Podcasts about 50hz

This show has been flagged as Clean by the host. 01 Introduction This is a follow up to my 4 part series on simple podcasting. In this episode I will discuss a number of experiments with audio filtering. These experiments were inspired by comments by listeners and by other discussions about audio on HPR. I am not an audio expert, so I am doing this partly in order to learn something, but mainly in order to have a bit of fun. I hope that you find this entertaining as well. In a comment on the first episode a listener mentioned something called Solocast and said that the method bore a resemblance to the method that I was using. Here is his comment -------------------- 02 Comment #3 posted on 2026-04-03 07:49:58 by Reto It reminds me about Solocast Hi Whiskeyjack, I really liked your podcast and the topic. I cannot remember about your last, but the sound quality of this one was good on my mobile speakers :) The concept reminded me about the program from Norrist (another host on HPR), while similar does it have some differences HPR 3496 https://hackerpublicradio.org/eps.php?id=3496 As I am not on the future feed, I look forward to your next episode. Cheers, Reto -------------------- 03 End of comment. I did not recall having heard the episode on Solocast, but this sounded very interesting. Solocast was in HPR episode 3496 and was released by norrist on the 27th of December 2021. I listened to that episode and does indeed use use the same basic concept of recording short segments of audio and combining them later instead of creating one big recording and editing it with an audio editor. 04 The main difference is that the work flow that I described involves a lot of manual steps, while Solocast is a short Python program that automates the entire process of presenting your script, recording the segments, combining the segments, and filtering and normalizing the result. I won't try to describe Solocast in detail, instead I would recommend just listening to HPR episode 3496 to get norrist's explanation directly. -------------------- 05 While I wanted to make sure that I credited norrist with having come up with this concept four years before I did, this won't be the focus of this episode. Instead I will talk about audio filtering and various experiments that I ran on several different methods. 06 While looking at the source code for Solocast I noticed that it used a filtering method that resembled one used by Jivetalk, a podcast production program that caught the attention of one of the HPR community news presenters. This method involves taking a sample of quiet audio where there is no speaking taking place, and then using this as input to a noise reduction filter which is applied to the voice recording. The filter subtracts the quiet sample from the voice audio, which should theoretically remove the ambient noise. 07 I decided to apply this method to a number of different audio test recordings which were recorded under different circumstances using different hardware. In this way I could see if the method worked equally well under all circumstances or if there were some sorts of noise which it was suited to and some sorts that were not. 08 While I was at it, I also picked several other filter methods to see how they worked as well. Potentially, some methods may be better under some conditions while other methods were better suited to others. -------------------- 09 I won't present all of my experiments, as that would be a bit dull to listen to. Instead I will describe each method and then present audio samples which illustrate my conclusions. There are two pieces of audio software involved, both of which were also used in my series on simple podcasting. 10 The first is Sox, spelled s o x , and which is short for Sound Exchange. Sox is a command line program for audio manipulation. Sox is Free Software, released under the GPLv2 or later. The other is FFMPEG, which is also a command line program. FFMPEG is also Free Software, released under the LGPL V 2.1 or later, and GPL v 2 or later. Sox actually uses FFMPEG for certain operations. -------------------- 11 Audio Hardware For recording hardware I used the following. 12 Maxwell Headset The first is a cheap Maxwell headset that has an electrical noise problem. Unfortunately I don't have a model number for this headset. I described this hardware, the noise problems that I had with it, and how I created filters to deal with the noise in my series on simple podcasting. Briefly though, this is a headset that has a build in microphone on a boom which allows the microphone to be positioned close to the mouth. It connects with a USB cable. 13 Borne Earpiece and In-line Microphone This is a set of earplugs that go in your ears and connected by wires and a very small microphone built into a small bulge in the cable. It connects using a 3.5mm jack. The model number seems to be BUD250-BL. 14 XTrike Headset This is a gaming headset similar to the Maxwell headset described above. The model number is GH-510 It uses a USB connection. 15 Yanmai Condenser Microphone This is a microphone that comes with a small tripod stand. The model number is SF-910 It uses a 3.5mm audio jack. -------------------- 16 This is not a review of the hardware. Rather, I was trying to create audio problems so that I could test ways to fix them. Therefore, do not take the above list as a recommendation of what to buy. However, you can see that I am not using any expensive audio hardware. If you want to make an HPR podcast, you do not need professional level hardware. -------------------- 17 Audio Samples The audio samples are as follows 18 Quiet This was recorded in a quiet environment at my desk. This is my normal podcasting environment and represents optimal conditions. The main reason for this method is to see how the various filter methods perform when dealing with the electrical noise from the Maxwell headset. 19 Small fan This is a small USB powered table fan approximately 10 cm in diameter. It was located roughly 40 cm or less to the left of the microphone, although this varies depending on the microphone. 20 Traffic This was along a busy street with traffic noise in the background. -------------------- 21 Filter Methods Sox noisered Filter with Audio Profile This method uses the Sox noisered filter. Here is a brief quote from the Sox documentation on this filter. Quote Reduce noise in the audio signal by profiling and filtering. This effect is moderately effective at removing consistent background noise such as hiss or hum. To use it, first run SoX with the noiseprof effect on a section of audio that ideally would contain silence but in fact contains noise - such sections are typically found at the beginning or the end of a recording. End of quote For these tests I recorded a separate noise profile to go with each test. -------------------- 22 Basic Manual Filter This is a basic high and low pass filter pair based on the work I had done in my previous series on simple podcasting. However, based on the tests that I have done for this episode, I decided to get a bit more aggressive in terms of filtering. I use a high pass filter of 120 Hz, and low pass filter of 8 kHz. The each filter is then applied twice to increase its effect. I also added band reject filters to deal specifically with 50 and 60 Hz line noise. -------------------- 23 Complex Manual Filter This uses the manually constructed filter described in my series on simple podcasting. This uses the basic manual filter plus a series of custom bandreject filters to fix specific noise problems with the Maxwell headset. -------------------- 24 FFMPEG afftdn Filter The documentation describes this as "Denoise audio samples with FFT." -------------------- 25 FFMPEG arnndn Filter The documentation describes this as "Reduce noise from speech using Recurrent Neural Networks." -------------------- 26 FFMPEG agate Filter I will pronounce this as "agate" for convenience. The documentation describes this as "A gate is mainly used to reduce lower parts of a signal. This kind of signal processing reduces disturbing noise between useful signals." -------------------- 27 Method The experimental method used was to take each noise sample and apply the different filter methods to it. Where there are parameters which can be adjusted, a script was used to generate a series of different sample files with different parameter values. Not all possible parameters were experimented with, as the goal is to see which method produces what sorts of results under different circumstances, not to get the best possible result for the samples that I happen to have. The method in each case was as follows 28 Step 1 Convert the audio file to FLAC if it is not already in that format. 29 Step 2 Apply a basic high and low pass filter described previously to each sample. The reason for this basic filtering is that it eliminates at least some undesired noise in a fairly fool proof manner, leaving less for the more advanced filter to deal with. This should allow for a better test of the filter under realistic conditions. 30 Step 3 Apply the noise reduction filter being tested. 31 Step 4 Normalize the filtered sample to 17 LUFS according to the EBU R128 standard. The EBU standard is described in my series on simple podcasting. Normalizing adjusts the audio signal to a desired loudness level. This allows for more more consistent sound levels and allows us to hear the results under realistic conditions. I normalize the audio individually for each sample as different recording hardware requires different amounts of loudness adjustment. This is different from the typical podcast process where normalizing takes place as the very last step in the process, but it was necessary in this case. 32 Step 5 Concatenate selected sample audio files to one another to allow for better review and comparing. -------------------- 33 Results The results are grouped according to the type of noise which is being mitigated. This allows for easier comparison of the effectiveness of each technique under different circumstances. I have only picked a few examples of interest out of the numerous experiments that I conducted. -------------------- 34 Quiet Recording Environment with Maxwell Headset This compares how well the various filtering methods work on the noise induced by the electronics in the Maxwell headset. This electronic noise consisted of a noise spike every 1 kHz. This should be representative of electronic noise caused by problems in recording hardware. 35 Manual Filter The manual filter applied a narrow band reject filter every 1 kHz from 1 kHz to 12 kHz. This completely removed the otherwise audible whine caused by the noise. 36 FFMPEG afftdn This method allows for setting a noise floor and then specifying how much the noise floor should be reduced by. The method is very sensitive to getting the noise floor correct for that recording. Set the floor too low and nothing happens. Set it too high, and some distortion results. However it seemed to be moderately effective, but it would seem to require checking it and possibly adjusting it each time it is used. 37 FFMPEG agate This method allows setting a noise floor and then suppressing all sound which falls below that level. This method is very sensitive to getting the noise floor correct for that recording. If set too low (or quiet), it is ineffective. If set too high (or loud), it distorts words which come after a pause, which would typically be between sentences. 38 When set correctly, it completely removes noise in the silences between sentences. However, the noise is still audible during speech. This is because the noise in this case is a higher frequency than normal speech, and so stands out more. It may not be a significant problem for noise which is closer to the main vocal frequency band. Overall, this method is not suitable for this particular problem. 39 FFMPEG arnndn This method used the standard model. A variety of different noise reduction models are available. I only tested it with one, std.rnnn It does not seem to introduce much distortion in the voice signal even with a high amount of mix parameter. 40 However, it is only slightly effective at removing the whine from the signal, even with a high amount of mix parameter. Overall, this method does not appear to be useful for this sort of noise problem. 41 Sox noisered Filter This was effective in removing noise between words, but noise can be heard while words are being spoken. It was better than agate however. 42 Overall Conclusion for the Maxwell Headset Noise When dealing with narrow noise bands that occur at known frequencies, the manual filter is leagues ahead of any of the other tested alternatives. 43 Sample Audio Here is a sample audio recording showing the best overall results The sample is repeated, first with only basic low and high pass filtering, and then with the manually constructed filtering. In the first sample you should hear a high pitched background whine. In the second sample, the high pitched whine is completely removed. 44 (Audio sample inserted here.) -------------------- 45 Traffic Noise This was recorded using the Borne in-line microphone connected to a mobile phone while walking along beside a busy street. This was in dry cool spring weather, and the road was paved with asphalt. This should be reasonably representative of podcasting while walking outdoors in a noisy environment. 46 Basic Manual Filter This used the basic manual filter with high and low pass filters. This did nothing very useful in this case as the signal was already filtered within those limits by the recording hardware anyway. The low sample rate of 8 kHz in the phone limited the upper frequency to 4 kHz. Recall that the sample rate has to be twice the highest frequency that you want to detect. Overall, this is not suitable for this sort of problem. 47 FFMPEG afftdn With a high noise floor, background noise is reduced, but not eliminated. There was not much distortion in the voice. This is only slightly useful for this sort of problem. 48 FFMPEG agate With a high threshhold, background noise is reduced, but not eliminated. There was some distortion in the voice. The background noise could also be heard when speaking, but because the frequency of the background signal was similar to the louder voice signal, it was not as noticeable as it would have been if the two were very different. This is moderately useful for this sort of problem. It may be more useful in situations where the background noise was not quite as loud. 49 FFMPEG arnndn With high amounts of noise reduction, much of the background noise is suppressed, but there is not a lot of distortion in the voice. The background traffic noise is still present, but is significantly less. This offers only a moderate improvement. 50 Sox noisered Filter With small amounts of noise reduction voice is clear but traffic noise is present as a very significant continuous warbling sound in the background. This is no improvement on the original and in fact could be seen as making it worse. With moderate amounts of noise reduction, traffic noise is mostly gone, but there are still various squeaks present. Voice is noticeably distorted. With large amounts of noise reduction, traffic noise is gone but voice is highly distorted. This is moderately useful for this sort of problem, but requires careful adjustment. 51 FFMPEG arnndn Followed by FFMPEG agate This combined two different filters. First, it used arnndn to suppress the background noise to a lower level without much voice distortion. Then it applied the agate filter to suppress the noise levels between words still further. This used the same amount of mix and threshold as was found to be most effective when each of these filters was used on its own. The background noise is almost completely gone while distortion of the voice signal is low. 52 Overall Conclusion for Traffic Noise The arnndn combined with agate filters was the most successful at suppressing background noise while limiting the amount of voice signal distortion. 53 Sample Audio Here is an audio sample for what I felt to be the best overall results, the arnndn filter combined with the agate filter. First is the original audio with basic filtering. This is followed with the same audio after being passed through the arnndn and agate filters. 54 (Insert arnndn plus agate audio sample here) 55 Another Sample Here is a second audio sample showing the Sox noisered profile based filter. I have included this to show how a profile based filter can make things worse if you are not careful how you use it. This repeats the test audio 4 times. The first is with basic filtering only. The second uses low amounts of noise reduction. The third uses moderate amounts of noise reduction. The fourth uses high amounts of noise reduction. 56 (Insert noisered audio sample here) -------------------- 57 Small Fan Noise with Yanmai Microphone This was recorded using the Yanmai condenser microphone. A small fan was set up behind and to the left of the microphone. This is intended to represent situations where someone may have a fan or air conditioner running in the background due to hot weather, or has a loud computer fan. 58 A condenser microphone was used for this test as they are more prone to picking up unwanted noise. However, for practical recording purposes, this sort of microphone is unsuitable for this type of environment. 59 Basic Manual Filter This used the basic manual filter with high and low pass filters. This did nothing useful as the fan noise was in the same frequency range as the voice signal. This may be of more help in cases where the noise is below the 120 Hz cut off used in the low pass filter. 60 FFMPEG afftdn With high amounts of noise reduction, much of the background noise is suppressed, but there is some distortion in the voice. The background fan noise is still present, but is significantly less. Overall this is moderately effective. 61 FFMPEG agate This was effective in removing noise between words, but noise can be heard while words are being spoken. However, this was a small voice sample and it is possible that more problems could occur. With less fan noise than was in this sample this technique may work much better. 62 FFMPEG arnndn With high amounts of noise reduction, much of the background noise is suppressed, but there is not a lot of distortion in the voice. The background fan noise is still present, but is significantly less. Overall this was fairly effective. 63 Sox noisered Filter With small amounts of noise reduction voice is clear but fan noise is present as a slight warbling sound in the background. With moderate amounts of noise reduction, fan noise is gone, but voice is somewhat distorted. With large amounts of noise reduction, fan noise is gone but voice is very distorted. 64 In general this method is fairly successful at dealing with this sort of problem. However, there is a trade off between background noise and voice quality. Getting that trade off correct takes experiment and judgment for each specific situation. 65 FFMPEG arnndn Followed by FFMPEG agate This combined two different filters. First, it used arnndn to suppress the background noise to a lower level without much voice distortion. Then it applied the agate filter to suppress the noise levels between words still further. This got rid of virtually all of the background noise between words. If you listen carefully however, there is a slight buzzing sound in the voice signal. 66 Overall Conclusion for Fan Noise with Yanmai Microphone. Of the methods tested, the arnndn followed by agate filter seemed to offer the most improvement for the least effort and least voice distortion. The arnndn filter on its own seemed the next most preferable to me despite leaving some fan noise in the background. 67 Audio Sample Here is an audio sample for what I felt to be the best overall results, the arnndn filter combined with the agate filter. First is the original audio with basic filtering. This is followed with the same audio after being passed through the arnndn and agate filters. 68 (Insert audio sample here) -------------------- 69 Small Fan Noise Recorded with Headset The following is an observation rather than a filtering technique. When a recording was made using the Maxwell headset and listened to on the headset later or with speakers, the fan was virtually inaudible. When the same recording was listened to with the XTrike headset, it was barely audible with careful listening and only identifiable as a fan because I knew it was there. 70 In situations where there is ambient noise, the best noise reduction technique is probably to move the microphone as close to your mouth as possible, although not directly in front of it, and reduce the gain if there is a gain adjustment in the microphone. This will work far better than trying to remove the noise later. If you are recording an HPR episode at a desk, then an inexpensive headset with boom mike may do the job just fine with minimal effort and expense. -------------------- 71 Conclusions I have tested three noise scenarios - Electronic noise in the audio hardware at specific frequencies. Recording outdoors with an inline microphone in a noisy traffic environment. A noisy fan creating background noise in an office. My conclusions on these are as follows. 72 Electronic Noise in the Audio Hardware at Specific Frequencies If you can use Audacity or some other means to find the frequencies which are causing the noise, the best solution, assuming you don't just replace the hardware, is to manually construct filters to remove those specific frequencies. This is the safest solution in terms of only doing what you tell it to and not producing unexpected surprises some time down the road when something changed in the environment. 73 If you are looking for a fairly automatic filtering method, the Sox noisered profile based filter seems to work fairly well. There is an equivalent filter in ffmpeg, but I did not include that in my experiments as it is harder to use in a script because it does not use a separate noise profile file. 74 Recording Outdoors with an Inline Microphone in a Noisy Traffic Environment. In this situation, the FFMPEG arnndn combined with agate filters seem to be the most successful. The Sox noisered filter may work, but at the cost of more distortion in the voice than is seen in the other methods. 75 An inherent problem with any profile based noise reduction method is that if the background noise is not constant, which it seldom is in that sort of environment, the profile may not represent the background noise which is present later on in the recording. This risks adding more distortion in the voice as the profile and later environments diverge. 76 However, for this application a different microphone that provided a better recording would appear to be advisable. A solution which brought the microphone much closer to the mouth and so resulted in a better ratio of voice signal compared to background noise would appear to be necessary, after which the question of what sort of noise reduction to use would need to be re-evaluated. 77 A Noisy Fan Creating Background Noise in an Office. The Sox noisered filter and the FFMPEG arnndn, afftdn, and agate methods all work to some degree. However, they all need correct selection of parameters to achieve the proper results. When I compared all four methods side by side, I found the arnndn combined with the agate filter to be preferable in terms of the trade off between background noise reduction and distortion of the voice signal. The arnndn filter on its own seemed the next most preferable to me despite leaving some fan noise in the background. 78 However, that is a subjective judgment of a specific noise sample when recorded using a specific microphone. Keep in mind though that many listeners will not be listening in an idea environment. They may be doing things where background noise is present rather than in a very quiet room and so may find a small amount of background noise in the recording to be less of a problem than distortion in the voice signal which may make some words harder to understand. 79 When I conducted the same experiment recorded with the XTrike headset I found that arnndn seemed to offer no noticeable improvement. This may be because the amount of audible fan noise was far less with the XTrike headset to begin with. In other words, there is no single best solution here, and you may have to be prepared to try different options to see which one works in your situation. The important thing is to avoid making things worse by applying filtering that is not appropriate for that situation. The best method may be to use a recording method that doesn't pick up the fan noise to begin with. This can include just using a gaming headset with boom mic. 80 I have one final observation on this point regarding headsets. The Maxwell headset has a foam cover over the microphone while the XTrike headset does not. There was some slight audible wind buffeting noise picked up by the XTrike headset that was not observed with the Maxwell. This seemed to cause particular problems with the Sox noisered profile based filter, as this noise was irregular and after filtering would show up as a warbling sound. If you use a headset and plan to use it in conjunction with a fan, it may be advisable to apply some sort of wind cover over it. 81 Combining Complex Filters In several cases I found that combining several complex filters offered better results than using any single one on its own. The basic strategy though is to first use a method which is good at reducing undesirable noise without introducing excessive voice distortion. Then apply a different filter which is good at reducing small levels of background noise to an even lower level while affecting the voice signal as little as possible. This uses the relative strengths of different filter types to compensate for the weaknesses of the other. 82 Different combinations of filters were most effective for different types of problems. I did not try all possible combinations however. Perhaps a further exploration of this would be worth doing in a later podcast. -------------------- 83 Case Study - Noise in Another HPR Episode Audio In the comments to my second episode on Simple Podcasting (which is HPR4618) where I discussed basic filtering, a couple of listeners brought up an interesting point. Antoine mentioned "declicking" in a post. -------------------- Vance replied 84 Antoine, thanks for mentioning the click removal capability in Audacity! While I already knew about its noise removal filter, I wasn't aware it also had click removal. It might have helped me for HPR4637, where some sort of electromagnetic signal was picked up by my microphone/recorder, a Zoom H2 (the tapping sound was *not* present in the room where I recorded). While click removal does seem to distort speech when applied to it (though to my ears, it doesn't sound as weird as when noise removal is done with speech), I could have applied the filter only to the pauses, where the "tapping" is most noticeable. I will consider doing this in the event that I'm not able to eliminate the source of interference in the future, which would be the best way to go. -------------------- 85 End of quote. I found this interesting as it sounded like another audio problem that could be experimented with. I found a sample of the episode which had the clicks and cut a copy of that segment out to experiment with. These sounds are a series of clicks, or "ticks" would be another way to describe them, in the quiet part of the audio between sentences or phrases. 86 Next I used Audacity to study the sound spectrum. I found a massive 60 Hz noise spike. However, my speakers won't reproduce sound that low, and filtering this out didn't reduce the clicks. The clicks turned out to be bursts of noise across the 100 to 800 Hz band, which is right where the main vocal band also is. This makes it difficult to filter based on frequency. The most promising approach would seem to be to filter based on sound level. 87 I tried all of the individual audio filter techniques mentioned in the other experiments above. None produced satisfactory results except for agate, which makes quiet audio quieter. This completely suppressed the clicks. However, when applied to the entire episode it also distorted the start of a few sentences which began with single short syllables. 88 The agate filter has a number of parameters which could be adjusted to try to deal with these cases, although I did not spend the time to do so. Another solution to this distortion problem is to simply not apply the filter to those parts of the audio which are affected. If you record the audio as a series of small individual files, it would be easy enough to filter before concatenating the files together while skipping those files which contain audio which is not suited to this method. Here are the results of the experiments. 89 FFMPEG afftdn This reduces the size of of the ticks, but they are still present. However, they may be reduced to a level which is considered acceptable. 90 FFMPEG agate This was very effective in removing ticks with the right parameters. However, it can introduce some voice distortion in the form of cutting out the start of a few sentences which began with single short syllables. This can be corrected with a very short "attack" parameter to turn off the filter when it detects sound above a set threshhold. 91 FFMPEG arnndn This was relatively ineffective. 92 Sox noisered This was effective in removing the sounds between phrases. However, it introduces some distortion in the voice signal. 93 I also tried combining filters. FFMPEG afftdn Followed by agate This combined two different filters. First, it used afftdn to suppress the background noise to a lower level without much voice distortion. Then it applied the agate filter to suppress the noise levels between words still further. This got rid of virtually all of the background noise between words. 94 Here is a short audio sample from HPR4637. First is the unfiltered audio. Second is the filtered audio using the combined afftdn plus agate filters. Since the "clicks" are very quiet, you may not hear them unless you are in quiet environment. Quite a few listeners would probably not be aware of the perceived audio problem in this episode if it had not been discussed here. None the less, it makes for an interesting experiment. Here it is: 95 (Insert sample audio here) 96 Overall Conclusion for Noise "Ticks" The afftdn combined with agate filters seemed to offer the best overall results when used with the right parameters. However, the author, Vance, speaks very clearly and evenly, and so his voice is ideally suited for use with this filter. Another author's voice may not be as suited to this filter. 97 The Sox noisered profile based filter offers various degrees of trade off between suppressing noise and distorting the voice signal. As to whether this is an acceptable trade off depends on the particular voice in question and how easily understood it is under normal circumstances with out additional distortion. The afftdn filter may be a fairly safe filter to use on its own while producing acceptable if not perfect output. -------------------- 98 Overall Conclusions I have presented only a few of the experiments that I conducted. My overall conclusion after all of this is that there is no universal audio filtering method that works best in all circumstances. There are instead a number of tools in the toolbox, and picking the right one for the job takes a bit of trial and error. 99 However, if you have a repeatable recording environment, then once you have decided what tool you need you should create a script for it so you can have a repeatable processing setup. These conclusions apply to voice podcasting. Music has a different set of criteria and techniques that work well with basic voice podcasting may produce poor results when applied to music which has a broader range of frequency and just as importantly, a broad range of loudness. 100 If you are used to using filters and effects in Audacity, many of the settings on those correspond to arguments in the command line version of ffmpeg. It is worth learning how to use ffmpeg directly to automate your recording process. 101 The experiments that I conducted were greatly assisted by writing scripts which created multiple versions of audio files with different settings, thereby allowing me to try many different alternatives relatively easily. It also allowed me to concatenate different audio samples into a single audio file and so listen to different versions in quick succession, making subjective listening judgments more reliable. 102 It is important to keep in mind in all this that I am playing with audio filtering mainly to have fun. It is not necessary to do any of this if you think your podcast episode sounds just fine without it. So, don't let any of what I have talked about in all this discourage you from simply recording a podcast and sending it in as is. I will include copies of the filters I have described here in the show notes. -------------------- 103 Related Matters Hardware Characterization Using Audio Signals I found it useful to characterize the hardware that I had in order to understand its limitations better before starting the experiments. This involved playing a signal out through a set of speakers and then recording it through a microphone. 104 I used two types of signal for this. One is type of signal is known as a "chirp" signal. This is a sine wave that steadily increases in frequency as it sweeps across the audio spectrum. The standard audio range is 20 Hz to 20 kHz, but for my purposes I limited the upper frequency to 15 kHz to save time as anything beyond that is not very useful for voice podcasts. 105 By recording the chirp signal with a microphone and analyzing it with a Fourier transform, I could quickly see what each device was capable of. See my previous series on simple podcasting for an explanation of what a Fourier transform is and what software to use to see the results of it. Here is a chirp signal. 106 (Insert Audio Sample Here) 107 In addition to a chirp signal, I also used a series of simple tones of specific frequencies. By using these tones of known frequency I could gain an understanding of the limitations of my speakers and headphones, and just as importantly, my own ears. By understanding these limitations I was able to narrow the range of frequencies that I need to deal with quite considerably and set the high and low pass filters accordingly. These tones are a series of flac files generated with ffmpeg. 108 Here is a a sample audio tone at a 2 kHz frequency. 109 (Insert Audio Sample Here) 110 Copies of the script to create the chirp signal and the tones are in the show notes. -------------------- 111 A "Not a Review" of some of the Hardware that I Used I said that I would not do a review of the hardware that I used. However, some of it deserves mention for either how good or bad it was. I will record each section using the hardware being described. 112 Maxwell Headset This is my original recording hardware. This is a headset with boom mic and USB connection. There is no model number on it, so I don't know the model. This probably cost somewhere between 10 and 25 dollars. The earpieces sit on the ears and do not fully enclose them. This makes it light weight and comfortable to wear for extended periods of time. It has a problem however with electronic noise consisting of a noise spike every 1 kHz. I was able to fix this with a series of filters using FFMPEG. Fixing this problem is what got me started in understanding audio. I will probably continue to use this headset to make podcasts. 113 XTrike Headset, Model GH-510 This is also a headset with boom mic and USB connection. I purchased this headset for the purposes of experimentation for this podcast episode. It cost $12.88. I found it to be surprisingly good for the price. It has fully enclosed ear pieces however, which may make it uncomfortable to wear in hot weather. I may try doing some of my future podcasting using this headset. 114 Borne Earpiece and In-line Microphone This is a set of earplugs that go in your ears and connected by wires and a very small microphone built into a small bulge in the cable. It connects using a 3.5mm jack. The model number seems to be BUD250-BL. It cost approximately $3.00. I bought several sets of these and use them for listening to podcasts from an MP3 player. The ear pieces are pretty good for listening with. The microphone works reasonably well when used in a quiet location. It is less good when in a noisy environment. It is very important however to secure the microphone to your lapel or other location reasonably near your mouth and to point the microphone (that is the small hole) outwards and not simply let it dangle freely. If you let it just hang, you will get poor quality and inconsistent audio. 115 Yanmai Condenser Microphone, Model SF-910 I purchased this microphone for the purposes of experimentation for this podcast episode. It cost $3.88. As it is a condenser microphone, it is prone to picking up background noise more and as such is probably not a good choice for podcasting by single person sitting at a desk. However, it is none the less a surprisingly good microphone for surprisingly little money. 116 iCan USB Microphone, Model M-306 I purchased this microphone for the purposes of experimentation for this podcast episode. This has a USB connection. This was also relatively inexpensive at $7.99, or roughly twice the price of the Yanmai microphone. Unlike the Yanmai however, it is absolutely wretched. There was such a high degree of distortion when recording through it that I found I could not use it in the fan experiments which I had bought it for. I ended up buying the Yanmai microphone for that instead. -------------------- 117 Easy Effects Software The techniques described so far all involve recording audio files and then processing them later to produce the desired result. This is probably the simplest and most straightforward way of doing things if you are making a typical podcast. However, there may be instances where you want to apply filtering or other effects on the "live" signal immediately and not after the fact. 118 There is audio software which can hook into your computer's audio system and do this with a live signal. For Linux, there is a package called "Easy Effects". This is Free Software and comes under a GPL V3 or later license. I installed it from the Debian repository under Ubuntu 24.04. 119 You can create various filters and even chain them together to combine them. I played with it a bit but do not know enough about it to discuss it seriously at this time. However, I thought it would be worth mentioning for the sake of those who may wish to try it out themselves. -------------------- 120 Episode Conclusion After having had some fun with audio and listening to other HPR members talk about audio, I thought I would have some more fun by playing with noise reduction filters. I have no intention of becoming an audio professional, but by doing some experiments I learned a few things and had some fun doing it. I hope that the rest of you found this interest as well. I will see you all again later in another episode of Hacker Public Radio. -------------------- Scripts Basic Filter This shows basic high and low pass filters ( 120 Hz and 8 kHz respectively) and band reject filters for 50 and 60 Hz. # The high and low pass filters. hlpfil="highpass=f=120, highpass=f=120, lowpass=f=8000, lowpass=f=8000" # Band reject filters filter for 60Hz and another for 50Hz. linefil="bandreject=f=60:width_type=h:w=20, bandreject=f=50:width_type=h:w=20" # Filter using ffmpeg. ffmpeg -i inputfile.flac -af "$hlpfil, $linefil" outputname.flac # ====================================================================== afftdn Filter # noisefloor should be between 20 and 80. noisefloor=$1 # Run the noise reduction. ffmpeg -i testrec-filtered.flac -af "afftdn=nr=10:nf=-""$noisefloor" tmptestrec.flac # ====================================================================== agate Filter # threshold shoud be between 10 and 80. threshold=$1 # Run the noise reduction. ffmpeg -i testrec-filtered.flac -af "agate=threshold=-"$threshold"dB:range=-60dB" tmptestrec.flac # ====================================================================== arnndn Filter # mix should be between 0 and 1. mix=$1 # Run the noise reduction. ffmpeg -i testrec-filtered.flac -af 'arnndn=model=std.rnnn:mix='"$mix" tmptestrec.flac # ====================================================================== sox noisered Filter # Generate the noise profile from a sample of background noise. sox silencefiltered.flac -n noiseprof noise.prof # nramount shoudl be between 0 and 1 sox testrec-filtered.flac noiseout-testrec.flac noisered noise.prof "$nramount" # ====================================================================== Manual Filter for Maxwell Headset Noise # Create a series of band reject filters, from 1 kHz to 11 kHz. ftemplate="bandreject=f=%s000:width_type=h:w=100" kilospikefil=$( seq 1 11 | xargs printf "$ftemplate," ) # Using ffmpeg ffmpeg -i testrec-filtered.flac -af "$kilospikefil" tmptestrec.flac # ====================================================================== Create a "chirp" signal # Start frequency. f0=20 # End frequency. f1=15000 # Duration of signal. duration=10 ffmpeg -f lavfi -i "aevalsrc=sin(2 * PI * (0.5 * ($f1 - $f0)/$duration * t^2 + ($f0 * t))):s=44100:d=$duration" -c:a flac -af "aformat=sample_fmts=s16" chirp.flac # ====================================================================== Generate Audio Tones toneout () { printf -v freqval "%05d" $1 ffmpeg -f lavfi -i "sine=frequency=$freqval:duration=3" tmptone.flac # Normalize ffmpeg -i tmptone.flac -af loudnorm=I=-17:TP=-2.0:LRA=4.0 -ar 44.1k -sample_fmt s16 tone$freqval.flac rm tmptone.flac } # List of frequencies in hertz. freqlist="50 60 100 120 130 140 150 160 170 200 500 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000" for freq in $( echo $freqlist ); do toneout $freq done # ====================================================================== Provide feedback on this episode.

Frame rates are one of those video settings that can seem more complicated than they need to be, partly because different creative worlds use them differently. Movies are still usually associated with 24fps, which comes from the history of film and the minimum frame rate needed to create convincing motion without wasting film stock. Over time, that look also became tied to narrative filmmaking, because we are used to seeing scripted stories presented that way. For online video, 30fps often makes practical sense, especially when the goal is to clearly show real products, screens, interfaces, or everyday motion. It can feel a little more direct and realistic than 24fps without going all the way into the very smooth look of 60fps. For YouTube, social platforms, tutorials, tech videos, and other reality-based content, 30fps can be a very sensible choice. 60fps has real uses too, but it is not automatically better. It can be useful for sports, gaming, home videos, fast-moving kids, travel moments, or anything that might need to be slowed down later. The tradeoff is that it usually creates larger files, needs more light, and has less motion blur, which changes the feeling of the footage. In lower light, that can mean more noise or heavier noise reduction, especially on phones. Higher frame rates are mainly useful for slow motion, but they also come with technical considerations. In regions with 50Hz lighting, 100fps may be a better choice than 120fps to avoid flicker. PAL, NTSC, and odd frame rates like 23.98 and 29.97 can still matter in certain workflows, especially when mixing cameras, timelines, and audio. There is no single correct frame rate for everything. Each one has a purpose, and it helps to understand what you are gaining and giving up when you choose it.

This show has been flagged as Clean by the host. 01 This is the third in a four part series on simple podcasting. 02 In this episode we will cover the following topics: Analysis of audio noise problems and filtering methods used to deal with specific problems that we may find. Command line recording. Command line playback. Getting information about an audio recording. 03 Introduction When I did my first couple of podcasts I didn't notice that there was a quiet high pitched whine or buzz in the background. Nobody complained about it, but I thought I could do better in subsequent episodes. 04 Creating an Audio Sample If you have a similar problem, the first step is to find out where it is coming from. If there is no audible noise where you are recording, there is a good chance the problem is in the microphone or another part of the audio system. Plug in your microphone and record 2 or 3 seconds of quiet audio where you do not speak into the microphone or make other noise. 05 You will need a minimum amount of data in order to analyze it. For a flac file sampled at 44.1 kHz, 2 to 3 seconds of data should be enough. To get a sample of just electronic noise you can put the microphone in a drawer or somewhere like that if you want to be sure of getting a quiet signal. Any sound recorded in this way should be mainly from the microphone or other electronic elements in the analogue pathway. To get a sample of possible ambient noise, such as fans, make sure the microphone is in the open air in an area which is representative of where it will be when you are recording. -------------------- 06 Analyzing using Fourier Transforms Next you need to look at the wave form. At this point I will describe this using Audacity. I will show other ways later, but Audacity is actually the easiest if you are starting from nothing. You don't need to become an expert in Audacity to use it, just follow the steps I will describe. I myself don't know how to use Audacity beyond using this one feature. 07 We are going to analyze the sound spectrum in our sample. The technique being used is a Fourier Transform. A Fourier transform, often called an "FFT" for fast fourier transform, is a mathematical method of showing a signal in terms of frequency along the x axis instead of time. This allows us to spot troublesome noise frequencies which appear when we don't want them to. The FFT is a very common mathematical technique which is widely used in signal processing, not just in audio. 08 There is software which will create pretty coloured animations of sound waves, but this is not what you want. These are simply decorative patterns and won't tell us what we want to know. -------------------- 09 Using Audacity Install Audacity if you haven't already. Start Audacity. Select file > import > audio, then navigate to your sample and select "open". The file should load. 10 In the wave form part of the window, click anywhere and then type Ctrl-S to select all data points. The chart should turn a slightly darker colour. From the menu, select Analyze > Plot Spectrum. A new window will open, showing magnitude in db on the Y axis, and frequency in hertz on the x axis. For "algorithm" be sure it is set to "spectrum" 11 There are now two settings that we need to play with while we look for problems. One is "size" The default for this is 1024. The other is "axis". The default for this is "log frequency". -------------------- 12 What to Look For What we are looking for are large obvious spikes that stand out in the data. Since our test signal has very little to no actual audio data, any spikes should represent electrical or other noise that doesn't belong there. 13 I have found two combinations of settings to be most helpful in finding problems. These are Size 2048, axis linear frequency. Size 32768, axis log frequency. 14 A small size value can help very narrow spikes stand out from the background more, while a large size value can help separate spikes from surrounding noise. A linear frequency axis can help with seeing all spikes across the full frequency range, while a log frequency axis can help to better see what is happening in the often very crowded lowest frequency range. -------------------- 15 A Real Example of an Audio Problem If you have good audio equipment you may find nothing obvious. If you cannot hear any noise in the signal, there may be none of any consequence and there is nothing for you to do. 16 However, in my case I found two main problems and one lesser one. One problem was a spike at 60 Hz, which is the AC line frequency. There is also a lesser problem of a collection of a broad frequency range of noise below 60Hz. Both of these however will be taken care of by the basic filtering that we looked at earlier so we do not need to worry about them here. 17 The other main problem is I had a large spike at every 1 kHz interval from 1 kHz to 19 KHz. This was noise generated within the head set electronics, or the result of noise on the USB power supply. This is the product of a cheap headset. 18 These spikes are not very large compared to the volume of my voice, but if I do the same sort of analysis of samples where I am speaking, they appear in the intervals between words. This results in a high pitched whine or buzz. This was the source of the background noise or buzz in my first two podcast episodes. I need to get rid of this. 19 One option would be to get a better microphone, but, well, that wouldn't be any fun would it. It would also cost money and I don't want to spend any of that if I don't have to. If you analyze your own signal, you may find a different pattern, or even no noise at all. If you did not find anything when shielding your microphone from ambient audio noise, repeat the same test but with the microphone exposed to acoustic noise in the room. -------------------- 20 Advanced Filtering The next step is to figure out how to get rid of this noise. I have called this section "advanced filtering", but we are actually just making use of a technique that was already covered in basic filtering. 21 To deal with the remaining spikes we can use additional "band reject" filters, each of which removes a specific frequency at 1 kHz intervals from 1 kHz to 12 kHz. We will use this in combination with the filtering that we have already done previously, so we don't need to worry about anything above 12 kHz as we already remove that with a low pass filter. After a small amount of experimenting I came up with the following. 22 Because I am applying a total of 16 filters, 4 for basic filtering and 12 to deal with the specific microphone problems that I have, I have broken up the filters into separate strings. I then generate the 12 new band reject filters from a template. Note that I don't show the "de-esser" filter here. I would recommend adding it as a separate step after doing the sort of filtering we are talking about here. 23 Rather than reading out multiple lines of bash script, I will post them in the show notes. I will give a brief description of them here which you can refer to when reading the show notes. The FFMPEG and Sox versions are very similar in concept so I don't need to go over the Sox version in detail. See the show notes for it. FFMPEG Version Here's the FFMPEG version. # The high and low pass filters. hlpfil="highpass=f=80, lowpass=f=12000" # Band reject filters filter for 60Hz and another for 50Hz. linefil="bandreject=f=60:width_type=h:w=20, bandreject=f=50:width_type=h:w=20" # Create a series of band reject filters, from 1 kHz to 12 kHz. # Change or remove this part if your recording hardware does not require it. ftemplate="bandreject=f=%s000:width_type=h:w=100" kilospikefil=$( seq 1 12 | xargs printf "$ftemplate," ) # Using ffmpeg ffmpeg -i input.flac -af "$hlpfil, $linefil, $kilospikefil" output.flac 24 There are a total of 5 lines of bash script. In the first line, we create a string called "hlpfil" which is just the high and low pass filters copied from our previous discussion on basic filtering. In the second line, we create a string called "linefil" which is just the simple bandreject filters to cover 50 and 60 hertz AC line noise filters also from basic filtering. 25 In the third and fourth lines, we create a string called "kilospikefil" containing the new filters. The "f" parameter represents the frequency we are targeting. The "w" parameter represents the "width" of the frequency range we are filtering in terms of hertz. The filter is applied gradually rather than with a sharp cut-off, so to get more filtering action we need to have larger width. In this case I decided to hammer the spike quite aggressively and so used a relatively wide width of 100 hertz. Testing with a voice file did not show any noticeable distortion, so it's an acceptable solution. 26 For this filter we need to create a dozen filter command so we use the shell "seq" command to generate a sequence of numbers from 1 to 12. We then pipe that into the xargs command which applies each number to the next command. The next command is "printf", which takes the number it gets from xargs and applies it to the "ftemplate" string template in a manner very similar to C programming printf string templates. 27 We also have a comma in there to separate each of the individual filters. We then surround this with a $ and () so we can run the command and capture the output into a variable. Then we call ffmpeg and pass it the filters we created by putting the variable names inside a double quoted string, separated by commas. All of this will be in the show notes, so don't worry about trying to get the exact details right now. Sox Version Here's the Sox version. # The high and low pass filters. sxhlpfil="highpass 80 lowpass 12000" # Band reject filters filter for 60Hz and another for 50Hz. sxfilter="$sxhlpfil $sxkilospikefil bandreject 60 20 bandreject 50 20" # Create a series of reject filters filters, from 1 kHz to 12 kHz. sxftemplate="bandreject %s000 100" sxkilospikefil=$( seq 1 12 | xargs printf "$sxftemplate " ) # Using SOX. sox input.flac output.flac $sxhlpfil $sxfilter $sxkilospikefil 28 The Sox version is very similar with the exception that the command arguments representing the filters must not be in quoted strings as Sox wants to see them as separate arguments instead of parsing a string. -------------------- 29 Confirming the Effect If we apply the above filters and look at this headset noise output file in the Audacity spectrum analyzer we will now see that these noise spikes are almost completely gone. We can now confirm how well this works by using a test audio file. Any normal short voice audio file will do for this. Just talk into the microphone normally and create a voice sample file that is 5 or 10 seconds long, or whatever you feel comfortable with. 30 With the original unfiltered voice audio I can hear a distinct high pitched whine overlaying the voice. With the filtered audio that whine or hum is not detectable. If we then look at the voice file in the Audacity spectrum analyzer, we can see distinct "notches" at the 50 Hz and 60 Hz frequencies, and at every 1 kHz from 1 kHz to 12 kHz. These notches are narrow enough that they won't cause a noticeable problem with voice signals. If we apply this filter to voice samples, the buzz or whine is gone and the voice signal sounds fine. Despite using a very cheap microphone, I now have acceptable quality audio for a podcast. 31 Again I want to emphasize that in this instance I am dealing with deficiencies with my hardware instead of buying a better microphone. These additional filters are intended to deal with the specific hardware problem I am facing. You don't need these additional filters if you cannot detect an audible problem. On the other hand, if you have a different problem you may wish to deal with a different set of frequencies. Finding these problems is the reason for using a spectrum analyzer. 32 FFMPEG has other filtering methods as well. However, as I didn't end up using them I can't really do an adequate job of describing them. If anyone has used them successfully, they are welcome to make a podcast on the subject. -------------------- 33 Completing the Process With these new filters added into the middle of the processing steps, you can now complete the processing by doing the de-essing, normalizing, and review steps as described in the previous episode. -------------------- 34 Command Line Recording I will now cover a separate topic, which is recording using command line programs. I am covering it in this episode as it is a short topic and it is convenient to talk about it here. 35 As well as using GUI based recording programs such as Gnome Sound Recorder, it is possible to record podcast episodes using command line tools such as FFMPEG. As for why you may wish to use command line tools to record audio, there are several reasons. One is that you may simply prefer to do it this way because it pleases you to do so. Another is that it allows the recording step to be included in a script that encompasses other parts of the process, automating what may have otherwise been separate manual steps. 36 However, if you don't find these arguments particularly compelling, then I'm not going to attempt to persuade you to use the command line to record audio. I am doing this part of this episode out of a desire to have a bit of fun and I probably won't be using it much myself. I will however use one of these methods to record this part of this episode. 37 Recording with FFMPEG - The Basics One of the common command line tools you can use is FFMPEG, a package which I have previously mentioned with respect to filtering audio files. Here is an example of how to record using FFMPEG. We call FFMPEG specifying the audio input system as the FFMPEG input, and then specify a file to output to. 38 # Record audio. ffmpeg -f pulse -i default ff.flac 39 Press 'q' to stop. This uses pulse audio on Linux for input "-f pulse", and the default input "-i default". However, this does not specify the the sample rate or mono recording. To do that we need to add a few more parameters as in the following 40 ffmpeg -f pulse -i default -ac 1 -ar 44100 ff.flac 41 "-ac 1" specifies mono output "-ar 44100" specifies 44.1 khz bit rate. 42 Playback with FFMPEG - The Basics FFMPEG can also play back music. In this case however we need to call the "ffplay" program rather than FFMPEG itself. To play an audio file, simply call ffplay and give it the name of the audio file as an argument to the command. For example: 43 # Play an audio file. ffplay podcast.flac 44 We can also call it with the "autoexit" option, which tells ffplay to automatically exit when the audio file has finished playing. ffplay -autoexit ff.flac 45 -autoexit means Exit when the audio file is done playing. 46 To exit in the middle of the recording, press "q' or ESC. To pause the playback, press "p" or space bar. To decrease the volume press "9" or "/". To increase the volume press "0" or "*". 47 To seek forward 10 seconds, press the right cursor button. To seek backward 10 seconds, press the left cursor button. To seek forward 1 minute, press the up cursor button. To seek backward 1 minute, press the down cursor button. 48 The "0" and "9" keys mentioned above are those on the top row of the keyboard, not the ones on the separate numeric pad. 49 While the recording is playing, a graphical window will open which shows a cascading waveform based on the current content. This is purely decorative and does not serve any particularly useful purpose. -------------------- #!/bin/bash # Record a podcast episode segment. # Get the next file name. # First we check if any matching file patterns exist. If they don't, # then we create the first one starting counting at 1. fcount=$( ls [0-9][0-9].flac 2>/dev/null | wc -l ) if (( $fcount < 1 )); then fname="01.flac" else # If there are any matching file patterns, we find the highest number # and increment it by 1. filenum=$( ls [0-9][0-9].flac 2>&1 | cut -d. -f1 | sort | tail -1 ) newfilecount=$(( 10#$filenum + 1 )) fname=$( printf "%02d.flac" $newfilecount ) fi echo "Recording to: $fname" # Record using ffmpeg. # This makes use of pulse audio and the input is the default audio input. # The sample rate is set to 44.1 kHz, and it is recorded as mono (1 channel). ffmpeg -f pulse -i default -ar 44100 -ac 1 $fname echo "Recorded audio to: $fname" # Report on basic information about the audio file that was just recorded. ffprobe -hide_banner $fname -------------------- 50 Sox - Not so Good I did not find the recording or playback features of Sox to be as useful as those of FFMPEG, so I won't bother to cover them here. -------------------- 51 Getting Information About an Audio Recording There are also command line tools which can be used to retrieve information about audio recordings. 52 FFMPEG Version With FFMPEG this is called "ffprobe". For example: 53 ffprobe hpr4566.mp3 54 This will print out a lot of information about FFMPEG itself. To skip that use the hide_banner option. 55 ffprobe -hide_banner hpr4566.mp3 56 This will print out information about the audio recording. This will include things like the duration, bit rate, sample rate, stereo or mono, etc. If the author added metadata tags to the file, it will also show those. HPR add things like the title, author, copyright license, comment, etc. You can extract the ones you want using something like grep and cut. 57 Sox Version Sox has a similar feature, called "soxi". 58 soxi ff.flac 59 However, it may not work on mp3 files if you do not have an mp3 handler for it installed. -------------------- 60 Conclusion In this episode we took a brief look at an example of how to solve an audio problem through filtering. We looked at how to use Audacity to find where the problems were. We then looked at how to apply filters to remove these sources of noise. We also looked at how to record podcasts and get information about audio files using command line tools. 61 In the next episode we will look at alternatives to Audacity for analyzing audio. While Audacity works just fine, this is an opportunity to have a bit fun with some gratuitous hackery. 62 This has been the third episode in a four part series on simple podcasting. -------------------- -------------------- Full Audio Processing Pipeline This version includes the special filters used to fix my headset problems. Use the version from the previous episode if you do not have the same audio hardware problems. #!/bin/bash # Full processing pipeline for making simple podcasts. # ====================================================================== # Concatenate multiple flac files into a single flac file. # This is used to combine podcast recorded segments into a single # flac file for uploading to HPR. concataudio () { outputname="$1" # First create the list file. printf "file '%s'n" [0-9][0-9].flac > podseglist.txt # Now concatenate them ffmpeg -f concat -safe 0 -i podseglist.txt "$outputname" rm podseglist.txt } # ====================================================================== # Basic and advanced filters. filter () { inputfile=$1 outputname=$2 # Using ffmpeg. # The high and low pass filters. hlpfil="highpass=f=80, lowpass=f=12000" # Band reject filters filter for 60Hz and another for 50Hz. linefil="bandreject=f=60:width_type=h:w=20, bandreject=f=50:width_type=h:w=20" # Create a series of band reject filters, from 1 kHz to 11 kHz. ftemplate="bandreject=f=%s000:width_type=h:w=100" kilospikefil=$( seq 1 11 | xargs printf "$ftemplate," ) # Using ffmpeg ffmpeg -i $inputfile -af "$hlpfil, $linefil, $kilospikefil" $outputname } # ====================================================================== # De-Essing. deessing () { inputfile=$1 outputname=$2 option=$3 # De-essing filter. ffmpeg -i $inputfile -filter_complex "deesser=i=0.5:m=0.5:f=0.5:s=$option" -b:a 336k -sample_fmt s16 $outputname } # ====================================================================== # Normalizing the audio to EBU R128 standard for review using ffmpeg. normffmpeg () { inputfile=$1 outputname=$2 # Normalize to EBU R128 standard. ffmpeg -i $inputfile -af loudnorm=I=-17:TP=-2.0:LRA=4.0 -ar 44.1k $outputname } # ====================================================================== # Output an MP3 version to help with reviewing. mp3convert () { inputfile=$1 # Get the name of the file and then create the output file name. j=$( basename $inputfile ".flac" ) outputname="$j"".mp3" # Convert to MP3. ffmpeg -i $inputfile $outputname } # ====================================================================== # Concatenate the separate audio files. concataudio fullpod-unfiltered.flac # Basic filtering. filter fullpod-unfiltered.flac filtered.flac # De-essing. This is the version to send for publishing. # The third argument should be "o" for de-essing, or "i" for pass through without de-essing. deessing filtered.flac fullpod.flac o # Normalized for review. normffmpeg fullpod.flac fullpod-norm.flac # Output an MP3 copy for review. mp3convert fullpod-norm.flac -------------------- -------------------- Provide feedback on this episode.

"At this segment of the Lech, the river has left its Alpine origins – its wild and icy rapids are just a memory. Data suggest that the Lech is “heavily modified” by human intervention (i.e., channelization, hydroelectric stations). However, at this point in its journey to the Danube, the river Lech (described as “widely lacking natural geomorphic dynamics”) does not merit restoration plans. Here, it seems to be considered nothing special or remarkable. Yet I was drawn to the “humming of the power station” in the field recording. This hypnotic sound highlights the nearby human activities that draw power from the Lech's steady flow. "The Wasserkraftwerk's low drone beneath the lively rush of water awakened my examination of the relationship between nature and technology. In creating “Sink, Surface,” I imagined timeless naiadic spirits becoming entranced by the incursion of human technomagic. Their chaotic, playful noises settle into harmonic relation with the device's drone. "When I first heard that drone, I assumed 50Hz would be most prominent. However, listening deeply and vocalizing along with the rich hum, I found amplitude peaks: at (roughly) 138 Hz, 207 Hz and 350 Hz – very easily translated into a D♭major triad. I decided to filter sweep the white noise of the river itself to alternately remove and enhance the harmonic aspects of the machines. I then vocalized in various styles and timbres for use as compositional materials. I also played with the asymmetrical stereo of the original recording, first filling in the full stereo field, then at the end swapping the louder left channel to the right – a mirror image that reflects one's change upon emerging from the depths. "How do how human endeavours both rely and impinge upon our ecological contexts? As an imaginary (re)mystification of the River Lech, “Sink, Surface” seeks to dissolve the false divide between the natural world and the human. It invites listeners into the liminal space of the Lech – where the power station emerges a vibrant, animating presence and the river's sounding spirits call us to experience our own embodied inner flows."Section of the river Lech reimagined by Gretchen Jude. -------Flow is a creative exploration telling the story of a river through the power of sound. The project is a collaboration between the University of Padova and the University of Würzburg, with support from Cities and Memory. Explore the full project at https://citiesandmemory.com/flow.

This week's stories: *Mud Playgrounds Double Kids' Bacterial Diversity and Spike Immune Genes 30% Finland swapped rubber playground surfaces for natural soil and mud across eight kindergartens — and after just one month, kids in dirt had twice the bacterial species diversity on their skin and a 30% increase in expression of ten immune-related genes. Dave breaks down why your immune system requires microbial exposure to calibrate properly, what the hygiene hypothesis actually means for adults, and the dead-simple weekly habit that primes your innate immunity the same way. Sources: https://creators.yahoo.com/lifestyle/story/finland-replaced-artificial-playground-surfaces-with-natural-elements-like-mud-and-soil--and-the-results-surprised-even-researchers-184318556.html https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2026/04/mud-playground-immunity.htm *Mixing Exercise Types Cuts All-Cause Mortality Up to 40% in 170,000-Person Study A 30-year BMJ Medicine cohort study found that people who rotate at least three different types of exercise weekly see 19 to 40% lower all-cause mortality — and that benefit held independent of total training volume. Dave explains why variety is a distinct biological signal, not a motivation trick, and why grinding more of the same thing is leaving longevity gains on the table. Sources: https://bmjmedicine.bmj.com/content/early/2026/04/26/bmjmed-2025-001513 https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2026/04/260426012305.htm https://www.theguardian.com/society/2026/apr/26/exercise-diversity-mortality *Facial Aging Rate from Photos Predicts Cancer Survival Better Than Blood Biomarkers AI analysis of serial facial photos in 1,000+ cancer patients found that computed facial aging rate independently predicted five-year survival with a hazard ratio of 2.1 — outperforming CRP and other standard blood markers. Dave covers what the AI is actually reading in those photos, why your face is a more accurate biological ledger than most labs your doctor orders, and the free monthly habit that turns this into an early warning system. Sources: https://medicalxpress.com/news/2026-04-photos-reveal-faster-biological-aging.html https://www.nature.com/articles/s43587-026-00123-4 *Vibration Vest OsteoBoost Mimics Weight-Bearing Exercise to Rebuild Bone Density OsteoBoost raised $8M for a wearable vest delivering 30–50Hz vibrations to the spine and hips, triggering the same Wnt/β-catenin osteoblast pathway activated by mechanical loading — with early trials showing 2–5% bone mineral density gains in six months. Dave makes the case forwhy bone loss is one of the most underrated aging crises in the biohacking community, and who should be watching this category closely. Sources: https://longevity.technology/news/osteoboost-raises-8m-to-scale-bone-wearable/ https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/osteoboost *10+ States Advance Raw Milk Bills as H5N1 Hits 100+ Dairy Herds Legislation expanding raw milk access is moving in Arizona, Iowa, New Hampshire, and elsewhere — while the CDC flags H5N1 in over a hundred dairy herds with documented aerosol transmission concerns. Dave gives an honest read on where the freedom argument, the microbiome argument, and the current risk calculus actually stand in April 2026, and what more rigorous sourcing looks like right now. Sources: https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/us-med--raw-milk-legislation-120124275.html https://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/dairy.htm This episode is designed for biohackers, longevity seekers, and high-performance listeners who want mechanism-level clarity on immune priming, exercise science, biological age tracking, bone health, and real food risk assessment. Host Dave Asprey connects emerging clinical research, large-scale cohort data, and real-world protocols into actionable frameworks for extending healthspan and sharpening performance. New episodes every Tuesday, Thursday, Friday, and Sunday. Keywords: mud playground immune system microbiome, soil bacteria skin diversity, hygiene hypothesis biohacking, exercise variety longevity, BMJ exercise mortality study, mixed training lifespan, facial aging rate cancer survival, biological age face AI, facial photo biomarker longevity, OsteoBoost vibration vest bone density, whole body vibration osteoporosis, bone mineral density wearable, raw milk H5N1 bird flu, raw milk legislation 2026, raw dairy safety biohacking, biohacking news, longevity research 2026, Dave Asprey weekly roundup Thank you to our sponsors! - KILLSwitch | If you're ready for the best sleep of your life, order now at https://www.switchsupplements.com/and use code DAVE for 20% off - Puori | Go to Puori.com/DAVE or use code DAVE at checkout to get 32% off your Puori Fish Oil subscription. You save more than $18. - iRestore | Reverse hair loss at www.irestore.com/DAVE and get exclusive savings on the iRestore Elite, use code DAVE Resources: • Get My 2026 Clean Nicotine Roadmap | Enroll for free at https://daveasprey.com/2026-clean-nicotine-roadmap/ • Get My 2026 Biohacking Trends Report: https://daveasprey.com/2026-biohacking-trends-report/ • Dave Asprey's Latest News | Go to https://daveasprey.com/ to join Inside Track today. • Danger Coffee: https://dangercoffee.com/discount/dave15 • My Daily Supplements: SuppGrade Labs (15% Off) • Favorite Blue Light Blocking Glasses: TrueDark (15% Off) • Dave Asprey's BEYOND Conference: https://beyondconference.com • Dave Asprey's New Book – Heavily Meditated: https://daveasprey.com/heavily-meditated • Join My Substack (Live Access To Podcast Recordings): https://substack.daveasprey.com/ • Upgrade Labs: https://upgradelabs.com Timestamps: 00:00 – Intro 00:20 – Dirt & Immune Training 02:22 – Exercise Variety & Longevity 04:16 – Facial Aging as a Health Biomarker 05:47 – Bone Loss & Vibration Tech 07:31 – Raw Milk & H5N1 Risk 09:20 – The Wrapup See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

Double Tap - Ep 458 This episode of Double Tap is brought to you by: C&G Holsters (Code: WLSISLIFE) Gideon Optics (Code: WLSISLIFE) Rost Martin (Code: WLSISLIFE) Night Fision (Code: WLSISLIFE) Blue Alpha Second Call Defense Text Dear WLS or Reviews +1 743 500 2171  Public   Show Titles   GOA GOALS Aug 1-2 in Iowa. https://goals.goa.org/ GunCon.net Tickets on sale now. Use code AGENCY171 DEAR WLS Question from Clay-more the Merrier As 2026 is the 500th anniversary of Beretta I'd like to know the panel's favorite Italian firearm, food and historical military leader? Question from Anonymous Coward Jon Hey guys wanted to ask you a question regarding hunting, do you think I should get a 22 air rifle (small game) and a crossbow (big game) to cover my hunting needs on both areas or is there a caliber that you guys can recommend that would do both? Thanks and love the show Question from Matthew C Hello, I am a diesel technician in eastern Indiana and work in a very rural and gun friendly area. A few of us in the shop have noticed that the required experience for drivers has been lowered in the last few years and we have all noticed the “quality” of drivers has drastically dropped. We have had upset drivers that come in yelling and screaming after getting fired or not getting their way (most of them are of the non English speaking variety). A few of us have kept pistols in our toolboxes for years. The safety department and upper management tell everyone “it's against company policy”. They are all great bosses and understand what is actually happening. They then talk for 10 minutes about the high end 1911 they keep in their desk. A couple of us have purchased the North American Arms .22 magnum, folding revolvers to pocket carry. They look like a standard pocket knife clip from 5 feet away and no one notices. The single action and 5 shot capacity is less than desirable though. We were talking and arguing over what is the best gun/holster combination that could conceal perfectly and not get caught on equipment. We are all 5'9- 6′ 1″, 160lbs to 220lbs. Not skinny, not fat. Appendix carry is not ideal. We were all thinking less than $700 total setup. The weapons will get beat up and dirty on occasion. What is your thoughts on ankle holsters? We would prefer 9mm. Would combination would you guys recommend? If no decision can be made, our young parts guy is a 21 year old virgin. He is 6′ 5″ and 350lbs. We could always have him rape the driver to death. Just a back up option. We think he may be Jeremy's illegitimate offspring. P.S Thanks to this show, I figured out that my favorite hat is ALSO a Richardson 112. Fat heads for life! Question from Cooter H Nick mentioned cheap 22's on Double Tap last week. Those make rad projects if you're willing to cut up a classic. I just took a Remington 511, cut it to 16”, threaded it for a can, then mounted an old glossy Leupold and stuck it in a surplus Remington 513 stock. What other old guns would the cast bastardize make it cool again? Question from Chris W Hey guys if you had to build a dmr load out what would it be? Semi auto, or bolt? 30-06, .308, or 7mm rem mag? What optics? Noreen arms makes these big ass semi auto rifles and I kind of want one and cant decide. The budget isnt a concern and its going to be a range toy for the most part or until shit hits the fan and I need someone on overwatch. Thanks in advance. Question from Un-ominous Cowword in Your Mom Is Aaron's middle name really Farkas or is that just him slipping(pun intended) a word that sounds like fuck-ass into his social media? Thanks GUN INDUSTRY NEWS GOA: Anti-Gun Lobby Attacks Organization as Extremists for Second Amendment Advocacy Gun Owners of America (GOA) reports that the billionaire-funded gun-control lobby is labeling the organization as extremists due to its uncompromising stance on restoring Second Amendment rights nationwide. The article contrasts GOA's grassroots support with the anti-gun lobby's scare tactics and political compromises. It urges readers to join GOA to support the ongoing fight against gun control. Not Stated Not Stated UTG Pro Extended Cocking Handle for MP5 and MP5K UTG Pro, part of Leapers, Inc., has released a USA-made extended cocking handle designed for MP5 and MP5K platforms. The one-piece steel accessory features a 1-inch extension with textured grip for improved control, especially for larger hands and ambidextrous use. It is optimized for UTG PRO Monolithic M-LOK handguards and compatible with most 9mm receiver MP5, MP5K, and clones. Henry Repeating Arms Bear's Leg Pistol (H9, H10, H12) Henry Repeating Arms released the Bear's Leg Pistol, a modern lever-action pistol inspired by the classic Mare's Leg from Steve McQueen's ‘Wanted: Dead or Alive.' It features updated X Model furniture, threaded barrel for suppressors, and calibers including .357 Mag, .44 Mag, .30-30 Win, and .45-70 Gov't. The design supports customization with M-LOK slots, Picatinny rails, and SBR conversion where legally permitted. Radian Weapons Afterburner + Ramjet for Glock Gen 6 G19/G45 Radian Weapons has released the Afterburner + Ramjet (AB+RJ) barrel-and-compensator system specifically engineered for Glock Gen 6 pistols, initially for G19 and G45 models with G17 to follow. The system addresses Gen 6 barrel geometry differences for safe compatibility, providing reduced recoil, improved muzzle control, and match-grade accuracy. It features a threadless design with precision machining and is now shipping from retailers.101 Hi-Point Firearms HUSH-POINT Multi-Caliber Flow-Through Suppressor Hi-Point Firearms debuted a new additive-manufactured, multi-caliber flow-through suppressor added to the HUSH-POINT line at the 2026 NRA Annual Meetings & Exhibits. It supports calibers from .17 HMR to .30-06 with advanced flow-through technology for reduced back-pressure, available in Titanium 64 (10.5 oz) or Inconel 718 (14.5 oz) at 7″ length x 1.75″ diameter. The suppressor features direct thread or HUB/QD mounts, includes two stainless steel adapters, and is made in Ohio with a lifetime warranty. Vortex Veil 400 Thermal Monocular The Vortex Veil 400 is the company's first thermal monocular, featuring a 400×300 resolution detector with 12μm pixel pitch and 50Hz refresh rate for sharp imaging. It offers 2.3x base magnification with digital zoom up to 4x, a 1100-yard detection range, and includes 4 color palettes, 3 viewing modes, and photo/video capture. Powered by a rechargeable 18650 battery, it weighs 13.3 oz and measures 4.9 inches in length. Mantis Titan X Smart Laser Training Pistol The Mantis Titan X is a dry-fire laser training pistol designed for realistic pistol training, particularly magazine changes, featuring a resetting trigger, integrated MantisX sensor, and Bluetooth connectivity to the MantisX app for performance analytics. It mimics a Glock 19 form factor, fits standard Glock holsters, and includes weighted magazines that simulate loaded ammo weight for reload drills. Released in late 2025 after SHOT Show debut, it enables high-volume home training without live ammunition.4637 FLUX Defense Gen 2 Holster for Raider 365 Chassis FLUX Defense introduced a Gen 2 holster for the Raider 365 chassis at NRAAM 2026, designed to convert a SIG P365 pistol into a PDW. The holster features adjustable height options and adjustable retention. It is available for purchase on the manufacturer's website. Before we let you go – JOIN GUN OWNERS OF AMERICA We'd love if you supported the show, join Agency 171 at agency171.com. Lot's of prizes, rewards and kick ass swag. No matter how tough your battle is today, we want you here fight with us tomorrow. Don't struggle in silence, you can contact the suicide prevention line by dialing 988 from your phone. Remember – Always prefer Dangerous Freedom over peaceful slavery. We'll see you next time! Nick – @busbuiltsystems | Bus Built Systems Jeremy – @ret_actual | Rivers Edge Tactical Aaron – @machinegun_moses Savage – @savage1r Shawn – @dangerousfreedomyt | @camorado.cam | Camorado

This show has been flagged as Clean by the host. Basic-Filtering 01 Introduction This is the second episode in a four part series on a simple way to create your own HPR podcast episode. 02 This episode will cover the following topics: Basic filtering.. De-essing to improve voice quality. And normalizing to adjust audio levels for easier reviewing. 03 Filtering is removing unwanted noise from an audio signal. There are several ways of doing this. It is possible to do this with Audacity, but I don't know how so I won't try to describe that method. It is possible however to filter using command line tools such as FFMPEG and Sox. When assembled into shell scripts, these tools can become part of an automated process that you can use over and over again for each HPR episode that you record. 04 In a later episode I will discuss how to analyze audio signals to find the sources of noise that can be reduced or eliminated with filters. In this episode however I will discuss basic filtering that you can apply routinely without doing any analysis beforehand. 05 Sources of Noise A question that you may have is "why is there noise in the recording?" There are many sources of undesirable noise. 06 A very common one that you may not be aware of is electrical noise that works its way into the electronic recording circuits and is imperceptible to you until you play back the recorded audio. The most common noise signal is what is commonly called "line noise" and is a low frequency hum at 50 or 60 Hz from the electric power lines and reflects the 50 or 60 Hz frequency of the AC power lines feeding your recording hardware. 07 You may be familiar with this low frequency hum from when it emanates from large electrical hardware such as transformers as it makes the laminations vibrate. However, it can also work its way indirectly into electronic equipment as well. Good quality audio hardware may filter all or most of this out, but it is present in a lot of consumer grade hardware. 08 Other sources of electrical noise may reflect specific problems in your recording hardware. I will discuss one such problem with my microphone that I had to address. Still other sources of noise may reflect actual physical audio noise around you, such as fans. Placing the microphone close to your face will help in dealing with a lot of these problems, but you may find filtering to be of some help here as well. 09 Audio Frequency Range Let's start with some basics. A good quality stereo of the type you may have at home is typically rated to perform between 20 Hz and 20 kHz. This is the widest possible range that we need to consider. In reality, this is a far wider range than is needed for a voice oriented podcast. It is also well beyond the range of the hardware that many of your listeners will be using to listen to the podcast. 10 For example, the speakers that I have connected to my PC and a number of headphones and earphones that I have tested drop off drastically below 80 Hz or above 8 kHz, or even above 6 kHz in many cases. This is not audiophile quality hardware, but it is representative of the sort of hardware that a lot of your listeners will be using when listening to podcasts. And to be honest here, a lot of people will have difficulty hearing anything above 8 kHz even with the best quality audio hardware due to hearing loss from environmental noise exposure or age. 11 You can get a good idea of what different frequencies sound like by generating sine waves using either FFMPEG or Sox. Here's an example of generating a 1 kHz sine wave using FFMPEG. A copy of this will be in the show notes. ffmpeg -f lavfi -i "sine=frequency=1000:sample_rate=44100:duration=3" 01000hz.flac This creates a sine wave at 1 kHz and at a sample rate of 44.1 kHz for a duration of 3 seconds and saves it to a flac file named 01000hz.flac 12 Here's the same using Sox. sox -n -r 44100 -b 16 01000hz.flac synth 3 sine 1000 The -b 16 specifies using 16 bit audio to encode it, and the "sine 1000" element specifies the frequency in hertz. 13 You can test this out at different frequencies to get a feel for how your hardware responds. What the effective limits on typical hardware audio range means is that we can quite safely filter out a large part of what is considered to be the "audio range" without any noticeable loss of quality. For the purposes of our discussion here then I will limit the frequency range to between 80 Hz and 12 kHz, and that is being generous. You can probably narrow that, particularly at the top end, without any problems. 14 At the low end, the typical rule of thumb recommended by most people seems to be that for the average male voice you can set the lower threshold at 80 Hz, and for the average female you can set it at 160 Hz. Note that you don't *have* to set the threshold higher for a female. Rather, it is just that you typically *can* set it higher if you wish. Note also that these are averages, and may not reflect an actual individual. 15 Simple Filters We will now create some simple filters using the same command line software mentioned in a previous episode in this series. These are FFMPEG and Sox. 16 First let's define some terminology. A high pass filter passes through frequencies which fall above a certain threshold and blocks frequencies which are below that frequency. A low pass filter passes through frequencies which fall below a certain threshold and blocks frequencies which are above that frequency. 17 In reality there isn't an abrupt cut-off in the filters. Instead there is a gradual roll off or sloping off of amplitude below or above the specified filter frequency. This is for two reasons. One is that if there was an abrupt cut off then it would risk introducing audible distortion in the signal for frequencies on the margin. 18 The other reason is that this is how hardware filters traditionally inherently worked when they were made out of electronic components such as resistors, capacitors, and inductors. The sharpness of this cut off can be adjusted, but we won't be fiddling with it in that sort of detail. You will sometimes see filters specified in terms of "poles". This has to do with describing how filters were constructed using electronic components. Don't worry about it, it doesn't really matter. 19 Here is a typical high pass filter using ffmpeg which filters out frequencies below 80 hertz. # High pass filter. ffmpeg -i inputfile.flac -af "highpass=f=80" outputfile.flac Here is a typical low pass filter using ffmpeg which filters out frequencies above 12 kHz. # Low pass filter. ffmpeg -i inputfile.flac -af "lowpass=f=12000" outputfile.flac 20 Here is a filter which combines the two. # Combined filters. ffmpeg -i inputfile.flac -af "highpass=f=80, lowpass=f=12000" outputfile.flac And here is the same thing using Sox. sox inputfile.flac outputfile.flac highpass 80 lowpass 12000 21 Filtering Out Specific Frequencies Recall that I mentioned that a common source of noise is the 50 or 60 Hz AC power line frequency working its way through the electronics of your recording device. Because filters operate gradually and the 80 Hz lower filter threshold is close to 60 Hz, the high pass filter may not deal with this adequately. 22 Now it happens that your listeners may not be able to hear this 50 or 60 Hz noise anyway because their audio hardware won't reproduce it. That by the way includes you not being able to hear it either when you review your recording before uploading it. However, there may be some HPR listeners who are sitting back sipping a glass of wine and listening to your episode on their stereo and who can hear it. That suggests that we ought to do something about it just in case. 23 I will get into how to analyze audio signals in a later episode, but for now just accept that I looked at the frequency spectrum of a sample recording using my hardware and found a large 60 Hz noise spike which I wanted to address. 24 Experimenting with additional high pass frequencies up to 120 Hz did not improve things much with respect to the 60 Hz problem. There are other parameters which could be tweaked, but at this point it would seem most promising to attack the 60 Hz spike problem directly using a different filter method. To deal with the this 60 Hz spike we can use a "band reject" filter, which removes a specific band of frequencies. We will use this in combination with the filtering that we have already done above. 25 After a small amount of experimenting I came up with the following. I also added in a 50 Hz filter while I was at it, for the benefit of those living in areas with 50 Hz electrical supply. These filters will be included in the show notes, so don't worry if you can't quite understand all the details from a verbal description. 26 Here's the FFMPEG version. # Using ffmpeg ffmpeg -i input.flac -af "highpass=f=80, lowpass=f=12000, bandreject=f=60:width_type=h:w=20, bandreject=f=50:width_type=h:w=20" output.flac 27 This as the following elements A high pass filter at 80 Hz, A low pass filter at 12 kHz, A band reject filter centred at 60 Hz and with a width of 20 hertz. A similar band reject filter centred at 50 Hz. 28 Here's the Sox version. # Sox version. sox input.flac output.flac highpass 80 lowpass 12000 bandreject 60 20 bandreject 50 20 Note that with sox, don't quote the filter definition strings or else it will result in an error as sox doesn't see enough parameters. This is not a problem with ffmpeg. 29 The band reject filter knocks the stuffing out of the 60 Hz line noise, and the 50 Hz parameter should do the same for that frequency as well. This basic filter should be able to be applied to any podcast audio recording without causing any problems. You can probably reduce the low pass frequency from 12 kHz down to 8 kHz without any problems, but I would suggest that you test it with your voice before making that decision. 30 I will come back to filtering out specific frequencies again later when I discuss how I solved a specific problem with the hardware that I am using. However, we have to discuss how to analyze audio signals before we can do that sort of technical troubleshooting, and I will cover that in a later episode. -------------------- 31 De-Essing An additional type of filtering is "de-essing". When recording audio, the microphone or environment may result in "s", "sh", "ch" and possibly other sounds to be exaggerated. These are all higher frequency elements of voice recordings. "De-essing" attempts to soften these sounds by selectively reducing the volume on the frequency band which contains these sounds. 32 Software Filters De-essing is accomplished via software filters. FFMPEG and Sox both have de-essing filters. For FFMPEG, the de-essing filter is built in. For Sox however, we must install an optional plug-in. I will cover this is more detail when I discuss using Sox for de-essing. 33 Do You Need De-Essing? The first thing to make clear however, is that you may not need to worry about this. If you think the audio sounds just fine the way it is, you don't need to do any de-essing to it. De-essing is a very subtle change, and you would probably need to do some careful before and after comparisons of audio samples to tell the difference. I didn't know that a thing called de-essing even existed before I started doing the research to make this podcast episode. However, at this point we are doing things more for fun than out of necessity, so I'll describe it anyway. 34 De-Essing with FFMPEG De-essing with FFMPEG is relatively simple. The filter is built in, and there are just three values to adjust. On the other hand, it is not really obvious what these values mean in practical terms. 35 I will however warn you to not rely on the AI search results from Google to understand this feature. The AI, in my experience, just makes stuff up about it and tells you to use options that don't exist and values that are not valid. I found that the only useful information came from FFMPEG's own web site, and from examples written by actual humans. 36 I then experimented with different values to see what effects they had. Since the results are rather subtle, fine tuning isn't really that necessary and I found that I could arrive at some reasonable values fairly quickly. I will provide the parameters that I found useful for me, and I suspect they would probably work for you as well. 37 Here is a typical de-essing command. ffmpeg -i inputfile.flac -filter_complex "deesser=i=0.5:m=0.5:f=0.5:s=o" -b:a 336k -sample_fmt s16 outputfile.flac 38 The important arguments are i, m, and f. i is intensity for triggering de-essing. The allowed range is 0 to 1. The default is 0. By experimentation I found that "0" means no de-essing, and "1" is maximum de-essing. I found that setting it to "0.5" gave satisfactory results. 39 m is the amount of "ducking on the treble part of sound". The allowed range is 0 to 1. The default is 0.5. By experimentation I found that "1" means no de-essing, and "0" is maximum de-essing. I found that setting it to "0.5" gave satisfactory results. 40 f is how much of the original frequency content to keep when de-essing. The allowed range is 0 to 1. The default is 0.5. By experimentation I found that "1" means no de-essing, and "0" is maximum de-essing. I found that setting it to "0.5" gave satisfactory results. 41 Setting "m" or "f" too high can result in a distorted output as too much of the original sound is cut out. The defaults of 0.5 in both cases gave audible improvements without noticeable distortion. 42 There is an additional parameter called "s". This controls whether the de-essing filter does anything. Setting it to "o" is the normal and default mode. Setting it to "e" causes it to output just the components that it would normally have filtered out. This is useful for testing purposes so you can see what and how much is being filtered. You only use this when experimenting with different values. Setting it to "i" causes the input to be passed through without de-essing. This would be useful in scripts where you want to use a variable to control whether or not to use the de-esser while still creating the expected output file. 43 There are two other elements of the command which were included but are not strictly speaking part of the de-essing filter itself . These are " -b:a 336k" and "-sample_fmt s16". " -b:a 336k" sets the audio bit rate to 336k. "-sample_fmt s16" sets the audio sample format to 16 bit. I found it necessary to specify these in order to prevent the de-essing filter from changing formats. They are not part of de-essing however. 44 De-Essing with Sox You can also de-ess with Sox. However, this is more complex for several reasons. One reason is that Sox does not have its own de-essing filters. Instead it uses optional plug-ins, and you must find and install these. The actual plug in may vary depending on what operating system you are using. The other reason is that it deals with the issue in fairly low level parameters, and so is a bit more complex to describe. Because of this I will skip over describing this in detail and just give a very brief overview. If anyone would like me to describe in more detail how to de-ess with Sox, then send in a comment and I will do a short episode on it later. 45 Sox De-Essing Overview To de-ess with Sox, you first need to install the plug-ins. On Linux, these will be the TAP ladspa plug-ins. TAP stands for "Tom's Audio Processing" plugins. ladspa stands for "Linux Audio Developer's Simple Plugin API" To install the TAP plugins on Ubuntu, using the following command. sudo apt install tap-plugins The plug-in we need is called "tap_deesser.so". 46 In order to use the plug-ins, you need to set the path as a variable. On Ubuntu this is. export LADSPA_PATH="/usr/lib/ladspa:" I put the above in the shell script which calls the Sox de-esser. 47 To use the Sox de-esser, you do the following: sox inputfile.flac outputfile.flac ladspa tap_deesser tap_deesser -30 4500 48 tap_deesser tap_deesser tells it which plugin to use. We need to state tap_deesser twice because the first is the name of the ".so" file and the second is the name of the plugin. A single "so" file can contain multiple filters, although in this case there is only one. -30 is the threshold in dB at which to start to apply the filter. 4500 is the frequency in Hz that the filter centres around. 49 The TAP web page has a table of recommended frequencies. These are: Male 'ess' 4500 Hz Male 'ssh' 3400 Hz Female 'ess' 6800 Hz Female 'ssh' 5100 Hz You will need to do some trial and error to find what works best for you. 50 De-Essing Summary De-essing can be used to make minor improvements to voice quality by reducing certain harsh sounds which may be exaggerated by a microphone. If it sounds like a lot of work you can probably simply not bother with it and not really miss it. -------------------- 51 Normalizing Normalizing a signal means adjusting it to meet a specified level. For audio it means adjusting the volume or sound level. You may wish to normalize the audio of your recording to make it easier to listen to when reviewing it. The copy that you send to HPR however should be the original un-normalized version. 52 Sound level is measured in two ways, dB and LUFS. The latter is a more sophisticated way of measuring things which takes into account how the human ear perceives loudness. I won't go into a lot of detail in that regards, other than to say that just accept LUFS as a unit of perceived loudness that is the international standard. LUFS stands for "Loudness Units referenced to Full Scale", and is part of the EBU R128 standard, where EBU stands for European Broadcast Union. In both cases the measured value is a negative number, with numbers smaller in magnitude being louder. Smaller in magnitude means closer to zero. 53 HPR will adjust the sound level for publication, but if you wish to check the audio before uploading it can help to adjust it to something close to what HPR will do so that you can listen to it at a volume which most listeners will hear. In my case full volume on the audio system input produced a sound level which was much lower than a typical HPR episode. However, the volume level in the flac file itself can be adjusted using ffmpeg. 54 Measuring Volume Level First we need to see what the volume level is for a typical HPR podcast. To do this we use ffmpeg. In this example we are using an episode named "hprpodcast.mp3". Pick an episode which you think is suitable and copy the file to the working directory. 55 In the following script we use a volumedetect filter. The text we want normally outputs to standard error, so we have to do a bit of bashery to redirect this to standard output so it will go through a pipe. We then grep for the string "I:". This will have the average volume level in "loudness units" (LUFS). Then we extract the number, giving us a target LUFS level. 56 ffmpeg -i hprpodcast.mp3 -filter:a ebur128=framelog=quiet -f null /dev/null 2>&1 | grep "I:" | cut -d: -f2 57 Unfortunately I can't find a Sox feature which handles EBU loudness, so we need to work in dB instead. Here is the sox version. However, note that this may not work on mp3s if sox mp3 handing is not installed. 58 sox hprpodcast.mp3 -n stats 2>&1 | grep "RMS lev dB" | rev | cut -d" " -f1 | rev 59 You can use either of these for measuring the volume or sound level of an audio file. However, note that individual episodes from HPR may vary a bit in terms of loudness. In the samples that I looked at, this however was less than 1 LUFS or dB while my own recording was roughly 5 LUFS lower in volume than a typical HPR episode. -------------------- 60 If you Google for the EBU R128 standard the AI result will confidently tell you to use a target of -23 LUFS. However, this is wrong, which shouldn't be of any surprise if you are familiar with using AI. 61 The -23 LUFS figure is for broadcast television. There is in fact no standard level for podcasts. However, there is apparently a general industry convention of using somewhere around -17 LUFS. If I look at the first two HPR episodes that I did, HPR normalized them to -16.8 LUFS and -17.8 LUFS, while the original FLAC files that I submitted were -21.6 LUFS and -22.3 LUFS respectively. 62 So HRP appear to be targeting somewhere around -17 LUFS as well. We will therefore use -17 LUFS as our target for our own copy for review. -------------------- 63 The nice thing about using the EBU filter in FFMPEG is that this is very simple. Here is the FFMPEG version. 64 ffmpeg -i inputfile.flac -af loudnorm=I=-17:TP=-2.0:LRA=7.0 -ar 44.1k outputfile.flac 65 "I" is the LUFS target. LRA is the loudness range target. The default value is 7.0 so I used that. TP sets the maximum true peak. The default value is -2.0. so I used that. -------------------- 66 With Sox things are a bit more difficult. There is no direct method of setting the loudness that I am aware of, so we need to measure the current sound level in dB, do some calculations, and then apply that as a gain factor to the output. 67 First we need to subtract the measured db level from our flac file from the target db level from the HPR episode we decided to use as a sample. Bash by itself normally just does integer math. However, we would like to have at least one decimal point of resolution to work with. The simple solution is to do this calculation using bc, the shell arbitrary precision calculator. 68 Then take this new value and use it in a "volume" filter. The number which we give sox is the amount to increase or decrease the volume by. Sox will then output a new file with the new volume level. You can now listen to this file under conditions more closely approximating what it will be like after HPR have done their own audio adjustments and normalizaton on it This helps when listening to the file for any problems before you upload it. 69 Rather than reading 5 lines of complex shell script to you, I will put a copy of it in the show notes. level=$( sox $inputfile -n stats 2>&1 | grep "RMS lev dB" ) leveldb=$( echo "$level" | rev | cut -d" " -f1 | rev ) targetdb="-18.9" volumechange=$(echo "scale=2 ; $targetdb - $leveldb" | bc ) sox $inputfile $outputname gain "$volumechange" -------------------- 70 Normalization should be the last thing you do to the file. It should be done after any noise filtering, such as low pass, high pass, bandreject, etc. If you normalize first, you will be amplifying the noise as well as the desired signal. 71 The exact normalization level used for review purposes doesn't matter, as HPR will apply their own later. All we are doing at this point is adjusting the volume to something which approximates a normal episode so you can listen to it for final review. 72 When you send your file to HPR, send the original *unnormalized* version, not the normalized version. When you normalize an audio signal, if you are not careful you may introduce things which cause problems with later additional processing. HPR probably do more things to the audio than just normalizing and so they need the unnormalized file so that they can do their own normalizing last. -------------------- 73 If at this point you are happy with the recording as is, you are ready to send the *unnormalized* version to HPR. The scripts to implement the features discussed in this episode will be in the show notes. 74 Conclusion In this episode we covered basic filtering using ffmpeg and sox. We discussed what noise was and some of the origins of noise. We talked about the audio frequency range and the limitations of common hardware used to record and listen to podcasts. We covered basic high and low pass filters used to limit the audio frequency range in order to remove possible low and high frequency noise. 75 We discussed specific filters to eliminate 50 and 60 Hz electrical power noise. We talked about de-essing, what it was, why you may wish to use it, and some basic de-essing filter implementation details. We discussed normalizing, what it is, why you may wish to use it, and how it relates to podcasting conventions. 76 In the next episode we will discuss analyzing audio signals to help find the sources of noise problems. We will also discuss creating filters to eliminate any problems that we found. In my case I had a problem with the microphone that I use, and I describe how I used filters to deal with that problem. 77 This has been the second episode in a four part series on simple podcasting. -------------------- EBU R128 Loudness Measurement using FFMPEG #!/bin/bash echo "EBU r128 loudness measurement using FFMPEG" for inputfile in *.flac *.mp3 ; do level=$( ffmpeg -i $inputfile -filter:a ebur128=framelog=quiet -f null /dev/null 2>&1 | grep "I:" | cut -d: -f2 ) echo $inputfile $level done -------------------- DB Sound Level Measurement using Sox #!/bin/bash # Sox version. May not work for mp3 if an mp3 format handling is not installed. echo "dB sound level measurement using Sox." for inputfile in *.flac *.mp3 ; do level=$( sox $inputfile -n stats 2>&1 | grep "RMS lev dB" ) leveldb=$( echo "$level" | rev | cut -d" " -f1 | rev ) echo $inputfile $leveldb done -------------------- EBU R128 Loudness Normalization using FFMPEG #!/bin/bash # Adjust the volume to a desired level. for inputfile in *.flac ; do j=$( basename $inputfile ".flac" ) outputname="$j""-normff.flac" ffmpeg -i $inputfile -af loudnorm=I=-17:TP=-2.0:LRA=4.0 -ar 44.1k $outputname echo $outputname done -------------------- DB Sound Level Normalization using Sox #!/bin/bash # Adjust the volume to a desired level. for inputfile in *.flac ; do j=$( basename $inputfile ".flac" ) outputname="$j""-normff.flac" # Measure the volume level and extract the mean volume. level=$( sox $inputfile -n stats 2>&1 | grep "RMS lev dB" ) leveldb=$( echo "$level" | rev | cut -d" " -f1 | rev ) # Calculate the difference in dB desired. Scale specifies the number of decimal places. # Target db is the volume measured on hpr4506 (UCSD-P-System). targetdb="-18.9" volumechange=$(echo "scale=2 ; $targetdb - $leveldb" | bc ) echo "Using sox: File: $inputfile Original level: $leveldb Change by: $volumechange" # Adjust the volume. sox $inputfile $outputname gain "$volumechange" done -------------------- Full processing pipeline for making simple podcasts using FFMPEG #!/bin/bash #!/bin/bash # Full processing pipeline for making simple podcasts. # ====================================================================== # Concatenate multiple flac files into a single flac file. # This is used to combine podcast recorded segments into a single # flac file for uploading to HPR. concataudio () { outputname="$1" # First create the list file. printf "file '%s'n" [0-9][0-9].flac > podseglist.txt # Now concatenate them ffmpeg -f concat -safe 0 -i podseglist.txt "$outputname" rm podseglist.txt } # ====================================================================== # Basic filters. filter () { inputfile=$1 outputname=$2 # Using ffmpeg. # The high and low pass filters. hlpfil="highpass=f=80, lowpass=f=12000" # Band reject filters filter for 60Hz and another for 50Hz. linefil="bandreject=f=60:width_type=h:w=20, bandreject=f=50:width_type=h:w=20" # Using ffmpeg ffmpeg -i $inputfile -af "$hlpfil, $linefil" $outputname } # ====================================================================== # De-Essing. deessing () { inputfile=$1 outputname=$2 option=$3 # De-essing filter. ffmpeg -i $inputfile -filter_complex "deesser=i=0.5:m=0.5:f=0.5:s=$option" -b:a 336k -sample_fmt s16 $outputname } # ====================================================================== # Normalizing the audio to EBU R128 standard for review using ffmpeg. normffmpeg () { inputfile=$1 outputname=$2 # Normalize to EBU R128 standard. ffmpeg -i $inputfile -af loudnorm=I=-17:TP=-2.0:LRA=4.0 -ar 44.1k $outputname } # ====================================================================== # Output an MP3 version to help with reviewing. mp3convert () { inputfile=$1 # Get the name of the file and then create the output file name. j=$( basename $inputfile ".flac" ) outputname="$j"".mp3" # Convert to MP3. ffmpeg -i $inputfile $outputname } # ====================================================================== # Concatenate the separate audio files. concataudio fullpod-unfiltered.flac # Basic filtering. filter fullpod-unfiltered.flac filtered.flac # De-essing. This is the version to send for publishing. # The third argument should be "o" for de-essing, or "i" for pass through without de-essing. deessing filtered.flac fullpod.flac o # Normalized for review. normffmpeg fullpod.flac fullpod-norm.flac # Output an MP3 copy for review. mp3convert fullpod-norm.flac -------------------- -------------------- Provide feedback on this episode.

Calm Chic sound rituals — a softer way to focus. Curated by Sya Warfield, an interdisciplinary artist exploring the intersection of ritual, sound, and everyday life.This podcast is part of Ritual Era Meditation — a guided ritual experience.For everyday use.A practice you return to.Created with intention.Energy that lingers.Enter RitualEra →Shop the Deep Rest Ritual Kit:https://amzn.to/4qhITcwAffiliate link — thank you for supporting the showCalm Chic RitualExplore the ritual

Send us a textIn this episode, Nathan sits down with economist Ben Watts, the creator of the real-time energy dashboard at kilowatts.io. They explore the hidden "engine room" of the UK's electricity system, the high-stakes market where power is traded in 30-minute blocks. Ben explains why a single line on the map (the B6 Boundary) is costing consumers over £1 billion a year and how technology like heat pumps and EVs are moving from being "loads" to "assets" that help keep the grid balanced.Key Jargon Buster: The Grid BoundariesTo help listeners follow the conversation, here is a quick guide to the "pinch points" Ben mentions:B6 Boundary: The most critical bottleneck in the UK. It runs along the Scottish-English border.B4 Boundary: A northern bottleneck separating the Scottish Highlands from the Central Belt.The "4.5 GW" Limit: The onshore overhead cables at B6 can securely handle about 4.5 GW. When combined with the Western HVDC subsea link (2.2 GW), the total limit is roughly 6.7 GW.Wind Curtailment: When there is more wind in Scotland than the B6 "pipes" can carry, NESO pays wind farms to stop generating while paying gas plants in the South to turn on.Keywords & Themeskilowatts.io: Ben's dashboard for visualising real-time grid data.NESO: The National Energy System Operator (the new name for the system operator in 2026).CCGT Maintenance: Why demineralised water is essential for the steam turbines in gas power plants.Flexibility Assets: Using heat pumps as "virtual power plants" to respond to grid signals at 50Hz.Support the showLearn more about heat pump heating by followingNathan on Linkedin, Twitter and BlueSky

The Binaural Beat Podcast — A Rhythm for Slowing DownMindfulness, sound healing, and ritual — woven into every breath and frequency — a sensory journey from Upward Together, curated by Studio Sya.

Hey Leute, ich bin aus dem Urlaub zurück und wieder auf 100% Stress. Schreibe dieses Intro, nachdem ich eine Nacht durchgearbeitet habe und die restliche Woche sieht nicht danach aus, als würde es mir mehr Zeit lassen :') Hoffe dennoch, dass euch der Podcast und auch die Inhalte diese Woche gefallen. SpeckObstler Resident Evil Village Patreon Wolfenstein | Ersteindruck Ink Ribbon Radio Labyrinth of the Demon King Unterstützt meine Arbeit auf Patreon oder Steady und erhaltet neben exklusiven Inhalten auch erweitertete Versionen dieses Paodcasts.PatreonSteadyHolt euch bei HOLY mit meinem Code "SPECKOBST5" für einen 5€-Rabatt bei einer Erstbestellung oder spart 10% mit dem Code "SPECKOBST"Timestamps 00:00 Intro 10:52 Update 13:57 Werbung NEUE SPIELE 16:17 to a T 24:21 The Siege and the Sandfox NEWS 30:24 Black Panther cancelt und Studio geschlossen 36:19 Tango arbeitet an neuem Spiel THEMA 39:19 Nintendo Switch 2 Launch FRAGEN 55:05 Was ist dein Anspruch an dich selbst? 01:06:35 Gibt es Spiele, die du lieber in der PAL Version spielst trotz 50Hz? 01:08:02 Welche Frage hast du David Cage gestellt und was hat er geantwortet? Outro 01:13:33 Die ganz besonderen Supporter

Listen to 93 Future Now Show We come to you this week from Aptos, CA, at our beach front home, touched by the ocean several times in the last week.  We share a bit of our dramatic storm tale before delving into the story of Asteroid Rygu by Larry and Mary, our fav AI presenters, followed by our discussion of  state-of-the-art humanoid robots of the past year. Our guest, Dr. Daniel Beilin, joins us to share his adventures in Europe attending a couple of alternative healing conferences, with a focus on Reichian therapies, Dan’s work with Thermography, and a discussion on 50Hz vs 60Hz AC electricity in terms of health and well-being. Enjoy and Happy Holy Holidays! Dr. Daniel Beilin O.M.D. , L. Ac.  

Season 4 (2024) - The Final Season of Channel 2!   70 Tracks   Season Runtime (MUSIC-ONLY vers.) - 03:27:17   Complete Season (MUSIC-ONLY vers.) Release Date:  12/08/2024 ---------------------------------------------------------- Episode: C2E16: "Songs with Words"   Original release date: 03/07/2024   Episode Theme: Game Music with Vocals   Theme Elaboration: N/A   Episode Theme by: Hugues   Episode Title by: Collaborative   Opening Track: Hugues   Closing Track: St. John   Full Episode Link (Podbean):    https://nerdnoiseradio.podbean.com/e/ch-2-nerd-noise-game-club-c2e16-songs-with-words/   Music-Only SUPER BONUS Link (Archive dot org):    https://archive.org/details/super-bonus-c-2-e-16-music-only   Episode Timestamps (this playlist): 00:00:00 - 00:59:57   Episode Runtime (MUSIC-ONLY vers.): 00:59:57   End of Show (post-outtakes) Bonus Tracks (not included in this mixtape):    The debut episode of “Oddie HD” (St. John's neurodivergence vlog - which has since not gotten a lot of legs under it - but you do get to see what St. John looks like…even if the camera angles and lighting are TERRIBLE!) :-D https://youtu.be/XTk9z9e8ezc?si=HcIXRhxweGuH6UIS   Special Notes: The Episode where we announced that this would be the final season of Channel 2. Also, the episode where St. John announced his recent ethnic discoveries (trace amounts of Dutch, Finnish, Spanish / Portuguese, West African, North African, Coptic Egyptian, and Ashkenazi Jewish).   Tracklist   Track# (season) / Track# (episode) - Track - Game - System - Composer(s) - Vocalist(s) - Selected By - Timestamp 01 / 01) Shenhua (Vocal Version) - Shenmue - Dreamcast - c: Ryuji Iuichi (music) and Yumi Asada (lyrics) / a: Hayato Matsuo (orchestration) - Ioli - Hugues - 00:00:00   02 / 02) Connected (Yours Forever) - Tetris Effect: Connected - Multiplatform - Hydelic - Kate Brady - St. John - 00:03:46   03 / 03) Melodies of Life (English Version) - Final Fantasy IX - PS1 - Nobuo Uematsu (music) and Hioyuki Ito (lyrics) / a: Shiro Hamaguchi - Emiko Shiratori - Hugues - 00:09:04   04 / 04) Sky High - Daytona USA - Saturn - Takenobu Mitsuyoshi (music) and David R. Leytze (lyrics) - Takenobu Mitsuyoshi - St. John - 00:14:42   05 / 05) Instructor Mooselini's Rap - PaRappa the Rapper - PS1 - Izumi Amano and/or Ryu Watanabe - John Simpson III and Saundra Williams - Hugues - 00:19:18   06 / 06) My Intellivision - Intellivision Lives - Multiplatform - Tom Kahelin and/or Michael Schwartz - Michael Schwartz (?) - St. John - 00:21:17   07 / 07) Sea of Love - It Came from the Desert - TG16 - Kenneth Melville - Terence Kirby - Hugues - 00:25:51   08 / 08) Volver a Comenzar - Little Big Planet - PS3 - Cafe Tabvca - Cafe Tabvca - St. John - 00:28:03   09 / 09) A Crimson Rose and a Gin Tonic - Katamari Damacy  PS2 - Asuka Sakai - Ado Mizumori - Hugues - 00:35:42   10 / 10) Sonic Boom (Ending Version) - Sonic CD (N/A) - Sega CD - Spencer Nilsen, Mark Young, and/or Pastiche - Pastiche - St. John - 00:40:10   11 / 11) Sora wo Miagete (Ending Version) - Trails in the Sky the 3rd - PSP - c: Takahiro Unisuga / a: Yukihiro Jindo - Kanako Kotera - Hugues - 00:43:45   12 / 12) Always Been but Never Dreamed - Tetris Effect: Connected - Multiplatform - Hydelic - Kate Brady - St. John - 00:49:33   13 / 13) Everything's Alright - To the Moon - PC - Ken Gao and/or Laura Shigihara - Laura Shigihara - Hugues - 00:53:42   14 / 14) Still Alive - Portal - Multiplatform - Jonathan Coulton - Ellen McClain (as GLaDOS) - St. John - 00:57:01   ---------------------------------------------------------- Episode: C2E17: "20th Century Floppies"   Original release date: 04/10/2024   Episode Theme: Pre-2000 music from computer games.   Theme Elaboration: N/A   Episode Theme by: St. John   Episode Title by: St. John   Opening Track: St. John   Closing Track: Hugues   Full Episode Link (Podbean):    https://nerdnoiseradio.podbean.com/e/ch-2-nerd-noise-game-club-c2e17-20th-century-floppies/   Music-Only SUPER BONUS Link (Archive dot org):    https://archive.org/details/super-bonus-c-2-e-17-music-only   Episode Timestamps (this playlist): 00:59:58 - 01:34:26   Episode Runtime (MUSIC-ONLY vers.): 00:34:32   End of Show (post-outtakes) Bonus Tracks (not included in this mixtape):    Knight Arms - Traveller's Tales [SLOWED DOWN] https://drive.google.com/file/d/1THb85EfAaWyyYY6zoZfXIcuR90nSNylc/view?usp=drive_link Sim Copter - Jazz 3 [SLOWED DOWN] https://drive.google.com/file/d/13DZv0fZDtLXhtezUlOIbX5VwRSIKy3sx/view?usp=drive_link   Special Notes: N/A   Tracklist   Track# (season) / Track# (episode) - Track - Game - System - Composer(s) - Selected By - Timestamp 15 / 01) Bootup Sequence - N/A (System Music) - FM Towns Marty - Unknown - St. John - 00:59:58   16 / 02) Meadow's Edge 2 - Apidya - Amiga - Chris Hulsbeck - Hugues - 01:01:30   17 / 03) Traveller's Tales (Stage 4-2) - Knight Arms - X68000 - Toshiya Yamanaka - St. John - 01:04:10   18 / 04) Title - Jaguar XJ220 - Amiga - Martin Iveson - Hugues - 01:06:32   19 / 05) Music #3 - LED Storm - C64 - Tim Follin - St. John - 01:09:18   20 / 06) High Score - Hawkeye - C64 - Jeroen Tel - Hugues - 01:11:43   21 / 07) Zanzibar Breeze - Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake - MSX (SCC) - Konami Kukeiha Club - St. John - 01:13:42   22 / 08) Britannic Lands - Ultima V - Atari ST - c: Kenneth W. Arnold / a: Wally Beben - Hugues - 01:16:42   23 / 09) The Demon's from Adrian's Pen - DOOM - PC (OPL3) - Bobby Prince - St. John - 01:17:57   24 / 10) Wondering About my Loved Ones - Wolfenstein 3D - PC DOS - Robert Prince - Hugues - 01:20:33   25 / 11) Swirls - Marathon - Mac (MIDI) - Alex Seropian - St. John - 01:22:55   26 / 12) Crystal Garden - King's Quest V - PC DOS - Ken Allen and/or Mark Seibert - Hugues - 01:25:09   27 / 13) Jazz 3 - Sim Copter - PC - Jerry Martin - St. John - 01:26:31   28 / 14) Angel Dust - Star Trader - PC88 - Mieko Ishikawa - Hugues - 01:31:32   ---------------------------------------------------------- Episode: C2E18: "It Never Happened"   Original release date: 07/04/2024   Episode Theme: Music from unfinished and unreleased games.   Theme Elaboration: N/A   Episode Theme by: Hugues   Episode Title by: Collaborative   Opening Track: Hugues   Closing Track: St. John   Full Episode Link (Podbean):    https://nerdnoiseradio.podbean.com/e/ch-2-nerd-noise-game-club-c2e18-it-never-happened/   Music-Only SUPER BONUS Link (Archive dot org):    https://archive.org/details/super-bonus-c-2-e-18-music-only   Episode Timestamps (this playlist): 01:34:29 - 02:10:22   Episode Runtime (MUSIC-ONLY vers.): 00:35:55   End of Show (post-outtakes) Bonus Tracks (not included in this mixtape):    Time Trax - Stage 2 (theoretical 55Hz vers - this was the composer's intended speed - would not actually sound this way on any region Genesis / Mega Drive - composer was aiming for the middle between fast 60Hz NTSC units and slow 50Hz PAL units) https://drive.google.com/file/d/1g_ehacCSGjyPOCUocsSwoOYdhLbvMSZ4/view?usp=drive_link Time Trax - Stage 2 (60Hz - NTSC speed. This is how the track would've sounded on NA or JP Genesis / Mega Drive - remember that the 50Hz version is included in the episode - and in today's playlist, and is how the track would've sounded on a PAL (EU) Mega Drive) https://drive.google.com/file/d/1XSG18lskUGGzyXPe51-UZAIG5S_6d0KC/view?usp=drive_link   Special Notes: N/A   Tracklist   Track# (season) / Track# (episode) - Track - Game - System - Composer(s) - Selected By - Timestamp 29 / 01) Ending Theme - Fido Dido - Genesis - Matt Furniss - Hugues - 01:34:29   30 / 02) Options - Sonic X-treme - Saturn - Howard Drossin - St. John - 01:36:47   31 / 03) Levels 1, 2, 3 - X-Men Mind Games - 32X - Jesper Kyd - Hugues - 01:37:59   32 / 04) Lab Theme - Ninja Gaiden - Genesis - Unknown - St. John - 01:45:46   33 / 05) River Level - The A-Team - Master System - Jeroen Tel - Hugues - 01:47:29   34 / 06) Stage 2 (50Hz) - Time Trax - Genesis - Tim Follin - St. John - 01:49:17   35 / 07) The End of Worlds - Shadow of the Beast - SNES - c: David Whittaker / a: Unknown - Hugues - 01:51:53   36 / 08) Astral Race - Marble Madness II - Arcade - Brad Fuller and/or John Paul - St. John - 01:55:22   37 / 09) Tatsumarii Village - Earthbound 64 - N64 - Shogo Sakai - Hugues - 01:58:09   38 / 10) Peaceful Future 2052 - Time Diver Eon Man - NES - Tsukasa Masuko - St. John - 02:00:22   39 / 11) Menu - Sim City - NES - c: Soyo Oka and/or Koji Kondo / a: Unknown - Hugues - 02:01:57   40 / 12) Unknown City - Doxa - PS4 - Daniel Capo - St. John - 02:03:32   41 / 13) The Original Spelunkers - Bonk: Brink of Extinction - Multiplatform - Disasterpeace - Hugues - 02:04:41   42 / 14) Ending and Staff Roll - The Shadow - SNES - Jonathan Dunn - St. John - 02:07:31   ---------------------------------------------------------- Episode: C2E19: "Mystery Flavors"   Original release date:  TBD   Episode Theme: Mystery Themes!   Theme Elaboration: St. John has a mystery theme, Hugues has his own mystery theme, and the listeners have to guess / figure out what those themes are!   Episode Theme by: St. John   Episode Title by: St. John   Opening Track: St. John   Closing Track: Hugues   Full Episode Link (Podbean):    TBD   Music-Only SUPER BONUS Link (Archive dot org):    TBD   Episode Timestamps (this playlist): 02:10:24 - 02:50:00   Episode Runtime (MUSIC-ONLY vers.): 00:39:39   End of Show (post-outtakes) Bonus Tracks (not included in this mixtape): TBD   Special Notes: As of the time of recording of the main episode, St. John still didn't know what Hugues' theme was. Hugues hasn't told him, and St. John hasn't been able to figure it out on his own (so far). Hugues knew what St. John's was, though....because he told him. ;-)   Tracklist   Track# (season) / Track# (episode) - Track - Game - System - Composer(s) - Selected By - Timestamp 281 / 43 / 01) "I can't believe you" (aka "Betrayal") - Grounseed - PC98 (OPN version) - Daisuke Takahashi - St. John - 02:10:24   44 / 02) Bridge - Spider-Man: Web of Fire - 32X - Sam Powell and/or Brian Schmidt - Hugues - 02:12:59   45 / 03) Bulberry Hill - Zool 2 - Amiga - Neil Biggin - St. John - 02:14:50   46 / 04) Site-B Area - The Lost World: Jurassic Park - Game Gear - Kōjirō Mikusa - Hugues - 02:17:54   47 / 05) Passage - Destiny - Multiplatform - C. Paul Johnson - St. John - 02:19:18   48 / 06) Knockturn Alley - Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets - Game Boy Color - Ian Stocker - Hugues - 02:22:27   49 / 07) Quiet - Edge - Multiplatform - Richard Malot - St. John - 02:24:58   50 / 08) Puzzle - 3D Tetris - Virtual Boy - Ken Kojima - Hugues - 02:27:21   51 / 09) Bonus Room - Wolverine - NES - Geoff Follin - St. John - 02:30:00   52 / 10) Title Screen - Wario's Woods - NES - Shinobu Amayake and/or Soyo Oka - Hugues - 02:31:51   53 / 11) Reckless Running - Sega Rally Championship - Saturn - c: Takenobu Mitsuyoshi / a: Naofumi Hataya - St. John - 02:33:44   54 / 12) Bridge Zone - Sonic the Hedgehog - Mastersystem - c: Masato Nakamura / a: Yuzo Koshiro - Hugues - 02:37:47   55 / 13) Martinis for 2 - The Sims - PC - Jerry Martin and/or Marc Russo - St. John - 02:39:33   56 / 14) The Old Man's Rainbow Shop - Magic Knight Rayearth - Saturn - Yayoi Wachi and/or Sumio Okamoto - Hugues - 02:45:50   ---------------------------------------------------------- Episode: C2E20: "...all good things…"   Original release date:  TBD   Episode Theme: Music from end credits and ending sequences   Theme Elaboration: N/A   Episode Theme by: Hugues   Episode Title by: St. John   Opening Track: Hugues   Closing Track: St. John   Full Episode Link (Podbean):    TBD   Music-Only SUPER BONUS Link (Archive dot org):    TBD   Episode Timestamps (this playlist): 02:50:04 - 03:27:17   Episode Runtime (MUSIC-ONLY vers.): 00:37:13   End of Show (post-outtakes) Bonus Tracks (not included in this mixtape): TBD   Special Notes: The final "regular" episode of Nerd Noise Radio - Channel 2! :-( There will still be the C2R4 Season 4 retrospective, and almost certainly a one-off “Series Finale” in early 2025. But of “plain Jane, run of the mill, ordinary episodes”....yeah, this is the very last one - which makes it really sad for St. John, and also very heavily influenced the selection of his tracks, which bias very heavily towards emotional, sentimental, heart-tugging pieces, and also bias very heavily towards tracks from games he actually beat growing up back in the day. :-(   Tracklist   Track# (season) / Track# (episode) - Track - Game - System - Composer(s) - Selected By - Timestamp 57 / 01) Summer Vacation - Tokyo Xanadu - Multiplatform - Takahiro Unisuga (Falcom Sound Team jdk) - Hugues - 02:50:04   58 / 02) Credits - Sonic 2 - Genesis - Masato Nakamura - St. John - 02:55:11   59 / 03) Staff Roll - Phantasy Star III - Genesis - Ippo Takeuchi - Hugues - 02:57:48   60 / 04) Ending - Super Castlevania IV - SNES - Masanori Adachi and/or Taro Kudo - St. John - 02:59:28   61 / 05) Ending - Another World - Amiga - Jean-François Freitas - Hugues - 03:01:51   62 / 06) Triforce Chamber - LoZ: Link to the Past - SNES - Koji Kondo - 03:03:23   63 / 07) The Credits Concerto - Donkey Kong Country - SNES - David Wise and/or Eveline Fischer - Hugues - 03:04:50   64 / 08) Ground Zero - Shinobi III - Genesis - Hirofumi Murasaki, Morihiko Akiyama, and/or Masayuki Nagao - St. John - 03:06:36   65 / 09) Good End - Streets of Rage II - Genesis - Yuzo Koshiro and/or Motohiro Kawashima - Hugues - 03:08:51   66 / 10) End Credits - Mega Man 3 - NES - Yasuaki Fujita and/or Harumi Fujita - St. John - 03:11:10   67 / 11) Farewell and a Decision - Grandia II - PS2 / Dreamcast - Noriyuki Iwadare - Hugues - 03:13:29   68 / 12) Ending - Stray - Multiplatform - Jan van der Cruyssen - St. John - 03:18:06   69 / 13) 16th Floor - Speedrun Tower - Genesis - c: JAM / a: Hugues Johnson - Hugues - 03:21:23   70 / 14) Ending - Super Mario World - SNES - Koji Kondo - St. John - 03:23:09   ---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------   Total Episode Runtime: 03:27:17

Rewire your brain for more joy, focus, and peace with The Binaural Beat Podcast. To read about the benefits of 50hz check out our blogHigh-frequency soundscapes for ADHD, creativity, meditation, and soothing deep REM sleep to increase dreams. Binaural beats include delta, alpha, gamma, beta, and theta waves.Binaural beats are an auditory illusion caused by listening to two tones of slightly different frequencies, one in each ear. Headphones are recommended for an immersive listening experience.ADHD recommendations:https://shorturl.at/cqdlvHeadphone recommendations:https://amzn.to/49v2iOPOur links:https://linktr.ee/relaxconnectcreateFollow us on Instagram:https://www.instagram.com/the_binauralbeatpodcast/Bring mindfulness and ikigai into your life with our flow state guide:https://shorturl.at/BDI46

Az eszközeink elektroszmogjának összege már káros-e, miért van ennyi használttelefon-bolt, klasszikus irodalmat hogyan kezdjük pótolni, hol lehet aranyrudat venni, öngól-e a 444 Tyúkól podcast neve, át lehet-e aludni a másnaposságot, hogyan mérik az eső mennyiségét, lesz-e valaha magyar pápa, román családnévvel de magyar anyanyelvvel hogyan lehet élni, mit csinál egy önélező penge, mi újság Jónás Csabával, mennyire kell távoli rokon legyen egy jövendőbelink, miért pont 50Hz a váltóáram Európában, mennyi Gulyás Márton fizetése, mosogatógépsó miben különleges, hányadik volt a legnagyobb sorszámú uralkodó, szabad-e drága dolgokra vágyni, kihasználnánk-e a protekciót az orvosi rendelőben várakozó sorban, 30 fokon mosható ruha tönkremegy-e a 42 fokos nyári melegben, mit jelent az, hogy 15 000 liter víz kell 1 kg marhahúshoz? Zenék: Minstrel From Gault, Quill - They Live The Life, Joe Cocker - Delta Lady

Šoreiz jāpārrunā daudz un dažādu tēmu. Pirmkārt, par to, kādēļ mednieki baidās no Medņa un cik pamatotas ir šīs bailes. Otrkārt, runājam par atrasto nošauto govi - kādi tik nav teorētiskie scenāriji! Treškārt, pacēlies jautājums par staltbriežu limita atcelšanu. Vai tiešām strādās? Tiekamies GPSPRO.lv veikalā Jaunmoku 26 https://www.la.lv/vai-zinaji-makskernieks-savu-lomu-nedrikst-pardot Testējam: THERMTEC WILD 650L, 640x512, 50mm, 1x-4x, 50Hz, Wi-Fi termokamera https://www.gpspro.lv/products/lv/468/1013748/sort/0/filter/0_0_0_0/WILD-650L-640x512-50mm-1x-4x-50Hz-Wi-Fi-termokamera.html Pievienojieties šim kanālam, lai iegūtu piekļuvi privilēģijām. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqB3nyhYHXKobopia9d7xgA/join

Följ oss på Youtube: ⁠https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCeQKpPBLVnossEBKp_IB4HQ I avsnittet pratar vi om de olika effekterna och hur de påverkar kraftsystemet. Reaktiv effekt Kapacitet effekt Induktiv effekt Aktiv effekt Skicka in dina frågor till: elektrikerpodden@gmail.com

Why might chilli cause an upset stomach? How does a boomerang work? What's the difference between 50Hz and 60Hz of energy? Why does Saturn have a hexagon? Are stars moving away from us? How do we know how large underground oil deposits are? Why aren't cameras as good as out eyes? Do mosquitoes prefer certain people? Dr Chris Smith and Clarence Ford have all the answers... Like this podcast? Please help us by supporting the Naked Scientists

Why might chilli cause an upset stomach? How does a boomerang work? What's the difference between 50Hz and 60Hz of energy? Why does Saturn have a hexagon? Are stars moving away from us? How do we know how large underground oil deposits are? Why aren't cameras as good as out eyes? Do mosquitoes prefer certain people? Dr Chris Smith and Clarence Ford have all the answers... Like this podcast? Please help us by supporting the Naked Scientists

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.17.549294v1?rss=1 Authors: Fahimi Hnazaee, M., Sure, M., O'Neill, G., Leogrande, G., Schnitzler, A., Florin, E., Litvak, V. Abstract: The combination of subcortical Local Field Potential (LFP) recordings and stimulation with Magnetoencephalography (MEG) in Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) patients enables the investigation of cortico-subcortical communication patterns and provides insights into DBS mechanisms. Until now, these recordings have been carried out in post-surgical patients with externalised leads. However, a new generation of telemetric stimulators makes it possible to record and stream LFP data in chronically implanted patients. Nevertheless, whether such streaming can be combined with MEG has not been tested. In the present study, we tested the most commonly implanted telemetric stimulator - Medtronic Percept PC with a phantom in three different MEG systems: two cryogenic scanners (CTF and MEGIN) and an experimental Optically Pumped Magnetometry (OPM)-based system. We found that when used in combination with the new SenSight segmented leads, Percept PC telemetric streaming only generates band-limited interference in the MEG at 123Hz and harmonics. However, the 'legacy streaming mode' used with older lead models generates multiple, dense artefact peaks in the physiological range of interest (below 50Hz). The effect of stimulation on MEG critically depends on whether it is done in bipolar (between two contacts on the lead) or monopolar (between a lead contact and the stimulator case) mode. Monopolar DBS creates severe interference in the MEG as previously reported. However, we found that the OPM system is more resilient to this interference and could provide artefact-free measurements, at least for limited frequency ranges. A resting measurement in the MEGIN system from a Parkinson's patient implanted with Percept PC and subthalamic SenSight leads revealed artefact patterns consistent with our phantom recordings. Moreover, analysis of LFP-MEG coherence in this patient showed oscillatory coherent networks consistent in their frequency and topography with those described in published group studies done with externalised leads. In conclusion, Percept PC telemetric streaming with SenSight leads is compatible with MEG. Furthermore, OPM sensors could provide additional new opportunities for studying DBS effects. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Mastering engineer and film music restoration expert Chris Malone joins Xanthe for the season finale to talk about all things Empire Strikes Back soundtrack. We cover a ton of ground, from analog recording technology and methodology to the unique issues affecting The Empire Strikes Back releases. This episode contains many visuals, including spectogram displays that allow us to see tangible differences between various mixes. This episode is also on YouTube: https://youtu.be/DVwqsZ9Wv60  Timestamps: 0:00 - Hello there! 5:08 - Do you have one of these Empire Strikes Back soundtrack albums? 12:25 - Film music is recorded to part of the film. There wasn't always an expectation to produce a separate soundtrack album. 18:04 - When, where, and how the Star Wars and Empire Strikes Back scores were recorded. Terminology: 35mm magnetic film, magnetic tape, sprockets, tape machine, magnetic oxide particles, 50Hz tone, reproducer. 24:09 - Using magnetic film for synchronization. Limitations of the tape technology. 33:51 - John Williams editing together multiple takes with Ken Wannberg. 46:05 - What is a 24-track tape? Why does the width of tape matter? 49:58 - What is a live mix, and why is it an important reference for the ESB soundtrack albums? 1:02:53 - Listening to minutes 126-128 (end of the End Title music) while looking at the spectral frequency display. 1:10:27 - Diagonal splices. 1:23:07 - Different version of the Imperial March in the End Credits. 1:37:39 - Differences between the original ESB soundtrack and the Special Edition release. 1:57:37 - Comparison example: "Hyperspace" track on the 4CD and Special Edition releases. Listening for the violin presence and spatial movement of the horns and trombones. 2:09:17 - More spectogram comparisons: "City in the Clouds" and last note of the "Main Title." 2:21:21 - Applying the Hippocratic Oath to score restoration. 2:30:00 - If something was recorded in mono, should it stay mono? 2:40:31 - When it comes to restoring a film score, which sorts of recording artifacts is the engineer trying to correct? 2:42:21 - Example of "wow." 2:48:02 - Flutter. 2:53:13 - Why Chris champions the CD as an audio format. 3:01:21 - What type of gear does Chris use when listening to/analyzing music? (Question from Alex Cunningham) 3:12:06 - Was the ARP 2600 synthesizer overdubbed or recorded with the orchestra for the Empire Strikes Back soundtrack? (Question from Ender Smith) 3:13:58 - What has the transition to digital production done for Star Wars? (Question from Fr. David Mowry) 3:18:14 - Differences between the original 1954 20th Century Fox Fanfare and the one John Williams re-recorded for ESB. 3:20:28 - Eric Tomlinson's technique for recording punchy-sounding brass. 3:25:02 - The original trilogy scores (especially The Empire Strikes Back) could sound 1000x better than they sound on any of the current releases. What might prevent it from happening? 3:28:49 - The 2018 Disney releases of the Original Trilogy (the albums that are on Spotify). 3:39:03 - SWMM Questionnaire Things to Check Out: Cinematic Sound Radio's 2-part interview with Chris Malone: http://www.cinematicsound.net/interview-with-chris-malone/ The Goldsmith Odyssey's interview with Chris Malone: https://goldsmithodyssey.buzzsprout.com/159614/4802774-odyssey-interviews-chris-malone Complete Catalogue of the Musical Themes of Star Wars (by Frank Lehman): https://franklehman.com/starwars/. Cues: 12M3 "Finale" Musical Themes: Imperial March (Theme) Imperial March (Vamp) Han & Leia (A) Han & Leia (B) - Theme Form 1 (1980) Where are we in the soundtrack?: "The Rebel Fleet/End Title" --------------- Star Wars Music Minute Questionnaire: 1. In exactly 3 words, what does Star Wars sound like? Simply the best. Thematic orchestral richness. Well of richness. 2. What's something related to Star Wars music or sound that you want to learn more about? Everything there is to learn about the first three scores (1977, 1980, 1983). How did they get to where they got? What were the spotting sessions like? What were the internal memos like? 3. What's a score or soundtrack you're fond of besides anything Star Wars? Goldfinger (John Barry). The Lion in Winter (John Barry). Out of Africa (John Barry). Early James Bond scores by John Barry. Raiders of the Lost Ark by John Williams. ---------------------- Chris Malone: Website: https://malonedigital.com Articles, Analyses, Commentary: https://malonedigital.com/articles.html Project List: https://malonedigital.com/projectlist.html Twitter: https://twitter.com/Malone_Digital ------------------ Join the Discord server by becoming a patron at any level! (This is the best way to support the show): https://patreon.com/chrysanthetan Leave a voice message, and I might play it on the show...   https://starwarsmusicminute.com/comlink Where else to find SWMM: Twitter: https://twitter.com/StarWarsMusMin Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/652WVfMTLwJpVZ82i8uhFA Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/star-wars-music-minute/id1552988763 YouTube: https://youtube.com/starwarsmusicminute TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@starwarsmusicminute? Instagram: https://instagram.com/starwarsmusicminute Email: podcast@starwarsmusicminute.com Buy Me A Coffee: https://buymeacoffee.com/starwarsmusmin

Join me for a summary looking at accelerating orthodontic tooth movement, this podcast is a summary of two lectures from the AAO, by Ali Darendelier and Peter Buschang. Mechanical acceleration through vibration, photobiomodulation, minisurgery (Peizocision and Micro-Osteoperforation MOP) and Distraction. Vibrational mechanical Low magnitude / high frequency, used for 20 minutes per day 25g at 30Hz/ 50 Hz, Canine retraction: 30Hz NS, 50Hz 15% quicker, Significant but not clinically No increase in root resorption - split mouth study, except for 50Hz, reduced RRRR Tan 2011, Yilmaz 2021 Photobiomodulation (PBM) Low level laser therapy: LED device used for 20-30 minutes her day Tooth movement increase rate of 1.73mm over 2-3 months Yavagal 2021 SR Root resorption no difference Sambevski 2022 Minisurgery: Piezocision/ Micro-osteperforation(MOP) Piesocision – series of vertical bone cuts of 2-3mm depth vary lengths,  Vs MOP – round punctures of 2-3mm depth. With or without flaps. The movements were twice as fast (Lino et al 2017, Cho et al 2007, Mostafa et al 2009) But limited duration of effect  Buschang 2010  Peak at around 3-4 weeks  No differences after 6 weeks - Similar to human trials: Aboul-Ela 2011 Root resorption Patterson 2017 Peizocision and MOP produced significantly (44% / 42%) MORE root resorption.  Peizocision 36% additional iatrogenic damage (performed by periodontist) Distraction Mechanical removal of the bony obstruction Remove all or most of the bone in a way so that you can move teeth faster reliably Osteotomy, callus formation followed by Rapid separation of distal and proximal bone and healing with new bone formation. 1mm per day Moore 2011 Teeth vial with Dappler meter Vitality through histology as electronic pulp test not reliable during orthodontic treatment, Alomari 2011, increase in treatment but return to normal in retention. What do we know reliably extents treatment duration are 3: Wrong diagnosis Wrong mechanics Bracket position Conclusion:   Distraction is the most reliable method at increasing tooth movement but the most invasive Peizocision / Micro-osteoperforation: Increases tooth movement but greatest risk of root resorption Photobiomodulation: Modest increase in tooth movement, no root resorption Vibration: No increase in tooth movement or root resorption Contributions Content creation: Shanya Kapoor Editing and production: Farooq Ahmed

Support this podcast at — https://redcircle.com/hypnosis-and-relaxation-sound-therapy9715/donationsAdvertising Inquiries: https://redcircle.com/brandsPrivacy & Opt-Out: https://redcircle.com/privacy

A big week for news as the first phase of Sony's PlayStation VR2 embargo decloaks, meaning we can take the hardware out of its box and offer first impressions on the headset and controllers! Meanwhile. the latest Nintendo Direct turns out to be a bit of a banger - Pikmin 4 takes centrestage, Zelda: Tears of the Kingdom gets a new trailer and the brilliant Metroid Prime Remastered gets a surprise 'shadow drop'. Also: why are PC VRAM requirements becoming so bloated? 00:00:00 Introduction 00:01:07 News 01: PS VR2 hands-on impressions! 00:14:25 News 02: Nintendo Direct reactions: Pikmin, Zelda, Metroid Prime 00:41:46 News 03: Hogwarts Legacy coverage plans 00:45:57 DF Supporter Q1: Avatar 2 mixes 24fps and 48fps footage - is this a good idea? 00:50:37 DF Supporter Q2: What can we expect in terms of timing for a Switch successor? 00:55:08 DF Supporter Q3/4: CPU performance is bottlenecking modern games - can developers work around this? Plus, ninth-gen games haven't shown the expected bump in simulation complexity, so are the additional CPU resources just going towards draw calls and RT? 01:02:58 DF Supporter Q5: Will PC VRAM requirements continue to steeply increase throughout this generation, or is this a short-term phenomenon? 01:09:25 DF Supporter Q6: Why don't console games support 50Hz output, given that nearly all TVs support it?

"The Antarctic sea ice recording 037 captures a vast and rich spectrum of sonic events, ranging from low booms at

Support this podcast at — https://redcircle.com/hypnosis-and-relaxation-sound-therapy9715/donationsAdvertising Inquiries: https://redcircle.com/brandsPrivacy & Opt-Out: https://redcircle.com/privacy

Late and Live's 39th and final Listener Mix continues our tradition of keeping the requests open for the last Listener Mix of the year with an epic 44 track and over four hour episode of the show filled with awesome SEGA party tunes picked by you - the RadioSEGA listener! Tracklisting: - Gunstar Heroes (Arrange version) - 'Good Night Baby !' (requested by electricboogaloo) - World Cup Italia '90 - Game BGM 1 (50Hz version) (requested by Ravsieg) - Sonic Adventure - It Doesn't Matter (requested by NoahTom) - Hoonjin PARK - Sonic 3 - Hydrocity Zone Act 2 (All Instruments Cover) (requested by Eleri) - Initial D ARCADE STAGE 4 - RAISING HELL (requested by Jon the VGNerd) - Virtua Fighter 5 Ultimate Showdown - Poolside (Curvaceous Mix) [from Tekken 7] (requested by GreenViper8) - Metropolis Street Racer - Club Paris (requested by Rik) - CHUNITHM STAR - World Vanquisher (album extended) (requested by Jamie) - Mega Turrican - Stage 1-1 (requested by Kefky) - Golden Axe (Arcade version) - Wilderness (requested by steve_c) - PoloBlue - Sonic 1 - Game Gear Medley (Genesis Style) (requested by Virtua) - PirateCrab - Sonic the Hedgehog 2 "Mythic Mist" (requested by Rexy) - GaMetal - Heads Up! (Dynamite Headdy - Sky High) (requested by Hydro) - Sonic Frontiers - Undefeatable (requested by Celticyoshi) - GunValkyrie - Killing bedroom (Expanded Guitar Version) (requested by spotman) - Mario & Sonic at the London 2012 Olympic Games - London Party: Comeback Chance (requested by Nicolaas Hamman) - SST Band Live - Burning Point (Thunder Blade) (requested by Iceferno) - John Tay - [Alternate] Death Egg Act 2 (YM2612 + SN76489) (requested by Eleri) - OverClocked Assembled - Sonic CD "Time Traveller's Delight" (requested by AquaDan88) - Iceferno - Streets Of Wrath: Epilogue Euphoria - Window Shopping (Extended Mix) (requested by VGBeats) - MkVaff - OutRun "Sweet Summer Breeze" (requested by Rexy) - Sonic Rush - Ethno Circus (Digital Remakin' Mix) (requested by Twinny) - Virtua Fighter 2 (Saturn version) - Black Cat Moon (requested by Ravsieg) - Sega Rally 2006 - Temptation of Speed (requested by DaveLong) - Initial D ARCADE STAGE 5 - GAS GAS GAS (requested by DaveLong) - Sonic Adventure 2 - It Doesn't Matter ...theme of "SONIC" (requested by NoahTom) - M-Flo - Tripod Baby (Shadow the Hedgehog Mix) (requested by Twinny) - Quest of D - vs. Minotaurus Battler (requested by Nicolaas Hamman) - The BitterRoost - Brave Parade (requested by Kefky) - 7th Dragon 2020 - Daiba - Freezing Town (requested by drive16bit) - Mastered Realm - Shining Wind - Outrun 3D (Space Harrier Mix) (requested by Virtua) - After Burner (Amiga version) - Red Out (EU version) (requested by steve_c) - Astal - Intro - Let Me Try Again - Vocal (requested by drive16bit) - Sonic R - Work It Out (requested by Rik) - Iceferno - Streets of Wrath - Factory Rhapsody (Round 6) (requested by Jamie) - Phantasy Star Online Episode I & II Premium Arrange - The frenzy wilds (requested by GreenViper8) - Team Sonic Racing - Green Light Ride - Wall5 Remix (requested by AquaDan88) - OutRun2 - LIFE WAS A BORE (requested by Jon the VGNerd) - Yakuza 0 - SOMEBODY'S NIGHT (requested by spotman) - SING!! SEGA Game Music presented by B.B. Queens - (I Fight) FIRE WITH FIRE ~ Image from Golden Axe II (requested by Hydro) - Sonic Adventure 2 - Live & Learn ...Main Theme of "SONIC ADVENTURE 2" (requested by Celticyoshi) - Streets of Rage Remake - BGM1401 - Violent Breathing (2) (requested by Iceferno) - Turbo OutRun - Keep Your Heart (requested by electricboogaloo) - Iceferno - Cleopatra Fortune - "Shinin' Queen" (Revenge Of Shinobi + Streets Of Rage 1 + 2 Remix) (requested by VGBeats)

Towards a Better Understanding of OPD Limitations for Higher Sensitivity and Contrast at the VLTI by Benjamin Courtney-Barrer et al. on Monday 19 September Precise control of the optical path differences (OPD) in the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI) was critical for the characterization of the black hole at the center of our Galaxy - leading to the 2020 Nobel prize in physics. There is now significant effort to push these OPD limits even further, in-particular achieving 100nm OPD RMS on the 8m unit telescopes (UT's) to allow higher contrast and sensitivity at the VLTI. This work calculated the theoretical atmospheric OPD limit of the VLTI as 5nm and 15nm RMS, with current levels around 200nm and 100nm RMS for the UT and 1.8m auxillary telescopes (AT's) respectively, when using bright targets in good atmospheric conditions. We find experimental evidence for the $f^{-17/3}$ power law theoretically predicted from the effect of telescope filtering in the case of the ATs which is not currently observed for the UT's. Fitting a series of vibrating mirrors modelled as dampened harmonic oscillators, we were able to model the UT OPD PSD of the gravity fringe tracker to $

What should have been a celebration of gaming with the arrival of Gamescom 2022 is marred by a bunch of bad news - including price rises for PlayStation 5 in multiple territories that are not the United States of America and the mooted arrival of Denuvo DRM for... Nintendo Switch? As John and Rich seem to continually remind us the episode... it's not great. 00:00:00 Introduction 00:00:37 News 01: Sony bumps PS5 prices! 00:16:17 News 02: Denuvo DRM launches on Switch 00:27:26 News 03: “Super Mario RTX” UE5 demo footage released 00:32:32 News 04: Impressions from Gamescom! 00:52:14 News 05: Intel showcases XeSS in new video 00:59:33 News 06: Pac-Man World Re-Pac packs 50Hz physics 01:01:56 DF Supporter Q1: Should I get an RTX 3070 now, or wait for RTX 4060/4070? 01:09:01 DF Supporter Q2: Which older proprietary engines do you wish were still being developed on? 01:12:59 DF Supporter Q3: Could 360/PS3 have gotten mid-gen enhanced consoles? 01:15:59 DF Supporter Q4: If Japan had gone with the PAL television standard, would 25fps/50fps have been the gold standard for games?

A packed week for news! YouTuber DIY Perks reveals a fascinating PS5 'Slim' model while Sony finally unleashes PlayStation Plus in the EU and UK - and yup, the classic games are 50Hz - but the platform holder promises to address the situation. Nintendo delivers a beautiful reveal for Xenoblade Chronicles 3 on Switch, Forza Horizon 5 gets TAA - but only on PC, while John has much to say about a scrappy demo of the Klonoa remaster on Switch.

Ευτυχώς που υπάρχει και ο John Romero. Το παρόν επεισόδιο φτάνει σε εσάς με την υποστήριξη της: LEAP: Η LEAP είναι creative studio και αναζητεί συνεργάτες. Ακολουθήστε το link προς τη θέση που σας ενδιαφέρει: Junior Web Developer | Front End Developer Get in touch: Email | Twitter Ι Facebook Group Hosted by: Elias Pappas - Facebook | Twitter | Instagram Manos Vezos - The Vez | Facebook | Twitter | Instagram Ι Apple Music FU: Final Fantasy VII 25th AnniversaryFF7 Remake is currently $50/£50 on Steam (and $70/£70 from next month)Blade Runner: Enhanced EditionΤο καλύτερο Cyberpunk game: BLADE RUNNER - Fact Up⬆️#16 -ZokIt's a trap‘My film would not exist if the patriarchy did not exist': the director taking on the Greek establishmentRise στο Disney+Tribeca Games AwardThirsty Suitors wins 2022 Tribeca Games AwardNot Google StadiaThe Quarry and High on Life ‘were originally Google Stadia games'Power On“Power On: The Story of Xbox” Wins a Daytime Emmy AwardPower On: The Story Of XboxVertical Slice 148: XIG XAG 360Το νέο PS Plus στην ΕυρώπηClassic PS1 games on PS Plus are 50Hz in Europe, but Sony says 60Hz is comingPlayStation Plus UK games list: Here's every classic game added in EuropeSony's new PS Plus gaming service launches today in Europe, Australia & New ZealandDiscovery, Engagement, and Excitement: The Global Marketing of PlayStation PlusNew commercial, Mr. Malcolm, celebrates the global launch of the all-new PlayStation PlusFinal Fantasy XVIFinal Fantasy XVI aims for M rating to portray “difficult adult themes”Final Fantasy XVI producer Naoki Yoshida interviews – real-time combat, AI party members, no open-world, more30 χρόνια WolfensteinWolfenstein 3D: 30 Years OnHyenasSEGA and Creative Assembly announce multiplayer first-person shooter HYENAS for PS5, Xbox Series, PS4, Xbox One, and PC3. Need To Know1 big thing: Ubisoft CEO gives up some payEmbracerTomb Raider and transmedia: What next for Embracer Group?Gameathlon

Ευτυχώς που υπάρχει και ο John Romero. Το παρόν επεισόδιο φτάνει σε εσάς με την υποστήριξη της: LEAP: Η LEAP είναι creative studio και αναζητεί συνεργάτες. Ακολουθήστε το link προς τη θέση που σας ενδιαφέρει: Junior Web Developer | Front End Developer Get in touch: Email | Twitter Ι Facebook Group Hosted by: Elias Pappas - Facebook | Twitter | Instagram Manos Vezos - The Vez | Facebook | Twitter | Instagram Ι Apple Music FU: Final Fantasy VII 25th AnniversaryFF7 Remake is currently $50/£50 on Steam (and $70/£70 from next month)Blade Runner: Enhanced EditionΤο καλύτερο Cyberpunk game: BLADE RUNNER - Fact Up⬆️#16 -ZokIt's a trap‘My film would not exist if the patriarchy did not exist': the director taking on the Greek establishmentRise στο Disney+Tribeca Games AwardThirsty Suitors wins 2022 Tribeca Games AwardNot Google StadiaThe Quarry and High on Life ‘were originally Google Stadia games'Power On“Power On: The Story of Xbox” Wins a Daytime Emmy AwardPower On: The Story Of XboxVertical Slice 148: XIG XAG 360Το νέο PS Plus στην ΕυρώπηClassic PS1 games on PS Plus are 50Hz in Europe, but Sony says 60Hz is comingPlayStation Plus UK games list: Here's every classic game added in EuropeSony's new PS Plus gaming service launches today in Europe, Australia & New ZealandDiscovery, Engagement, and Excitement: The Global Marketing of PlayStation PlusNew commercial, Mr. Malcolm, celebrates the global launch of the all-new PlayStation PlusFinal Fantasy XVIFinal Fantasy XVI aims for M rating to portray “difficult adult themes”Final Fantasy XVI producer Naoki Yoshida interviews – real-time combat, AI party members, no open-world, more30 χρόνια WolfensteinWolfenstein 3D: 30 Years OnHyenasSEGA and Creative Assembly announce multiplayer first-person shooter HYENAS for PS5, Xbox Series, PS4, Xbox One, and PC3. Need To Know1 big thing: Ubisoft CEO gives up some payEmbracerTomb Raider and transmedia: What next for Embracer Group?Gameathlon

Welcome to the Power Hour Podcast. Brian and Jim are joined by Kite Man and discuss the following. Intro with Kiteman, talk efeds, stunts on twitter, etcWhat are we drinkingWhat are we playingPatreonBeer made from pee?! https://www.deccanherald.com/business/business-news/beer-made-out-of-urine-would-you-taste-it-1112956.htmlPS Classic games running at 50Hz again https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/some-classic-playstation-games-on-ps-plus-appear-to-be-50hz-even-in-non-pal-regions/France to ban English gaming terms https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/31/france-bans-english-gaming-tech-jargon-in-push-to-preserve-language-purity PSClassic #France #ESports

In a spiritual sense, we believe that we radiate an energy field or aura around us that others might feel. This energy field or aura is what will attract people to us. When you have an energy field or aura of positive energy, you can release an aura of peace and calm and other positive feelings. With this aura, we can inspire, motivate and drive the people around us to be this way. If you give out too much negative energy, you can repel close friends and family and maybe attract the wrong company to your circle. Negative energy would include being tensed most times, being full of anger and anxiety. Thank you for tuning in, we hope you enjoy this healing Journey with Mother Nature

A gigantic week of news, covering Elden Ring, the Switch Pro leak and reaction to Steam Deck... and yes, we take more user questions than ever before in covering these massive stories. 00:00:00 Introductions 00:01:27 Steam Deck coverage and thoughts 00:10:38 Steam Deck Q1: Do you think the Deck passes the “significant other couch test”? 00:12:28 Steam Deck Q2: What happens if you put in a aftermarket NVMe or install Windows without proper drivers 00:15:42 Steam Deck Q3: Is there a danger of developers being held back by Steam Deck? 00:19:38 Steam Deck Q4: Will issues with AMD GPU drivers hold back emulation on the Steam Deck? 00:22:06 Steam Deck Q5: Do you think it would be feasible for Valve to integrate the functionality of a 50Hz mode in the Steam Deck via a software update? 00:27:06 Elden Ring coverage and thoughts 00:33:19 Elden Ring Q1&2: Is the 10/10 warranted for Elden Ring / What is causing the poor framerate in Elden Ring? 00:42:25 Elden Ring Q3: Should From Software have reached out to Bluepoint to inherit some of their expertise? 00:47:25 Elden Ring Q4: What can be done with hardware and software to mitigate the issues in lieu of a proper fix? 00:51:38 Elden Ring Q5: Elden Ring would be a DX12 game on the Xbox Platform of Consoles, which all use DX12 anyway, so why doesnt it seem that any of them suffer from shader comp issues in any game really? 00:52:43 Elden Ring Q6: Are there more things companies like AMD, NVidia and Valve can do to help improve the experience for users? 00:56:05 Nvidia leak suggests new Switch hardware specs 01:02:55 Resident Evil 2, 3 and 7 gets next-gen patches 01:05:15 DF Supporter Q1: Do you think that GT7 was held back by its cross-gen nature? And to what degree? 01:12:09 DF Supporter Q2: Would you consider an enhanced PS5 that's more XT than pro to be worthwhile? 01:13:48 DF Supporter Q3: Is it fair to say that raw compute is becoming an increasingly less relevant factor in the performance equation? 01:17:12 DF Supporter Q4: Do you think that rasterisation performance will be less important in the PC GPU space in the future? 01:20:42 DF Supporter Q5: What are your thoughts about the no doubt inevitable push for 8k next gen?

The podcast by Bestdays Vintage.  We welcome a band that made a big impression into our lives, and a singer that was an inspiration to us.    50hz. Criminally oder appreciated in our opinion, so we shine a little light on their band and album.   Enjoy a quiz on album art work, and we mourn the passing of Meat Loaf by analysing his lyrics.  Plus news, and more Rockbusters.  We drop a cover of the 50hz classic 'endgame' full of duff notes, and bad backing vocals.  Contact -  insta @bestdaysvintage www.bestdaysvintage.co.uk 

"Almost every morning at 5:45AM (Sydney time) I have my first cup of coffee and eat breakfast and listen to the All India Radio Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) Hindi language evening broadcast to Europe. At this time of year in Australia (April) the broadcast starts in darkness and ends as the sun is rising. The broadcast originates from the Khampur (Delhi) transmission facility.  I have a deep love for India and have spent a large part of my life working and living there, so I take every opportunity to listen to All India Radio in both DRM and analogue mode. Digital DRM provides the opportunity for fade and noise free reception. But as you can hear on this recording, AIR introduces plenty of unintended noise into their programs even before the broadcast reaches the transmitting antenna. The 50Hz hum is a feature I notice in all AIR DRM broadcasts. On some occasions (perhaps every few months) they "forget" to patch the audio path correctly to the transmitter and all that is heard is the hum without any programming for the hour!" Recorded by Mark Fahey, courtesy of the Shortwave Radio Archive. Part of the Shortwave Transmissions project, documenting and reimagining the sounds of shortwave radio - find out more and see the whole project at https://citiesandmemory.com/shortwave

Japan has two separate power grids, operating at two different frequencies. 50hz in the east, and 60hz in the west. How did that happen? And why won't anyone fix it?

Can you use a fleet of hacked smart devices to force a nationwide power blackout? Our guest and expert Harm van den Brink says YES.Tyler Cohen Wood and Mirko Ross are discussing with the power grid and electric vehicle cybersecurity expert Harm van der Brink on the challenges to defend the power grids from being attacked.Shownotes:Read more from Harm on his Medium articles:https://medium.com/codex/the-cyber-security-challenges-of-the-internet-of-energy-5b6fc966dba7A button to switch off our entire electricity grid? We are creating one with unsecure high-power connected devices. Should we worry about it? The more high power devices (home appliances) are connected to the grid, the more we should worry about our grid stability and the availability of power. We should have cyber security in place before millions of those devices will be added to the grid. The regulation should be done on (at least) the European level.https://harmvandenbrink.medium.com/a-european-wide-blackout-almost-e5b7ed2a6cfbLuckily almost nobody noticed it, but last Friday, 8th of January, at 14:05 CET the whole of Europe was on the brink of a total blackout. Due to an instant loss of energy production, the frequency (see it as the heartbeat of the grid) fell below the critical threshold. Such a high deviation is rarely seen on European grids. The frequency should be as close to 50Hz as possible for a smooth running grid. This time it dropped to 49.74, very close to a catastrophic failure. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

In dieser Folge erwarten euch Themen wie, Xbox Games with Gold im Oktober 2021, Game Pass Highlights, Microsoft Services Meldungen, Playstation Plus Spiele im Oktober 2021, Playstation Now Highlights, Sony Services Meldungen, Nintendo Switch Online Service mit N64 und Mega Drive, warum heute niemand mehr unangepasste Spiele in PAL mit 50Hz spielen will, Star Trek: Strange New Worlds, Game of Thrones House of the Dragon und einiges mehr. In der Pre-/Postshow exklusiv für Unterstützer geht es u.a. zusätzlich noch um Free Guy auf Disney+, die Rückkehr der American Gladiators und einiges mehr. Dazu wird eine "fritz-kola null Zucker Guarana" genossen. Viel Spaß beim Anhören! Die kompletten Sendungsdetails mit allen Links und Fotos zur Sendung findest du auf www.maennerquatsch.de Themen: (03:11) Xbox Games with Gold im Oktober 2021, Game Pass Highlights, Microsoft Services Meldungen (08:45) Playstation Plus Spiele im Oktober 2021, PS Now Highlights, Sony Services Meldungen (13:18) Nintendo Switch Online Service N64 und Mega Drive, Warum will heute niemand mehr Spiele in PAL50 spielen (21:10) Star Trek: Strange New Worlds und mehr (24:04) Game of Thrones: House of the Dragon Genussmittel: (02:22) fritz-kola null Zucker Guarana Picks / Was geht ab?: (27:57) Pick von Manuel: Metal Gear Legacy Collection PS3 (32:50) Pick von Björn: Nintendo Switch OLED Pre-/Postshow: (Unterstützer Content) Unterstützer erhalten zusätzlich in jeder Folge exklusiv die Pre- und die Postshow. Hier hört ihr persönliche Geschichten und weitere oft lustige Themen. - Warm-up - Angespielt: Bud Spencer & Terence Hill - Slaps and Beans (Switch) - Ausprobiert: Anker PowerCore 10000mAh Wireless Powerbank - Angeschaut: Free Guy auf Disney+ - Neue Folge Wetten, dass..? - WWE bringt die American Gladiators zurück Dieser Podcast von quatschenden Männern für alle über Retrospiele, Videospiele, Filme, Serien, Technik und Gadgets bietet dir handverlesenen Neuigkeiten und interessante Themen, auch mal abseits des Mainstreams, damit du informiert bist und mitreden kannst, ohne selber zu viel Zeit zu investieren. Neue Folgen erscheinen jeden 1. und 3. Montag im Monat. Für Feedback und Kommentare nutze gerne den Kanal "Episoden-Quatsch" auf dem Männerquatsch Discord Server. discord.gg/4n35eHU Wenn du den Podcast unterstützen willst, dann schau doch mal auf www.patreon.com/maennerquatsch vorbei. Oder nutze für deine Einkäufe bei Amazon diesen Affiliate-link: amzn.to/2uVop1y

Stāsta LLU Veterinārmedicīnas fakultātes dekāns, Pārtikas un vides higiēnas institūta vadošais pētnieks, profesors Kaspars Kovaļenko Dzirde lielākajai daļai mums zināmo mugurkaulnieku ir svarīgs aizsardzības un komunikācijas līdzeklis. Dzīvniekiem uztveramo skaņas frekvenču diapazons būtiski atšķiras. Kā zināms, cilvēki dzird diapazonā no 64Hz līdz 23kHz. Protams, ar vecumu dzirde pasliktinās un augstākas frekvences kļūst arvien grūtāk uztveramas. Cilvēku tuvākie radinieki, šimpanzes, dzird aptuveni līdz 30kHz, un cilvēks, salīdzinot ar citiem cilvēkpērtiķiem, dzird vissliktāk. Ar salīdzinoši šauru dzirdes spektru ir apveltītas zivis un abinieki - piemēram, tunči dzird 50Hz līdz 1100Hz, zelta zivtiņas no 20 līdz 3000Hz, bet kokvardes no 50Hz līdz 4000Hz. Arī vairums putnu nevar lepoties ar plašu dzirdes spektru, un tie praktiski nedzird frekvences virs 8000HZ. Ir gan atsevišķi izņēmumi. Putnu dzirdes spektrs atbilst dziedātājputnu dziesmas frekvencēm. Putni negūst evolucionāras priekšrocības, dzirdot ultraskaņas, tādēļ to dzirde vairāku miljonu gadu laikā nav būtiski uzlabojusies. Saistībā ar putniem, cilvēkus fascinē putnu spēja atdarināt skaņas - vai tās ir dažādas tehniskas skaņas vai cilvēka runa, un iemesli šai skaņu atdarināšanai ir dažādi. Piemēram, cilvēka runu putni atdarina sociālu motīvu vadīti, lai iekļautos barā, jo cilvēku tie var uzskatīt par bara locekli, it īpaši, ja putnēns tiek uzaudzināts starp cilvēkiem. Citas skaņas putni atdarina, lai aizsargātu teritoriju vai barību. No Latvijā ligzdojošiem putniem skaņas atdarina mājas strazdi un vairāki vārnu dzimtas putni, bet pasaulē šādu sugu ir daudz. Vidējs dzirdamo frekvenču spektrs ir novērojams ziloņiem 16Hz-12kHz, tie vairāk uztver zemfrekvenču skaņas. Suņu dzirdes spektrs ir līdz 45kHz, bet kaķiem līdz 64kHz. Salīdzinot ar cilvēku, divreiz plašāku spektru dzird truši, bet žurkas un citi grauzēji dzird pat astoņas reizes plašāku spektru, piemēram, peles dzird līdz pat 91kHz. Vieni no dzirdes spektra rekordistiem ir sikspārņi, kas principā pasauli tver ar dzirdi, tie lieto dzirdi un pašu radītās skaņas, lai orientētos telpā un noķertu medījumu. Sikspārņi vislabāk dzird augstfrekvenču skaņas, kas cilvēka ausij faktiski nav uztveramas. Bērni un jauni cilvēki dzird sikspārņu eholokācijas radīto skaņu apakšējās frekvences, bet patiesais sikspārņu radītais skaņu spektrs ir stipri plašāks 20-140kHz. Cik zināms, no visiem zīdītājiem visplašākais dzirdes spektrs ir novērojams vaļveidīgajiem, it īpaši cūkdelfīniem, kas var sadzirdēt ļoti augstas skaņas skaņas, līdz pat 180kHz. No bezmugurkaulniekiem dzirde ir attīstījusies tikai vairākām posmkāju sugām, galvenokārt kukaiņiem. Zirnekļiem nav ausu, gaisa vibrācijas tie spēj uztvert ar matiņiem, kas klāj to ķermeni, it īpaši kājas. Dažādi dzirdes orgāni kukaiņos ir evolūcijas gaitā attīstījušies vairākkārt, un to uzbūve un funkcijas mēdz ļoti būtiski atšķirties. Piemēram, sienāžiem dzirde ir attīstījusies apmēram pirms 60 miljoniem gadu kā adaptācija, lai izvairītos no kukaiņēdājām ķirzakām. Kukaiņiem tā saucamās "ausis" ir atrodams uz vēdera, muguras, kājām, spārniem un citur, variācijas ir ļoti plašas. Iespējams, sākotnēji dzirde kukaiņos attīstījusies, lai pildītu aizsardzības funkcijas, bet vēlāk dzirde ir pielāgojusies arī partnera meklēšanai, kā to novēro circeņiem, cikādēm un vairākām vaboļu sugām. Uztveramo frekvenču spektrs arī ir ļoti dažāds, bet vairums kukaiņu dzird šauru skaņu spektru, lai neapjuktu lielajā skaņu mudžeklī, kas novērojams dabā. Kā izņēmums šeit jāpiemin Vaska kodes, kas ir absolūtie dzirdes spektra rekordisti dzīvnieku valstī, jo dzird skaņas no aptuveni 20Hz līdz pat vairāk kā 300kHz. Saprotot to, ka dzīvnieku radīto skaņu diapazons ir ļoti plašs, mums ir jābūt priecīgiem, ka dzirdam vien ierobežotu skaņas spektru, līdz 20kHz, pretējā gadījumā būtu grūti dzīvot un sazināties plašajā skaņu jūrā.

Quando rimaniamo in silenzio in casa in realtà non siamo in silenzio ma siamo perennemente accompagnati dal suono dei 50Hz che è la frequenza della corrente elettrica di casa.La corrente alternata che abbiamo nelle case italiane è di 230 V a 50Hz e possiamo immaginarla come un'onda che compie il suo ciclo 50 volte al secondo.Vi farò ascoltare questo suono amplificato che normalmente appare impercettibile.Di recente ho guardato il Ted di Chiara Luzzana a Genova da cui ho preso spunto per fare questo video. Lei è una sound artist e compositrice di colonne sonore che ha trattato in maniera approfondita questo argomento e inoltre compone musica registrando i suoni delle città.Ted di Chiara Luzzanahttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fcvTGnAR8lUGarvan Acoustic. Diffusori acustici e trattamento acustico www.garvanacoustic.com/

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.14.381749v1?rss=1 Authors: Sullivan, B. J., Kipnis, P. A., Ammanuel, S. G., Kadam, S. D. Abstract: Objective: SYNGAP1 encephalopathy is a developmental and epileptic encephalopathy caused by pathogenic loss of function variants. Syngap1-heterozygous (Het+/-) mice demonstrate progressive epilepsy with multiple seizure phenotypes in adulthood. Here, we investigate early-life seizures in Het+/- pups and explore of Syngap1 encephalopathy during development. Methods: Post-natal day 7 (P7) and P12 mice were investigated by tethered video-electroencephalographic (vEEG). The effects of GABAergic drugs phenobarbital (PB) and pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) were investigated at P7 and P12, respectively. 24h tethered vEEG was performed at P24, and telemetric 24h vEEG with 6h sleep deprivation was performed at P35. The effect of perampanel (PMP), an AMPA receptor antagonist, was investigated at P24. Results: Het+/- mice have spontaneous early-life seizures that lack an overt behavioral phenotype. These subclinical seizures are refractory to PB, but the GABAA receptor (GABAAR) antagonist PTZ significantly reduced seizure frequency suggesting that GABAergic signaling may promote seizure generation in Het+/- pups. At juvenile ages, Het+/- pups recapitulated the early emergence of high gamma (35-50Hz) during NREM and disruption of behavioral-state gamma homeostasis. This biomarker was significantly exacerbated in Het+/- pups after increasing sleep pressure with sleep deprivation. Significance: Seizures during development have adverse effects on cognitive function. Therefore, an improved understanding of the SYNGAP1 epilepsy during developmental ages is necessary to delineate the deleterious interactions between aberrant synaptic function and recurrent seizures. The development of evidence-based therapies for early-life intervention will benefit from these insights. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

After a surprising revelation from Mick's niece, Pippa, the hunters head to the primary school to conduct their investigation.Programme notesThis episode contains dried blood and scarred arms.The Ragged Scratch Podcast, hosted and produced by our sound designer Natalie Winter, returns for season 3 on 19 November. Add it to your podcast app for 12 new work-in-progress audio dramas and interviews with the creators.Compère Matt's monthly email newsletter usually includes some backstage Merely Roleplayers bits and pieces, along with updates about game things and theatre things he's working on. The next one goes out on 13 November - sign up now so you won't miss it.The town of Sherrydown is twinned with Whispering Pines, the not-so-ordinary summer camp for those hazy days and chilled summer nights. Campers laughing, fireflies glowing, campfires crackling long into the night, and a gaunt, cruel monstrosity forever hiding just out of sight, always asking, “What do you do next?” You can find out more about Whispering Pines and meet some of its eccentric camp counselors in the upcoming Sleepaway Oneshot on What Am I Rolling? : a twice monthly RPG one-shot podcast.Dramatis personae and other definitionsRenko: A DoOm agent assigned to Sherrydown, furloughed since the office closed.Persephone ‘Percy' Byron: A Victorian monster hunter and half-sister of Ada Lovelace. Percy tried to time travel from 1852 to 1666 to stop the summoning of an apocalyptic demon, but something went wrong, and she landed in present-day Sherrydown instead.Mick: Sherrydown's favourite builder and bricklayer. His life has been getting weirder since he dug too deep and hit a leyline.Graham: The demon equivalent of an accountant, summoned to Earth in error and now trying to make the best of it. He is destined to bring about the Apocalypse.Department of Omissions (DO, DoOm): The UK government department tasked with preventing harm to citizens from supernatural phenomena. Severely defunded under Tory austerity policies and currently prioritising major urban population centres.Sherrydown, Brackshire: A historic English market town. One of the first towns to lose its DoOm office.Omission effect: The rejection of certain beings and phenomena by long-term memory. Can be suppressed by concentration, mnemonic techniques, hypnosis, trauma, or the light of the full moon.CreditsCOMPERE: Matt BoothmanSTARRING:Ellie Pitkin as Persephone ‘Percy' Byron, the ExileAlexander Pankhurst as Graham, the SummonedVikki as Renko, the FlakeDave as Mick, the MundaneROLEPLAYING GAME SYSTEM: Monster of the Week, designed by Michael SandsMUSIC BY: Alexander PankhurstSOUND DESIGN BY: Natalie WinterSFX INCLUDES: rain and final thunder clap by reinsamba; night rain on car by Relax Sleep ASMR; Ford Transit boulevard by LG; van on gravel by Carnegie Mellon University School of Drama; Medusa by Kevin MacLeod; Long Note Two by Kevin MacLeod; electric short-circuit 50Hz by Sergenious; shutting van sliding door by Alastair Cameron; dragon roar by veroma; boiling water, large, A by Jonathan Shaw; eel splashing 2 by mystiscool; and may include others covered by the Creative Commons 0 attribution licenceEDITED AND PRODUCED BY: Matt BoothmanFind usOn Twitter @MerelyRoleplayOn Instagram @MerelyRoleplayersOn Facebook at Merely Roleplayerswww.MerelyRoleplayers.com

Part 3 of 5 in the VaxPocalypse series. Smart Viruses, Transhumanism, Bio-Hacking, Hive Mind, Mind Control, A.I. Matrix, Nano-Neural implants, Optogenetics, Epigenetics, AI Singularity, and the MARK of the BEAST Quantum Dot Tattoo. Link to FULL VERSION 5 hour video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fXNNIplklXY #XtremeRealityCheck  #GreatAwakening  #WeDoNotConsent  #Revolution4Christ  #RiseandShine   DO YOU WANT TO GET SAVED? Here is a link to a prayer and intro on my website if you need help: http://www.xtremerealitycheck.com/getsaved.html      Find us on twitch.tv  https://www.twitch.tv/xtremerealitycheck      On BitChute  https://www.bitchute.com/channel/GgJZyiE9kST0      On DLive.tv  https://dlive.tv/XtremeRealityCheck      On Twitter https://twitter.com/xtremereality      On facebook https://www.facebook.com/XtremeRealityCheck      On youtube  https://www.youtube.com/xtremerealitycheck      On Patreon   https://www.patreon.com/XtremeRealityCheck      Our Blog http://xtremerealitycheck.blogspot.com  On Brand New Tube https://brandnewtube.com/@XtremeRealityCheck On LBRY.tv https://lbry.tv/@XtremeRealityCheck:d The Supernatural-God is NOT Dead channel https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCfRQ7RkUaRZF7W_UzdvNddA      #Jesus Channel https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_62YPYIiIQb5DTrxwf1Mfg      On Instagram  @XtremeRealityCheck   Our Website http://www.xtremerealitycheck.com       Please consider supporting this work: https://www.paypal.me/XtremeRealityCheck      Or support us through our Merch Store https://teespring.com/stores/xtremerealitycheck      _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ CREDIT LINKS: Edward Riordan Remote Viewing channel https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxIutZCmFkw&t=234s Explained: Optogenetics by MIT official channel https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nb07TLkJ3Ww Neuro Transmissions Optogenetics https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-8bMMuvpbkg Infrasound and noise experiments https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZXCZ3OyklrE Cymatics organizing matter in geometric shapes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wvJAgrUBF4w Viruses cause Schizophrenia https://www.webmd.com/schizophrenia/news/20010409/virus-provides-clue-to-cause-of-schizophrenia#2 https://www.psychiatryadvisor.com/home/topics/schizophrenia-and-psychoses/schizophrenia-linked-with-common-viral-infections/ Neurological manifestations https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32275288/ Bill gates video https://www.bitchute.com/video/9bnVE9jJTF3U/ Epstein-Barr virus and 50Hz electromagnetic fields https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9276003/ Remote ViewingQ sessions and Edward Riordan's channel : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxIutZCmFkw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O8N3L4xwawE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y3kVr2GdTN8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UISLxgwHajc Hero's Theme by Twin Musicom is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://www.twinmusicom.org/song/280/heros-theme Artist: http://www.twinmusicom.org _________________________________________________________________ (Everything I say on my vlog/podcast is obviously just my opinion and would be considered "alleged" for legal purposes ;) _________________________________________________________________  

Part 4 of 5 in the VaxPocalypse series. Smart Viruses, Transhumanism, Bio-Hacking, Hive Mind, Mind Control, A.I. Matrix, Nano-Neural implants, Optogenetics, Epigenetics, AI Singularity, and the MARK of the BEAST Quantum Dot Tattoo. Link to FULL VERSION 5 hour video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fXNNIplklXY #XtremeRealityCheck  #GreatAwakening  #WeDoNotConsent  #Revolution4Christ  #RiseandShine   DO YOU WANT TO GET SAVED? Here is a link to a prayer and intro on my website if you need help: http://www.xtremerealitycheck.com/getsaved.html      Find us on twitch.tv  https://www.twitch.tv/xtremerealitycheck      On BitChute  https://www.bitchute.com/channel/GgJZyiE9kST0      On DLive.tv  https://dlive.tv/XtremeRealityCheck      On Twitter https://twitter.com/xtremereality      On facebook https://www.facebook.com/XtremeRealityCheck      On youtube  https://www.youtube.com/xtremerealitycheck      On Patreon   https://www.patreon.com/XtremeRealityCheck      Our Blog http://xtremerealitycheck.blogspot.com  On Brand New Tube https://brandnewtube.com/@XtremeRealityCheck On LBRY.tv https://lbry.tv/@XtremeRealityCheck:d The Supernatural-God is NOT Dead channel https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCfRQ7RkUaRZF7W_UzdvNddA      #Jesus Channel https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_62YPYIiIQb5DTrxwf1Mfg      On Instagram  @XtremeRealityCheck   Our Website http://www.xtremerealitycheck.com       Please consider supporting this work: https://www.paypal.me/XtremeRealityCheck      Or support us through our Merch Store https://teespring.com/stores/xtremerealitycheck      _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ CREDIT LINKS: Edward Riordan Remote Viewing channel https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxIutZCmFkw&t=234s Explained: Optogenetics by MIT official channel https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nb07TLkJ3Ww Neuro Transmissions Optogenetics https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-8bMMuvpbkg Infrasound and noise experiments https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZXCZ3OyklrE Cymatics organizing matter in geometric shapes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wvJAgrUBF4w Viruses cause Schizophrenia https://www.webmd.com/schizophrenia/news/20010409/virus-provides-clue-to-cause-of-schizophrenia#2 https://www.psychiatryadvisor.com/home/topics/schizophrenia-and-psychoses/schizophrenia-linked-with-common-viral-infections/ Neurological manifestations https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32275288/ Bill gates video https://www.bitchute.com/video/9bnVE9jJTF3U/ Epstein-Barr virus and 50Hz electromagnetic fields https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9276003/ Remote ViewingQ sessions and Edward Riordan's channel : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxIutZCmFkw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O8N3L4xwawE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y3kVr2GdTN8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UISLxgwHajc Hero's Theme by Twin Musicom is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://www.twinmusicom.org/song/280/heros-theme Artist: http://www.twinmusicom.org _________________________________________________________________ (Everything I say on my vlog/podcast is obviously just my opinion and would be considered "alleged" for legal purposes ;) _________________________________________________________________  

Part 5 of 5 in the VaxPocalypse series. Smart Viruses, Transhumanism, Bio-Hacking, Hive Mind, Mind Control, A.I. Matrix, Nano-Neural implants, Optogenetics, Epigenetics, AI Singularity, and the MARK of the BEAST Quantum Dot Tattoo. Link to FULL VERSION 5 hour video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fXNNIplklXY #XtremeRealityCheck  #GreatAwakening  #WeDoNotConsent  #Revolution4Christ  #RiseandShine   DO YOU WANT TO GET SAVED? Here is a link to a prayer and intro on my website if you need help: http://www.xtremerealitycheck.com/getsaved.html      Find us on twitch.tv  https://www.twitch.tv/xtremerealitycheck      On BitChute  https://www.bitchute.com/channel/GgJZyiE9kST0      On DLive.tv  https://dlive.tv/XtremeRealityCheck      On Twitter https://twitter.com/xtremereality      On facebook https://www.facebook.com/XtremeRealityCheck      On youtube  https://www.youtube.com/xtremerealitycheck      On Patreon   https://www.patreon.com/XtremeRealityCheck      Our Blog http://xtremerealitycheck.blogspot.com  On Brand New Tube https://brandnewtube.com/@XtremeRealityCheck On LBRY.tv https://lbry.tv/@XtremeRealityCheck:d The Supernatural-God is NOT Dead channel https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCfRQ7RkUaRZF7W_UzdvNddA      #Jesus Channel https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_62YPYIiIQb5DTrxwf1Mfg      On Instagram  @XtremeRealityCheck   Our Website http://www.xtremerealitycheck.com       Please consider supporting this work: https://www.paypal.me/XtremeRealityCheck      Or support us through our Merch Store https://teespring.com/stores/xtremerealitycheck      _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ CREDIT LINKS: Edward Riordan Remote Viewing channel https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxIutZCmFkw&t=234s Explained: Optogenetics by MIT official channel https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nb07TLkJ3Ww Neuro Transmissions Optogenetics https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-8bMMuvpbkg Infrasound and noise experiments https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZXCZ3OyklrE Cymatics organizing matter in geometric shapes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wvJAgrUBF4w Viruses cause Schizophrenia https://www.webmd.com/schizophrenia/news/20010409/virus-provides-clue-to-cause-of-schizophrenia#2 https://www.psychiatryadvisor.com/home/topics/schizophrenia-and-psychoses/schizophrenia-linked-with-common-viral-infections/ Neurological manifestations https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32275288/ Bill gates video https://www.bitchute.com/video/9bnVE9jJTF3U/ Epstein-Barr virus and 50Hz electromagnetic fields https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9276003/ Remote ViewingQ sessions and Edward Riordan's channel : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxIutZCmFkw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O8N3L4xwawE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y3kVr2GdTN8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UISLxgwHajc Hero's Theme by Twin Musicom is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://www.twinmusicom.org/song/280/heros-theme Artist: http://www.twinmusicom.org _________________________________________________________________ (Everything I say on my vlog/podcast is obviously just my opinion and would be considered "alleged" for legal purposes ;) _________________________________________________________________  

Part 1 of 5 in the VaxPocalypse series.  Smart Viruses, Transhumanism, Bio-Hacking, Hive Mind, Mind Control, A.I. Matrix, Nano-Neural implants, Optogenetics, Epigenetics, AI Singularity, and the MARK of the BEAST Quantum Dot Tattoo. Link to FULL VERSION 5 hour video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fXNNIplklXY #XtremeRealityCheck  #GreatAwakening  #WeDoNotConsent  #Revolution4Christ  #RiseandShine   DO YOU WANT TO GET SAVED? Here is a link to a prayer and intro on my website if you need help: http://www.xtremerealitycheck.com/getsaved.html      Find us on twitch.tv  https://www.twitch.tv/xtremerealitycheck      On BitChute  https://www.bitchute.com/channel/GgJZyiE9kST0      On DLive.tv  https://dlive.tv/XtremeRealityCheck      On Twitter https://twitter.com/xtremereality      On facebook https://www.facebook.com/XtremeRealityCheck      On youtube  https://www.youtube.com/xtremerealitycheck      On Patreon   https://www.patreon.com/XtremeRealityCheck      Our Blog http://xtremerealitycheck.blogspot.com  On Brand New Tube https://brandnewtube.com/@XtremeRealityCheck On LBRY.tv https://lbry.tv/@XtremeRealityCheck:d The Supernatural-God is NOT Dead channel https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCfRQ7RkUaRZF7W_UzdvNddA      #Jesus Channel https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_62YPYIiIQb5DTrxwf1Mfg      On Instagram  @XtremeRealityCheck   Our Website http://www.xtremerealitycheck.com       Please consider supporting this work: https://www.paypal.me/XtremeRealityCheck      Or support us through our Merch Store https://teespring.com/stores/xtremerealitycheck      _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ CREDIT LINKS: Edward Riordan Remote Viewing channel https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxIutZCmFkw&t=234s Explained: Optogenetics by MIT official channel https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nb07TLkJ3Ww Neuro Transmissions Optogenetics https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-8bMMuvpbkg Infrasound and noise experiments https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZXCZ3OyklrE Cymatics organizing matter in geometric shapes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wvJAgrUBF4w Viruses cause Schizophrenia https://www.webmd.com/schizophrenia/news/20010409/virus-provides-clue-to-cause-of-schizophrenia#2 https://www.psychiatryadvisor.com/home/topics/schizophrenia-and-psychoses/schizophrenia-linked-with-common-viral-infections/ Neurological manifestations https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32275288/ Bill gates video https://www.bitchute.com/video/9bnVE9jJTF3U/ Epstein-Barr virus and 50Hz electromagnetic fields https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9276003/ Remote ViewingQ sessions and Edward Riordan's channel : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxIutZCmFkw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O8N3L4xwawE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y3kVr2GdTN8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UISLxgwHajc Hero's Theme by Twin Musicom is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://www.twinmusicom.org/song/280/heros-theme Artist: http://www.twinmusicom.org _________________________________________________________________ (Everything I say on my vlog/podcast is obviously just my opinion and would be considered "alleged" for legal purposes ;) _________________________________________________________________  

Part 2 of 5 in the VaxPocalypse series. Smart Viruses, Transhumanism, Bio-Hacking, Hive Mind, Mind Control, A.I. Matrix, Nano-Neural implants, Optogenetics, Epigenetics, AI Singularity, and the MARK of the BEAST Quantum Dot Tattoo. Link to FULL VERSION 5 hour video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fXNNIplklXY #XtremeRealityCheck  #GreatAwakening  #WeDoNotConsent  #Revolution4Christ  #RiseandShine   DO YOU WANT TO GET SAVED? Here is a link to a prayer and intro on my website if you need help: http://www.xtremerealitycheck.com/getsaved.html      Find us on twitch.tv  https://www.twitch.tv/xtremerealitycheck      On BitChute  https://www.bitchute.com/channel/GgJZyiE9kST0      On DLive.tv  https://dlive.tv/XtremeRealityCheck      On Twitter https://twitter.com/xtremereality      On facebook https://www.facebook.com/XtremeRealityCheck      On youtube  https://www.youtube.com/xtremerealitycheck      On Patreon   https://www.patreon.com/XtremeRealityCheck      Our Blog http://xtremerealitycheck.blogspot.com  On Brand New Tube https://brandnewtube.com/@XtremeRealityCheck On LBRY.tv https://lbry.tv/@XtremeRealityCheck:d The Supernatural-God is NOT Dead channel https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCfRQ7RkUaRZF7W_UzdvNddA      #Jesus Channel https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_62YPYIiIQb5DTrxwf1Mfg      On Instagram  @XtremeRealityCheck   Our Website http://www.xtremerealitycheck.com       Please consider supporting this work: https://www.paypal.me/XtremeRealityCheck      Or support us through our Merch Store https://teespring.com/stores/xtremerealitycheck      _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ CREDIT LINKS: Edward Riordan Remote Viewing channel https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxIutZCmFkw&t=234s Explained: Optogenetics by MIT official channel https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nb07TLkJ3Ww Neuro Transmissions Optogenetics https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-8bMMuvpbkg Infrasound and noise experiments https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZXCZ3OyklrE Cymatics organizing matter in geometric shapes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wvJAgrUBF4w Viruses cause Schizophrenia https://www.webmd.com/schizophrenia/news/20010409/virus-provides-clue-to-cause-of-schizophrenia#2 https://www.psychiatryadvisor.com/home/topics/schizophrenia-and-psychoses/schizophrenia-linked-with-common-viral-infections/ Neurological manifestations https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32275288/ Bill gates video https://www.bitchute.com/video/9bnVE9jJTF3U/ Epstein-Barr virus and 50Hz electromagnetic fields https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9276003/ Remote ViewingQ sessions and Edward Riordan's channel : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxIutZCmFkw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O8N3L4xwawE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y3kVr2GdTN8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UISLxgwHajc Hero's Theme by Twin Musicom is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://www.twinmusicom.org/song/280/heros-theme Artist: http://www.twinmusicom.org _________________________________________________________________ (Everything I say on my vlog/podcast is obviously just my opinion and would be considered "alleged" for legal purposes ;) _________________________________________________________________  

https://medicienterprises.com/2020/08/14/show-482/

Following the simultaneous outages of two UK power plants last Friday, affecting nearly 1 million people across the country, we at Inside Science wanted to get back to the basics of electricity and get our heads round how the National Grid keeps the nation running. Keith Bell explains the difference between AC and DC (Alternating and Direct current), and why it's essential to keep the frequency of the grid steady at 50Hz. They’re calling it ‘Mission Jurassic’. A site so full of dinosaur bones that it would most probably keep a thousand palaeontologists happy and enormously busy for a thousand years. The Children’s Museum of Indianapolis (TCMI) has signed a 20 year exploration lease on a parcel of the Wyoming dinosaur site, calling on the help of UK associates from the University of Manchester and London’s Natural History Museum (NHM) to assist with the excavations. BBC science correspondent Jonathan Amos was invited to the top secret location to take part in what is arguably the country’s biggest dino dig in decades. There's now good evidence that micro-plastics are present in our oceans and are accumulating in our food chains, but surely they aren’t present in the last pristine environment on Earth? Melanie Bergmann and her team based in Germany compared snow samples from two dozen locations, ranging from the Arctic ice floes and the Norwegian archipelago Svalbard to the north of Germany. Surprisingly, they found 10,000 plastic particles per litre in Arctic snow. But how is the plastic getting there? Melanie provides insight into her ground breaking research unearthing how micro-plastics are capable of travelling such great distances. Producer: Fiona Roberts

Viele praktische Tipps rund um Mixing Lowend! - 50Hz ist nie die Lösung beim Wunsch nach mehr Bass - Headroom Verlust durch übertriebenes Lowend - Kickdrum Theorie: Fundamtenals, Punch und Nachschwingen - Kick-Tuning - Kick- und Bass Co-Existenz - Audio Hack: Kick Tuning mit Convert To Sampler Track in Logic Pro - Raumakustik und physikalische Grenzen beim Lowend-Mix - Lowend-Resonanzen - 50 Hz ist ein Gefühl im Raum - Lineare und Non-Lineare EQs - Weniger Lowend heißt mehr Dynamik - Transient Designer Toosl: Pro und Cons - Alternativen zu Sidechaining: Nicky Romero Plugin / Hüllkurven / LFO-Tools in ProTools - Zusammenfassung Kick und Bass: Nur ein Instrument kann gewinnen - Grundton und Kick - Basstöne - Überlappungen je nach Genre - Kick Finetuning: Cent-Bereich Tuning Konfliktlösung Bass und Kick - Handles und Druckpunkte - Akustische Kick vs. digitale Kick - Radikalere EQ-Entscheidungen - Subwoofer-Funktionsweisen: Endstufen und Class A Stromlieferanten - Mixing-Reihenfolge je Abhörmonitor: Von Consumersystemen zu Mastering-Speaker und zurück - Songintegrität auf allen Systemen Mix Temple PRO: https://mixedbymarcmozart.com/mix-temple-pro/ Master Feedback: https://mixedbymarcmozart.com/master-feedback/ Coupon für MASTER FEEDBACK 20% OFF: twentyOFFmaster5CD028CACDFDD

This week we've got another preview of a soon-to-be released thermal optic for the Spring of 2019. On Episode 42 we dive into the specifics of the new Pulsar Axion handheld thermal monoculars. The Axions will replace the now discontinued Quantum Lite series, as well as the very popular Helion XQ28 monocular. The three Axion models will be the Key XM30 2.5-10x $1,899, the XM30 4-16x $2,199 and the XM38 5.5-22x $2,599. All three will include a 320x240 12 micron thermal core, 50Hz refresh rate, a removable rechargeable battery pack and a focusable objective lens. If you have questions about the Axions or other thermal or night vision, please call Outdoor Legacy at (877)350-1818. If you'd like to pre-order an Axion you can do that at the link below. https://outdoorlegacygear.com/collections/axion

There are very few people who I consider to be personal mentors, extremely trustworthy individuals in my life who I can look to for fitness, health and longevity advice, or people who I think put out truly "cutting-edge" health information. is one of those people. Dr. Mercola is a board certified family physician who had seen tens of thousands of patients before transitioning to a full time internet journalist, as he felt he could help far more people than he could in private practice. It turns out he was right...because every month he has ten million unique visitors and 80 million unique visitors each year.  has been the most visited natural health site for the last 12 years and is now translated into six different languages. Dr. Mercola's passion is optimizing mitochondrial health, and during today's discussion, you'll discover: -How Dr. Mercola built Mercola.com into one of the most popular health websites in the world...[14:00] -Dr. Mercola's unique system that allows him to digest dozens of books each month while taking a quarter billion+ steps over his lifetime...[19:15] -Why you should wear blue light blocking glasses during the day, not just at night...[24:30] -How to ground your computer and keep your laptop and monitor from destroying your health...[26:35 & 35:20] -Why Dr. Mercola eats both seafood and one surprising compound found in seafood every day of the week...[29:20] -The little-known biohacks Dr. Mercola uses to maximize his mitochondrial density...[36:50] -Why scrambled eggs are very bad for you, and what you can do about it...[41:30] -The myth about iron levels and a crucial test you must take to keep iron from "rusting out" your body...[53:55] -The best book Dr. Mercola has ever read on strength training, and how he combines it with a special hack called "EWOT"...[20:20 & 79:10] -Dr. Mercola's take on whether or not quantification devices like rings and wristbands are good or bad for you, and what he personally uses...[60:45] -Why Dr. Mercola limits protein intake, and how he strikes a balance between anti-aging effects of muscle and aging effects of too much protein...[67:30] -How to make your own "anti-aging" cocktail...[72:30] -A unique one-two combo you can use prior to saunas to maximize your detoxification, fat burn and fat cell death...[75:10] -Two ingredients Dr. Mercola sprinkles on his garden soil to get 10x+ production of cherries, organic produce and more...[87:40] -The liquid dropper that Dr. Mercola takes on every airplane ride...[94:10] -And much more! Resources from this episode: - - - - -The book "" by Kelly Starrett - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -This one-two combination of and pre-sauna -. - - - - - Do you have questions, comments or feedback for Dr. Mercola or me? Leave your thoughts at  and one of us will reply! ------------------------- Addendum: Ben's notes on the DeltaSleeper/PEMF discussion: The info below regarding the does not take a genius to figure out. The Ramazzini team followed what is commonly known as an initiation-promotion protocol. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed in their mothers’ wombs and then for the rest of their lives to 50 Hz magnetic fields at an intensity of either 20μT or 1,000μT (200 mG or 10 G). At the age of six weeks, they each received a single 0.1Gy dose of gamma radiation, a known cancer agent. So let's take a look at what we have here. 1. The six week old rats were given a single 0.1 Gy dose of Gamma radiation. A KNOWN cancer agent. Gamma rays are classified as ionizing. This means they have the power to cause permanent cellular damage. See Below: Primer on Electromagnetic Fields. 2. They were exposed continuously for the rest of their lives to 50Hz magnetic fields at either 200 milliGauss or 10 Gauss fields. This is completely unnatural. The Earth's magnetic field is 3-6 milliGaus (0.3-0.6 Gauss). The SR1 creates a field exactly within this natural range. I don't believe the 50Hz magnetic pulse itself would cause any damage however the SR1 device provides a much lower frequency pattern. So basically, these rats did not stand a chance of not developing cancer. Further into the report we find the following from Fiorella Belpoggi, the Scientific Director of the Institute who notes that: "No Cancer Seen with EMFs Alone" In an interview, Belpoggi said that they are planning to publish the results of a concurrent experiment in which rats were exposed to power-frequency EMFs, without any other treatment. “In our preliminary data, ELF EMFs alone didn’t appear to show an increase of cancer in experimental animals so far,” she disclosed. "The main result of our experiment,” she said, is that “ELF EMFs have a synergistic effect: They are able to enhance the effects of a well-known carcinogen at low doses that was negative at those doses in the same experimental model." It's important to understand the difference between EMF's in something like a DeltaSleeper and EMF's from higher power devices, so keep reading... ...EMFs are classified as ionizing or non-ionizing according to their frequency. Ionizing fields have very short wavelengths and frequencies between 1016 Hz. and 1023 Hz. These fields are above visible light on the electromagnetic spectrum (1015 Hz.) and include cosmic rays, gamma rays and X-rays which have the power to knock electrons off their nuclear orbits and cause permanent cellular damage. Non-ionizing fields have longer wavelengths and frequencies below 1014 Hz. Although they have less power than ionizing fields they are still capable of having biologic effects. Important EMF modalities in medicine today are non-thermal applications of non-ionizing radiation. Medical applications of non-thermal, non-ionizing EM fields include non-union fracture bone repair, neuronal stimulation, nerve stimulation, tissue regeneration, immune system stimulation, osteoarthritis therapy, wound healing etc. Non-ionizing fields are classified as thermal, which means in biological terms, causes gross tissue heating, or non-thermal, indicating no gross tissue heating is involved. And the SR1 Device is a non-ionizing, non-thermal device. Furthermore, is switched on for just 22 minutes per use. The Earth's magnetic field ranges from 0.3 Gauss - 0.6 Gauss. The SR1 Device field strength falls within this range. They are in effect "Copying Nature" with that technology.  

ELAC B5 Debut Bookshelf Speakers Last year Ara went to The Home Entertainment Show (T.H.E. Show) in Newport Beach where he saw some extremely expensive AV equipment. There were rooms full of gear costing more than $100,000 and speakers from companies, some of which you have heard of, and many more from companies that only audiophiles would know. There was so much to be impressed with but alas, they were only a pipe dream for Ara as he still had a mortgage to pay and a daughter to put through college. By the way, this year's “Show” is June 3 - 5 at the Hotel Irvine in Irvine CA. What caught Ara's eye, or ears for that matter, were some extremely affordable speakers from ELAC USA. They were showing off a new design by world renowned speaker designer Andrew Jones. Andrew Jones had previously designed a line of affordable speakers for Pioneer. There were about twenty people in the room when the music started. Everyone's reaction was pretty similar… disbelief that a small bookshelf speaker costing $230 a pair could sound so good and produce deep deep bass! Now that Debut line is available we bought a pair of the B5s (Buy Now $230) and put it through it's paces. But first the specs: Speaker type: 2-way, bass reflex Frequency response: 46 to 20,000 Hz Nominal impedance: 6 Ω Sensitivity: 85 dB at 2.83 v/1m Crossover frequency: 3,000 Hz Maximum power input: 120 Watts Tweeter: 1-inch cloth dome with custom deep-spheroid waveguide Woofer: 5.25-inch woven aramid-fiber cone with oversized magnet and vented pole piece Cabinet: CARB2 rated MDF Port: Dual flared Binding posts: 5-way metal Width (each): 7.87 in / 200 mm Height: 12.75 in / 324 mm Depth: 8.75 in / 222 mm Net weight (each): 11.5 lb / 5.2 kg Gross weight (packaged pair): 26.2 lb / 11.9 kg Fit and Finish The speakers are quite basic in appearance. You can have any color and finish as long as it's black brushed vinyl. The build quality is first rate though. It's essentially an uninspiring box with sharp edges. ELAC chose to spend the money on sound while keeping costs down rather than esthetics. Performance Our typical approach to reviewing speakers is to give you our subjective opinions on the performance. But for these speakers we wanted to measure the frequency response objectively. However, our measurement microphone did not arrive in time so we resorted to checking online and found that others were measuring acceptable levels down to 50Hz and a relative flat response until about 10KHz. After that it starts to drop off and at 20KHz the signal is about 7dB less. To drive the speakers we were using an Audioengine B1 Bluetooth Receiver (Buy Now $189) connected to an Audioengine N22 Desktop Amplifier (Buy Now $199). We listened the the speakers right out of the box and were blown away. There was a sense of openness to the music that sounded great regardless of what we were listening to. The Bass! Wow how could a speaker of that size have so much low end? We couldn't wait to hear what these were going to sound like after they were broken in! After about thirty hours of playback we fell even more in love with the B5s! We played the gamut of music, Classical, Rock, Country, and Jazz for our critical listening. First up was Ode to Joy from Beethoven's 9th Symphony. Specifically from the Immortal Beloved soundtrack. When we were at Sony Pictures we watched this movie over and over again testing our equipment so we know how it's supposed to sound. What we listen for are the triangles about four minutes into the track. They were there but they were not as pronounced as we have experienced before. Next up was Dave Matthews and Tim Reynolds performing Crash Into Me. This is such an incredible track that Dolby used it on one of their demo discs a few years ago. This may sound redundant but it sounded “Live”. Like you were there. You could make out the instruments in clear detail. Everything from the musicians striking the strings of the guitars to the texture of Dave Matthews' voice. Speaking of live, in Melody Gardot's “Worrisome Heart” you could hear the room dynamics. And talk about a voice, these speakers were made for her deeper voice. Now it's time to test the bass and for that please forgive us but we turned to LMFAO's “Sexy and I know it”. At one minute in you could feel the bass in the floor. We were surprised at how good the entire track sounded. Nothing sounded muddled, vocals were clear and precise, and high frequencies pierced through the bass. Regardless what you think about this track, it shows off what these speakers can do. We were impressed with everything we listened to. The B5s really perform in a way that makes you wonder how they can only cost $230 a pair. Credit needs to go to the designer Andrew Jones for such an achievement. Home Theater There is no reason why you can't use these speakers as part of a home theater: 2 x Debut F5 Tower Speakers $280 each ($560 Total) 4 x Debut B5 5.25" Bookshelf Speakers $230 pair ($460 Total) 1 x Debut C5 5.25" Center Speaker $180 1 x Debut S10EQ 400 Watt Powered Subwoofer $500 This 7.1 configuration will cost you $1,700 with free two day shipping from Amazon Prime. If you don't want towers you can save $330 by buying another pair of B5s which would bring the total cost down to $1370. Conclusion If you are in the market for speakers you need to give these a listen. Especially if you are on a budget! We have no problem saying that the $230 ELAC B5s will give you the same enjoyment as speakers costing ten times as much.

For the first Podcast of 2016, Gary The Apprentice has dusted off some old vinyl. Expect 100% Jackin' Techno. Includes tracks from Jamie Bissmire, Jack Nation, Kamikaze, Paul Langley, DJ Bam Bam and many more, from labels like 50Hz, Jackstar and Bass Heavy Music, to name a few. Track ID's on request. Remember to follow us on Facebook and Twitter to keep up-to-date with the label. www.facebook.com/gtadigital www.twitter.com/gta_digital Also head over to our main site to check out the rest of our Podcast Series and also the FREE releases. www.gtadigital.co.uk All the best for 2016 y'all.

For the first Podcast of 2016, Gary The Apprentice has dusted off some old vinyl. Expect 100% Jackin' Techno. Includes tracks from Jamie Bissmire, Jack Nation, Kamikaze, Paul Langley, DJ Bam Bam and many more, from labels like 50Hz, Jackstar and Bass Heavy Music, to name a few. Track ID's on request. Remember to follow us on Facebook and Twitter to keep up-to-date with the label. www.facebook.com/gtadigital www.twitter.com/gta_digital Also head over to our main site to check out the rest of our Podcast Series and also the FREE releases. www.gtadigital.co.uk All the best for 2016 y'all.

I join my friends from http://www.RetroDomination.com and http://www.ConsoleDomination.com for the first ever PAX Australia. Sorry about the flickering lights, I had issues with the 50Hz flickering. For all interview segments you can find the full interviews at the above websites.

Show #137 digs deep into a now extinct podsafe music resource for some back catalog selections from Toro Y Moi, Blackalicious, Gregory Porter, Gretchen Parlato, Charlie Hunter, CSC Funk Band, Inverse Cinematics, and lots more. this episode is NOT WORKSAFE.

What use is an F-call? Experimentation is what amateur radio is all about, for some amateurs more than for others. For me, it's an integral part of what makes this hobby exciting for me. It may not be your particular cup of tea, but then, amateur radio is different things for different people. As one amateur put it, there are many walks of life represented in the collective known as amateur radio. Back to experimentation. As you may know, I am part of a team of people who put together the news in Western Australia. Last year during HAMfest we put the news to air live, using a bit of kit from here, some kit from there, and bits from everywhere. This year we're working on making the list a little less broad and making our planning experience a little less hectic. One of the biggest issues we had was our microphone set-up. We had some hand-held microphones that worked pretty well, but from a logistics perspective, we had some issues to deal with. One is that a hand-held microphone sort of makes it hard to use both hands - unless you have a microphone stand and a spot to actually put it on the limited table space we have available. So this year we decided that we'd use a headset microphone. You know, the $20 jobs that you plug into your sound-card and use with your computer. We have several of these headsets, but plugging them into our mixing desk gave us no sound. Turns out that these headsets have microphones that expect a voltage, so some research was needed to make a box that did just that. A bit of planning, a few components, some soldering and drilling and we have those. Now we have working microphones, but now we have a bonus extra sound, we have a 50Hz hum that just wonderfully punctuates any silence we may care to broadcast. More research indicates that this is likely a ground loop and several suggestions are available on how to fix those. We've tried a few and we're working through the options, but hand-held microphones are looking pretty good right now if you get my drift. My point is this. Finding problems and solving them is what this hobby is all about. We do it with antennas, we do it with power and at the moment I'm doing it with ground-loops in my audio output. All this is learning that I can apply in other aspects of my life. I can walk around the street and see that someone has installed their TV antenna backwards, or that the CB antenna on their car is unlikely to work efficiently. All this came from learning and experimentation. You may not like to drill and solder, but that doesn't mean you cannot experiment. I'm Onno VK6FLAB

Screwloose Records features a broad roster of artists including 50HZ, Asa, Culprate, Dr Syntax, GeneticBros, Gatekeeper, Koan Sound, LoKo, Matta, Nowan, Statix Teknian Tim Ismag and Zanetic. TRACKLISTINGTim Ismag - You GeneticBros - Walking Dead KOAN Sound - Akira (Document One Remix) KOAN Sound - Akira (Riskotheque & Marchmellow Remix) Kasket - Dream Catcher Nowan - Spirit Zanetic - True Dedication Zanetic - Effemate KOAN Sound - Blueberry Pie Gatekeeper - Ignite ft Dread & Grizla (STATIX Remix) Tim Ismag - Break The Wall GeneticBros - Steal Angel KOAN Sound - Jumpsuit Adventure (Southbound Hangers Remix) KOAN Sound - Jumpsuit Adventure (Culprate Remix) Zanetic - Long island Ice Tea Retrospect (50hz) - Headbop ft Maksim Zanetic - Natural Music Zanetic - Natural Music (Statix Remix) Zanetic - Natural Music (LoKo Remix) Tim Ismag - Desty Rave

Screwloose Records features a broad roster of artists including 50HZ, Asa, Culprate, Dr Syntax, GeneticBros, Gatekeeper, Koan Sound, LoKo, Matta, Nowan, Statix Teknian Tim Ismag and Zanetic. TRACKLISTINGTim Ismag - You GeneticBros - Walking Dead KOAN Sound - Akira (Document One Remix) KOAN Sound - Akira (Riskotheque & Marchmellow Remix) Kasket - Dream Catcher Nowan - Spirit Zanetic - True Dedication Zanetic - Effemate KOAN Sound - Blueberry Pie Gatekeeper - Ignite ft Dread & Grizla (STATIX Remix) Tim Ismag - Break The Wall GeneticBros - Steal Angel KOAN Sound - Jumpsuit Adventure (Southbound Hangers Remix) KOAN Sound - Jumpsuit Adventure (Culprate Remix) Zanetic - Long island Ice Tea Retrospect (50hz) - Headbop ft Maksim Zanetic - Natural Music Zanetic - Natural Music (Statix Remix) Zanetic - Natural Music (LoKo Remix) Tim Ismag - Desty Rave

Screwloose Records features a broad roster of artists including 50HZ, Asa, Culprate, Dr Syntax, GeneticBros, Gatekeeper, Koan Sound, LoKo, Matta, Nowan, Statix Teknian Tim Ismag and Zanetic. TRACKLISTINGTim Ismag - You GeneticBros - Walking Dead KOAN Sound - Akira (Document One Remix) KOAN Sound - Akira (Riskotheque & Marchmellow Remix) Kasket - Dream Catcher Nowan - Spirit Zanetic - True Dedication Zanetic - Effemate KOAN Sound - Blueberry Pie Gatekeeper - Ignite ft Dread & Grizla (STATIX Remix) Tim Ismag - Break The Wall GeneticBros - Steal Angel KOAN Sound - Jumpsuit Adventure (Southbound Hangers Remix) KOAN Sound - Jumpsuit Adventure (Culprate Remix) Zanetic - Long island Ice Tea Retrospect (50hz) - Headbop ft Maksim Zanetic - Natural Music Zanetic - Natural Music (Statix Remix) Zanetic - Natural Music (LoKo Remix) Tim Ismag - Desty Rave

Teut Weidemann ist seit Anfang der 80er Jahre eine treibende Kraft in der deutschen Computerspielebranche und war aktiv an Entwicklung, Vertrieb und Vermarktung von Computerspielen beteiligt. Im Gespräch mit Tim Pritlove berichtet Teut über die Entwicklung der Szene in Deutschland in den letzten 30 Jahren und der Situation heute. Zur Sprache kommen zunächst die Entwicklung der frühen Szene in den 80er Jahren und die Bedeutung des Crackens und freien Kopierens der Software-Titel, das Aufkommen der "Demos" durch Cracker, Programmiertechniken auf Home Computern unter Einsatz von Spezial-Chips für Computer-Grafik, 50Hz- und 60Hz-Software, die Unterschiede im Spieledesign zwischen amerikanischen und europäischen Spieleentwicklern, die Technikverliebtheit der Deutschen, Rollenspiele, warum Nintendo Giana Sisters nicht mochte, die Geburt des deutschen Computerspielemarkts, erforderliche Fähigkeiten von Spieleprogrammierern, die Meilensteine der Spielegeschichte, die Entwicklung der 3D-Shooter und die Tricks der Doom-Engine. Weiter geht es mit den Hintergründen zum Niedergang der Atari VCS Konsole, dem Aufstieg von Nintendo und die Wiedergeburt des Spielekonsolen-Geschäfts, dem "Pinball" als Vorläufer der Arcade-Spielekonsolen, den aktuellen Produktions- und Lizenzmodellen und Approval-Prozesse der heutigen Spielekonsolen-Hersteller, der Verdrängung der Home-Computer durch Spielekonsolen in der 90er-Jahren, neuen Bedienkonzepte und der Wii Remote. In der Folge geht es um die Kalkulationsprinzipien der Konsolenhersteller, die Schwierigkeiten bei der Programmierung von Multi-Core-Systemen, die Zukunft der Konsolen als "Home Theatre", Vor- und Nachteile der aktuellen Konsolensysteme, wie Microsoft den Spielemarkt angeht, die aktuellen Trends bei den Spielekonzepten, Augmented Reality in Zusammenhang mit GPS, die Bedeutung des iPhones für den Telefon- und Handheld-Spielekonsolen-Markt, die Grafik des iPhone, wieviel Zeit, Leute und Geld man braucht, um ein Spiel zu entwickeln, Browser-Games und Micropayment innerhalb von Spielen, die Auswirkungen von Raubkopien auf den Spielemarkt, Online-Aktivierung von Spielen und die Auswirkungen der Killerspieldebatte auf die Spieleindustrie und ihre Positionierung in der Frage um Copyright-Verfolgung und Softwarepatente, Ausbildungsmöglichkeiten für angehende Spiele-Programmierer.