Podcast appearances and mentions of guadalupe hidalgo

This is Episode 51 – Texas Politics as we start the 1850s Texas politics is a contact sport, and Texas Politics as we start the 1850s was almost a blood sport and today's Texas politics and politicians often seem like they still are set in 200 years ago. What was Texas and America like in 1850? Frankly, it was a mess, the country was mired in controversy after controversy, especially when it came to the issue of slavery. Texas itself, after lowering the flag of the Republic in 1846 struggled to find its footing. After the war with Mexico in 1848 the state government was bound and determined to make the Rio Grande river, especially the far western part, the state's boundary. Well, this meant that most of Eastern New Mexico, including an area that reached all the way to Santa Fe would become a part of Texas. In fact, in 1848 the state legislature declared that part of Eastern New Mexico to be named Santa Fe County and the governor, George T. Wood, sent Spruce Baird there to set up a county government.  Needless to say, the proud people of Santa Fe, refused to accept the Texans and with the help of federal troops forced Baird and the other Texans with him to depart. Baird was only able to stay until July 1849 at which time he left the region. Meanwhile, in Washington D.C. a major controversy was brewing between legislators from the North and those from  the South. Of course, this was over the issue of slavery and especially if it was to be allowed in the newly acquired territories that had recently been acquired from Mexico in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo which ended the Mexican-American war. This necessarily drew Texas into the dispute on the side of the South, remember the early Anglo settlers of Texas were mostly southerners and their allegiance was to the south and to the slave owners. Why does this matter? Simple, because when President Zachary Taylor, took office in March of 1849,  he suggested that the  best way to handle adding the new territories of California and New Mexico would be to bring them in directly as states and just bypassing the whole you have to be a territory first thing.  While that sounds like an easy thing to do, not so fast, because most people knew that both California and New Mexico were most likely going to prohibit slavery. Well, this set off alarms in the South, Texas and the Anglo Texans. It also angered Texans  because it effectively stopped Texas from ever claiming Santa Fe and Eastern New Mexico and more importantly to the southern states, it would effectively stop the expansion of slavery at Texas. Diehard southern slave holders vowed they would break up the union before they accepted President Taylor's proposals.  Not only did they urge Texas to stand strong and demand the boundaries they wanted, but the Mississippi state legislature actually called for a convention to take place in Nashville in 1850 whose purpose was "to devise and adopt some means of resistance" to what they labeled as Northern aggression. Needless to say, this was warmly greeted by the passionate Southern spokesmen in Texas, and they  took up the argument. They demanded that the state send delegates to Nashville to prove that Texas would not meekly submit to the union. As my mother used to say, the squeaky wheel gets the grease and in 1849 the Texas Legislature gave in to the pressure and passed an act that created new boundaries. Once again, they proposed to create Santa Fe County and this time they sent Robert Neighbors to organize the government.  Since this was a very active legislative group, they also declared that there would be an election in March of 1850 to send 8 delegates to the Nashville convention, so that they might provide "consultation and mutual action on the subject of slavery and Southern Rights." Neighbors, as Baird before him, discovered the residents of Santa Fe had no desire to be a part of Texas. Well, being the stubborn folks they were,

This episode explores the Mexican-American War (1846-1848), focusing on its origins in territorial disputes and Manifest Destiny. Key battles and the resulting Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo profoundly impacted U.S.-Mexico relations and intensified debates over slavery in the newly acquired territories. The war remains a crucial event shaping national identities and geopolitics in North America.

Mentioned in this episode:SBCC Raíces - https://www.sbcc.edu/raices/SBCC English - https://www.sbcc.edu/english/SBCC Multi-literacy English Transfer - https://www.sbcc.edu/english/met.phpPuente Project - https://www.thepuenteproject.org/SBCC Institutional Grants - https://www.sbcc.edu/institutionalresearch/institutionalgrants.phpIGETC - https://catalog.sbcc.edu/transfer-curricula/#igetctextMelinda Palacio - https://www.sbac.ca.gov/poet-laureateLotería - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loter%C3%ADa Aspiring Radical Leaders Institute - https://www.thecoalitioncc.org/radical-leadersFresno, CA - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresno,_CaliforniaCoachella - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoachellaClaremont Graduate University - https://www.cgu.edu/Critical Race Theory - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_race_theoryMarxism - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MarxismCapitalism - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CapitalismLa Malinche - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_MalincheCambodia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CambodiaHmong - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmong_peopleVietnam War - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_WarKhmer Rouge - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_RougeKruder and Dorfmeister - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruder_%26_DorfmeisterUnderworld - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underworld_(band)Groove Armada - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groove_ArmadaFatboy Slim - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatboy_SlimOrbital - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_(band)St. Germain - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Germain_(musician)Sopa de Fideo - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopa_de_fideoChili Verde - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Smkq7SACBZwChile Relleno - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile_rellenoTamales - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TamaleLa Mixteca Oxnard - https://mexicanrestaurantoxnard.com/Oaxacan Tamales - https://www.allrecipes.com/recipe/261685/tamales-oaxaquenos-oaxacan-style-tamales/ Pan Dulce Empanadas - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EdeQeSNufVUPoke - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poke_(dish)Sushi - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SushiBánh tét - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1nh_t%C3%A9tVinyl Records - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonograph_recordWarbler Records and Goods - https://www.instagram.com/warblerrecordsandgoods/?hl=enDisney Picture Discs - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Records_discographyIKEA Kallax Shelf - https://www.ikea.com/us/en/p/kallax-shelf-unit-white-80275887/This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color Edited by Gloria Anzaldúa and Cherríe Moraga  - https://sunypress.edu/Books/T/This-Bridge-Called-My-Back-Fortieth-Anniversary-Edition2Living up the Street by Gary Soto - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_Up_the_StreetHouse on Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros -  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_House_on_Mango_StreetTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_HidalgoMexican-American War - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War

Hometown Radio 06/11/24 6p: Mike Nolan marks the anniversary of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

As campaign season in the United States kicks into high gear the border has once again become a political football for both the right and left.  University of Texas at San Antonio historian Omar Valerio-Jiménez reminds us that these uses and abuses of the border typically rely on collective amnesia about the past.  In Remembering Conquest: Mexican Americans, Memory and Citizenship, Valerio-Jiménez shines a much needed light on how the US-Mexico War created the southern border and what this has meant for Mexicans, from Texas to California, who became American citizens. In particular, he shows how the memory of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo that ended the war inspired generations of Mexican Americans to fight to achieve the unfulfilled promise of full citizenship rights. 

Hometown Radio 05/30/24 3p: Mike Nolan marks the anniversary of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Omar Valerio-Jiménez's book Remembering Conquest: Mexican Americans, Memory, and Citizenship (UNC Press, 2024) analyzes the ways collective memories of the US-Mexico War have shaped Mexican Americans' civil rights struggles over several generations. As the first Latinx people incorporated into the nation, Mexican Americans were offered US citizenship by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the war. Because the 1790 Naturalization Act declared whites solely eligible for citizenship, the treaty pronounced Mexican Americans to be legally white. While their incorporation as citizens appeared as progress towards racial justice and the electorate's diversification, their second-class citizenship demonstrated a retrenchment in racial progress. Over several generations, civil rights activists summoned conquest memories to link Mexican Americans' poverty, electoral disenfranchisement, low educational attainment, and health disparities to structural and institutional inequalities resulting from racial retrenchments. Activists also recalled the treaty's citizenship guarantees to push for property rights, protection from vigilante attacks, and educational reform. Omar Valerio-Jiménez addresses the politics of memory by exploring how succeeding generations reinforced or modified earlier memories of conquest according to their contemporary social and political contexts. The book also examines collective memories in the US and Mexico to illustrate transnational influences on Mexican Americans and to demonstrate how community and national memories can be used strategically to advance political agendas. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/latino-studies

Omar Valerio-Jiménez's book Remembering Conquest: Mexican Americans, Memory, and Citizenship (UNC Press, 2024) analyzes the ways collective memories of the US-Mexico War have shaped Mexican Americans' civil rights struggles over several generations. As the first Latinx people incorporated into the nation, Mexican Americans were offered US citizenship by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the war. Because the 1790 Naturalization Act declared whites solely eligible for citizenship, the treaty pronounced Mexican Americans to be legally white. While their incorporation as citizens appeared as progress towards racial justice and the electorate's diversification, their second-class citizenship demonstrated a retrenchment in racial progress. Over several generations, civil rights activists summoned conquest memories to link Mexican Americans' poverty, electoral disenfranchisement, low educational attainment, and health disparities to structural and institutional inequalities resulting from racial retrenchments. Activists also recalled the treaty's citizenship guarantees to push for property rights, protection from vigilante attacks, and educational reform. Omar Valerio-Jiménez addresses the politics of memory by exploring how succeeding generations reinforced or modified earlier memories of conquest according to their contemporary social and political contexts. The book also examines collective memories in the US and Mexico to illustrate transnational influences on Mexican Americans and to demonstrate how community and national memories can be used strategically to advance political agendas. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/new-books-network

Omar Valerio-Jiménez's book Remembering Conquest: Mexican Americans, Memory, and Citizenship (UNC Press, 2024) analyzes the ways collective memories of the US-Mexico War have shaped Mexican Americans' civil rights struggles over several generations. As the first Latinx people incorporated into the nation, Mexican Americans were offered US citizenship by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the war. Because the 1790 Naturalization Act declared whites solely eligible for citizenship, the treaty pronounced Mexican Americans to be legally white. While their incorporation as citizens appeared as progress towards racial justice and the electorate's diversification, their second-class citizenship demonstrated a retrenchment in racial progress. Over several generations, civil rights activists summoned conquest memories to link Mexican Americans' poverty, electoral disenfranchisement, low educational attainment, and health disparities to structural and institutional inequalities resulting from racial retrenchments. Activists also recalled the treaty's citizenship guarantees to push for property rights, protection from vigilante attacks, and educational reform. Omar Valerio-Jiménez addresses the politics of memory by exploring how succeeding generations reinforced or modified earlier memories of conquest according to their contemporary social and political contexts. The book also examines collective memories in the US and Mexico to illustrate transnational influences on Mexican Americans and to demonstrate how community and national memories can be used strategically to advance political agendas. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/history

Omar Valerio-Jiménez's book Remembering Conquest: Mexican Americans, Memory, and Citizenship (UNC Press, 2024) analyzes the ways collective memories of the US-Mexico War have shaped Mexican Americans' civil rights struggles over several generations. As the first Latinx people incorporated into the nation, Mexican Americans were offered US citizenship by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the war. Because the 1790 Naturalization Act declared whites solely eligible for citizenship, the treaty pronounced Mexican Americans to be legally white. While their incorporation as citizens appeared as progress towards racial justice and the electorate's diversification, their second-class citizenship demonstrated a retrenchment in racial progress. Over several generations, civil rights activists summoned conquest memories to link Mexican Americans' poverty, electoral disenfranchisement, low educational attainment, and health disparities to structural and institutional inequalities resulting from racial retrenchments. Activists also recalled the treaty's citizenship guarantees to push for property rights, protection from vigilante attacks, and educational reform. Omar Valerio-Jiménez addresses the politics of memory by exploring how succeeding generations reinforced or modified earlier memories of conquest according to their contemporary social and political contexts. The book also examines collective memories in the US and Mexico to illustrate transnational influences on Mexican Americans and to demonstrate how community and national memories can be used strategically to advance political agendas. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/american-studies

Omar Valerio-Jiménez's book Remembering Conquest: Mexican Americans, Memory, and Citizenship (UNC Press, 2024) analyzes the ways collective memories of the US-Mexico War have shaped Mexican Americans' civil rights struggles over several generations. As the first Latinx people incorporated into the nation, Mexican Americans were offered US citizenship by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the war. Because the 1790 Naturalization Act declared whites solely eligible for citizenship, the treaty pronounced Mexican Americans to be legally white. While their incorporation as citizens appeared as progress towards racial justice and the electorate's diversification, their second-class citizenship demonstrated a retrenchment in racial progress. Over several generations, civil rights activists summoned conquest memories to link Mexican Americans' poverty, electoral disenfranchisement, low educational attainment, and health disparities to structural and institutional inequalities resulting from racial retrenchments. Activists also recalled the treaty's citizenship guarantees to push for property rights, protection from vigilante attacks, and educational reform. Omar Valerio-Jiménez addresses the politics of memory by exploring how succeeding generations reinforced or modified earlier memories of conquest according to their contemporary social and political contexts. The book also examines collective memories in the US and Mexico to illustrate transnational influences on Mexican Americans and to demonstrate how community and national memories can be used strategically to advance political agendas. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices Support our show by becoming a premium member! https://newbooksnetwork.supportingcast.fm/american-west

Omar Valerio-Jiménez's book Remembering Conquest: Mexican Americans, Memory, and Citizenship (UNC Press, 2024) analyzes the ways collective memories of the US-Mexico War have shaped Mexican Americans' civil rights struggles over several generations. As the first Latinx people incorporated into the nation, Mexican Americans were offered US citizenship by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the war. Because the 1790 Naturalization Act declared whites solely eligible for citizenship, the treaty pronounced Mexican Americans to be legally white. While their incorporation as citizens appeared as progress towards racial justice and the electorate's diversification, their second-class citizenship demonstrated a retrenchment in racial progress. Over several generations, civil rights activists summoned conquest memories to link Mexican Americans' poverty, electoral disenfranchisement, low educational attainment, and health disparities to structural and institutional inequalities resulting from racial retrenchments. Activists also recalled the treaty's citizenship guarantees to push for property rights, protection from vigilante attacks, and educational reform. Omar Valerio-Jiménez addresses the politics of memory by exploring how succeeding generations reinforced or modified earlier memories of conquest according to their contemporary social and political contexts. The book also examines collective memories in the US and Mexico to illustrate transnational influences on Mexican Americans and to demonstrate how community and national memories can be used strategically to advance political agendas. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Omar Valerio-Jiménez's book Remembering Conquest: Mexican Americans, Memory, and Citizenship (UNC Press, 2024) analyzes the ways collective memories of the US-Mexico War have shaped Mexican Americans' civil rights struggles over several generations. As the first Latinx people incorporated into the nation, Mexican Americans were offered US citizenship by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the war. Because the 1790 Naturalization Act declared whites solely eligible for citizenship, the treaty pronounced Mexican Americans to be legally white. While their incorporation as citizens appeared as progress towards racial justice and the electorate's diversification, their second-class citizenship demonstrated a retrenchment in racial progress. Over several generations, civil rights activists summoned conquest memories to link Mexican Americans' poverty, electoral disenfranchisement, low educational attainment, and health disparities to structural and institutional inequalities resulting from racial retrenchments. Activists also recalled the treaty's citizenship guarantees to push for property rights, protection from vigilante attacks, and educational reform. Omar Valerio-Jiménez addresses the politics of memory by exploring how succeeding generations reinforced or modified earlier memories of conquest according to their contemporary social and political contexts. The book also examines collective memories in the US and Mexico to illustrate transnational influences on Mexican Americans and to demonstrate how community and national memories can be used strategically to advance political agendas.

Fears of the border are reaching fever pitch in the lead up to the 2024 US presidential elections.  Much of the alarm hinges on the forgetting of the US-Mexico War (1846-1848).  University of Texas at San Antonio historian Omar Valerio-Jiménez reminds us that it was the United States that invaded and annexed half of Mexico.  In Remembering Conquest: Mexican Americans, Memory and Citizenship, Valerio-Jiménez reveals how the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo that ended the war, and its unfulfilled promise of full citizenship rights, has never been forgotten by Mexican Americans. Since the mid-nineteenth century, memories of the US-Mexico War and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo have inspired successive generations of Mexican Americans to fight for their civil rights.

The Bullock Museum is proud to announce a special bilingual exhibition of “Legacies of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo” on display at the museum through February 16, 2025. The display delves into the profound historical significance of the Treaty that established the U.S.-Mexico border at the Rio Grande, significantly altering the geopolitical landscape of the region. It features 29 artifacts exploring the impacts of the Treaty on Texas, the United States, Mexico, and Tribal Nations. Select articles from the Treaty itself are on loan from the National Archives and Records Administration in Washington, D.C. The handwritten pages of Articles III,...Article Link

Today on the Show: We continue our expanded reporting on the crucial struggle for vital immigration reform. Also we remember the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. We'll feature a new Edition of Deconstructing WarLandia, our weekly media column on the various US wars of aggression with Arun Gupta. And Cynthia Papermaster of Code Pink on a life and death fast for peace The post Remembering The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo appeared first on KPFA.

San Antonio's Centro Cultural Aztlan presents the 47th annual "Segundo de Febrero" exhibit to commemorate the anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. This year's exhibition, "Seguimos" or "we go on," explores themes of migration, adaptation, and the duality of the Mexican American identity.

Time  Red Pill Topics & Headlines 6:03am cst Welcome to the Mike Church Show on www.crusadechannel.com Call the show  844-5CRUSADE   Did you miss yesterday's LIVE Mike Church Show? Worry not, you can listen to all previously aired shows at the new CRUSADE MAX - https://podcasts.crusadechannel.com   HEADLINE RUNDOWN   Governor Abbott & The Texas Border We haven't heard the Regime Leader being all dictator but he was pandering to the UAW yesterday so he will probably be on the job today. The Regime Leader has been very quiet in regards to Governor Abbott. This letter penned yesterday by Governor Abbott is wonderful, almost like TKD penned it. He left no grey areas in this letter. It is white and black, he is not going to give in. There are officially 25 states showing support for Texas. That is 1/2 the union. 22m HEADLINE: ‘Pawn Stars' Celebrity Rick Harrison Blames Border Crisis For Son's Death by Tristan Justice  “The fentanyl crisis in this country must be taken more seriously,” Harrison told the Post. “It seems it is just flowing over the borders and nothing is being done about it. We must do better.” December set a new record for the number of migrant encounters in a single month, with more than 300,000 reported. According to the House Homeland Security Committee, on Biden's watch, there have been at least 1.7 million known “gotaways” who have dodged Border Patrol and gotten into the country, with even more coming in undetected. In fiscal year 2023, 169 individuals caught trying to cross illegally were on the terrorist watchlist. 29m Border Patrol & Texas National Guard If you receive an order that you believe to be unjust, you have the responsibility and duty to say “I will not cary out that order”.  Remember the Crimson Tide movie? CO and XO - Remember when Denzel's character was given an order and he refuses to do so? I wouldn't want to do that job at the border.  I commend those men and women for doing the job they are doing out there. They see the misery and despair and everything else that happens out there but there is a job to be done. Customs and Border Patrol agents have been ordered to storm the breech.  There is going to be a showdown, this is just getting started. Even Newsweeks cover is about Texit and ‘Can the Lone Star state go it alone'? What Texas needs now is the Cajun Navy. That Cajun Navy w/ their boats could patrol the crap out of the Rio Grande! 40m                   46m Articles of Confederation  The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848 This treaty, signed on February 2, 1848, ended the war between the United States and Mexico. By its terms, Mexico ceded 55 percent of its territory, including the present-day states California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, most of Arizona and Colorado, and parts of Oklahoma, Kansas, and Wyoming. Mexico also relinquished all claims to Texas, and recognized the Rio Grande as the southern boundary with the United States. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which brought an official end to the Mexican-American War (1846-48), was signed on February 2, 1848, at Guadalupe Hidalgo, a city to which the Mexican government had fled with the advance of U.S. forces. ABBOTT LETTER  - The federal government has broken the compact b/w the United States and the States.  When you state something like this, you mean business.  Here is some American Constitution and Civics 101 -  It was a permanent agreement not a compact. So does Abbott really know what he is doing here? Understand that some of the Senators egging Lincoln on for Southern blood, despised the use of the term COMPACT.  Perpetual Union - means as long as both parties still agree, it perpetrates itself. So when Abbott says the federal government has broken the compact that means he is done with the COMPACT.

Episode Notes The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the Mexican-American War, involved 500,000 square miles of Mexican territory, including vast stretches of deserts. And what better animal to explore this new land than with imported camels. Many of whom were then set free to roam the Southwest for decades to come. United States Camel Corps Instagram // Facebook // YouTube // Twitter WikiWalks.net Support Wiki Walks by contributing to their tip jar: https://tips.pinecast.com/jar/wikiwalks

Welcome back for Part 2 of Alcatraz. In this episode of Nightmares of the Americas: Indigenous Tales, we discovered a haunting chapter of history that many have yet to hear.  Join us as we further explore the history of the island of Alcatraz. We jump right in with the Spanish losing control to the newly founded Mexican Government. However, their control didn't last very long.After a few years the Mexican government ceded California to the US Government in the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. They used the island for you guessed it another Fort, and later on a military prison. However, right before the end of the 1800s the US was still "dealing with the Indian Problem". They decided to create boarding schools to send "Indian" children too in hopes of destroying the family dynamic.  Many families resisted and it resulted in arrests . 19 Hopi men who defied the oppressive system of Indian boarding school ended up on the island of Alcatraz as prisoners. Lastly, before we leave we go over how the infamous Federal Prison came to be. We also go over the layout of the prison including the "Hole". A place where nightmares come to life, and even the most violent criminals are brought to their knees.  So sit back and enjoy the second part of our Alcatraz series.  Merch store- https://indigenoustales.threadless.com/Email us at info@behillnetwork.com Also check out our Instagram -https://www.instagram.com/indigenous_tales/And our TikTok -https://www.tiktok.com/@indigenous_talesAmanda Bland Dallas area Bakeryinstagram - https://www.instagram.com/cupidsweetsbakes/Cupid Sweets- https://www.facebook.com/cupidsweets

On this day in legal history, November 2nd 1795, President James Knox Polk was born–but he wasn't born president, he was elected later in life.James Knox Polk, the 11th President of the United States (1845-1849), was a significant figure in American history known for his expansionist policies and borderline despotic leadership during a period of territorial growth. Before becoming President, Polk served as the Speaker of the House of Representatives and Governor of Tennessee. His presidency was marked by a strong stance on manifest destiny, which posited that the United States was destined to expand across the North American continent.One of the most consequential actions during Polk's presidency was the initiation and prosecution of the Mexican-American War (1846-1848). This conflict arose from the annexation of Texas and disputes over the western boundary of the United States. Polk believed that acquiring the territories of California and New Mexico from Mexico was crucial for the nation's growth.The war began in 1846 after Mexican troops attacked American forces near the Rio Grande, a region both countries claimed. Polk swiftly sought a declaration of war from Congress, stating that Mexico had "shed American blood on American soil." The war was controversial and had both staunch supporters and vehement opponents.One notable opponent was Congressman Abraham Lincoln, who was a member of the Whig Party and represented Illinois. In 1847, Lincoln introduced a resolution in Congress known as the "Spot Resolutions," which challenged President Polk to provide the exact spot where American blood was spilled, as Polk had claimed in justifying the war. Lincoln's intent was to press Polk on the justification for the war, questioning the integrity of the claim that the conflict was initiated by Mexico on U.S. soil.The war ended in 1848 with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which significantly expanded U.S. territory. Under the treaty, Mexico ceded vast territories to the United States including present-day California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and parts of Colorado, Wyoming, New Mexico, and Oklahoma in exchange for $15 million.Polk's presidency, while relatively short, had a lasting impact on the nation's territorial boundaries and set the stage for future U.S. expansion. However, the manner in which he pursued territorial acquisition, especially the war with Mexico, left a legacy of controversy that resonated in American politics for many years, particularly as it related to the broader issue of slavery's expansion into new territories.Generally speaking folks that had serious disagreements with Abraham Lincoln have not borne up well under the weight of their positions in the fullness of history. Donald Trump Jr., in a trial concerning fraudulent financial documents at the Trump Organization, testified having minimal involvement in preparing these documents. During his 1.5-hour testimony, he mentioned providing cash-flow figures to accountants while overseeing the company with his brother Eric during their father's presidency (2017-2021). However, he denied direct involvement in preparing the statements of financial condition of properties, which prosecutors claim were fraudulently inflated to secure favorable terms from lenders and insurers. Donald Jr., along with his father and brother Eric, are co-defendants in this case.The trial, presided over by Judge Arthur Engoron, has already seen a ruling that Trump and his company fraudulently inflated asset values, with the lawsuit seeking at least $250 million in fines and bans against Trump and his sons from running businesses in New York. This case is a part of the legal hurdles faced by Trump amidst his campaign for the 2024 Presidential Election. Trump has refuted the allegations, accusing Attorney General Letitia James and Judge Engoron of political bias, despite facing a limited gag order.The trial continues with expected testimonies from Eric and Ivanka Trump, and a scheduled testimony from Donald Trump on the following Monday. This case adds to the legal pressure on Trump, who also faces four separate criminal prosecutions related to attempts to overturn his 2020 election defeat. Amidst the ongoing legal battles, Trump had a court appearance with his former attorney Michael Cohen, who testified against Trump regarding the inflation of asset values.Donald Trump Jr. says he played minor role in company finances | ReutersA federal judicial panel has decided not to revisit its prior decision of clearing two Republican-appointed judges, Chief U.S. Circuit Judge William Pryor and U.S. District Judge Corey Maze, of misconduct regarding the hiring of a law clerk, Crystal Clanton, who was reported to have engaged in racist behavior during her time at a conservative nonprofit. Despite a directive from the national judicial misconduct panel in July 2022 to conduct a new investigation, the 2nd U.S. Circuit Judicial Council upheld its January 2022 decision on the matter. The national panel had criticized the 2nd Circuit for not establishing a special committee to investigate the allegations before clearing the judges.The request for a new investigation was propelled by Democrats on the U.S. House of Representatives' Judiciary Committee, arguing for a need to assure the public of a lack of racial bias in the judges' chambers. However, the 2nd Circuit, in a two-page order, supported the arguments of Pryor and Maze that the national committee overstepped its authority as the 2nd Circuit's dismissal order was deemed final under the relevant statute. They argued that a 2008 rule enabling the national conduct committee to order the circuit council to act conflicted with the Judicial Conduct and Disability Act of 1980.The case came into the spotlight due to Clanton's alleged racist conduct while serving as the national field director of the conservative student group, Turning Point USA, which was highlighted in a 2017 New Yorker story. Following her resignation from Turning Point, Clanton was hired by Ginni Thomas, spouse of U.S. Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas, and later pursued a law degree at George Mason University's Antonin Scalia Law School. Upon graduation, she was set to clerk for Maze before starting a clerkship under Pryor in 2023, sparking controversy and complaints from House Democrats in 2021.US judges defeat misconduct case over hiring of clerk accused of racism | ReutersDunkin', the doughnut chain, has settled a trademark lawsuit against an e-cigarette maker, Singh Handicraft Corp, who allegedly misused Dunkin's branding for its "Vapin' Donuts" products. The settlement was reported in a filing in New York federal court, where Dunkin' and Singh Handicraft Corp informed the court of their resolution in principle, with Singh agreeing to a permanent injunction to stop the infringement. The lawsuit, filed in September, claimed that Singh's disposable vaporizers used for flavored nicotine bore a strong resemblance to Dunkin's branding. The "Vapin' Donuts" vaporizers were particularly shaped like iced coffee cups and glazed doughnuts, featuring logos with a similar color scheme and font as Dunkin'.The lawsuit also pointed out that Singh offered the vaporizers in flavors identical to Dunkin's drinks, like White Mocha and Iced Cappuccino, which Dunkin' argued could mislead consumers into associating the products with their brand. Some buyers even mentioned purchasing the vaporizers due to their affection for Dunkin'. While the details of the settlement weren't immediately available, this case highlights a scenario of alleged trademark infringement between industries.Dunkin' settles 'Vapin' Donuts' lawsuit against e-cigarette maker | ReutersThis last story includes a reference to a death in an automobile crash, if that isn't something you can hear today we get it and we'll see you back here tomorrow!Tesla secured a major legal victory in the first U.S. trial over allegations that its Autopilot feature led to a fatal crash. This marks Tesla's second significant win this year in court where juries found no defect in its software. The recent case was held in Riverside County Superior Court, concerning a 2019 crash where a Model 3, allegedly on Autopilot, veered off a highway, hit a palm tree and caught fire, resulting in the death of owner Micah Lee and serious injuries to his passengers. The plaintiffs sought $400 million plus punitive damages.Tesla refuted the liability, attributing the crash to the driver's alcohol consumption before the incident and arguing the ambiguity surrounding whether Autopilot was engaged during the crash. The jury, after four days of deliberation, reached a 9-3 verdict, ruling that there was no manufacturing defect in the vehicle. Tesla reiterated that its vehicles are well-designed and contribute to road safety, while the plaintiff's attorney acknowledged the verdict but noted that Tesla was heavily scrutinized during the trial.Legal commentators highlighted that the verdicts in this and an earlier case underscore a judicial focus on human responsibility despite the vehicle's Autopilot features. However, Tesla's Autopilot and Full Self-Driving systems continue to face regulatory, legal scrutiny, and ongoing federal investigations. Despite these challenges, this win in a high-stake trial portrays a favorable judicial stance towards Tesla, at least in terms of manufacturing quality, which may influence the outcomes of future lawsuits involving autonomous driving technology.Tesla wins first US Autopilot trial involving fatal crash | Reuters Get full access to Minimum Competence - Daily Legal News Podcast at www.minimumcomp.com/subscribe

¿Por qué Estados Unidos invadió México en 1846? ¿De verdad Santa Anna les vendió vilmente nuestros territorios a los norteamericanos? ¿Pudieron haberse quedado con todo el país? ¿Cuáles fueron las batallas más trágicas que se libraron? ¿Hubo espías?En este capítulo hablamos de: El tratado de Guadalupe Hidalgo, La Batalla de Monterrey, La independencia de Texas, La República de California, The American Spy Company, La batalla de Chapultepec, Filósofos contra la invasión, Nicholas Trist, Y más sobre la Intervención Estadounidense.See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Welcome to the Instant Trivia podcast episode 924, where we ask the best trivia on the Internet. Round 1. Category: "v" love it! 1: With names like Michelangelo and Black Widow, they're designed to vandalize your computer system. viruses. 2: "You've Come a Long Way, Baby" was the classic tagline of these cigarettes. Virginia Slims. 3: It flows through Kazan and Saratov. Volga River. 4: God bless this author of "God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater". Kurt Vonnegut. 5: The third most populous city in Spain, it's known for its silks and its oranges. Valencia. Round 2. Category: history test 1: The Spanish version of this judicial body was set up in 1478; the Roman one, in 1542. the Inquisition. 2: In 1848 this U.S.-Mexico peace treaty was signed not far from the Basilica of the Virgin of Guadalupe. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. 3: The Boxer Protocol, signed in September 1901, forced this country to pay about $330 million. China. 4: Vermeer's view of this city dates from a few years after its devastating powder magazine explosion. Delft. 5: This ship left Tahiti April 4, 1789, apparently to the regret of many of the crew. the Bounty. Round 3. Category: classic tv title roles 1: Dry cleaner Sherman Hemsley, Isabel Sanford and their son. The Jeffersons. 2: Police captain Hal Linden. Barney Miller. 3: Alien life form voiced by Paul Fusco. ALF. 4: Waitress Linda Lavin. Alice. 5: Streetwise detective Robert Blake. Baretta. Round 4. Category: "day" or "night" 1: If you're habitually up and active late into the night you're one of these "bird"s. Night owl. 2: A trademark for luminous paints and colors like that of my "Rocket Red" underwear. DayGlo. 3: One of mine is being chased by a tyrannosaurus rex, one of yours may be "on Elm Street". Nightmare. 4: The goddess Eos knows it's another word for dawn. Daybreak. 5: On his 20th attempt, Dale Earnhardt won this grueling auto race February 15, 1998. Daytona 500. Round 5. Category: cnn 25: international news 1: In 1989, one lone protestor halted a column of tanks as it advanced on this square. Tiananmen Square. 2: (Hi, I'm Anderson Cooper of CNN's 360.) In 2002 I reported from this capital that U.S. allies had liberated the previous November. Kabul. 3: In 1997, we said "hello" to this sheep as CNN reported on her cloning by Scottish scientists. Dolly. 4: Held hostage in Lebanon, this AP correspondant was finally freed in 1991, ending his 7-year ordeal. Terry Anderson. 5: Tragically in 1995, more than 200 people died in the country then called this during an outbreak of the Ebola virus. Zaire. Thanks for listening! Come back tomorrow for more exciting trivia! Special thanks to https://blog.feedspot.com/trivia_podcasts/

The Insular Cases are SCOTUS cases regarding rights of people in U.S. territories. They're considered U.S. citizens from birth, but they don't have the same constitutional rights or representation as citizens who live in one of the 50 states. Research: Armstrong v. United States, 182 U.S. 243 (1901). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/182/243/ Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Sanford Ballard Dole". Encyclopedia Britannica, 5 Jun. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sanford-Ballard-Dole. Accessed 31 July 2023. Carstensen, Vernon. “The Constitutional and Territorial Expansion.” https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/IND88053401/pdf DeLima v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 1 (1901). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/182/1/ Dooley v. United States, 182 U.S. 222 (1901). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/182/222/ Dooley v. United States, 183 U.S. 151 (1901). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/183/151/ Downes v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 244 (1901). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/182/244/ Erman, Sam. “Meanings of Citizenship in the U.S. Empire: Puerto Rico, Isabel Gonzalez, and the Supreme Court, 1898 to 1905.” Journal of American Ethnic History Summer 2008 Volume 27, Number 4. Fiol-Matta, Lía. “Future of the Insular Cases.” Latino Justice. https://www.latinojustice.org/en/latinojusticeopina/future-insular-cases Fourteen Diamond Rings v. United States, 183 U.S. 176 (1901). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/183/176/ Gelpí, Gustavo A. “The Insular Cases: A Comparative Historical Study of Puerto Rico, Hawai‘i, and the Philippines.” The Federal Lawyer | March/April 2011. Gershon, Livia. “The Myth of Manifest Destiny.” JSTOR Daily. 5/5/2021. https://daily.jstor.org/the-myth-of-manifest-destiny/ Goetze v. United States, 182 U.S. 221 (1901). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/182/221/ Howe, Amy. “Court declines to take up petition seeking to overturn Insular Cases.” SCOTUS Blog. 10/17/2022. https://www.scotusblog.com/2022/10/court-declines-to-take-up-petition-seeking-to-overturn-insular-cases/ Huus v. New York & Porto Rico Steamship Co., 182 U.S. 392 (1901). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/182/392/ National Archives. “Louisiana Purchase Treaty (1803).” https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/louisiana-purchase-treaty#no-1 Perez, Lisa Maria. “Citizenship Denied: The ‘Insular Cases' and the Fourteenth Amendment.” Virginia Law Review , Jun., 2008, Vol. 94, No. 4 (Jun., 2008). https://www.jstor.org/stable/25470577 Ponsa-Kraus, Christina. “The Insular Cases Run Amok: Against Constitutional Exceptionalism in the Territories.” Yale Law Journal. Vol. 131, No. 8. June 2022. https://www.yalelawjournal.org/article/the-insular-cases-run-amok Sparrow, Bartholomew H. "Insular Cases." Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court of the United States, edited by David S. Tanenhaus, vol. 2, Macmillan Reference USA, 2008, pp. 476-481. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3241200487/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=91c70605. Accessed 25 July 2023. Supreme Court of the United States. “UNITED STATES v. VAELLO MADERO.” Argued November 9, 2021—Decided April 21, 2022. https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/20-303_6khn.pdf Topol, Sarah A., and Glenna Gordon. "The America That Americans Forget." The New York Times Magazine, 9 July 2023, p. 22(L). Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A756508304/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=9e9434c8. Accessed 25 July 2023. Torruella, Juan R. “Ruling America's Colonies: The Insular Cases” Yale Law & Policy Review. 32:57. 2013. Torruella, Juan R. “The Insular Cases: The Establishment of a Regime of Political Apartheid.” University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law. Winter 2007. https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/jil/vol29/iss2/1/ S. Department of the Interior Office of Insular Affairs. “Definitions of Insular Area Political Organizations.” https://www.doi.gov/oia/islands/politicatypes S. State Department Office of the Historian. “Louisiana Purchase, 1803 .” https://history.state.gov/milestones/1801-1829/louisiana-purchase. Wallach, Sherry Levin. “The Insular Cases Must Be Overturned.” Bloomberg Law. 8/3/2022. https://news.bloomberglaw.com/us-law-week/the-insular-cases-must-be-overturned Yale Law School. “Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo; February 2, 1848.” https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/guadhida.asp See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Gerrit and Richard continue discussing John C. Bennett's role in claiming Joseph Smith ordered Porter Rockwell to murder Boggs and put up a reward for it.  They examine what Joseph did say about Boggs and then discuss the California settlement of both the Saints and Boggs and the likely origin of the rumored prophecy...Gerrit can't help himself and mentions the Compromise of 1850 and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and goes on a tangent about a scheme to make a Mega Giant California when it first became a state. ⁠Subscribe to our free newsletter⁠⁠ - ⁠⁠https://standardoftruthpodcast.substack.com/⁠⁠ Please visit our website at ⁠⁠www.standardoftruth.com⁠⁠ If you have any questions or possible topics of discussion for upcoming podcasts, please email us at: ⁠⁠questions@standardoftruthpodcast.com

The James K. Polk Historic Site is a fascinating historical attraction located in Pineville, North Carolina. It commemorates the life and legacy of James K. Polk, the 11th President of the United States. The site includes a visitor center, a museum, and historic buildings associated with the Polk family. Scott Warren, Site Manager, joins the program to share the early years of President Polk's life in the Carolinas.  Many people do not know how influential this president was as a one-term president.  Lost between Presidents Jackson & Lincoln, Polk had a storied career as Governor of Tennessee & U.S. Speaker of the House. James K. Polk served as President from 1845 to 1849, and his presidency was marked by significant accomplishments, including the annexation of Texas, the settlement of the Oregon boundary dispute, and the acquisition of California and other western territories through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo that ended the Mexican-American War. At the James K. Polk Historic Site, visitors can explore the reconstructed log cabin birthplace of James K. Polk. The cabin accurately depicts the living conditions of the era and provides insight into the early life of the future President. Inside the cabin, visitors can view exhibits and displays showcasing artifacts and historical information related to Polk's upbringing and family life. Adjacent to the birthplace cabin, you'll find the Polk family's log kitchen, which was also reconstructed on the site. The kitchen gives visitors a glimpse into the daily life and domestic activities of the Polk family during the early 19th century. The visitor center at the James K. Polk Historic Site features exhibits that delve into Polk's political career and presidency. Through interactive displays, multimedia presentations, and informative panels, visitors can learn about the significant events and policies of Polk's time in office. The exhibits highlight the challenges and achievements of his administration and shed light on the political climate of the mid-19th century. The site also offers guided tours led by knowledgeable interpreters who provide historical context and share intriguing stories about James K. Polk and his presidency. Thanks to Scott Warren for joining us on the Carolina Outdoors. This segment of the program was powered by Jesse Brown's  This outdoor store in Charlotte is known for its knowledgeable staff. The team at Jesse Brown's consists of outdoor enthusiasts who are passionate about fly fishing, hiking, & travel.  

We have an interesting this day in colonialism, I'm sorry legal, history today: on May 19, 1848 Mexico ratified the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, ending the Mexican–American war and ceding about half of Mexico's territory to the United States. The treaty did not explicitly list the territories to be ceded and avoided addressing the disputed issues that led to the war, such as the validity of Texas's independence and its boundary claims. Instead, it established the new U.S.-Mexico border, describing it from east to west as the Rio Grande northwest to the southern boundary of New Mexico, then due west to the 110th meridian, and north along the 110th meridian to the Gila River. From there, a straight line was drawn to one marine league south of the southernmost point of the port of San Diego.Mexico conceded about 55% of its pre-war territory in the treaty, resulting in an area of approximately 1.97 million km². The region between the Adams-Onís and Guadalupe Hidalgo boundaries, excluding the territory claimed by the Republic of Texas, is known as the Mexican Cession. It includes present-day California, Nevada, Utah, most of Arizona, and parts of New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming.The treaty protected the property rights of Mexican citizens living in the transferred territories and required the United States to assume $3.25 million in debts owed by Mexico to U.S. citizens. Mexican residents were given one year to choose American or Mexican citizenship, with over 90% opting for American citizenship. Article XI of the treaty addressed Indian raids into Mexico, but it proved unenforceable, leading to continued raids and later annulment in the Treaty of Mesilla.The land acquired through the treaty became part of nine states between 1850 and 1912, including California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Texas, Colorado, Oklahoma, and New Mexico. The cost of the acquisition was $16,295,149, or about 5 cents per acre. The remainder of New Mexico and Arizona was later peacefully purchased through the Gadsden Purchase in 1853, which aimed to accommodate a transcontinental railroad. The construction of the railroad was delayed due to the American Civil War but was eventually completed in 1881 as the Southern Pacific Railroad.Five TikTok users from Montana have filed a lawsuit in federal court to challenge the state's ban on the Chinese-owned platform. The ban, signed into law by Montana Governor Greg Gianforte, is set to take effect on January 1, 2024, and prohibits TikTok from being offered on app stores operated by Google and Apple within the state. The users argue that the state is overstepping its authority by attempting to regulate national security and suppress speech, which they believe violates their First Amendment rights. They compare the ban to banning a newspaper due to its ownership or published ideas. Montana's attorney general, Austin Knudsen, who is responsible for enforcing the law, expressed readiness to defend it against legal challenges. TikTok, owned by China's ByteDance, has faced calls for a nationwide ban in the United States over concerns of Chinese government influence. The plaintiffs in the lawsuit include a swimwear designer, a former Marine Corps sergeant, a rancher, a student of applied human physiology, and a content creator who earns revenue from humorous videos. TikTok has denied sharing data with the Chinese government and condemned Montana's ban as an infringement on First Amendment rights. The case has been assigned to Judge Donald Molloy, who was appointed by former President Bill Clinton in 1995. Violations of the ban could result in fines for TikTok, but not users (for now).TikTok users file lawsuit to block Montana ban | ReutersThe US Supreme Court has issued a ruling in a patent dispute between Amgen Inc. and Sanofi/Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., clarifying the scope of the patent law requirement known as enablement. The decision affirms a narrow interpretation of the requirement, allowing more pharmaceutical companies to compete in the same areas of research and development. The ruling prevents a single company from monopolizing an entire research area through broadly defined patents and raises questions about the validity of certain antibody patents. The court upheld a lower court's decision to invalidate two Amgen patents related to its cholesterol drug Repatha, emphasizing the need for patent applications to provide enough information to enable others in the field to make and use the claimed invention. The decision cites historical cases to support its interpretation of the enablement standard. The ruling is expected to have implications for the biotech industry, potentially de-risking projects for companies with antibody intellectual property and encouraging more research and development. Inventors are likely to file longer patent applications and focus on concrete examples to avoid invalidation of their claims. The decision also casts doubt on the convention of conservative amino acid substitutions being covered by patent applications.In Amgen-Sanofi Decision, High Court Sticks to Patent Law ScriptThe U.S. Supreme Court has ruled in a 7-2 decision that state militias, including the Ohio National Guard, can be compelled to engage in collective bargaining with unions by the Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA). Justice Clarence Thomas, writing for the majority, stated that state militias function as federal agencies when employing technicians who have both civilian and military roles. As a result, the FLRA has jurisdiction over them concerning those employees. Ohio had argued that the U.S. Department of Defense, rather than state militias, should be responsible for negotiating with unions representing technicians. The decision upholds the power of the FLRA to hear disputes between the National Guard and unions, based on a ruling by the 6th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in 2021. Justices Samuel Alito and Neil Gorsuch dissented, contending that the FLRA's authority is limited to federal agencies and that National Guards do not become federal agencies solely through delegated tasks.U.S. labor agency has power over state militias, Supreme Court rules | ReutersCrypto exchange FTX, which filed for bankruptcy in November, has initiated legal action to recover over $240 million it paid for stock trading platform Embed. FTX has filed three lawsuits in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court, accusing former FTX insiders, including founder Sam Bankman-Fried, Embed executives, including founder Michael Giles, and Embed shareholders of misconduct. FTX alleges that Bankman-Fried and others misused company funds to acquire stakes in Embed without conducting proper investigations. FTX closed the Embed acquisition just weeks before its bankruptcy, and the current CEO described the actions leading to the collapse as "old-fashioned embezzlement." FTX's recent attempt to sell Embed resulted in an offer of only $1 million from Giles, indicating a significant disparity between the acquisition cost and the company's actual value. FTX claims that Embed's software was essentially worthless and alleges that little investigation was conducted before the purchase. FTX seeks to recover $236.8 million from Giles and Embed insiders and $6.9 million from Embed minority shareholders.FTX seeks to claw back over $240 million from Embed acquisition | ReutersThis is a bit of news that actually dropped last week, but kind of flew under the radar. The Judicial Conference's Executive Committee has determined that the COVID-19 emergency no longer impacts the operation of federal courts. As a result, a 120-day grace period will begin on May 24, during which federal courts can maintain remote public audio access to civil and bankruptcy proceedings, similar to the arrangements made during the pandemic. However, the grace period does not extend to virtual criminal proceedings, which ceased on May 10 as permission granted under the CARES Act expired. The Judicial Conference Committee on Court Administration and Case Management will continue to assess potential changes to the broadcasting policy for civil and bankruptcy proceedings based on data collected during the pandemic and is expected to present a report in September.Judiciary Ends COVID Emergency; Study of Broadcast Policy Continues | United States CourtsDeutsche Bank has agreed to pay $75 million to settle a lawsuit filed by women who claimed they were abused by Jeffrey Epstein, the late financier. The settlement resolves a proposed class action and addresses accusations that Deutsche Bank facilitated Epstein's sex trafficking activities by failing to identify red flags in his accounts. Epstein was a client of the bank from 2013 to 2018. The settlement is subject to approval by U.S. District Judge Jed Rakoff, who has scheduled a preliminary hearing for June 1. Two similar lawsuits against JPMorgan Chase & Co, another bank associated with Epstein, remain unresolved.Deutsche Bank to pay $75 million to settle lawsuit by Epstein accusers | Reuters Get full access to Minimum Competence - Daily Legal News Podcast at www.minimumcomp.com/subscribe

In this episode of Healthcare for Humans, we talked to Dr. Garcia again and delve into the often-overlooked history of Mexican immigration in the United States and its connection to the labor market. From desperate times to discriminatory attitudes, we uncover the complex story of Mexican immigrants and their contributions to the country's workforce. We explore the structural causes that have shaped their history and highlight the need for accessible, safe, and responsive healthcare for all communities.Explain the historical roots of Mexico, including its indigenous civilizations and colonization by Hernan Cortes, leading to its independence from Spain in 1821.Discuss the impact of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, which resulted in Mexicans suddenly living in the US due to land becoming part of the US.Review various programs and events encouraging Mexican immigration to the US from the 1840s to the 1960s, including the Bracero program and the Mexican Revolution.Explore the portrayal of Mexicans in the media and politicization of immigration, highlighting the rich history and contributions of Mexicans to society, and the unique experiences of Mexican Americans and other Latino groups in the US.Next Steps:Sign up on Healthcare for Humans website to join our communitySubscribe and share this episode to help clinicians care for diverse communities betterFollow Raj on Twitter

El 2 de febrero de 1848, México y Estados Unidos firman el Tratado Guadalupe Hidalgo en donde perdemos más de la mitad de nuestro territorio. En ese entonces quien estaba en la Presidencia de la República era Manuel de la Peña y Peña (Primer presidente civil). Conoce más detalles en esta charla realizada en Palacio de Minería el día 31 de marzo de 2023. Puedes ver el video en la página de facebook del Palacio o de URUZ RADIO.

In the 1840s, the United States was in a mad dash to expand its borders under the guise of manifest destiny, or the belief that it was God's will for the United States to extend its territory and spread democracy far and wide. In 1846 this desire for increased territorial control led to military conflict with Mexico over the area including what would become California, Texas, New Mexico, Colorado, and New Mexico which ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and Mexico ceding nearly half of its pre-war territory. Tune in to hear about how manifest destiny, a rogue diplomat, and a future president contributed to the Mexican-American War. For source material, transcripts, and ways you can support the show, please visit the website at www.civicsandcoffee.comSupport the show

On today’s Morning Magazine, History Colorado is hosting an exhibit on the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which brought an end to the U.S. invasion of Mexico in the mid-1800s and redefined the borderlands between the two countries. Then, CityCast Denver […]

After the fight at Churubusco, the two armies rested for a couple of weeks, after which the Americans resumed the attack at Molino del Rey and Chapultepec. Eventually, Scott and his army fought their way into Mexico City as Santa Anna and his army retreated. After several months of negotiations, the two sides signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, a settlement that was highly costly for Mexico and highly beneficial to the United States. The war was over.

It's Friday and we're digging deep into all the local stories that mattered this week. First, the mayor's race isn't the only big decision facing Denver voters this April. We'll be picking new City Council members too, and those races are starting to take shape — and in one case, getting pretty nasty. With host Bree Davies out of town, producers Erin O'Toole and Paul Karolyi are talking politics and swapping Valentine's Day recs with CPR senior host and hopeless romantic Nathan Heffel.  We talked about the anonymous mailers attacking D9 councilwoman Candi CdeBaca, the big names in the at-large race, and the swingers club in Centennial.  Our picks for your Valentine's Day: Donate blood Valentine's Day Heart-Shaped Pizza Class at Joy Hill B&GC Speakeasy The Cooper Lounge at Union Station And, the weekend events Adrian brought for our consideration: “Titanic” 25th Anniversary Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo at History Colorado Monster Jam Superb Owl All-You-Can-Eat Buffet City Cast Denver is hiring! We're looking for a Senior Account Executive to join our revenue team. Do you know someone who might be a good fit? Are you someone who might be a good fit? Check out the full listing here and let us know if you have any questions! Subscribe to Hey Denver, our kickass morning newsletter, by texting “Denver” to 66866 Follow us on Twitter: @citycastdenver Or Instagram: @citycastdenver Chat with other listeners on reddit: r/CityCastDenver Learn more about the sponsor of this episode: How to Buy a Home Podcast Looking to advertise on City Cast Denver? Check out our options for podcast and newsletter ads at citycast.fm/advertise Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Colorado Sun reporters Michael Booth and John Ingold talk with colleague Jennifer Brown about religious directives ending some important reproductive services for some Colorado patients, and what happens when you study twins' use of marijuana. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This is the ancestral land of the First People, the Kumeyaay. For thousands of years, fresh water flowed down from mountains to the east, carving out a course and, with its sediments, creating the Tijuana River Estuary when it mixed with the waters of the sea. All that time, plants and animals adapted to the evolving environment, with Kumeyaay using the estuary and its surrounding land for food-gathering and habitation. With the arrival of Spanish colonists and soldiers in May of 1769, all those patterns began to change and the natural landscape was subject to a different idea of ownership and land management. This shift was cemented when in 1821, the Tijuana Estuary became part of Alta California. In 1848, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the U.S.-Mexican War – and ceded present-day California to the United States, eventually solidifying borders that changed people's ways of life. You might have heard the war between the United States and Mexico referred to as the Mexican American War. We prefer to use the term U.S. -Mexican War because it acknowledges that Mexico is also a part of America, as well as the hard feelings that still exist to our neighbor to the south regarding that war. In this episode of Divided Together, we'll hear from Rachel St. John, an historian who wrote a book about the early U.S.-Mexico border period from 1848 to the 1930s. How did a simple line on a map transform into the regulated divide we have today? In this episode historian Rachel St. John shares how an array of officials, land pirates, and law enforcement created the foundations for the modern border control we have today. Divided Together is a California State Parks podcast series for Border Field State Park, brought to you by Parks California and the generosity of an anonymous donor. Adam Greenfield is the engineer and co-producer of this podcast.  Anne Marie Tipton is the host and co-producer.

Support the podcast by tipping via Venmo to @queensofthemines, buying the book on Amazon, or becoming a patron at www.partreon.com/queensofthemines   When Agnes Moulton Coolbrith joined the Mormon Church in Boston in 1832, she met and married Prophet Don Carlos Smith, the brother of Joseph Smith, founder of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. There, at the first Mormon settlement, Agnes gave birth to three daughters. The youngest was Josephine Donna Smith, born 1841. Only four months after Josephine Donna Smith's birth, Don Carlos Smith died of malaria.  In spite of Don Carlos being a bitter opposer of the ‘spiritual wife' doctrine, Agnes was almost immediately remarried to her late husband's brother, Joseph Smith in 1842, making her his probably seventh wife. Today we will talk about Josephine Donna Smith's, who's life in California spanned the pioneer American occupation, to the first renaissance of the 19thcentury feminist movement. an American poet, writer, librarian, and a legend in the San Francisco Bay Area literary community. Season 3 features inspiring, gallant, even audacious stories of REAL 19th Century women from the Wild West.  Stories that contain adult content, including violence which may be, disturbing to some listeners, or secondhand listeners. So, discretion is advised. I am Andrea Anderson and this is Queens of the Mines, Season Three.    They called her Ina. But Sharing your partner with that many people may leave you lonely at times. Not surprisingly, during the marriage, Agnes felt neglected. Two years later, Smith was killed at the hands of an anti-Mormon and anti-polygamy mob. Agnes, scared for her life, moved to Saint Louis, Missouri with Ina and her siblings. Agnes reverted to using her maiden name, Coolbrith, to avoid identification with Mormonism and her former family. She did not speak of their Mormon past.  She married again, in Missouri, to William Pickett. Pickett had also converted to Mormonism, and had a second wife. He was an LDS Church member, a printer, a lawyer and an alcoholic. Agnes had twin sons with Pickett. They left the church and headed west, leaving his second wife behind.    Ina had never been in a school, but Pickett had brought along a well-worn copy of Byron's poetry, a set of Shakespeare, and the Bible. As they traveled, the family passed time reading. Inspired, Ina made up poetry in her head as she walked alongside her family's wagon. Somewhere in the Nevada sands, the children of the wagon train gathered as Ina buried her doll after it took a tumble and split its head.  Ina's life in California started at her arrival in front of the wagon train  through Beckwourth Pass in 1851. Her sister and her riding bareback on the horse of famous mountain man, explorer and scout Jim Beckwourth. He had guided the caravan and called Ina his “Little Princess.” In Virgina, Beckwourth was born as a slave. His father, who was his owner, later freed him. As the wagon train crossed into California, he said, “Here, little girls, is your kingdom.” The trail would later be known as Beckwourth Pass. Ina was the first white child to cross through the Sierra Nevadas on Beckwourth Pass.  The family settled in San Bernardino and then in Los Angeles which still had largely a Mormon and Mexican population. Flat adobe homes with courtyards filled with pepper trees, vineyards, and peach and pomegranate orchards. In Los Angeles, Agnes's new husband Pickett established a law practice. Lawyers became the greatest beneficiaries, after the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, acquiring Mexican land in exchange for representation in court contests. Pickett was one of those lawyers. Ina began writing poetry at age 11 and started school for the first time at 14. Attending  Los Angeles's first public school on Street and Second. She published her poetry in the local newspaper and she was published in The Los Angeles Star/Estrella when she was just fifteen years old.  At 17, she met Robert Bruce Carsley, a part-time actor and a full time iron-worker for Salamander Ironworks.  Salamander Ironworks.built jails, iron doors, and balconies. Ina and Robert married in a doctor's home near the San Gabriel Mission. They lived behind the iron works and had a son. But Robert Carsley revealed himself to be an abusive man. Returning from a minstrel show in San Francisco, Carsley became obsessed with the idea that his new wife had been unfaithful to him. Carsley arrived at Pickett's adobe, where Ina was for the evening,  screaming that Ina was a whore in that very tiny quiet pueblo. Pickett gathered up his rifle and shot his son in law's hand off.  The next few months proved to be rough for Ina. She got an uncontested divorce within three months in a sensational public trial, but then, tragically, her infant son died. And although divorce was legal, her former friends crossed the street to avoid meeting her. Ina fell into a deep depression. She legally took her mothers maiden name Coolbrith and moved to San Francisco with her mother, stepfather and their twins.  In San Francisco, Ina continued to write and publish her poetry and found work as an English teacher. Her poems were published in the literary newspaperThe Californian. The editor of The Californian was author Samuel Langhorne Clemens. Also known as, Mark Twain. Ina made friends with Mark Twain, John Muir, Bret Harte and Charles Warren Stoddard, Twain's queer drinking companion. Coolbrith, renowned for her beauty, was called a “dark-eyed Sapphic divinity” and the "sweetest note in California literature” by Bret Harte. John Muir attempted to introduce her to eligible men.  Coolbrith, Harte and Stoddard formed what became known as the Golden Gate Trinity. The Golden Gate Trinity was closely associated with the literary journal, Overland Monthly, which published short stories written by the 28-year old Mark Twain. Ina became the editorial assistant and for a decade, she supplied one poem for each new issue. Her poems also appeared in Harper's, Scribner's, and other popular national magazines.   At her home on Russian Hill, Ina hosted literary gatherings where writers and publishers rubbed shoulders and shared their vision of a new way of writing – writing that was different from East Coast writing. There were  readings of poetry and topical discussions, in the tradition of European salons and Ina danced the fandango and  played the guitar, singing American and Spanish songs.  Actress and poet Adah Menken was a frequent visitor to her parties. We know Adah Menken from earlier episodes and the Queens of the Mines episode and she is in the book, as she was a past fling of the famous Lotta Crabtree.  The friendship between Coolbrith and Menken gave Menken credibility as an intellectual although Ina was never able to impress Harte of Menken's worth at the gatherings.     Another friend of Ina's was the eccentric poet Cincinnatus H. Miller. Ina introduced Miller to the San Francisco literary circle and when she learned of his adoration of the heroic, tragic life of Joaquin Murrieta, Ina suggested that he take the name Joaquin Miller as his pen name. She insisted he dress the part with longer hair and a more pronounced mountain man style.  Coolbrith and Miller planned a tour of the East Coast and Europe, but when Ina's mother Agnes and Ina's sister both became seriously ill, Ina decided to stay in San Francisco and take care of them and her nieces and nephews. Ina agreed to raise Miller's daughter, Calla Shasta, a beautiful half indigenous girl, as he traveled around Europe brandishing himself a poet. Coolbrith and Miller had shared an admiration for the poet Lord Byron, and they decided Miller should lay a wreath on his tomb in England. They collected laurel branches in Sausalito, Ina made the wreath. A stir came across the English clergy when Miller placed the wreath on the tomb at the Church of St. Mary Magdalene, Hucknall. They did not understand the connection between the late lord and a couple of California poets. Not to be outdone, the clergy sent to the King of Greece for another laurel wreath from the country of Byron's heroic death. The two wreaths were hung side by side over Byron's tomb. After this, Miller was nicknamed "The Byron of the West." Coolbrith wrote of the excursion in her poem "With a Wreath of Laurel".  Coolbrith was the primary earner for her extended family and they needed a bigger home. So, while Miller was in Europe, she moved her family to Oakland, where she was elected honorary member of the Bohemian Club. When her mother and sister soon died and she became the guardian of her orphaned niece and nephew, The Bohemian Club members discreetly assisted Ina in her finances.  Ina soon took a full-time job as Oakland's first public librarian. She worked 6 days a week, 12 hours a day, earning  $80 per month. Much less than a man would have received in that position at the time. Her poetry suffered as a result of the long work hours and for nearly twenty years, Ina only published sporadically.  Instead, Ina became a mentor for a generation of young readers. She hand chose books for her patrons based on their interests. In 1886, Ina mentored the 10-year-old Jack London. She guided his reading and London called her his "literary mother". London grew up to be an American novelist, journalist and social activist. Twenty years later, London wrote to Coolbrith to thank her he said “I named you Noble. That is what you were to me, noble. That was the feeling I got from you. Oh, yes, I got, also, the feeling of sorrow and suffering, but dominating them, always riding above all, was noble. No woman has so affected me to the extent you did. I was only a little lad. I knew absolutely nothing about you. Yet in all the years that have passed I have met no woman so noble as you." One young reader was another woman featured in a previous Queens of the Mines episode, Isadora Duncan, “the creator of modern dance”. Duncan described Coolbrith as "a very wonderful" woman, with beautiful eyes that glowed with burning fire and passion. Isadora was the daughter of a man that Ina had dazzled, enough to cause the breakup of his marriage.  The library patrons of Oakland called for reorganization in 1892 and after 18 years of service, a vindictive board of directors fired Ina, giving her three days' notice to clear her desk. One library trustee was quoted as saying "we need a librarian not a poet." She was replaced by her nephew Henry Frank Peterson. Coolbrith's literary friends were outraged, and worried that Ina would move away, becoming alien to California. They published a lengthy opinion piece to that effect in the San Francisco Examiner. John Muir, who often sent letters and the occasional box of freshly picked fruit,  also preferred to keep her in the area, and in one package, a letter suggested that she fill the newly opened position of the librarian of San Francisco. In Coolbrith's response to Muir, she thanked him for "the fruit of your land, and the fruit of your brain" but said, "No, I cannot have Mr. Cheney's place. I am disqualified by sex." San Francisco required that their librarian be a man. Ina returned to her beloved Russian Hill. In 1899, the artist William Keith and poet Charles Keeler offered Coolbrith the position as the Bohemian Club's part-time librarian. Her first assignment was to edit Songs from Bohemia, a book of poems by journalist and the Bohemian Club co-founder, Daniel O'Connell. Her salary in Oakland was $50 each month. The equivalent of $1740 in 2022. She then signed on as staff of Charles Fletcher Lummis's magazine, The Land of Sunshine. Her duties were light enough that she was able to devote a greater proportion of her time to writing.  Coolbrith was often sick in bed with rheumatism. Even as her health began to show signs of deterioration, she did not stop her work at the Bohemian Club. She began to work on a history of California literature as a personal project. Songs from the Golden Gate, was published in 1895; it contained "The Captive of the White City" which detailed the cruelty dealt to Native Americans in the late 19th century.  Coolbrith kept in touch with her first cousin Joseph F. Smith to whom and for whom she frequently expressed her love and regard. In 1916, she sent copies of her poetry collections to him. He publicized them, identifying as a niece of Joseph Smith. This greatly upset Coolbrith. She told him that "To be crucified for a faith in which you believe is to be blessed. To be crucified for one in which you do not believe is to be crucified indeed." Coolbrith fled from her home at Broadway and Taylor with her Angora cats, her student boarder Robert Norman and her friend Josephine Zeller when the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake hit. Her friends took a few small bundles of letters from colleagues and Coolbrith's scrapbook filled with press clippings about her and her poems. Across the bay, Joaquin Miller spotted heavy smoke and took a ferry from Oakland to San Francisco to help Coolbrith in saving her valuables from encroaching fire. Miller was prevented from doing so by soldiers who had orders to use deadly force against looters. Coolbrith's home burned to the ground. Soldiers evacuated Russian Hill, leaving Ina and Josie, two refugees, among many, wandering San Francisco's tangled streets. Coolbrith lost 3,000 books, row upon row of priceless signed first editions, rare original artwork, and many personal letters in the disaster. Above all, her nearly complete manuscript Part memoir, part history of California's early literary scene, including personal stories about her friends Bret Harte, Mark Twain, and John Muir, were lost. Coolbrith spent a few years in temporary residences after the blaze and her friends rallied to raise money to build her a house. Mark Twain sent three autographed photographs of himself from New York that sold for $10 a piece. He then sat for 17 more studio photographs to further the fund. She received a discreet grant from her Bohemian friends and a trust fund from a colleague in 1910. She set up again in a new house at 1067 Broadway on Russian Hill. Coolbrith got back to business writing and holding literary salons. Coolbrith traveled by train to New York City several times for several years, greatly increasing her poetry output. In those years she produced more than she had produced in the preceding 25 years.  Her style was more than the usual themes expected of women. Her sensuous descriptions of natural scenes advanced the art of Victorian poetry to incorporate greater accuracy without trite sentiment, foreshadowing the Imagist school and the work of Robert Frost. Coolbrith was named President of the Congress of Authors and Journalists in preparation for the 1915 Panama–Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco. That year, Coolbrith was also named California's first poet   , and the first poet laureate of any American state on June 30, 1915. A poet laureate composed poems for special events and occasions. Then, it was a position for the state that was held for life. The Overland Monthly reported that eyes were wet throughout the large audience when Coolbrith was crowned with a laurel wreath by Benjamin Ide Wheeler, President of the University of California, who called her the "loved, laurel-crowned poet of California." After several more speeches were made in her honor, and bouquets brought in abundance to the podium,  74-year old Coolbrith accepted the honor, wearing a black robe with a sash bearing a garland of bright orange California poppies, saying: "There is one woman here with whom I want to share these honors: Josephine Clifford McCracken. For we are linked together, the last two living members of Bret Harte's staff of Overland writers. In a life of unremitting labor, time and opportunity have been denied. So my meager output of verse is the result of odd moments, and only done at all because so wholly a labor of love.” Coolbrith continued to write and work to support herself until her final publication in 1917. Six years later, in May of 1923, Coolbrith's friend Edwin Markham found her at the Hotel Latham in New York very old, disabled, ill and broke.  Markham asked Lotta Crabtree to gather help for her.  Coolbrith was brought back to California where she settled in Berkeley to be cared for by her niece.  The next year, Mills College conferred upon her an honorary Master of Arts degree. In spring of 1926, she received visitors such as her old friend, art patron Albert M. Bender, who brought young Ansel Adams to meet her. Adams made a photographic portrait of Coolbrith seated near one of her white Persian cats and wearing a large white mantilla on her head.  A group of writers began meeting at the St Francis Hotel in San Francisco, naming their group the Ina Coolbrith Circle. When Ina returned to Berkeley she never missed a Sunday meeting until her death at 87-years-old. Ina Coolbrith died on Leap Day, February 29, 1928. The New York Times wrote, “Miss Coolbrith is one of the real poets among the many poetic masqueraders in the volume.” She is buried in Mountain View Cemetery in Oakland. My fave. Her grave was unmarked until 1986 when the literary society The Ina Coolbrith Circle placed a headstone.  It was only upon Coolbrith's death that her literary friends discovered she had ever been a mother. Her poem, "The Mother's Grief", was a eulogy to a lost son, but she never publicly explained its meaning. Most people didn't even know that she was a divorced woman. She didn't talk about her marriage except through her poetry.  Ina Coolbrith Park was established in 1947 near her Russian Hill home, by the San Francisco parlors of the Native Daughters of the Golden Westmas. The park is known for its "meditative setting and spectacular bay views". The house she had built near Chinatown is still there, as is the house on Wheeler in Berkeley where she died. Byways in the Berkeley hills were named after Bret Harte, Charles Warren Stoddard, Mark Twain, and other literati in her circle but women were not initially included. In 2016, the name of a stairway in the hills that connects Grizzly Peak Boulevard and Miller Avenue in Berkeley was changed from Bret Harte Lane to Ina Coolbrith Path. At the bottom of the stairway, there is a plaque to commemorate Coolbrith. Her name is also commemorated at the 7,900 foot peak near Beckwourth Pass on Mount Ina Coolbrith in the Sierra Nevada mountains near State Route 70. In 2003, the City of Berkeley installed the Addison Street Poetry Walk,  a series of 120 poem imprinted cast-iron plates flanking one block of a downtown street. A 55-pound plate bearing Coolbrith's poem "Copa De Oro (The California Poppy)" is  raised porcelain enamel text, set into the sidewalk at the high-traffic northwest corner of Addison and Shattuck Avenues Her life in California spanned the pioneer American occupation, the end of the Gold Rush, the end of the Rancho Era in Southern California, the arrival of the intercontinental train, and the first renaissance of the 19th century feminist movement.  The American Civil War played no evident part in her consciousness but her life and her writing revealed acceptance of everyone from all classes and all races.  Everyone whose life she touched wrote about her kindness.  She wrote by hand, a hand painfully crippled by arthritis after she moved to the wetter climate of San Francisco.  Her handwriting was crabbed as a result — full of strikeouts.  She earned her own living and supported three children and her mother. She was the Sweet Singer of California, an American poet, writer, librarian, and a legend in the San Francisco Bay Area literary community, known as the pearl of our tribe.  Now this all leads me to wonder, what will your legacy be?     Queens of the Mines was created and produced by me, Andrea Anderson. You can  support Queens of the Mines on Patreon or by purchasing the paperback Queens of the Mines. Available on Amazon.  This season's Theme Song is by This Lonesome Paradise. Find their music anywhere but you can Support the band by buying their music and merch at thislonesomeparadise@bandcamp.com        

In 1864, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo making the American Southwest a United States territory where the land would soon be crisscrossed with train tracks and roads, with new economies of health, culture and anthropological tourism, as well as harsh and inhumane impacts to Indigenous people.

Starting in 1848, hundreds of thousands of people made the treacherous journey to California seeking easy riches. Hear how the Gold Rush not only created the state of California, but also changed the U.S. in unforeseen ways and even contributed to the outbreak of the Civil War.

We're BACK! It's been a minute we know.  Thank you for tuning in and being here. This episode is a little longer and we hope you enjoy it as much as we did recording it.Do you celebrate Dia de Los Muertos? It isn't Mexican Halloween but a CELEBRATION of life.  The life of our loved ones that passed.  With the success of Disney's Coco it's hard not to notice these beautiful decorations along side Halloween decor these days. But what is it exactly? How did it come to be? Especially here in the United States.   We're going to explore some history and embrace good reasons to celebrate it.  Then our Padre is going to take us down memory lane and tell us a couple spooky stories over the phone from his childhood in San Antonio, TX.Ranch Water1oz Tequilla .5oz Fresh Lime JuiceTopo ChicoOver crushed ice pour in Tequila and Lime Juice then top off with Topo Chico.Oh and guess what? Our Ancestry DNA results are in! We're going to let you in on our genetic makeup.We do request that everyone do some work to APPRECIATE not APPROPRIATE  this holiday.  It's more than painting your face as a skull. Please recognize the culture beliefs behind it and build an Offend for the next Dia de los Muertos.Monstras Podcast La Llorona episodeThe Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo archive.govDay of the Dead History.comOFRENDA NPR.orgSanta Muerte HuffpostVideos:Day of the Dead Documentary IMBDMictlantecuhtli  Pantheon Mythology You TubeThe Aztec Roots Step Back You TubeDia de los Muertos WQPT PBSDay of the Dead KCET Los Angeles Chicanos You TubeSupport the showwww.FrolickingChronicles.comPatreon for exclusive contentYouTube Subscribe to our ChannelInstagram @FrolickingChronicles for updates & current eventsTikTok @ParanormalCocktails for FUN

Through the 19th Century, the US-Mexico border moved repeatedly, and the shifting borderlands were a space of cultural and economic transition that often gave rise to racialized gendered violence.   In this episode I speak with Dr. Bernadine Hernández, Associate Professor of American Literary Studies at the University of New Mexico, an activist with fronteristxs, and author of Border Bodies: Racialized Sexuality, Sexual Capital, and Violence in the Nineteenth-Century Borderlands. Our theme song is Frogs Legs Rag, composed by James Scott and performed by Kevin MacLeod, licensed under Creative Commons. The episode image is: “Mexican church at the smelter, El Paso, Texas, United States, ca. 1907,” Detroit Publishing Co. No known restrictions on publication, Accessed via the Library of Congress. Additional Sources: “A moving border, and the history of a difficult boundary,” by Ron Dungan, USA Today, The Wall, 2018.  “The Violent History of the U.S.-Mexico Border,” by Becky Little, History.com, March 14, 2019. “Mexico's Independence Day marks the beginning of a decade-long revolution,” by Heather Brady, National Geographic, September 14, 2018. “The Republic of Texas - The Texas Revolution” The Treaties of Velasco,” Texas State Libraries and Archives Commission. “Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848),” National Archives. “Refusing to Forget: The History of Racial Violence on the Mexico-Texas Border.” “Rodriguez, Josefa [Chipita] (unknown–1863),” by Marylyn Underwood, Texas State Historical Association. “Woman by the River: Chipita's ghost lingers on in San Patricio on 156th anniversary of hanging,” by Paul Gonzales, News of San Patricio, November 15, 2019. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Expect a diverse and exciting experience in the Land of Enchantment's capital city.Todays episode is courtesy Dennis BeginSanta Fe, which means holy faith, was part of the Spanish Empire from 1692 to 1821 and after gaining independence from Spain, it was the capital city of the Mexican Province of New Mexico from 1821 to 1846. It was then in 1848 when Mexico signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, relinquishing New Mexico (as well as California) to the United States.In 1848, Colonel Edwin Sumner of the U.S. Army described Santa Fe as “barren, drab, dusty and poor.” The city has certainly changed from its beginnings more than a century ago and today, it's a popular destination throughout the year.

In this episode I analyze the treaty that halted the Mexican American War and determine if the United States honored or violated the treaty. #chicano #history #mexico #usa #sessionswithflow References n.d. A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875. Accessed July 19, 2022. http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=009/llsl009.db&recNum=982. Griswold del Castillo, Richard. 1990. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: A Legacy of Conflict. N.p.: University of Oklahoma Press.

================================================== ==SUSCRIBETEhttps://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNpffyr-7_zP1x1lS89ByaQ?sub_confirmation=1================================================== == DEVOCIÓN MATUTINA PARA ADOLESCENTES 2022“UN SALTO EN EL TIEMPO”Narrado por: DORIANY SÁNCHEZDesde: PERÚUna cortesía de DR'Ministries y Canaan Seventh-Day Adventist Church  13 DE MAYOPOLK LE DECLARA LA GUERRA A MÉXICO«Él juzgará entre las naciones y reprendará a muchos pueblos. Convertirán sus espadas en rejas de arado y sus lanzas en hoces; no alzará espada nación contra nación ni se adiestrarán más para la guerra» (Isaías 2:4, RV95).En este día de 1846, el entonces presidente de los Estados Unidos, James Polk, le quitaría la voluntad a México. Las relaciones entre los dos países se habían deteriorado durante los ocho años transcurridos desde que Texas obtuvo su independencia del vecino del sur, uniéndose a los Estados Unidos como su vigésimo octavo estado. Polk envió una misión diplomática para restaurar las relaciones y ayudar a resolver las disputas entre los ciudadanos de Texas y México. La misión fracasó y estalló la guerra. Tras casi dos años de lucha, finalmente se restableció la paz con el Tratado de Guadalupe Hidalgo. El Río Grande se convirtió en el límite sur de Texas, y California y Nuevo México fueron cedidos a los Estados Unidos. un cambio,La guerra evoca imágenes horripilantes de soldados ensangrentados viendo cómo sus compañeros son alcanzados por el fuego enemigo, soldados que pierden brazos, piernas y la vida; soldados que vuelven a casa a un país poco agradecidos. William T. Sherman, un general de la Unión en la Guerra Civil Estadounidense, lo resumió bien cuando dijo: «La guerra es un infierno». ¿Qué es lo que hace que las naciones se armen y se maten entre sí? Como en la guerra de Polk contra México y en casi todas las demás guerras de la historia de nuestro planeta, están en juego los derechos de las personas. La guerra es el método que los seres imperfectos han elegido para comprar derechos a la tierra, a la prosperidad ya la libertad.A veces olvidamos cuánto poder disfrutar del derecho a la libertad. ¿Podría decirse lo mismo de nuestra salvación? Por mucho que odiemos la guerra y lo que le ocurre a la gente durante una guerra, estamos en una guerra espiritual. Así como cuesta mucho hacer una guerra entre países, también cuesta mucho enfrentarse al enemigo de nuestra salvación.¿Alguna vez tiene sentido que nadie sabe por lo que estás pasando en las batallas que estás luchando? Hay un Soldado que realmente lo entiende, pues él experimentó más horror, mayores tentaciones y asaltos más sostenidos de lo que jamás experimentarás. Él lo hizo, no por ningún derecho para sí mismo, sino por tu salvación.

Here is the story of a Mexican-American pioneer, healer, trailblazer, businesswoman and landowner. Her name is Doña Juana Briones de Miranda and she is the woman remembered as the "Founding Mother of San Francisco”, for she was one of the first three settlers in Yerba Buena before it became San Francisco. Juana left an important legacy in California. She was an active and caring person who impacted the lives of many people — Hispanic, indigenous and Anglo-American.   In 1769, Marcos Briones and his father Vicente arrived in Alta California from San Luis Potosí, New Spain - today's Mexico. Marcos and Vicente were soldiers in the Portola expedition. In Alta California, Marcos met and married Isidora Tapia. Isidora and her family arrived later, her father Felipe, a soldier on the de Anza expedition in 1776. Star crossed lovers, whose families traveled over 1600 miles on a mission to colonize and explore the region and establish the Mission San Francisco de Asi.    Marcos was a founding settler of Villa de Branciforte, in present-day Santa Cruz. Branciforte was the last of only three secular pueblos founded by the Spanish colonial government of Alta California. On the eastern bluff of the San Lorenzo River, facing Mission Santa Cruz, their daughter Juana  Briones was born in March of 1802. Juana spent the first decade of her life in a wattle-and-daub house doing chores alongside her brothers and sisters, having fun and gaining an extensive knowledge of herbal medicines through her interactions with Native Americans. The majority of the population there was indigenous. When she was ten, her mother Ysidora passed away.   Marcos moved the family to an area called Tennessee Hollow. Marcos began to help build what would become the Presidio of San Francisco. Starting as a fortified military village used for farming and livestock grazing. Juana was shaped by the native people of the region and the language, religion, and institutions of colonial New Spain. She'd learned more about herbs and their medicinal values from the new region from her grandmother, who learned them from native Ohlone women.    Herbs like Yerba Buena (which translates to Good Herb), which provided the first name of the city of San Francisco. It was said the community of Yerba Buena was named for her healing mint tea. She was schooled informally by the Catholic priests at the Mission Dolores. With other military children and the Native Americans who had been rounded up and brought to the mission for “conversion” to Catholicism, she attended regular daily mass but she did not learn to read or write.     Juana met a handsome soldier stationed at the Presidio named Apolinario Miranda. His parents were of Yaqui descent. The Yaqui were indigenous to the Mexican state of Sonora and the Southwestern United States. Juana and Apolinario were married in 1820 and established a farm at the Presidio near the site of El Polin Spring. It is one of the few remaining springs in the city  and runs under the site of her long-vanished home. The spring waters of the were believed to bestow fertility. With that in mind, Juana gave birth to 11 children between 1821 and 1841.   In 1828, Juana had a tragic month when three of her children died and a fourth child passed just one year later in the rugged frontier environment.  Juana was a strong woman. Apolinario was abusive and Juana's time with him was not happy. So abusive that his military superiors reprimanded him for it numerous times. He had a serious drinking problem and wasn't much of a rancher or businessman.    In the area now known as North Beach, near what is now Washington Square, the Briones bought land. Juana was a natural entrepreneur and started a dairy ranch at their new home. They were one of the first three non-indigenous settlers in Yerba Buena who lived somewhere other than on the Presidio or at Mission Dolores. After Mexico won its independence from Spain in 1821, commerce increased in the San Francisco Bay. Briones excelled in farming and sold milk and produce to the crews of Russian, American and Spanish ships that docked in the bay for the hide and tallow trade.   Juana also treated many illnesses such as smallpox and scurvy patients, delivered babies and set broken jaws. You could not count how many children had their broken bones set by this kind woman. Her reputation as a healer was widely recognized. She trained her nephew, Pablo Briones—who was later known as the Doctor of Bolinas or California in medicinal arts. Her aid to the people of Bolinas during a smallpox outbreak was well-known, and she was loved among Hispanic settlers, native people and the Anglo-Americans alike.   She taught her own children the value of hard work. As soon as they could walk, they learned to pull weeds and how to load the wagon. Her daughters Presentacion and Manuela were fine seamstresses and they did the sailors' laundry and mended their clothes. Her son Jesus went to the boats to see what the men needed, and delivered goods and messages to Juana. She also harbored four runaway sailors who jumped ship because they wanted to remain in California. Two Americans, a Filipino man and a Native American from Connecticut. The men lived with her and Apolinario until 1832.   In 1833, Briones' husband was granted land bordering the Presidio near today's Green and Lyon Streets. Their new home was on another spring called El Ojo de Agua Figueroa.  In 1834, Juana adopted Cecilia, a young Native girl whose parents had died. In 1835, the Presidio was temporarily abandoned when Commandante Vallejo transferred his military headquarters north to Sonoma. It was then that her husband's abuse became intolerable. Marriage was considered indissoluble by society at the time. She turned to the Catholic bishop. “My husband did not earn our money. I did,” she told the bishop, “My husband does not support the family. I do.”  As her husband, he had access to any property she acquired. The bishop was moved by her plea, knowing full well her husband was a good-for-nothing, and with the mayor's help, the bishop helped her move to the western foot of Loma Alta in the area now known as Telegraph Hill.   Her husband tried to force her to return home and legal officials ordered him to stay away, which he didn't. Briones appealed to courts repeatedly with suit against her husband for physical abuse after repeated episodes of violence and in return a justice of the peace seized some of his property. Juana navigated the male-leaning legal system, hiring people to write on her behalf. This was no small step in the patriarchal, hierarchical world of 19th century colonial California. Juana was free and Apolinario Miranda later died.   She found the booming city too frantic, and bought a 4,000-acre ranch in Santa Clara Valley from her friends José Gorgonio and his son José Ramon in 1844. She named it Rancho La Purisima Concepción and successfully expanded her cattle and farming interests. The Briones family ranch was a home, social hall, and hospital all rolled into one. Briones' status as a female landowner was unusual in an era where women generally could only possess land they inherited from a deceased husband. Yet she was an independent woman who was prospering on her own. Her children also prospered.  In 1848, Mexico ceded this land to the U.S. under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and gold was discovered at Sutter's Mill. Almost overnight, the sleepy little mission became a busy city, filled with all manner of men who came to get rich overnight and ‘ladies of the night' who hoped to liberate the men from their gold dust. Juana wasn't bothered by the U.S. coup at all, in fact, when her Anglo friends suggested she become an American citizen, she did.  Across the nation, Boston traders sought out her “California banknotes,” as they called her cowhides. She entertained lavishly, with European and American guests attending her fiestas. “Anglo, Hispanics, and Native Americans came for bear fights, calf roping, and pig roasts. Sick people also came to recuperate under Juana's watchful gaze.”   When the U.S. made California a state in 1850, all Mexican landholders were put through many hurdles with proving they had title to their property. The original landowners were required to certify their land ownership before the U.S. Land Commission. The legal process was too difficult or expensive for many people, especially the women and racial minorities who had owned land under Mexican law. Many were cheated out of their land. In 1852, the U.S. Government informed Juana it intended to seize her land that had originally been granted in her husband's name. Apolinario Miranda was dead by then, and the government said she had no legal right to the property.    She fought for 12 years to retain the title to her lands in both San Francisco and Santa Clara counties and many of the Anglos she'd helped over the years came to assist her in the fight for her rights. The battle went all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court. She won ownership of her ranch and the property in Yerba Buena. Juana left portions of her rancho La Purisima Concepción to her children, who bore their father's name, Miranda and sold the rest to members of the Murphy family, who came to California with the Stephens-Townsend-Murphy Party.    Briones purchased other tracts of land and eventually settled the town of Mayfield. Briones' was one of the founding members of today's Palo Alto. She built a home there in 1884 and remained in Mayfield for the remainder of her lifetime. Juana Briones died in a cow stampede in 1889 at the age of 87.    In 2010, her house at 4155 Old Adobe Road in Palo Alto was listed as one of the 11 most endangered historic places in the country by The National Trust for Historic Preservation. Despite a big fight between the owners and educators, historians, architects, neighbors, and business and community leaders, a demolition crew arrived a year later to dismantle her modest home. The property was sold the following summer for $2.9 million.   Doña Juana Briones de Miranda is remembered as the "Founding Mother of San Francisco” and is buried at Holy Cross Cemetery in Menlo Park, California. She lived here under three flags and helped found the eighth-largest city in the United States. During her lifetime, Juana was known and loved by many people because of her energy, her business sense and her concern for others. Even so, today she is still relatively unknown, but more people deserve to know about her. In San Francisco, she is commemorated at the northeast corner of Washington Square near her once her dairy farm. A historical plaque is on a bench at the bottom of The Lyon Street steps. In Palo Alto, her memory is preserved by the Juana Briones Elementary School, Juana Briones Park, and several street names incorporating either Miranda or first names of her children.    Queens of the Mines is brought to you by Youreka Productions. Andrea Anderson researched, wrote and produced this series.    

En este programa escucharemos información interesante sobre el proceso que están realizando diversas asociaciones civiles en el estado de Zacatecas para constituirse como partidos políticos. También escucharemos algunos extractos de la mesa redonda que organizó el Tribunal Electoral del Poder Judicial de la Federación sobre la interrogante: ¿Existen otras formas de democracia? Y por último escucharemos una cápsula histórica sobre la firma del tratado Guadalupe-Hidalgo y las breves electorales.

Contact:dbahnsen@thebahnsengroup.comwill@calpolicycenter.orgFollow Us:@DavidBahnsen@WillSwaim@TheRadioFreeCAShow Notes:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, February 2, 1848Vice President Harris observes Holocaust Remembrance Day at inauguration of Honduran antisemiteGabbard says Biden picked ‘disaster' Harris due to same 'identity politics' behind Supreme Court searchWhite House frustrations grow over health chief Becerra's handling of pandemicNewsom, Garcetti, other California officials criticized for lack of masks at NFC gameOC Board of Education sues Newsom to end state of emergencySpotfiy removes Neil Young's music in protest over Joe RoganJoni Mitchell removes her music from Spotify, joining Neil Young in protestHead of troubled California employment agency leaves as fraud problems persistSingle-payer healthcare proposal fizzles in California AssemblyWhy single payer died in the California Legislature, againSingle-payer health care advocates rip Gavin Newsom for ‘flip-flop'Column: No debate on skyrocketing cost of California single-payer bill? So much for good governmentCalifornia Assembly passes “first of its kind” regulation billUCLA to resume in-person classes; suspect in custody in ColoradoLance Izumi, “The Homeschool Boom: Pandemics, politics, and possibilities”National Review's California Seminar SeriesCalifornia Policy Center looking for a Kern County directorSingle payer diagnosis: the union parasite is eating its own

As 100-mile-per hour winds carried embers across thousands of acres, the Marshall fire not only became the most destructive wildfire in state's history, but also the costliest, in terms of insurance claims. But what if you rented your home and didn't have renters' insurance? Equity reporter Tatiana Flowers talks with Olivia Prentzel about a single mother of two who said she didn't have renters' insurance before ash filled her home – leaving her to figure out how to pay thousands of dollars in repairs out of pocket. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Contrary to what most students were taught in U.S. History class, over 35,000 years before Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue in 1492, the first inhabitants of North American arrived and they did not come from Europe. Join host Sabrina, as she explores the question "Where Are You From?" with Clearbear, an Activist/Model/Filmmaker who is Kumeyaay (a tribe of Indigenous peoples of the Americas who live at the northern border of present-day Baja California, Mexico and the southern border of present-day California,USA) and Chichimeca (the name of the Nahua peoples of the present-day Bajio region of Mexico). After a challenging childhood navigating his own identity, he has dedicated his life to supporting identity liberation for all Indigenous people. He offers an interesting perspective on the question, and shares advice for anyone who is struggling with identity work. Sabrina also jumps into the Fact Check space in this episode for the first time, and Natalia shares a bit more about how this conversation made her reflect on her Mexican-American identity. If you want to dive deeper into Sabrina and Natalia's fact-checks from this episode, check out the links below: You can follow Clearbear @Topash.Skharr on Instagram Census Data referenced: https://www.census.gov/about/partners/cic/resources/data-links/aian.html Native Knowledge: https://americanindian.si.edu/nk360 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: https://www.history.com/topics/mexican-american-war/treaty-of-guadalupe-hidalgo Jose Vasconcelos: Hilton, Ronald. “José Vasconcelos.” The Americas, vol. 7, no. 4, 1951, pp. 395–412. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/978353. Accessed 7 Apr. 2021. https://www-jstor-org.libproxy1.usc.edu/stable/pdf/978353.pdf?ab_segments=0%252Fbasic_search_gsv2%252Fcontrol&refreqid=excelsior%3A4017d1ede862cdeb991263bbd95eb3de https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Vasconcelos The opinions views and beliefs expressed by the guests and participants of this podcast are solely their own and do not reflect the opinions, views and beliefs of the host of the podcast. --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/belonginusa/support

Good Morning, Colorado, you're listening to the Daily Sun-Up with the Colorado Sun. It's Wednesday August 25th.   Today - A new study shows that most of the water Denverites see in city creeks during the summer months isn't actually coming from the mountains or rainfall. It's coming from city tap water.    But before we begin, let's go back in time with some Colorado history adapted from historian Derek R Everett's book “Colorado Day by Day”:   Today we take you back to August 25th, 1888 when a shootout happened in Stonewall... But the story actually starts earlier. The Maxwell Grant and Railway Company had purchased the land in 1869 and then defied the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo by attempting to evict the people already living there. By 1887, the Supreme Court sided with the new corporate owners. When Las Animas County officials arrived to evict the residents of Stonewall the following year, violence broke out. Even though the locals won the skirmish, three settlers were killed in the violence.   Now, our feature story.   A new study from Colorado State University shows most of the water Denverites see in city creeks in the summer isn't coming from the mountains or rainfall. It's coming from city tap water.    Historically, most of these streams should be bone dry during the hottest months of the year. Colorado Sun reporter Michael Booth recently dug into what the study means for the city.   Fellow Sun reporter Daniel Ducassi speaks with Booth about the details of the study.   To read more of Michael Booth's reporting on water in Colorado, go to coloradosun.com   And Before we go, here are a few stories that you should know about today:   Unite for Colorado, which was fined $40,000 for not disclosing its donors after spending $4 million on 2020 ballot initiatives, is in a war to keep those donors secret. Progressive activists have fired two complaints alleging that the organization has spent so much money directly campaigning for conservative causes that it should lose its status as a political nonprofit and begin functioning as an issue committee. Political nonprofits don't have to disclose their donors as long as their primary purpose isn't to support or oppose causes and candidates. They're often called dark money groups, and they are some of the biggest spenders in Colorado elections for both Democrats and Republicans.    For long stretches of the summer Colorado has been bathed in smoke traveling hundreds of miles from wildfires in California and Oregon. That long-range smoke could be more dangerous than homegrown forest fire fumes, it turns out. Some initial studies have shown that long-range smoke may be more toxic. It's also harder to notice since its smoky smell disappears. One study from the Colorado School of Public Health showed increased incidence of premature births, gestational diabetes and hospitalizations for cardiovascular problems during long-range smoke events.   A psychiatrist has recommended that a mentally ill Danish man accused of starting a wildfire in 2018 that burned 149 homes should be forcibly medicated. The decision could pave the way to him being able to stand trial. The finding of the doctor at the state mental hospital was revealed Monday during a court hearing. A judge must approve the recommendation before any medication can be given to Jesper Joergensen, who has been repeatedly found unable to go on trial after being diagnosed with delusional disorder following the Spring Creek fire near LaVeta.   For more information on all of these stories, visit our website, www.coloradosun.com. And don't forget to tune in again tomorrow for a special holiday episode. Now, a quick message from our editor.   The Colorado Sun is non-partisan and completely independent. We're always dedicated to telling the in-depth stories we need today more than ever. And The Sun is supported by readers and listeners like you.   Right now, you can head to ColoradoSun.com and become a member. Starting at $5 per month for a basic membership and if you bump it up to $20 per month, you'll get access to our exclusive politics and outdoors newsletters. Thanks for starting your morning with us and don't forget to tune in again tomorrow. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

The African History Network/"The AHN Show", Producer, Bruh Michael Imhotep, is the Facebook & You Tube video

Season 2 of the Camelcast resumes with the final episode examining the history of Rancho Suscol. The area of this 84,000 acre land grant, given in 1843, spans present-day Napa and Solano counties, and includes the cities of Vallejo and Benicia. Join us as new host Museum Administration Manager Maureen Williams and Museum Research Historian Dr. Jim Lessenger finish the discussion of Rancho Suscol: Its Religious, Revolutionary, and Homestead History.Support the show (https://beniciahistoricalmuseum.org/donate/)

On this very first episode of Dark Shadows, Why FDR, WHY? We're taking a deep dive into what led Franklin Roosevelt to make the decision to intern an entire ethnic population of the USA, treated them like criminals, locked them up like animals, and removed their civil liberties. Yes, I'll be tackling the internment of the Japanese Americans during world war two in the United States and just how and why a Government could turn on its' own citizens in the supposed land of the free.  Are you ready for the deep dive?  Excellent...here we go... Voices: Narrator: SuZe Kotsui Korematsu: Hieu Tieu   Music by: Possession by Purple Planet All music used under an Attribution License - http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ All media outtakes have been sourced via open media and are readily available via an internet search.   Sources: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) - Our Documents - https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=26 Mexican-American War - https://www.britannica.com/event/Mexican-American-War The Gold Rush of 1849 - Facts, Summary & Video – HISTORY - https://www.history.com/topics/westward-expansion/gold-rush-of-1849 ECONOMIC PANIC OF 1873 -https://www.historycentral.com/rec/EconomicPanic.html Chinese Exclusion Act - https://www.history.com/topics/immigration/chinese-exclusion-act-1882 Extending a beacon of hope to all who seek refuge - https://www.oxfamamerica.org/explore/stories/extending-beacon-hope-all-who-seek-refuge/ Immigration and Relocation in U.S. History - https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/immigration/japanese/ Rumors of War: Immigration Disputes - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1467-7709.2008.00745.x Gentlemen's Agreement - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118663202.wberen529 Closing the Door on Immigration - https://www.nps.gov/articles/closing-the-door-on-immigration.htm

Fred Korematsu was a law abiding, loyal citizen of the United States. He held no criminal record and loved his homeland so much so, that he wanted to don a uniform to defend her. So, why then did his country turn on him and treat him like a criminal? Convicting him, incarcerating him, interring him, and leaving him with a criminal record? Fred would spend a lifetime trying to defend the injustice bestowed against him, and the thousands of others in his position. Find me at: Website: www.darksidepodcast.co.uk Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/319473136054221 Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/suze_darksidepodcast/ Email: info@darksidepodcast.co.uk   Voices: Narrator: SuZe Kotsui Korematsu: Hieu Tieu   Sound Effects: Zapsplat.com YouTube Sound Effects Sources: Pennsylvania Polka - The Andrews Sisters - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=92rmDlhgPqk Possession by Purple Planet All music used under an Attribution License - http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ All media outtakes have been sourced via open media and are readily available via an internet search.   Sources: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) - Our Documents - https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=26 Mexican-American War - https://www.britannica.com/event/Mexican-American-War The Gold Rush of 1849 - Facts, Summary & Video – HISTORY - https://www.history.com/topics/westward-expansion/gold-rush-of-1849 Pearl Harbor Attacks - As It Happened - Radio Broadcasts (1941) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=50Buw4XYc8E Supreme Court Landmark Case [Korematsu v. United States] - https://www.stitcher.com/show/cspan-landmarkcases/episode/supreme-court-landmark-case-korematsu-v-united-states-42674029 ECONOMIC PANIC OF 1873 - https://www.historycentral.com/rec/EconomicPanic.html Chinese Exclusion Act - https://www.history.com/topics/immigration/chinese-exclusion-act-1882 Extending a beacon of hope to all who seek refuge - https://www.oxfamamerica.org/explore/stories/extending-beacon-hope-all-who-seek-refuge/ Immigration and Relocation in U.S. History - https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/immigration/japanese/ Rumors of War: Immigration Disputes - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1467-7709.2008.00745.x Gentlemen's Agreement - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118663202.wberen529 Closing the Door on Immigration - https://www.nps.gov/articles/closing-the-door-on-immigration.htm Second Generation Japanese Americans (Nisei) before WWII - http://picturethis.museumca.org/timeline/depression-era-1930s/second-generation-japanese-americans-nisei-wwii/info Karl Bendetsen - https://military.wikia.org/wiki/Karl_Bendetsen The Munson Report - https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/active_learning/explorations/japanese_internment/munson_report.cfm Kenneth Ringle - https://encyclopedia.densho.org/Kenneth_Ringle/ FRED KOREMATSU: A CIVIL RIGHTS HERO - https://www.niot.org/niot-video/fred-korematsu-civil-rights-hero Pearl Harbor & Executive Order 9066 | And Then They Came for Us - https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/pearl-harbor-executive-order-9066-video/korematsu-institute/ Executive Order 9066 - https://www.fdrlibrary.org/executive-order-9066 A Look Back at the Executive Order that Cleared the Way for Internment - https://www.nbcnews.com/video/a-look-back-at-the-executive-order-that-cleared-the-way-for-internment-865872451965 Civil Wrongs & Rights: The Fred Korematsu Story - https://vimeo.com/118490262 A Man of Quiet Bravery - https://vimeo.com/140002761 Japanese American internment - https://www.britannica.com/event/Japanese-American-internment

We discuss the end of the Mexican American War and review the four high-level consequences the treaty had on Mexico. We also follow Gillespie and Stockton’s life after the war and end by introducing the start of the Civil War.

En el episodio final de las Batallas de una Nación cerraremos con la defensa de la Ciudad de México y la firma del tratado Guadalupe-Hidalgo, ponte tus audífonos y comencemos.

Mexico perdía el 55% de su territorio, cuesta entender como 13 mil soldados lograron doblegar a un país de mas de 7 millones de habitantes, que solo 25 años antes habían librado heroicas batallas entre unos y otros, no podríamos entender las incongruentes, cobardes e insensibles decisiones de un líder carismático y traidor como fue Santa Ana, así como nunca entenderemos las decisiones de hoy con Texcoco sin entender que hay lideres que cambian el destino de una nación, pero no siempre para bien.

  Westward Expansion - (bring up Economic, social, and cultural development) Gabriel - I want to talk a little bit about manifest destiny so manifest destiny was the idea that the united states was destined by God which lets be honest if your expanding and taking territory you better believe your destined by god like nah dude im just evil love expanding through violence or not  Caydan - The louisiana purchase took place in 1803 was a event where thomas jefferson wanted to buy the land around the mississippi river so that he could transport goods easily across it he bought the land from france for 10 million dollars after previously rejected overs of a lower sum  france agreed  because they needed cash for the war they were gonna fight with britain they also added a ton of other land between the mississippi river and the rocky mountains which sounds great but in reality they really did not own the land because native americans still inhabited the land  Illy- so the westward expansion started after the louisiana purchase which was like around 1803 i think and people took this opportunity to explore this new territory, so the native americans lived very differently than the settlers moving in the westward expansion and because of this the colonist called them savages and tried to change their way of life, when the settlers started moving to the west they needed land to live on so what did they do? the only thing they knew how i guess because the didnt even think of any other way to get land other than kicking all of the indians out and said hey you can either become a citizen and start living like us or you can leave and we’ll take your land for ourselves anyways   Audrey - In 1820 the US was a young nation with just 22 states. 11 were free states and 11 were slave states. But then Missouri, which was acquired through the Louisiana Purchase, wanted to be admitted into the Union as a slave state. This threw off the balance in congress because now there would be 12 slave states and only 11 free states. So as a kind of compromise, in exchange for Missouri becoming a slave state, Maine would be a free state. That evened out the power in congress giving equal representation while still letting Missouri be a slave state. This was called the Missouri compromise.    Jonathan-There was much population grown in the eastern states so the westward expansion began however that wasn't the only reason for the westward expansion.There was a lot of available cheap and fertile land for farming, also there an economic opportunity that was seen by many people and this opportunity was known as the california gold rush, along with this open land runaway slaves could settle without having to worry about having to hiding and just being able to live the rest of their lives free. Ben - Shortly after the Louisiana purchase Thomas Jefferson tasked two men to explore and map the entire area. In 1804, Meriweather Lewis and William Clark began an 8,000 mile journey joined by 43 others they had trained prior to the expedition. They encountered around 50 different Native American tribes during their travels, and there were no violent instances of first contact. Lewis and Clark actually had a very robust plan for interacting with the native people, they packed an assortment of trading materials and also carried coins with Thomas Jefferson’s face as well as the inscription “Peace and Friendship” which carries a different weight after what colonists did to the Native Americans.   The Gold Rush  Gabe - The gold rush started in 1848 when in california James W. Marshall who was building a mill for Johann sutter FOUND GOLD. news got out by 1849 we’ve got tons of people going to california for the gold sense it was 1849 the people were dubbed the name forty niner’s and this brought in around 300,000 people  Caydan- gold rush influenced the making of california with more people coming there and settling there. It also made industrial and agricultural develop significantly and led to the settling of the west coast states significantly   Illy-  well while the discovery of gold did influence people to move west and go to california the glory really didn last that long starting from 1848 and ended in 1855 which yes was prolly really like successful time frame for those people that made it there and found gold but what a lot of people don't know is that even after this rush ended people still kept coming to the west in search of gold and then were disappointed when they couldn't find anything  Jonathan- The gold rush attracted immigrants from around the entire world and by 1850 more than 25% of california's population was not born in the united states and when the amounts of gold began to drop miners started getting frustrated that they were not finding anything so they blamed the immigrants, California’s legislature then passed a foreign miners tax which brought a monthly fee of 20$ on non citizens which was equivalent to 500 dollars a month in today's money  Ben - The economic effects of the California Gold Rush can not be understated. There were countless technological advances industrially and in agriculture because of just how much people wanted to find gold. It brought countless profits to thousands of Americans and gave the economy a much needed boost. There were a lot of side effects, however. They needed water for the mining, which redirected a lot of it away from farms, drying up a lot of land. This left a large portion of California near destroyed.  Audrey - When people panned for gold that was called placer mining and when mining for gold was becoming more industrialized they started hydraulic mining which was where they would use pressurized water to blast rocks. It kind of left a mess and was destroying the environment but it was very effective. By the end of the 1850s mining for gold was mostly just a corporate thing.     The Dawes Act  Ebag - The Dawes Act in 1887 allowed the allotment of lands to individual indians not tribes and to extend the united states laws and protections and give indians territories I don't really know how to feel about this one i cant say its bad because technically we were giving indians citizen ship so they could get land just like us  Jonathan- So this act is named after senator henry laurens dawes.So this act actually completely reversed the long standing american policy which basically allowed indian tribes to have control over their land and practice their economic uses on their land, instead this act gave power to the president to divide the indians land. This act game men with families 160 acres, single adult men were given 80 acres and, boys were given 40 acres, while women got no land. Illy- So i mean i'm a little bit biased about this topic, but nobody ever really looks at it from the side of the native americans ,this topic also goes along with what i was talking about in the beginning and there are lots of native americans who didn appreciate this act because of the fact that they were here first so they didn think they should have to become a citizen just to keep the land and things they already owned for generations before then ,so while it may seem like it was a good idea and fair to the native americans it really wasn't i mean we pretty much said ok hey we are gonna let you have this land but not for your whole tribe or anything just for you individually and oh yea we’ll let you become  citizen in our country that we basically took from you guys!      Ben - From an honest perspective, without trying to assume that our ancestors had good intentions for everyone, this act seems to try and split and expand entire tribes to make their land easier to take. The plan that I can see, whether or not this was actually what they had in mind, was that it’d be easier to take a big piece of land from 1 person, instead of trying to take a big piece of land from a lot of people. The whole citizen gesture might’ve been more of a curse than a blessing too, because now if they wanted to keep any land, they had to follow any and all laws put in place at the time.   Caydan- i think that the dawes act was the people of the age trying to more civilize the indians by giving them land instead of them living in tribes trying to make them move like the men of that age  Audrey - All of the tribal lands were split into individual plots and only the native Americans who accepted these plots of land were allowed to become US citizens. That sounds like a pretty good deal but it went completely against how native Americans didn't feel like they should “own” land that they should just live on it and take care of it. And then in the end any of the land that was left was sold off to white settlers. So they took all their land, gave some of it back (with conditions), and then sold the rest.   Chinese immigrants and Mexican Americans in the age of westward expansion (Opens a modal)  Leirbag - Chinese immigrants in the 1820s was very few with a little 650 living in the us but by the end of 1852 over 25,000 chinese immigrants were attracted by quick fortunes of the gold by 1880 there were over 300,000 chinese  most in california many found employment in the transcontinental railroad alot of them actually got here using a credit ticket in which there ticket was paid in advance by an american businessmen who they were then indebted too for a period of work Few chinese planned to stay permanently but alot didnt have the funds to return home. Illy- so im gonna talk about mexican americans so in 1848 there was a treaty called the Guadalupe Hidalgo which ended the mexican- american war and it promised the almost 75,000 mexicans already living in what had just become the american south west land and citizenship now only about 90 percent of them actually stayed and became citizens, but of course shortly after they became citizens and got land and everything else they began to loose it just as fast as they got it and i mean honestly i'm seeing a pattern here this has basically happened to anyone who has any kind of skin color other than white it seems so they tried to fight for their rights as american citizens but people of authority just looked the other way as more and more people lost their land  Ben - Greaser Laws, Sunday Laws, and the Chinese Exclusion Act made it very clear just how racist these political figures were. I think it’s been long enough now (over 100 years) that we don’t have to absolutely give them the benefit of the doubt. I still think it’s crazy how many blatantly exclusionary laws were passed back then, like everyone was just okay with it. I guess it makes sense considering how long it took us to figure out slavery is bad.  Audrey - Las Gorras Blancas (the white caps) were a group of rebel Mexican-Americans who fought back against the white settlers taking their land. They tried to intimidate the settlers by burning their farms, homes and crops in order to reclaim their land. The raiding never had any substantial success and several white caps ended up getting captured and beat so many others eventually gave up.   Jonathan-Prohibited by law in 1790 from getting US citizenship through naturalization. Chinese immigrants were faced with discrimination beatdowns from american settelers in the west. Chinese immigrants were looking for a better life and would participate in the gold rush, however they had to pay to get in just because of them being immigrants, the chinese community ended up coming together to make cultural centers in cities like san francisco. White Americans began to make anti coolie clubs which were clubs to discriminate against anyone from the asian descent. These clubs resulted in violence against chinese immigrants and teardowns of cultural centers.   Little Big Horn  Ben - June 25-26, 1876. This was the day of the Battle of Little Bighorn, this battle has really made me think. The Native Americans weren’t the helpless savages that the early colonists paint them to be, and this battle just proves that more and more every day. The significant forces of the native people goes to show just how hard the U.S. worked to take their land. It wasn’t just a “Well this is here so, lets take it” thing it was definitely a fight. There was never any question in their mind what they wanted from, and for, the Native Americans. Illy-  the battle of little bighorn was known to the lakota and other plain indians as the battle of greasy grass, ok honestly this is probably the shortest battle i've ever heard of in my whole life it was only 24 hours, something i just found was that Custer who was the major General at this battle was killed and along with 5 companies of the 7th calvary so for y’all that don't know a company can have two dozen or up to 200 soldiers in this case Custer had a total of 221 men fighting alongside with him   Jonathan - at midday custers 600 men entered the valley of little bighorn word spread pretty quickly that an attack was soon to come. Custer's soldiers panicked and spread out when they had seen as many as 3000 natives charging towards him and his 200 men that were still together he and all his soldiers were then all killed in under an hour.  Audrey - The battle of Little Bighorn is also known as Custer's Last Stand. Colonel George Armstrong Custer led his battalion in an attack on the main Sioux camp in Little Bighorn. Custer was incredibly outnumbered by the Indians who ended up defeating them in the battle and killing Custer. Even though the battle was a huge success for the Sioux, they ended up abandoning their camp at Little Bighorn and fled, scared the US army would send more enforcement. This battle kind of marked the beginning of the end of the Indian wars. Wounded Knee  Illy- so this battle took place in 1890 was in other words a giant massacre that killed almost 300 lakota (aka sioux) indians, these indians practiced a dance called the Ghost Dance and believed that if you practice the ghost dance then you would get to see the new world when the gods cleansed it and got rid of all non-believers including non-indians, on december 15, 1890 the reservation police tried to arrest Sitting Bull who was a famous sioux chief, who the officers believed was a Ghost Dancer ,and in this point in time was not a good thing to be, they ended up killing Sitting Bull in the process of arresting him and that just rose the tension that was building up to this battle   Ben - 1890 was 14 years after the Battle of Little Bighorn, which emphasizes just how long they were fighting the entire Native American race. There was a three day blizzard after the massacre, and after it had ended they hired civilians to gather the dead and place them in a mass grave. The reaction of the American settlers was generally… positive. Many at that time were still not used to treating everyone like people, and there is an abundance of quotes calling natives “untamable creatures.”  Audrey - While trying to disarm the Sioux, a shot was fired and the US army opened fire on the Indians killing hundreds of men, women, and children. The few Sioux who survived fled. After the massacre, an official army inquiry not only exonerated the 7th Calvary but awarded medals of honor to 20 soldiers.   Jonathan- the troubles of wounded knee were not over yet, a virtual civil war broke out when two indian factions had a disagreement this fight left over 100 indians dead, Then 2 FBI agents were killed and the agency raided the area of the battle and arrested AIM  leader and held him responsible for the 2 deaths and he had life in prison.

  Westward Expansion - (bring up Economic, social, and cultural development) Gabriel - I want to talk a little bit about manifest destiny so manifest destiny was the idea that the united states was destined by God which lets be honest if your expanding and taking territory you better believe your destined by god like nah dude im just evil love expanding through violence or not  Caydan - The louisiana purchase took place in 1803 was a event where thomas jefferson wanted to buy the land around the mississippi river so that he could transport goods easily across it he bought the land from france for 10 million dollars after previously rejected overs of a lower sum  france agreed  because they needed cash for the war they were gonna fight with britain they also added a ton of other land between the mississippi river and the rocky mountains which sounds great but in reality they really did not own the land because native americans still inhabited the land  Illy- so the westward expansion started after the louisiana purchase which was like around 1803 i think and people took this opportunity to explore this new territory, so the native americans lived very differently than the settlers moving in the westward expansion and because of this the colonist called them savages and tried to change their way of life, when the settlers started moving to the west they needed land to live on so what did they do? the only thing they knew how i guess because the didnt even think of any other way to get land other than kicking all of the indians out and said hey you can either become a citizen and start living like us or you can leave and we’ll take your land for ourselves anyways   Audrey - In 1820 the US was a young nation with just 22 states. 11 were free states and 11 were slave states. But then Missouri, which was acquired through the Louisiana Purchase, wanted to be admitted into the Union as a slave state. This threw off the balance in congress because now there would be 12 slave states and only 11 free states. So as a kind of compromise, in exchange for Missouri becoming a slave state, Maine would be a free state. That evened out the power in congress giving equal representation while still letting Missouri be a slave state. This was called the Missouri compromise.    Jonathan-There was much population grown in the eastern states so the westward expansion began however that wasn't the only reason for the westward expansion.There was a lot of available cheap and fertile land for farming, also there an economic opportunity that was seen by many people and this opportunity was known as the california gold rush, along with this open land runaway slaves could settle without having to worry about having to hiding and just being able to live the rest of their lives free. Ben - Shortly after the Louisiana purchase Thomas Jefferson tasked two men to explore and map the entire area. In 1804, Meriweather Lewis and William Clark began an 8,000 mile journey joined by 43 others they had trained prior to the expedition. They encountered around 50 different Native American tribes during their travels, and there were no violent instances of first contact. Lewis and Clark actually had a very robust plan for interacting with the native people, they packed an assortment of trading materials and also carried coins with Thomas Jefferson’s face as well as the inscription “Peace and Friendship” which carries a different weight after what colonists did to the Native Americans.   The Gold Rush  Gabe - The gold rush started in 1848 when in california James W. Marshall who was building a mill for Johann sutter FOUND GOLD. news got out by 1849 we’ve got tons of people going to california for the gold sense it was 1849 the people were dubbed the name forty niner’s and this brought in around 300,000 people  Caydan- gold rush influenced the making of california with more people coming there and settling there. It also made industrial and agricultural develop significantly and led to the settling of the west coast states significantly   Illy-  well while the discovery of gold did influence people to move west and go to california the glory really didn last that long starting from 1848 and ended in 1855 which yes was prolly really like successful time frame for those people that made it there and found gold but what a lot of people don't know is that even after this rush ended people still kept coming to the west in search of gold and then were disappointed when they couldn't find anything  Jonathan- The gold rush attracted immigrants from around the entire world and by 1850 more than 25% of california's population was not born in the united states and when the amounts of gold began to drop miners started getting frustrated that they were not finding anything so they blamed the immigrants, California’s legislature then passed a foreign miners tax which brought a monthly fee of 20$ on non citizens which was equivalent to 500 dollars a month in today's money  Ben - The economic effects of the California Gold Rush can not be understated. There were countless technological advances industrially and in agriculture because of just how much people wanted to find gold. It brought countless profits to thousands of Americans and gave the economy a much needed boost. There were a lot of side effects, however. They needed water for the mining, which redirected a lot of it away from farms, drying up a lot of land. This left a large portion of California near destroyed.  Audrey - When people panned for gold that was called placer mining and when mining for gold was becoming more industrialized they started hydraulic mining which was where they would use pressurized water to blast rocks. It kind of left a mess and was destroying the environment but it was very effective. By the end of the 1850s mining for gold was mostly just a corporate thing.     The Dawes Act  Ebag - The Dawes Act in 1887 allowed the allotment of lands to individual indians not tribes and to extend the united states laws and protections and give indians territories I don't really know how to feel about this one i cant say its bad because technically we were giving indians citizen ship so they could get land just like us  Jonathan- So this act is named after senator henry laurens dawes.So this act actually completely reversed the long standing american policy which basically allowed indian tribes to have control over their land and practice their economic uses on their land, instead this act gave power to the president to divide the indians land. This act game men with families 160 acres, single adult men were given 80 acres and, boys were given 40 acres, while women got no land. Illy- So i mean i'm a little bit biased about this topic, but nobody ever really looks at it from the side of the native americans ,this topic also goes along with what i was talking about in the beginning and there are lots of native americans who didn appreciate this act because of the fact that they were here first so they didn think they should have to become a citizen just to keep the land and things they already owned for generations before then ,so while it may seem like it was a good idea and fair to the native americans it really wasn't i mean we pretty much said ok hey we are gonna let you have this land but not for your whole tribe or anything just for you individually and oh yea we’ll let you become  citizen in our country that we basically took from you guys!      Ben - From an honest perspective, without trying to assume that our ancestors had good intentions for everyone, this act seems to try and split and expand entire tribes to make their land easier to take. The plan that I can see, whether or not this was actually what they had in mind, was that it’d be easier to take a big piece of land from 1 person, instead of trying to take a big piece of land from a lot of people. The whole citizen gesture might’ve been more of a curse than a blessing too, because now if they wanted to keep any land, they had to follow any and all laws put in place at the time.   Caydan- i think that the dawes act was the people of the age trying to more civilize the indians by giving them land instead of them living in tribes trying to make them move like the men of that age  Audrey - All of the tribal lands were split into individual plots and only the native Americans who accepted these plots of land were allowed to become US citizens. That sounds like a pretty good deal but it went completely against how native Americans didn't feel like they should “own” land that they should just live on it and take care of it. And then in the end any of the land that was left was sold off to white settlers. So they took all their land, gave some of it back (with conditions), and then sold the rest.   Chinese immigrants and Mexican Americans in the age of westward expansion (Opens a modal)  Leirbag - Chinese immigrants in the 1820s was very few with a little 650 living in the us but by the end of 1852 over 25,000 chinese immigrants were attracted by quick fortunes of the gold by 1880 there were over 300,000 chinese  most in california many found employment in the transcontinental railroad alot of them actually got here using a credit ticket in which there ticket was paid in advance by an american businessmen who they were then indebted too for a period of work Few chinese planned to stay permanently but alot didnt have the funds to return home. Illy- so im gonna talk about mexican americans so in 1848 there was a treaty called the Guadalupe Hidalgo which ended the mexican- american war and it promised the almost 75,000 mexicans already living in what had just become the american south west land and citizenship now only about 90 percent of them actually stayed and became citizens, but of course shortly after they became citizens and got land and everything else they began to loose it just as fast as they got it and i mean honestly i'm seeing a pattern here this has basically happened to anyone who has any kind of skin color other than white it seems so they tried to fight for their rights as american citizens but people of authority just looked the other way as more and more people lost their land  Ben - Greaser Laws, Sunday Laws, and the Chinese Exclusion Act made it very clear just how racist these political figures were. I think it’s been long enough now (over 100 years) that we don’t have to absolutely give them the benefit of the doubt. I still think it’s crazy how many blatantly exclusionary laws were passed back then, like everyone was just okay with it. I guess it makes sense considering how long it took us to figure out slavery is bad.  Audrey - Las Gorras Blancas (the white caps) were a group of rebel Mexican-Americans who fought back against the white settlers taking their land. They tried to intimidate the settlers by burning their farms, homes and crops in order to reclaim their land. The raiding never had any substantial success and several white caps ended up getting captured and beat so many others eventually gave up.   Jonathan-Prohibited by law in 1790 from getting US citizenship through naturalization. Chinese immigrants were faced with discrimination beatdowns from american settelers in the west. Chinese immigrants were looking for a better life and would participate in the gold rush, however they had to pay to get in just because of them being immigrants, the chinese community ended up coming together to make cultural centers in cities like san francisco. White Americans began to make anti coolie clubs which were clubs to discriminate against anyone from the asian descent. These clubs resulted in violence against chinese immigrants and teardowns of cultural centers.   Little Big Horn  Ben - June 25-26, 1876. This was the day of the Battle of Little Bighorn, this battle has really made me think. The Native Americans weren’t the helpless savages that the early colonists paint them to be, and this battle just proves that more and more every day. The significant forces of the native people goes to show just how hard the U.S. worked to take their land. It wasn’t just a “Well this is here so, lets take it” thing it was definitely a fight. There was never any question in their mind what they wanted from, and for, the Native Americans. Illy-  the battle of little bighorn was known to the lakota and other plain indians as the battle of greasy grass, ok honestly this is probably the shortest battle i've ever heard of in my whole life it was only 24 hours, something i just found was that Custer who was the major General at this battle was killed and along with 5 companies of the 7th calvary so for y’all that don't know a company can have two dozen or up to 200 soldiers in this case Custer had a total of 221 men fighting alongside with him   Jonathan - at midday custers 600 men entered the valley of little bighorn word spread pretty quickly that an attack was soon to come. Custer's soldiers panicked and spread out when they had seen as many as 3000 natives charging towards him and his 200 men that were still together he and all his soldiers were then all killed in under an hour.  Audrey - The battle of Little Bighorn is also known as Custer's Last Stand. Colonel George Armstrong Custer led his battalion in an attack on the main Sioux camp in Little Bighorn. Custer was incredibly outnumbered by the Indians who ended up defeating them in the battle and killing Custer. Even though the battle was a huge success for the Sioux, they ended up abandoning their camp at Little Bighorn and fled, scared the US army would send more enforcement. This battle kind of marked the beginning of the end of the Indian wars. Wounded Knee  Illy- so this battle took place in 1890 was in other words a giant massacre that killed almost 300 lakota (aka sioux) indians, these indians practiced a dance called the Ghost Dance and believed that if you practice the ghost dance then you would get to see the new world when the gods cleansed it and got rid of all non-believers including non-indians, on december 15, 1890 the reservation police tried to arrest Sitting Bull who was a famous sioux chief, who the officers believed was a Ghost Dancer ,and in this point in time was not a good thing to be, they ended up killing Sitting Bull in the process of arresting him and that just rose the tension that was building up to this battle   Ben - 1890 was 14 years after the Battle of Little Bighorn, which emphasizes just how long they were fighting the entire Native American race. There was a three day blizzard after the massacre, and after it had ended they hired civilians to gather the dead and place them in a mass grave. The reaction of the American settlers was generally… positive. Many at that time were still not used to treating everyone like people, and there is an abundance of quotes calling natives “untamable creatures.”  Audrey - While trying to disarm the Sioux, a shot was fired and the US army opened fire on the Indians killing hundreds of men, women, and children. The few Sioux who survived fled. After the massacre, an official army inquiry not only exonerated the 7th Calvary but awarded medals of honor to 20 soldiers.   Jonathan- the troubles of wounded knee were not over yet, a virtual civil war broke out when two indian factions had a disagreement this fight left over 100 indians dead, Then 2 FBI agents were killed and the agency raided the area of the battle and arrested AIM  leader and held him responsible for the 2 deaths and he had life in prison.

Como perdió Mexico más de la mitad de su territorio en 1848. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/liliana736/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/liliana736/support

In this episode, we explore land rights and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

Good Morning, Colorado, and welcome to the Daily Sun-Up. It’s Tuesday February 2nd, and we’re feeling lucky to start the day with you. Join us daily for an in-depth look at one of our top stories.  Today - Over the weekend Governor Jared Polis visited pop up vaccination sites around the state to see the rollout firsthand.  Before we begin, let’s take a look at what happened on this day in Colorado history - adapted from Derek R Everett’s book “Colorado Day by Day”: Today, we take you back to February 2nd, 1848 when The United States secured claim - but not control - all over the modern state of Colorado. On this day American and Mexican officials signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo near Mexico City, ending the bloody Mexican-American war. Thousands of people attended a mass vaccination clinic at Coors Field last weekend. Meanwhile, many others got inoculated at smaller community clinics, including Governor Jared Polis. Reporter Jesse Paul tagged along with the governor and discussed the experience with reporter Lucy Haggard. To read more about community vaccination clinics, go to coloradosun.com. Thanks for listening. Before we go here are a few stories you should know about today: Colorado started rolling out Phase 1 of new federal unemployment benefits this weekend. On top of other unemployment payments, thousands of out-of-work Coloradans received weekly $300 boosts going back to late December. But some who were eligible are still struggling to access the federal relief money. It’s not clear when Phase 2 of benefits will begin for those whose benefits ran out before December 27. Pandemic-induced difficulties have hit the performing arts harder than the visual arts. Still, many groups are finding ways to get by. Not a single organization funded by the Scientific and Cultural Facilities District has closed for good, and tax revenue for the district is only down 2.8 percent, thanks to online shopping. Colorado’s vaccine priority list started with three phases, but now has subphases and sub-sub-phases. Advocates for the unhoused community worry that there’s no concrete plan for getting vaccines to people who live in shelters or on the street, even though they are more vulnerable to catching coronavirus.  Confused about when you can get the vaccine? Go to coloradosun.com to check out our choose-your-vaccine-adventure story. For more information on all of these stories, visit our website, www.coloradosun.com. Now, a quick message from our editor. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Mexican American men faced discrimination and violence in Texas when they tried to exercise their right to vote. Center for Civic Education

Mexico once again puts its trust in Santa Anna, but in the end will find that half the country now belongs to their aggressive north neighbor. The only kicker is no one really knew much about what they had just given away.

In this episode, Guadalupe Luna, Professor Emerita at the Northern Illinois University College of Law, discusses her article "This Land Belongs to Me: Chicanas, Land Grant Adjudication, and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo," which was published in the Harvard Latino Law Review. Luna begins by describing the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and what it was supposed to accomplish. She explains differences between Mexican and American land law at the time, and how American courts discriminated against Mexican landowners, especially women. And she reflects on the legacy of the treaty today. Luna is on Twitter at @gtluna1.This episode was hosted by Brian L. Frye, Spears-Gilbert Professor of Law at the University of Kentucky College of Law. Frye is on Twitter at @brianlfrye. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Zach sits down with activist Tema Okun, author of "The Emperor Has No Clothes: Teaching About Race And Racism To People Who Don't Want To Know," to have a chat geared around white supremacy culture at work. She and Zach take a deep dive into a piece she wrote on the subject, dissecting several of the named characteristics present in the document. Check out the show notes to reference the piece and to find out more about her work!Connect with Tema on Twitter.Read her "White Supremacy Culture" piece by clicking here.Interested in her book, "The Emperor Has No Clothes?" Check it out on Amazon.Donate to the Justice for Breonna Taylor GoFundMe by clicking here.Find out how the CDC suggests you wash your hands by clicking here.Help food banks respond to COVID-19. Learn more at FeedingAmerica.org.Check out our website.TRANSCRIPTZach: What's up, y'all? It's Zach with Living Corporate, and, you know, we continue to live in really extraordinary times for some people. Frankly, these times have been this way for a while for many of us, but we have this, like, seemingly [?] to awareness and consciousness, and so I want to respect that. I want to respect where we are. And, you know, we've actually shifted up our interview schedule, and we're having more and more pointed conversations about the reality of white supremacy. So you've probably noticed a few episodes, and we're gonna continue to do that. You know, I shared on Twitter a couple days ago that, like, I think my baseline is just much angrier these days, and I'm at peace with that. And so with that all being said, you know, we have conversations on Living Corporate that center marginalized voices at work. We do that by engaging thought leaders from across the spectrum to really have just authentic discussions. Today we have a phenomenal guest, just like we do every single week, but it makes no less true that we have a great guest today, Dr. Tema Okun. Tema has spent many years working for the social justice community. For over 10 of those years she worked in partnership with the late and beloved Kenneth Jones as part of the Change [?] Training Group and now facilitates long-term anti-racism, anti-oppression work as a member of The DR Works Collaborative. She is a skilled [?] facilitator, bringing both an anti-racist lens and commitment to supporting personal growth and development within the context of institutional and community mission. She holds a BA from Oberland College, a Masters in Adult Education from NC State University, a doctorate at NC Greensboro, and is on the faculty of the educational leadership department at the National Louis University in Chicago. She is active in Middle East peace and justice work with Israeli Committee Against House Demolitions USA. Dr. Okun, how are you?Tema: I'm great, and I want to apologize upfront because some of those biographical facts are no longer true. I left the faculty of NLU several years ago, and I'm now active with the Jewish [Voice?] for Peace. Just to update everybody so that they don't think you or I are lying about [?].Zach: Thank you for correcting me, I appreciate that. So, you know, you've been in this work for quite a while. Like, we talked some months ago actually before my daughter was born, and--Tema: Oh, you have a beautiful daughter.Zach: Thank you very much. Yes, yes, you've seen her. Yeah, she looks great, and she's getting bigger every day. It's just so cool that she's changing all the time. What I'd like to know though is if you've ever seen anti-racist, anti-state-sanctioned violence protests like this in your lifetime in terms of just scale and scope?Tema: You know, you gave me that question ahead of time, and I want to say both yes and no, and I want to say yes because [?] during the Vietnam War protest time period and I lived during the AIDS protest time and the growth of the LGBTQ movement, and I do want to acknowledge that the grief and rage and resistance that we're seeing today is part of a longer legacy of people who have been full of grief and rage and resistance before us so that we don't isolate ourselves and we also take credit for this particular moment, which is unique in the sense of the reach, the brilliance, the clarity about the demands, and I'm very excited about, you know, the defund the police direction that this is taking, and so it's a yes and no answer. I'm so excited to be alive in this moment, and I feel like I was honored to live through those other moments as well.Zach: And, you know, it's interesting because it's easy to kind of forget about the history of protest or the history of, like, anti-racism work, and so then, like, things kind of come in cycles, and so, you know, new voices come up in new generations and it's almost as if these conversations have never been had before, but, like, I'd like to get your perspective on really, like, just these concepts, the concept of whiteness and then also, like, the concept of anti-racism. And I know those are big questions. I'ma give you space, but I'd love just to hear you talk about that.Tema: Well, I think part of what's really unique about this moment is that these concepts are more broadly understood within the resistance movement that we're seeing now than they ever have been in my lifetime, so that part is definitely true. When I started doing this work a gazillion years ago, [?] years ago or so, you know, a lot of people--there was not what I would call... I don't want to use the word sophisticated, so the deep understanding about what whiteness is, how white supremacy operates, how white supremacy is the culture that we're swimming in, how it informs who we are although it doesn't define who we are. There was not that clarity, and I feel like I've been a part of the generation of people who helped think about, develop, and--and I'm not taking credit for it. I mean, I'm part of the wave of people who sort of understood that it was important to ground us in understanding that, understanding the ways that white supremacy, capitalism, patriarchy, all of these symptoms of oppression have really shaped who we are, and we need to understand how they operate if we're gonna do something different and have a different vision. So what I'll say is I think--and this might be one of the questions you're gonna ask later, but I think that the thing that we need to be careful about is that white supremacy and capitalism and patriarchy are very, very ingenious, and what we've seen happen in every movement that has ever occurred historically in our country is that they get diverted from a justice focus to an access focus and that capitalism and white supremacy know how to lure us just enough to say, "We're gonna let you have power of a certain extent in our institution. We're going to let you have access. We're going to say good things about you. But don't rock the boat too much." Leaders going, "Defund the police? It's too vague. You don't have a plan." You know, when we talk about access to healthcare, people don't demand [?]. It's like, "Yes, we have a vision. We have a vision of communities where the billions of dollars that are spent on militarized police are spent on schools and community centers and making sure people have enough food to eat." That's the vision that we have [?] defund the police, and that's what we're gonna do and not get distracted by--so part of the backlash is gonna be fierce and hateful and violent, but the more dangerous part of the backlash is gonna be accomodation.Zach: It's interesting, to your point around, like, respectability, right, and so how people, like, use the concept of civility, like, as a cudgel, right, to really stymie progression. You know, we had Dr. Robin DiAngelo on Living Corporate a few months ago, and we talked about her work in studying white fragility, and, you know, and--and, not but... not but, but I've listened to perspectives on how white fragility is not necessarily, you know, anti-racist work. Can you share your perspective on that?Tema: Sure. One of the dangers of our movement--and, you know, I love our movement, and I love many things about it. One of the dangers of our movement though is that we can get really [?] about what being in the movement or what activism is, and so my feeling is--so I'm 68 years old. I've been around a long time, and [?] point in my life is that we need it all. We need it all. This is not a competition about, you know, who's doing it right and who's doing it best and where the focus needs to be. So our frame, the way--The DR Works Collaborative has also been closed for about three or four years. All of our materials are on our website, which we can share the address later, but what we--our frame is that typically racism shows up on three levels, on the personal level, the ways that we are with each other and ourselves, on the cultura level, the beliefs and values and standards and norms of the groups of people that we're operating within, including sort of white supremacy culture overall, and then our institutional policies and procedures and practices, and one of our racial equity principles is that you have to work on all three levels. And so what I hear Robin saying, and I think it's really important, is that those of us are white who work pretty consistently on our conditioning, [?] the invitation that we are extended to join whiteness and, in joining whiteness, to both disconnect from people of color, disconnect from other white people and disconnect from ourselves, because that's what the invitation is. An example of white fragility is if you are angry, if you are in full grief about what's happening and my fragility says, "Well, you need to tone it down, because I can only accept your [?] if it comes to me in a certain kind of package," then I'm completely disconnected. I'm disconnected from you, and I'm disconnected from myself because I'm not allowing myself to feel my own grief and rage, right, because I'm so scared of yours I'm certainly not gonna feel my own. So I think what you're speaking to, you know, there's a thing that people say about white people and navelgazing and that we just like to navel gaze, and what I like to--you know, we like to agonize, and Maurice Mitchell talks about how his liberation or the liberation of black people, of people of color, is not tied up with my anxiety as a white person about getting it right. So I think that there's this balance between [?] our personal work, because all of us have invitations extended to us by white supremacy in some form or another. So all of us doing work on our internalized self and then continuing to be in the world and relationships and figuring out what our role in this resistance movement is. So it's not an either or. It's very much to me a both and, because if we don't do our personal work, then the way that we're gonna show up is just gonna replicate all of the [BLEEP] dynamics and clinging to power [?] and not understanding who we're accountable to and posturing and, you know, just things that aren't helpful, and fear of our fear and all of those things. I think it's a both and, right?Zach: I appreciate that, and I agree, right? I think one, white fragility is just so real, and it creates so many barriers and, frankly, causes so much harm in ways that we don't even consider, like, literally every single day, and because white supremacy is such a reality, white fragility impacts behavior of black and brown folks even when white people aren't around. So to make sure that those who are in power are examining and interrogating themselves, like, that's critical. That doesn't mean it's the only thing, but it's important to do.Tema: Yes. I think that living in white skin in a white supremacy culture obviously confers power and privilege, but not to everyone, and not in the same way, right? And so I think that it's really important, for me--'cause I'm speaking for myself--to understand how many white people are caught up in the same crapola of white supremacy and the ways that racism targets people of color, are caught up in that without [?] seeing it clearly. And I'm not saying that racism targets white people, I'm saying white people who are working class and poor or white people who have had no opportunity to understand how whiteness operates are swimming around in ways that are completely not in their self-interest, and, you know, are continually encouraged, for example, to look to middle class wealthy white people as their community when in fact their community are other people in the same economic and social situation that they're in. So, you know, I'd like to make sure we understand how many white people are hoodwinked by this whole thing as well and invited to participate in ways that make no sense [?].Zach: I think that's a really good point. One piece of literature that has really gotten, frankly, over the years consistent attention, but at this time it continues to get attention, is "White Supremacy Culture." It's something that you wrote, and we'll put the link in the show notes for everybody, but we're gonna walk through this research, this document. But before we do that, can you talk to us a little bit about how you arrived at the points that you made within the work that you wrote?Tema: Sure. So I've only written one book, and it's called "The Emperor Has No Clothes: Teaching About Race and Racism to People Who Don't Want to Know," and it basically was a chance for me to sit down and write all the things I and other colleagues have learned about teaching about race and racism to people. So that's what that book is, and White Supremacy Culture was written before the book, and I wrote it in either [?] or [?], so a long time ago. Kenneth and I were doing a lot of work on the West Coast, and I had just come from a People's Institute for Survival and Beyond workshop with Ron Chisholm and Daniel Buford and probably a few other people, and The People's Institute is based in New Orleans and is sort of, in my view, the grand daddy of people doing anti-racist education and training in my lifetime and so were our mentors and, you know, people that were doing the work that we were doing, so I was full of their wisdom when I wrote the piece, and I also had--and I can't remember the meaning, but I had just come from a meeting of predominantly white people where pretty much every dynamic in that sheet of paper, in that article, showed up, and I was frustrated beyond belief, and people say this, and this is my only experience of this phenomena, which is that "it wrote itself." Like, I didn't--I sat down at the computer and it wrote itself. Just sort of "This behavior, this behavior, this behavior, this behavior." It was like I was in a fury, and then I showed it to my mentor [?] Martinez, who was running a challenging white supremacy workshop at the time in the Bay Area, and she said, "You can't just list the terrible behaviors. You have to list antidotes. You have to talk about what to do," and so that was such good advice, and so I added those into it, and I will say--so it was written a long time ago. It was written without a class lens, which it needs, and it [?] things out, and it didn't--so I'm actually, in this moment, my project is creating a website rather than another article, but rather a website based on the article so that it can be more flexible. Lots of people have used it and adapted, and all the ways that people have used it and adapted it I'm gonna add a class lens, tell some stories, give examples. So that's my current project.Zach: Can we talk about, like--because in this document you essentially have these different characteristics. I'd like to walk through the characteristics that you list and then really just have you talk about each of them, because again, there are a lot of people that I respect, and I'm gonna shout-out Dr. Oni Blackstock because she's one of the most recent people who I saw tweeting about this and talking about this, but it's all over YouTube. Like, I don't know if you know this, but I just saw a video where somebody put this document up on a video and then, like, slow-scrolled it and talked about it, but I caught myself reading it and I said, "This is exactly like every work culture I've ever been a part of." So let's do this. Let's do each characteristic, and then you just kind of explain, you know, how these attitudes and behavior, you know, reinforce or drive white supremacy at work. Can we do that?Tema: Sure.Zach: So you start off with perfectionism. That's your first one.Tema: Mm-hmm. I started with that one I think probably because that's the one I'm the most guilty of myself. So, you know, I talk about how white supremacy culture is--the purpose of white supremacy is to disconnect us from each other [?] so that a few people can exert their control, cultural control, in ways that allow them to profit at our expense, and so perfectionism is this [idea?], it's very connected to professionalism, and it's this idea that there is a perfect way to do something, which is completely nonsense, and that there's somebody or some group of people who can determine what that is and encourage you to aspire to it. And then we internalize that, and I don't think I know a single person who actually feels completely comfortable with who they are and how they show up and how they're doing things, because the culture is so [?] I feel like we're continually falling short, and if we're continually falling short, then we have to buy products to make ourselves look better and feel better, and it's just a vicious cycle. And another thing I'll say about this list is that these things aren't just used to perpetuate racism and white supremacy and to target people of color in different ways at different times. They impact everybody, and they're toxic. There's nothing good about them at all at any time unless you're the one trying to control other people, and then you're so disconnected from yourself it's not even--Trump is a very good example of someone who's completely disconnected from anything. So I think that perfectionism is used as a tool of professionalism and as a tool to keep people from positions of power and also to keep people off balance about who they are and their worth and their value.Zach: You know, it's interesting. One of the things you say in here is, "Little appreciation expressed among people for the work that others are doing, appreciation that is expressed usually directed to those who get most of the credit anyway."Tema: Mm-hmm, yeah, exactly. And then the way that we internalize that, even when we're fighting hard not to. You know, I was talking to a friend yesterday who was applying for a position at a foundation. It's completely, completely clear to me, and I think to her, that she is not only qualified for the job, she is over-qualified for the job, and my guess is they won't hire her because it's clear to them too, you know? And it's so pernicious, the way that that works, where a lot of white people here who are not called to account for our lack of understanding about how racism and white supremacy works because it's not ever part of our job qualifications. No one is evaluating us based on our ability to understand how that works, and we're about to invite somebody in who does understand, and that makes us really uncomfortable, so maybe [?] somebody who's gonna not make us feel uncomfortable all the time. That's part of how that works.Zach: And so it's interesting. So I was about to move to sense of urgency, but to your point, in the recommended antidotes for racism you have "develop a culture of appreciation where the organization takes time to make sure the people's work and efforts are appreciated. Develop a learning organization where it's expected that everyone will make mistakes and those mistakes offer an opportunity for learning." It's interesting, even in organizations where they'll say things like, "Oh, it's okay to make mistakes," I've noticed that--and this is a common experience for most black folks at work, black and brown people to be clear, we don't have the same grace to make mistakes. It's interesting because--and I've had this conversation already with a colleague, but there was a time at work I put a PowerPoint together, and one I just think PowerPoints overall have to be one of the biggest examples of, like, subjectivity to the max, because what you think is a good PowerPoint or nice design I may genuinely think is abhorrent. I may really not like the design of your PowerPoint, right? Like, I might hate it. But anyway, I did a PowerPoint. Someone didn't like it, and so then that PowerPoint and then me, in their eyes, not doing well on a PowerPoint, was then a justification for me to blocked from [a multitude] of opportunities in very public ways, right? And so it's like, what does it look like to really create objective, safe, equitable spaces for everybody?Tema: Right. And what does it look like for that particular person to admit to themselves that they may not have the corner on how something needs to be done? I mean, I remember--each one of these, there's so much that's also interconnected, and two things come to mind. I remember Kenneth--so Kenneth was my mentor and my colleague for 12 years, and he died way too early in 2004, but as we were working together I remembered saying to him... 'cause my style, we were both about the same age, and my [?] style is sometimes to say or admit I've made a mistake or to show some vulnerability, and I said to Kenneth, "You never do that, you never show any vulnerability." "Tema, I can't afford to do that. People are watching me, waiting for me to make a mistake. So even if I make one, I'm not gonna say that I did because people are ready to pounce all over me for it." You know, and again, just another example of how long it took me to learn that, he had to sort of say that out loud to me [?]. So yeah, I think there's that part of it, and I had another thought, but I'm sure it will come to me as we keep talking. So here's the other story, which was that I seemed to be the details-oriented person, and sometimes I'd get really frustrated because I felt like he wasn't paying attention to, like, air fare or flights or when we had to be somewhere, and so I started to develop a little bit of an attitude about how I was doing so much more than he was, more important [?], and we were having a discussion and he said something to me like, "I talked to So-and-so the other day," and I said, "So-and-so? They were in our training a year ago," and he went, "Yeah, yeah." I said, "You're talking to them now?" "Oh, yeah, yeah," and then he proceeded to tell me that he was fostering relationships with most people in almost all the trainings over time and that that's what he did, and it just was such a lightbulb moment for me. I'm like, "Oh, my God. This man," who was a brilliant trainer, there was no question about that, "is leading and offering things that I've never even dreamt of being able to lead or offer that makes such a difference in this work, while I'm sitting here feeling all superior because I know how to schedule a plane flight." It was just like... so many of us, and so many white people in particular, but so many of us are walking around thinking that we know how things should work when we don't know at all, [?] open to how other ways of doing might actually offer so much more. So yeah.Zach: I appreciate that, and that resonates with me too because I think about, especially if you have, like, these majority white organizations, you know, again, people attract, or they're attracted, to people that are like them, right? And that's not just in appearance, but also in, like, ways of thinking and doing, and so, like, if you're in this space, the majority are really good at tasks or really good at [?] things off a box, if there's someone who can do those things but that's just not their wiring, then that person's automatically seen as a problem or as inferior in some way. In reality it's like, "Okay, I don't need--there's eight of y'all who tick off boxes and who are very, like, transactional. Is it possible for me to be different and at the same time be just as good if not add more value than you do perhaps?" I think, for me transparently, one of the biggest mistakes I think I've made in my career is that I think I've been too transparent and vulnerable about me wanting to learn and grow, 'cause I say "Hey, I'd like to learn this. I don't know this," but I've learned, in the spirit of perfectionism, when you communicate that you don't know something or you're new to something, I've just learned that we don't know, black and marginalized people, just don't have the grace to communicate that they don't know. They don't have the grace to grow. They just don't.Tema: Yeah, and it's infuriating. It's completely infuriating, and it's a complete loss. I think the thing that I would like to get across with my audience, my commitment to working with other white people, is for those of us listening to this to understand the deep violence in that, you know? In working side-by-side with people who feel like they are not allowed to offer their vulnerability or their desire to grow and learn because--my God, it's intense.Zach: So you have a lot of terms here, and you know, we might have to do a part two, but I want to see how many of these we can get through so I'm gonna back up and let you talk more. Sense of urgency.Tema: I think that, again, the point of urgency--so every organization I've ever worked with operates with a huge sense of urgency and everything is so critically important right this minute, and it completely perpetuates racism because--the example I'll give is we were doing work with an organization of mostly lawyers that do very good work on a state-wide level, and they had just sort of unpacked all the ways in which [?] of color on the staff and in the community that they served were not feeling heard, were not included in decision making, their ideas were shut down, sort of what we were just talking about, and then an emergency came up, and I think there might have been an arrest, but something urgent happened within the community, and the white leadership, the white lawyers, felt like they had to respond right this minute and if they didn't the organization would be at stake, and right in front of our eyes all of the dynamics were playing out in front of us, and the two of us who were facilitating the workshop tried to suggest to them, "This is happening right in front of our eyes. We know that this is urgent, and we suggest that you sit down and you take a breath and you understand there are other people in the community who are handling it in this moment and that what you all need to do is really sit and take a breath and see how you can approach this differently," and so they just repeated the--you know, you could see it. The white people were circled around, making all these decisions, and the people of color were [?] them on the outside, trying to listen in and then getting disgusted and walking away, and it was just--when things are urgent, if we're not paying attention and we haven't set up the relationships and we haven't set up the procedures to say when things get literally urgent this is what we're gonna do, when things feel urgent but they aren't this is what we're gonna do. Is this really as urgent as we think it is? Because it's urgent we need to take a breath, we need to take a breath and make sure that we're all in this together rather than walking all over each other in our attempt to prove something, which is to prove that, like, we're the organization that's gonna respond like that, even if the way that we respond, you know, tramples over people. And then I think a lot of us internalize urgency. A lot of white people feel like, "If we don't act right now, if I don't fix this right now, then I'm not gonna be able to prove that I'm a good white person," so then we go in and fix something and we make it worse because we haven't stopped to take a breath to consult with other people, to see if our intuition, our impulse is actually the right one. I've seen that happen over and over and over again.Zach: Let's talk about quantity over quality.Tema: Well, you know, we live in a capitalistic society, and we love to measure things, and we love to believe that value has to do with amounts of things, usually money. And again, so I see some of the [thunder patterns?], all of the thunder patterns that I've seen in my lifetime and work, is thunders trying to get people to prove that they're effective by the numbers of things. "How many people did you impact?" Not the quality of things, not the depth of things, not the sustainability of things but, you know, the number of things, which is such a limited measure of how we're doing, and the research I've done on culture shift shows that it's actually not a numbers game. We don't need a majority of people to shift culture. We need deep relationships, we need generational change, we need clusters of people coming to new beliefs simultaneously, but they don't have to be a majority. So I just think it's good to be able to have a sense of what we think progress is, but often we aim towards--I do a lot of work in schools, and the story I often tell--so I'm sorry if anyone's heard this before--is how our schools often, if not always, have a story that what they're trying to do is prepare students for success, and what they mean by that is "We want students to stay in school, get good grades, graduate, get a job, and go shopping, and if we can measure that we've done that it doesn't matter if our students are leading meaningful lives. We're not measuring that. We're not measuring if students know how to find themselves. We're not measuring if students have gotten in touch with their spiritual side or their artistic side. We're not measuring whether students know how to be in a relationship with themselves and with each other. We're not measuring the things that matter, you know? We just don't know how to measure those things. We're obsessed with graduation rates and, you know, how much money people are making.Zach: You have another one here about worship of the written word.Tema: Mm-hmm. So I'll give an example if you'll give an example, but this is our history, sort of the theft of indigenous land, the theft of land from Mexico, the broken treaties, the enslavement of people, it's all built on worship of the written word and the whole, you know, all of our Southwest and Midwest states that became US property after the Mexican-American War and the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, all of that theft of land was made possible because Congress passed all kinds of legislation requiring people to [?], and most people lived in a culture where that's not how people [?] that they owned land. So that's just one example, and just the ways that we hide behind "If it's not written down, then it doesn't exist." "It's only wisdom if it's written down," and then only if it's written down by certain people. What comes to mind for you?Zach: So here's where I found the application interesting. So there's a way that I believe those in power and in the majority will essentially place the burden on the oppressed to have evidence, like, tangible, documented evidence, but then in the instances where that evidence is undeniable, then at best it simply just saves that oppressed person from being harmed, but it doesn't necessarily guarantee justice for that oppressed person.Tema: Yeah, or they'll say it's not written right or the form was not filled out correctly or--Zach: Right, or "We still don't have all the facts," or "What about the other person's side?" And so there's still this--it's such a jig, because you're gonna lose, but the question is "While this may have saved you from getting fired, it's not actually going to absolve your name completely after all. These other people said something." Right?Tema: I think about when Bhagat Singh Thind sued the Supreme Court for citizenship, and he was from India, and he was suing based on how science classified people from India as Caucasoids, and the year before a Japanese person who had done the same thing lost the case because people from Japan were classified as mongoloids, so they were not white, but the Supreme Court said, "Well, it's true science classifies you as Caucasoids, but you're not seen as white by the common white man, therefore you're not white." So it's the written word, but also the word is, as you said, controlled and considered by those in power, and whose written words will be paid attention to and whose won't?Zach: Yeah. I think about Breonna Taylor. We know that she was murdered by the state in her own bed, but then when you go back and you look at the report it's completely blank, right? And so, like, anybody with good sense should be able to understand that Breonna Taylor's bullet-ridden body and that piece of paper are not congruent. So one of those [?] is lying. Breonna's own blood testifies that she is not lying, so why are Breonna Taylor's murderers still free? It's the worship of the written word.Tema: Yeah. Sandra Bland, all of that, yeah.Zach: Yeah, Sandra Bland as well, right? And countless others. Tony McDade. And it's frustrating, but I think about that. I think about how manipulative and--you used the word pernicious, it's a really appropriate word in that, you know, documentation really matters until it doesn't. I always tell marginalized people to document everything, because again, while documentation might not ever hold any accountable, it at the very least can make sure that you don't get fired, or it can delay you getting fired because you have something, hard evidence, that if someone says something, you're like, "Well, what you're saying is clearly not true." Okay, so paternalism was another characteristic that you had in your research.Tema: Yeah. I'm gonna bow here to a man named Paul Kibble, who does a lot of writing on Christian hegemony. It's just the way in which--and so many of these intersect, and I'm adding one called "qualified." I don't know if that's on the list explicitly there, but it's the way in which white people assume that, because we're white, we are qualified to act and make decisions that are outside our lived experience, and I think about--when I taught it, when I wasn't on the faculty in educational leadership, when I taught undergraduate students in education, you know, most of them are young, white women who were coming into teaching because they loved to--and please know I admire teachers beyond belief because they work so hard for so little, and yet they come in, these young white women come in very idealistic and very hopeful, and they have no experience, most of them, working with people of color and very little preparation for doing that, and yet have not internalized that they're not at all qualified to do the job, and the education system hasn't internalized that either, and so just the ways in which we've got almost every [?] institution is operating out of a sense of paternalism. Like, "We know what's better for you without consulting you or asking you about your lived experience." And I think about doing work with the department of social services where it's about a woman who, in order to make it through her week, had to visit 11 different offices in the Department of Social Services to account for herself, you know? And it's the way in which--if we look at Congress. Banks are completely involved in writing policies having to do with banks. Poor people and working people have no say in policies that impact their lives, and the laws that impact their lives are written by people who think that they need to be punished for being working class and poor or who think that they need to be exploited or, you know, who have absolutely no care or concern or lived experience, for the most part, of what it means to be black, brown, working class poor, and paternalism is just this idea that "We know better than you," and it can be very deeply embedded in religious thinking, in Christian thinking, and [?]--it's just sort of the idea that "We know best. We're going to convert you to our ways," and that's white supremacy is all about. The goal here [?] is "Act like us if we can exploit you more that way." Assimilation, and if not assimilation exploitation and violence, you know? It's just all based on this idea that we know better, and one of the things that we know better is that [class?] is more important than people.Zach: I think that's true. I think it comes down to a lot of power and control. So, you know, one of my larger concerns right now, even as corporations and larger organizations are looking at Black Lives Matter and people are taking these statements and stances, and organizations are mobilizing their employee resource groups and different things to have these conversations and do real talk and all this kind of stuff, and how much of this is about really hearing and including their marginalized employees, and how much of this is about, like, really making sure that you're retooling, reshaping your organization to be equitable and inclusive, or how much of this is really about you just trying to put some gates and borders around this to maintain control, right? That's my biggest concern.Tema: So I think there's two parts to this. So I think there can be conscious paternalism and there can be unconscious paternalism, and probably lots of gray [?] in between, and so I for one completely hate the terms diversity and [?] because I don't think that they--it's about window-dressing or table-dressing or whatever term you want to use. It doesn't ask the question, "What are we including people into?" Because if we were to ask that question, we would have to admit that a lot of what we're inviting people into is toxic. So it's not about including people. It's about reshaping everything, and I think that's what I was talking about in terms of what we need to be wary of, that some of the backlash is going to be very direct and hateful. Now, a lot of it is gonna be about accommodation, and forget about justice, let's just accommodate, accommodate, accommodate. And paternalism really plays a role there, and we can see it reflected in older leaders often, people who have been around a long time, who are scared they're gonna lose power by these young people who are coming up full of fervor and demanding justice, and some of us have accommodated for so long in order to just often survive that we've forgotten what the goal is, and some of the paternalism is--I'll speak for myself--is internalized entitlement, the internalized belief that I'm qualified to do things I'm not qualified to do, and it didn't require any intent on my part. And I tell a story on the website, and it might be in the book I can't remember, of essentially pushing my black colleague aside in an environment where I knew absolutely everything. This was a different colleague, a colleague named Kamayu [sp] [?], an incredible organizer, and he was in [?], the room was packed full of African-American people living in the [?], economically poor, culturally incredibly genius and rich, and, you know, I didn't think he was doing a good job, so I walked up to the front and I pushed him aside, and I didn't know anything about [?] in the [?], right? But I had this instinct in my body that he wasn't doing it and I needed to fix it. It was--so there's that, the way I internalized this paternalism and this idea that I know how to do things. We just cause so much harm, and again, it's a complete tribute to Kamayu that we're still friends. He actually didn't say anything to me for years, and finally I started to think about it and I'm like, "Kamayu, what about that day?" And he went, "Oh, I figured you'd figure it out sooner or later." You know? So there were, like, five years in there where Kamayu was not--I was not in a genuine relationship with him because he was waiting for me to figure it out, you know?Zach: To your example, I think about it in ways that, like--so it's interesting, you have these cultures that are very racist, right? Like, you have these organizations that have harmed black people for a while, but it just so happens that there's a certain confluence of events that are forcing organizations that have been historically harmful to black and brown people, now they're having to do things differently. But what's challenging, what's interesting, is that some of the people who just six months ago were very harmful are now self-appointing themselves as leaders to have these conversations, right? And, like, there's a certain--of course that's emotionally inauthentic, but I think there's also a certain level of entitlement and paternalism in that.Tema: Yeah, totally. And again, I think--so this is my job, it's not your job, but as someone who identifies as white, who is white, who lives a white life and thinks a lot about what it means to be in relationships with other white people, part of [my job?] is to encourage myself and other white people to think about, "What are we doing here?" And what is the cost to you of this posturing, and what would it be like for you to actually authentically sit down with yourself and go, "Okay, what am I afraid of? What kind of help do I need? What are the things I really need to change?" And I think all of us need to develop a much better practice of what I would call radical honesty with ourselves about why we want to live in a world where we actually are able to have authentic relationships with other people and ourselves and live in a world where people are well-cared for and people can thrive and we don't have to be so afraid of [?] and all these other things. So yeah.Zach: So I'ma pick one last one. Fear of open conflict.Tema: Yeah, that goes back to perfectionism and some of the other things that we talked about. The story I'll tell is that--well, it's a common story, which is that some racism is happening, and rather than deal with the racism that's happening we will label or target the person who's naming it, and sometimes that happens to white people too because we're so afraid of the truth-telling that's gonna happen of how racism is happening. So it's just this--we're too afraid to talk about things that are real and are gonna have emotion attached to them and might lead us, as white people, to feel like we've done something wrong or that we may even essentially be bad in some kind of way, so let's not talk about it. Let's blame the person who's trying to make us uncomfortable. This is attached to "right to comfort." Let's blame the people who are calling us in and say that there's something wrong with them so we don't have to feel our feelings, we don't have to be uncomfortable, we don't have to look at ourselves. We can stay in what feels like control, and it's such a--again, it does such harm, to other people and also to ourselves. The ability to sort of say, "Bring it on. Okay, tell me more. Tell me more. That was so racist? Okay, tell me more. I want to know. Tell me more." It's such a different energy. It's opening. Or "You're racist." "No, I'm not." "Yes, you are." "No, I'm not." There's nowhere--it's, like, you're building conflict and you're not--it's like, "So tell me. How am I racist? Yeah, I want to know, because I think I probably am. So tell me." There's so much more fruit there, even if you end up not agreeing with what they say it's like there's more fruit, more juice, more ability to--it's like, "We can handle this. We can sit in this discomfort, and in fact, if we don't learn to do that we're not gonna get anywhere."Zach: But see, I think that in the context of, like, a business, like, the fear with that is that if I admit that I'm racist, if I admit that I've harmed you, then that gives you byway to pursue the company, right? And so there's this fear of creating risk or opening your company up, opening yourself up to risk by admitting your faults, you know?Tema: So people just need to figure out a way to deal with that.Zach: [laughs] I love how you just dismiss that.Tema: Oh, come on. I don't--you know, legalese and laws and policies [?] in service of connection and not in service of fear and abuse, right? It's like Trump saying you can only come to the thing if you're not gonna sue me if you get the coronavirus. Like, no. And I would also say, for me, one of the racial equity principles [?], you'll see this list of characteristics, and you'll also see our racial equity principles, and one of the ones I love the most is called Organizing Mind, and what we mean by that is you start with the chorus. People go, "Oh, you're preaching to the chorus," and I go yes, because our chorus is very out of tune, so let's get in tune, and then we can start preaching to people outside the chorus and bring them into the chorus. So it's, like, start with the people who want you want, and figure out what your power is, figure out the risk that you're willing to take, and from there each one reach one teach one, as Sharon Martinez would say. So in a corporate environment it's, like, figuring out what are the roadblocks that we need to get rid of so we can actually do this, or whwere are we willing to have authentic conversations regardless of the risk and can we start doing that? So figure out what's within your power to do and do it. Don't wait for permission. Don't wait for--you know, there are lots of things that we can do and build our power that way without people giving us permission to do it, as we are witnessing across the country and across the globe, right? All these beautiful people, many young people, not waiting for permission. Bringing down statues, [?], and it's a beautiful thing to see right now.Zach: It's brought me joy, frankly, to see. Dr. Okun, this has been a phenomenal conversation. I just want to thank you so much for being a guest. I want to make sure that everybody knows that the document that we were walking through and that I picked a few characteristics out of for our guest to beautifully expand upon is gonna be in the show notes, and we're going to also be promoting it--you'll see it this week on social media and things of that nature, so make sure that you check it out. This has been Living Corporate. You know, we do this every single week. We're having conversations, real talk in a corporate world, that center and amplify marginalized voices at work. We'll make sure to catch you all next time. In the meantime between now and next time, we're all over Beyonce's internet. You just type in Living Corporate, we'll pop up. Catch us on Instagram at LivingCorporate, and man, if you have anything you want to talk to us about, just contact us through the website, living-corporate.com. Please say the dash--living dash corporate dot com. 'Til next time, y'all, this has been Zach, and you've been listening to Dr. Tema Okun, activist, educator, speaker, organizer. Peace.

PROARTESMEXICO.COM.MX Interview in English with J. Leigh Garcia by Peter Hay, May 1st, 2020. Entrevista en inglés con J. Leigh Garcia por Peter Hay, 1o de Mayo, 2020. As a biracial Latina, a seventh-generation Texan of European descent on her mother’s side and granddaughter of Mexican immigrants on my father’s, today’s guest has followed the roots of her ancestry to shape her artistic practice. Major events in Texas history such as the Mexican-American War, Battle of the Alamo, Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, and Bracero Program have created a complex relationship between her two cultures. The racial discord that has resulted from this history—particularly, the racialization and displacement of unauthorized Latinx immigrants—is both the context and focus of her work. J. Leigh Garcia is an artist born and raised in Dallas, TX. She received a Master of Arts and Master of Fine Arts degree from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in printmaking from The University of North Texas. Garcia is currently a Print Media and Photography Professor at Kent State University in Kent, OH. Como latina biracial, una texana de séptima generación de descendencia europea del lado de su madre, y nieta de inmigrantes mexicanos del lado de su padre, la invitada de hoy ha seguido las raíces de su ascendencia para dar forma a su práctica artística. Los principales eventos en la historia de Texas, como la Guerra México-Americana1, la Batalla del Álamo, el Tratado de Guadalupe-Hidalgo y el Programa Bracero; han creado una relación compleja entre sus dos culturas. La discordia racial que ha resultado de esta historia -particularmente la racialización y el desplazamiento de inmigrantes latinos no legales-, es tanto el contexto como el enfoque de su trabajo. J. Leigh Garcia es una artista nacida y criada en Dallas, TX. Recibió una Maestría en Artes y una Maestría en Bellas Artes de la Universidad de Wisconsin-Madison, y una Licenciatura en Bellas Artes en grabado de la Universidad del Norte de Texas. Actualmente, García es profesora de fotografía y medios impresos en la Kent State University en Kent, OH. Here&There: Conversations with Creators from the MX &USA: In this bilingual series, PROArtes México sits down with contemporary artists working in the USA or MX and discusses their work, concepts, ideas, and interests in their preferred language. A translated version of the interviews available on our website. En esta serie bilingüe, PROArtes México invita a creadores de arte contemporáneo que trabajan en Estados Unidos de América y México, y charlan sobre su trabajo, conceptos, ideas e intereses. Las versiones traducidas de las entrevistas se encontrarán disponibles en nuestra página web.

At age thirteen he fought along side his brother and father against Mexican soldiers until captured. Adopted by Santa Anna, sent to College, earned a Doctorate, held lofty positions and helped negotiate the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

¿Qué territorios perdió México frente a Estados Unidos? ¿Qué papel jugó Santa Anna en esta pérdida? ¿Quién fue James K. Polk? ¿Cómo aventajaba el ejército estadounidense al ejército mexicano? ¿Quiénes conformaban el Batallón de San Patricio? ¿Cómo fue la batalla de Molino del Rey?

Hoy hablaremos de: La independencia de Texas, La guerra México-Estados Unido, Los pactos secretos de Santa Anna, La venta de la Mesilla, Un cementerio estadounidense en México, Y más sobre el Tratado Guadalupe-Hidalgo.

Today we finally wrap up season 2 with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

The issue of gentrification in the Southwest has deep and broad roots, and with the introduction of H.R.6365—the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Land Claims Act of 2018—in the House of Representatives, a new call for an exploration of the methods of colonization is arising. Andrea Merida will draw correlations between the events surrounding Guadalupe Hidalgo and the current tenor of how gentrification impacts the descendants of the original indigenous people to this day. This talk was recorded on November 14, 2018, at El Pueblo History Museum.

In this episode we talk about the historical fiction novela, Ramona, based on the novel by Helen Hunt Jackson, by the same name. We discuss the turmoil of California in the 1850s, as countless Mexican and Native people were displaced by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, and we'll explore how racial discrimination plays a part in the story of Romona and Alejandro.  Plot and History: 9:00 A Love Letter to California: 41:30 Helen Hunt Jackson: 46:30 Ramona the novel: 49:30 The Ongoing Battle for Native Rights: 57:00 Sexytimes: 1:02:49 Kate Del Castillo: 1:04:40 FATCH goes to San Fran Sketch Fest!: 1:09:15 FATCH Comedy FundRazr Campaign   Cast:  Gloria De Leon (IG: gloria.the.actress) Delia Gomez (IG: itsdeliagomez) Noveleando theme song written, performed, and produced by: Shireen Amini Find us on Instagram @NoveleandoPodcast Contact: If you would like to contact us, please email us at NoveleandoPodcast@gmail.com  

Armenian Genocide, Zankou Chicken, The Amityville Horror, Istanbul, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Enes Kanter, Armenia, Confederate States of America, Flags of the Confederate States of America, Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Brittany Murphy, Lingerie Bowl, Chingy, Addis Ababa, People of Ethiopia, Ethiopian Wolf, Blaxsploitation, Ilsa: She Wolf of the SS, Nunsploitation, Life is Beautiful, Yemeni Civil War, Italian Beef, Giadiniera, Pickled Cucumber, West Indies, Puerto Vallarta, Solar Telescope

Broom Baby! Shares an observation of intuitive healing by a child, gives a tangible ritual for clearing negativity and suggestions for working with the moon cycles. This episode touches on the perspective of host Michael G Maestas, El Corazón del Brujo. It also mentions the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Knowledge is power!

A conversation on Author Stella Pope Duarte: Raul H Yzaguirre (Seated at the Table of Power) Bio #2, covering the arrival of the Yzaguirres to what is now New Mexico (then New Spain) and their experience of being crossed by the border in what is now Texas (going through Mexico’s independence, Texas becoming its own republic, the Mexican-American war, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, and more). Raul learns his family’s history (including Mexico’s and its heroes) and this begins to shape who he was to become.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app

This is the story of the Mexican-American War’s end and the making of Mexican heros. Winfield Scott is closing in on Mexico City. Battles rage as Mexican troops defend, but General Scott can’t be stopped. American troops even snag one of Santa Anna’s spare prosthetic legs! But sometimes loss can be the breeding ground of heros, and that’s just what happens as US forces close in on Mexico’s capital. Six teenage Mexican cadets--one of whom is only 13-years-old--fight to the death. Meanwhile, Catholic US troops who’ve defected to the Mexican side in response to American anti-Catholicism are caught by the US army and mostly hung to death. Los Niños Héroes and the San Patricios might not make it out of this war alive, but they’ll live forever in the memory of Mexico. And what does the war’s end mean? Should the US annex the parts of Mexico it claimed belonged to Texas, or should it take more? Perhaps all of Mexico? As this is being debated in the US, particularly in the Senate, the question of what it means to be “American” rests at the heart of what will and won’t be taken. As President Polk leans toward “all of Mexico,” an upstart Congressman named Abe Lincoln questions the premise of the war, and Nicholas Trist negotiates a treaty in defiance of the President--this won’t be pretty.

Mexico and the United States tend to remember their 1847 conflict, and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo very differently. More than 500 thousand square miles of land - which became California, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming - became American property. To this day, generally speaking, Mexicans still consider the land unjustly stolen. On the other hand, many Americans still might claim the land was righteously obtained. While art was a powerful tool for convincing American people that conquering the frontier and claiming Mexico's territory was America's divine destiny, art remains an important means for remembering the conflict for both sides. https://www.artesmexut.org/part8

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo officially ended hostilities in the Mexican-American War, although the United States of America had effectively ended the war by taking over much of Mexico. This meant that the terms of the Treaty were largely America's and had to be accepted by Mexico. The war began in 1846 as a border dispute around the newly annexed Republic of Texas, but after America sent troops to the disputed area, they invaded Mexico. With astonishing speed, the northern areas of Mexico were taken over by America, with California seeing a revolt by American settlers. Eventually, an Army under General Winfield Scott would march from Veracruz on the coast to Mexico City, easily taking over the capital. As a result, Mexico lost most of its northern territory to the United States, and faced many more political issues at home. America was further placed on the path towards Civil War and disunion. 

Perfil y actividades de jornaleros en la Colonia Guadalupe HidalgoSerie a cargo de la Dra. Kim Sánchez Saldaña,Facultad de Humanidades UAEMContacto: gentedecampo@uaem.mxCréditos de fotografías:1. “Migrantes_grupo parental” Quetzalli Estrada Lima. Colonia Guadalupe Hidalgo, Atlautla, México. Temporada 2005. Proyecto “Agricultura y Migración Laboral en Morelos”2. “Familia de jornaleros” Quetzalli Estrada Lima. Colonia Guadalupe Hidalgo, Atlautla, México. Temporada 2005. Proyecto “Agricultura y Migración Laboral en Morelos”3. “Migrante oaxaqueño” Quetzalli Estrada Lima. Colonia Guadalupe Hidalgo, Atlautla, México. Temporada 2005. Proyecto “Agricultura y Migración Laboral en Morelos”4. “Campamento de Jornaleros Agrícolas” Kim Sánchez Saldaña5. “Fonda” Quetzalli Estrada Lima. Colonia Guadalupe Hidalgo, Atlautla, México. Temporada 2005. Proyecto “Agricultura y Migración Laboral en Morelos”6. “Jornaleros pizcando” Quetzalli Estrada Lima. Tlalámac, Atlautla, México. Temporada 2004. Proyecto “Agricultura y Migración Laboral en Morelos”7. “Acolchado” Quetzalli Estrada Lima. Colonia Guadalupe Hidalgo, Atlautla, México. Temporada 2005. Proyecto “Agricultura y Migración Laboral en Morelos”8. “Migrantes_grupo no parental” Quetzalli Estrada Lima. Colonia Guadalupe Hidalgo, Atlautla, México. Temporada 2005. Proyecto “Agricultura y Migración Laboral en Morelos”

Centro de contratación, Colonia Guadalupe HidalgoSerie a cargo de la Dra. Kim Sánchez Saldaña,Facultad de Humanidades UAEMContacto: gentedecampo@uaem.mxCréditos de fotografías:1. “Jornaleros_albergue Atlatlahucan” Quetzalli Estrada Lima. Atlatlahucan, Morelos. Temporada 2005. Proyecto “Agricultura y Migración Laboral en Morelos”2. “Jornaleros Atlatlahucan” Quetzalli Estrada Lima. Atlatlahucan, Morelos. Temporada 2005. Proyecto “Agricultura y Migración Laboral en Morelos”3. “Jornaleros trabajando” Quetzalli Estrada Lima. Tlalámac, Atlautla, México. Temporada 2004. Proyecto “Agricultura y Migración Laboral en Morelos”4. “Migrantes Totolapan” Quetzalli Estrada Lima. Totolapan, Morelos. Temporada 2006. Proyecto “Agricultura y Migración Laboral en Morelos”