro por las interminables disputas de los propios cruzados y, a pesar del constante flujo de reclutas y tesoros procedentes de Europa, cayeron fácilmente ante Saladino.Permitió que un gobernante latino meramente ceremonial ostentara el título de rey de Jerusalén, pero el último rey real fue Guy, que fue liberado y luego viajó reclamando el título de rey, pero sin corte ni capital. Finalmente se estableció en Chipre.Entraremos en menos detalles sobre el resto de las Cruzadas cuando las terminemos en el próximo episodio.La 2ª Cruzada fue provocada por 2 acontecimientos: la caída del estado cruzado de Edesa en Siria y la predicación de Bernardo de Claraval. Y ten en cuenta que la 2ª Cruzada tuvo lugar ANTES de la llegada de Saladino a la escena.Edesa cayó en manos de los turcos en diciembre de 1144.  Hicieron un fuego en una gran brecha que habían abierto en la muralla de la ciudad. El fuego estaba tan caliente que agrietó una sección de la muralla de cien metros de largo. Cuando la muralla se derrumbó, los turcos se abalanzaron sobre ella y desencadenaron el mismo tipo de brutalidad que los cruzados cuando conquistaron Jerusalén.El Papa Eugenio III vio la victoria turca en Edesa como una amenaza para la continuidad de los cruzados en Palestina y pidió al rey de Francia que marchara en su ayuda. Se prometió el perdón de todos los pecados y la entrada inmediata en el cielo a todos los que se embarcaran en una nueva Cruzada. Eugenio convocó a Bernardo de Claraval para que abandonara su abadía y predicara la cruzada. Bernardo era la persona más famosa de su tiempo y esta llamada del Papa se produjo en el cenit de su fama. Consideró la llamada del Papa como una llamada de Dios.En la Pascua de 1146, el rey Luis de Francia juró liderar la Cruzada. La promesa del Papa de la remisión de los pecados le era muy querida, ya que estaba afectado por la culpa de haber quemado una iglesia con 1300 personas dentro. ¡Qué grandioso es poder obtener el perdón matando a más personas! Reunió un concilio en Vézelai, en el que Bernardo causó una impresión tan poderosa con su mensaje que todos los presentes se lanzaron a la causa de las cruzadas. Bernardo se vio obligado a cortar su propia túnica en pequeños fragmentos, para regalarlos a todos los que quisieran algo suyo que pudieran llevar a Oriente. Escribió al Papa Eugenio que el entusiasmo era tan grande que "los castillos y las ciudades se vaciaron de sus habitantes. Apenas se podía encontrar un hombre para 7 mujeres, y las mujeres enviudaban en todas partes mientras sus maridos aún vivían". Es decir, la mayoría de los hombres partieron a la Cruzada, dejando a la población de Francia con 7 mujeres por cada hombre. ¡Qué suerte tuvieron!Desde Francia, Bernardo se dirigió a Basilea, en la actual Suiza, y luego subió por las ciudades a lo largo del Rin hasta llegar a Colonia. Al igual que en la 1ª Cruzada, la persecución contra los judíos estalló en esta zona cuando un monje llamado Radulph se preguntó por qué era necesario ir a Oriente Medio para deshacerse de los que odian a Dios y matan a Cristo. Había muchos en Europa.  Bernardo se opuso con vehemencia. Pidió que la Iglesia intentara ganarse a los judíos mediante la discusión y el respeto, no matándolos.Bernardo era LA celebridad de la época y miles de personas acudían a escucharle. Se le atribuyeron varios milagros y curaciones notables. El emperador alemán Konrad III se sintió profundamente conmovido por su predicación y se convenció de que debía apoyar la Cruzada.Konrad reunió un ejército de 70.000 personas, de las cuales una décima parte eran caballeros. Se reunieron en Ratisbona y se dirigieron a través de Hungría hacia el Bósforo. A lo largo de su ruta no fueron bien recibidos. Konrad y el emperador oriental Manuel eran cuñados, pero eso no impidió que Manuel hiciera todo lo posible por acabar con la fuerza alemana. Los guías que les proporcionó condujeron a los alemanes a emboscadas y trampas y luego los abandonaron en las montañas. Cuando finalmente llegaron a Nicea, el hambre, la fiebre y los ataques habían reducido la fuerza a una décima parte de su tamaño original.El rey Luis partió en la primavera de 1147 y siguió la misma ruta que había seguido Konrad. Su reina, Leonor, famosa por su belleza y habilidad como líder, junto con muchas otras damas de la corte francesa, acompañó al ejército. Los franceses se reunieron con lo que quedaba de la fuerza de Konrad en Nicea.Las fuerzas se dividieron entonces en diferentes grupos que llegaron a Acre en 1148. Se reunieron con el rey Balduino III de Jerusalén y se comprometieron a unir sus fuerzas para intentar conquistar Damasco antes de retomar Edesa. El asedio a Damasco fue un fracaso total. Los nobles europeos cayeron en tales luchas internas que su bando se fragmentó en grupos beligerantes. Konrad partió hacia Alemania en el otoño de 1148 y Luis regresó a Francia unos meses después.Bernardo se sintió humillado por el fracaso de la Cruzada. Lo atribuyó al juicio de Dios por los pecados de los cruzados y del mundo cristiano.Un poco más sobre la esposa del rey Luis, Leonor. Leonor de Aquitania era realmente extraordinaria. En un mundo dominado por los hombres, la carrera de Leonor fue algo especial. Fue una de las personas más ricas y poderosas de Europa durante la Edad Media.Leonor sucedió a su padre como gobernante de Aquitania y Poitiers a la edad de 15 años. Era entonces la novia más codiciada de Europa. Tres meses después de su ascenso, se casó con el rey Luis VII. Como reina de Francia, participó en la 2ª Cruzada. Después, con su derrota y de vuelta a Francia, consiguió la anulación de Luis sobre la base de que eran parientes, y luego se casó con Enrique Plantaget, duque de Normandía y conde de Anjou, que pronto se convirtió en el rey Enrique II de Inglaterra en 1154. Esto a pesar de que Enrique era un pariente aún más cercano que Luis y 9 años más joven que ella. Se casaron sólo 8 semanas después de su anulación. Durante los 13 años siguientes, Leonor dio a Enrique 8 hijos: 5 hijos, 3 de los cuales llegarían a ser reyes, y 3 hijas. Sin embargo, Enrique y Leonor acabaron distanciándose. Ella fue encarcelada entre 1173 y 1189 por apoyar la revuelta de su hijo contra su marido.Leonor enviudó en julio de 1189. A su marido le sucedió su hijo, Ricardo I, conocido como Corazón de León. En cuanto ascendió al trono, Ricardo hizo que liberaran a su madre de la prisión. Leonor, ahora reina viuda, actuó como regente mientras Ricardo iba a la Tercera Cruzada. Sobrevivió a Ricardo y vivió hasta el reinado de su hijo menor, Juan, conocido como el peor rey de la larga historia de Inglaterra. Es este rey Juan el que aparece como el principal villano en la historia de Robin Hood.La 3ª Cruzada se conoce como la Cruzada de los Reyes debido a los monarcas europeos que participaron en ella. Fue un intento de reconquistar Tierra Santa a los musulmanes que, bajo Saladino, habían recuperado las tierras que los cruzados tomaron en la 1ª Cruzada. La 3ª tuvo éxito en su mayor parte, pero no alcanzó su objetivo final, la reconquista de Jerusalén.Cuando Saladino capturó Jerusalén en 1187, la noticia sacudió a Europa. Se cuenta que el Papa Urbano III quedó tan traumatizado que murió de shock. Enrique II de Inglaterra y Felipe II de Francia pusieron fin a su disputa entre ellos para dirigir una nueva cruzada. Cuando Enrique murió 2 años después, Ricardo Corazón de León se puso al frente de los ingleses. El anciano emperador del Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico, Federico Barbarroja, también respondió a la llamada a las armas y dirigió un enorme ejército a través de Turquía. Barbarroja se ahogó mientras cruzaba un río en junio de 1190, antes de llegar a Tierra Santa. Su muerte causó un gran dolor entre los cruzados alemanes. La mayoría estaban tan desanimados que volvieron a casa.Tras expulsar a los musulmanes del puerto de Acre, el sucesor de Federico, Leopoldo V de Austria, y el rey Felipe de Francia abandonaron Tierra Santa en agosto de 1191, dejando a Ricardo para que siguiera solo. Saladino no consiguió derrotar a Ricardo en ningún enfrentamiento militar, y éste se aseguró varias ciudades costeras clave. Pero el rey inglés se dio cuenta de que la conquista de Jerusalén no era posible para sus ahora debilitadas fuerzas y, en septiembre de 1192, hizo un tratado con Saladino por el que Jerusalén permanecería bajo control musulmán, pero permitía a los peregrinos y mercaderes cristianos desarmados visitar la ciudad. Ricardo partió de Tierra Santa un mes después.Los éxitos de la 3ª Cruzada permitieron a los cruzados mantener un reino considerable basado en Chipre y a lo largo de la costa siria. Su fracaso en la reconquista de Jerusalén condujo a la convocatoria de una 4ª Cruzada 6 años después.La 3ª Cruzada fue una prueba más de la incapacidad de los europeos para formar una unión eficaz contra los musulmanes. Los líderes y la nobleza de Europa hicieron grandes promesas de unidad cuando se embarcaron en una Cruzada, pero los rigores del viaje, junto con la inminente perspectiva de la victoria, les hicieron caer la mayoría de las veces en incesantes y mezquinas disputas.En su viaje de regreso a Inglaterra, Ricardo fue apresado por el mencionado Leopoldo, duque de Austria, cuya enemistad se había ganado en la batalla por la ciudad de Jope. El duque entregó a su cautivo al emperador del Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico, Enrique VI, que también tenía un rencor que saldar. Corazón de León fue liberado bajo las humillantes condiciones de pagar un enorme rescate y consentir que su reino fuera un feudo del Imperio.  Esta toma de rehenes de Ricardo Corazón de León es el telón de fondo de la historia de Robin Hood.Saladino murió en marzo de 1193, siendo con mucho el más famoso de los enemigos de los cruzados. La cristiandad se ha unido a los escritores árabes en la alabanza de su valor, su cultura y la forma magnánima en que trató a sus enemigos.Los historiadores debaten sobre cuántas Cruzadas hubo. No es que los reyes Enrique y Felipe dijeran: "Oye, hagamos las paces y lancemos la 3ª Cruzada". No las numeraron como lo han hecho los historiadores desde entonces. La historia tiende a atribuir 9 como número de Cruzadas, pero luego añade 2 más asignándoles nombres en lugar de números; la Cruzada Albigense y la Cruzada de los Niños, que tuvieron lugar entre la 4ª y la 5ª Cruzada.En general, las Cruzadas 5ª a 9ª se consideran movimientos armados menores, mientras que las 4 primeras se denominan Grandes Cruzadas.Terminaremos con un rápido repaso de la 4ª Cruzada.Inocencio III se convirtió en Papa en 1198.  Convocó la 4ª Cruzada, que fue el golpe final que separó para siempre las iglesias de Occidente y Oriente, aunque ciertamente ése nunca fue su objetivo. De hecho, advirtió a los cruzados que no lo hicieran.El plan del Papa Inocencio era simplemente destruir una base militar musulmana en Egipto. Los mercaderes de Venecia habían prometido suministrar barcos a los cruzados con un gran descuento, que los cruzados no podían dejar pasar. Así que, en el verano de 1202, llegaron a Venecia esperando navegar hacia Egipto. Pero había un problema: sólo se presentó un tercio del número esperado de guerreros. Y llegaron con poco más de la mitad de la cuota de navegación requerida.Un príncipe de Oriente se ofreció a financiar el resto con una condición: Que los cruzados navegaran primero a Constantinopla, destronaran al actual emperador y se la entregaran. Entonces podrían seguir su alegre camino hacia Egipto. El Papa Inocencio prohibió esta diversión, pero nadie le hizo caso.El 5 de julio de 1203, los cruzados llegaron a la capital oriental. El pueblo de Constantinopla estaba ya harto de que los europeos se entrometieran en sus asuntos y formó una contrarrevolución que barrió del trono al emperador de turno, pero sólo para poder instalar a su propio gobernante ferozmente anticruzado. Al verse excluido de sus esperanzas, el aspirante a emperador que había pagado a los cruzados el camino a Constantinopla se negó a pagarles el camino a Egipto, dejándoles abandonados en un territorio cada vez más hostil.Estaban furiosos. Sus líderes decidieron intentar sacar lo mejor de la situación y convocaron un rápido saqueo de Constantinopla. Uno de los capellanes de la Cruzada proclamó, haciendo caso omiso de los deseos del Papa: "Si tenéis la intención de conquistar esta tierra y someterla a la obediencia romana, todos los que mueran participarán de la indulgencia del Papa".  Eso fue como soltar la cadena a un perro rabioso. Para muchos de los cruzados, esto no sólo era una excusa para enriquecerse con el botín, sino que significaba una licencia para hacer lo que quisieran en Constantinopla.El Viernes Santo de 1204, los cruzados, con cruces rojas en sus túnicas, saquearon Constantinopla. Durante 3 días, violaron y mataron a compañeros cristianos. Las estatuas de la ciudad fueron descuartizadas y fundidas. La Santa Sofía fue despojada de sus vasos de oro. Una ramera realizó bailes sensuales en la Mesa del Señor, entonando viles canciones para beber. Un escritor oriental se lamentó: "Los musulmanes son misericordiosos comparados con estos hombres que llevan la cruz de Cristo sobre sus hombros".Ni el Imperio ni la Iglesia de Oriente se recuperaron jamás de aquellos 3 días. Durante los siguientes 60 años, los cruzados de la Iglesia romana gobernaron lo que antes era el Imperio de Oriente. El emperador oriental estableció una corte en el exilio en Nicea. En lugar de adoptar las costumbres romanas, muchos cristianos orientales huyeron allí. Allí permanecieron hasta 1261, cuando un gobernante Oriental retomó Constantinopla.

Sixteenth century Theologian Martin Luther has referred to Melusine unfavorably several times as a succubus and nineteenth century composer Felix Mendelssohn wrote a concert overture titled “The Fair Melusina”. These days, images of Melusine are still seen in the Vendée region of Poitou, western France, where one can drink Melusine-brand beer and eat Melusine-style baguettes. In Vouvant, paintings of her and her sons decorate the “Tour Melusine,” the ruins of a Lusignan castle guarding the banks of the River Mère, where visitors of the tower can lunch at the Cafe Melusine nearby. The image of Melusine is so famous and enduring that, perhaps without knowing her by name, we still recognize her image today as the logo for Starbucks Coffee. This episode is also available as a blog post: http://martinifisher.com/2022/02/17/melusine/

Today we're talking about the intersection of of mobility, sustainability, social justice and disability rights.I am joined by Anna, Micah and Abby from Disability Rights Washington who are part of the Disability Mobility Initiative for Washington State in the US. They are doing amazing work in sharing the stories of how people with disabilities move around and campaigning for systemic change in how our urban environments are designed and built. They want to see people with disabilities in real positions of power and influencing decision making and they talk about the barriers that are currently stopping this.Learn more about Disability Mobility Initiative:https://www.disabilityrightswa.org/programs/disabilitymobility/https://www.disabilityrightswa.org/storymap/https://twitter.com/dismobilityhttps://www.tiktok.com/@dismobility?lang=enFollow the Green Urbanist:https://twitter.com/GreenUrbanPodhttps://www.instagram.com/greenurbanistpodhttps://www.linkedin.com/company/green-urbanist-podcast

Kerry Lusignan with The Gottman Institute helps you love smarter by learning how and when to take a break from arguments Episode 1218: Love Smarter by Learning When to Take a Break by Kerry Lusignan of Gottman on Pacing Yourself as a Couple The Gottman Institute understands that the human family is in crisis, and that all individuals are capable of and deserve compassion. It is their mission to reach out to families in order to help create and maintain greater love and health in relationships. They are committed to an ongoing program of research that increases the understanding of relationships and adds to the development of interventions that have been carefully evaluated. It is their goal to make their services accessible to the broadest reach of people across race, religion, class, culture, sexual orientation, and ethnicity. Want to improve your marriage in 60 seconds or less? Over 40 years of research with thousands of couples has proven a simple fact: small things often can create big changes over time. Got a minute? Sign up for The Gottman Institute's Marriage Minute at http://OLDPodcast.com/marriage The original post is located here: https://www.gottman.com/blog/love-smarter-learning-take-break/  Outschool offers the largest variety of live, interactive, online classes for kids pre-k though high school, including classes in video game design, cartoon animation, playing an instrument, speaking a language, creative writing and so much more. To save $15 off your child's first class, go to Outschool.com/ORD and use code ORD Visit Me Online at OLDPodcast.com  Interested in advertising on the show? Visit https://www.advertisecast.com/OptimalRelationshipsDailyMarriageParenting Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The passing of the years in general practice often seems to be marked by the annual flu vaccination season; recently it has been more complex with the need to social distance and the simultaneous running of the COVID-19 vaccination programme. In this podcast, Dr Toni Hazell and Professor Simon de Lusignan discuss some of the issues which will affect this years flu vaccination season, as well as wider issues of social distancing and management of viral infections. The podcast also touches on COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy. As mentioned in this episode, if you are interested in joining The RCGP Research and Surveillance Centre (RSC) you can email practiceenquiries@phc.ox.ac.uk or visit the website at https://orchid.phc.ox.ac.uk

    The Mongols were famous for their ultimatums of destruction and submission. No shortage of thirteenth century states received demands for their unconditional surrender to the Great Khan granted divine mandate to rule by Eternal Blue Heaven. Initially, the Mongol imperial ideology was extremely black and white: you could submit to Mongol rule, or face total annihilation. There was no room for other relationships, for the Great Khan had no allies, only subjects. But as the thirteenth century went on and the dream of Chinggisid world hegemony slipped away as the divisions of the Mongol Empire went their separate ways, the Mongol Khans in the west began to seek not the capitulation, but the cooperation of western Europe to aid in their wars against Mamluks. For the Ilkhanate's sixty-year struggle against the Mamluk Sultanate, the Il-Khans sought to bring the Popes and Monarchs of Europe to a new crusade to assist in the defeat of the Mamluks, an ultimately fruitless endeavour, and the topic of today's episode. I'm your host David, and this is Kings and Generals: Ages of Conquest.       The first Mongol messages to the Kings of Europe came in the late 1230s and 40s, accompanying Batu and Sube'edei's western invasion, asking the Hungarians how they possibly could hope to flee the grasp of the Mongols. We know the Mongols sent a number of envoys to European monarchs and dukes, and employed a variety of peoples in this enterprise, including at least one Englishman. Over the 1240s and 50s, European envoys like John de Plano Carpini or William of Rubrucks to the Mongol Empire returned from Karakorum with orders for the Kings and Popes to come to Mongolia and submit in person.While Rus' and Armenian lords and kings did do so, there is little indication that European rulers even responded to these demands. For the Mongols, who seemed poised to dominate everything under the Eternal Blue Sky, there was little reason to adopt more conciliatory language. From their point of view, the Europeans were only stalling the inevitable: soon Mongol hoofbeats would certainly be heard in Paris and Rome. The Mongols treated the European states as their diplomatic inferiors, subjects basically in a state of rebellion by fact that they had not already submitted. Cruel, threatening and demanding letters were the norm, and it's safe to say any future efforts at alliance were greatly hampered by this opening salvo. The rare diplomatic exception was an embassy sent to King Louis IX of France during his stay in Cyprus in 1248 just before the 7th Crusade. There, messengers came from the Mongol commander in the west, Eljigidei, an ally to the reigning Great Khan, Guyuk. Headed by two Christians in Eljigidei's service, the embassy bore letters from Eljigidei. These letters called Louis ‘son,' and had no demand of submission, but mentioned Mongol favouritism to Christians, urged the French King not to discriminate between Latin and non-Latin Christians as all were equal under Mongol law, and wished him well in his crusade. The two Christian representatives of Eljigidei asserted that he was a Christian and that Guyuk himself had already been baptised. The urged Louis to attack Egypt, and prevent its Ayyubid prince from sending forces to aid the Caliph in Baghdad, who the Mongols were soon to attack.     Louis, is should be noted, almost certainly had not been anticipating any cooperation from the Mongols; he had  been well aware of their attacks on Hungary only a few years before, learned of Mongol demands and treatment of foreign powers from travellers like Carpini, and apparently received Mongol ultimatums for his submission in 1247. Further, a devout Christian, it is unlikely he would have gone looking for allies among “pagans,” even for fighting against Muslims. Still, he reacted well to Eljigidei's messengers and sent a return embassy with gifts with them back to Eljigidei which were to be sent on to Guyuk, while the initial letter was forwarded back to France and ultimately to King Henry III of England. Ultimately, it was for naught. Guyuk was dead even before Louis received Eljigidei's letter, and  Eljigidei himself was soon put to death in the following political turmoil. Little is known of the embassy Louis sent back with Eljigdei's representatives, but from the little heard of it through William of Rubruck a few years later, it seems to have achieved nothing beyond meeting Guyuk's widow and the regent, Oghul Qaimish, who portrayed Louis' gifts as tokens of the French King's submission.  Following the meeting on Cypress, Louis IX suffered a humiliating defeat in Egypt at Mansura, captured and was ransomed by the newly emerging Mamluks. By the time he returned to France and received Oghul Qaimish's reply, not only was she dead, but the responding letter was essentially another demand for his surrender. This first non-threatening Mongol embassy succeeded only in making the King of France feel like he had been tricked, especially since the new Great Khan, Mongke, sent a letter back with William of  Rubruck that disavowed Eljigidei's embassy. It has been speculated that Eljigidei was using the embassy to spy on Louis, as he was wary of the sudden arrival of Louis' army in Cyprus, and a desire to find out his military intentions, rather than any genuine interest in cooperation at this point.  His hope may have been to ensure that this new army attacked Mongol enemies, rather than get in the way of the Mongols.       The halting of the Mongol advance at Ayn Jalut by the Mamluks, and fracturing of the Empire into independent Khanates after Great Khan Mongke's death left the new Ilkhanate in a precarious position. Surrounded by enemies on all sides, the only direction they could expand not at the expense of fellow Mongols was against the Mamluks, who fortified their shared border with the Ilkhans. Even a small raid could trigger the arrival of the full Mamluk army, a dangerous prospect against such deadly warriors. Yet the Ilkhans could not bring their full might to bear on the shared border with the Mamluks in Syria, as it would leave their other borders open to attacks from the Golden Horde, Chagatais or Neguderis, in addition to the trouble of provisioning an army in the tough, hot and dry conditions of the Levantine coastline, a route the Mamluks secured and fortified. Opening a new front against the Mamluks was necessary, and there were already convenient beachheads established  in the form of the remaining Crusader States.   A shadow of their former selves, the Crusader states were represented by a few major coastal holdings like Antioch, Tripoli, and Acre, and inland fortifications like Krak de Chevaliers and Montfort, as well as the Kingdom of Cyprus, whose ruler, Hugh III of Cyprus, took the title King of Jerusalem in 1268. The Crusader States had shown neutrality to the Mongols, or even joined them such as the County of Tripoli did in 1260 after the Mongols entered Syria. In early 1260, the papal legate at Acre sent an embassy to Hulegu, most likely to discourage him from attacking the Crusader holdings. Along with information from the Kings of Armenian Cilicia, their most important regional vassals, the Mongols would have had a vague knowledge of western Europe and their crusading history. The Ilkhanate's founder, Hulegu, sent the first letter to the west in 1262, intended once more for King Louis IX, though this embassy was turned back in Sicily. This letter was friendlier terms than most Mongol missives, but still contained threats, if rather subdued. Pope Urban IV may have learned of the attempt, and the next year sent a letter to Hulegu, apparently having been told that the Il-Khan had become a Christian.  Delighted at the idea, the Pope informed Hulegu that if he was baptised, he would receive aid from the west. In reality, Hulegu never converted to Christianity, and died in 1265 without sending any more letters.       His son and successor, Abaqa, was the Il-Khan most dedicated to establishing a Franco-Mongol alliance and came the closest to doing so. Due to conflict on his distant  borders with the Golden Horde and Chagatayids, as well as the troubles of consolidating power as new monarch in a new realm, for the 1260s he was unable to commit forces to the Mamluk frontier. As a good Mongol, Abaqa was unwilling to allow the enemy total respite, and made it his mission to encourage an attack from the west on the Mamluks. His first embassy was sent in 1266, shortly after becoming Il-Khan, contacting the Byzantines, Pope Clement IV and King James I of Aragon, hoping for a united Christian front to combine efforts with the Mongols against the Mamluks, inquiring which route into Palestine the Christian forces would take. The responses were generally positive, Pope Clement replying that as soon as he knew which route, he would inform Abaqa.       Abaqa sent a message again in 1268, inquiring about this progress. James of Aragon found himself the most motivated by the Il-Khans requests, encouraged by the promises of Abaqa's logistical and military support once they reached the mainland. James made his preparations, and launched a fleet in September 1269. An unexpected storm scattered the fleet, and only two of James' bastard children made it to Acre, who stayed only briefly, accomplishing little there.        Not long after, King Louis IX set out for Crusade once more, making the inexplicable choice to land in Tunis in 1270. Despite his well planned efforts, the Crusade was an utter disaster, and Louis died of dysentery outside the walls of Tunis in August 1270. Prince Edward of England with his army landed in Tunis shortly before the evacuation of the crusaders, and disgusted by what he saw, set his fleet for the Holy Land, landing at Acre in May 1271, joined by Hugh of Lusignan, King of Cyprus.  Edward's timing was good, as Abaqa had returned from a great victory over the Chagatai Khan Baraq at Herat in July 1270, though had suffered a major hunting accident that November.       The Mamluk Sultan Baybars was campaigning in Syria in spring 1271, the famous Krak des Chevaliers falling to him that April. Tripoli would have fallen next, had Baybars not retreated back to Damascus hearing of the sudden arrival of a Crusader fleet, and was wary of being caught between European heavy cavalry and Mongol horse archers. Soon after landing Edward made his preparations for an offensive, and reached out to Abaqa. Abaqa was delighted, and sent a reply and orders for Samaghar, the Mongol commander in Anatolia, to head to Syria. Edward did not wait for Abaqa's reply, and there is no indication he ever responded to Abaqa's letter. He set out in mid-July, ensuring his army suffered the most from the summer heat, while missing the Mongols who preferred to campaign in the winter. Suffering high casualties and accomplishing little, he withdrew back to Acre. In mid-October Samaghar arrived with his army, raiding as far as to the west of Aleppo while an elite force of Mongols scouted ahead, routing a large group of Turkmen between Antioch and Harim, but was soon forced to retreat with the advance of the Mamluk army under Baybars.       Missing Samagahr by only a few weeks, in November Edward marched south from Acre at the head of a column of men from England, Acre, Cyprus, with Templars, Hospitallers and Teutonic Knights. They ambushed some Turkmen on the Sharon plain, forced the local Mamluk governor to withdraw, but with the arrival of large Mamluk reinforcements the Crusaders fled, losing their prisoners and booty.  That was the closest the Mongols and the Franks came to proper coordination. Edward helped oversee a peace treaty between the Mamluks and the Kingdom of Jersualem, but the heat, difficulties campaigning, political infighting and an assassination attempt on his life permanently turned him off of crusading. By September 1272, Edward set sail for England. A  few weeks after his departure the Mongols again invaded, besieging al-Bira but were defeated by the Mamluks in December.        Edward's brief effort in Syria demonstrated the difficulties prefacing any Mongol-Frankish cooperation. The Mamluks were a cohesive, unified force, well accustomed to the environment and working from a well supplied logistic system and intelligence network, while the Franks and Mongols were unable to ever develop a proper timetable for operations together. The European arrivals generally had unrealistic goals for their campaigns, bringing neither the men, resources or experience to make an impact.       Abaqa continued  to organize further efforts, and found many willing ears at the Second Council of Lyons in France in 1274, a meeting of the great powers of Christendom intended to settle doctrinal issues, the division of the Catholic and Orthodox Churches, and plan the reconquest of the Holy land. Abaqa's delegation informed the Council that the Il-Khan had secured his borders, that peace had been achieved between all the Mongols Khanates, and he could now bring his full might against the Mamluks, and urged the Christian powers to do likewise. The current Pope, Gregory X, fully supported this and made efforts to set things in motion, but his death in 1276 killed whatever momentum this process had had. Abaqa sent another round of envoys, who reached the King of France and the new King of England, Edward. The envoys brought the Il-khan's apologies for failing to cooperate properly during Edward's crusade, and asked him to return. Edward politely declined. This was the final set of envoys Abaqa sent west. Perhaps frustrated, he finally organized a proper invasion of Syria, only an army under his brother Mongke-Temur to be defeated by the Mamluks at Homs, and Abaqa himself dying soon after in 1282. His successors were to find no more luck that he had.        The most interesting envoy to bring the tidings of the Il-Khan to Europe did not originate in the Ilkhanate, but in China: Rabban Bar Sawma, born in 1220 in what is now modern day Beijing, was a Turkic Nestorian priest who had set out on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem before being conscripted to act as a messenger for the Il-Khan, in a journey which is a fascinating contrast to that of his contemporary Marco Polo. Even given him his own dedicated episode in this podcast series, but we'll give here a brief recount of his journey. Writing his accounts down upon his return to Baghdad later in life, he described how he brought messages and gifts to the Byzantine Emperor Andronicos II Palaiologus, marvelled at the Hagia Sophia, then landed in Sicily and made his way to Rome, having just missed the death of Pope Honorius IV. Travelling on to France, he was warmly welcomed by King Phillip IV, and then on to Gascony where he met the campaigning King Edward of England, who again responded kindly to the Il-khan's envoy.  On his return journey, he met the new Pope Nicholas IV in 1288 before returning to the Ilkhanate.    Despite the generous receptions Rabban Sauma was given by the heads of Europe, and despite the Il-khan's promises to return Jerusalem to Christian hands, the reality was there was no ruler in the west interested, or capable of, going on Crusade. By now, the act of Crusading in the Holy land had lost its lustre, the final crusades almost all disasters, and costly ones at that. With the final Crusader strongholds falling to the Mamluks in the early 1290s, there was no longer even a proper beachhead on the coast for a Crusading army. The sheer distance and cost of going on Crusade, especially with numerous ongoing issues in their own Kingdoms at hand, outweighed whatever perceived benefit there might have been in doing so. Further, while Rabban Sauma personally could be well received, the Mongols themselves remained uncertain allies. From 1285 through to 1288, Golden Horde attacks on eastern Europe had recommenced in force. Even the new Khan of the Golden Horde, Tele-Buqa, had led an army into Poland. For the Europeans, the distinctions between the Mongol Khanates were hard to register; how could messages of peace from some Mongols be matched with the open war other Mongols were undertaking? All evidence seems to suggest that the western Franks did not understand that the Golden Horde and Ilkhanate were separate political entities. Recall earlier the conflicting letters Louis IX had received in the 1240s, where one Mongol general offered friendship, only to be tricked in seemingly submitting to the Mongols and then receive letters in the 1250s telling him to discount the previous envoys. Together these encouraged unease over perceiving the Mongols as allies, and served to further dampen interest to pursue these alliances.       In contrast, the Mamluks had somewhat greater success in their own overseas diplomacy: in the 1260s Baybars initiated contact with the Golden Horde, ruled by the Muslim Berke Khan, encouraging him to keep up his warfare with his Ilkhanid cousins. Sultan Baybars also kept good relations with the Byzantine Empire and the Genoese, allowing him to keep the flow of Turkic slave soldiers from the steppes of the Golden Horde open, the keystone of the Mamluk military. There is also evidence they undertook some limited diplomacy with Qaidu Khan during the height of his rule over Central Asia and the Chagatayids. While the Mamluks and Golden Horde never undertook any true military cooperation, the continuation of their talks kept the Ilkhanate wary of enemies on all borders, never truly able to bring the entirety of its considerable might against one foe least another strike the Il-Khan's exposed frontiers. But, did the Golden Horde, in the 1260s, perceive this as an alliance? We only have Mamluk accounts of the relationship, but scholarship often supposes that the Golden Horde Khans perceived this as the submission of the Mamluks, and any cooperation was the cooperation between overlord and subject. As many of the Mamluk ruling class were Qipchaqs, so the Mongols had come to see as their natural slaves, it may well be that Berke saw the submission of the Mamluks as a natural part of their relationship, especially since he already ruled the Qipchaq homeland. This alliance, alongside never resulting in direct cooperation, was also never always amicable. When the Jochid Khans grew annoyed with the Mamluks, they would halt the trade of Qipchaq slaves and threaten to deprive the Mamluks of their greatest source of warriors. During the long reign of Mamluk Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad, a daughter of the Golden Horde Khan Ozbeg was wed to him, in an effort to cement the relationship after a rocky start to the 1300s. Al-Nasir soon accused her of not actually being a Chinggisid, insulting her and infuriating Ozbeg. Yet the relationship survived until the invasions of Emir Temur at the close of the fourteenth century, when the Mamluks and Golden Horde once again took part in a doomed west-Asian effort to ally against Temur.       Ilkhanid-European contacts continued into the 14th century, but with somewhat less regularity after Rabban bar Sawma's journey. An archbishopric was even founded in the new Ilkhanid capital of Sultaniyya in 1318, and Papal envoys would travel through the Ilkhanate to the Yuan Dynasty in China until the 1330s. A few envoys came from the Il-Khans still hoping to achieve military cooperation; Ghazan Il-Khan continued to send them before his invasions, including the only one that actually defeated the Mamluk army and led to a brief Mongol advance down the coast, occupying Damascus. News of Ghazan's successes did spread rapidly, for the Spanish Franciscan Ramon Llull learned of it and promptly sailed all the way across the Mediterranean, hoping to be among the first missionaries to land in the newly reclaimed Holy Land. But upon arriving in Cypress, Llull learned of Ghazan's equally quick withdrawal. The combined news of a Mongol victory followed by sudden Mongol withdrawal must have only affirmed the opinion of many of the futility of taking part in any more crusades with the Mongols.  Military operations against the Mamluks mostly ceased after Ghazan's death, until a formal peace was achieved between them and the Ilkhanate at the start of the 1320s. Naturally, no further messages for alliances with the powers of Europe were forth coming, and consequently putting an almost total end to European interest and contacts with the Middle East for the next five centuries. European-Mongol relations would continue for some time longer in the territory of the Golden Horde, where the attention of our podcast moves next, so be sure to subscribe to the Kings and Generals podcast for more. If you enjoyed this and would like to help us continue bringing you great content, then consider supporting us on Patreon at www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. This episode was researched and written by our series historian, Jack Wilson. I'm your host David, and we'll catch you on the next one.   

Jürgen Ruff in dialog with Josée Lusignan: - At the age of 5, Josée receives her vision for helping humanity - Alignment with yourself is the key to unlocking your full potential - Great results and experiences happen through right alignment with yourself - Travelling to remote Indigenous communities in Canada is more expensive than flying to Australia - Learning from Indigenous culture is life changing - Residential schools stripped Indigenous peoples of their identity for the purposes of assimilation and Christianization - Working with single parents to bring them from despair to a new and positive life Web pages: - One Better World - https://www.onebetterworld.org/ - I love first people - https://www.ilovefirstpeoples.ca/ - Good 4 Global - http://good4global.com/#home (Josée's new start-up to launch this fall!) Did you like this podcast? Then feel free to subscribe to it. This way you will never miss an episode. Share it with people who want to do something for themselves. At iTunes I'm happy about your positive feedback and your review. This way you can make sure that this podcast will be seen by other people. You have questions about the podcast, to my guest or wishes or suggestions. I look forward to your message. Write to: podcast@potenzialgestalter.de Make yourself a wonderful day - free following the quote from Bob Marley: "Love the life you live Live the life you love." Yours, Juergen https://potenzialgestalter.de

Michelle Eaton-Lusignan is the executive director at the English Community Organization of Lanaudière in Rawdon. Michelle is on the podcast to look back on her years at the helm of ECOL and to contemplate the growth of the organization she and her team have set in motion. Ericzone Podcast: Episode 39 (En)September 17th 2021 Michelle Eaton-Lusignan www.ecol-lanaudiere.org Ericzone Podcast is available on BaladoQuebec.com and Apple Podcast. Listen to the Podcast on Spotify, YouTube and Stitcher. Thank you very much for subscribing, liking and sharing the podcast. www.ericzone.comwww.facebook.com/ericzonecomwww.facebook.com/ericzonepodcastwww.instagram.com/ericzonecomwww.ericzone.wordpress.comwww.twitter.com/ericzonecom

Je suis marron et rectangulaire. Je suis installé sur le bord des autoroutes françaises. Et je sers à faire connaître le patrimoine français… Qui suis-je ? Réponse, le panneau marron autoroutier ! Véritablement appelés « panneaux marrons », ils sont nés avec les autoroutes elles-mêmes. Leurs dessins visaient la sécurité en évitant l'endormissement dans un paysage trop monotone. Jamais remplacés depuis les années 1970, ils vont désormais changer de visage. Leur renouvellement est en cours. Explications. Attention ! N'affiche pas un panneau marron qui veut ni où il veut ! Sur les routes d'Europe, notamment en Espagne en Italie, en France ou en Belgique, ces panneaux touristiques sont extrêmement contrôlés.  Pas plus de 10 panneaux sur 50km  Florilège des contraintes : position à moins de 30 km du monument ou du sujet affiché sur le panneau. Pas plus de 10 panneaux sur 50 km. Forme rectangulaire. Mais la quatrième contrainte est sans doute la plus connue : le marron ! Les panneaux chocolat  Cette couleur marron est née avec les panneaux touristiques autoroutiers. L'inverse est aussi vrai ! Dans le jargon des professionnels du transport, on les appelle les panneaux chocolat. Cette teinte existe depuis leur création. La nouveauté 2021 : la palette s'élargit avec l'autorisation d'utiliser l'orangé et le beige.   Marron pour raisons de sécurité  Pas de rouge, de blanc ni de bleu ou de vert. Histoire de bien différencier avec la signalisation des axes, les panneaux de police ou des premiers secours.   Des artistes dessinateurs pour les nouveaux panneaux   C'est pour gommer l'aspect désuet des années 1970 que les nouveaux panneaux touristiques ont été pensés pour être plus attractifs. 3 secondes pour regarder à 130km/h  À l'origine, le ministère des Transports avait décidé de ces panneaux pour rompre la monotonie des autoroutes et ainsi, évitez l'endormissement.  25% des conducteurs prêts à un futur détour  Ce renouvellement est un succès, explique Damien Cercueil, en charge du programme de renouvellement des panneaux autoroutiers au sein de l'APRR (Autoroutes Paris-Rhin-Rhône) « Près de 80% des conducteurs ont remarqué le changement de graphisme. Nous avons fait appel à des artistes dessinateurs pour ces nouveaux panneaux. Les sujets changent aussi, le patrimoine culinaire et viticole est mis en avant. Un quart des conducteurs prévoie un arrêt voire de séjourner dans un lieu découvert grâce aux panneaux marrons. » Des photos en Belgique, des dessins en France L'an dernier la Belgique a elle aussi renouvelé ses panneaux. Pays différent, approche différente : les Belges vont droit au but avec des panneaux avec cadres marrons mais à l'intérieur des photographies couleur prises du monument de la ville ou même d'un animal de forêt. Les Français, eux, ont toujours eu droit à des dessins.  La fée Mélusine du Poitou  Sur l'A10, près de Poitiers, c'est une fée que les automobilistes peuvent apercevoir. La fée Mélusine de la ville de Lusignan. Une tête de femme avec un corps de poisson… marron trônent en sortie d'autoroute. La fée Mélusine tire son existence d'une légende qui mêle fiction et faits historiques. Jean-Louis Ledeux, le maire de Lusignan, en reconnaît les avantages :  « Des familles françaises mais aussi étrangères font le détour pour venir découvrir la fée Mélusine et sa légende. Il est certain que d'un point de vue commercial, c'est bénéfique. Notre ville est réputée pour ses spécialités gourmandes, les macarons. Il ne reste qu'une seule boulangerie qui les propose en gardant jalousement le secret de fabrication. Les habitants de Lusignan sont fiers de voir que la municipalité s'est engagée pour faire rayonner leur légende. »  Les panneaux marrons ou la nostalgie des vacances  Insouciance, soleil, voyage, voiture, famille et vacances… françaises. Voilà les mots que Seb Coupy prononce quand on lui parle des panneaux marrons d'autoroute. Né en Suisse, ce jeune réalisateur a décidé d'en faire un documentaire, « L'image qu'on s'en fait » (2019) :   « Quand j'étais enfant mes parents nous faisaient voyager dans une Opel jaune. Chaque fois que je trouvais le trajet trop long, ils me disaient mais attends regarde le panneau, on arrive à… ! J'ai le souvenir ému de la ferme aux crocodiles ! Par la suite, je me suis demandé comment étaient décidés ces modèles et qui fabriquaient ces panneaux. D'autre part, ils interrogent l'identité française si présente dans la campagne présidentielle. Avec ce tournage, je me suis rendu compte de l'attachement des Français pour ces panneaux. »    Prix moyen : 40 000 euros par panneau  Comptez environ 40 000 euros par panneau. Le renouvellement de ces véritables atouts touristiques va continuer. 700 nouveaux dessins sont prévus l'an prochain sur les autoroutes du pays.

Karen Anne Abrams is Dr. Foster's guest on this episode of Fostering Solutions. She holds a bachelor's degree in Business Administration from Howard University and an MBA degree in Marketing from California State University at San Francisco. Ms. Abrams spent more than ten years as a Technology Executive in Corporate America working for Atlanta based Mindspring Networks and later Southern California based, Earthlink Networks.   Karen is the pioneer who championed the introduction and national expansion of STEM Robotics, targeted to school aged children in Guyana.  Abrams was determined to ensure that Guyanese youth be granted access to the same opportunities and preparation in technology education that is routinely afforded young people in wealthier countries and more frequently to youth from nearly all countries in the world.   To that end, in 2016 Ms. Abrams worked with The First Lady's Office, the Diaspora, her own children and various public and private agencies in Guyana to introduce four robot building and programming camps at the Lusignan and Buxton villages and at two locations in Georgetown, Guyana.  More than two hundred children and ten future club coaches were trained and certified in Lego Mindstorm robot building and programming under this program.     Those seeds of technology planted, gave birth to an expansion to over seventy STEM clubs across all ten regions in Guyana and more than one hundred unanswered requests for club expansion into far flung communities: resulting in the exposure of thousands of Guyanese youth to robotics. In March of 2017, Ms. Abrams recruited and helped to prepare a novice Guyana national robotics team, to a tenth-place world ranking out of one hundred sixty countries at the July 2017 First Global Robotics Olympics held in Washington DC.  In 2019, the Guyana robotics national team won the prestigious Albert Einstein gold medal award from among one hundred ninety participating nations at the First Global Robotics challenge in Dubai.   Karen Abrams also helped to pioneer the development of a Ministry of Education sponsored National Grade Six Assessment test preparation mobile app and a national pilot Robot building and Scratch programming league, to engage and educate Guyanese youth in robotics and coding. All of the STEM initiatives organized by STEM Guyana, an organization co-founded by Abrams and her college-aged children, will strengthen collaboration, conflict resolution and communication among youth, while developing their creative, problem solving, technical and academic skills.   Ms. Abrams' history of giving back goes back to representing Guyana at the National Level in the Caribbean National Basketball championship for more than 5 years; helping to win the National Championship for the Guyana Women's team in 1992, introducing a high school basketball league to Guyana back in 2008, investing in call center business in the 2000's and 8 years of contributing to the private sector development with her weekly column in Stabroek News business section.  Karen was also recently presented with the prestigious Guyana 2018 Golden Arrow Of Achievement award for her work with STEMGuyana.   Karen Abrams is married to former National Basketball Player Leon Christian.  They have four children, three of whom are in college at Stanford University, Cornell University and New York University.  The entire family remains committed to making ongoing contributions to the growth and development of Guyana.

  Dans l'épisode de cette semaine pour cette nouvelle saison de Miam!, découvrez Tony Sinople, chef du Bistroquet à Lusignan et sa recette qui vous est présentée par Thierry Pfohl dans notre édition du samedi. Rendez-vous sur le site de La Nouvelle République : https://www.lanouvellerepublique.fr/loisirs/gastronomie, ou sur le site de Centre-Presse pour reproduire cette recette. Miam! est un podcast de La Nouvelle République et Centre-Presse concocté par Thierry Pfohl et assaisonné par Laurent Gaudens. Musique: Daybreak par Jens East  https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.fr  Ce podcast est également disponible sur : Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, Deezer, Spotify et Podcasts Addict.

Comment vit-on à l'heure du Covid-19 ? Suite à l'évolution de la situation en France de l'épidémie du coronavirus Covid-19, La Nouvelle République et Centre Presse vous invitent à suivre l'actualité de ce virus au fil des jours...  Dans ce quatre-vingt-dix-huitième épisode, Laurent Gaudens a fait le point sur le retour de l'école à la maison. A la veille de son retour, à l'école Jules-Ferry de Poitiers, auprès du directeur Fabrice Charprenet, de l'enseignant Thierry Gransagne et des élèves de CE2. Mais aussi, après quelques jours de fonctionnement, auprès de Sandrine et Emma à Lusignan, et de Xavier, Eloïse, Edith et Victor à Châtellerault. Dans l'oeil du coronavirus est un podcast de La Nouvelle République et Centre-Presse réalisé par Laurent Gaudens. Musiques : CloneMeTwice_TheDarkWoods, Alexander_Nakarada_-_The_Return. Ce podcast est également disponible sur : Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, Deezer, Spotify et Podcast Addict.  

After the death of the Leper King Baldwin IV in 1185, the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem fell into turmoil. Two years later, Saladin invaded with a massive army.  To face him, Guy de Lusignan, newly crowned king of Jerusalem, mustered every man who could bear arms.  On July 4, 1187, the two armies met beneath the Horns of Hattin. At the end of the day, the host of Jerusalem had been wiped out.

Vous écoutez la première session de la campagne du Souffle du Dragon adaptée pour un système de jeu en construction que j'aime appeler Nephiloth. Ici pas de caractéristique chiffrée, pas de jets de dés mais de la narration partagée. Pendant la session zéro, nous avons créé un groupe de Nephiloth qui se sont croisés de multiples fois au cours des millénaires, en particulier lors de la guerre des Gaules, à l'époque de Jésus et autour de Chrétien de Troyes. Belfeuil joue Antarès, une Ifrit qui déteste l'artificiel et recherche le naturel. Gobelin Nounours joue Esus, un Zéphir qui cherche à guider l'âme des humains dans l'au-delà. Inu joue Tiras, un Satyre qui cherche à stimuler la création humaine Mist joue Séphir, une Ondine qui veut retrouver et compiler la sapience perdue Bonne écoute

In this episode of “What's Your Death Story,” our guest, Kori Lusignan shares the story of her dad's death from COVID-19. Listen as she shares strength, loss and love. We appreciate your patience with the quality of the recording. The story is powerful, even still. Staci's website: www.gracefuljourneyatl.comJeanne's website: www.belovemn.comSign up for our newsletterwww.tinyletter.com/deathunfilteredIntro & Outro Music by Woodburning Project. Used by permission.To learn more about the band and to buy their music visit: https://woodburningproject.bandcamp.comA transcription of this session will be available soon.

durée : 00:03:03 - Circuits courts en Gascogne - Voici un homme qui a réalisé son rêve d'enfant à Ste Marie de Gosse (entre Capbreton et Peyrehorade). Cet homme, Jacques Lusignan est devenu horloger. Rencontre dans l'atelier de Jack on Time

durée : 00:26:39 - Piqthiu remet le couvert

There have been a number of Alberta-based baseball players making their college commitment announcements recently and so we wanted to catch up with some of those athletes. On this week's edition of the podcast, we caught up with two from Dawgs Academy in Okotoks. Simon Lusignan's story is an interesting one, being from Quebec and having to better his English while also bettering his pitching skills. We talk to him about that, being ranked one of the best players in the country and his commitment to Stetson University. Then we visit with Strathmore's Kaden Zarowny. The catcher-turned-outfielder has skyrocketed up the Dawgs Academy depth charts and recently announced he will be joining a few teammates at Crowder College.

In this episode we talk to Professor Simon de Lusignan. He is Professor of Primary Care and Clinical Informatics at the Nuffield Department of Primary Health Care Sciences at the University of Oxford. Simon is Director of the Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP) Research and Surveillance Centre (RSC). This is one of Europe's oldest sentinel systems. RCGP RSC has produced a weekly report of influenza, respiratory and other infections in primary care for over 50 years. RCGP RSC works closely with Public Health England (PHE) to report vaccine effectiveness. Title: Excess mortality in the first COVID pandemic peak: cross-sectional analyses of the impact of age, sex, ethnicity, household size, and long-term conditions in people of known SARS-Cov-2 status in England Read the paper: https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp20X713393 (https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp20X713393) The UK had one of the highest SARS-CoV-2 associated mortality rates, with >42,000 deaths during the first wave of infection. Concerns about excess mortality still exist in care homes and widening social inequality has been suggested as a possible associated factor. Published reports showing disparities in SARS- CoV-2 infection and its impact on ethnic and socioeconomic variables have not included data on household size or clinical risks. Results from this observational cohort study showed living in households of ≥9 occupants was associated with a fivefold increase in relative mortality in the general population. Among people with known SARS-CoV-2 status (clinical or virological diagnosis), male sex, population density, black ethnicity (compared to white), and people with long-term conditions or learning disabilities had a higher odds of mortality. These findings reinforce the importance of the need for risk reduction strategies to reduce ethnic disparities, the impact of large household size, and increased risk associated with long-term conditions and learning disability.

Dans « Mystères d'ici », découvrons les secrets de Mélusine, femme à la queue de serpent, bâtisseuse, fondatrice de la lignée des comtes de Lusignan, en Poitou. La légende nous vient de Jean d'Arras, au XIVe siècle. Venue d'Albanie jusque dans le Poitou, elle y rencontre Raymondin de Lusignan, qu'elle épouse et avec qui elle aura dix enfants, fondant la lignée des seigneurs de Lusignan. On attribue à Mélusine des pouvoirs de bâtisseuse, telle la construction des châteaux de Lusignan et de Vouvant, les tours de La Rochelle ou encore de l'abbaye de Maillezais. Mais trahie par son époux, elle s'enfuira après la découverte de son secret. Une légende racontée par Monique Bourneuf, historienne locale et guide-conférencière. « Mystères d'ici » est la série sonore de 20 Minutes consacrée aux récits et légendes françaises, racontées des guides, historiennes et conteurs.

Introduction to Episode 23 –Welcome to Blaise the Trail Podcast with Fertility Expert, Blaise Hunter.What is my purpose – is a question confronting more and more people today. Blaise Hunter, The Fertility Guru, shares her insights on how to “Blaise the Trail” through challenges, disappointments, and fear to rise up as the hero of your life and breathe fire on this world. Whether you want to learn more about birthing your passions and dreams, discovering peace amongst the pain of infertility and loss, or get your appetite for life back, this is the podcast for you.Each topic will inspire you to lean into your flaws and allow them to be the vehicle that transports you into becoming the hero of your life.This week’s topic is– The Hidden Language of MenBlaise’s coaching practice is based on the quote from Fred Devito “What doesn’t challenge you; Doesn’t change you.” She leads the charge by challenging herself and the world to take off the masks and be vulnerable so we can address root issues and grow. That’s how we can transform into the best version of ourselves.In this episode, Blaise sits down with Relationship Expert and Coach Vanessa Lusignan. After multiple failed relationships and feeling frustration in her career, Vanessa decided to become licensed and certified in Understanding Men under Alison Armstrong. These two ladies peel back the layers and give insights on how to improve connection amongst our partnerships and reflect on our interactions with men.Learning the patterns of how men and women communicateHow to crack the man codeWhat is the biggest challenge in relationships todayHow to bridge the gap with the disconnectHow to emotionally detach from a situation in order to properly communicateConclusion: Learn more about the Hidden Language of Men – https://www.facebook.com/The-Hidden-Language-of-Men-1886108334735359/To contact Blaise Hunter and access coaching programs, purchase books or have her speak at your next event visit www.blaisehunter.com If you were inspired, please subscribe and support this podcast so together we can breathe fire. Reviews are always welcome and greatly appreciated.Blaise the Trailhttps://businessinnovatorsradio.com/blaise-the-trail/Source: https://businessinnovatorsradio.com/blaise-the-trail-ep-23-the-hidden-language-of-men-blaise-interviews-vanessa-lusignan

Introduction to Episode 23 –Welcome to Blaise the Trail Podcast with Fertility Expert, Blaise Hunter.What is my purpose – is a question confronting more and more people today. Blaise Hunter, The Fertility Guru, shares her insights on how to “Blaise the Trail” through challenges, disappointments, and fear to rise up as the hero of your life and breathe fire on this world. Whether you want to learn more about birthing your passions and dreams, discovering peace amongst the pain of infertility and loss, or get your appetite for life back, this is the podcast for you.Each topic will inspire you to lean into your flaws and allow them to be the vehicle that transports you into becoming the hero of your life.This week’s topic is– The Hidden Language of MenBlaise’s coaching practice is based on the quote from Fred Devito “What doesn’t challenge you; Doesn’t change you.” She leads the charge by challenging herself and the world to take off the masks and be vulnerable so we can address root issues and grow. That’s how we can transform into the best version of ourselves.In this episode, Blaise sits down with Relationship Expert and Coach Vanessa Lusignan. After multiple failed relationships and feeling frustration in her career, Vanessa decided to become licensed and certified in Understanding Men under Alison Armstrong. These two ladies peel back the layers and give insights on how to improve connection amongst our partnerships and reflect on our interactions with men.Learning the patterns of how men and women communicateHow to crack the man codeWhat is the biggest challenge in relationships todayHow to bridge the gap with the disconnectHow to emotionally detach from a situation in order to properly communicateConclusion: Learn more about the Hidden Language of Men – https://www.facebook.com/The-Hidden-Language-of-Men-1886108334735359/To contact Blaise Hunter and access coaching programs, purchase books or have her speak at your next event visit www.blaisehunter.com If you were inspired, please subscribe and support this podcast so together we can breathe fire. Reviews are always welcome and greatly appreciated.Blaise the Trailhttps://businessinnovatorsradio.com/blaise-the-trail/Source: https://businessinnovatorsradio.com/blaise-the-trail-ep-23-the-hidden-language-of-men-blaise-interviews-vanessa-lusignan

Introduction to Episode 23 –Welcome to Blaise the Trail Podcast with Fertility Expert, Blaise Hunter.What is my purpose – is a question confronting more and more people today. Blaise Hunter, The Fertility Guru, shares her insights on how to “Blaise the Trail” through challenges, disappointments, and fear to rise up as the hero of your life and breathe fire on this world. Whether you want to learn more about birthing your passions and dreams, discovering peace amongst the pain of infertility and loss, or get your appetite for life back, this is the podcast for you.Each topic will inspire you to lean into your flaws and allow them to be the vehicle that transports you into becoming the hero of your life.This week’s topic is– The Hidden Language of MenBlaise’s coaching practice is based on the quote from Fred Devito “What doesn’t challenge you; Doesn’t change you.” She leads the charge by challenging herself and the world to take off the masks and be vulnerable so we can address root issues and grow. That’s how we can transform into the best version of ourselves.In this episode, Blaise sits down with Relationship Expert and Coach Vanessa Lusignan. After multiple failed relationships and feeling frustration in her career, Vanessa decided to become licensed and certified in Understanding Men under Alison Armstrong. These two ladies peel back the layers and give insights on how to improve connection amongst our partnerships and reflect on our interactions with men.Learning the patterns of how men and women communicateHow to crack the man codeWhat is the biggest challenge in relationships todayHow to bridge the gap with the disconnectHow to emotionally detach from a situation in order to properly communicateConclusion: Learn more about the Hidden Language of Men – https://www.facebook.com/The-Hidden-Language-of-Men-1886108334735359/To contact Blaise Hunter and access coaching programs, purchase books or have her speak at your next event visit www.blaisehunter.com If you were inspired, please subscribe and support this podcast so together we can breathe fire. Reviews are always welcome and greatly appreciated.Blaise the Trailhttps://businessinnovatorsradio.com/blaise-the-trail/Source: https://businessinnovatorsradio.com/blaise-the-trail-ep-23-the-hidden-language-of-men-blaise-interviews-vanessa-lusignan

 Comment vit-on à l'heure du Covid-19 ? Suite à l'évolution de la situation en France de l'épidémie du coronavirus Covid-19, La Nouvelle République et Centre Presse vous invitent à suivre l'actualité de ce virus au fil des jours...  Dans ce dix-septième épisode, Laurent Gaudens est allé à la rencontre de soignants, aides-soignantes et infirmière du CHU de Poitiers et de l'Ehpad de Lusignan : comment vivent-elles la période ? Comment se préparent-elles au pic de pandémie ? Ont-elles peur des conséquences que ça peut avoir pour elle et leur famille ? Sont-elles suffisamment équipées en masques et autres accessoires de protection ? Et les applaudissements le soir à 20h, ça les aide ? Dans l'oeil du coronavirus est un podcast de La Nouvelle République et Centre-Presse réalisé par Laurent Gaudens. Musique : CloneMeTwice_TheDarkWoods Ce podcast est également disponible sur : Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, Deezer, Spotify et Podcasts Addict.  

In this episode, Kerry Lusignan talks about the benefits and structure of a couples intensive. Couples intensives are becoming more and more popular and are more effective for helping couples make deeper, more lasting progress. Kerry is the founder of Northampton Center for Couples Therapy in Northampton, MA. She has extensive training in several different models of couples therapy such as Gottman, EFT, PECT, Daring Way (Brene Brown), and many others. Find out more about Kerry here: https://www.northamptoncouplestherapy.com/ The Couples Therapist Couch is the podcast for Couples Therapists about the practice of couples therapy. The host, Shane Birkel, interviews an expert in the field of couples therapy each week. Please subscribe to the podcast for more great episodes. See below for more information on the Couples Therapist Inner Circle. Get your free course called Working with Couples 101 Click here to join the Couples Therapist Couch Facebook Group Today's Sponsor The Couples Therapist Inner Circle This is the Membership Site for Couples Therapists. There is a workshop every month on topics like EFT, Gottman, Infidelity, and Working with Sex. Additionally there are regular question and answer sessions and opportunities to talk about cases.

Isabella of Angoulême (French: Isabelle d'Angoulême, IPA: [izabɛl dɑ̃ɡulɛm]; c. 1186/1188 – 4 June 1246) was queen consort of England as the second wife of King John from 1200 until John's death in 1216. She was also suo jure Countess of Angoulême from 1202 until 1246. Isabella had five children by the king, including his heir, later Henry III. In 1220, Isabella married Hugh X of Lusignan, Count of La Marche, by whom she had another nine children. Some of Isabella's contemporaries, as well as later writers, claim that Isabella formed a conspiracy against King Louis IX of France in 1241, after being publicly snubbed by his mother, Blanche of Castile, for whom she had a deep-seated hatred. In 1244, after the plot had failed, Isabella was accused of attempting to poison the king. To avoid arrest, she sought refuge in Fontevraud Abbey, where she died two years later, but none of this can be confirmed. Isabella was the only daughter and heir of Aymer Taillefer, Count of Angoulême, by Alice of Courtenay, who was sister of Peter II of Courtenay, Latin Emperor of Constantinople and granddaughter of King Louis VI of France. Isabella became Countess of Angoulême in her own right on 16 June 1202, by which time she was already queen of England. Her marriage to King John took place on 24 August 1200, in Angoulême, a year after he annulled his first marriage to Isabel of Gloucester. She was crowned queen in an elaborate ceremony on 8 October at Westminster Abbey in London. Isabella was originally betrothed to Hugh IX le Brun, Count of Lusignan, son of the Count of La Marche. As a result of John's temerity in taking her as his second wife, King Philip II of France confiscated all of their French lands, and armed conflict ensued. At the time of her marriage to John, the blonde-haired blue-eyed Isabella was already renowned by some for her beauty and has sometimes been called the Helen of the Middle Ages by historians. Isabella was much younger than her husband and possessed a volatile temper similar to his own. King John was infatuated with his young, beautiful wife; however, his acquisition of her had at least as much to do with spiting his enemies as romantic love. She was already engaged to Hugh IX le Brun when she was taken by John. It was said that he neglected his state affairs to spend time with Isabella, often remaining in bed with her until noon. However, these were rumors spread by John's enemies to discredit him as a weak and grossly irresponsible ruler, given that at the time John was engaging in a desperate war against King Philip of France to hold on to the remaining Plantagenet duchies. The common people began to term her a "siren" or "Messalina", which spoke volumes as to popular opinion. Her mother-in-law, Eleanor of Aquitaine, readily accepted her as John's wife. On 1 October 1207 at Winchester Castle, Isabella gave birth to a son and heir, named Henry III after the King's father, Henry II. He was quickly followed by another son, Richard, and three daughters, Joan, Isabella, and Eleanor. All five children survived into adulthood and made illustrious marriages; all but Joan produced offspring of their own. --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/allthingsplantagenet/support

Isabella of Angoulême (French: Isabelle d'Angoulême, IPA: [izabɛl dɑ̃ɡulɛm]; c. 1186/1188 – 4 June 1246) was queen consort of England as the second wife of King John from 1200 until John's death in 1216. She was also suo jure Countess of Angoulême from 1202 until 1246. Isabella had five children by the king, including his heir, later Henry III. In 1220, Isabella married Hugh X of Lusignan, Count of La Marche, by whom she had another nine children. Some of Isabella's contemporaries, as well as later writers, claim that Isabella formed a conspiracy against King Louis IX of France in 1241, after being publicly snubbed by his mother, Blanche of Castile, for whom she had a deep-seated hatred. In 1244, after the plot had failed, Isabella was accused of attempting to poison the king. To avoid arrest, she sought refuge in Fontevraud Abbey, where she died two years later, but none of this can be confirmed. Isabella was the only daughter and heir of Aymer Taillefer, Count of Angoulême, by Alice of Courtenay, who was sister of Peter II of Courtenay, Latin Emperor of Constantinople and granddaughter of King Louis VI of France. Isabella became Countess of Angoulême in her own right on 16 June 1202, by which time she was already queen of England. Her marriage to King John took place on 24 August 1200, in Angoulême, a year after he annulled his first marriage to Isabel of Gloucester. She was crowned queen in an elaborate ceremony on 8 October at Westminster Abbey in London. Isabella was originally betrothed to Hugh IX le Brun, Count of Lusignan, son of the Count of La Marche. As a result of John's temerity in taking her as his second wife, King Philip II of France confiscated all of their French lands, and armed conflict ensued. At the time of her marriage to John, the blonde-haired blue-eyed Isabella was already renowned by some for her beauty and has sometimes been called the Helen of the Middle Ages by historians. Isabella was much younger than her husband and possessed a volatile temper similar to his own. King John was infatuated with his young, beautiful wife; however, his acquisition of her had at least as much to do with spiting his enemies as romantic love. She was already engaged to Hugh IX le Brun when she was taken by John. It was said that he neglected his state affairs to spend time with Isabella, often remaining in bed with her until noon. However, these were rumors spread by John's enemies to discredit him as a weak and grossly irresponsible ruler, given that at the time John was engaging in a desperate war against King Philip of France to hold on to the remaining Plantagenet duchies. The common people began to term her a "siren" or "Messalina", which spoke volumes as to popular opinion. Her mother-in-law, Eleanor of Aquitaine, readily accepted her as John's wife. On 1 October 1207 at Winchester Castle, Isabella gave birth to a son and heir, named Henry III after the King's father, Henry II. He was quickly followed by another son, Richard, and three daughters, Joan, Isabella, and Eleanor. All five children survived into adulthood and made illustrious marriages; all but Joan produced offspring of their own. --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/allthingsplantagenet/support

Während sich Michael und Moritz letzte Woche mit dem zweiten Kreuzzug ins 'heilige Land' beschäftigt haben, folgt in dieser Woche das große Finale der Kreuzzugstrilogie. Mit von der Partie sind neben Richard Löwenherz und Kaiser Barbarossa auch angenehme Zeitgenossen wie Guido von Lusignan und Herzog Leopold. Wir wünschen viel Spaß beim Zuhören.

Während sich Michael und Moritz letzte Woche mit dem zweiten Kreuzzug ins 'heilige Land' beschäftigt haben, folgt in dieser Woche das große Finale der Kreuzzugstrilogie. Mit von der Partie sind neben Richard Löwenherz und Kaiser Barbarossa auch angenehme Zeitgenossen wie Guido von Lusignan und Herzog Leopold. Wir wünschen viel Spaß beim Zuhören.

Salah ad-Din (Saladin) enters Aleppo, struggles with Reynald de Chatillon, and faces the armies of Guy de Lusignan at the Horns of Hattin. If you like what you hear and want to chip in to support the podcast, my Patreon is here, my Ko-fi is here, and Paypal is here. I'm on Twitter @circus_human, Instagram @humancircuspod, my website is www.humancircuspodcast.com, and I have some things on Redbubble at https://www.redbubble.com/people/humancircus. Sources:Cobb, Paul, M. The Race for Paradise: An Islamic History of the Crusades. Oxford University Press, 2016. Lēv, Yaacov. Saladin in Egypt. Brill, 1999.Lyons, Malcolm Cameron & Jackson, D.E.P. Saladin: The Politics of the Holy War. Cambridge University Press, 1982.Mallet, Alex. "A Trip Down the Red Sea with Reynald of Chatillon,"Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Vol. 18, No. 2 (Apr., 2008).Man, John. Saladin: The Life, the Legend, and the Islamic Empire. Bantam Press, 2015. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Esta noche Jose Luis Gimenez nos habla del fín de una era. En 1248, Luis IX de Francia (después conocido como san Luis) decide convocar y liderar la Séptima Cruzada, pero su objetivo ya no es Tierra Santa, sino Egipto. El error táctico del rey y las pestes que sufrieron los ejércitos cruzados condujeron a la derrota de Mansura y a un desastre posterior en el que el propio Luis IX cayó prisionero. Fueron los templarios, tenidos en alta estima por sus enemigos, quienes negociaron la paz y prestaron al monarca la fabulosa suma que componía el rescate a pagar por su persona. En 1291 se produjo la caída de Acre, con los últimos templarios luchando junto a su maestre, Guillaume de Beaujeu. Constituyó el fin de la presencia cruzada en Tierra Santa, pero no el fin de la orden, que mudó su cuartel general a Chipre, isla de su propiedad tras comprarla a Ricardo Corazón de León, pero que hubieron de devolver al rey inglés ante la rebelión de los habitantes. La convivencia de templarios y soberanos en Chipre (de la familia Lusignan) fue incómoda hasta tal punto que la orden participó en la revuelta palaciega que destronó a Enrique II de Chipre para entronizar a su hermano Amalarico. Esto permitió a la orden sobrevivir en la isla hasta varios años después de su disolución en el resto de la cristiandad (1310).

Saladin and the capture of Jerusalem: Professor Jonathan Phillips (1187) For the Christian crusaders of the twelfth-century, Jerusalem was the ultimate prize. The holy city had been captured from the Muslims in 1099 as part of the First Crusade to the Holy Land. In 1187, the counter-crusade, led by the Sultan Saladin, was at last poised to wrest it back. In this latest episode of Travels Through Time, Professor Jonathan Phillips of Royal Holloway University becomes our guide to the bloody events of the high Middle Ages. He takes us to watch Sultan Saladin’s decisive victory at the Battle of Hattin, which culminated in the dramatic capture of the True Cross. Then we look on as Sultan Saladin - one of the supreme military leaders of any age – marches on Jerusalem to complete the return of the sacred city. What happened next, over the months of September and October, was surprisingly magnanimous. The events of 1187 brought to history not only one of the pivotal moments of the Medieval Age, it also established the reputation that Saladin has enjoyed ever since. Scene One: The evening of 2 July 1187, the tent of Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem. Guy makes his fateful decision to march out to try to lift the siege of Tiberias. This is the prelude to the Battle of Hattin. Scene Two: The Siege of Jerusalem, September 1187 Scene Three: Saladin's entry into Jerusalem on 2 October 1187 The Life and Legend of Sultan Saladin by Professor Jonathan Phillips: https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/109/1093190/the-life-and-the-legend-of-the-sultan-saladin/9781847922144.html Presenter: Peter Moore Guest: Professor Jonathan Phillips Producer: Maria Nolan

Welcome to the third episode of The Couples Therapist Couch, a podcast by couples therapist, Shane Birkel. This is the podcast for Couples Therapists, Marriage Counselors, and Relationship Coaches to explored the practice of couples therapy. In this episode Shane interviews expert, Kerry Lusignan. Subscribe for more great content!

Colby Lusignan is a Florida Marlin Baseball Pro. He is a small town Florida boy I met when he was around age 9 when my son Chris played baseball on the same team. Colby's dad coached their team. His success after being out of baseball for 2 years is not the norm. Listen now as he talks about family, muscle growth, coach/mentor and the MLB draft.

Tune in Tue. night Dec. 27th when host  Debra Parmley chats with romance author Vijya Schartz about Angel of Lusignan book eight in her medieval fantasy series Curse of the Lost Isle. Listen in as they chat about immortal Celtic women, Vikings and medieval romance. We are also celebrating Vijaya's birthday tonight! For more about Vijaya visit vijayaschartz.com And for more about the host of Book Lights, Debra Parmley, visit debraparmley.com Book Lights - shining a light on good books!

In 1187 Saladin at the head of a huge army crossed the river Jordan. Laying siege to the fortress at Tiberias, inside was the wife of Raymond of Tripoli. Until recently Raymond had been at odds with the new Crusader King Guy of Lusignan. The Crusader army numbered an impressive 20,000, though this was not as large as Saladin's. What it lacked in quantity it made up for however, in quality with heavily armoured knights, horsemen, foot soldiers and crossbow men. When word reached Guy that the siege was underway he decided to relieve the fortress with all haste, taking the shortest route possible straight across the hot arid plains with minimal baggage... The Crusaders had taken Saladin's bate. Dur: 23mins File: .mp3

In the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade, the grip of European knights on the Holy Land has begun to loosen. The Muslim forces under Saladin have won a major victory, and the crusaders have so far forgotten themselves as to besiege, then sack, the imperial Christian city of Constantinople their nominal allies. In the confusion thus created, two warring clans the Lusignans and the Ibelin sat times cooperate but more often compete for supremacy, spurred on by the marital and political maneuvering of Maria Komnene, queen of Jerusalem. The conflict expands to include Cyprus, Armenia, the Levant, and the Eastern Roman Empire as a whole. The plots and counterplots sweep up Juliana de Charnais, in distant Poitou. The legitimacy of her marriage is in question, a male relative captures her daughter, and her unsatisfactory husband has chosen to obey another relatives summons to defend the Lusignan cause in the east. To reclaim her child, Juliana follows her husband. A former novice, Juliana seeks first and foremost to remain true to her conscience. But in a world where assassins lurk in every corner, just staying alive may prove enough of a challenge. From central France to Nicosia and Jerusalem, Hana Samek Norton weaves a rich and fascinating tapestry of love, loss, loyalty, betrayal, and deceit. Fans of Dorothy Dunnetts sweeping historical sagas should not miss The Sixth Surrender and its sequel, The Serpent’s Crown (Cuidono Press, 2015). C. P. Lesley is the author of six novels, including Legends of the Five Directions (The Golden Lynx, The Winged Horse, and The Swan Princess), a historical fiction series set in 1530s Russia, during the childhood of Ivan the Terrible. Find out more about her at http://www.cplesley.com. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade, the grip of European knights on the Holy Land has begun to loosen. The Muslim forces under Saladin have won a major victory, and the crusaders have so far forgotten themselves as to besiege, then sack, the imperial Christian city of Constantinople their nominal allies. In the confusion thus created, two warring clans the Lusignans and the Ibelin sat times cooperate but more often compete for supremacy, spurred on by the marital and political maneuvering of Maria Komnene, queen of Jerusalem. The conflict expands to include Cyprus, Armenia, the Levant, and the Eastern Roman Empire as a whole. The plots and counterplots sweep up Juliana de Charnais, in distant Poitou. The legitimacy of her marriage is in question, a male relative captures her daughter, and her unsatisfactory husband has chosen to obey another relatives summons to defend the Lusignan cause in the east. To reclaim her child, Juliana follows her husband. A former novice, Juliana seeks first and foremost to remain true to her conscience. But in a world where assassins lurk in every corner, just staying alive may prove enough of a challenge. From central France to Nicosia and Jerusalem, Hana Samek Norton weaves a rich and fascinating tapestry of love, loss, loyalty, betrayal, and deceit. Fans of Dorothy Dunnetts sweeping historical sagas should not miss The Sixth Surrender and its sequel, The Serpent’s Crown (Cuidono Press, 2015). C. P. Lesley is the author of six novels, including Legends of the Five Directions (The Golden Lynx, The Winged Horse, and The Swan Princess), a historical fiction series set in 1530s Russia, during the childhood of Ivan the Terrible. Find out more about her at http://www.cplesley.com. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

As a younger man, John had been given the nickname Lackland because unlike his brothers he didn't have his own appanage. At the Treaty of Le Goulet in May 1200 he acquired the name Softsword - people couldn't understand why he'd signed away Gisors, parts of Berry, £20,000 and bent his knee to Phillip. On the other hand, John probably felt he'd had a good deal. Then John caused fury with the Lusignan by stealing their bride, they appealed to Phillip and and Phillip declared John to be stripped of his lands. But at the start of the war, John gets off to a flyer. 

The commentary track for “Schlimmer,” produced in May of 2004. This commentary features executive producer/director William R. Coughlan and actor/executive producer Kori A. Lusignan. If you're watching along with the movie, after a short introduction, the commentary (indicated by a short beep) should start at the same time as the movie's playback track. If you run into any problems (or have any suggestions), please don’t hesitate to drop us a line at podcast@tohubohu.tv, or visit our website at www.tohubohu.tv.

This episode of CS is part 3 of our series on The Crusades.A major result of the First Crusade was a further alienation of the Eastern and Western Churches. The help provided Byzantium by the crusaders were not what The Eastern Emperor Alexius was hoping for.It also resulted in an even greater alienation of the Muslims than had been in place before. 200 years of crusading rampages across the Eastern Mediterranean permanently poisoned Muslim-Christian relations and ended the spirit of moderate tolerance for Christians living under Muslim rule across a wide swath of territory. The only people who welcomed the Crusaders were a handful of Christian minorities who'd suffered under Byzantine and Muslim rule; the Armenians and Maronites living in Lebanon. The Copts in Egypt saw the Crusades as a calamity. They were now suspected by Muslims of holding Western sympathies while being treated as schismatics by the Western Church. Once the Crusaders took Jerusalem, they banned Copts from making pilgrimage there.Things really went sour between East and West when the Roman church installed Latin patriarchates in historically Eastern centers at Antioch and Jerusalem. Then, during the 4th Crusade, a Latin patriarch was appointed to the church in Constantinople itself.To give you an idea of what this would have felt like to the Christian of Constantinople; imagine how Southern Baptists would feel if a Mormon bishop was installed as the President of the Southern Baptist Convention. You get the picture = No Bueno.Another long-lasting effect of the Crusades was that they weakened the Byzantine Empire and hastened its fall to the Ottoman Turks a couple centuries later. Arab governments were also destabilized leaving them susceptible to invasion by Turks and Mongols.A significant new development in monastic history was made at this time in the rise of the knightly monastic orders. The first of these was the Knights Templar, founded in 1118 under Hugh de Payens. King Baldwin gave the Templars their name, and from them the idea of fighting for the Temple passed to other orders. Bernard of Clairvaux, although not the author of the Templar rule, as legend has it, did write an influential piece called In Praise of the New Militia of Christ which lauded the new orders of knights.The Templars were imitated by the Hospitallers, who had an earlier origin as a charitable order. They'd organized in 1050 by merchants from Amalfi living in Jerusalem to protect pilgrims. They provided hospitality and care of the sick, and helped morph the word “hospitality” into “hospital.” Under Gerard in 1120, the Hospitallers gained papal sanction. Gerard's successor was Raymond de Provence who reorganized the Hospitallers as a military order on the pattern of the Knights Templar. The Hospitallers, also known as the Knights of St. John eventually moved to the islands of Rhodes, then Malta, where they held out in 1565 in a protracted siege against the Turks in one of history's most significant battles.Another important military order, the Teutonic Knights arose in 1199, during the 3rd Crusade.The knightly monastic orders had certain features in common. They viewed warfare as a devotional way of life. The old monastic idea of fighting demons, as seen in the ancient Egyptian desert hermits, evolved into actual combat with people cast as agents of evil. Spiritual warfare became actual battle. Knights and their attendants took the vows similar to other monks. They professed poverty, chastity, and obedience, along with a pledge to defend others by force of arms. While personal poverty was vowed, using violence to secure wealth was deemed proper so it could be used to benefit others, including the order itself. The Templars became an object of envy for their immense wealth.In studying the relations between Christianity and Islam during the Middle Ages, we should remember there were many peaceful interchanges. Some Christians advocated peaceful missions to Muslims. These peaceful encounters can be seen in the exchange of art. Christians highly valued Muslim metalwork and textiles. Church vestments were often made by Muslim weavers. Such a vestment is located today at Canterbury. It contains Arabic script saying, “Great is Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet.”On the positive side, if there was anything positive to be gleaned from the Crusades, it did promote a greater sense of unity in Western Europe. Remember that one of the reasons Pope Urban sparked the Crusade was to vent the violent habits of the European nobles who were constantly at each other's throats. Instead of warring with each other back and forth across Europe, watering its fields with blood, they united to go against infidels “way over there.”The Crusades also led to increased prestige for the papacy as they were able to mobilize huge numbers of people.  The Crusades also stimulated an intellectual revival in Europe as Crusaders returned with new experiences and knowledge from another part of the world.After the 1st Crusade, over the next 60 years, Jerusalem saw a succession of weak rulers while the Muslims from Damascus to Egypt united under a new dynasty of competent and charismatic leaders. The last of these was Saladin, or, more properly, Salah ad-Din. Founder of the Ayyubid dynasty of Islam, he became caliph in 1174 and set out to retake Jerusalem.The king of Jerusalem at the time was (and warning: I'm going to butcher this poor guy's name) Guy de Lusignan. Let's just call him “Guy.” He led the Crusaders out to a hill on the West of the Sea of Galilee called the Horns of Hattin. Both the Templars and Hospitallers were there in force, and the much vaunted “true cross” was carried by the bishop of Acre, who himself was clad in armor. On July 5, 1187, the decisive battle was fought. The Crusaders were completely routed. 30,000 perished. King Guy, the leaders of the Templars and Hospitallers along with a few other nobles were taken prisoner. Saladin gave them clemency. The fate of the Holy Land was decided.On Oct. 2, 1187, Saladin entered Jerusalem after it made brave resistance. The generous conditions of surrender were mostly creditable to the chivalry of the Muslim commander. There were no scenes of savage butchery as followed the entry of the Crusaders 90 years before. The people of Jerusalem were given their liberty if they paid a ransom. Europeans and anyone else who wanted to, were allowed to leave. For 40 days the procession of the departing continued. Relics stored in the Church of the Holy Sepulcher were redeemed for the sum of 50,000 bezants. Named after Byzantium where they were the medium of exchange, the bezant was a gold coin of 5 grams.Thus ended the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem. Since then the worship of Islam has continued on Mount Moriah without interruption. The other European conquests of the 1st Crusade were then in danger from the unending feuds of the Crusaders themselves, and, in spite of the constant flow of recruits and treasure from Europe, they fell easily before Saladin.He allowed a merely ceremonial Latin ruler to hold the title King of Jerusalem but the last real king was Guy, who was released, then travelled around claiming the title of king but without a court or capital. He eventually settled in Cyprus.We'll go into less detail for the rest of the Crusades as we finish them off over the next episode .The 2nd Crusade was sparked by 2 events; the Fall of the Crusader state of Edessa in Syria and the preaching of Bernard of Clairvaux. And note that the 2nd Crusade took place BEFORE the arrival of Saladin on the scene.Edessa fell to the Turks in Dec., 1144.  They built a fire in a large breach they'd made in the city wall. The fire was so hot it cracked a section of the wall a hundred yards long. When the wall collapsed, the Turks rushed in and unleashed the same kind of brutality the Crusaders had when they conquered Jerusalem.Pope Eugenius III saw the Turk victory at Edessa as a threat to the continuance of the Crusaders in Palestine and called upon the king of France to march to their relief. The forgiveness of all sins and immediate entrance into heaven were promised to all embarking on a new Crusade. Eugenius summoned Bernard of Clairvaux to leave his abbey and preach the crusade. Bernard was the most famous person of his time and this call by the Pope came at the zenith of his fame. He regarded the Pope's summons as a call from God.On Easter in 1146, King Louis of France vowed to lead the Crusade. The Pope's promise of the remission of sins was dear to him as he was stricken with guilt for having burned a church with 1300 inside. How grand to be able to gain forgiveness by killing more! He assembled a council at Vézelai at which Bernard made such an overpowering impression by his message that all present pressed forward to take up the crusading cause. Bernard was obliged to cut his own robe into small fragments, to give away to all who wanted something of his they could carry to the East. He wrote to Pope Eugenius that the enthusiasm was so great “castles and towns were emptied of their inmates. One man could hardly be found for 7 women, and the women were being everywhere widowed while their husbands were still alive.” Meaning most of the men set off on the Crusade, leaving the population of France with 7 women to every man. Hey – lucky them!From France, Bernard went to Basel, in modern day Switzerland, then up thru the cities along the Rhine as far as Cologne. As in the 1st Crusade, persecution broke out against the Jews in this area when a monk named Radulph questioned why they needed to go to the Middle East to get rid of God-haters and Christ-killers. There were plenty of them in Europe.  Bernard objected vehemently to this. He called for the Church to attempt to win the Jews by discussion and respect, not killing them.Bernard was THE celebrity of the day and thousands flocked to hear him. Several notable miracles and healings were attributed to him. The German Emperor Konrad III was deeply moved by his preaching and convinced to throw his weight to the Crusade.Konrad raised an army of 70,000; a tenth of whom were knights. They assembled at Regensburg and proceeded thru Hungary to the Bosporus. All along their route they were less than welcome. Konrad and the Eastern Emperor Manuel where brothers-in-law, but that didn't keep Manuel from doing his best to wipe out the German force. The guides he provided led the Germans into ambushes and traps then abandoned them in the mountains. When they finally arrived at Nicea, famine, fever and attacks had reduced the force to a tenth is original size.King Louis set out in the Spring of 1147 and followed the same route Konrad had taken. His queen, Eleanor, famed for her beauty and skill as a leader, along with many other ladies of the French court, accompanied the army. The French met up with what was left of Konrad's force at Nicea.The forces then split up into different groups which all reached Acre in 1148. They met King Baldwin III of Jerusalem and pledged to unite their forces in an attempt to conquer Damascus before retaking Edessa. The siege of Damascus was a total failure. The European nobles fell to such in-fighting that their camp fragmented into warring groups. Konrad left for Germany in the Fall of 1148 and Louis returned to France a few months later.Bernard was humiliated by the failure of the Crusade. He assigned it to the judgment of God for the sins of the Crusaders and Christian world.A little more about King Louis's wife Eleanor. Eleanor of Aquitaine was really something. In a world dominated by men, Eleanor's career was something special. She was one of the wealthiest and most powerful people in Europe during the Middle Ages.Eleanor succeeded her father as the ruler of Aquitaine and Poitiers at the age of 15. She was then the most eligible bride in Europe. Three months after her accession, she married King Louis VII. As Queen of France, she went on the 2nd Crusade. Then, with it's defeat and back in France, she got an annulment from Louis on the basis that they were relatives, then married Henry Plantaget, Duke of Normandy and Count of Anjou, who soon became King Henry II of England in 1154. This despite the fact that Henry was an even closer relative than Louis had been and 9 years younger than she. They were married just 8 weeks after her annulment. Over the next 13 years Eleanor bore Henry 8 children: 5 sons, 3 of whom would become king, and 3 daughters. However, Henry and Eleanor eventually became estranged. She was imprisoned between 1173 and 1189 for supporting her son's revolt against her husband.Eleanor was widowed in July 1189. Her husband was succeeded by their son, Richard I, known as the Lion-hearted. As soon as he ascended the thrown, Richard had his mother released from prison. Now the queen dowager, Eleanor acted as regent while Richard went on the 3rd Crusade. She survived Richard and lived well into the reign of her youngest son John, known as the worst king in England's long history. It's this King John who's cast as the chief villain in the story of Robin Hood.The 3rd Crusade is referred to as the Kings' Crusade due to the European monarchs who participated in it. It was an attempt to reconquer the Holy Land from the Muslims who, under Saladin, had reclaimed the lands the Crusaders took in the 1st Crusade. The 3rd was for the most part successful but fell short of its ultimate goal, the re-conquest of Jerusalem.When Saladin captured Jerusalem in 1187, the news rocked Europe. The story goes that Pope Urban III was so traumatized, he died of shock. Henry II of England and Philip II of France ended their dispute with each other to lead a new crusade. When Henry died 2 years later, Richard the Lionheart stepped in to lead the English. The elderly Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa also responded to the call to arms, and led a massive army across Turkey. Barbarossa drowned while crossing a river in June, 1190 before reaching the Holy Land. His death caused great grief among the German Crusaders. Most were so discouraged they returned home.After driving the Muslims from the port of Acre, Frederick's successor Leopold V of Austria and King Philip of France left the Holy Land in August 1191, leaving Richard to carry on by himself. Saladin failed to defeat Richard in any military engagements, and Richard secured several key coastal cities. But the English King realized a conquest of Jerusalem wasn't possible to his now weakened force and in September of 1192, made a treaty with Saladin by which Jerusalem would remain under Muslim control, but allowed unarmed Christian pilgrims and merchants to visit the city. Richard departed the Holy Land a month later.The successes of the 3rd Crusade allowed the Crusaders to maintain a considerable kingdom based in Cyprus and along the Syrian coast. Its failure to recapture Jerusalem led to the call for a 4th Crusade 6 years later.The 3rd Crusade was yet another evidence of the European's inability to form an effective union against the Muslims. The leaders and nobility of Europe made great promises of unity when they embarked on a Crusade, but the rigors of the journey, along with the imminent prospect of victory saw them more often than not falling out with each other in incessant and petty squabbles.On Richard's journey back to England he was seized by the afore mentioned Leopold, duke of Austria, whose enmity he'd incurred in the battle for the city of Joppa. The duke turned his captive over to the Holy Roman Emperor, Henry VI who also had a grudge to settle. The Lionheart was released on the humiliating terms of paying an enormous ransom and consenting to hold his kingdom as a fiefdom of the Empire.  It's this hostage taking of Richard the Lionhearted that forms the backdrop for the tale of Robin Hood.Saladin died in March, 1193, by far the most famous of the foes of the Crusaders. Christendom has joined with Arab writers in praise of his courage, culture, and the magnanimous manner in which he treated his foes.Historians debate how many Crusades there were. It wasn't as though Kings Henry and Philip said, “Hey, let's make nice and launch the 3rd Crusade.” They didn't number them as historians have since. History tends to ascribe 9 as the number of Crusades, but then add 2 more by assigning them with names instead of numbers; the Albigenian and the Children's Crusades, which took place between the 4th and 5th Crusades.Generally, the 5th thru 9th Crusades are considered lesser armed movements while the first 4 are called the Great Crusades.We'll finish with a quick review of the 4th Crusade.Innocent III became Pope in 1198.  He called for the 4th Crusade which was the final blow that forever sundered the Western and Eastern churches, though that was certainly never his aim. In fact, he warned the Crusaders against it.Pope Innocent's plan was simply to destroy a Muslim military base in Egypt. The merchants of Venice had promised to supply the Crusaders with ships at a huge discount; one the Crusaders couldn't pass up. So in the summer of 1202, they arrived in Venice expecting to sail to Egypt. But there was a problem: Only a third of the expected number of warriors showed. And they came up with a little more than half the required sailing fee.A prince from the East offered to finance the balance under one condition: That the Crusaders sail first to Constantinople, dethrone the current Emperor and hand it over to him. They could then sail on their merry way to Egypt. Pope Innocent forbade this diversion, but no one paid him any attention.On July 5th, 1203, the Crusaders arrived in the Eastern capital. The people of Constantinople were by now fed up with Europeans meddling in their affairs and formed a counter revolution that swept the current emperor off the throne, but only so they could install their own fiercely anti-Crusader ruler. Being now shut out of his hopes, the would-be emperor who'd paid the Crusaders way to Constantinople refused to pay their way to Egypt, leaving them stranded in increasingly hostile territory.They were furious. Their leaders decided to try and make the best of it and called for a quick plundering of Constantinople. One of the Crusade chaplains proclaimed; in complete disregard for the Pope's wishes, “If you rightly intend to conquer this land and bring it under Roman obedience, all who die will partake of the pope's indulgence.”  That was like letting a rabid dog off its chain. For many of the Crusaders, this was not only an excuse to get rich by taking loot, it meant a license to do whatever they pleased in Constantinople.On Good Friday, 1204, the Crusaders, with red crosses on their tunics, sacked Constantinople. For 3 days, they raped and killed fellow Christians. The city's statues were hacked to pieces and melted down. The Hagia Sophia was stripped of its golden vessels. A harlot performed sensual dances on the Lord's Table, singing vile drinking songs. One Eastern writer lamented, “Muslims are merciful compared with these men who bear Christ's cross on their shoulders.”Neither the Eastern Empire nor Church ever recovered from those 3 days. For the next 60 years Crusaders from the Roman church ruled what was once the Eastern Empire. The Eastern emperor established a court in exile at Nicaea. Rather than embrace Roman customs, many Eastern Christians fled there. There they remained until 1261, when an Eastern ruler retook Constantinople.