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Last time we spoke about the Battle for the Great Wall of China. In 1933, the Kwantung Army faced logistical struggles and sought political deals with Chinese warlords to seize North China. Despite capturing key areas, chaos reigned as their unauthorized operations defied Tokyo's orders. When Emperor Hirohito demanded a withdrawal, the army reluctantly complied, derailing a coup attempt. Though peace talks followed, distrust persisted, and rogue Japanese commanders plotted fresh offensives. Amid international tensions and League of Nations' inaction, chaos loomed over China's battle-scarred plains. As tensions rose in North China, General Muto hesitated to advance without orders from Tokyo. With imperial approval, he launched a renewed offensive on May 3rd, leading the Japanese 6th and 8th Divisions to sweep through Chinese defenses. Despite Chinese concessions led by pro-Japanese Huang Fu, the Japanese pushed toward Peiping. Failed coups and desperate peace talks ensued. By May 25th, ceasefire talks began, but Japan's strengthened position left China scrambling to secure stability.   #148 The Tanggu Truce Welcome to the Fall and Rise of China Podcast, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about the history of Asia? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on history of asia and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel where I cover the history of China and Japan from the 19th century until the end of the Pacific War. As we last left off the IJA 6th and 8th Divisions had just taken up new positions threatening the Peiping-Tientsin area. Meanwhile the Tientsin Special service Agency had tried every scheme they could think of to establish a coup against Peiping. All of these actions were done to increase Japan's poker hand at the negotiating table. On May 17th Huang Fu arrived at a very panicked Peiping. Two days prior, the Japanese had taken an even harsher stance, demanding the Chinese forces withdraw to a line running between Shunyi, Paoti and Lutai. This demand would send the Chines further west than the line agreed upon for the ceasefire. So the Chinese ignored the demand and this inturn brought the negotiations to a standstill. On the 18th the Army General staff in Tokyo drew up a new draft titled “essentials for the Guidance of North China”. Having been chasing around the Kwantung Army like a dog chasing a car, Tokyo HQ wanted to finally draft some real legislation to reign in their unruly pet. On the 19th the General staff submited an ultimatum instructed the Kwantung Army to withdraw to Manchukuo after it reached an agreement with the Chinese, specifically to obtain the right to garrison specified locations within the Great Wall. On the 21st the Kwantung Army drew up its version of a ceasefire proposal, submitted it to the General staff who approved it. Here is a complete breakdown of it: “1) The cease-fire agreement is of a purely military nature and excludes political factors. For by returning to Manchukuo in general as quickly as possible, the imperial Japanese army will demonstrate that it acts in the cause of justice and fairness and will manifest the essence of the Japanese spirit.  2) The withdrawal line of the Chinese army and the cessation line of the Japanese army should conform generally to that referred to in the "Basic Outline" of the General Staff; that is, it should conform to the policy of the Kwantung Army and to Nagatsu's proposal. However, the return of the Japanese army to Manchukuo will be voluntary, after observance of the cease-fire terms by the Chinese army has been confirmed, and will not be specifically prescribed in the text of the agreement.  3) In order to prevent any delay in the establishment of a ceasefire, the designs of the Tientsin Special Service Agency will be terminated.  4) The site of the cease-fire agreement must be selected with consideration for the issuing of commands to military units in accord with the plans of the Japanese army command with respect to any situation which may necessitate military action at any time during the course of negotiations for cease-fire. Furthermore, a location convenient to the gathering of foreign diplomatic officials and press correspondents and to meddling intervention by third powers must be carefully avoided.” On the 22nd, the Kwantung Army ordered the Tientsin agency to discontinue their activities as the Japanese were now willing to accept a ceasefire. The Japanese and Chinese then agreed on a date and place, that being located along the Peiping-Shanhaiguan railway to sign a ceasefire agreement. For the talks, the Japanese naval attache at Peiping, Lt Commander Fujiwara Kiyoma was chosen who visited Huang Fu's residence on the 22nd. Talks began and by 2am the next day, He Yingqin received a letter officially instructing him to abide by the ceasefire terms. Thus the first step had been taken. On the 25th Chinese officials Li Zuyi and Xu Yenmu rode with Fujiwara to Miyun, then a temporary HQ for the IJA 8th Division. There they passed mounds of dead chinese placed specifically along the roadside, obviously to intimidate them. They arrived to Miyun at 4am to officially show the ceasefire proposal letter to General Nish of the 8th division. Then they got a slap in the face, a new demand was tossed at them.  "As the first step, in order to verify the compliance of the Chinese army, the Japanese army may at any time use airplanes or other means to inspect the withdrawal of the Chinese army. The Chinese authorities shall afford them the necessary protection and facilities."This last minute new demand was imposed because Tokyo HQ believed it was necessary to have aerial observation to make sure both parties did not breach the agreement. The two Chinese officials did not want to devolve the talks so they signed it and returned to Peiping. The official negotiations began on May 30th at Tangu. The Kwantung delegation was led by Major General Okamura Yasuji, their vice chief of staff. He was assisted by Colonel Kita Seiichi, Lt colonel Nagatsu Sahishige, Majors Kono Etsujiro, Endo Saburo and Fujimoto Tetsukuma, Captain Okabe Eiichi and Secretary Hayashide Kenjiro of the Japanese embassy in Manchukuo. The Chinese delegation was led by Lt General Xing Pin and assisted by Chen Zungzu, Xu Yenmu, Chang Xukuang, Li Zeyu and Li Shuzheng. At the offset the Chinese Army declared Tangu under martial law as the Japanese navy dispatched the battleship Kamoi with the 14th destroyer squadron to cruise offshore. The first session of the talks began at 4pm, only lasted some 30 minutes as both sides exchanged formal credentials and such. During that night both sides proded each other trying to figure out what either would accept. Nagatsu decided to show some of the Chinese delegates a document titled “annex document concerning the Organization of Police”. This had been drafted by the Kwantung Army to try establish a demilitarized zone in northeastern Hubei, whose security would be maintained by Chinese police units. The specifics of the document said such a feat would require a force no larger than 20,000 men, with no single units exceeding 200 and they should be armed with nothing stronger than a rifle, pistol or bayont. Nagatsu personally believed this was way to much to ask of the Chinese and advised changing the wording to what the Chinese police could wield as  "shall not be constituted of armed units hostile to Japanese feelings." After seeing the faces of the Chinese upon reading the document, Nagatsu would remark "This evening the Chinese appear to have gained the impression that our proposal will be excessively harsh."  The second session of talks began at 9am the next day whereupon General Okamura presented their draft accord:  “1) The Chinese army shall immediately withdraw to the regions west and south of the line from Yench'ing to Ch'angp'ing, Kaoliying, Shunyi, T'ungchou, Hsiangho, Paoti, Lint'ingk'ou, Ningho, and Lut'ai, and undertakes not to advance beyond that line and to avoid any provocation of hostilities.  2) The Japanese authorities may at any time use airplanes or other means to verify carrying out of the above article. The Chinese authorities shall afford them protection and facilities for such purpose.  3) The Japanese army, after ascertaining the withdrawal of the Chinese army to the line stated in Article 1, undertakes not to cross the said line and not to continue to attack the Chinese troops, and shall voluntarily withdraw, in general, to the Great Wall.  4) In the regions to the south of the Great Wall and to the north and east of the line defined in Article 1, the maintenance of peace and order shall be undertaken by the Chinese police force. The said police force shall not be constituted of armed units hostile to Japanese feelings. feelings.  5) The present agreement shall come into effect upon its signature.” To these demands Xing Pin stated that since the Chinese army had alrady withdrawn to or even beyond what was asked of them, the Japanese forces should respond promptly by withdrawing from the battle zone and to the Great Wall. Xing Pin added that he hoped his Japanese colleagues understood the Chinese Army might be required to help quell bandits that might disturb the vacuum caused by the Japanese withdrawal. To this the Japanese neither agreed nor disagreed and the meeting ended by 9:20. During the interlude the Chinese frantically sought to push further concessions. But the Japanese took a hard stance and stated they would accept nothing until their demands were signed upon. Talks officially resumed at 10:57 and within only 15 minutes both teams signed a truce agreement. Not a single change had been made in the draft the Kwantung Arym had presented. By 2 pm Xing Pin began a request that the Chinese Army be permitted to deal with bandits in the evacuated zone, as police alone most likely would not be enough.  Once the Tangu truce had been signed, the Chinese began to fear rebellious warlord types, particularly Feng Yuxiang might try to exploit the demilitarized region now that the Chinese Central Army had been withdrawn. The Japanese took a solid stance opposing any exceptions to their truce and would never allow Chinese Army units within the demilitarized region. The Japanese in response to the Chinese demands stated "In case there shall be in the Demilitarized Zone armed units disturbing peace and order which the police force shall be unable to cope with, the situation will be dealt with by common accord between the two parties." The Chinese had no choice but to agree to this. The final session resumed at 3:45 pm, whereupon the Chinese tried to obtain agreement on two specific aspects of the truce:  The Japanese reconnaissance aircraft would not conduct inspection flights without giving prior warning The Japanese Army would not misconstrue a move by the Chinese Army which had already withdrawn behind the line established in the truce agreement to return to the authorized line. The Japanese simply refused to even discuss these issues and a 4:05 pm the Chinese simply signed. The Japanese then submitted 4 new demands: 1) Withdraw the two cavalry divisions [formerly of the Northeastern Army] from the area southwest of Fengning in Jehol province.  2) Move the forty divisions of the Chinese Central Army presently in the Peiping-Tientsin region to some other appropriate region for the restoration of peace and order in that region.  3) Remove the entrenchments and military establishments of the Chinese army [used by Yii Hsueh-chung's army] in the area around the mouth of the Pai River.  4) Exercise strict control over anti-Japanese activities, which are the basic cause of Sino-Japanese conflict. To this the Chinese agreed with the last 3 demands and promised to “investigate” the first. At 4:10 the truce talks officially ended. As a consequence of the Tangu Truce, the Japanese Army had gained a foothold in northeastern Hubei. They would press further in the coming years, thus this truce was basically their first step in conquering north China. As you can imagine the Japanese were not done milking every drop from the Chinese. During the entire Tangu treaty talks, the Japanese had intentionally kept everything limited to military matters. The Japanese also sought to deal with what was expected to be a collosal anti-japanese movement in north china. To this end Foreign Minister Uchida Yasuya was given a list of demands to press upon the Chinese:   1) The Peiping Political Affairs Council will unreservedly suppress all anti-Japanese movements and other related anti-Japanese activities of the Kuomintang in the area under its jurisdiction.  2) The said Council will unreservedly suppress all activities that disturb the peace in the area along the Great Wall by the use of militia units, or other means, from the area under its jurisdiction.  3) The said Council will unreservedly remove all obstacles to legal peaceful traffic across the Great Wall.  4) The said Council will, with the agreement of the Japanese, establish facilities for the maintenance of order in the cease-fire district.  The Japanese preferred this be met by a written agreement, rather than a formal treaty that would only hurt the face of China further, thus creating even more anti-japanese movements. Real talks began at Dairen on July 3rd, where the Kwantung Army suggested that responsibility for civil administration and maintenance of order in the demilitarized region be transferred from the Hubei provincial government to the Political Affairs Council at Peiping. The reason as to why, because the Japanese believed they could easily control said body. When the IJA 6th and 8th Divisions withdrew from the demilitarized zone, they had left behind small units at Miyun, Chenchangying, Xiachangcheng, Fengtai and Yutien who went to work exerted silent pressure upon the Chinese during these future negotiations happening at Dairen. The Chinese at Dairen were represented by Li Shuzheng, the director of the Peiping-Lioaning Railway; Yin Tung and Xue Qiyen of the Political affairs council and Li Qichen the head of the Mukden-Shanhaiguan Railway Bureau. General Okamura and Colonel Kita came to the meetings, but only in capacity for observation. Included in the agenda of conversation was the disposal of pro-manchukuo militia forces in the demilitarized region and railway service between China proper and Manchukuo. Now the idea to transfer administrative responsibility over the demilitarized region to the Political affairs council in Peiping offered numerous challenges. The council was essentially an organ of the Executive Yuan of the Nanjing government. Their purpose was to overlook negotiations for Nanjing. Moreover their membership lacked prestige and they commanded no military forces, thus had little influence over Northern China. If they tried to influence the demilitarized region, a single army, such as one led by Li Qichen would easily overpower their authority. Northern China was still very much warlord dominated by this period. Li Qichen was a particularly strong warlord in the region. By December of 1932 he had begun recruiting men in the Qinxi district of Liaoning where he was receiving aid from the Japanese. His men assisted the Kwantung Army at Xumenzhai and later fought under the guidance of Captain Okada Kikusaburo at Shanhaiguan. However by Japanese standards, Li Qichengs army was nothing more than a bandit force. Thus after the Tanggu Truce, the Kwantung Army chose to distance itself from Li Qicheng and instead focus all their efforts in cooperating with the Political affairs council.  Ironically one of the first things the Kwantung Army consulted with the council was a new policy to dispose of Li Qichens Army and others. Thus 4000 of Li Qichen's forces were reorganized into a peace preservation corps with the rest simply disbanded. The finer details on how this would occur were negotiated between Li Qichen and the council, meditated by Kwantung officers at Tangshan on July 16th. It was also decided the Kwantung Army would set up an office at Tangshan headed by Li Qichen who would overlook the dispersal of militia units in the demilitarized region. By August 12th, the peace preservation corps was fully established. Many pro-manchukuo militia units were reorganized via the first Dairen conference as it became known. Xu Yuan's army at Qinhuangdao was reorganized into a  reserve peace preservation corps under the direct guidance of Lt Colonel Nakano Hidemitsu. They would be stationed at Yutien. Another force station near Qinhuangdao which had been recruited by the Kwantung army during Operation Nekka was ordered to transfer 2000 of its troops to Manchukuo and have the rest disbanded. Additionally there existed some 15,000 bandits operating in the demilitarized region. The largest of these bands was the East Asia Federation Combined Forces led by Guo Yazhou. He was in league with Xu Yusan and equipped like a regular Chinese Army. Once the ceasefire had been in effect, his men were conscripted in Manchukuo and would be used unofficially by the Kwantung Army. Another large bandit army was led by Lao Haozu, known colloquially as the “old rat”. Many of these bandit groups were made up of discharged troops and deserters from pro-Manchukuo militia units. After much discussion the Political affairs council took over the civil administration for the demilitarized zone, excluding the area consisting of the Great Wall. Another large item of discussion at the first Dairen conference was the restoration of train services between China Proper and Manchukuo. During the conflict the Chinese Army had ripped up a ton of railway track between Peiping and Shanhaiguan. By April 21st trains from Peiping could only operate as far as Tanggu. Meanwhile Mancukuo's Mukden to Shanhaiguan railway was operating 3 trains a day between Shanhaiguan and Tangshan after numerous repair efforts by June 1st. Service between Tanggu and Tangshan was only restored by July 3rd when the Japanese garrison at Tientsin began guarding operations between the two cities. At Dairen both sides agreed to rapidly restore the railway service between Mukden and Peiping while making Tangshan the temporary connecting point.  The section between Shanhaiguan and Tangshan was to be administered by the Mukden- Shanhaiguan railway, thus by Manchukuo while from Peiping to Tangshan would be retained by the Chinese governed Peiping-Liaoning railway. The Chinese argued that once the railway lines were all restored, management over Tangshan to Shanhaiguan should be returned to the Chinese. However the Manchukuo representatives instead argued for joint control over the railway from Peiping to Shanhaiguan.  Despite all the agreements met at Dairen, so much remained unresolved with the demilitarized region. The area immediately adjacent to the Great Wall had not been turned over to the political affairs coucil, the demilitarized region was still infested with bandits, many council members were not keen on any of the ongoings and relations between them and the Kwantung Army were anything but cooperative. Given all of this, in October of 1933, Huang Fu and He Yingqin came to the Japanese asking if they could form more official dialogue to deal with the problems and this led to the Peiping conference of November 1933. The Chinese were led by Huang Fu, He Yingqin, Yin Zung, Yin Juken and Cao Shangming. The Japanese were led by General Okamura, Colonels Kita ad Kikuchi Monya, Lt Colonels Nemoto Hiroshi and Shibayama Kaneshiro and Secretaries Nakayama and Hanawa Yoshitaka of the Peiping Legation. Because the talks had been opened by the Chinese, they had hoped they would control the agenda and in that they were sorely mistaken. The Japanese immediately pounced upon them and brought forth such demands. “1) The Kwantung Army hopes the Political Affairs Council will, as it solidifies its ability to maintain law and order, quickly and 5 safely assume administration in the area south and west of the Great Wall, exclusive of the Great Wall.  2) For the time being, the Political Affairs Council recognizes, in the area under its jurisdiction, the various agencies designated by the Kwantung Army as necessary for the handling of transportation, economic matters, and other affairs. The council will provide assistance in the operation of these agencies.  3) For the time being, the council agrees to lease to the Japanese army the land and buildings in the area under its jurisdiction which are needed for the purpose of stationing Japanese troops.  4) To provide facilities for trade, transportation, and communications in the area south of the Great Wall, the Political Affairs Council will appoint a delegate who will immediately begin consultations with a delegate designated by the Kwantung Army.” The Chinese agreed to the second demand allowing for the establishment by the Kwantung Army at Shanhaiguan, Gubeikou, Xifengkou, Panqiaokou, Lengkou and Qielingkou that Japanese garrisons could be stationed at Shanhaiguan, Xumenzhai, Chenchangying, Taitouying, Lengkou, Xifengkou, Malankuan and Gubeikou. The Chinese also agreed to part 4 in regards to airline connections. Thus with that the Japanese had effectively taken away China's ability to defend the Great Wall. Furthermore on the pretex of guarding said Great Wall, the Kwantung Army had forced the Chinese to recognize its right to garrison troops along the area just inside the Great Wall. Fully satisfied, the Japanese delegation departed Peiping on November 10th. The Kwantung Army still sought to extend the Peiping-Liaoing railway services to Mukden, but this inevitably raised the issue of China Proper recognizing Manchukuo. In December Yin Zung, head of the Peiping-Liaoning Railway, traveled to Nanjing to discuss said issue, but would return to Peiping empty handed. Additionally Sun Fu who led a faction within the KMT, began persuading the Central Political Council to pass some legislation specifically withholding Huang Fu from holding authority in handling issues involving North China, because it was feared amongst many it would lead to a mistake that would see recognition of Manchukuo. On April 11th of 1934, Huang Fu attempted a discussion at Nanchang between himself, Chiang Kai-Shek and Wang Jingwei. The result of this discussion was him receiving greater authority over matters involving postal services, train services and tariffs. Despite this, the anti-Japanese part of the Nanjing government continued their efforts to hamper the efforts of Haung Fu and Yin Zung.  In May, Major General Ushiroku Jun of the Kwantung Army, Attache Shibayama and Usami Kanji the chief of the Manchukuo railways Bureau, began secret talks with Yin Zung over at Shanhaiguan. They all agreed to establish a new corporation, the Eastern Travel Bureau, who would receive a million yuan provided in equal shares by the Mukden-Shanhaiguan railway bureau in Manchukuo and the Peiping-Liaoning Railway Bureau. Profits and losses would be shared equally; the general manager would be chosen from one bureau with the assistant manager chosen from the other and trains would run daily from Mukden and Peiping performing a transfer at Shanhaiguan. This idea was bitterly fought over at Nanjing, but after specific amendments would be ratified by July 1st. The first train departed Peiping on July 1st and ironically it would be interrupted midway between Tanggu and Lutai by a bomb explosion on the track. Many Chinese civilians were hurt, but no incident broke out. And we all know that little bomb had to be part of some grand false flag scheme.  The establishment of air services between China Proper and Manchukuo would prove to be the most difficult one to settle. During the talks in Peiping, the Chinese agreed to provide transportation facilities that would include airline connections. But this did not materialize until February of 1935 when the Kwantung Army came up with a draft for a Sino-Japanese corporation. It would be funded equally by both sides, the Chinese would furnish the airfields and facilities, while the Kwantung Army would supply pilots and crews through the Manchukuo Aviation Corporation. The Kwantung Army also had a nefarious plot involved in this deal. By securing the civilian airline service they hoped to provide pilots and crews who at the flip of a coin could become covert military operators, providing direct flights into China Proper.  At first the Chinese showed no interest in such plans, so the Kwantung Army began military transport flights to Peiping from Jinzhou to twist their arm. By June the agreement extended to airfields at Paoting, Xuzhou and Qingdao. The Chinese fought these demands as best they could, but would continuously be outplayed. Still the Kwantung Army was impatient to implement the civilian airline change and presented a new deal in June of 1935 offering to provide 55 percent of the funding from their side. To this the Chinese counter proposed the airfields be located along the border, but the Japanese would not agree to this. By August China sent conditions to ratify the idea: “1) two-thirds of the capital investment would be provided by China and one-third by Japan 2) airport facilities would be restricted to the Peiping-Tientsin region; and  3) flight operations would be entrusted to the aviation department of the Eastern Travel Bureau.” The Japanese still made demands, now seeking flights to all 5 provinces of North China. To this the Chinese officials stated they would await instructions from Nanjing. The Kwantung Army broke off the talks and stated they would do whatever action they considered necessary to resolve the issue. By early September Fu Zuoyi, the governor of Suiyuan province authorized a military flight to Paotou, then on September 28th and October 10th, Japan conducted civilian test flights between Tiantsin, Tsinan and Qingdao.  Following the resolutions over the railway issues, on July 9th of 1934 Yin Zung went to Shanghai with Huang Fu and then to Dairen by July 23rd to meet with General Okumara, Colonel Kita and Attache Shibayama to make deals over other issues. One issue was Japanese control over the entrance of Korean and Japanese into the demilitarized region; the transfer to the Chinese of the Qing Dynasty's mausoleum in Malanyu; the disposition of the peace preservation units and the need for a postal service between China and Manchukuo. While this all sounds perhaps stupid to even mention, every single issue discussed was basically indanger of the Chinese accidentally recognizing Manchukuo, which was the crux of it all. In the end the Japanese made enormous inroads into North China through these negotiations. They forced the accommodation on rail and communication services between China Proper and Manchukuo, to normalize most trade between them and place their loyal proteges within the demilitarized region as so called police units. This was all accomplished through the Peiping Political Affairs Council who de facto had recognized Manchukuo. All of this severely weakened the position of Nanjing in North China and enhanced Japan. But it was not Japan proper, but the Kwantung Army really running the show. However there was absolute chaos going on in Japan during the times, known as “government by assassination”. Prime Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi was assassinated on May 15th of 1932, leading to the collapse of his cabinet. On May 26th a unity cabinet was formed under Admiral Saito Makoto. Civilian politicians were being knocked out by the military, particularly right-wing military figures. Admiral Saito Makoto selected Uchida Yasuya for foreign minister. At the time he was a retired diplomat and president of the South Manchuria Railway Company. Saito was plunged into the wild times of Kwantung insubordination. To meet the chaos he advocated 3 general principals: “(a) its separation from policy toward Manchukuo and Mongolia (b) an emphasis on economic measures; and  (c) cooperation with the western powers” By reading not so between the lines, you can see the official Japanese policy was basically to let the Kwantung run amok and plan accordingly for what seemed to be an enormous annexation program targeting North China and Inner Mongolia. It was to be an extremely volatile balancing act of encroaching upon Nanjing, but not enough so to bring the wrath of the western great powers down upon Japan. Minister Uchia had served a foreign minister for 4 cabinets. In 1928 he signs the Kellogg-Briand Pact and during the Manchuria crisis he tried to fight the Kwantung Army, pushing them to stop their invasion. Yet it was also he who helped recognize Manchukuo in 1932 and he who withdrew from the League of Nations in 1933. He oversaw Operation Nekka and the resulting Tanggu Truce. All of this spat in the face of international cooperation and basically showcased Japan to be a bully. Thus he was really failing his initial goals and resigned in 1933 due to old age. He was succeeded by Hirota Koki who initially began his tenure advocating for establishing better relations with the US, USSR and China and specifically to normalize Sino-Japanese relations. Hirota was also confronted with a naval disarmament conference scheduled for 1935. There Japan would be asked to make conciliatory moves with the US. Alongside this a lot of problems were brewing with the USSR because of the establishment of Manchukuo. On the other side, Chiang Kai-Shek and Wang Jingwei continued their appeasement stance, only to see Japan seize more and more from China. Yet Chiang Kai-Shek was adament, they must finish off the internal communist threat before embarking on what seemed to be an existential threat in the form of Japan. I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. The Kwantung Army was not only efficient at slicing up China with its dagger, but rather capable with the pen as well. Continuous negotiations were leading the Chinese to hand more and more over to Japan. How long could the Chinese people continue to support their seemingly incapable government during these times of crises?

Last time we spoke about the Battle for the Great Wall of China. In 1933, the Kwantung Army faced logistical struggles and sought political deals with Chinese warlords to seize North China. Despite capturing key areas, chaos reigned as their unauthorized operations defied Tokyo's orders. When Emperor Hirohito demanded a withdrawal, the army reluctantly complied, derailing a coup attempt. Though peace talks followed, distrust persisted, and rogue Japanese commanders plotted fresh offensives. The Tanggu truce was anything but fair to China. The Japanese followed it up with continuous negotiations aimed at slicing more and more out of China. By 1935 North China was practically annexed if but all in official terms. The Japanese seized postal rights, train rights, airline rights, set up puppets to police a new demilitarized zone and seemed never appeased fully. Yet they did not only have their eye on Northern China.    #149 Incidents in North China: Operation Chahar Welcome to the Fall and Rise of China Podcast, I am your dutiful host Craig Watson. But, before we start I want to also remind you this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Perhaps you want to learn more about the history of Asia? Kings and Generals have an assortment of episodes on history of asia and much more  so go give them a look over on Youtube. So please subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry for some more history related content, over on my channel, the Pacific War Channel where I cover the history of China and Japan from the 19th century until the end of the Pacific War. May 1935, marked the peak of Sino-Japanese efforts at reconciliation. Yet this quickly fell apart in June as the Kwantung Army continued to encroach in North China. More specifically they began to look at Chahar province. Between January and May of 1935 some 50 instances of anti-Japanese violence had broken out in North China and behind these outbursts seemed to be Yu Xuecheng, the chairman of Hubei's provincial Government. He was not alone in his efforts as many KMT members, generals in the Central Army and Blue Shirt Society also had helping hands to play. The Japanese were particularly infuriated by incessant attacks from the bandit army led by Sun Yungqin and the assassinations of two pro-Japanese figures operating in Tientsin, Pai Yuhuan and Hu Enpu. Even with th support of the Kwantung Army, maintaining law and order in the demilitarized region established by the Tanggu Trace proved a serious undertaking. The Nanjing government tried exploit the situation, encouraging Sun Yungqin's bandits to create chaos in the demilitarized region. Sun Yungqin's bandit frequently crossed the Great Wall into Rehe in raids. Each time the Kwantung Army attempted to catch them as they fled into the demilitarized region. They particularly liked to do so in the Zunhua district where the official He Xiaoyi supplied the bandits with munitions and provisions. On May 17th, the Kwantung Army was fed up and elected to cross the Great Wall to crush Sun Yungqin once and for all. The Japanese army attache at Peiping, Major Takahasi Tan, notified the Chinese authorities of this decision, claiming the Kwantung Army had the authority to do so under certain provisions within the Tanggu agreement. Beginning on May 20th, the Sugihara Mixed Brigade began its hunt and claimed to have uncovered evidence that Yu Xuecheng had helped guide Sun Yingqin's bandits away from their force. The Japanese also argued the bandits were operating in Manchuria and were calling themselves the “Northeastern Patriotic Volunteers” led by General He Yingqing, the current chairman of the Peiping Branch Military Council.  The bandits were said to have been completely crushed within 5 days by a single brigade. The Japanese also forced the resignation of Yu Xuecheng who refused to organize an anti-chiang kai-shek movement. Shortly before the operation launched, two pro-Japanese newspaper publishers, secretly supported by the Japanese Special Service Agency were assassinated in Tientsin. On May 2nd, Hu Enpu of the Kuochuan pao “national rights” was shot in bed at the Peiyang Hotel in the Japanese concession. That same night, Pai Yuhuan of Chen Pa was murdered in his home. Consul General Kawagoe reported to Tokyo, Hu Enpu and Pai Yuhuan were performing a mission through their newspapers to arouse anti-chiang Kai-shek sentiment in North China. As stated by Kawagoe "Hu and Pai did not have a particularly close personal relationship, but they were regarded with extreme suspicion by the Chinese. Since they were assassinated on the same night, we immediately suspected there was some political intrigue behind these crimes."   Japanese police looked into the matter and discovered the criminals had used a car bearing the plate number 1063 which was owned by Shen Qucheng who was a resident of the Japanese concession. Many suspects were interrogated, and given what they were saying, the Japanese suspected the man behind the assassinations was General Yang Hu, the peace preservation commissioners of Shanghai and an alleged member of the Blue Shirt Society. The Japanese also believed Yang Hu was hiding in the French concessions in Shanghai. In protest of this, the Japanese invoked the Boxer Protocol and Tanggu Truce: “1) The Sun incident and the assassinations of the pro-Japan, proManchukuo newspaperpublishers violated the North China [T'angku] Cease-fire Agreement of May 1933. The North China Cease-fire Agreement stipulated that China would not take any action disturbing the peac e on either side of a line from Lut'ai to Paoti and T'ungchou. The above provision extends to all of China and should of course be applied to any defiant deeds of Chines e officials that threaten the peac e in the Peiping-Tientsin region. The Sun incident and the assassinations of Pai and Hu are clearly contrary to the above agreement.  2) The official note exchanged by China and Japan upon the return of Tientsin in 1902 is applicabl e to the murder of Pai Yühuan. This note stated: "In the event a Chines e national who is employed by a foreign army is accused of disobeying the law, the commander of the army that employs the said Chines e national, in order that the matter may be decided in the most suitable manner has the option of punishing him personally or voluntarily delivering him to the appropriate Chinese authorities. Your government must agree to this arrangement.” Since Pai, as already stated, was in the employ of the Japanese army, his murder is clearly a deed which violates the above note."  Thus the Japanese invoked the right that the commander of the Tientsin garrison had the authority to maintain security and try any criminals. Because the Japanese Army claimed it had authority to conduct investigations, trials and deal punishment within two miles of the Peiping-Shanhaigaun rail line it insisted to do so given the recent events. This actually distorted some of the specifics of the Tanggu Treaty, thus the Japanese were on loose grounds. On May 25th, Tokyo HQ was forewarned of the actions the Kwantung Army would undertake in North China. So Tokyo sent Colonel Sakai Takashi the Tientsin army chief of staff and attache Takahasi Tan called upon Yu Qiaqi, the secretary general of the Political affairs council and General He Yingqin. In fact Sakai backed this up with a threatening public statement: “The execution of anti-Manchukuo plots under the direction of the Chinese authorities, assistance to the "Chinese Patriotic Volunteer Forces," and various acts of terrorism directed against Japan are destructive of the cease-fire agreement. The headquarters for these crimes are in Tientsin and Peiping. Should this state of affairs continue, it will become necessary to incorporate the above two cities in the demilitarized zone. The murders of Hu and Pai are violations of the provisions of the Boxer Settlement and a challenge to Japan. If similar acts hereafter occur, Japan will, on the basis of its treaty rights, be forced to consider what action is necessary for the defense of its rights”. Additionally, Sakai demanded the withdrawal of all KMT aligned units, Blue Shirt Society members, the Political Training Corps of the Peiping Branch Military Council and the 3rd Regiment Military Police from North China. He also wanted Yu Xuecheng dismissed as chairman of Hubei. The next day in a move to intimidate Yu Xuecheng, the Tientsin Army deployed armored vehicles, artillery and machine guns directly in front of his official residence. It seemed now the Japanese sought to incorporate all of Hubei into the new demilitarized region. To make this happen, Sakai had independently put forward these demands, but they were recognized as an ultimatum from Japan, one for which for now had no deadline.  Chiang Kai-Shek, Wang Jingwei, Huang Fu and He Yingqin conferred over the situation and chose to informally talk with the Japanese while they kept the press quiet on the matter. The Chinese took their time, so to pressure them further, the Kwantung Army deployed a infantry battalion and one cavalry brigade at Shanhaiguan, while the Kawaguchi detachment concentrated around Gubeikou and two air force squadrons were brought over to Jinzhou. The Tientsin Army readied two battalions at Tientsin and Tangshan, both prepared to advance to Peiping at a moments notice. After sending numerous orders not to escalate things, Tokyo HQ sent Colonel Kita Seiichi, the chief of its China desk to demand the Kwantung Army not use anymore force. Meanwhile the Imperial Japanese Navy, under the fear of Anglo-American intervention avoided escalating the situation, but kept the 3rd fleet on full alert.  Under immense pressure the Chinese buckled. At 6pm on June 10th, He Yingqin orally advised Major Takahashi that Nanjing would issue a directive ordered the immediate withdrawal of local KMT organs from Hubei; that the 51st NRA Army would depart by rail from Hubei between June 11th and 25th; that the end and 25th NRA divisions of the Central Army would also depart Hubei and that the KMT would issue a directive prohibiting anti-japanese activities throughout China. It was an incredibly embarrassing act and became known as the He-Umezu agreement. Under its provisions the Japanese had expelled the Central Army from North China, Yu Xuecheng's forces, all anti-Japanese organizations of any sort and all anti-Japanese officials were removed. The Japanese had heavily capitalized on the assassinations in Tientsin, however other incidents enabled our good friend Doihara to cause further mayhem.  Following the Tanggu truce, Song Queyuan's 29th Army, consisting of the 37th, 38th and 132nd divisions had been deployed throughout Chahar with his headquarters based at Kalgan. His troops understandably displayed a lot of anti-japanese attitude and behaviors. Like a broken record, it was only a matter of time until an incident organically presented itself. One of the first ones broke out in Changpei. According to the Japanese, so get your grains of salt ready, a group of 8 led by staff officer Kawaguchi Kiyotake of the Tientsin garrison and Ikeda Katsumi of the consulate at Kalga and planned an excursion to Inner Mongolia late October 1934. After completing all the necessary paperwork and procedures, such as securing visas and giving advance notice to the Chinese officials in the areas they would voyage, the Japanese departed Kalgan for Tolun on October 27th. Upon entering Changpei's south gate they were suddenly stopped by troops under Song Queyuans 132nd division alongside some Peace Preservation Corps men. Their commanding officer punched Ikeda as the rest of the party were threatened with Dao swords and rifles. After 40 minutes a Chinese security officer showed up to allow them all to pass through the South Gate.  The Japanese foreign Ministry and Army were obviously outraged by this incident. The vice Consul at Kalgan, Hashimoto Masayasu complained to the chief of staff of the 132nd division and Major Takahasi at Peiping lodged an official complaint with Song Queyuan. On November 25th, Song Queyuan ordered the general commanding the 132nd division, Chao Tengyu, to apologize and dismissed the officer who punched Ikeda. Song Queyuan then guaranteed safe travel for all Japanese throughout Chahar, without any inspection of their possession and he promised to withdraw his troops west of the Great Wall. All of this because a guy was punched, you can really get the sense the Chinese were walking on eggshells. In late 1934, a large contingent of Song Queyuan's cavalry had deployed to the area around Fengning in Rehe. They were defending strategic positions and establishing large peace preservation corps. The Kwantung Army repeatedly demanded they withdraw from the area and the Chinese had made promises as to such by December 31st. Rather than comply, the Chinese launched an offensive and captured 40 Manchukuo militiamen. Song Queyuan rewarded his men with a bounty of 300 silver yuan and ordered the arms of the enemy by handed to the district government of Kuyuan.  On January 17th, the Kwantung Army moved the Nagami detachment of the IJA 8th Division from Chengde to launch a punitive expedition against Song Queyuan's forces in the Kuyuan area. On the 20th the Peiping Branch Military Council informed the Kwantung Army Song Queyuan was already withdrawing his men. Thus the Nagami detachment who had advanced as far as Tat'an turned around for the Great Wall on the 22nd, when they were suddenly attacked by Song Queyuan's troops near Hungnit'an. The Kwantung Army were outraged by what they were calling the first incident in western Rehe. The so-called incident would be resolved on February 2nd nar Ta'an when Zhang Yueting acting on behalf of the NRA 37th division and Major General Tani Hisao on behalf of the IJA 7th division agreed to the following terms: “1) In the future China will strictly prohibit actions that antagonize the Japanese army and will neither move troops into Manchukuo nor adopt a threatening attitude toward Manchukuo. The Chinese will completely suspend their current spying activities, such as scouting the movements of the Kwantung Army.  2) If China violates the above pledges in the future, the Japanese  army will act independently and firmly, but the responsibility will be borne by the Chinese . If the Chinese forces increase their military strength or contemplate strengthening their fortifications, the Japanese army will regard these moves as hostile acts.  3) China is to have the government of Kuyuan district return all arms confiscated (from the Manchukuo militia and turn them over to the Japanese army at Nanweitzu by February 7.  4) The outcome of this conference will be jointly announced on February 4. In particular, the Chinese should be careful that in making their announcement they do not distort the contents of the agreement or engage in counterpropaganda”. Can you imagine there was a second incident at Changpei? 4 members of the Japanese Special Services Agency based out of Abga, some 40 miles northwest of Tolun had come to the same southgate around 4pm on June 5th, traveling to Kalgan. There they were detained by units of the 132nd division who refused to recognize their identification papers. They were apparently held without proper bedding or food, threatened with Dao swords and bayonets. The Japanese claimed it was all done under orders from Song Queyuan's chief of staff and that their officials were interrogated by the chief of military police at Changpei. On June 11th, Lt Colonel Matsui Gennosuke, the head of the Japanese Special Service Agency at Kalgan, demanded an apology from Song Queyuan and for the men responsible to be punished and for further guarantees for safe travel. Matsui also insinuated that unless Song Queyuan severed ties to Nanjing and became Pro-Japanese he might suffer the same fate that had befallen Yu Xuecheng. Clearly the Kwantung Army was looking to remove Song Queyuan's army from Chahar province. There were two major reasons for such a thing, so they could better protect the northwestern flank of Manchukuo and to support Prince De who was attempting a campaign to make Inner Mongolia independent from China.  On June 11th the Kwantung Army directed the Mukden Special Service Agency chief of staff, our old buddy, Doihara, currently in Peiping, to confer with the army attache there and with the Tientsin garrison. They were to push for Song Queyuan's army to be withdrawn south of the Yellow River as rapidly as possible. Tokyo HQ always keeping a close eye on their troublesome Kwantung Officers dispatch this notice to Doihara "Although we desire the evacuation of Song Queyuan's army from Chahar province, we disagree that we should, at this time, demand its withdrawal south of the Yellow River. Rather, its transfer to the Peiping-Hankow Railway line would be advisable." On June 13th, the General Staff advised the Kwantung Army the same message. The General staff then ordered every detachment in North China to act discreetly "If we shun excessive publicity at this time, we should, in view of the present situation, be able to achieve practical results without publicity." Since they were already getting their way in Hubei, Tokyo HQ did not want to risk rocking the boat in Chahar concurrently.  Then came a second western Rehe incident, according to the Chengde Special Service Agency, "On June 11, when a party led by a senior official of Fengning hsien was about to enter the town of Tungchatzu [in Manchukuo, about eight kilometers north of Tushihk'ou], it was attacked by rifle fire from Sung Che-yuan's troops stationed at Tushihk'ou. The next day, June 12, a member of the border police force in Hsiaoch'ang [in Manchukuo, about fifteen kilometers north of Tushihk'ou] was also fired upon by the same troops of Sung in the vicinity of Hsiaoch'ang."  On June 17th, the Kwantung Army General Minami Jiro met with the Tientsin Army chief of staff Sakai and the Special Service Agency chief at Kalgan, Matsui for a full report on the incident. After reviewing it, Minami drafted a policy to guide the Kwantung Army:  “The withdrawal of Sung Che-yuan's army will worsen the confusion in the Peiping-Tientsin region. This incident should be handled separately from the North China problem and should be negotiated locally with Sung Che-yuan. Our demands will be limited to the following:  1) withdrawal of the troops invading Manchukuo, together with their advance unit at Tolun;  2) removal of the forces back to the Kalgan area;  3) an apology by Sung Che-yuan;  4) punishment of those directly responsible for the Changpei incident; and  5) prohibition of anti-Japanese actions in the future.” The Chinese realized they needed to reach a quick settlement with the Kwantung Army. On the 18th He Yingqin met with Consul General Suma over in Nanjing. Suma was presented with a set of harsh demands from the Kwantung Army and that same day reported to the Executive Yuan he had decided to relieve Song Queyuan of his posts as governor and commander of the 29th Army. He then appointed as acting governor and provincial commissioner of civil affairs, Qin Dechun, who would take the 132nd division implicated in the Changpei incident south. The message was relayed to the Japanese military attache in Nanjing, Lt Colonel Amamiya Tatsumi. The man who relayed the message was Vice Foreign Minister Tang Yujen who also stated this "In view of the fact that China has moved voluntarily to dismiss Sung Che-yuan, to transfer his army, and to punish those responsible, we request that we not be confronted with an ultimatum in the form of various demands from the Kwantung Army with a deadline for reply." On June 19th, Nanjing officially implemented the promises made by He Yingqin and Tang Yujen and in turn the Kwantung Army wired Doihara in Peiping to stand down and wait to see if the Chinese did what they said they would. Doihara was probably disappointed he could not perform his 100th false flag operation he must have been cooking up. For any of you who watch my Youtube content, I used clips from the Chinese WW2 Drama series “Young Marshal” that depicts Doihara hilariously. You can check it out in my long format documentary on the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, its meme gold Doihara's clips, freaking out and smashing phones and such.  At 10 pm on June 23rd, Doihara, alongside Matsui and Takahasi visited Qin Dechen at his residence to negotiate a final understanding. There Doihara demanded China implement several measures to promote better relations with Japan such as withdrawing Song Queyuan's army southwest; give an apology for the Changpei incident; punish all those responsible; dissolve all the anti-japanese organizations in the region; ban Chinese immigration into Inner Mongolia; cease any oppressive actions against Mongolians and cooperate and encourage trade between Manchukuo, Inner Mongolia, North China; and appoint more Japanese military and political advisers. Just a laundry list he had worked up. So Qin Dechen apologized for the Changpei incident, stated they were already withdrawing Song Queyuan's men and dissolving all the anti-japanese organizations. Now he was orally agreeing to all of this, but he refused to put it in writing, prior to receiving the greenlight from Nanjing. Doihara understood and gave him time to talk to his government. The next day however another incident occurred, this time near Tuxukou. There a contingent of Song Queyuan's withdrawing troops fired upon Manchukuo police forces and in response the Tolun Special Service Agency dispatched a Mongolian unit led by Li Shuxin. It was not really much of an incident, just a minor confrontation all things given, so the Kwantung Army told Doihara to deal with Qin Dechen in private about it.On June 27th, Qin Dechen sent a formal reply to Doihara's demands in what became known as the Qin-Doihara agreement. It conformed with all the demands, seeing Song Queyuan's troops depart southwest while the security of Chahar was entrusted to two peace preservation units. One unit was responsible for the Chinese population, the other over the Mongolian. On August 28th, Song Queyuan was appointed garrison commander over the Peiping-Tientsin region with his 29th division joining Chao Tengyu's 132nd division and Liu Juming's 2nd division. Thus after the He-Umezu and Qin-Doihara agreements the Japanese had now expanded their influence into both Hubei and Chahar. 1935 saw a wave of incidents break out in the demilitarized region, prompting the Japanese to go into numerous negotiations with the Chinese to clamp down on anything they didn't like. Then on October 4th, Japan unleashed a document titled  “Concerning Policy towards China”: “The goal of our foreign policy is the development of East Asia and the maintenance of the security of East Asia through the cooperative concert of Japan, Manchukuo, and China, with Japan as the nucleus; this is likewise the objective of our policy toward China. To realize this objective on the basis of the outline below, the central and regional authorities of China must, by fair and just means, adjust their relations with Japan and Manchukuo so as to bring about an environment favorable to the establishment of basic relations between Japan, Manchukuo, and China.  1) China should adopt a good neighbor policy toward Japan, thoroughly suppress anti-Japanese activities, and abandon its policy of reliance on Europe and the United States. It should put this policy into practice and as a matter of course cooperate with Imperial Japan on practical problems.  2) Although China must eventually extend formal recognition to Manchukuo, until then it must recognize de facto the independence of Manchukuo and abandon its anti-Manchukuo policy. At least in North China, which borders on Manchukuo, the Chinese should promote economic and cultural cooperation with Manchukuo.  3) In view of the Communist threat emanating from Outer Mongolia and posing a common menace to Japan, Manchukuo, and China, China should cooperate in measures aimed at eliminating this menace from the region bordering Outer Mongolia.  4) When the above points have been put into effect and we recognize the good faith of China concerning friendly cooperation with Japan and Manchukuo, we shall first conclude comprehensive agreements on friendly cooperative relations between China and Japan, and thereafter draw up the agreement needed for regulating new relations between Japan, Manchukuo, and China” To this Chiang Kai-Shek replied could not recognize Manchukuo but that his government would do whatever it could peacefully to maintain economic activity between the people north and south of the Great Wall. He also stated no other country on earth was more concerned with the Communist menace in Mongolia than China. All of the appeasement efforts had brought Wang Jingwei to his boiling point and on August 8th he departed for Shanghai as he and his entire cabinet resigned. Chiang Kai-Shek personally came over and asked Wang Jingwei to withdraw his resignation given he offered him further support, and Wang Jingwei relented. Then on the morning of November 1st, after attending a meeting, Wang Jingwei was shot by a Chinese reporter for the Chenkuang Press, a company notably associated with Chiang Kai-Shek. Rumors spread the assassination attempt was inspired by anti-japanese elements such as Generals Yang Qi and Tang Shengzhi. With Wang Jingwei in the hospital, Chiang Kai-Shek was forced to take a larger role with the North China situation. Then Wang Jingwei departed for Europe seeking better medical care and wired his resignation on November 29th. Thus Chiang Kai-Shek succeeded him as president of the Executive Yuan and the coalition between him and Wang Jingwei had officially ended. With Chiang Kai-Shek now the only funnel from which action could be directed, the Japanese sent Ambassador Ariyoshi to China to persuade Chiang Kai-Shek to grant some form of autonomy for North China. By this point autonomy for North China had become part of Japan's national policy. Chiang Kai-Shek in response to this growing threat went to Taiyuan, the capital of Shanxi, to meet with Yan Xishan. There he proposed that if Yan Xishan could unite the Northern Warlords, Chiang Kai-Shek would appoint him chairman of the political affairs council, with added authority over finances and diplomacy. Chiang Kai-Shek urged him to come attend the 6th plenum of the Kuomintang Central Executive Committee scheduled for November 1st. At this time Yan Xishan's Shanxi was struggling financially so he reconciled with Chiang Kai-Shek. To this effect Chiang Kai-Shek sent his vice chief of the Army General Staff Xing Pin to tour the north trying to persuade those like Song Queyuan and Han Fuju to not support the North China autonomy movement. The Japanese interpreted these efforts to thwart the autonomy movement as the underlying cause of all the anti-japanese incidents breaking out continuously. To this the Nanjing government disclaimed no responsibility and insisted they were doing everything the Japanese asked of them.  The Japanese began a massive campaign aimed at all the important leaders in North China. One man they managed to gain influence over was Yin Jukeng who on November 25th at Tungzhou, announced the inauguration of the East Hubei Anti-Communist Autonomous Council, claiming autonomy for the entire demilitarized region. Yin Jukeng's council consisted of 9 members whereupon he was chairman and took charge of foreign relations and military affairs. As you can imagine Nanjing immediately labeled him a traitor and ordered his arrest. Chiang Kai-Shek then rapidly sent word to the Japanese an official response to their “Concerning Policy towards China” document:  “To satisfy the various demands from the Japanese side, there should first of all be established in Hopei province an autonomous political administration; ultimately, this administration should be similar to that governing the southwestern region. Whether or not this administration should be extended to other regions will be determined after the results in Hopei have been ascertained.  1) Although the campaign to wipe out the Communists is progressing, the Communist bandits have fled toward Kansu. Since this raises the danger that the Communists may spread into Inner Mongolia, the defense against the Communists in North China should be conducted jointly.  2) Certain aspects of the new monetary system are not suited to North China, and appropriate modifications will be made in this respect.  3) Efforts are to be made to harmonize economic interchange among the people on both sides of the Great Wall.  4) To meet the special needs of the region, the local administration should be given authority to enable it to exercise suitable control over financial matters in North China.  5) Pending issues are to be settled locally in a rational manner.  6) The aim will be to employ talented people to carry out the above tasks and to establish an ideal government.” Chiang Kai-Shek dispatched He Yingqin to reign in the situation at Peiping, but upon his arrival he believed the situation was beyond his control. He Yingqin reported that it was his belief the only way for Nanjing to retain some degree of authority in the region was to create a new political organ to do so. Thus on December 11th, the Nationalist government established the Hubei-Chahar Political Council chaired by Song Queyuan. Song Queyuan declared the new council would assume all responsibility for administering Hubei and Chahar and promised  "to respect the wishes of the people, endeavor in particular to relieve the economic distress of the region, and maintain the peace of East Asia on the basis of Sino-Japanese amity."  Thus within all this madness now two autonomous regimes co-existed in North China. The East Hubei Anti-Communist Autonomous Council would administer 22 prefectures while the Hubei-Chahar Political Council would administer Hubei, Chahar, Peiping and Tientsin. As you might imagine, relations between these two councils was complex and ambiguous. The 22 prefectures the former administered were under the jurisdiction of the other. One was a Japanese puppet, the other was controlled by Nanjing who refused to recognize the other. Japan immediately exploited their newfound chaotic gains in North China. In May of 1936 the 2000 troops of the Tientsin garrison army was boosted to 5600 led by General Tashiro Kan'ichiro. This was done under the guise it was to defend against communists and protect Japanese citizens. The position of the commander of the Tientsin garrison was officially promoted to encompass full responsibility for the situation in North China, exactly the same as the Kwantung Army's role over Manchukuo. Thuse both the Kwantung Army and what was henceforth called the China Garrison had clearly defined roles. One would be responsible for Manchukuo, the other over North China. Japan had neutralized Rehe, Chahar and Hubei, all of whom would fall directly under their influence. But was Japan satisfied?  I would like to take this time to remind you all that this podcast is only made possible through the efforts of Kings and Generals over at Youtube. Please go subscribe to Kings and Generals over at Youtube and to continue helping us produce this content please check out www.patreon.com/kingsandgenerals. If you are still hungry after that, give my personal channel a look over at The Pacific War Channel at Youtube, it would mean a lot to me. Its not always through military means that nations can encroach upon other nations. Japan was showcasing how it could bully away parts of China through threats alone it was working miracles. How long could Chiang Kai-Shek carry on like this? Would it be Japan or his own people that would hang him for losing China?

Trechos do livro “The Book of Lieh-Tzu - A Classic of Tao”, de A. C. Graham.Lie-Tzu ou Lie Yukou (400 a.C. - 301 a.C.), foi um influente filósofo do taoísmo Chines.Nascido na China, Lie-Tzu viveu no período chamado de Primavera e Outono Chinês da dinastia ocidental de Zhou, mas pouco se sabe sobre sua vida.Os ensinamentos de Lie-Tzu vão desde a origem e o propósito da vida, a visão taoísta da realidade e a natureza da iluminação até o treinamento do corpo e da mente, comunicação e a importância da liberdade pessoal.

Part 1:We talk with Linggong Kong, aa Ph.D. candidate in Political Science at Auburn University. My research focuses on international relations, including U.S.-China relations, China's grand strategy, and Northeast Asian security, as well as comparative politics, with a particular emphasis on political culture.We discuss the tariffs being imposed on Chines goods, and how this is likely to be perceived by the Chines government. The Chinese economy has been weakened, and now Trump may be perceived as the cause, thus helping the Chinese government shift blame, if any, on him. Weaknesses in the China are due to to export orientation, depopulation, the influence of Russia. However, China has many advantages that it can use to counter the problems. We discuss these advantages and opportunities that can help China "win" this trade war.Part 2:We talk with Chris Lehmann, who is the DC Bureau chief for The Nation and a contributing editor at The Baffler. He was formerly editor of The Baffler and The New Republic, and is the author, most recently, of The Money Cult: Capitalism, Christianity, and the Unmaking of the American Dream(Melville House, 2016).We discuss the pattern of the Trump administration of RENDITION, as opposed to deportation. Americans should be worried, because the pattern seems to be to simply kidnap people from their lives, and WITHOUT DUE PROCESS, or any evidence of wrong-doing, send them to another country, such as El Salvador. Trump has already raised the idea of doing this to American citizens.  Music David RovicsWNHNFM.ORG PRODUCTION

O final de semana das estrelas da NBB tomou boa parte do calendário desta semana no basquete nacional. Falamos do crescimento do evento, do apoio, dos jogos e dos desafios. Claro que não poderia faltar os jogos da volta do campeonato pós final de semana, com boas vitórias do Brasília, mas, principalmente, do Minas sobre o Flamengo. Na LBF, quem continua surpreendendo é o Ourinhos, que a gente já tinha comentado do bom trabalho no campeonato paulista. Mas claro, apesar de estar indo bem, o Sesi Araraquara e o Sampaio basquete continuam mostrando que o trabalho duradouro dos dois clubes traz resultados. Na Euroleague nós tivemos uma daquelas semanas com duas rodadas de jogos em um meio de semana só. Pior para o Paris que se complicou e vai ter de vencer jogos duríssimos para se manter entre pelo menos os 10 primeiros para ir para o Play-in. Ai, como sempre, uma bola curva no episódio, para falar sobre as mudanças anunciadas no Chinesão. Visando deixar a liga mais competitiva e preparar melhor os atletas para as Olimpíadas de 28, a CBA fez algumas mudanças importantes para o campeonato a partir de agora. Para fechar, claro, falamos da NBA, com a corrida pelo título de MVP da temporada entre apenas dois jogadores, mas que claramente deveria acabar na mão do atual tricampeão do troféu. O que vem jogando o Joker é realmente para se perguntar se teria alguma chance do Shai levar. Além disso falos dos jogos, da nova liga da NBA na Europa e muito mais. Então segue a receita, aperta o play e vem com a gente

Nelson and Alexandra spent a wonderful second podcast conversation with returning author and documentarian Steven Schwankert.In Season Two Steven was on the podcast talking about his extraordinary and groundbreaking film THE SIX about the surviving Chines passengers on Titanic who very few people had heard of since they disembarked at New York in 1912. Steven has expanded the story and his research into his new book The Six: The Untold Story of the Titanic's Chinese Survivors. He delves more deeply into the history of the Chinese sailors with more details that couldn't fit into a 100 minute feature film.LISTEN and you will learn a lot about this little known piece of Titanic survivor history.Learn about the documentary HEREBuy Steven's book HERESHIP OF DREAMS: TITANIC MOVIE DIARIES is on Amazon Prime, Apple TV, Microsoft X-Box, Google Play, YouTube Movies DVD available on Amazon LINKS ~shipofdreamsfilm.com FacebookTikTok...

PLUS all the news of the day!See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

PAIN⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ ⁠⁠⁠⁠ @painnonprofit  Founder Flindt Andersen and Media Director Jason LaChance sit down the discuss an NPR article that states "experts" say the fentanyl supply is drying up, a fentanyl dealer that used a drone for his dealing and a fentanyl dealer charged with murder for his dealing. Frank, Flindt and Jason discuss the following and more. Intro 00:00 The pipeline of deadly fentanyl into the U.S. may be drying up, "experts" say. What is our perspective? 02:04 Why do we refute some of the claims that fentanyl supply's are drying up? 03:58 Are Mexican cartels and their Chines partners feeling the pressure? 11:40 Drones! What are the creative ways drug dealers are delivering their products? 16:48 Should fentanyl dealers face stiffer penalties? 21:00 Is this the first fentanyl dealer convicted of murder for his dealing? 27:54 What have the most deadly illicit substances ranked highest over dose wise? 31:54 For more on the Granville Home Of Hope: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://gvhomeofhope.com/⁠⁠⁠ ⁠⁠⁠⁠ or call our office at 559-579-1551 For more on Parents & Addicts In Need: If you or a loved ones need our services, to follow on social media, the Don't Hide The Scars Podcast, to get involved, or to donate ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://linktr.ee/painnonprofit⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ For more on Flindt Andersen, to have him speak at your organization visit⁠⁠⁠⁠ ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://www.flindtandersen.com/⁠⁠⁠ ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ https://www.npr.org/2024/09/30/nx-s1-5124997/fentanyl-overdose-opioid-btmps-drug-cartel-xylazine-tranq-mexico-china https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/oct/17/california-man-arrested-drone-drug-fentanyl-delivery https://www.webcenterfairbanks.com/2024/04/23/drug-supplier-found-guilty-connection-fatal-fentanyl-overdose-fairbanks-man/

Finalmente começou a nova temporada da NBA! Mas antes de falar dela, precisamos falar de algumas outras coisas da semana do basquete. No Brasil parece que a NBB finalmente começou também. Depois de uma primeira semana muito abaixo, os times parecem estar encontrando seu ritmo. Desta vez os times do sul largaram melhor e conquistaram importante vitórias, deixando o campeonato com uma cara mais competitiva na disputa pelas vagas dos playoffs. Além disso, apesar de ser um campeonato longo, a NBB tem a qualificação para o Super 8 ao final do primeiro turno, então cada vitória conta. Os jogos entre os times mais esperados do campeonato também foram muito melhores. Minas veio forte para a temporada, de novo, enquanto o São Paulo surpreende por um time jogando melhor logo de cara. Corinthians também parece ter acertado o time e vai dar trabalho para o costumeiro trio de frente. Franca e Flamengo, claro, não estão muito atrás. Mas, ainda assim, tivemos algumas boas surpresas neste começo. Na WNBA tivemos uma campeã!!! E melhor campeã inédita! O New York Liberty confirmou o favoritismo de uma temporada irrepreensível e vence a melhor de cinco por 3 a 2! E jogos foram emocionantes, com o quinto jogo indo para a prorrogação. De qualquer maneira, toca o Queen para elas, que elas mereceram. Na Euro, desinverteu o que estava invertido. Ou será que seria reinverteu? Não sei, mas as equipes que estavam na ponta perderam partidas e agora tem um novo líder. E não tem mais time bobo na liga, todo mundo ganhou pelo menos uma e todo mundo perdeu pelo menos uma. Na NBA, o começo de temporada contou com atropelos. Contou também com grandes astros não rendendo mais o que devia. Teve jogador que não apareceu para jogar e disse que não vai mais jogar back-to-back. A liga não ficou feliz não e esta investigando o cara. Além disso, Dejounte Murray fraturou a mão e outro do Pelicans também se machucou. A bruxa ta solta em New Orleans. E se esta ruim para eles, imagina para o Clippers que mandou embora um dos seus preparadores físicos e o cara jogou tudo no ventilador, falando em como foi contratado para trazer o Kawhi, como cuidaram mal do atleta o levando a agravar a contusão e mais. Não da para saber o que vai acontecer depois disso. Falamos dos jogos, das surpresas, dos times voando, do Lakers com pai e filho em quadra, respondemos as questões da galera da live e ainda sobrou tempo para o Chinesão. Então não perca tempo e solta o play!

In dieser Podcastfolge tauchen wir in das Nachtleben von Shanghai und Beijing ein – mit besonderem Fokus auf die Barszene. In Shanghai sitzen Leute auf Campingstühlen auf den Bürgersteigen und schlürfen Cocktails. Der Heaven Supermarket in Beijing ist eine Mischung aus Bar, Supermarkt und Club. Die ARD-Korrespondenten Eva Lamby-Schmitt in Shanghai und Benjamin Eyssel in Beijing erzählen Host Joyce Lee, was die Barszene in ihren Städten jeweils auszeichnet. Was beide Städte verbindet, sind die hohen Kosten und Probleme mit Behörden. Denn auch Bars werden in China reguliert, viele bangen um ihre Existenz. Vor welchen Herausforderungen stehen Barbesitzer:innen? Wir erkunden, wie sich die Barszenen in Shanghai und Beijing in den letzten Jahren verändert haben und wie Chines:innen feiern gehen. Schreibt uns gerne bei Anregungen, Lob und Kritik an weltmachtchina@rbb-online.de

Companies operating in the US and Chines markets are stuck between a rock and a hard place. Listen for more on Two Minutes In Trade. 

No Brasil continuamos com os campeonatos paulistas rodando. Enquanto o masculino esta chegando nos Playoffs, no feminino o Ituano finalmente estreou e já conta com duas vitórias e zero derrotas, contando com um atropelo digno de nota. Na WNBA temos apenas uma vaga aberta e que parecia estar na mão do Chicago Sky durante a temporada inteira, acabou de ficar quase impossível. Sem Angel Reese já parecia dificil, mas com a Kamilla Cardoso machucada, o time parece um time infantil. Infelizmente, as chances do Chicago passar pros Playoffs, agora, parece nula. A vaga deve ficar com Atlanta ou Washington.  E com isso, só a Damiris das brasileiras deve chegar nos playoffs. Melhor sorte para a Kamilla e, especialmente, para a Stephanie, que sofreu nestas primeiras temporadas. Falamos um pouco do basquete no resto do mundo. Quando começa a temporada do Chinesão? E o campeonato israelense que agora conta com o Caboclo? Temos respostas para isso e muito mais. Mas comentamos também do mundial interclubes da FIBA. Repassamos os jogos e te contamos o campeão. Para fechar, falamos das noticias da NBA.Os Celtics parece estar a venda depois de uma treta entre os donos. Seria mais dinheiro chegando na Liga? E a expansão, quanto dinheiro já não vai trazer? Falamos disso, passamos pela lista dos técnicos da temporada, a disputa entre Jordan e Isiah e muito mais. Então solta o play e vem com a gente.

IBM announced they'll be ending their research and development operations in China, impacting over 1,000 jobs. But they're not cutting these jobs, just relocating them outside of China. Miles explains why. Next, Miles details the CCP's new "housing pension system" and closes with the latest collision in the South China Sea when a Chinese Coast Guard ship rammed a Philippine counterpart.

A little Chines baby was abandoned in the train station. A young Jewish couple struggling to start a family found her, adopted her and raised her as her own. This led them to explore Orthodox Judaism and the rest is history. Devorah Goldstein IS the baby that was in The Bamboo Cradle. This is her story.   Get Devorah to speak in your community: Devorahspeaks@yahoo.com   ✬ SPONSOR OF THIS EPISODE ✬   ► Money Tip of the Week: Got Points? Get PEYD!   It's time to fill your pocket with money you're sitting on without even realizing it.   Sounds too good to be true? It's not.    Many people, possibly even you, are collecting credit card points and miles, but not doing anything with them!    → Our friends at The PEYD Group will give you an INSTANT CASH QUOTE on your credit card points or miles right over here: https://bit.ly/ThePEYDgroup   ► CHESEDCHICAGO: Win a Tesla   Win a Tesla Model X, Y, S, 3, Cybertruck or $50,000 while supporting those less fortunate   Use promo code: LCHAIM  $25 OFF Two Tickets  or $500 OFF Fifteen Tickets   Get Here → https://bit.ly/4eEThWP   ► Twillory: 50% Warehouse SALE   PLUS get $18 OFF your order.  Look great, feel great. Use promo code: INSPIRE for $18 OFF   →  Here: https://Twillory.com/   ► Bitbean: Industry Leading Enterprise Software for Innovative Businesses   Seeking to optimize operations and scale your business? Bitbean empowers ambitious businesses with tailored software solutions. Automate workflows, streamline data management, and empower your workforce all while reducing your employee overhead by 30% or more.   →  Contact Bitbean today for a FREE CONSULTATION https://bitbean.link/Ehsj6K   ✬ IN MEMORY OF ✬ This episode is in memory of: • Shimon Dovid ben Yaakov Shloima • Miriam Sarah bas Yaakov Moshe   Help Support our Episodes with Dedicating an Episode in Memory of a Loved One or As a Zechus for a Refuah Shleima!   → Here: https://www.livinglchaim.com/in-memory   ✬ Donate and Inspire Millions (Tax-Deductible) ✬ Your generous donation enables us at Living Lchaim to share uplifting messages globally, enrich lives, and foster positive change worldwide!   Thank you! https://www.livinglchaim.com/donate   Our free call-in-to-listen feature is here: • USA: (605) 477-2100 • UK: 0333-366-0154 • ISRAEL: 079-579-5088   Have a specific question? email us hi@livinglchaim.com   WhatsApp us feedback and get first access to episodes: 914-222-5513   Lchaim.

This week's episode of OwlScoop.com's podcast is packed with a little bit of everything, so time stamps will be your friend.   Temple men's basketball fans can enjoy the first part of our 1-on-1 interview with Owls forward Steve Settle, who explained how he and his teammates turned around their season in the span of five games to get to the brink of a conference championship and NCAA Tournament berth.   If you're curious about what the latest House v. NCAA settlement will mean for a program like Temple, Philadelphia lawyer Andrew Hope joined us on The Scoop again to lend his legal perspective to the issue and explained while it may not be such a bad thing for the Owls and the landscape of college athletics.   And fans of yesterday and today can tune in for the unveiling of our first Summertime Madness bracket that pits former and current Temple food spots against each other in tournament matchups that will be decided by you – the listeners and voters – and the OwlScoop staff. Where do pizza places like Eddie's, Fames and Philly Style check in? Remember the place on campus back in the 90s on Broad Street that served Chines food and donuts? It made the field, too.    What's the latest on the recruiting front as Adam Fisher and his staff look to fill out their last two scholarship spots? How can the new Owl Elite Fund, a new for-profit NIL collective, complement the TUFF Fund? What are the best-case, worst-case and most realistic scenarios ahead for the men's and women's basketball teams? We talked about that in the mailbag, too.   Intro: 0:00 – 4:00   Famous No. 39s, On (or around) This Date: 4:00 – 10:55   Steve Settle interview: 10:55 – 23:30   The NCAA settlement explained by Andrew Hope: 23:30 – 56:55   Owl Elite Fund: 56:55 – 58:00   Mailbag: 58:00 – 1:19:40   Summertime Madness food bracket revealed: 1:19:40 – end

Chines leader Xi Jinping has been rolling out the red carpet for the Russian President Vladimir Putin during his two days visit. A Large portion of the meeting focused around the two countries' trade relationship. What do these two huge economies want from each other?Also, in the programme, Sam Fenwick looks at Kenya where the government announced a new tax policy that will increase the price of staples like bread, mobile phone data and money transfers.

Hey hey, it's your girl KV and Celine, bringing you another enlightening episode of the Hood Health Report! This time, we're diving into the world of acupuncture and Chinese medicine with the brilliant Dr. Godfrey. From debunking myths to sharing holistic health insights, Dr. Godfrey gives us a tour through the transformative power of traditional healing arts.

Dr. Victoria Coates— Former Deputy National Security Advisor & the Vice President of the Davis Institute for National Security and Foreign Policy at The Heritage Foundation—joins The Rich Zeoli Show to talk about her recent trip to Japan and Taiwan. How would they react to Chinese aggression in the region, and threats to Taiwan's autonomy specifically?  During the trip, Dr. Coates met with Taiwan's President Tsai Ing-wen, as well as the President-Elect Lai Ching-te. Earlier today, new obstruction of justice charges were filed against Senator Robert Menendez (D-NJ)—who has also been accused of conspiring to act as an agent of Egypt. How does Menendez remain on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee given the charges? Dr. Coates explains he has “undermined our national security.” Dr. Coates is the author of “David's Sling: A History of Democracy in Ten Works of Art.” You can find her book here: https://www.amazon.com/Davids-Sling-History-Democracy-Works/dp/1594037213

Troisième victoire d'affilée pour le Parti Démocrate Progressiste à Taiwan. Son candidat Lai Ching-te l'a emporté, le 13 janvier 2024, sur ses deux rivaux et malgré les fortes objections chinoises. Le successeur de Tsai Ing-wen au pouvoir, depuis 2016, prendra ses fonctions au mois de mai 2024. Son score de 40 % à la présidentielle est en net recul par rapport à celui de la présidente sortante qui avait obtenu 52 % en 2020 pour son second mandat. Le DPP perd, par ailleurs, la majorité au Parlement. Qu'est-ce que cette victoire présidentielle et un Parlement divisé vont signifier pour les relations de Taiwan avec la Chine et les États-Unis ? Regard sur le début d'un nouveau cycle de quatre ans pour le détroit de Taiwan alors que, depuis 2019, la pression militaire chinoise contre l'île atteint des proportions inédites.   Invités :  Stéphane Corcuff, maître de conférence en politique du monde chinois contemporain à Sciences Po Lyon. Chercheur au Centre d'études linguistiques de l'Université Jean-Moulin Lyon 3. « Pékin Taiwan la guerre des deux Chines 1661-2022 » numéro 911 d'Historia Magazine et « Une tablette aux ancêtres »,  Asiathèque     Matthieu Duchatel, directeur des Études internationales de l'Institut Montaigne. Spécialiste de la sécurité économique et des questions stratégiques en Asie. « La politique taiwanaise de la Chine à l'horizon 2028 », Institut Montaigne. 

La Chine observe attentivement les élections présidentielle et législatives qui auront lieu ce samedi (13 janvier 2024) à Taïwan. Pékin ne cache pas son souhait de « réunifier » la Chine continentale et l'île, ce qui crée la plus grande inquiétude de la communauté internationale. Quelles sont les intentions de Pékin ? Face à cela, que doit faire l'Occident ? Pour en débattre :- Jean-François Di Meglio, économiste, président d'Asia centre- Victor Louzon, historien, auteur du livre L'étreinte de la patrie - Décolonisation, sortie de guerre et violence à Taïwan, 1947, éditions EHESS- Stéphane  Corcuff, enseignant chercheur à Sciences-Po Lyon, spécialiste en géopolitique du monde chinois contemporain. Auteur dans le mensuel Historia : Taiwan-Pékin, la guerre des deux Chines/nov 2022.

La Chine observe attentivement les élections présidentielle et législatives qui auront lieu ce samedi (13 janvier 2024) à Taïwan. Pékin ne cache pas son souhait de « réunifier » la Chine continentale et l'île, ce qui crée la plus grande inquiétude de la communauté internationale. Quelles sont les intentions de Pékin ? Face à cela, que doit faire l'Occident ? Pour en débattre :- Jean-François Di Meglio, économiste, président d'Asia centre- Victor Louzon, historien, auteur du livre L'étreinte de la patrie - Décolonisation, sortie de guerre et violence à Taïwan, 1947, éditions EHESS- Stéphane  Corcuff, enseignant chercheur à Sciences-Po Lyon, spécialiste en géopolitique du monde chinois contemporain. Auteur dans le mensuel Historia : Taiwan-Pékin, la guerre des deux Chines/nov 2022.

For review:1. US Senate & House of Representatives pass the 2024 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA), with topline of $886 billion.  NDAA sent to President for signature.2. Latest US Security Assistance Package to Ukraine worth $200 million. Includes Anti-tank weapons, Air Defense components, and Artillery ammunition.3. IDF floods Hamas tunnels with seawater.  Combat method proves successful.4. Global Combat Air Programme (GCAP) treat prepared by Japan, UK, and Italy. Effort will develop 6th Generation Fight for fielding by 2035.5. Dassault Aviation CEO- Eric Trappier- provides comments on latest company efforts in defense acquisitions and the Future Combat Air System (FCAS) program.6. German Army orders 62 x multi-role H145M Airbus helicopters- with option for 20 more. Transaction estimated at $3.0 billion.7. Finland to double heavy ammunition production (Nammo) by 2026-2027. Munitions include: 155mm artillery; 120mm mortar; and 81mm mortar.8. South Korea scrambles jets to monitor Russian and Chines warplanes operating in the Korea Air Defense Identification Zone (KADIZ)- over the Sea of Japan.9. US Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) recommended to analyze force structure in support of procuring AT-802U Armed Overwatch Aircraft.  USSOCOM plan to procure 75 aircraft through 2029.

Ce jeudi 16 novembre, les enjeux du sommet entre Joe Biden et Xi Jinping ont été abordés par Benaouda Abdeddaïm dans sa chronique, dans l'émission Good Morning Business, présentée par Laure Closier et Christophe Jakubyszyn, sur BFM Business. Retrouvez l'émission du lundi au vendredi et réécoutez la en podcast.

Ahold Delhaize doet een grote overname en krijgt er in één keer 1650 winkels bij. Het moederbedrijf van Albert Heijn koopt voor 1,3 miljard euro de Roemeense supermarktketen Profi. De ene belegger vindt het een top-aankoop, de andere had het geld liever zelf gekregen. Wat jij ervan moet vinden, hoor je in deze aflevering. Daarin gaat het ook over de stakingen bij autobouwers in de VS. Die lijken na zes weken voorbij, nu ook General Motors een deal met de vakbonden heeft gesloten. En McDonald's ziet voor het eerst in tijden klanten vertrekken. Maar niet getreurd: de omzet en winst stegen veel sneller dan iedereen durfden dromen. Toverwoord: prijsverhogingen.  See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Verzekeraars NN Group en ASR gingen tot bijna 20 procent omlaag. Reden: een financieel gedrocht uit de jaren 90, de woekerpolis. Volgens de rechter hebben de verzekeraars jarenlang onterecht veel te hoge kosten in rekening gebracht aan klanten. Er dreigen massaclaims van in totaal honderden miljoenen euro's. Een ander bedrijf dat alles weet van claims, Philips. Een nieuwe onthulling in de slaapapneu-affaire kan het bedrijf nog meer schade toebrengen. Philips verzweeg volgens NRC jarenlang duizenden klachten van patiënten voor de Amerikaanse toezichthouder, de FDA. Verder in deze aflevering hoor je over Amazon. Dat zou de markt in een wurggreep houden, vindt de andere toezichthouder in de VS, de FTC. Die start één van de grootste zaken ooit tegen de webwinkel.  En voor wie niet tot morgen kan wachten, nu alvast een vooruitblik op donderdag.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Jahrelang hieß es in China: Seid fleißig in der Schule, dann bekommt ihr einen guten Job. Doch mittlerweile ist die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit überraschend hoch. Viele junge Menschen finden keine Anstellung mehr. In dieser Podcast-Folge fragt Moderatorin Joyce Lee, warum das so ist – und sie schaut sich das chinesische Bildungssystem genauer an: Ist es so brutal wie sein Ruf? Deutsche-Welle-Journalist Cui Mu berichtet von seiner persönlichen Erfahrung mit dem Gaokao, der gefürchteten nationalen Prüfung, die darüber entscheidet, ob man zur Universität gehen kann oder nicht. Er bringt Stimmen von chinesischen Soziologen und Pädagoginnen mit. ARD-China-Korrespondentin Eva Lamby-Schmitt erzählt Geschichten von jungen Chines:innen, die trotz Top-Bildung um den sozialen Aufstieg bangen müssen. Bei Kritik, Fragen und Anregungen: weltmachtchina@rbb-online.de

Man gets 40 years for prison escape months before expected release date on 7-year sentence, Americans can now only purchase LED light bulbs as incandescent bulbs are no longer on the market, Online challenge lead a Chines man to get a light bulb stuck in his mouth

Tesla trakteerde autokopers de afgelopen tijd op fikse kortingen en nu trakteert het de aandeelhouders op recordverkopen. De Nasdaq heeft het beste half jaar achter de rug sinds begin jaren 80. En de Zimbabwaanse beurs zet een ander record op z'n naam: het ging dit jaar bijna 800 procent (!) omhoog. Leuk al die records, maar wat heb jij er als belegger aan? Je hoort het deze aflevering. Ook gaat het over Heineken. Dat verkoopt zichzelf, ja, een deel van zichzelf. Het neemt afscheid van een dochterbedrijf. Het gaat om Vrumona, de maker van frisdranken en bekend van merken als Ranja, Sisi en Royal Club. Dat verkoopt Heineken voor 300 miljoen euro. In onze zomerserie gaat het deze week over familiebedrijven op de beurs. Bedrijven waar de familie nog veel aandelen bezit, veel macht heeft, of nog steeds de scepter zwaait.  Tot slot krijg je een vooruitblik op jouw beursdag.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Volkswagen zou met de grootste reorganisatie in tientallen jaren komen. De autobouwer wordt van alle kanten ingehaald, de winst valt zwaar tegen en op de beurs doet Volkswagen het beroerd. De CEO moest alles op alles zetten om teleurgestelde aandeelhouders binnenboord te houden. Maar dat is niet (helemaal) gelukt. In deze aflevering vertellen we je waarom de plannen tegenvallen. Verder gaat het over wéér een vastgoedcrisis. Dezer keer niet in Zweden, maar in het Verenigd Koninkrijk. Door de hoge rente dreigen huishoudens hun hypotheken niet meer te kunnen betalen. Dat raakt niet alleen miljoenen Britten, maar ook beleggers. Tot slot krijg je een vooruitblik op jouw beursdag van morgen.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Grote Amerikaanse banken moeten voortaan fors meer buffers aanhouden en ook meer banken krijgen te maken met toezicht. Strenge regels gelden op dit moment alleen voor banken met een balans van 250 miljard dollar of meer. Maar dat moet nu al vanaf 100 miljard gaan gelden. Een overheidsingreep met enorme gevolgen: het geeft de economie zo goed als zeker een zetje in de verkeerde richting. Je hoort wat dat voor je Amerikaanse aandelen betekent. Dan ook over TSMC. De allergrootste chipmaker van de wereld wil een fabriek bouwen in Europa. Gesprekken daarover lopen al langer, maar de bouw lijkt nu écht door te gaan. Wat betekent de komst van zo'n megafabriek voor jouw Europese chip-, tech- en auto-aandelen? Verder gaat het over Apple: het bedrijf onthult een peperdure VR-bril. De eerste echte Apple-innovatie in tien jaar en beleggers reageren teleurgesteld. Hoe komt dat? Is het eerste 'eigen' product van Tim Cook nu al een mislukking?  Tot slot krijg je een vooruitblik op de beursdag van morgen.  See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

We finish ending A! Starting off at the Machine Village, we make our way past the Flooded City and through to the end of the game. It's a wild ride, so buckle up. If you like the podcast, please leave a like and a comment letting us know. Thank you, and please enjoy this episode of the State of the Arc Podcast! Time Codes: 1. Intro (0:00) 2. Machine Village (3:38) 3. Forest Kingdom (20:29) 4. Flooded City (40:42) 5. Copied City (53:00) 6. Death Cult (1:15:10) 7. Eve and A Ending (1:24:05)

ABN Amro verpulverde de verwachtingen van analisten: de winst steeg met bijna 50 procent. Ook Ahold Delhaize heeft er een goed eerste kwartaal opzitten. Hoe lang houden ze de winst nog op peil? Beleggers hebben er kennelijk een hard hoofd in. Want beide aandelen behoorden tot de grootste dalers. Verder gaat het over Lufthansa. De luchtvaartmaatschappij had 6 miljard euro aan coronasteun nóóit mogen krijgen, zo oordeelt de rechter. Een uitzonderlijke uitspraak, maar hoe groot zijn de gevolgen?  Tot slot blikken we vooruit op de beursdag van morgen.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Het is definitief: vanaf 2035 komt er een verbod op de verkoop van nieuwe auto's die CO2 uitstoten. Sloopt Europa hiermee de eigen auto-industrie? En brengt dat de toekomst van luxe (sport)automerken aan het wankelen? Petrolheads willen hun brullende motoren namelijk niet vervangen door een muisstille variant. Verder bespreken we wie verantwoordelijk is voor de ondergang van twee Amerikaanse banken. Politici proberen dat te achterhalen in een hoorzitting. Ook hoor je waarom Alibaba zich in 6 delen wil opsplitsen. En je krijgt een vooruitblik op de beursdag van morgen.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Na één rustige dag op de beurs is de angst weer helemaal teruggekeerd. Bankaandelen over de hele wereld worden gedumpt. Schuldige: Credit Suisse. Slaan de problemen van de bank nu over naar andere in Europa? Verder is het een historische dag in China. Voor het eerst sinds 2020 gooit het land de grenzen weer helemaal open voor toeristen. Maakt dat beleggen in Chinese aandelen weer interessant? En je hoort in de vooruitblik of de ECB nu afziet van renteverhogingen.   See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The left cannot bear to blame the Chines communist party for covid

Berkshire Hathaway, het bedrijf van de bekendste belegger ter wereld, verloor vorig jaar bijna 23 miljard dollar! Maar die cijfers vertekenen, zegt Warren Buffett zelf. Hoe doen zijn beleggingen het écht en wat kan jij daar van leren? Verder: een ontslagronde bij PostNL en Pfizer is op zoek naar een nieuwe jackpot, nu corona op zijn laatste benen loopt. Ook krijg je een vooruitblik op de beursdag van morgen.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

De autosector doet het heel erg goed op de beurs. Sinds het begin van het jaar stegen auto-aandelen met gemiddeld 20 procent. Welke moet je hebben en hoe lang blijven de koersen nog stijgen? Verder gaat het over de recessie. Die is afgewend, denkt de Europese Commissie. Maar er zijn nog genoeg gevaren. Ook hebben we het over (alweer) een ontslagronde bij Meta én blikken we vooruit op de beursdag van morgen.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

De Europese inflatie daalt opnieuw en forser dan verwacht. Wat doet dat met de rente? De beurskoers van Snap klapt in elkaar. Een voorbode voor andere techbedrijven?  Verder: de ChatGPT-gekte is in China geland. En we blikken vooruit naar morgen, waar het maar om één ding draait: rente, rente, rente.  See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Today, we have Carl Zha from the Silk and Steel Podcast joining us to discuss the Opium wars. Show Notes0:00:00 - 0:03:12 - Introductions0:03:14- 0:05:20 - Opium BeginningsOriginally, opium was ingested orally. However, ingesting it in large quantities lead to death because it stopped breathing. However, after Europeans colonized the New World, they brought back tobacco from the Americas. Particularly, the Spanish and the Portuguese, who brought it to the Philippines and Malaysia, both countries had a significant Chinese diaspora. Later, when the Dutch colonized Indonesia, they, too, brought tobacco. Now, Opium was mixed with tobacco and it could be smoked allowing for consumption in larger amounts without death.0:05:21- 0:07:08 - Damn British and OpiumOpium, itself, is not grown in china. It is grown outside of China and had to be imported. India grew Opium. In the Late 18th century when the British Colonized India, they forced the farmers in India to grow opium. Their policy of making Indian farmers grow Opium was responsible for many famines. The British East India Company (BEIC) would license the opium through their opium monopoly. They would sell the opium to individual traders who would carry them into China, because the British want plausible deniability. If someone every questioned them, they would say, “Oh, we are the venerable British East India company. We don't we don't actually believe in the opium trade.”0:07:08- 0:08:01 - Smoke and MirrorsThe BEIC ships the opium, but the individual parcels will be parceled out and sold to employees of BEIC. A famous opium smuggler is William Jardine, who started as a sergeant under the BEIC. As an employee of the BEIC, he got his own cargo space on their shops which was used to ship opium that he sold to China. 0:08:02- 0:09:48 - China's Opium EpidemicOpium was illegal in China and soon the Chinese government realized they had a crisis. Initially, opium was a luxury good because it was not grown in China. However, the innovation of the BEIC flooded the market with cheap opium. Now, laborers could afford it. It blossomed into a full-blown opium crisis.0:09:49- 0:13:42 - Limits on Foreign TradeOriginally, foreign presence in China was curtailed. It was limited to a few port ciites and the British could only stay for 6 months before having to go to the island of Macau. The British weren't happy that they could only conduct trade in the city of Canton. The British had to resort to selling opium because originally their product was not competitive. British had developed a taste for Chinese tea, and they needed silver to trade because China had gone into the Silver standard. 0:13:43 - 0:14:48 - The Magic FormulaSoon, the British hit the magic formula of selling drugs to the Chinese to drain China of it's silver. The British ran a trade deficit with China prior to the massive operation of opium smuggling. According to some estimates, 50% of the silver mined in the South America is from the 18th and 19th century, ended up in China. The British just decided to sell drugs to drain the silver. 0:14:48 - 0:18:28 Enter AmericansDuring the founding of the United States, most of the New England old money was made in the opium fortune. There was Astor who has an area in Queens named after him: Astoria. Other families who made their fortune through the Opium Trade:* The Forbes Family whose descendant John Forbes Kerry was Secretary of State under Obama.* The Delano Family - FDR's Grandfather.* HSBC bank During a famine in Guangzhau, American traders hid opium under bags of rice. All the Ivy league universities were also heavily invested in the opium trade. That's how America was founded on: Drugs and Slaves.0:19:24 - 0:25:47 China Fights BackChinese officials tried to tackle the problem by banning opium. The first few bans were ineffective because the British had paid off many officials. In the 1830s, the sends his minister Lin Tse-Hsu', who is known to be a very honest, upright official to Guangzhou, specifically put a stop to the opium trade. The British gave up the opium, but they were very indignant. William Jardine returns to London and buys up many newspapers and starts to agitate a media campaign against China in order to start a war. He hobnobs with UK politicians, especially Lord Palmerston, to urge for war with China. There was a lively debate in the British Parliament about morality of going to war with China over opium. But, in the end, they decide to wage war against China for Opium.0:25:47-0:32:12 The First Opium WarThe British sent their troops from India and landed in the port city of Guanzhou. The British had obtained Mysore rockets and their arsenal was significantly better than China's. While Britain had industrialized, they did so by destroying more advanced industries in India. Britain decided to bombard the Chinese coast and went up to the mouth of the Yangzi river. they decided they're going to apply pressure by raiding other Chinese coastal towns. So the sale of the salt from the South China Sea and bombarding the Chinese coast totally. And if they go that went up to the mouth of Yangzi River near Shanghai. They took over some islands to create big their headquarter for opium smuggling. And more importantly, they threatened to cut off the north-south traffic at the Grand Canal. At that time, most of the Chinese shipping was along the coast under the Grand Canal to sail from Nanjing to Beijing. Beijing, in 1839, had a population of more than a billion. The plains around Beijing was dry and couldn't feed the population. The British Navy blockaded the area around Nanjing, threatened to cut off the the rice shipment from from the south to Beijing to basically to starve the population. At this point, China capitulated. They paid large indemnity for the pleasure of being invaded and also recognized Hong Kong as a port.0:32:12 - 0:36:16 Treaty of Nanking * China Ceded Hong Kong in Perpetuity* Indemnity was paid to British ships* Opening up China for foreign exploitation.* Chinese law did not apply to British missionariesSoon, the french began negotiating with the British to allow a little colony in these areas. The city of Shanghai, British, France and even the US got their own concessions. The British and American concession eventually merged into the international Settlement of Shanghai. The colonialism was so bad that there needed to be a Chinatown in Shanghai. The Chinese were restricted to the Chinese city, where the Chinese law would continue to apply. But for the rest of European concessions, British, French, and American laws were applied. British imported Sikh police from British India to police the Shanghai concessions.0:36:16 -0:38:20 Modern Day Colony in OkinawaThis is eerily similar to Okinawa in modern day Japan. American soldiers can rape people in Okinawa. There is nothing that the Japanese government can do to them. The Japanese government is also a culprit because they don't want American soldiers on the Japanese mainland. So they stick them in Okinawa because, they never treated Okinawans at the same level as the Japanese citizens in Japan. Essentially Okinawa status is like it's a double colony of Japan and United States. 0:38:20 Century of HumiliationA Chinese person at this time was a second-class citizen in your own country. A very famous scene in a Bruce Lee film illustrates this:Some Western historians tried to disprove this as an urban myth. But, what they discovered was that there was that the sign actually said “This park is reserved for Europeans only, dogs not allowed.0:42:00 - 0:45:16 - Second Opium WarThe British were not very happy with the settlement for only $21 million. The opium was not fully legalized. So they waited for another opportunity to start another war. This opportunity came during the “Arrow Incident”. British authority had granted all the vessels registered in Hong Kong, British registration. So there was a cargo ship called Arrow. It was used by Chinese smugglers to smuggling opium again, which was captured by the Chinese authorities. The Chinese authorities arrested the crew and executed them for drug smuggling. Because the ship was flying a British flag, the British used this as an excuse to start another war. In another incident, proselytizing was illegal. A French priest decided to ignore this regulation and went to the interior. He got in trouble with the locals who killed him. The French used this as an excuse to align with the British to form the Anglo-French consortium. Now, the French-Anglo forces used Hong Kong as a launchpad to start another attack on China. The British just had finished fighting a war in India against the Great Sepoy Mutiny. They had shipped off mutineers to Trinidad, Guyana and other British colonies to work in bonded labor. 0:45:16 -0:49:29 Chinese Coolie TradeAround the time slavery was formally abolished in many Latin American countries, but there was still a demand for the docile labor force. British and Dutch traders set up shop in Hong Kong. They recruited Chinese peasants They will have these the British and Dutch traders, they will set up shop in Hong Kong and they will Chinese peasants with the promise of jobs overseas. When they went abroad, there conditions were terrible and slave-like. Bruce Lee's dutch great-grandfather was part of this. 0:50:13 - 0:59:07 The British Loot BeijingAfter Britain captured Guangzhou in 1856, they decided it was not enough, so they decided to bring in more pressure. They sailed up to the port of Tianjin, just outside of Beijing where they defeated the Chinese coastal defense. They send in their last remnant force led by the Mongol Prince Sengge Rinchen because they were poorly equipped. At this time, the British decided to send an envoy to negotiate with the Chinese side. But the Mongol Prince, Sengge Rinchen, was so mad at the defeat that he had the British envoy put to death. And now the British were out for revenge. They decided to sack Beijing and the Chines emperor fled the palace. The British commander Lord Elgin (the son of the famed Elgin marbles) decided to loot the Beijing summer palace and ordered the complete destruction of it. Today, the ruins stands. Everything within the summer palaces was shipped to Britain. A clause was inserted so that foreign priests could go anywhere in China to proselytize anywhere in China and British ships were allowed to carry indentured Chinese servants to the USA to work. 0:59:07 - 1:05:19 - Opium and the devastation on the Population* Foreign missionaries said nearly 40% of the adult male population were addicted to opium.* One doctor said, “There is no slavery to that compared to opium”Carl Zha tells us a personal anecdote about how opium ruined his grandfather's family.1:05:19 -1:14:12 KMT, Opium, CIA and the Cold WarAfter the communists seized power in China, the United States was sponsoring the remnant KMT troops who escape from southwestern China to northern Myanmar into this place now with nice golden triangle to start opium and heroin production over there. When the communists took power, opium was outlawed. They burned all the crops and now food such as size could be grown. Around this time, western pharmaceuticals started to develop more potent forms of opium to market it to the masses such as Heroin and Morphine which was treated as a cough remedy for Children.1:14:12-1:17:21 Heroin Crisis hits homeSoldiers who were in Vietnam became addicted to opium and it was shipped back home. 1:17:21 -1:23:20 -Getting back Hong KongWhile Hong Kong was leased in perpetuity, areas around Hong Kong was given a 100 year lease which would expire in 1997. At that time, Margaret Thatcher ran many scenarios to see if they could defend Hong Kong against Chinese forces. When she went to negotiate for Hong Kong, the Chinese government cut her off and flatly said no. They ran many scenarios and they realized they could not defend against an actual Chinese military.In the 1980s, a lot of fear was whipped up by the capitalist class. So, to assuage them, China did One Country Two Policies Get full access to Historic.ly at www.historicly.net/subscribe

The questions about the dangers from the COVID vaccine continue to pile up. In this episode, I address a viral video showing that the culture has shifted on the vaccine. Also, I address the latest revelations and breaking news from the Biden classified documents scandal.  News Picks: Republicans have a plan for the debt ceiling, but democrats want to shut the government down.  Biden scandal intensifies as FBI finds six more classified memos in search of his Delaware home. Liberals are immune to facts. High taxes are driving people away from NY, but libs are doubling down. The deepfake - AI problem is going to get worse. Have the Chines figured out a way to crack encryption? Copyright Bongino Inc All Rights Reserved Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Wake up America! Wake up America takes a journey across the world to discover what we need to do move our and world society to a new level of positive growth, peacefully , and a way that maximizes our diverse world societies. We are moving towards a nine billion citizen planet and we need a twenty first century refresh. The Oil and Gas dominated twentieth century society , much like the wood and coal based nineteenth century, needs to step up to a new paradigm. Since we dominantly have been trying to find the “best “ solution, it's time to enable all the “clean” alternatives. To accomplish this, we take over the Presidency and change direction. Wake Up America exhaustively finds that the major reality is a short-supply based past has changed to a plentiful harvest of clean energy, but now we face a Water crises. Our dominant multi-monopoly based Oil & Gas Cartels are not enabling change Therefore government leadership is needed. Wake UP America travels the world and concludes that enabling diverse refueling at the “pump” will allow society to set the direction. And I assure you, enabling citizens to choose will quickly set direction. The provision of service station tax credits will pay for itself because of the enormous tax incentives that fund the Oil and Gas industry “corporate welfare” payments. As energy direction changes so will the tax benefits of the providers. To not pursue this direction will result in loss of the energy leadership we possess, to the Chines, Indians, and Euros. This will make the USA a follower nation, financially, because Asia must solve the problem. OUR CHANGE will open up the entrepreneurship energy in our people and result in wide open GROWING markets. For the USA to overcome its twenty one trillion dollar tax deficit, the only way to EXPAND our economy is the increase the GDP, as well as avoid the obviously coming recession/depletion we are racing towards. Wake Up America We are 4.6 % of the world population and the world needs our leadership and participation. About the AuthorAfter a career in Technology management, including Aerospace and Finance, Charlie has engaged in literary efforts to change the World. Wake up America is his forth book, and engaged him because of the directionless path the world and the USA, in particular, is on. If the USA and the World continues the current path it has no other path than war and depression. Charlie has four sons of diverse ancestry.

Wat vroeger sciencefiction was, komt steeds dichterbij of wordt werkelijkheid. Slimme contactlenzen die kanker opsporen, onderhuidse chips met complete patiëntendossiers en zorgrobots die menselijke taken overnemen. De medische technologie maakt gigantische sprongen. Hoe doe jij daar als belegger je voordeel mee? Want welke aandelen en uitvindingen zijn je geld waard? Antwoord krijg je in deze aflevering van Jos Versteeg (InsingerGilissen). Ook hoor je waarom gezondsheizorg big business is voor big tech-bedrijven. Verder: In één week tijd stappen twee cfo's van twee Nederlandse beursbedrijven op: wat is er aan de hand? Moeten beleggers vrezen voor een grote leegloop?  Komt de giga-beursgang van Ant Group ein-de-lijk dichterbij nu techmiljardair Jack Ma een grote stap terug doet?  See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Chinese style hamburger chains have been expanding rapidly, especially in the last couple of years. What makes homegrown Chines-style fast food competitive in the market(01:10)? / Why do men and women see physical attractiveness so differently(26:31)? / It's 2023 already! Why does it feel like time flies by faster as we get older(43:36)? On the show: Heyang, Huang Shan & Josh Cotterill

DE 1662 à 2022 une Île en eaux troubles

Taiwan is a country about half the size of Maine with about 17 times the population of that state. Taiwan sits just over a hundred miles off the coast of mainland China. It's home to some 23 and a half million humans, roughly half way between Texas and Florida or a few more than live in Romania for the Europeans. Taiwan was connected to mainland China by a land bridge in the Late Pleistocene and human remains have been found dating back to 20,000 to 30,000 years ago. About half a million people on the island nation are aboriginal, or their ancestors are from there. But the population became more and more Chinese in recent centuries. Taiwan had not been part of China during the earlier dynastic ages but had been used by dynasties in exile to attack one another and so became a part of the Chinese empire in the 1600s. Taiwan was won by Japan in the late 1800s and held by the Japanese until World War II. During that time, a civil war had raged on the mainland of China with the Republic of China eventually formed as the replacement government for the Qing dynasty following a bloody period of turf battles by warlords and then civil war. Taiwan was in martial law from the time the pre-communist government of China retreated there during the exit of the Nationalists from mainland China in the 1940s to the late 1980. During that time, just like the exiled Han dynasty, they orchestrated war from afar. They stopped fighting, much like the Koreans, but have still never signed a peace treaty. And so large parts of the world remained in stalemate.  As the years became decades, Taiwan, or the Republic of China as they still call themselves, has always had an unsteady relationship with the People's Republic of China, or China as most in the US calls them. The Western world recognized the Republic of China and the Soviet and Chines countries recognized the mainland government. US President Richard Nixon visited mainland China in 1972 to re-open relations with the communist government there and relations slowly improved. The early 1970s was a time when much of the world still recognized the ruling government of Taiwan as the official Chinese government and there were proxy wars the two continued to fight. The Taiwanese and Chinese still aren't besties. There are deep scars and propaganda that keep relations from being repaired.  Before World War II, the Japanese also invaded Hong Kong. During the occupation there, Morris Chang's family became displaced and moved to a few cities during his teens before he moved Boston to go to Harvard and then MIT where he did everything to get his PhD except defend his thesis. He then went to work for Sylvania Semiconductor and then Texas Instruments, finally getting his PhD from Stanford in 1964. He became a Vice President at TI and helped build an early semiconductor designer and foundry relationship when TI designed a chip and IBM manufactured it. The Premier of Taiwan at the time, Sun Yun-suan, who played a central role in Taiwan's transformation from an agrarian economy to a large exporter. His biggest win was when to recruit Chang to move to Taiwan and found TSCM, or Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company. Some of this might sound familiar as it mirrors stories from companies like Samsung in South Korea. In short, Japanese imperialism, democracies versus communists, then rapid economic development as a massive manufacturing powerhouse in large part due to the fact that semiconductor designers were split from semiconductor foundry's or where chips are actually created.  In this case, a former Chinese national was recruited to return as founder and led TSMC for 31 years before he retired in 2018. Chang could see from his time with TI that more and more companies would design chips for their needs and outsource manufacturing. They worked with Texas Instruments, Intel, AMD, NXP, Marvell, MediaTek, ARM, and then the big success when they started to make the Apple chips. The company started down that path in 2011 with the A5 and A6 SoCs for iPhone and iPad on trial runs but picked up steam with the A8 and A9 through A14 and the Intel replacement for the Mac, the M1. They now sit on a half trillion US dollar market cap and are the largest in Taiwan. For perspective, their market cap only trails the GDP of the whole country by a few billion dollars.  Nvidia TSMC is also a foundry Nvidia uses. As of the time of this writing, Nvidia is the 8th largest semiconductor company in the world. We've already covered Broadcom, Qualcomm, Micron, Samsung, and Intel. Nvidia is a fabless semiconductor company and so design chips that vendors like TSMC manufacture.  Nvidia was founded by Jensen Huang, Chris Malachowsky, and Curtis Priem in 1993 in Santa Clara, California (although now incorporated in Delaware). Not all who leave the country they were born in due to war or during times of war return. Huang was born in Taiwan and his family moved to the US right around the time Nixon re-established relations with mainland China. Huang then went to grad school at Stanford before he became a CPU designer at AMD and a director at LSI Logic, so had experience as a do-er, a manager, and a manager's manager.  He was joined by Chris Malachowsky and Curtis Priem, who had designed the IBM Professional Graphics Adapter and then the GX graphics chip at Sun.   because they saw this Mac and Windows and Amiga OS graphical interface, they saw the games one could play on machines, and they thought the graphics cards would be the next wave of computing. And so for a long time, Nvidia managed to avoid competition with other chip makers with a focus on graphics. That initially meant gaming and higher end video production but has expanded into much more like parallel programming and even cryptocurrency mining.   They were more concerned about the next version of the idea or chip or company and used NV in the naming convention for their files. When it came time to name the company, they looked up words that started with those letters, which of course don't exist - so instead chose invidia or Nvidia for short, as it's latin for envy - what everyone who saw those sweet graphics the cards rendered would feel.  They raised $20 million in funding and got to work. First with SGS-Thomson Microelectronics in 1994 to manufacture what they were calling a graphical-user interface accelerator that they packaged on a single chip. They worked with Diamond Multimedia Systems to install the chips onto the boards. In 1995 they released NV1. The PCI card was sold as Diamond Edge 3D and came with a 2d/3d graphics core with quadratic texture mapping. Screaming fast and Virtual Fighter from Sega ported to the platform.  DirectX had come in 1995. So Nviia released DirectX drivers that supported Direct3D, the api that Microsoft developed to render 3d graphics. This was a time when 3d was on the rise for consoles and desktops. Nvidia timed it perfectly and reaped the rewards when they hit a million sold in the first four months for the RIVA, a 128-bit 3d processor that got used as an OEM in 1997. Then the 1998 RIVAZX with RIVATNT for multi-texture 3D processing. They also needed more manufacturing support at this point and entered into a strategic partnership with TSMC to manufacture their boards. A lot of vendors had a good amount of success in their niches. By the late 1990s there were companies who made memory, or the survivors of the DRAM industry after ongoing price dumping issues. There were companies that made central processors like Intel. Nvidia led the charge for a new type of chip, the GPU. They invented the GPU in 1999 when they released the GeForce 256. This was the first single-chip GPU processor. This means integrated lightings, triangle setups, rendering, like the old math coprocessor but for video. Millions of polygons could be drawn on screens every second. They also released the Quadro Pro GPU for professional graphics and went public in 1999 at an IPO of $12 per share.  Nvidia used some of the funds from the IPO to scale operations, organically and inorganically. In 2000 they released the GeForce2 Go for laptops and acquired 3dfx, closing deals to get their 3d chips in devices from OEM manufacturers who made PCs and in the new Microsoft Xbox. By 2001 they hit $1 billion in revenues and released the GeForce 3 with a programmable GPU, using APIs to make their GPU a platform. They also released the nForce integrated graphics and so by 2002 hit 100 million processors out on the market. They acquired MediaQ in 2003 and partnered with game designer Blizzard to make Warcraft. They continued their success in the console market when the GeForce platform was used in the PS 3 in 2005 and by 2006 had sold half a billion processors. They also added the  CUDA architecture that year to put a general purpose GPU on the market and acquired Hybrid Graphics who develops 2D and 3D embedded software for mobile devices. In 2008 they went beyond the consoles and PCs when Tesla used their GPUs in cars. They also acquired PortalPlayer, who supplies semiconductors and software for personal media players and launched the Tegra mobile processor to get into the exploding mobile market. More acquisitions in 2008 but a huge win when the GeForce 9400M was put into Apple MacBooks. Then more smaller chips in 2009 when the Tegra processors were used in Android devices. They also continued to expand how GPUs were used. They showed up in Ultrasounds and in 2010 the Audi. By then they had the Tianhe-1A ready to go, which showed up in supercomputers and the Optimus. All these types of devices that could use a GPU meant they hit a billion processors sold in 2011, which is when they went dual core with the Tegra 2 mobile processor and entered into cross licensing deals with Intel.  At this point TSMC was able to pack more and more transistors into smaller and smaller places. This was a big year for larger jobs on the platform. By 2012, Nvidia got the Kepler-based GPUs out by then and their chips were used in the Titan supercomputer. They also released a virtualized GPU GRID for cloud processing.  It wasn't all about large-scale computing efforts. The Tegra-3 and GTX 600 came out in 2012 as well. Then in 2013 the Tegra 4, a quad-core mobile processor, a 4G LTE mobile processor, Nvidia Shield for portable gaming, the GTX Titan, a grid appliance. In 2014 the Tegra K1 192, a shield tablet, and Maxwell. In 2015 came the TegraX1 with deep learning with 256 cores and Titan X and Jetson TX1 for smart machines, and the Nvidia Drive for autonomous vehicles. They continued that deep learning work with an appliance in 2016 with the DGX-1. The Drive got an update in the form of PX 2 for in-vehicle AI. By then, they were a 20 year old company and working on the 11th generation of the GPU and most CPU architectures had dedicated cores for machine learning options of various types.  2017 brought the Volta, Jetson TX2, and SHIELD was ported over to the Google Assistant. 2018 brought the Turing GPU architecture, the DGX-2, AGX Xavier, Clara, 2019 brought AGX Orin for robots and autonomous or semi-autonomous piloting of various types of vehicles. They also made the Jetson Nano and Xavier, and EGX for Edge Computing. At this point there were plenty of people who used the GPUs to mine hashes for various blockchains like with cryptocurrencies and the ARM had finally given Intel a run for their money with designs from the ARM alliance showing up in everything but a Windows device (so Apple and Android). So they tried to buy ARM from SoftBank in 2020. That deal fell through eventually but would have been an $8 billion windfall for Softbank since they paid $32 billion for ARM in 2016.  We probably don't need more consolidation in the CPU sector. Standardization, yes. Some of top NVIDIA competitors include Samsung, AMD, Intel Corporation Qualcomm and even companies like Apple who make their own CPUs (but not their own GPUs as of the time of this writing). In their niche they can still make well over $15 billion a year.  The invention of the MOSFET came from immigrants Mohamed Atalla, originally from Egypt, and Dawon Kahng, originally from from Seoul, South Korea. Kahng was born in Korea in 1931 but immigrated to the US in 1955 to get his PhD at THE Ohio State University and then went to work for Bell Labs, where he and Atalla invented the MOSFET, and where Kahng retired. The MOSFET was an important step on the way to a microchip.  That microchip market with companies like Fairchild Semiconductors, Intel, IBM, Control Data, and Digital Equipment saw a lot of chip designers who maybe had their chips knocked off, either legally in a clean room or illegally outside of a clean room. Some of those ended in legal action, some didn't. But the fact that factories overseas could reproduce chips were a huge part of the movement that came next, which was that companies started to think about whether they could just design chips and let someone else make them. That was in an era of increasing labor outsourcing, so factories could build cars offshore, and the foundry movement was born - or companies that just make chips for those who design them.  As we have covered in this section and many others, many of the people who work on these kinds of projects moved to the United States from foreign lands in search of a better life. That might have been to flee Europe or Asian theaters of Cold War jackassery or might have been a civil war like in Korea or Taiwan. They had contacts and were able to work with places to outsource too and given that these happened at the same time that Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan became safe and with no violence. And so the Four Asian Tigers economies exploded, fueled by exports and a rapid period of industrialization that began in the 1960s and continues through to today with companies like TSMC, a pure play foundry, or Samsung, a mixed foundry - aided by companies like Nvidia who continue to effectively outsource their manufacturing operations to companies in the areas. At least, while it's safe to do so.  We certainly hope the entire world becomes safe. But it currently is not. There are currently nearly a million Rohingya refugees fleeing war in Myanmar. Over 3.5 million have fled the violence in Ukraine. 6.7 million have fled Syria. 2.7 million have left Afghanistan. Over 3 million are displaced between Sudan and South Sudan. Over 900,000 have fled Somalia. Before Ukranian refugees fled to mostly Eastern European countries, they had mainly settled in Turkey, Jordan, Lebanon, Pakistan, Uganda, Germany, Iran, and Ethiopia. Very few comparably settled in the 2 largest countries in the world: China, India, or the United States.  It took decades for the children of those who moved or sent their children abroad to a better life to be able to find a better life. But we hope that history teaches us to get there faster, for the benefit of all.

How reliant are we on Chinese Antibiotics? Why are we still investing in China? A huge data breach of Chinese citizens is already having a dramatic effect on what we know about the real Chinese economy and demography. As Sri-Lanka goes belly up, should we point the finger at Belt & Road loans, ESG policies or both? As Shinzo Abe's assassination shocked the world, many Chines saw cause for celebration. Who was Shinzo Abe and what effects will his assassination have?

durée : 00:57:57 - Cultures Monde - par : Florian Delorme - Long de 55 kilomètres, ponctués d'un tunnel sous-marin et de plusieurs îles artificielles, le pont Hongkong-Zhuhai-Macao est un chef d'œuvre architectural inédit, concrétisant un vieux rêve de Pékin : la réunion de trois Chines. Quatre ans après son entrée en fonction, quel bilan ? - invités : Eric Sautedé analyste politique basé à Hong Kong où il travaille aujourd'hui pour une grande ONG de défense des travailleurs; Yves Boquet géographe, professeur à l'Université de Bourgogne.; Marie-Annick Lamy-Giner Maître de conférences en géographie à l'Université de La Réunion

Schöne Frauen, viel Alkohol und schnelle Autos: Robert Rother lebt wortwörtlich auf der Überholspur. Im Jahr 2004 kommt er als junger Mann nach Shanghai und ist total begeistert von der Geschäftigkeit der Chines:innen. Er gründet mehrere Unternehmen, verdient sehr viel Geld. Vor lauter Gier verliert er den Bezug zur Realität. Doch der chinesischen Regierung gefallen seine Geschäfte, die sich in Grauzonen bewegen, nicht. Robert wird festgenommen und zu 7 Jahren und 7 Monaten Gefängnis verurteilt. 7 Jahre und 7 Monate eingesperrt auf engstem Raum mit vielen Mitgefangenen, Zwangsarbeit und Folter. Wie hat er diese Zeit überlebt? Und warum war für ihn seine Entlassung der schlimmste Tag seines Lebens?

LIKE AND SUBSCRIBE: Youtube.com/indiethinker The vilification of the good comes at a time when Canada of all places is taking a stand against injustice, while American democrats remain silent on the extreme violations of the Chines.