Podcasts about castros

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 A short speech by Mr. Gustavo Bermudz who was a classmate of the Castros at the 1965 Rally for God, Family  and Country Boston, MA.Camp Constitution is a New Hampshire based charitable trust.  We run a week-long family camp, man information tables at various venues, have a book publishing arm, and post videos from our camp and others that we think are of importance. Please visit our website www.campconstitution.net

Olhaaa mais uma delícia cremosa em parceria com Os Castros pra derreter seus ouvidinhos, corações y otras cositas másss… Esse casalzão da pourra que é pura inspiração, em mais um áudio quentíssimo #navozdaMalu aquecendo os motores da comemoração pro Dia de Namorar que tá chegandooo! Você pode ouvir a versão completa dessa aventura a 3 no canal do Telegram deles, e aumentar sua vontade de encomendar um só pra você, na medida do seu desejo… que tal? Aproveita que tem promo rolando, 20%off nos áudios personalizados pedidos até 08/06 e 15%off nos áudios prontos pedidos até 12/06 . Mas correee que é por tempo limitado!!! Tô te esperando no meu inbox… Vem! #ouveaMalu #diadosnamorados #diadenamorar------------------Áudios eróticos com protagonismo feminino. Porque Malu sabe gozar... e fazer gozarAtenção: Conteúdo Adulto!AMOSTRAS DE ÁUDIOS PRONTOS e mais em: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠linktree.com/gozeimalu ⁠⁠⁠⁠

Uma quarta-fire diferentona hoje, trazendo esse feat incendiário de Maluzinha aqui com Os Castros! Nesse áudio feito sob medida pra esse casal mais que hot… eu conto uma historia de quando eles começaram a se pegar, e tiveram que recorrer à escada de emergência em caso de fogoooo Quer ouvir a história toda??Então corre pro canal do Telegram dos Castros e prepara esse seu ouvidinho sedento por prazer de qualidade! #ouveamalu------------------Áudios eróticos com protagonismo feminino. Porque Malu sabe gozar... e fazer gozarAtenção: Conteúdo Adulto!AMOSTRAS DE ÁUDIOS PRONTOS e mais em: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠linktree.com/gozeimalu ⁠⁠

Agradece a este podcast tantas horas de entretenimiento y disfruta de episodios exclusivos como éste. ¡Apóyale en iVoox! Acceso anticipado para Fans - **** VIDEO EN NUESTRO CANAL DE YOUTUBE **** https://youtube.com/live/4tIJgpaM5xA +++++ Hazte con nuestras camisetas en https://www.bhmshop.app +++++ #historia #historiamilitar Gracias a Benjamin Collado, autor del #libro “Guerreros de Iberia” ** https://amzn.to/3hCSQQC ** , conoceremos la Poliorcética en la peninsula Ibérica. OS INVITO A VER LOS IBEROS, UNAS SOCIEDADES GUERRERAS. https://youtube.com/live/QR0WcAA9_KE COMPRA EN AMAZON CON EL ENLACE DE BHM Y AYUDANOS ************** https://amzn.to/3ZXUGQl ************* Si queréis apoyar a Bellumartis Historia Militar e invitarnos a un café o u una cerveza virtual por nuestro trabajo, podéis visitar nuestro PATREON https://www.patreon.com/bellumartis o en PAYPALhttps://www.paypal.me/bellumartis o en BIZUM 656/778/825 ¿Quieres crear transmisiones en vivo como esta? Echa un vistazo a StreamYard: https://streamyard.com/pal/d/6194931132137472Escucha este episodio completo y accede a todo el contenido exclusivo de BELLUMARTIS PODCAST. Descubre antes que nadie los nuevos episodios, y participa en la comunidad exclusiva de oyentes en https://go.ivoox.com/sq/618669

Tras pasar las pedazo de navidades que hemos pasado en Peranzanes, cogemos el supermirafiori y nos cascamos 157 Kms dando un pequeño rodeo para ahorrarnos carreteras del infierno, y a través de la A6 cogemos la salida 461 y llegamos por la LU-710 al municipio lucense de Ribera de Piquín, que es justo lo que su nombre indica, una serie de núcleos poblacionales, más de 55 que se agrupan en cinco parroquias. Ninguno de los pueblos se llama Ribera de Piquín…es algo parecido a lo que nos pasó en Ponga. Su gentílico es Ribeirego o Ribeirega, y entre unas y otros son 492 habitantes según el censo del recientemente terminado año 2024. Por medio de su territorio pasa el Río Eo, que es lo mínimo que se despacha en nombre de un río. La Historia propiamente dicha del municipio la podemos a empezar a contar desde el siglo XI, cuando se restaura el Monasterio de Meira. En 1171 la condesa Sancha, que como nombre de condesa es regulero, pero que era hermana del rey Alfonso VII el mucho antes que sabio, donó al monasterio una serie de terrenos que a la larga fueron conformando el municipio. Fue la primera de muchas donaciones, yo creo que desgravarían o algo, porque conde tras conde,rey tras rey fueron cediendo los terrenos conformando lo que se llamó las tierras de las Riberas de Piquín. En siglos posteriores fueron gente muy guerrillera, levantándose contra los tirafresas en 1833 y más tarde forman parte de los bandos absolutistas en la tercera guerra carlista. Por lo menos hubo dos antes. Es el ayuntamiento constituido de Galicia más moderno, ya que durante mucho tiempo pertenecían al vecino Meira. Se constituye en 1935. Las parroquias que lo forman son Acebo, Santalla de Piquín, San Pedro de Navallos, San Jorge de Piquin y San Juan de Baos. La Capitalidad está en el núcleo de Chao de Pousadoiro que pertenece a San Jorge de Piquin. Su Patrimonio tiene desde restos pre célticos y varios Castros, pasando por restos romanos en Montefurado, y finalmente las iglesias, siendo una de las más importantes la de San Xoan de Baos que está encima de una colina, rodeada por el río Rodil, lo que hace suponer que está edificada en un antiguo castro. Es una iglesia de estilo neoclásico con techos de pizarra, para poder pintar con tiza. Sus fiestas son en Julio como buenos gallegos, normalmente el fin de semana posterior al dia de Santiago, y en las de este año pasado que fueron el 26 y 27 de julio, destacó sobre todo el grupo eureka y la orquesta Panamá, y una comida popular en el Área recreativa que el año pasado hizo la Pulperia Suso. También hubo una troitada y una churrascada popular. AH que no sabéis que es una Troitada? Pues comer Troitas. Truchas!!!

It's January 5, 1982, and the central American state of Panama is playing host to one of the most extraordinary narco summits in history. Hosting the pow-wow is Manuel Noriega, chief of Panamanian military intelligence and just a year from siezing its control. Pablo Escobar, head of what will become the feared Medellin Cartel, is there too. But even these criminal heavyweights aren't the biggest gangsters in the room. That title belongs to Roberto Suarez Gomez, Bolivia's so-called King of Cocaine, supplier of Andean coca paste to a global blow industry. Suarez, a former cattle rancher and heir to a rubber fortune, has never been more powerful. Just two years previous he'd backed Bolivia's so-called ‘Cocaine Coup', tearing through capital La Paz and installing violent general Luis Garcia Meza as president. Since then Suarez has built the modern cocaine market, cementing Escobar as his chief buyer, and pulling in Noriega and even the Castros of Cuba. But Suarez couldn't have done all this without the fourth man in this room in Panama, quiet and slight, with a saturnine face that belies the litany of evil he's managed in his 67 years. This is Klaus Barbie, fugitive SS officer and so-called ‘Butcher of Lyon' Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Pues parece que el Seat 131 Supermirafiori vuelve a estar a tope, al final era la junta de la trócola y la bujía de campagnolo. Y como nos ha dicho el del taller que le demos caña, pues vamos a meternos nada más y nada menos que 263 kms, que por esas carreteras de dios nos van a suponer 4 horas, pero quién dijo miedo? Solo Gonzalo no confía en el Supermirafiori. Nos vamos a dirigir hacia el suroeste, para pasar por poblaciones tan conocidas como Pola de siero, Mieres o Caldas de luna, para acabar de nuevo en León, pero esta vez enfilando ya Galicia. Nos paramos en la población de Peranzanes, con sus pedazo de 270 habitantes, y con su pedazo de gentilicio, peranzaneto o peranzaneta. Posiblemente también peranza aguirre. Es uno de los pocos municipios Leoneses que son bilingües porque allí se habla leonés, que viene a ser lo mismo que el astur leonés, que si no se os acordáis pero cuando estuvimos en Oseja de Sajambre consiste en cambiar las J por Y, y ya estaría el idioma aprendido. Numerosos yacimientos atestiguan la presencia humana desde la protohistoria, ya que hay muchísimos castros por la zona. Ah que no sabéis que es la protohistoria? Del grigo protos, primero, y del latin historia que no tiene misterio. Es una fase no muy bien definida entre la prehistoria y la edad antigua. Es como cuando los andaluces decimos una mijita…el término cuantitativamente no está muy bien definido. Lo que es Peranzanes, como tal,no se formó hasta la Edad Media, cuando varias localidades de la zona se unieron al Reino de León. Hay una curiosidad, y que que peranzanes formó parte a partir de 1821 de una provincia que ya hoy no existe, la provincia del Vierzo, con V, que es lo que viene siendo hoy día el Bierzo con B, y que tuvo entidad autónoma de provincia durante el trienio liberal. El trienio liberal como su nombre indica duró tres años, de 1820 al 1823. El periodo anterior es el Sexenio Absolutista, y el posterior la Década Ominosa. Es una trilogía como las de star wars, las buenas, las tres primeras. Ya desde 1833 forma parte de la provincia de León. El patrimonio de Peranzanes es mayoritariamente natural, ya que forma parte de los áncares leoneses, la zona que está entre León y Lugo y Ourense. Dentro de los ancares se encuentra el llamado Valle de Fornela. Es una zona que es muy de pizarras, calizas, filitas, areniscas y cuarcitas, vamos, piedras. En sus montes crecen robles, castaños, avellanos, arándanos, hayas, tojos y abedules, vamos, árboles., En resumen el valle de Fornela son Piedras y árboles. Su patrimonio principal son los Castros de Trascano y de Chano. El de Chano fue habitado desde el siglo I AC hasta el siglo I DC, vamos, dos siglos Sus fiestas son en honor de San Lorenzo, y duran un taco de días. El día 10 de agosto es el día de San Lorenzo, y hacen una misa, y acaban con una chocolatada. Ya no hay más fiesta hasta el 13 de agosto, pero ya duran hasta el 17 de agosto. Viendo el programa es la tipica fiesta de charanga, Djs de pueblo bandas tributo como Wilson y los wilsonetis que son tributo a Fito y los Fitipaldis. Ah, y en 2022 fue Sofía Cristo…como estaría Sofía Cristo looking for farloping para ir a esto.

Cuando imaginamos la Edad Media, es normal que pensemos en castillos. Estas edificaciones son muy reconocibles y fácilmente asociables a este periodo. Sin embargo, los castillos que vemos hoy en día son propios de los últimos siglos medievales, pero antes hubo otras construcciones, otros “castillos” que sirvieron como precedentes de esas estructuras imponentes con grandes murallas de piedra, almenas, baluartes y torres que aún hoy día nos cautivan y que parecen poder soportar hasta el paso del tiempo. Acompáñame en este capítulo para conocer más sobre los primeros castillos de la Edad Media. MÚSICA: - Christoffer Moe Ditlevsen - Far Over the Highlands - Adrian Von Ziegler - Adventure Awaits - Edgar Hopp - Gravitated - Yi Nantiro - My Brother - Jordi Saball - Na Carenza al bel cors avinen - Christoffer Moe Ditlevsen - The Fellowship - Bonnie Grace - Robin Adair - Hampus Naeselius - The Final Cut - Crusader Kings II Soundtrack - Saladin arrives at Jerusalem - Crusader Kings II Soundtrack - Horns Of Hattin And The Aftermath - ELEVEN KINGDOMS - Song for the Fallen - Adrian Von Ziegler - Wild Lands FUENTES: - Contamine, P., La guerra en la Edad Media. - Fernandez Fernandez, J., Reyes obispos y campesinos territorio y poblamiento durante la Alta Edad Media en el Valle del Trubia, Asturias (Siglos VIII-XII). - Fernandez Pereiro, M., Buscando un castillo medieval entre la vegetación. El caso de Castro Valente. - Quirós Castillo, J.A., Los Castillos medievales al Noroeste de la Península. - Sanz Pascal, A., Para una arqueologá de las fortificaciones altomedievales del Alto Ebro. - Tejado Sebastián, J.M., Castros altomedievales en el Alto Valle del Iregua. SÍGUEME en: https://twitter.com/Ep_Medievales CONTACTO: episodiosmedievales@gmail.com

Rosa María Payá is a democracy activist. So was her father, Oswaldo—killed by the Cuban regime in 2012. With Jay, Rosa María talks about political prisoners, the Castros, the alliance between Havana and Moscow, the alliance between Havana and Beijing, the nature of democracy, and more. She is a brave, poised woman, with a touch […]

Rosa María Payá is a democracy activist. So was her father, Oswaldo—killed by the Cuban regime in 2012. With Jay, Rosa María talks about political prisoners, the Castros, the alliance between Havana and Moscow, the alliance between Havana and Beijing, the nature of democracy, and more. She is a brave, poised woman, with a touch of nobility about her, or more than a touch. Her father would beam. 

I've been a fan of both professional wrestling and comics for many years, so getting to talk about both for this interview was just perfect. Writer Clay McCormack, artist Ricardo Lopez Ortiz and I dive into “Hard Style Juice,” a new series that you can only see on Comixology Originals. Here's a look at the story for those new to it: Wrestling is big business in arenas across the country, and for the Castros, it's the family business. "King" Castro is the patriarch of the family, he's also the manager, booker, promotor, MC, and owner of the local independent wrestling promotion KCPW, King Castro Pro Wrestling. His daughter, Ramonita "Mona" Castro, has dreams of going to business school, but also has a penchant for wrestling. And his son, Rey Castro, is the star. A real showman, Rey is known as the "King of the Death Match," and he's on the verge of getting a contract to go pro. Pro wrestling built the Castro family, and now it's about to tear it apart. A shocking in-ring death sends the family spiraling out of control, and down the path of revenge as one big question rears its head: was it an accident? Or was it murder?   We talk about the series origins, and how Clay and Ricardo's interest in wrestling played a role in shaping it. Clay talks about working with murder mysteries and how he paces the story, while Ricardo shares how he captured the feel of the wrestling world and his favorite parts to draw. The series is now three issues in, with the fourth to be dropped on July 16, and we go into where the story is now and a few hints as to what we can expect in future issues. 

The Rich Zeoli Show- Hour 2: 4:05pm- Attorney Matt Rooney—Founder of SaveJersey.com—joins The Rich Zeoli Show to discuss a federal judge ending New Jersey's controversial “county line” ballot system which offered premier balloting position to candidates backed by party bosses. Rooney hosts The Matt Rooney Show on 1210 WPHT (Sunday's 7pm to 10pm). 4:20pm- Baseball season is upon us, and Rich offers his signature play-by-play commentary for the Philadelphia Phillies' home opener against the Atlanta Braves. 4:30pm- Dr. Victoria Coates—Former Deputy National Security Advisor & the Vice President of the Davis Institute for National Security and Foreign Policy at The Heritage Foundation—joins The Rich Zeoli Show to discuss her recent editorial for Fox News, “The Way to Cuba's Heart is Through the Internet.” She writes: “Cuba's repressive Communist dictatorship relies on more than brute force to oppress its people. The Castros and their successors keep Cubans in line by controlling what information they can receive and transmit. That's why, when demonstrations against shortages of food and other necessities began on March 17, the regime cut the state-provided internet to stop the protesters from coordinating online, and from sharing their videos worldwide…SpaceX's Starlink has famously been providing reliable satellite-based internet access to Ukraine in a war zone for more than two years. Given the contracts SpaceX has with the U.S. Department of Defense, DoD can direct the company to provide the service to partners in distress such as Ukraine. Surely, America would also want to help the people of Cuba marching for their freedom. Which then begs the question: Why is this direction not coming from the Biden administration?” You can read the full editorial here: https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/way-cubas-heart-through-internet. Dr. Coates is the author of “David's Sling: A History of Democracy in Ten Works of Art.” You can find her book here: https://www.amazon.com/Davids-Sling-History-Democracy-Works/dp/1594037213. 4:50pm- Richard Fausset and Danny Hakim of The New York Times write: “Lawyers for former President Donald J. Trump and eight of his co-defendants in the Georgia election interference case asked an appeals court on Friday to take up their challenge of a judge's ruling that allowed the prosecutor Fani T. Willis to stay on the case. With their application to appeal, the defendants are once again pressing their argument that Ms. Willis, the Fulton County district attorney, created an untenable conflict of interest by having a romantic relationship with the special prosecutor she hired to manage the Trump case.” You can read the full article here: https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/29/us/trump-appeal-georgia-fani-willis.html

The Rich Zeoli Show- Full Episode: 3:05pm- Rich opens the show right as the Philadelphia Phillies kick off their home opener—he hilariously begs the audience to turn down the volume on their televisions and listen to his show on the radio or Audacy app. Plus, Rich explains why the family that stacks wood outdoors together stays together…wait, what? 3:15pm- On Thursday, former President Donald Trump attended the wake of fallen New York City Police Officer Jonathan Diller. Officer Diller, 31-years-old, was fatally shot during a traffic stop earlier this week in Massapequa, NY. Speaking from outside the wake, Trump said “this is a horrible thing and it's happening all too often”—noting that the man accused of killing Officer Diller had been previously arrested on numerous occasions, and yet was allowed to go free each time. 3:20pm- While appearing on a Meet the Press Now panel on Thursday, former U.S. Congressman Joe Crowley (D-NY) was asked about polls indicating President Joe Biden trails Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump in a vast majority of swing states, as well as head-to-head nationally. Crowley bizarrely compared Biden's struggles to Abraham Lincoln: “Go back to 1864. Abraham Lincoln thought he was going to lose the election.” 3:30pm- A series of new studies, including one from Johns Hopkins professor Steve Hanke and President of American Commitment's Phil Kerpen, indicate that the Covid-19 lockdowns did far more harm than good. 3:50pm- According to reports, the Federal Bureau of Investigation visited the home of a Muslim woman in Oklahoma after she shared pro-Palestinian posts on Meta-owned social media platform Facebook. Similarly, White House press reporter Simon Ateba shared news that the FBI showed up at the home of a notable Donald Trump supporter on X. Is speech on social media now being policed by the federal government? 4:05pm- Attorney Matt Rooney—Founder of SaveJersey.com—joins The Rich Zeoli Show to discuss a federal judge ending New Jersey's controversial “county line” ballot system which offered premier balloting position to candidates backed by party bosses. Rooney hosts The Matt Rooney Show on 1210 WPHT (Sunday's 7pm to 10pm). 4:20pm- Baseball season is upon us, and Rich offers his signature play-by-play commentary for the Philadelphia Phillies' home opener against the Atlanta Braves. 4:30pm- Dr. Victoria Coates—Former Deputy National Security Advisor & the Vice President of the Davis Institute for National Security and Foreign Policy at The Heritage Foundation—joins The Rich Zeoli Show to discuss her recent editorial for Fox News, “The Way to Cuba's Heart is Through the Internet.” She writes: “Cuba's repressive Communist dictatorship relies on more than brute force to oppress its people. The Castros and their successors keep Cubans in line by controlling what information they can receive and transmit. That's why, when demonstrations against shortages of food and other necessities began on March 17, the regime cut the state-provided internet to stop the protesters from coordinating online, and from sharing their videos worldwide…SpaceX's Starlink has famously been providing reliable satellite-based internet access to Ukraine in a war zone for more than two years. Given the contracts SpaceX has with the U.S. Department of Defense, DoD can direct the company to provide the service to partners in distress such as Ukraine. Surely, America would also want to help the people of Cuba marching for their freedom. Which then begs the question: Why is this direction not coming from the Biden administration?” You can read the full editorial here: https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/way-cubas-heart-through-internet. Dr. Coates is the author of “David's Sling: A History of Democracy in Ten Works of Art.” You can find her book here: https://www.amazon.com/Davids-Sling-History-Democracy-Works/dp/1594037213. 4:50pm- Richard Fausset and Danny Hakim of The New York Times write: “Lawyers for former President Donald J. Trump and eight of his co-defendants in the Georgia election interference case asked an appeals court on Friday to take up their challenge of a judge's ruling that allowed the prosecutor Fani T. Willis to stay on the case. With their application to appeal, the defendants are once again pressing their argument that Ms. Willis, the Fulton County district attorney, created an untenable conflict of interest by having a romantic relationship with the special prosecutor she hired to manage the Trump case.” You can read the full article here: https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/29/us/trump-appeal-georgia-fani-willis.html 5:00pm- Dr. Wilfred Reilly—Professor of Political Science at Kentucky State University & Author of “Lies My Liberal Teacher Told Me”—joins The Rich Zeoli Show to discuss an incredible story about Vanderbilt University students calling 911 over a tampon during a ridiculous protest inside an administrative building on campus. Plus, does the American military actually use clips from The View to torture dissidents abroad? You can pre-order Dr. Reilly's upcoming book here: https://www.amazon.com/Lies-My-Liberal-Teacher-Told/dp/0063265974. 5:40pm- On Thursday, former President Donald Trump attended the wake of fallen New York City Police Officer Jonathan Diller. Officer Diller, 31-years-old, was fatally shot during a traffic stop earlier this week in Massapequa, NY. Speaking from outside the wake, Trump said “this is a horrible thing and it's happening all too often”—noting that the man accused of killing Officer Diller had been previously arrested on numerous occasions, and yet was allowed to go free each time. 5:45pm- Earlier this month, the House of Representatives voted in favor of the Protecting Americans from Foreign Adversary Controlled Applications Act—a bill that would force TikTok's parent company ByteDance to divest its ownership in the social media application, citing its ties to the Chinese government. If they did not divest, the application would be banned in the United States. While appearing on a podcast, PayPal co-founder David Sacks explained in great detail how this bill could be used by an aggressive, far-left Department of Justice to force Elon Musk to sell X or potentially ban Donald Trump-owned Truth Social. 6:05pm- Daniel Turner—Founder & Executive Director of Power the Future—joins The Rich Zeoli Show to discuss a new, bizarre warning courtesy of climate activists. Could we see the formulation of a “negative leap second” due to melting polar ice? Not likely. You can learn more about Power the Future here: https://powerthefuture.com/about-us/ 6:35pm- Jennifer Stefano—Republican Strategist & Columnist at the Philadelphia Inquirer—joins The Rich Zeoli Show to discuss election laws in Pennsylvania, specifically a three-judge panel of the 3rd Circuit Court of Appeals recently ruling that mandates mail-in ballots are properly dated in order to be counted. 6:55pm- Could former Philadelphia Eagle Jason Kelce be a broadcaster for Monday Night Football next season?

La Concejalía de Urbanismo realizó la sustitución completa de los equipos fotovoltaicos en el depósito de Os Castros, un montaje que que supone contar con una infraestructura en energía sostenible totalmente nueva. Así, se podrá cubrir cuanto menos el 25 % del consumo que requiere la prestación de servicio de abastecimiento de agua, gracias a los 40 paneles ya instalados. La intervención de renovación implicó una inversión de 27.448,40 euros, IVA incluido, asumido entre el Instituto Energético de Galicia (14.220 euros) y el Ayuntamiento (13.228,40 euros), y supone continuar dando pasos en la búsqueda de medidas de ahorro energético en toda la villa de Ares.

Oswalds Posieren als scheinbar kommunistischer Auswander in die Sowjetunion war für das KGB leicht zu durchschauen. Historiker vermuten eine bewusste Provokation (PsyOp). Zurück in den USA posierte Oswald als kommunistischer Castro-Versteher, offenbar um Castros tatsächliche Unterstützer in der öffentlichen Meinung in Misskredit zu bringen. Damit legendierte er sich endgültig als verrückter Kommunist. Am 22.11.63 jedoch wurde Oswald offenbar selbst trickreich hereingelegt.

A boomerang is something that comes back when you throw it out. Can that same definition apply to eating behavior? Sometimes, the stress can overwhelm us so much that we need a day to recover. That is what we have defined as a boomerang day, and we think we have found a physiological reason as to why this happens. Take a listen and let us know if you have boomerang days. Also, we share a show to listen to, especially if you are a creator. Creative Architects by Castros https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/creative-architects/id1701855538

You don't know what fear or love is - until you've had a baby, In a world full of grown up teenagers having babies is no longer the norm but the trade off we face is not witnessing the creation of life before our very eyes, tune in to find out the story of Castros miracle baby.

  950,000 years ago a family of five walked along the beach and left their prints behind. Now, we can view that poignant portrait etched in time — fossils of footprints on the beach — and think of our own families and what memory we might leave in our wake. For award-winning historian Simon Sebag Montefiore, these familiar footprints serve as an inspiration for his latest research in world history — one that is genuinely global, spans all eras and all continents and focuses on the family ties that connect every one of us. In his book The World, Montefiore chronicles the world's great dynasties across human history through palace intrigues, love affairs, and family lives, linking grand themes of war, migration, plague, religion, and technology to the families at the heart of the human drama. These families are diverse and span across space and time. Montefiore tells the stories of the Caesars, Medicis and Incas, Ottomans and Mughals, Bonapartes, Habsburgs and Zulus, Rothschilds, Rockefellers and Krupps, Churchills, Kennedys, Castros, Nehrus, Pahlavis and Kenyattas, Saudis, Kims and Assads. He ties in modern names such as Indira Gandhi, Margaret Thatcher, Barack Obama, Vladimir Putin, and Volodymyr Zelensky. These powerful families represent the story of humanity, with bloody succession battles, treacherous conspiracies, and shocking megalomania alongside flourishing culture, moving romances, and enlightened benevolence. Montefiore's work encourages us to pause and consider our own footprints — and how they might connect to narratives of the future. Simon Sebag Montefiore is a historian of Russia and the Middle East whose books are published in more than forty languages. Catherine the Great and Potemkin was shortlisted for the Samuel Johnson Prize for Non-Fiction. Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar won the History Book of the Year Prize at the British Book Awards, and Young Stalin won the Los Angeles Times Book Prize for Biography, the Costa Biography Award, and le Grande Prix de la biographie politique. He received his Ph.D. from Cambridge, and he is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature. He lives in London. The World The Elliott Bay Book Company

Buenos días, soy Yoani Sánchez y en el "cafecito informativo" de este miércoles 15 de marzo de 2023 tocaré estos temas: - ¿Es Cuba "una dictadura bloqueada"? - La tasa de ocupación hotelera es de apenas 15,6% - La prensa oficial retira el discurso de Castro que dio origen a las Umap - Presentación de "Mi diario personal de Luis Manuel Otero Alcántara" Gracias por compartir este "cafecito informativo" y te espero para el programa de mañana. Puedes conocer más detalles de estas noticias en el diario https://www.14ymedio.com Los enlaces de hoy: 'Cubadebate' exhuma el discurso de Castro que dio origen a las Umap y lo retira horas después https://enterate.link/cuba/Cubadebate-discurso-Castro-Umap-despues_0_3495250446.html El atleta cubano Pichardo y el marfileño Évora polemizan sobre sus pasaportes portugueses https://enterate.link/deportes/Pichardo-Evora-polemizan-pasaportes-portugueses_0_3495850384.html Un ex agente de la CIA cuestiona descartar la mano extranjera en el síndrome de La Habana https://enterate.link/internacional/CIA-cuestiona-descartar-extranjera-Habana_0_3495850382.html EE UU devuelve 37 migrantes a Cuba y ya suman 2.761 desde varios países https://enterate.link/cuba/EE-UU-devuelve-migrantes-Cuba_0_3495850381.html Disfrazada de médica, una cubana de Sancti Spíritus cambiaba billetes falsos de 100 dólares https://enterate.link/cuba/Disfrazada-Sancti-Spiritus-cambiaba-billetes_0_3495250449.html "Abajo la dictadura, los Castros asesinos", escriben a plena luz en La Habana https://enterate.link/cuba/Abajo-dictadura-Castros-asesinos-Habana_0_3495250451.html Los titulares de la tarjeta rusa Mir ya pueden sacar dinero en los cajeros cubanos https://enterate.link/cuba/titulares-tarjeta-Mir-cajeros-cubanos_0_3495250450.html Un diario para Luis Manuel Otero https://enterate.link/eventos_culturales/libros/diario-Luis-Manuel-Otero_13_3495380428.html

Mon, 27 Feb 2023 13:42:20 +0100 00:24:54 no

Welcome to Ideas Untrapped. My guest today is Vincent Geloso who is a professor of economics at George Mason University. He studies economic history, political economy, and the measurement of living standards. In today's episode, we discuss the differences between democracies and dictatorships, and their relative performance in socioeconomic development. The allure of authoritarian governance has grown tremendously due to the economic success of countries like China, Korea, and Singapore - which managed to escape crippling national poverty traps. The contestable nature of democracies and the difficulty many democratic countries have to continue on a path of growth seems to many people as evidence that a benevolent dictatorship is what many countries need. Vincent challenges this notion and explains many seemingly high-performing dictatorships are so because their control of state resources allows them direct investments towards singular objectives - (such as winning Olympic medals or reducing infant mortality) but at the same time, come with a flip side of unseen costs due to their lack of rights and economic freedom. He argues that the benefits of dictatorships are not as great as they may seem and that liberal democracies are better able to decentralize decision-making and handle complex multi-variate problems. He concludes that while democracies may not always be successful in achieving certain objectives, the constraints they place on political power and rulers mean that people are better off in terms of economic freedom, rights, and other measures of welfare.TRANSCRIPTTobi;You made the point that dictatorships usually optimise, not your words, but they optimise for univariate factors as opposed to multiple factors, which you get in democracy. So, a dictatorship can be extremely high performing on some metric because they can use the top-down power to allocate resources for that particular goal. Can you shed a bit more light on that? How does that mechanism work in reality?Vincent;Yeah, I think a great image people are used to is the USSR, and they're thinking about two things the USSR did quite well: putting people in space before the United States and winning medals at Olympics. Now, the regime really wanted to do those two things. [That is], win a considerable number of medals in [the] Olympics and win the space race. Both of them were meant to showcase the regime's tremendous ability. It was a propaganda ploy, but since it was a single objective and they had immense means at their disposal, i. e. the means that coercion allows them, they could reach those targets really well. And it's easy to see the Russians putting Sputnik first in space, the Russians putting Laika first in space. We can see them winning medals. It's easy to see. The part that is harder to see, the unseen, is the fact that Russians were not enjoying rapidly rising living standards, they were not enjoying improvements in medical care that was commensurate with their level of income, they were not enjoying high-quality education. You can pile all the unseens of the ability of the USSR as a dictatorship to allocate so much resources to two issues, [which] meant that it came with a flip side, which is that these resources were not available for people to allocate them in ways that they thought was more valuable. So, the virtue of a liberal democracy, unlike a dictatorship, is that a liberal democracy has multiple sets of preferences to deal with. And in a liberal democracy, it's not just the fact that we vote, but also that people have certain rights that are enshrined and which are not the object of political conversation. I cannot seize your property, and it's not okay for people to vote with me to seize your property. And in these societies, the idea is that under a liberal democracy, you are better able to decentralize decision-making, and people can find ways to deal with the multiple trade-offs much better. Whereas a dictatorship can just decide, I care about this. I am king, I am president, I am first secretary of the party, I decide this and we'll do this regardless of how much you value other things that I value less than you do.Tobi;Two things that I want you to shed more light on. Depending on who you talk to or what they are criticizing, people usually selectively pick their dictatorships. If someone is criticizing, say, for example, capitalism, they always point to the Cuban health care system in contrast to the American health care system. How the American system is so terrible, and how capitalism makes everything worse because of the profit motive. And how we can do better by being more like Cuba.  On the other end of that particular spectrum, if you're talking about economic development, critics of democracy like to point to China. China is not a democracy. And look at all the economic growth they've had in the last 40 years, one of the largest reductions in human poverty we've ever seen in history. I mean, from these two examples, what are the shortcomings of these arguments?Vincent; Let's do Cuba first, then we can do China. So, the Cuban example is really good for the case I'm making. Because the case I'm making is essentially that the good comes with the bad and you can't remove them. So, people will generally say with Cuba, “yes, we know they don't have political rights, they don't have economic freedom, but they do have high-quality health care.” And by this they don't mean actually health care, they mean low infant mortality or high life expectancy at birth. My reply is, it's because they don't have all these other rights and all these other options [that] they can have infant mortality that is so low. That's because the regime involves a gigantic amount of resources to the production of healthcare. Cuba spends more than 10% of its GDP on health care. Only countries that are seven or ten times richer than Cuba spend as much as a proportion of GDP on health care. 1% of their population are doctors. In the United States, it is a third of that, 0.3% of the population are doctors. So, it's a gigantic proportion. But then when you scratch a bit behind, doctors are, for example, members of the army. They are part of the military force. The regime employs them as the first line of supervision. So, the doctors are also meant to report back what the population says on the ground. So, they're basically listening posts for the dictatorship. And in the process, yeah, they provide some health care, but they're providing some health care as a byproduct of providing surveillance.The other part is that they're using health care here to promote the regime abroad. And that has one really important effect. One of those is that doctors have targets they must meet, otherwise they're penalized. And when I mean targets, I mean targets for infant mortality. [If] they don't meet those targets, the result is they get punished. And so what do you think doctors do? They will alter their behaviour to avoid punishment. So in some situations, they will reclassify what we call early neonatal death. So, babies who die immediately after exiting the womb to seven days after birth, they will reclassify many of those as late fetal deaths. And late fetal deaths are in-utero deaths or delivery of a dead baby so that the baby exits the womb dead. Now, if a mortality rate starts with early neonatal death [and] not late fetal ones, so if you can reclassify one into the other, you're going to deflate the number total. And the reason why we can detect this is that the sources of both types of mortality are the same,[they] are very similar, so that when you compare them across countries, you generally find the same ratio of one to the other. Generally, it hovers between four to one and six to one. Cuba has a ratio of twelve to 17 to one, which is a clear sign of data manipulation. And it's not because the regime does it out of, like, direct intent. They're not trying to do it directly. It'd be too easy to detect. But by changing people's incentives, doctors' incentives, in that case, that's what they end up with.There are also other things that doctors are allowed to do in Cuba. One of them is that patients do not have the right to refuse treatment. Neither do they have the right to privacy, which means that doctors can use heavy-handed methods to make sure that they meet their targets. So in Cuba, you have stuff like casa de mata nidad, where mothers who have at-risk pregnancies or at-risk behaviour during pregnancy will be forcibly incarcerated during their pregnancy. There are multiple cases of documented, pressured abortions or literally coerced abortions. So not just pressured, but coerced. Like, the level is that the person wants to keep the infant, the doctor forces an abortion to be made. Sometimes, it is made without the mother's knowledge until it is too late to anything being done. So you end up with basically the infant mortality rate, yes, being low, but yes, being low because of data manipulation and changes in behaviour so that the number doesn't mean the same thing as it does in rich countries. And now the part that's really important in all I'm saying is [that] what people call the benefits for Cuba is relatively small. My point is that, yeah, maybe they could be able to do it. But the problem is that the measures that allow this to happen, to have a low infant mortality rate are also the measures that make Cubans immensely poor. The fact that the regime can deploy such force, use doctors in such a way, employ such extreme measures, it's the reason why Cubans also don't have property rights, don't have strong economic freedom, don't have the liberty to trade with others. Which means that on other dimensions, their lives are worse off. That means that, for example, their incomes are lower than they could be. They have higher maternal mortality. So, mothers die to [a] greater proportion in labour than in other countries or post-labour. There are lower rates of access to clean water than in equally poor countries in Latin America. There are lower levels of geographic mobility within the country, there are lower levels of nutrition because, for example, there are still ration services. So that means that, yes, they have certain amount of calories, but they don't have that much diversity in terms of what they're allowed or are able to eat without resorting to the black market. Pile these on. These are all dimensions of life that Cubans get to not enjoy because the regime has so much power to do that one thing relatively well. Let's assume it's relatively well, but the answer is, well, would you want to make that trade-off? And most people would probably, if given the choice, would not make the choice of having this. So, those who are saying, “look at how great it is,” are being fooled by the nature of what dictatorships are. Dictatorships can solve simple problems really well, but complex multivariate problems, they are not able to do it in any meaningful way.The other part that is going to be of also importance is when you look at Cuba, before we move on to China, the other part about Cuba that's worth pointing out is, I was assuming in my previous answer that the regime was actually doing relatively well. Even without considering all the criticism, it still looks like it has a low infant mortality rate. But when you actually look at the history of Cuba, Cuba was exceptional in terms of low infant mortality. Before the Castros took over, Cuba already had a very low level of infant mortality even for a poor country. And so with a friend of mine, a coauthor, Jamie Bologna Pavlik, we used an econometric method to see if Cuba has an infant mortality rate that is as low as it would have been had it not been for the revolution. So, ergo, we're trying to find what is the effect of the revolution on infant mortality and we're trying to use other Latin American countries to predict Cuba's health performance. And what we find is that in the first year of the regime's, infant mortality actually went up, so it increased relative to other Latin American countries, but it gradually reverted back to what would be the long-run trend. So that Cuba is no more exceptional today in terms of infant mortality than it was in 1959. That is actually a very depressing statement because it's saying that the regime wasn't even able to make the country more exceptional. So even if it's able to achieve that mission quite well, it's not clear how well they've done it. At the very least, they haven't made things worse in the very long run, they only made things worse in the short run. So when you're doing, like, kind of, a ledger of goods and bads of the regime, all the bad trade-offs I mentioned: lower incomes, higher mortality rates for mothers and maternity, lower rates of access to clean water, lower rates of access to diverse food sources, lower rates of geographic mobility - pile these on, keep piling them on, that's the cost. What I'm saying is what they call the benefits, they're not even as big as it's disclaimed. The benefits are relatively small.And now with regards to China…Tobi;Yeah.Vincent;The Chinese case is even worse for people because they have a similar story with GDP. So, in China, a regional bureaucrats have to meet certain targets of economic growth. Now, these same bureaucrats are in charge of producing the data that says whether or not there is economic growth. You can see why there is a who guards the guardian's problem here? The person who guards the guardian is apparently one of the guardians. So you could expect some kind of bad behaviour. And there is an economist, Luis Martinez, out of the University of Chicago. What he did is he say, well, we have one measure that we know is a good reflector of economic growth and it is artificial light intensity at night. Largely because the richer a country is, the more light there will be at night time. And so if you have like 1% growth in income, in real numbers, you should have some form of commensurate increase in light intensity during night time. If the two deviates, it's a sign that the GDP numbers are false, that they're misleading. Because if they deviate, the true number, the always true number will be the light intensity at nighttime. So, when Martinez used the nighttime light to compare GDP in Chinese regions overall and the actual GDP, he found that you can cut the growth rate of China by, maybe, two-fifths, so it is 40% slower than it actually is. So, China is not even as impressive as it is. And the thing is now think about the pandemic, think about how extreme the measures that China deployed to restrain this has been, no liberal democracy would have been able to do that, no free society would have tolerated forcibly walling people into their houses. And there are massive downsides to the communist regime in China. Like, yes, the regime is free to do whatever it wants, but it also means that it can put Uyghur Muslims into concentration camps. It also means that it can wall people into their houses when they do not comply with public health order. It also means that people are under the social credit system where they are being largely surveilled on a daily basis. It also means that the government can allocate massive resources to the act of conquering Taiwan or flexing muscles towards Japan. All things that when you think about it, is that really an improvement in welfare? Obviously, you can say that, oh yeah, they're doing X or Y things really well but here are all the bad things that come with this. And those bad things are on net much worse than the good things.Tobi;Now, you keep emphasizing liberal democracy and I want to get at the nuance here because I've seen several results. Either it is from Chile and other countries that say unequivocally that democracies are better for growth than dictatorships, even in the case of Chile, despite all the reforms of Pinochet regime. But what I want to get at is, what exactly about democracies make them better? Because, for example, we can think of Nigeria and Nigeria as a democracy. We've had uninterrupted election cycles for over two decades now, but there's still very weak rule of law. Successive governments still rely on extracting oil rents, basically. And, the degree to which people enjoy rights vary depending on who is in power or their mood on any particular day. And, of course, Nigeria is a democracy. So is it liberal democracy? Is that the key factor?Vincent;So, think about it this way.Tobi;Yeah.Vincent;Think about it this way. Inside the big box of liberal democracy, there is for sure democracy. But the part that makes the box liberal democracy is not only the smaller babushkadal inside that box which is a democracy one, it is the other constraints that we put on the exercise of political power. The true definition of a liberal democracy, at least in my opinion, is that not only are people allowed to vote, but they are restraints on what we can vote on. So, for example, if it's not legitimate for me to steal from you, it is no more legitimate for me to vote with two other people to steal from you. The act of democracy should warrant some acts that are outside the realm of political decision-making. There are also constraints that exist on rulers, so it's not just that there are some rights that are not subject to conversation. There could be also incentives that prevent rulers from abusing the powers they have. That would mean, for example, checks and balances, where there are different chambers that will compete with each other, different regional powers of government that will compete with each other for jurisdiction, and so they will keep each other in balance. It could also be some form of external constraint, because a liberal democracy can also rely on external constraints upon political actors. It could be the fact that people can leave the country, the fact that taxpayers can migrate to another country, puts pressure on politicians to not abuse them. People can move their capital out of the country, [this] creates a pressure on politicians to not try to steal from them, because people will just remove all the productive capital and the ruler will be left with very little to exploit as a result, regardless of whether or not the ruler is elected or not. So the way to think about this is liberal democracy is, you want to have a system where there are rules, incentives, constraints that make it so that we are not betting on a man or a woman, for that matter, being the correct man and woman for the moment. We care about a set of incentives, constraints, and rules that will make sure that even the worst human being possible will feel compelled or compulsed [sic] to do the right thing. So, that's like the old Milton Friedman thing, it's like “I don't want the right man. I want to have a system that makes sure that even the most horrible person on earth is forced to do the right thing.” That's what a liberal democracy is.Now, it is a broad definition that I've provided. It is not narrow in any way. It is not specific, largely because I don't think it can be what works. It's not everywhere the same. The general family to which this belongs is universal. But the way it can work is not the same everywhere. A homogeneous, small, Sweden probably doesn't need as much level of, say, breakdown of provincial versus federal powers. Whereas, from what I understand, Nigeria is a somewhat multinational country, multiethnic country with multiple groups east and west from what I understand the divide is in Nigeria. There, it might be good to have a division inside the country where things that are most homogeneous, you leave to the federal government, to the highest level of power. Then the things that you can delegate to the local level, [it is] better to do it that way. Countries that are incredibly heterogeneous maybe need even more federalism. What is optimal for one place won't work elsewhere. So I couldn't take Belgian institutions and then just dump them in Nigeria. Same as I couldn't just say, well, let's take Swedish institutions and dump them into Canada. But what makes generally Sweden work better in terms of institutions than Nigeria, for example, is the fact that Sweden does fit in that general box of liberal democracy. There are clear constraints, there are restrictions, there are constitutions that are well respected, there's a strong rule of law, and politicians are compelled to not fall prey to their own baser instincts.Tobi;  A couple of months ago, I had Mark Koyama on the show.Vincent; Great guy. He's a colleague of mine.Tobi;Yeah. So, we were talking about state capacity. We're talking about his book with Noel Johnson. So I did bring up your paper on state capacity, [in] which, basically, one description that stuck with me is that you never really find a poor, but highly capable state in history…Vincent;You mean backwards. A rich society with an incapable state?  Tobi; Yes, a rich society with an incapable state. Thanks for that. So, I've been trying to disentangle this state capacity thing, I know Bryan Caplan basically dismissed it as a sleight of hand. Right. So, like, how does it work and how is it a necessary ingredient for economic development, so to speak?Vincent; I am actually quite respectful of the state capacity literature in one way. So let me do like kind of a quick thing. State capacity says that you want the state to be able to do certain missions. Right, so we're not making judgments as to whether the mission is good. State capacity is about the abilities of the state. The reason why that literature has emerged since the 2000… here's a story of economic thought really briefly: in the 1950s, Samuelson and others show, ‘oh, well, there are market failures' and then a few years later there are the public choice rebuttals, where the public choice economists say, ‘well, you're kind of wrong. There are also government failures.' And the state capacity crowd tries to come in between these two and say, ‘yeah, there are market failures and there are government failures. How do we get a state to solve the market failures but not fall into government failures?' Okay, straightforward, good argument. The part that I'm sceptical of is that the argument of the state capacity crowd is that you will have a lot of rich societies that will have strong states, you will have much fewer societies that have strong states but are very poor (the USSR would be a good example of that), [and] you will have a lot of societies that are poor and have weak state. The thing is that they can't seem to explain why it is under their theory that there are no societies that are relatively weak state but rich. Even though in history we do have many examples of these and they collapse all the time.The argument that I make with my colleague, Alexander Salter, is that societies that have weak states will fall prey to predation because their neighbours with stronger state will try to capture their wealth by conquest. If they are conquered, they grow immensely poor, they are made poor. Basically, it's a terrible event for them. Or they resist, and if they resist ably, the result from resistance is that they have to build a strong state themselves to resist predation by other rulers. And so in the argument me and Alex build, it boils down to: the state is not necessary for development, but it is inevitable as an outcome. So, the task of political science, of political economy, is understanding if we are going to be stuck with one of them, how do we make it that we get the least terrible one? If it's not necessary, but it is inevitable, then how do we get to one that will maybe do some benefit, or at least, we can get the best kind possible? Well, that's where the liberal democratic answer gets into. [It] is [that] we need to find sets of constraints, rules, incentives that force the politicians to make it too costly for them to engage in predatory behaviour, in redistributive behaviour, and that they concentrate on what you could call productive behaviour. That would be like solving externalities. Like dealing with pollution or producing public goods stuff that markets have a harder time to produce. Getting into that category is the task of what liberal democracies are trying to do. That is a much harder proposition. Daron Acemoglu in his somewhat awful book, The Narrow Corridor, calls it a narrow corridor. (I don't like that book that much. I think it's a horrible piece of literature. He should have kept it at Why Nations Fail, we had everything we needed with Buchanan, and it was much better in the other version. He was a much worse version of that.) So, Parenthesis over on Daron Acemoglu, but his point is still relatively okay. There is a narrow corridor on which we evolve. That is a very narrow equilibrium that we want to stay on to, to avoid veering either into more territorial forms of government or into different types of authoritarian[ism], in a certain way. So the corridor for a liberal democracy is very, very, very, very narrow.Tobi; I like that description. The state is not necessary but inevitable. Whereas with the traditional state capacity crowd, the state is often assumed and never justified.Vincent;Actually, that's a bit unfair to them. The state capacity crowd, a lot of them are interested in state capacity as a story of the origins of states. That, I think, is a much-valued contribution. However, the issue of whether or not state capacity is linked to growth, I think this is where there's overstretching. My point is “no, there's very little reason to believe that state capacity is related to growth.” State capacity is more the direct or indirect result of growth in the past. So, either you are getting state capacity because you get conquered and you get imposed it by somebody else, or you get state capacity because you want to protect your wealth from other predators.Tobi; For the record, I'm not talking about your colleagues. There's this industrial policy school in development economics who are also big on state capacity, who think the state has to do this heavy lifting. They sort of assume the state and not justify it. But I won't let you go without asking you this final question. You recently published a paper - talking about the work of Thomas Piketty, the French economist - with Phillip Magness, I should say. What is your critique of his work? Because so far as I can tell, yes, I read the op-ed in the Wall Street Journal, [but] everybody else is sort of pretending that a critique of Piketty does not exist. And the political coalition around their research, along with [Emmanuel] Saez and [Gabriel] Zucman is moving rapidly apace, whether it is in taxation or other forms of agenda. So, what is your critique? I know there have been others in the past Matthew Rognlie, I'm not sure how to pronounce his last name.Vincent;Yeah. Our argument is actually very simple. And to be honest, I don't really care about the political conversation where, [for] the political people who are using Piketty's work, I ignore them. There may be a motivation for doing this work because it tells you the importance of his work, but the person I'm trying to talk to is Piketty himself. And the point we make in the paper is that he [not only] massively overestimates inequality in terms of levels, but he also misses times a lot of changes. In the article that me, Phil, another Phil, and John Moore published together in the Economic Journal, we find that there is a very different timeline of inequality in the United States. The most important part is that unlike Piketty and Saez, who can assign most of, and later Zucman… who can assign most of the changes in inequality to tax policy, we find that actually half the decline in inequality that happens between, say, 1917 and 1960, half of it is because of the Great Depression. And just as good economists, we should not be happy that, okay, the rich are growing poor faster than the poor, but the poor are also growing poor. That is not a decent outcome. So we're minimizing the role of fiscal policy and tax policy in doing inequality, but also the other changes that we find give a very different story of what matters in changing policy rather than being taxes, it has more to do with labour mobility within the United States. With capital mobility within the United States. So poor workers from the south, mostly black Americans, move to richer northern cities where wages are higher. Capital moves from the rich north to the poor south where workers are made more productive. So, the levelling has to do with a very standard force in economics - it's a Solow growth model - capital goes to where the returns are greatest, labour goes where the wages are greatest. Most of the convergence is explained by this, not by tax policy changes. So that's the critique we make of them. And there's a lot of other people who are joining in, Gerald Holtham, David Splinter, a lot of people are actually finding that their numbers don't make much sense and they're actually in violation of a lot of other facts of economic history, even though they're correct in the general idea that inequality fell; fell to 1960 and rose since the 1980. The problem is that all they got right is the shape, but they got wrong the timing, the levels, the extent of the changes. They got most of it wrong. They just got the general shape right. And that's no great feat.Tobi;Thank you so much for joining me.Vincent;It was a pleasure. This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit www.ideasuntrapped.com/subscribe

GRP 167-Black Ops: The Story Of A Cuban Refugees Journey Into The Upper Ranks of the Central Intelligence Agency. Joining me for this week's podcast is Ric Prado. Ric witnessed a firefight at seven in Cuba during Fidel Castro's revolution. After his family fled, they relocated to Miami. Prado would go on to serve as an elite Pararescuemen in the Airforce and spent 24 years at the CIA, retiring at the rank of Senior Intel Service-2, the Major General equivalent at the Agency. He was the Deputy Chief of Station of the original Bin Laden Task Force and later served as the head of Korean Operations for the CIA. We discussed Castro and Che Guevara, his time in Nicaragua, countering terrorism in the Philipines, and tracking Bin Laden. Tune in. Main Takeaways Witnessing a firefight between government forces and Castros rebels as a young kid in Cuba Fleeing Cuba under the Castro regime Joining the Airforce as a Pararescuemen Working as a paramilitary officer in Nicaragua with the Contra's Working on the Bin Laden task force in the mid-'90s Follow Ric Prado: www.ricprado.com Connect With John Hendricks www.globalrecon.net www.instagram.com/igrecon Music provided by Caspian: www.caspian.band --- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/globalrecon/support

Got milk? Vi tager hul på nytåret med en sær historie om køer, kommunisme og... kloning? Cubas mange-årige militære leder, Fidel Castro, havde nemlig en diæt, der mest af alt mindede om en 8-årigs: Chokolademælk, milkshakes og flødeis. Han elskede alt fra mejerikøleren. Derfor brugte han svimlende pengesummer på at fremavle en hær af 1.500.000 kommunistiske superkøer, der skulle igangsætte en form for mælkerevolution i landet. Og i spidsen for den sortbrogede hær stod Fidel Castros elskede og overlegne præmieko: Ubra Blanca. En ko, der formåede at blive et af de største og mest bizarre propagandaikoner i Cuba. Primært fordi hun kunne producere så meget mælk at selv amerikanerne måtte bøje sig i støvet for kommunismens overlegenhed... --------------------- REKLAME: Dagens afsnit er sponsoreret og betalt af Grimbergen. Tusind tak til sponsoren for at hjælpe os med at holde podcasten gratis! --------------------- Dagens Øl: Grimbergen Astrum Pale Ale (6,0 %) Find billetter til live-shows på: vanvittigverdenshistorie.dk/live-shows Se Vanvidsbarometeret på: barometerbjarke.dk

Hello Mama! Welcome back to the Rooted Working Mom podcast. Merry Christmas! This episode is published just a few days before Christmas day in the United States and I want to wish you and your family a Christmas filled with God's peace, joy, and love. Perhaps you are on winter vacation right now or maybe you are still working. If you are like me, you are tying up a few things for work, getting some last-minute gifts, mailing gifts for loved ones at the Post Office, trying to decide what to put in stockings this year, preparing for Christmas dinner (tamales and ham for the Castros), stopping for the frosting for cookies you plan on baking with the kids that you forgot to buy yesterday when you were at the grocery store, wrapping gifts, etc. All while, trying to keep your quiet time with Jesus a priority and maintain some level of good nutrition (when everywhere you turn there are yummy treats) and body movement so that you have the energy to keep up with everything! Man the holiday season can be exhausting if we allow it to be. There is a better way. Join me in part two of 5 Ways to Find P.E.A.C.E. & ENERGY This Christmas Season. In this episode, we explore the following final two ways you can receive God's Peace and have ENERGY during this most wonderful time of the year and beyond: Cultivating meaningful connections with others, and Elevating your ENERGY! Grab a cup of your favorite warm drink, journal, and pen; take a deep breath, and let's get started because God's Peace and energy are waiting for you! Rooted in God's love. Merry Christmas, Cynthia

Episode 133   is the second  fully dedicated episode covering Fidel Castro  and the Cuban Revolution. In this episode, we give an overview of the revolutionary years and chronicle the major events of the Cuban Revolution that took place during the period between the coup by Batista in March 1952 through the fall of the Batista government,  marked by his fleeing of the country on New Year's day 1959.   The aftermath and repercussions of Batista's coup would give  rise and voice to the  young Fidel Castro as a revolutionary force in Cuba. It is an extraordinary tale that we tell of Castros early attempts to overthrow the Batista government including the failed Moncada Barracks attack, his  trial and imprisonment, his subsequent exile in Mexico and his return to Cuba  when he  finally overtakes the Batista government in a guerilla campaign that eventually would win the day.  Join us over the next several episodes for more detail on the  Cuban Revolution  and how this  small band of radicals would overtake the Batista government .   It is here on this island nation where  the story eventually  converges around the modern Cubans, CIA men and the mafia.  All in one place.  Join us in this continuing miniseries on Cuban history  as we continue to set the stage and  explore  the forces that were shaping the world in that era of the twentieth century. It's history that   immerses us in the  Cuban story whose politics, geography, and economic circumstances would all collide and create an epicenter of geopolitical consequences. Consequences that would intersect  in a crescendo right at the moment that JFK was coming to the Presidency. Understanding the leadup and history of Cuba is critical to this part of the journey that is JFK the Enduring Secret.   Let us know  what you like about the podcast or just provide us with comments on the episode via  email at podcastjfk@gmail.com or get active in our blog for each episode at www.podcastjfk.com   Either way, keep listening, and join us for the whole series of episodes about the fantastic goings on that encompass this part of the JFK story. Now we enter the unknown with evidence that is complex, incomplete and sometimes conflicting. Even as early as 1964, rumors and serious concerns over  the lone gunman theory and the evidence that might contravene it,  were becoming a major concern for the government and the commission. Conspiracy theories were contrary to the government's stated narrative from the very beginning. Stay tuned as there are many more episodes to come!This series comprehensively explores the major facts,  themes, and  events leading up to the assassination in Dealey Plaza and the equally gripping stories surrounding the subsequent investigation. We  review  key elements of the Warren Commission Report , and the role of the CIA and FBI. We explore the  possible involvement of the Mafia in the murder and the review of that topic by the government's House Select Committee on Assassinations in the 1970's. We explore the Jim Garrison investigation and the work of other key figures such as Mark Lane and others. Learn more about Lee Harvey Oswald the suspected killer and Jack Ruby the distraught Dallas night club owner with underworld ties and the man that killed Oswald as a national TV audience was watching.  Stay with us as we take you through the facts and theories in bite sized discussions that are designed to educate, and inform as well as entertain the audience. This  real life story is more fascinating than fiction. No matter whether you are a serious researcher or a casual student, you will enjoy the fact filled narrative and story as  we relive one of the most shocking moments in American History. An event that changed the nation and

Acclaimed screenwriter and novelist Stephen Molton has amassed a lauded portfolio of impactful credits in several media. After breaking into television through writing screenplays for the Paul Newman-produced PBS's Children's Television Workshop, Stephen wrote his first novel, Brave Talk, which was published by Harper & Row in 1987 and provided a riveting, multi-angled introspective portrait of life in the Navy. He served as a creative executive for HBO, Showtime and MTV in the years which followed, while writing his second novel, and co-directed and produced L.A. Homefront: The Fires Within, a Showtime documentary about the Los Angeles Riots, in 1994. Other features he authored for Showtime include SmarTalk and The Accident; the adaptive mini-series, Live By the Sword (Gus Russo) and Weaveworld (Clive Barker). With the former, Stephen co-authored Brothers in Arms: The Kennedys, the Castros and the Politics of Murder, endorsed for Pulitzer Prize consideration by the book's publisher and winner of the New York Book Festival's prize for history in 2009. Films Stephen has written include Deep Blue (Stealth) for New Line Cinema (based on Brave Talk); The Road to East Jesus; and The Drowning for Netflix in 2017 (Josh Charles; Julia Stiles; Leo Fitzpatrick), a Bette Gordon directed adaptation of the book Border Crossing, which he also executive produced. Stephen is an adjunct assistant professor of screen-writing at Columbia University and an instructor at the Jacob Krueger Studio in New York; he attended University of Chicago, MIT and Oberlin College. In our conversation, we discussed his unique upbringing as the son of a progressive Baptist minister; the Navy infrastructure which laid the backdrop for his first novel; Generation 9/11, his documentary, and Elvis Meets Nixon, which he was involved with as an executive for Showtime and inspired Elvis & Nixon (Kevin Spacey; Michael Shannon; Evan Peters); rock and roll and folk music; and the differentiability between the east coast and the midwest.Opening Credits: 1st Contact - On the other Side; Closing Credits: 1st Contact - Beware of the Cow

Ángel García nos recomienda varias rutas de castros vetrones

Yaraduas, Castros, Trudeaus, Sarakis, Kennedys, Bhuttos, Gandhis, Lees, Fujimoris; Political families thrive in every region in the world. Did you know you are 110 x more likely than the average person to become a politician if your parent is also a politician? This week's episode: Project Patricide, We examine some of the most dysfunctional father - child relationships that  rocked the world! From Central African Coups to Egyptian dynasties, we look at people who took power that they very well could have inherited! Have fun! Did Cleopatra's Dad behead her sister Berenice?  Did Sam Ikoku chase his dad Alvan Ikoku from the House of Assembly in Nigeria's first republic? and Did Joseph Kabila kill his dad Laurent Kabila, to take over as leader of the Democratic Republic of Congo? Also: Who is more eloquent, Nigerian Leaders of Past or of Present?  Listen and let us know ! 

Yaraduas, Castros, Trudeaus, Sarakis, Kennedys, Bhuttos, Gandhis, Lees, Fujimoris; Political families thrive in every region in the world. Did you know you are 110 x more likely than the average person to become a politician if your parent is also a politician? This week's episode: Project Patricide, We examine some of the most dysfunctional father - child relationships that  rocked the world! From Central African Coups to Egyptian dynasties, we look at people who took power that they very well could have inherited! Have fun! Did Cleopatra's Dad behead her sister Berenice?  Did Sam Ikoku chase his dad Alvan Ikoku from the House of Assembly in Nigeria's first republic? and Did Joseph Kabila kill his dad Laurent Kabila, to take over as leader of the Democratic Republic of Congo? Also: Who is more eloquent, Nigerian Leaders of Past or of Present?  Listen and let us know ! 

Our guest today is one Marco Castro of the Chicagoland band known as The Castros. Born & raised in Costa Rica , embraced by the Midwest, Marco is also a Metroid & coffee enthusiast.The Castros newest single that was released on December 31st, 2021 called "Sail Away" which they recorded and self-produced.For our conversation today, Marco and I discussed in great detail Vheissu (pronounced "vee-sue"), the fourth studio album from the band known as Thrice. Vheissu was recorded at Studio Bearsville in Bearsville, NY and released on October 18, 2005. Enjoy the conversation!

Eine Geschichte, die H. P. Lovecraft im Auftrag Adolphe de Castros überarbeitete.

What should the Tigers do with Willie and Harold Castro?

Welcome to The Business of You Podcast, where you'll discover how to turn your big idea into big business. Learn how to grow your personal brand into the business of your dreams. Each week, you'll hear from the founder of successful companies and find out how they walked their epic journey to achieve a flourishing business. Then, listen to learn how you can use their roadmap to create a thriving company and pave your own road to success! Meet Craig Hewitt This week's guest is Craig Hewitt, founder, and CEO of Castros, a full-service podcast hosting and distribution analytics platform. He started his own podcast five years ago and decided to get into the business of podcasting by starting a podcast hosting company. Two years later, Craig has expanded his company to include all aspects of podcast production to become a one-stop podcast service shop. From One Podcast to One Hundred Podcasts Craig started out with his one personal podcast, Rogue. When he reached episode three, he decided to take on his co-host to share podcast production's responsibilities and creative genius.  Starting out with podcast hosting then adding production services, Craig enjoys helping other podcasters get their voice heard. He is a firm believer in owning your own brand and doesn't produce much content on social media and other platforms outside of his own. Early on, he decided that he wanted to put his content on platforms that he owns and only amplify what he is saying on channels outside of his control. The Importance of Communication in Business Craig believes that his most important personal brand asset is his ability to communicate well with others. He prides himself on building a team with communication as their focus. Craig only hires team members that can communicate well and get the job done. Discover how Craig has used his personal brand to engage others through speaking gigs, how he defines his personal brand, and why he posts his values on their website and their importance in the hiring process. Podcast Resources Visit Castos on the web Connect with Craig Hewitt on LinkedIn Connect with The Business of You Visit the Business of You on the web Like The brandiD on Facebook Follow The brandiD on LinkedIn Join us on Instagram Learn more about Branding on The brandiD Blog   Show Highlights [01:37] Craig's journey as an entrepreneur owning a podcast production company. [05:53] How Craig went from podcast consumer to podcast producer. [08:27] Why he chose to take on a co-host for his personal podcast. [14:41] Craig speaks about how your personal brand can become a liability to your business. [17:16] How Craig defines his own personal brand attributes. Quotes “Productizing a service or a skill is the easiest way to scale your business.” “We all want to feel a connection to someone's journey.” “The decision you have to make when you want to grow is if you want to own your own real estate or play in someone else's sandbox.”

Guest Kaleena George aka IG@ThatLibertyChick will be hanging out and discussing all the current events, conspiracy theories and hard factual news. Have you ever heard of VAIDS? Apparently there is talk of a vaccine induced version of it! Be careful out there folks. Also, will Castros son fold against the power of the people? Will the truckers do it here in the USA? How long will this guy who claims to be Joe Biden be in "power"?....Website www.cannabisandcombat.com LinkTree https://linktr.ee/cannabisandcombat Sponsor 
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020722 SHORTCAST Is Justin Trudeau Castros Biological Son by Kate Dalley

The Secret Fidel Castro: Deconstructing the Symbol is neither a history of the Cuban revolution nor a biography of Fidel Castro. The book follows what intelligence services call a CPP (short for Comprehensive Personality Profile), similar to the ones intelligence services keep on foreign leaders. It focuses on different aspects of Castro's actions and personality which, for some reasons, have been either ignored, misunderstood, or misrepresented. The main thesis of this book is that there are many different Castros. The most widely known is the symbolic, public one, as it has been portrayed in official Cuban propaganda, Castro-friendly biographies, and mainstream American media. But there are also many secret Castros, highly different from the public one. By "deconstructing" different aspects of the life of the symbolic Fidel Castro the author tries to prove that all of them, the symbolic and the secret ones, are suspect and, therefore, all answers are partial. The Secret Fidel Castro, focuses on little known aspects of Castro's personality, important in the better understanding of the man and his actions — what really makes him tick.

The Secret Fidel Castro: Deconstructing the Symbol is neither a history of the Cuban revolution nor a biography of Fidel Castro. The book follows what intelligence services call a CPP (short for Comprehensive Personality Profile), similar to the ones intelligence services keep on foreign leaders. It focuses on different aspects of Castro's actions and personality which, for some reasons, have been either ignored, misunderstood, or misrepresented. The main thesis of this book is that there are many different Castros. The most widely known is the symbolic, public one, as it has been portrayed in official Cuban propaganda, Castro-friendly biographies, and mainstream American media. But there are also many secret Castros, highly different from the public one. By "deconstructing" different aspects of the life of the symbolic Fidel Castro the author tries to prove that all of them, the symbolic and the secret ones, are suspect and, therefore, all answers are partial. The Secret Fidel Castro, focuses on little known aspects of Castro's personality, important in the better understanding of the man and his actions — what really makes him tick.

The historian Antoni Kapcia joins Long Reads for a conversation about Cuban politics since the revolution of 1959. Antoni is the author of several books on Cuban history, including A Short History of Revolutionary Cuba and Leadership in the Cuban Revolution. Long Reads is a Jacobin podcast looking in-depth at political topics and thinkers, both contemporary and historical, with the magazine's longform writers. Hosted by Features Editor Daniel Finn. Read Antoni's article for Jacobin about the legacy of Raúl Castro here: https://www.jacobinmag.com/2021/04/raul-castro-fidel-che-guevara-cuba-history Produced by Conor Gillies, music by Knxwledge.

Thousands of Cubans have joined one of the country's largest anti-government demonstrations ever. What are its origins?

En este episodio hablamos de las protestas en Cuba, las últimas noticias de Cuba, un poco de la historia del país y las anecdotas de la familia de nuestro amigo cubano Artemio Martin. Artemio es un cubano nacido en los Estados Unidos. Gran parte de su familia vive en Cuba y todas las generaciones de la familia Martin han vivido en carne propia la transición del comunismo de los Castros y la decadencia de su país. Creamos este episodio para aportar a la conciencia y al llamado de ayudar a nuestros hermanos Cubanos a salir de este terrible regimen que les ha arrebatado todo lo que un ser humano merece de su gobierno.

For 62 years, the Cuban people have been living under authoritarian rule thanks to the Communist regime under the Castros.  After 62 years, the Cuban people are standing up to their government chanting "we aren't scared anymore". Martha Bueno returns to the program to outline how Cuba got to this point, what sparked this recent uprising, and what you can do to help support #CubaLibre WATCH ON YOUTUBE: https://youtu.be/-1ZzNZPzJZA Liberty Sales Ebook- https://www.briannicholsshow.com/libertyfriendsebook My Delta 8: https://www.briannicholsshow.com/delta8 (CODE TBNS AT CHECKOUT) Thrive Markets Find Martha Online: http://marthabueno.com/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/MarthaBueno18 Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/MarthaforMiami Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Today is our first episode back and it's a good one. Right after taking a semester to study Latin American history and especially Cuba I drop some insight into what it means now that Cuba seems to be progressing towards a new future. Communism and the Cold War make headlines today as I get back on the podcast horse and decide I am here to stay.Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/HistoPoli)

Welcome back! A series split over the weekend with the Houston Astros has your Detroit Tigers in 3rd place in the American League Central Division... We break down Casey Mize day, Tarik Skubal day, the offense, Jonathan Schoop, Gregory Soto, Willi and Harold Castro, and more as we head into the week!Support Us By Supporting Our Sponsors!Built BarBuilt Bar is a protein bar that tastes like a candy bar. Go to builtbar.com and use promo code “LOCKED15,” and you'll get 15% off your next order.BetOnline AGThere is only 1 place that has you covered and 1 place we trust. Betonline.ag! Sign up today for a free account at betonline.ag and use that promocode: LOCKEDON for your 50% welcome bonus.Rock AutoAmazing selection. Reliably low prices. All the parts your car will ever need. Visit RockAuto.com and tell them Locked On sent you.Fully Loaded ChewFully Loaded Chew is offering LOCKED ON “TEAM” listeners a special offer – Rightnow you can try a can for just $1. Go to www.fullyloadedchew.com and use promo code: “LockedOn”Wild AlaskanRight now you can get $15 off your 1st box of premium seafood when you visit WildAlaskanCompany.com/MLB. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Guest contributors Lynda and Yintong sit down with Dr. John Kirk, who had been a go-between for the Canadian government and the Castros.

Tras finalizar las guerras con los seminolas, nuevos colonos se instalaron en Miami, así como algunos soldados atraídos por la tierra gratis que ofrecía el gobierno.Pero fueron unos pocos colonos ricos, destacando Julia Tuttle, los que para sacar los productos de sus explotaciones y con la idea de construir una ciudad y un hotel, convencieron al magnate Henry Flagler para que llevase el ferrocarril a Miami.La construcción del ferrocarril atrajo a trabajadores de toda Florida. En 1896 se inauguró el tren a Miami y comenzaron los planes para construir una ciudad.El 28 de Julio de 1896, es la fecha de la fundación de Miami, cuando un grupo de ciudadanos se reunieron para nombrar a sus gobernantes.Durante los años veinte la historia de Miami tuvo un importante giro debido a la permisividad con el juego y la escasa aplicación de la ley seca, razones que hicieron que miles de habitantes de otras zonas de Estados Unidos se instalaran en la próspera y flexible ciudad, doblando su población en tres años.La especulación inmobiliaria y financiera hizo que los precios de la tierra se cuadruplicaran en cinco años, el coste de vida se volvió imposible para los habitantes de Miami. Cuando la situación se hacía insostenible un terrible huracán devastó la ciudad.Miami está situada en una zona con alto riesgo de huracanes. En 1926 sufrió uno de los mayores de su historia que arrasó la ciudad, por ello se dice que a Miami la gran depresión la llegó tres años antes que al resto del país.La Gran Depresión llegó a una Miami desolada y con miles de desempleados. Sin embargo, salió de ella antes que el resto del país gracias a la industria de la aviación y a la construcción; de esta época es el distrito de Art Déco en South Beach con más de 800 edificios.Durante la segunda guerra mundial, Miami fue, por su localización costera, sede del ejército y la marina estadounidense. Al acabar la guerra muchos soldados se quedaron a vivir en Miami y pronto su población pasó del medio millón de habitantes.En 1959, tras la caída de la dictadura de Fulgencio Batista y el triunfo de la Revolución Cubana, más de medio millón de cubanos llegaron a Miami. La gran cantidad de refugiados dio lugar a "Little Havana", cambiando la denominación del barrio donde se instalaron.En 1980, hubo una segunda gran oleada de emigrantes, más de 125.000 abandonaron la isla con destino a Miami, los llamados "marielitos", cubanos a los que la dictadura permitió partir del puerto de Mariel.Durante décadas, la llegada de cubanos ha sido continua huyendo de la dictadura o en busca de un mundo mejor. Pero no solo cubanos, muchos latinoamericanos, ante la situación política y económica de sus países, han hecho de Miami su residencia y la han convertido en la ciudad más latina de Estados Unidos.Hoy en día, Miami es un importante centro financiero (principal sede de la banca internacional en USA), comercial (sobre todo con la América latina), y de servicios relacionados con el ocio (cadenas de televisión, música, moda, residencias de personas mayores) y, dentro de éstos, ocupa un lugar primordial el turismo: parques de atracciones, playas, y punto de partida del mayor volumen de cruceros del mundo.Boris Sancho Hialeah Cubanos en Miami NoticiasApoyame suscribiendote a mi canal y activando las notificaciones para que formes parte de mi familia digital. Gracias, muchas gracias por tu apoyo.Sigueme en Facebook https://www.facebook.com/borissanchotvInstagram https://www.instagram.com/borissanchoTwitter https://www.twitter.com/borissancho Y tambien en TikTok https://vm.tiktok.com/J63Q5yV/Consultas Disponibles en director@hispatvdigital.comVisita mi pagina web https://www.hispatvdigital.comConectate conmigo en WhatsApp (SOLO MENSAJES) +16168213374Y te invito con mucho cariño a leer mis articulos en el Blog Hablando Clarohttps://www.hablandoclaro.hispatvdigi... Gracias por ser parte de mi familia digital.

¡¡¡ME HICE MI BANDERA!!! (broma) // Cuidado con quienes intenten hacer lo que hicieron los CASTROS --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/ultrackpodcast/message Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/ultrackpodcast/support

In this week's Trend Lines podcast, WPR's editor-in-chief, Judah Grunstein, senior editor, Frederick Deknatel, and associate editor, Robbie Corey-Boulet, discuss the U.S. military presence in the Sahel, in light of the deaths of four American Army Special Forces operators in Niger. For the Report, William LeoGrande talks with Andrew Green about Cuba's upcoming leadership transition and whether a new generation of political leaders can satisfy Cubans' growing expectations for economic reform without a Castro in charge for the first time since the revolution. If you like what you hear on Trend Lines, as well as what you've seen on WPR, please think about supporting our work by subscribing. We're currently offering a 25 percent discount on the first year of an annual subscription to our podcast listeners. To take advantage of it, just enter the word “PODCAST” in the box marked “Coupon or referral code” on our subscription registration form. Relevant Articles on WPR: Cuba After Castro: The Coming Elections and a Historic Changing of the Guard Trump Is Distracting From a Necessary Conversation About the U.S. Role in Niger What to Make of the New Leader of Italy's Populist Five Star Movement Saudi Arabia's Young Crown Prince Owns the Reform Process, for Better or Worse Trend Lines is produced and edited by Peter Dörrie, a freelance journalist and analyst focusing on security and resource politics in Africa. You can follow him on Twitter at @peterdoerrie. Listeners of the Trend Lines podcast who would like to read more from World Politics Review can sign up for our free twice-weekly email newsletter here. To send feedback or questions, email us at podcast@worldpoliticsreview.com.  Trend Lines is produced and edited by Peter Dörrie, a freelance journalist and analyst focusing on security and resource politics in Africa. You can follow him on Twitter at @peterdoerrie. Listeners of the Trend Lines podcast who would like to read more from World Politics Review can sign up for our free twice-weekly email newsletter here. To send feedback or questions, email us at podcast@worldpoliticsreview.com.

Congresswoman Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (R., Fla.) watched President Obama's trip to Cuba with keen interest. She was born in that country. In 1960, when she was eight, she came to America with her family. She still has her return ticket, issued by Pan Am. The airline is long dead. The Castros live and rule on. With Jay, Congresswoman Ros-Lehtinen talks about Obama's trip: What does it mean? Source

Fue a finales del siglo XVIII cuando se descubrieron, en Francia y en Escocia, las primeras murallas vitrificadas. Se trata de restos arqueológicos datados entre los siglos VII y V a.C., construcciones de bloques de arenisca, granito u otras rocas metamórficas, sin argamasa, que se han calentado a tal temperatura que se han transformado en vidrio y se han fusionado unas con otras. La mayor concentración de murallas vitrificadas se da en Escocia, sobre todo al norte del río Forth, donde se conservan varias decenas de castros cuyas murallas están vitrificadas total o parcialmente. Desde su descubrimiento, se han propuesto diversas teorías para tratar de explicar la formación de estas murallas vitrificadas, pero ninguna es completamente satisfactoria.