Podcasts about french academy

The Studies Show LIVE (with special guest Jesse Singal) is this week! Friday 9 May, Conway Hall, London, 8pm. Get your tickets AT THIS LINK or at bit.ly/tss_live. Welcome to a new series of The Studies Show, all about parenting. We'll cover the weird claims, fads, and controversies about how you should raise your kids.In this first episode, which focuses on infancy, we cover some feeding-related topics (an update on breastfeeding, the question of sterilising baby bottles, and the idea of baby-led weaning) as well as “tummy time” and sleep training. Are any of these good for your baby? Are any of them bad? Tom and Stuart look through the evidence.Let us know which parenting-related claims you want us to look into as the series continues!The Studies Show is brought to you by Works in Progress magazine. In their recent issue you can find out about surprising policy screwups, the latest fertility techology, the history of the pineapple, and why all that steam comes out from the roads in New York City. It's all available for free at worksinprogress.co. Show notes* Breasfeeding:* 2024 meta-analysis of health effects of breastfeeding* 2024 study from Uganda on “topping up” breastfeeding with formula milk* Bottle sterilising:* UK NHS advice on bottle sterilisation* Advice from other countries/states: Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, Alberta (Canada), Israel, Norway, Sweden, US CDC, Texas Children's Hospital, France* Lab research on germs passing from hands to bottles* 2006 observational study on health and sterilising bottles* Baby-led weaning* 2017 review and discussion of the history of baby-led weaning* 2023 Turkish randomised control trial* 2017 report from the NZ “BLISS” study* 2022 French Academy of Paediatrics statement on baby-led weaning* Tummy time* UK NHS advice on tummy time* 2023 protocol for a randomised trial* Very low-quality Indonesian study on tummy time* Sleep training* Weird 2012 “cortisol synchrony” study* Debate about the measurement of cortisol* 2020 study claiming no effects of sleep training on attachment; response 1; reply from the authors; response 2* Emily Oster's ParentData piece on sleep trainingCreditsThe Studies Show is produced by Julian Mayers at Yada Yada Productions. This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit www.thestudiesshowpod.com/subscribe

In this episode hosts, Dr Alice Tsai and Dr Monica Ortenzi speak with three surgical specialists from The Hernia Institute Paris, which was the first French centre to specialise in laparoscopic abdominal wall and hernia surgery. The guests Dr Édouard Pélissier, Dr Philippe Ngo and Dr Jean-Pierre Cossa are all members of the French Academy of Surgery. Alice and Monica discuss with the guests their paper on 'Endoscopic-assisted repair of combined ventral hernias and diastasis recti: minimizing seroma incidence by quilting'.Reference:Cossa JP, Ngo P, Blum D, Pélissier E, Gillion JF. Endoscopic-assisted repair of combined ventral hernias and diastasis recti: minimizing seroma incidence by quilting. Surg Endosc. 2024 May;38(5):2826-2833. doi: 10.1007/s00464-024-10801-2. Epub 2024 Apr 10. PMID: 38600304.If you enjoy this episode, why not subscribe to Inside Surgery so you don't miss out on future episodes?Would you like to become a part of the EAES family? Become a member via https://eaes.eu/become-a-member

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We discuss the four modes of coaching and navigate career growth in expanding / contracting companies with James Birchler. James shares highlights from the recent coaching / mentoring workshop he facilitated, and breaks down how each mode of coaching differs tactically. We also cover the dilemma of linear career/leadership growth vs. exponential company growth, different common communication challenges eng leaders face, why people / organizational challenges are harder than technical issues, and how to prepare for & execute uncomfortable conversations. James also shares his unique journey to technical leadership & how past management roles – even in non-tech spaces – have helped shape his thoughts on coaching & eng leadership today.ABOUT JAMES BIRCHLERJames Birchler is an engineering and product development leader, technical advisor, and an accredited Executive Coach from the UC Berkeley Haas School of Business Executive Coaching Institute.In his coaching practice, James focuses on self-awareness, integrity, accountability, and fostering a growth mindset that supports continuous learning and high performance.He focuses his technical advisory practice on common mechanisms and playbooks required at different phases and inflection points of startup growth and scaling: Hiring and interviewing, product development methodologies including Lean Startup and Agile, operational meeting cadence and communication flow, people management, technical leadership, vision/mission development, alignment, and execution.James implemented the Lean Startup methodologies with Eric Ries at IMVU (literally the first Lean Startup), where his team helped start the DevOps movement by building the infrastructure to ship code to production 50 times a day (which was a lot at the time!) and coining the term “continuous deployment.”He has more than 20 years of experience leading high-performance teams in growth environments, including startups and scaled organizations, including Amazon. He has delivered great consumer software products and implemented product development and innovation processes based on continuous learning and improvement.Presently James advises and coaches Series A+ startups in the US and Europe, and leads innovation practices in hyper-growth areas of last mile delivery technology for Amazon. Previously my roles included VP of Engineering & Operations, VP of Engineering, and Founder at several technology startups including IMVU, Caffeine.tv, SmugMug, iCracked, The Arts Coop, and Letters & Science.You can find James at jamesbirchler.com, LinkedIn, and Substack.SHOW NOTES:Highlights from James' recent coaching & mentoring workshop (2:41)Shared challenges around building trust in eng teams (5:25)The differences between coaching vs. mentoring (7:01)Building trust in order to best support your team members as a manager (9:38)Defining the advising mode of coaching (11:54)How supporting differs from advising (14:29)The story behind James' technical leadership journey (16:55)Transitioning from a PhD program & environmental planning career into tech (20:19)The dilemma of career growth: linear leadership growth vs. exponential company growth (23:53)Why organizational challenges are more complicated than technical puzzles (26:49)Navigating career growth during company contraction from the employee perspective (28:02)Preparing for uncomfortable conversations as a coach / manager (31:50)Strategies for actually having those tough conversations (35:36)Frameworks for helping others identify what they want (37:58)Rapid fire questions (42:44)LINKS AND RESOURCESStop 'Coaching' Your Tech Team (And What To Do Instead) - James' substack post on the four modes of development breaking down the core differences of coaching, advising, mentoring, and supporting roles and explaining how trust is the secret ingredient to all four.jamesbirchler.com - James' website where you can find info about his executive coaching and resources for engineering leaders and founders.How to lead with radical candor | Kim Scott - NYT bestselling author, Kim Scott, has cracked the code on giving valuable feedback in a way that builds genuine relationships, drives results, and creates positive workplaces.What Are People For? - In the twenty-two essays collected here, Wendell Berry conveys a deep concern for the American economic system and the gluttonous American consumer. Berry talks to the reader as one would talk to a next-door neighbor: never preachy, he comes across as someone offering sound advice. In the end, these essays offer rays of hope in an otherwise bleak forecast of America's future. Berry's program presents convincing steps for America's agricultural and cultural survival.New Happy: Getting Happiness Right in a World That's Got It Wrong - Happiness expert Stephanie Harrison draws upon hundreds of studies to offer a life-changing guide to finding the happiness you have been looking for, all based on a decade of research and brought to life with beautiful artwork.Accelerate: Building and Scaling High-Performing Technology Organizations - Through four years of groundbreaking research, Dr. Nicole Forsgren, Jez Humble, and Gene Kim set out to find a way to measure software delivery performance—and what drives it—using rigorous statistical methods. This book presents both the findings and the science behind that research. Readers will discover how to measure the performance of their teams, and what capabilities they should invest in to drive higher performance.Conversations on Science, Culture, and Time: Michel Serres with Bruno Latour - Although elected to the prestigious French Academy in 1990, Michel Serres has long been considered a maverick--a provocative thinker whose prolific writings on culture, science and philosophy have often baffled more than they have enlightened. In these five lively interviews with sociologist Bruno Latour, this increasingly important cultural figure sheds light on the ideas that inspire his highly original, challenging, and transdisciplinary essays.This episode wouldn't have been possible without the help of our incredible production team:Patrick Gallagher - Producer & Co-HostJerry Li - Co-HostNoah Olberding - Associate Producer, Audio & Video Editor https://www.linkedin.com/in/noah-olberding/Dan Overheim - Audio Engineer, Dan's also an avid 3D printer - https://www.bnd3d.com/Ellie Coggins Angus - Copywriter, Check out her other work at https://elliecoggins.com/about/

Episode: 1971 In which Lame, Cauchy, and Kummer race to prove Fermat's last theorem.  Today, guest scientist Andrew Boyd relives a race.

It is said that in 1861 the French Academy of Science printed a brochure stating that there are 51 incontrovertible facts that are direct contradictions of the Bible. Today there is not one reputable scientist who would believe a single one of them.  Why?  Has the Bible changed!

Transcript with audio and relevant external links, recorded on 6 Feb 2024Eric Topol (00:05):Hello, this is Eric Topol with Ground Truths, and I have a remarkable guest with me today, Professor Michelle Monje, who is from Stanford, a physician-scientist there and is really a leader in neuro-oncology, the big field of cancer neuroscience, neuroinflammation, and she has just been rocking it recently with major papers on these fields, no less her work that's been on a particular cancer, brain cancer in kids that we'll talk about. I just want to give you a bit of background about Michelle. She is a National Academy of Medicine member, no less actually a National Academy of Medicine awardee with the French Academy for the Richard Lounsbery Award, which is incredibly prestigious. She received a Genius grant from the MacArthur Foundation and is a Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) scholar, so she is just an amazing person who I'm meeting for the first time. Michelle, welcome.Michelle Monje (01:16):Thank you. So nice to join you.Long Covid and the BrainEric Topol (01:18):Well, I just am blown away by the work that you and your colleagues have been doing and it transcends many different areas that are of utmost importance. Maybe we can start with Long Covid because that's obviously such a big area. Not only have you done work on that, but you published an amazing review with Akiko Iwasaki, a friend of mine, that really went through all the features of Long Covid. Can you summarize your thoughts about that?Michelle Monje (01:49):Yeah, and specifically we focused on the neurobiology of Long Covid focusing on the really common syndrome of cognitive impairment so-called brain fog after Covid even after relatively mild Covid. There has been this, I think really important and exciting, really explosion of work in the last few years internationally trying to understand this in ways that I am hopeful will be beneficial to many other diseases of cognition that occur in the context of other kinds of infections and other kinds of immune challenges. But what is emerging from our work and from others is that inflammation, even if it doesn't directly initially involve the nervous system, can very profoundly affect the nervous system and the mechanisms by which that can happen are diverse. One common mechanism appears to be immune challenge induced reactivity of an innate immune cell in the nervous system called microglia. These microglia, they populate the nervous system very early in embryonic development.(02:58):And their job is to protect the nervous system from infection, but also to respond to other kinds of toxic and infectious and immune challenges. They also play in healthy conditions, really important roles in neurodevelopment and in neuroplasticity and so they're multifaceted cells and this is some population of those cells, particularly in the white matter in the axon tracks that are exquisitely sensitive it seems to various kinds of immune challenges. So even if there's not a direct nervous system insult, they can react and when they react, they stop doing their normal helpful jobs and can dysregulate really important interactions between other kinds of cells in the brain like neurons and support cells for those neurons like oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. One common emerging principle is that microglial reactivity triggered by even relatively mild Covid occurring in the respiratory system, not directly infecting the brain or other kinds of immune challenges can trigger this reactivity of microglia and consequently dysregulate the normal interactions between cells and the brain.(04:13):So important for well-tuned and optimal nervous system function. The end product of that is dysfunction and cognition and kind of a brain fog impairment, attention, memory, ability to multitask, impaired speed of information processing, but there are other ways that Covid can influence the nervous system. Of course there can be direct infection. We don't think that that happens in every case. It may not happen even commonly, but it certainly can happen. There is a clear dysregulation of the vasculature, the immune response, and the reaction to the spike protein of Covid in particular can have very important effects on the vessels in the nervous system and that can trigger a cascade of effects that can cause nervous system dysregulation and may feed directly into that reactivity of the microglia. There also can be reactivation of other infections previous, for example, herpes virus infections. EBV for example, can be reactivated and trigger a new immune challenge in the context of the immune dysregulation that Covid can induce.(05:21):There also can be autoimmunity. There are many, we're learning all the different ways Covid can affect the nervous system, but autoimmunity, there can be mimicry of some of the antigens that Covid presents and unfortunate autoimmunity against nervous system targets. Then finally in severe Covid where there is cardiopulmonary compromise, where there is hypoxia and multi-organ damage, there can be multifaceted effects on the nervous system in severe disease. So many different ways, and probably that is not a comprehensive list. It is certainly not a mutually exclusive list. Many of these interactions can happen at the same time in the same individual and in different combinations but we're beginning to wrap our arms around all the different ways that Covid can influence the nervous system and cause this fairly consistent syndrome of impaired attention, memory, multitasking, and executive functions.Homology with Chemo BrainEric Topol (06:23):Yeah, well there's a lot there that you just summarized and particularly you highlighted the type of glia, the microglia that appear to be potentially central at least a part of the story. You also made analogy to what you've seen with chemotherapy, chemo brain. Maybe you could elaborate on that.Michelle Monje (06:42):Yeah, absolutely. So I've been studying the cognitive impairment that can happen after cancer therapies including chemotherapy, but also radiation and immunotherapy. Each time we develop a new model and dig in to understand what's going on and how these cancer therapies influence the nervous system, microglia emerge as sort of the unifying principle, microglial reactivity, and the consequences of that reactivity on other cell types within the nervous system. And so, understanding that microglia and their reactive state to toxic or immune challenges was central to chemotherapy induced cognitive impairment, at least in preclinical models in the laboratory and confirm by human tissue studies. I worried at the very beginning of the pandemic that we might begin to see something that looks a lot like chemotherapy induced cognitive impairment, this syndrome that is characterized by impaired attention, memory, executive function, speed of information processing and multitasking. When just a few months into the pandemic, people began to flood neurologists' office complaining of exactly this syndrome. I felt that we needed to study it and so that was the beginning of what has become a really wonderful collaboration with Akiko Iwasaki. I reached out to her, kind of cold called her in the midst of the deep Covid shutdown and in 2020 and said, hey, I have this idea, would you like to work with me? She's as you know, just a thought leader in Covid biology and she's been an incredibly wonderful and valuable collaborator along the way in this.Eric Topol (08:19):Well, the two of you pairing up is kind of, wow, that's a powerful combination, no question. Now, I guess the other thing I wanted to get at is there've been many other studies that have been looking at Long Covid, how it affects the brain. The one that's frequently cited of course is the UK Biobank where they had CT or MRI scans before in people fortunately, and then once they had Covid or didn't get Covid and it had a lot of worrisome findings including atrophy and then there are others that in terms of this niche of where immune cells can be in the meninges, in the bone marrow or the skull of the brain. Could you comment on both those issues because they've been kind of coming back to haunt us in terms of the more serious potential effects of Covid on the brain?Michelle Monje (09:20):Yeah, absolutely and I will say that I think all of the studies are actually quite parsimonious. They all really kind of point towards the same biology, examining it at different levels. And so that UK Biobank study was so powerful because in what other context would someone have MRI scans across the population and cognitive testing prior to the Covid pandemic and then have paired same individual tests after a range of severity of Covid infection so it was just an incredibly important data set with control individuals in the same cohort of people. This longitudinal study has continued to inform us in such important ways and that study found that there were multiple findings. One is that there appears to be a small but significant atrophy in the neocortex. Two that there are also abnormalities in major white matter tracts, and three, that there is particular pathology within the olfactory system.(10:30):And we know that Covid induces as a very common early symptom, this loss of smell. Then together with those structural findings on MRI scans that individuals even with relatively mild acute disease, exhibited long-term deficits in cognitive function. That fits with some beautiful epidemiological studies that have been done across many thousands of individuals in multiple different geographic populations. Underscoring this consistent finding that Covid can induce lasting cognitive changes and as we begin to understand that biology, it fits with those structural changes that are observed. We do know that the olfactory system is particularly affected and so it makes sense that the olfactory system, which show those structural changes, the neocortical and white matter changes evident on MRI fit with what we found microscopically at the cellular and molecular level that highlighted a loss of myelinating oligodendrocytes, a loss of myelinated axons, a deficit in hippocampal new neuron production. All of those findings fit together with the structural changes that the UK Biobank study highlighted. So clearly this is a disease that has lasting impacts, and the challenge is to understand those better so that we can develop effective interventions for the many, many millions of people who are still struggling with decreases in their cognitive function long after Covid exposure affecting the world population.The Brain's Immune SystemEric Topol (12:17):Yeah, that's a great summary of how the Biobank data UK aligned with the work that you've done and I guess the other question just to round this out is for years we didn't think the brain had an immune response system, right? Then there's been a wakeup call about that, and maybe you could summarize what we know there.Michelle Monje (12:41):Absolutely. Yes, the brain is not, we used to call the nervous system an immuno privilege site, and it is not hidden from the immune system. It has its own and distinct immune system properties, but it's very clear from work by Jony Kipnis and others that there are in fact lymphatics in the nervous system. These are in the meninges. It's also become increasingly clear that there is a unique bone marrow niche in the skull from which many of the lymphocytes and other kinds of immune cells that survey and surveil the brain and spinal cord, that's where they come from. That's where they develop and that's where they return and the lymphatic drainage of the nervous system goes to distinct places like the posterior cervical lymph nodes. We are now understanding the sort of trafficking in and out of the nervous system of cells, and certainly understanding how that changes in the context of Covid, how those cells may be particularly responsive to the immune challenge initiated in the respiratory system is something that is an area of deep importance and active exploration. In fact, some of my ongoing collaborations and ongoing lab work focuses on exactly this question, how does the trafficking from the brain borders into the nervous system change after Covid? And how does potentially cellular surveillance of immune cells contribute of the nervous system contribute to the persistent microglial reactivity that we observe?Eric Topol (14:22):And do you have any hunch on what might be a successful worthwhile therapy to a candidate to test prospectively for this?Michelle Monje (14:30):I think it's too early to nominate candidates, but I think that the biology, the molecular and cellular biology is underscoring a role for particular cytokines and chemokines that are initiated by the immune response in the lung. And clear cellular targets, the goal I think the central goal being to normalize the neurovasculature and normalize microglial reactivity and so the question in this disease context and in others becomes, how can we kind of molecularly coach these reactive cells to go back to doing their normal jobs to being homeostatic? That's the challenge, but it's a surmountable challenge. It's one that I think that the scientific community can figure out, and it will be relevant not only to Covid, but also to many other consequences of immune challenges, including other post-infectious syndromes. It's not only Covid that causes long-term cognitive and other kinds of neurological and neuropsychiatric consequences. We saw this after the influenza pandemic in 1918. We've seen it after many other kinds of infectious challenges and it's important as we prepare for the next pandemic for the next global health challenge that we understand how the long-term consequences of an immune response to a particular pathogen play out.Eric Topol (15:58):No question and that I guess also would include myalgic encephalomyelitis and all the other post-infectious post viral syndromes that overlap with this. Now to switch gears, because that work is just by itself extraordinary but now there's this other field that you are a principal driver, leader, and that is cancer neuroscience. I didn't even know they had boards in neuro-oncology. I thought neurology was enough, but you got board certified in that too. This field is just exploding of interest because of the ability for cancer to cells to hijack neurons and neural circuits, which I guess the initial work goes way back but more recently, the fact that gliomas were just electrically charged. And so maybe you can frame this because this has not just amazing biology, but it's also introducing all sorts of therapeutic opportunities, including many ongoing trials.The Neuroscience of CancerMichelle Monje (17:08):Yes, yes and thank you for asking me about it. It's certainly one of my favorite things to think about, and perhaps as a bridge between the cognitive impairment that occurs after Covid and other inflammatory challenges and the neuroscience of cancer. I'll just highlight that maybe the common theme is it's important to understand the way cells talk to each other and that these sort of molecular conversations are happening on multiple scales and in unexpected ways, and they shape pathophysiology in a very important way. So continuing on that theme, we've known for many, many years, for decades in fact, that the nervous system and its activity shapes the development of the nervous system and actually it doesn't just shape the development of the nervous system where perhaps it's intuitive that the activity within the nervous system might sculpt the way that it forms, but it turns out that innervation is critical for development broadly, that innervation is necessary for organogenesis and that this is becoming clear in every organ that's been studied.(18:15):And so it stands to reason given that kind of perspective on the role that neuronal activity plays in normal development, plasticity, homeostasis, and regeneration of many different tissues, that the activity of the nervous system and those principles can be hijacked in the context of cancer, which is in many ways a disease of dysregulated development and regeneration. And so, I'm a neuro oncologist, I take care of children with a very terrible form of brain cancer called high-grade glioma and the most common form of high-grade glioma in kids occurs in the brain stem, it's called diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG). It's really the worst disease you can imagine and understanding it has been the need to understand and treat it has been a guiding principle for me. And so, taking a big step back and trying to wrap my arms around the biology of these terrible high-grade gliomas like glioblastoma, like diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma, I wondered whether nervous system activity might influence cancer the way that it influences normal development and plasticity.(19:23):And as soon as we started to leverage tools of modern neuroscience like optogenetics to ask those questions to modulate the activity of neurons in a particular circuit and see how that influences cancer proliferation and growth, it was clear how very important this was, that active neurons and various subtypes very robustly drives the growth of these brain cancers. And so trying to understand the mechanisms by which that occurs so that we can target them therapeutically, it's become clear that the tumors don't just respond to activity regulated growth signals. They do. There are those paracrine factors, but that in brain cancer, the cancers actually integrate into the neural circuits themselves. That there are bonafide electrophysiological functional synapses that form between various types of neurons and high-grade glioma cells. We're discovering the same can occur in brain metastases from different organs, and that this principle by which neuronal activity drives the cancer is playing out in other tissues.(20:32):So right when we made these discoveries about glioma within this few years, discoveries were made in prostate cancer, in gastric cancer, colon cancer, skin cancer, pancreatic cancer. It seems that innervation is critically important for those tumor, and not just for their growth, but also for invasion metastasis, even initiation in diseases that are driven by particular oncogenes. There's an intersection between the power of those oncogenes to cause the cancer and the necessary environment for the cancer to form and that appears to also be regulated by the nervous system in very powerful ways. So, the exciting thing about recognizing this relatively unsettling feature of cancers is that as we understand it, the neuroscience of cancer becomes an entirely new pillar for therapy to combine with immunotherapy and more traditional cytotoxic therapies and we've been missing it until now. And so the opportunity exists now to leverage medicines that were developed for other reasons, for indications in neurology and cardiology and psychiatry medicines that target neurotransmitter receptors and ion channels that it turns out have a role in some forms of cancer. Now, each cancer has its own biology, so different types of neurons, different neurotransmitters, different neuropeptides play specific roles in that tissue context, but the principle is the same and so as we understand each cancer, we can start to understand what neuroscience inspired medicines we might leverage to better treat these tumors.Rewriting the Hallmarks of CancerEric Topol (22:17):Yeah, I mean it's amazing as a cardiologist to think that beta blockers could be used to help people with cancer and of course there are trials and some studies and particular cancers in that. One of the things that people maybe not outside of oncology don't follow these papers about hallmarks of cancer. There's been two editions, major editions of the hallmarks of cancer, and recently in the journal of cancer Cell, Douglas Hanahan and you wrote a classic about that the hallmarks need to be revised to include neuroscience. Maybe you could elaborate on that because it seems like this is a missing frontier that isn't acknowledged by some of the traditional views of cancer.Michelle Monje (23:08):Absolutely. So I think number one, I want to just give a shout out to Doug Hanahan and the role that the hallmarks of cancer, which is a review article that he wrote and has become sort of the Bible, if you will, of cancer biology really laying out common principles across cancer types that have provided a framework for us to understand this complex and diverse heterogeneous set of diseases. And so it was very exciting when he reached out and asked if I wanted to write this perspective, culminating nervous system interactions, neuroscience interactions as an emerging hallmark of cancer and as we examine them from that, we examine the neuroscience of cancer from that heuristic set of principles, this framework of principles of cancer biology, it's clear that there is a neural influence on the vast majority of them. We now understand from this exciting and burgeoning field that the nervous system can regulate cancer unregulated proliferation.(24:17):It promotes proliferation and growth. It promotes invasion and metastasis. It alters the immune microenvironment. It can both promote pro-tumour inflammation through neurotransmitter signaling. It can also help to modulate anti-tumor immunity. The crosstalk between immune cells, cancer cells and the nervous system are complex, profound, and I would argue incredibly important for immunotherapeutic approaches for cancer. At the same time that there are these diverse effects of the nervous system on cancer, cancer also influences the nervous system. And so, there's really this bidirectional crosstalk happening by which neurons in an activity dependent way, either in short range local neurons or in long range down a nerve or across a circuit, promote the pathophysiology of the cancer and you kind of know it's beneficial because the cancer does many different active things to increase innervation of the tumor. There is in a variety of different tissue context and disease states, elaboration of nervous system interactions through cancer derived either axonogenic or synaptogenic factors secretion, the nervous system remodels the nerves. It remodels the neural circuits to increase the connectivity of the nervous system with the cancer, and also to increase the activity of the nerves to increase the excitability of a neuron. And this contributes to not only driving the cancer, but to many of the really important symptoms that patients face with cancer, including tumor associated seizures as well as cancer associated pain.Eric Topol (26:07):Yeah, I mean this is actually so unusual to see a whole another look at what cancer is about. I mean, this is about as big a revision of thinking as I've seen at least in many, many years. The fact that you pulled this together about the new hallmarks also made me wonder because a number of years ago we went through this angiogenesis story whereby like this cancer can hijack blood vessels and promote it to growth. As you know very well, a lot of these anti-angiogenic efforts didn't go that well. That is they maybe had a small impact overall, but they didn't change the field in terms of success of therapy. I wonder if this is going to play out very differently. What are your thoughts about that? There's lots of shots on goal here and the trials have sprouted out very quickly to go after this.Michelle Monje (27:12):Yeah. I think it's important to recognize various microenvironmental effects on a cancer, including the nervous system effects as one piece of a puzzle that we need to put together in order to effectively treat the disease and I think to effectively treat a particularly very aggressive cancers, we need to hit this from multiple angles. Effective strategies will need to include targeting cell intrinsic vulnerabilities of the cancers as most traditional and targeted therapies are focused on doing right now together with decreasing the strong growth and metastasis influencing effects of the nervous system. I think that's one pillar of therapy that we really have been missing and that represents an important opportunity as well as leveraging the power of the immune system, which perhaps will only work optimally, particularly for solid tumors if you also address the nervous system influences on immune cells. And so I think that it's part of a holistic approach to effective therapy for tumors.(28:21):We have so far failed to treat with single agent or one dimensional kinds of approaches. We need to target not only the cell intrinsic vulnerabilities, the immunotherapeutic opportunities, and the nervous system mechanisms that are influencing all of that in really important ways. So I think it's important to design clinical research in the context of cancer neuroscience with that holistic view in mind. We don't think one strategy is going to be curative for difficult to treat tumors. I don't think that blocking neuron to glioma synapses in glioblastoma and DIPG will alone be sufficient but I do think it may be necessary for other therapies to work.Eric Topol (29:01):Yeah, I think that a perspective of in combination is extremely important. Now the overall, this a big fixation, if you will, about revving up immunotherapies various ways to do that. We'll talk about that in a moment, but without attention to the neurogenic side of this, that might be a problem. Now that gets me to the tumor type that you have put dedicated effort, which is this pediatric pontine tumor, which is horrendous, invading the brainstem and you've even done work with engineering T cells go after that. So you cover all the bases here. Can you tell us about where that stands? Because if you can prevail over that, perhaps that's one of the most challenging tumors of people there is.Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine GliomaMichelle Monje (29:54):Yeah, absolutely. So just a few words about this tumor, for those who don't know, diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma and other related tumors that happen in the thalamus and the spinal cord are the leading cause of brain tumor related death in kids. This is a universally fatal tumor type that tends to strike school age children and it's the worst thing I've ever seen in medicine. I mean, it really has been something that since I saw in medical school, I just have not been able to turn away from. And so studying it from many different perspectives, both the cell intrinsic vulnerabilities, the microenvironmental opportunities for therapy, and also the immunotherapeutic opportunities, it became clear to me that for a cancer that diffusely infiltrates the nervous system forms synapses with a circuit that it is invading and integrates into those circuits in the brainstem and spinal cord, that the only way to really effectively treat it would be a very precise and powerful targeted approach.(30:55):So immunotherapy was a very attractive set of approaches because in the best case, you have an engineered T cell or other immune cell that can go in and kind of like a special forces agent just find the T cells and disintegrate them from this synaptically integrated circuit that has formed. And so I began to search for cell surface targets on this particular type of cancer and found that one of the antigens for which many immunotherapy tools had already been made because it's prevalent in other kinds of cancer, was very highly expressed on diffuse midline gliomas, including diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma. And so this target, which is a sugar, actually it's a disialoganglioside called GD2, is extraordinarily highly and uniformly expressed on DIPG because the oncogene that drives DIPG and other related tumors, which is actually a mutation in genes encoding histone H3, which causes broad epigenetic dysregulation, strongly upregulates the synthesis genes for GD2.(32:05):And so it's a really ideal immunotherapeutic target on every cell, and it's at extraordinarily high levels. Again, speaking to the importance of collaboration, right when we made this discovery, one of the leaders in chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy, CAR-T cell therapy named Crystal Mackall at Stanford and her offices is in my building, so I walked over and knocked on the door and said, do you want to work on this together? And so, we've been working together ever since and found that indeed CAR-T cells targeting GD2 cure our mice models, which is something I have never seen. I develop these models and have never seen anything that's effective, but it's always easier to help a mouse than to help a person and so we knew that the clinical translation would be challenging. We also knew that it would require intentionally causing inflammation in the brainstem that's already compromised neurocritical care.(33:07):I'm going to not use the word nightmare, but it's a set of challenges that we had to think about really carefully. We spent a lot of time and collaborated with our neurocritical care colleagues, our neurosurgical colleagues, and developed a protocol that had many, we anticipated this neurotoxicity of causing inflammation in the brain stem and we had many safety measures built in an anticipatory way, gave the therapy only in the intensive care unit and had many safeguards in place to treat anticipated hydrocephalus and other consequences of inducing inflammation in this particular region of the nervous system. Over the last four years, we began this trial at the beginning of the pandemic in June 2020 so that was its own unique set of challenges. We've seen some really incredibly exciting promising results we've presented. We've published some of our early experience, we're getting ready to present the larger experience.(34:14):And we've presented this at meetings. We've seen some kids go from wheelchair bound to walking in a matter of weeks. It's been just incredible and reduced to nearly nothing. Other kids have had less robust responses the therapy has really helped some kids, and it's failed others. And so we're working very hard right now to understand what factors affect this heterogeneity and response so that we can achieve durable and complete responses for every kid. I will tell you that my leading hypothesis right now is that it is the intersection of the immuno-oncology with the neuroscience that is modulating the response. Certainly, there are immune suppressive mechanisms, but there's also, I think, really important influences of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides on the immune response against central nervous system cancers in the central nervous system and so we're working hard to understand that crosstalk and develop strategies to optimize this promising therapy.(35:19):But it really has been one of the highlights of my professional life to see kids with DIPG and spinal cord diffuse midline gliomas get better even for a while, something I hoped at some point in my career to ever see and having seen it now so frequently in our trial patients, I'm really hopeful that this approach will be part of the answer. I'm hopeful for the future of immuno-oncology for solid tumors in general. I think when we understand the tumor microenvironment, we will be able to leverage these really powerful therapies in a better way.A Couple of Notable Neuroscientists!Eric Topol (35:58):Wow. Yeah, I mean, if anybody was to try to crack the case of one of the most challenging cancers ever seen, you would be that person. Now, speaking of collaboration, I didn't know this until I was getting ready to have the conversation with you, but your husband, Karl Deisseroth is like the optogenetics father. He is another exceptional rarefied leader in neuroscience. So, do you collaborate with him?Michelle Monje (36:35):We do collaborate, and in fact, so I met Karl when I was a medical student, and he was an intern in psychiatry so we go back a fair ways. We're both MD PhD students at Stanford, and we've been collaborating for many, many years in many different ways both in the clinic, I met him when I was a sub in neurology, and he was the psychiatry intern on neurology. We collaborated when he was a postdoc, and I was a graduate student on some neurobiological studies. We have four children. I have one stepson and four children that I can take full credit for and so we collaborated on five kids. For a while I really wanted, because he is such an amazing scientist, he's such a thought leader in neuroscience, as I started my own independent laboratory, I wanted to not be entirely in his shadow and so I did make it a point to do, I used optogenetics, but I took the course and bought the tools and did it all myself. I did the last questions at the dinner, but I really wanted to be kind of independent in the beginning. Now that my career and my laboratory is a bit more established, we are formally collaborating on some studies because he's a brilliant guy.Eric Topol (38:01):I think that you fit into that category too, and a bit more established is maybe the biggest understatement I've heard in a long time. The body of work you've done already at a young age is just beyond belief and you're on a tear to have big impact and many across the board. As you said, many things that you're learning about the brain with all of its challenges will apply to cancer, generally will apply to hopefully someday a treatment that's effective for Long Covid affects the brain and so many other things. So Michelle, I'm so grateful to have had this conversation. You are an inspirational force. You've covered a lot of ground in a short time and between you and your husband, I don't know that that's got to be the most dynamic duo of neuroscience that exists on the planet, in the human species, I guess. I just can't imagine what those kids of yours are going to do when they grow up.Michelle Monje (39:07):I'm biased, but they're pretty great kids.Eric Topol (39:10):Well, thank you for this and I think the folks that I get to listen to this will certainly get charged up. They'll realize the work that you're doing and the people you collaborate with and making cold calls to people. That's another story in itself that how you can get transdisciplinary efforts when you just approach somebody who's doing some good work. Another lesson just kind of hidden in our discussion. Thanks very much.Michelle Monje (39:40):Oh, thank you. It's wonderful to talk with you, Eric.*******************************************************Please share if your found this podcast informative Get full access to Ground Truths at erictopol.substack.com/subscribe

In the early 20th century, radium was all the rage. It was used in paints that made the faces of clocks and watches glow in the dark. It was the key element in early medical radiation treatments. It was infused into water and chocolates, and was a big selling point for spas whose waters had a lot of the element. Alas, all of those were bad ideas. Radium is highly radioactive, and most likely was responsible for the deaths of thousands. Radium came to the world's attention 125 years ago today. Marie and Pierre Curie announced its discovery to the French Academy of Sciences. The discovery earned the Curies half of the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics. Marie Curie discovered the first hint of the element. She was studying pitchblende — a dark ore that contains a lot of uranium. Her experiments showed that the ore was producing far more radioactivity than could be accounted for by uranium alone. She thought it must contain another radioactive element. It took a while, but she and Pierre eventually isolated it. After Pierre died, Marie and another colleague isolated the metal — work that helped her earn a second Nobel, for chemistry. Radium is produced by the radioactive decay of uranium. Radium itself decays quickly, so there's none left from Earth's formation. Today, radium's use is limited — mainly to scientific research and instruments — non-lethal applications for a prize-winning element.  Script by Damond Benningfield Support McDonald Observatory

While the introduction music is that of Varn Vlog on this podcaster, this series will be simultaneously released on both the Varn Vlog podcast feed and the Regrettable Century podcast feed.   This is a long-running series we are doing on understanding social technologies, relationships of production, and how we get here:  i.e. what is the social and class history of the past.   In this episode, begin discussing sections of "Class Conflict and the Crisis of Feudalism: Essays in Medieval Social History" by Rodney Hilton.Wondering why British Marxists are often overlooked? Or perhaps you're curious about the fiery debates over the existence of feudalism that once captivated French and British historians? Step aboard as we embark on a fascinating journey through the world of Rodney Hilton, a significant figure in the British Marxist tradition. Fasten your seatbelts, it's time to dive headfirst into the complex world of feudalism and minoralism. During our discussion, we'll be using Rodney Hilton's contributions as a guide, comparing the perspectives of the British Academy and the French Academy. From the origins of feudalism to Marx's views on it, we'll leave no stone unturned when it comes to these historically significant systems. We'll also discuss the complexities of class formation, and the tension between feudalism and capitalism.We'll also offer insight into the revolutionary pessimism versus misanthropy debate, utilizing Neil Davidson's book, "How Revolutionary Were the Bush War Revolutions", as a springboard. Join us as we dissect the concept of revolution, investigating its application in different societies and its significance in shaping social order. Offering a rich and engaging discussion, this is an episode you won't want to miss. It doesn't matter if you're an academic, an enthusiast, or just intrigued by history and politics - there's something here for everyone. Let's embark on this intellectual journey together. Support the showCrew:Host: C. Derick VarnAudio Producer: Paul Channel Strip ( @aufhebenkultur )Intro and Outro Music by Bitter Lake.Intro Video Design: Jason MylesArt Design: Corn and C. Derick VarnLinks and Social Media:twitter: @skepoetYou can find the additional streams on Youtube

Greg interviews old friend of the podcast Rikker Dockum, Thai language expert extraordinaire about the Thai Royal Society, an organization dedicated to overseeing, promoting and regulating the Thai language. Rikker begins by explaining that he actually wrote his undergraduate thesis on the Society more than 20 years ago, so he's a longstanding follower of their work. He notes that it originally modeled itself after the French Academy, which, among other things, develops French words for English equivalents.  For instance, Greg brings up the issue of the word ‘computer,' which is typically spoken in Thai as ‘com-pu-TER,' even though the Society has specified a true Thai word for the computer. Rikker goes through the etymology of the word, but Greg asks whether the work of the Society is even necessary if people don't adopt the words they come up with. Rikker defends the use of public funds for work codifying ‘official' Thai, noting that were it left to the private marketplace, the work would never get done.  The old friends continue their conversation about the Society, emphasizing the need for such an organization for a language like Thai, which is vital to the history and culture of Thailand, but plays little role outside the country. Very few languages in the world are so popularly dominant that their continued preservation is assured, and unfortunately, Thai language is not one of them.  Don't forget that Patrons get the ad-free version of the show as well as swag and other perks. And we'll keep our Facebook, Twitter, and LINE accounts active so you can send us comments, questions, or whatever you want to share.

French astronomer Pierre Jules César Janssen became the first person to observe helium, an element never before seen on Earth, on August 18th, 1868.  Janssen had been observing a total solar eclipse in Guntur, India when he noticed a bright yellow line with a wavelength of 587.49 nanometers in the spectrum of the chromosphere of the Sun. He initially assumed the line to be sodium, but, upon further investigating his hunch that it might be a new element, concluded he had stumbled upon something hitherto unknown. In this episode, Arion, Rebecca and Olly try their damndest to explain how Spectroscopy works; reveal which scientist first detected the presence of helium on Earth; and query the French Academy of Sciences' impartiality when it came to attributing the discovery… Further Reading: ‘How Scientists Discovered Helium, the First Alien Element, 150 Years Ago' (Smithsonian Magazine, 2018): ​​https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-scientists-discovered-helium-first-alien-element-1868-180970057/ ‘The High-Flying, Death-Defying Discovery of Helium' (Science History Institute, 2021): https://sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/the-high-flying-death-defying-discovery-of-helium/ ‘Helium 101' (National Geographic, 2018): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hLUcO26Q7wE #Science #Discoveries #France #India #1800s Love the show? Join 

Episode 1615: In this KEEN ON show, Andrew talks to Julian Barnes, author of ELIZABETH FINCH, about the polytheism of antiquity and how to become somebody who can pass on wisdom Julian Barnes was born in Leicester, England on January 19, 1946. He was educated at the City of London School from 1957 to 1964 and at Magdalen College, Oxford, from which he graduated in modern languages (with honours) in 1968. After graduation, he worked as a lexicographer for the Oxford English Dictionary supplement for three years. In 1977, Barnes began working as a reviewer and literary editor for the New Statesman and the New Review. From 1979 to 1986 he worked as a television critic, first for the New Statesman and then for the Observer. Barnes has received several awards and honours for his writing, including the 2011 Man Booker Prize for The Sense of an Ending. Three additional novels were shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize (Flaubert's Parrot 1984, England, England 1998, and Arthur & George 2005). Barnes's other awards include the Somerset Maugham Award (Metroland 1981), Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize (FP 1985); Prix Médicis (FP 1986); E. M. Forster Award (American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters, 1986); Gutenberg Prize (1987); Grinzane Cavour Prize (Italy, 1988); and the Prix Femina (Talking It Over 1992). Barnes was made a Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres in 1988, Officier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres in 1995 and Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres in 2004. In 1993 he was awarded the Shakespeare Prize by the FVS Foundation and in 2004 won the Austrian State Prize for European Literature. In 2011 he was awarded the David Cohen Prize for Literature. Awarded biennially, the prize honours a lifetime's achievement in literature for a writer in the English language who is a citizen of the United Kingdom or the Republic of Ireland. He received the Sunday Times Award for Literary Excellence in 2013 and the 2015 Zinklar Award at the first annual Blixen Ceremony in Copenhagen. In 2016, the American Academy of Arts & Letters elected Barnes as an honorary foreign member. Also in 2016, Barnes was selected as the second recipient of the Siegfried Lenz Prize for his outstanding contributions as a European narrator and essayist. On 25 January 2017, the French President appointed Julian Barnes to the rank of Officier in the Ordre National de la Légion d'Honneur. The citation from the French Ambassador in London, Sylvie Bermann, reads: 'Through this award, France wants to recognize your immense talent and your contribution to raising the profile of French culture abroad, as well as your love of France.' He was awarded the 2021 Jerusalem Prize and the 2021 Yasnaya Polyana Prize, the latter for his book Nothing to Be Frightened Of. Also in 2021, he was awarded the Jean Bernard Prize, so named in memory of the great specialist in hematology who was a member of the French Academy and chaired the Academy of Medicine. Julian Barnes has written numerous novels, short stories, and essays. He has also translated a book by French author Alphonse Daudet and a collection of German cartoons by Volker Kriegel. His writing has earned him considerable respect as an author who deals with the themes of history, reality, truth and love. Barnes lives in London. Named as one of the "100 most connected men" by GQ magazine, Andrew Keen is amongst the world's best known broadcasters and commentators. In addition to presenting KEEN ON, he is the host of the long-running How To Fix Democracy show. He is also the author of four prescient books about digital technology: CULT OF THE AMATEUR, DIGITAL VERTIGO, THE INTERNET IS NOT THE ANSWER and HOW TO FIX THE FUTURE. Andrew lives in San Francisco, is married to Cassandra Knight, Google's VP of Litigation & Discovery, and has two grown children. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

EPISODE 1617: In this second KEEN ON interview with Julian Barnes, the distinguished British writer, Andrew talks to Julian about growing up in England, his lifelong romance with Europe and that "golden" generation of British writers Julian Barnes was born in Leicester, England on January 19, 1946. He was educated at the City of London School from 1957 to 1964 and at Magdalen College, Oxford, from which he graduated in modern languages (with honours) in 1968. After graduation, he worked as a lexicographer for the Oxford English Dictionary supplement for three years. In 1977, Barnes began working as a reviewer and literary editor for the New Statesman and the New Review. From 1979 to 1986 he worked as a television critic, first for the New Statesman and then for the Observer. Barnes has received several awards and honours for his writing, including the 2011 Man Booker Prize for The Sense of an Ending. Three additional novels were shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize (Flaubert's Parrot 1984, England, England 1998, and Arthur & George 2005). Barnes's other awards include the Somerset Maugham Award (Metroland 1981), Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize (FP 1985); Prix Médicis (FP 1986); E. M. Forster Award (American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters, 1986); Gutenberg Prize (1987); Grinzane Cavour Prize (Italy, 1988); and the Prix Femina (Talking It Over 1992). Barnes was made a Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres in 1988, Officier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres in 1995 and Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres in 2004. In 1993 he was awarded the Shakespeare Prize by the FVS Foundation and in 2004 won the Austrian State Prize for European Literature. In 2011 he was awarded the David Cohen Prize for Literature. Awarded biennially, the prize honours a lifetime's achievement in literature for a writer in the English language who is a citizen of the United Kingdom or the Republic of Ireland. He received the Sunday Times Award for Literary Excellence in 2013 and the 2015 Zinklar Award at the first annual Blixen Ceremony in Copenhagen. In 2016, the American Academy of Arts & Letters elected Barnes as an honorary foreign member. Also in 2016, Barnes was selected as the second recipient of the Siegfried Lenz Prize for his outstanding contributions as a European narrator and essayist. On 25 January 2017, the French President appointed Julian Barnes to the rank of Officier in the Ordre National de la Légion d'Honneur. The citation from the French Ambassador in London, Sylvie Bermann, reads: 'Through this award, France wants to recognize your immense talent and your contribution to raising the profile of French culture abroad, as well as your love of France.' He was awarded the 2021 Jerusalem Prize and the 2021 Yasnaya Polyana Prize, the latter for his book Nothing to Be Frightened Of. Also in 2021, he was awarded the Jean Bernard Prize, so named in memory of the great specialist in hematology who was a member of the French Academy and chaired the Academy of Medicine. Julian Barnes has written numerous novels, short stories, and essays. He has also translated a book by French author Alphonse Daudet and a collection of German cartoons by Volker Kriegel. His writing has earned him considerable respect as an author who deals with the themes of history, reality, truth and love. Barnes lives in London. Named as one of the "100 most connected men" by GQ magazine, Andrew Keen is amongst the world's best known broadcasters and commentators. In addition to presenting KEEN ON, he is the host of the long-running How To Fix Democracy show. He is also the author of four prescient books about digital technology: CULT OF THE AMATEUR, DIGITAL VERTIGO, THE INTERNET IS NOT THE ANSWER and HOW TO FIX THE FUTURE. Andrew lives in San Francisco, is married to Cassandra Knight, Google's VP of Litigation & Discovery, and has two grown children. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Louis Daguerre announced his early photographic process, the Daguerreotype, at a French Academy of Sciences meeting on Jan 9, 1839.

August 19 marks 183 years since photography was recognized by the French Academy of Sciences and Fine Arts. On this day today the world celebrates World Photography Day. What does photography give us and what does it teach us today? About the lens, which is not just a technical tool for "photo enlargement" of the visible, but another expertise in the aesthetics of the imaginary, a conversation with the award-winning Sydney photographer for her brilliant photography, Neli Raycheva. - На 19 август се навършват 183 години, откакто фотографията е призната от Френската академия на науките и изящните изкуства. На този ден днес светът празнува световния ден на фотографията. Какво ни дава и на какво ни учи фотографията днес? За обектива, които не е просто техническо средство за „фотоувеличение” на нагледното, а друга опитност в естетиката на въображаемото, разговор с многократно изявената и награждавана за своята брилянтна фотография, фотографката от Сидни Нели Райчева.

Synopsis It was on this day in 1913 that the French Academy of Fine Arts – for the first time in its history – presented its highest award, the Prix de Rome, to a woman. The honor was awarded to Lili Boulanger, who was just 19 years old at the time. She was born in Paris in 1893, the younger sister of Nadia Boulanger, who would become the most famous teacher of composition in the 20th century, numbering an amazing array of famous American composers among her students, ranging from Aaron Copland to Philip Glass. Nadia's sister Lili, however, suffered from poor health. Her tragically short career was interrupted by World War I, when she volunteered to nurse wounded soldiers. She died before the great conflict was over, on March 15th, 1918, at the age of 24. Nearer to our own time, another woman, Ellen Taaffe Zwilich, made history when she became the first woman composer to be awarded the Pulitzer Prize in Music. That was in 1983, and the piece was her Symphony No. 1. Born in Miami, Florida, in 1939, Zwilich studied composition with Elliott Carter and Roger Sessions at Juilliard, and accomplished another “first” by becoming the first woman to earn the Doctor of Musical Arts degree in composition at the famous school. Her Third Symphony was commissioned in 1992 to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the New York Philharmonic. Music Played in Today's Program Lili Boulanger (1893-1918) – Hymne au Soleil (New London Chamber Choir; James Wood, cond.) Hyperion 66726 Ellen Taaffe Zwilich (b. 1939) – Symphony No. 3 (Louisville Orchestra; James Sedares, cond.) Koch International 7278

#siri #renault #apple #artificialintelligence #metaverse Dr luc Julia is a world-renowned expert in Artificial Intelligence & is the co-creator of the virtual voice assistant Siri at Apple & is currently the group chief scientific officer at the Renault Group. Dr. Luc Julia participated in the launch of Nuance Communications, today the world leader in speech recognition, and co-founded several start-ups in Silicon Valley. In 1997, with a friend, he filed the patents for what would later become Siri and in 1999 presented "The Assistant", the ancestor of the voice assistant. In 2010, he became Chief Technologist at Hewlett-Packard, then joined Apple in 2011 to lead the development teams of Siri (voice command computer application). He is recognized as the co-creator of Siri. In 2012, he was appointed Senior Vice President and CTO of Samsung Electronics. In 2019, he published his book "Artificial intelligence does not exist" with First Editions. Since 2020 Luc Julia is a member of the French Academy of Technologies. On October 2020, he was awarded the Legion d'Honneur (the highest French order of merit) by the Secretary of State for the Digital Economy, in recognition of his work that has influenced the fields of Artificial Intelligence, Human-Computer Interaction, Digital Media and other advanced technologies. https://www.linkedin.com/in/lucjulia http://lucjulia.com Watch our highest viewed videos: 1-India;s 1st Quantum Computer- https://youtu.be/ldKFbHb8nvQDR R VIJAYARAGHAVAN - PROF & PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR AT TIFR 2-Breakthrough in Age Reversal- -https://youtu.be/214jry8z3d4DR HAROLD KATCHER - CTO NUGENICS RESEARCH 3-Head of Artificial Intelligence-JIO - https://youtu.be/q2yR14rkmZQShailesh Kumar 4-STARTUP FROM INDIA AIMING FOR LEVEL 5 AUTONOMY - SANJEEV SHARMA CEO SWAAYATT ROBOTS -https://youtu.be/Wg7SqmIsSew 5-TRANSHUMANISM & THE FUTURE OF MANKIND - NATASHA VITA-MORE: HUMANITY PLUS -https://youtu.be/OUIJawwR4PY 6-MAN BEHIND GOOGLE QUANTUM SUPREMACY - JOHN MARTINIS -https://youtu.be/Y6ZaeNlVRsE 7-1000 KM RANGE ELECTRIC VEHICLES WITH ALUMINUM AIR FUEL BATTERIES - AKSHAY SINGHAL -https://youtu.be/cUp68Zt6yTI 8-Garima Bharadwaj Chief Strategist IoT & AI at Enlite Research -https://youtu.be/efu3zIhRxEY 9-BANKING 4.0 - BRETT KING FUTURIST, BESTSELLING AUTHOR & FOUNDER MOVEN -https://youtu.be/2bxHAai0UG0 10-E-VTOL & HYPERLOOP- FUTURE OF INDIA"S MOBILITY- SATYANARAYANA CHAKRAVARTHY -https://youtu.be/ZiK0EAelFYY 11-NON-INVASIVE BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE - KRISHNAN THYAGARAJAN -https://youtu.be/fFsGkyW3xc4 12-SATELLITES THE NEW MULTI-BILLION DOLLAR SPACE RACE - MAHESH MURTHY -https://youtu.be/UarOYOLUMGk Connect & Follow us at: https://in.linkedin.com/in/eddieavil https://in.linkedin.com/company/change-transform-india https://www.facebook.com/changetransformindia/ https://twitter.com/intothechange https://www.instagram.com/changetransformindia/ Listen to the Audio Podcast at: https://anchor.fm/transform-impossible https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/change-i-m-possibleid1497201007?uo=4 https://open.spotify.com/show/56IZXdzH7M0OZUIZDb5mUZ https://www.breaker.audio/change-i-m-possible https://www.google.com/podcasts?feed=aHR0cHM6Ly9hbmNob3IuZm0vcy8xMjg4YzRmMC9wb2RjYXN0L3Jzcw Kindly Subscribe to CHANGE- I M POSSIBLE - youtube channel www.youtube.com/ctipodcast

Dong Gong, founder and Design Principal of Vector Architects, Beijing-based firm, one of the most interesting and authoritative figures among Chinese architects, globally applauded with important recognitions, is our guest in this podcast. After his Bachelor's and Master's at the Tsinghua University, he spent about seven years in US, for another Master of Architecture at the University of Illinois and working at the offices of Richard Meier and Steven Holl in New York. Practicing architect and academic educator, he has seen his extremely brilliant career acknowledged by prestigious local and international rewards. Elected as the Foreign Member of French Academy of Architecture in 2019, appointed as the Plym Distinguished Visiting Professor at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and Visiting Professor of Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy, he has been teaching design studios at Tsinghua University and Central Academy of Fine Arts since 2014. Guest speaker and critic at prominent academic and professional institutions around the world, he has been invited to various major exhibitions, including the first Chinese architecture exhibition at MoMA New York; the 2018 “FREESPACE” Venice Biennale. The firm has been awarded the “RIBA International Awards for Excellence” for two projects in the same year, 2021, “100+ Best Architecture Firms” selected by Domus (2019), nominated for the Swiss Architectural Award (2018); overall winner of“Archmarathon Awards” in 2016; and “Design Vanguard” selected by Architectural Record (2014) and the projects, collected as a monograph in the renowned architectural journal AV Monographs, have been widely published in Casabella, Arquitectura Viva, The New York Times, A+U, Detail, The Architectural Review, L'Architecture d'Aujourd'hui, Lotus, Domus and many others. Opportunity of the conversation is offered by the current exhibition at the MoMa, N.Y, dedicated to the new generation of independent Chinese architects Dong Gong belongs to, deepening the passionate commitment he has always demonstrated towards resource-consciousness and awareness of social and cultural traditional values, leading his own practice working independently from state-run design institutes. We dwell on his architecture of deceleration and more contemplation, against a too fast urbanisation that a decade ago has dramatically transformed a vernacular, familiar context into a generic, unemotional and alien environment and on the respectful attempt of his interventions seeking to guarantee continuity with the past, offering emotionally involving experiences for the people.Urban and natural landscapes have demonstrated his innate and attentive sensibility decoding and deciphering the energies of multiple, diverse sites: Suochengli Neighborhood Library, a regenerative intervention related to a typical Chinese courtyard-block, in the historical district of Yantai, a port city in northern China, is an evident testimony of revitalization, based on a brilliant dialogue reactivated between past and present. The Captain's House, famous, award-winning work related to a house that sit on the rocks, on a cliff by the sea, on the Peninsula of Beijiao Village, in Fujian Province, represents another extremely significant intervention that, motivated by the need to address conditions of deterioration of the building, has provided a series of unexpected and unrequested important, valuable additions on an aesthetic-emotional level and from a social point of view. Light is another element that plays a fundamental role in his architecture, often revealing an intense aspiration to break limitations and boundaries as exemplary suggests the small Seashore Chapel, in close contact with the infinity of the ocean or intending to help meditation, relaxation and enjoyment as in the Seashore library.

Subscribe to Quotomania on Simplecast or search for Quotomania on your favorite podcast app!Anatole France, pseudonym of Jacques-Anatole-François Thibault, (born April 16, 1844, Paris, France—died Oct. 12, 1924, Saint-Cyr-sur-Loire), was a writer and ironic, skeptical, and urbane critic who was considered in his day the ideal French man of letters. He was elected to the French Academy in 1896 and was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1921. The son of a bookseller, he spent most of his life around books. At school he received the foundations of a solid humanist culture and decided to devote his life to literature. His first poems were influenced by the Parnassian revival of classical tradition, and, though scarcely original, they revealed a sensitive stylist who was already cynical about human institutions.This ideological skepticism appeared in his early stories: Le Crime de Sylvestre Bonnard (1881), a novel about a philologist in love with his books and bewildered by everyday life; La Rôtisserie de la Reine Pédauque (1893; At the Sign of the Reine Pédauque), which discreetly mocks belief in the occult; and Les Opinions de Jérome Coignard (1893), in which an ironic and perspicacious critic examines the great institutions of the state. His personal life underwent considerable turmoil. His marriage in 1877 to Marie-Valérie Guérin de Sauville ended in divorce in 1893. He had met Madame Arman de Caillavet in 1888, and their liaison inspired his novels Thaïs (1890), a tale set in Egypt of a courtesan who becomes a saint, and Le Lys rouge (1894; The Red Lily), a love story set in Florence.A marked change in France's work first appears in four volumes collected under the title L'Histoire contemporaine (1897–1901). The first three volumes—L'Orme du mail (1897; The Elm-Tree on the Mall), Le Mannequin d'osier (1897; The Wicker Work Woman), and L'Anneau d'améthyste (1899; The Amethyst Ring)—depict the intrigues of a provincial town. The last volume, Monsieur Bergeret à Paris (1901; Monsieur Bergeret in Paris), concerns the participation of the hero, who had formerly held himself aloof from political strife, in the Alfred Dreyfus affair. This work is the story of Anatole France himself, who was diverted from his role of an armchair philosopher and detached observer of life by his commitment to support Dreyfus. After 1900 he introduced his social preoccupations into most of his stories. Crainquebille (1903), a comedy in three acts adapted by France from an earlier short story, dramatizes the unjust treatment of a small tradesman and proclaims the hostility toward the bourgeois order that led France eventually to embrace socialism. Toward the end of his life, his sympathies were drawn to communism. However, Les Dieux ont soif (1912; The Gods are Athirst) and L'Île des Pingouins(1908; Penguin Island) show little belief in the ultimate arrival of a fraternal society. World War I reinforced his profound pessimism and led him to seek refuge from his times in childhood reminiscences. Le Petit Pierre (1918; Little Pierre) and La Vie en fleur (1922; The Bloom of Life) complete the cycle started in Le Livre de mon ami(1885; My Friend's Book).From https://www.britannica.com/biography/Anatole-France. For more information about Anatole France:Previously on The Quarantine Tapes:Sven Birkerts about France, at 07:45: https://quarantine-tapes.simplecast.com/episodes/the-quarantine-tapes-181-sven-bikertsAlex Vitale about France, at 04:55: https://quarantine-tapes.simplecast.com/episodes/the-quarantine-tapes-131-alex-vitale“Anatole France”: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1921/france/biographical/

The classic plays of French literature are produced to-day precisely as when they were given for the resplendent kings they were written to please. We are fortunate to have in English, excellent translations of these noble plays. (Volume 26, Harvard Classics) Corneille elected to French Academy. Jan. 22, 1647.  

Subscribe to Quotomania on Simplecast or search for Quotomania on your favorite podcast app!Marguerite Yourcenar, original name Marguerite de Crayencour, (born June 8, 1903, Brussels, Belgium—died December 17, 1987, Northeast Harbor, Mount Desert Island, Maine, U.S.), was a novelist, essayist, and short-story writer who became the first woman to be elected to the Académie Française (French Academy), an exclusive literary institution with a membership limited to 40. Crayencour was educated at home in French Flanders and spent much of her early life traveling with her father. She began writing as a teenager and continued to do so after her father's death left her independently wealthy. She led a nomadic life until the outbreak of World War II, at which time she settled permanently in the United States. She became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1947. The name “Yourcenar” is an imperfect anagram of her original name, “Crayencour.”Yourcenar's literary works are notable for their rigorously classical style, their erudition, and their psychological subtlety. In her most important books she re-creates past eras and personages, meditating thereby on human destiny, morality, and power. Her masterpiece is Mémoires d'Hadrien (1951; Memoirs of Hadrian), a historical novel constituting the fictionalized memoirs of that 2nd-century Roman emperor. Another historical novel is L'Oeuvre au noir (1968; The Abyss), an imaginary biography of a 16th-century alchemist and scholar. Among Yourcenar's other works are the short stories collected in Nouvelles orientales (1938; Oriental Tales), the prose poem Feux (1936; Fires), and the short novel Le Coup de grâce (1939; Eng. trans. Coup de Grâce). Her works were translated by the American Grace Frick, Yourcenar's secretary and life companion. Yourcenar wrote numerous essays and also translated African American spirituals and various English and American novels into French.Membership in the Académie Française requires French citizenship. Yourcenar had become a U.S. citizen, however, so the president of France granted her a special dual U.S.–French citizenship in 1979, and she was subsequently elected to the Académie in 1980.From https://www.britannica.com/biography/Marguerite-Yourcenar. For more information about Marguerite Yourcenar:Previously on The Quarantine Tapes:Casey Gerald about Yourcenar, at 24:30: https://quarantine-tapes.simplecast.com/episodes/the-quarantine-tapes-133-casey-gerald“Marguerite Yourcenar, The Art of Fiction No. 103”: https://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/2538/the-art-of-fiction-no-103-marguerite-yourcenar“Becoming the Emperor”: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/02/14/becoming-the-emperor“Passion and Patience: On the Timeless Virtues of Marguerite Yourcenar's Hadrian”: https://lithub.com/passion-and-patience-on-the-timeless-virtues-of-marguerite-yourcenars-hadrian/

Of all the senses, sight is perhaps our most important. The eye is one of the most incredible organs in nature: it enables us to perceive the world around us, understanding our world through images. And yet we only see a small aspect of reality. But the eye is important beyond just sight. It can also provide a window into our overall health, showing indicators for other things like alzeihmers and blood pressure. In this episode of Invent Health we breakdown the world of modern eyecare to find the ways that tech is improving our collective vision. We'll hear about preventative procedures, cures to restore sight and the global discrepancies in treatment, alongside really getting to grips with what the future of healthcare looks like for perhaps our most vital organs.Find out on this week's episode of Invent: Health from TTP.This Week's GuestsDr Jose-Alain Sahel is currently the chair of the Department of Ophthalmology at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, director of the UPMC Eye Center, and the Eye and Ear Foundation Chair of Ophthalmology. Dr. Sahel previously led the Vision Institute in Paris, a research centre associated with the one of the oldest eye hospitals in Europe. He is a pioneer in the field of artificial retina and eye regenerative therapies and a member of the French Academy of Sciences.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9-Alain_SahelPearse Keane is a consultant ophthalmologist at Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, and an associate professor at UCL Institute of Ophthalmology. In 2016, he initiated a formal collaboration between Moorfields Eye Hospital and Google DeepMind, with the aim of developing artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms for the earlier detection and treatment of retinal disease. In May 2020, he jointly led work, again published in Nature Medicine, to develop an early warning system for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), by far the commonest cause of blindness in many countries. In October 2019, he was included on the Evening Standard Progress1000 list of most influential Londoners and in 2020 he was listed on the “The Power List” by The Ophthalmologist magazine, a ranking of the Top 100 most influential people in the world of ophthalmology.https://www.linkedin.com/in/pearse-keane-27074a6Catherine Wyman is a mechanical engineer by background who has developed a variety of medical devices and now leads TTP's eyecare team. She and the team focus on addressing unmet needs across ophthalmology, including in the areas we are discussing today.https://www.linkedin.com/in/catherinewyman1The Technology Partnership is where scientists & engineers develop new products & technologies that bring innovation & value to clients.Find out more about our work here: https://ttp.com/invent

The “Curtis” LP including “Choice of Colors” sold well at the time charting at number one on the Billboard Black albums for five non-consecutive weeks and at number 19 on the Billboard Pop album charts. Only the single “(Don't Worry) If There's a Hell Below, We're All Going to Go” charted in the United States; however, an edited version of “Move On Up” would spend 10 weeks in the top 50 of the UK singles chart. In 1972, the French Academy of Jazz awarded Mayfield's “Curtis” prize for best R&B record. Mayfield won a Grammy Legend Award in 1994 and a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1995. He is a double inductee into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Impressions in 1991, and again in 1999 as a solo artist. He also was a two time Grammy Hall of Fame inductee.Please consider purchasing “Choice of Colors” by Curtis Mayfield.

Looking for art in all the wrong places. When homeowners find a misplaced painting and bring it in for restoration, they discover a shocking secret. (Run time: 3-1/2 minutes) >> Become a fan and comment on Facebook or MeWe>> Follow us on Instagram>> Call the new phone line: (213) 290-4451>> Drop us an email at podcast @ comedy4cast.com>> Not able to be a Patreon patron? Consider just buying Clinton some coffee>> And be sure to check out everything happening over at The Topic is Trek, the other podcast Clinton does>> Dog image by karsten_kettermann-2496499 and microphone image by alles-2597842, both courtesy of Pixabay>> Certain sounds effects courtesy of freeSFX and FreeSound.org Transcript: CLINTONOh, hi there. Clinton here. And here's today's odd news story. If you want proof that things are the same no matter where you live, look no farther than this story that comes to us from Italy. Rembrandt's "The Adoration of the Magi" was painted by the artist in the early 1630's. And was consider to be one of the master's great paintings. Great lost painting, that is. Until 2016. That's when the owners of a country home in Rome province found it after it had fallen off the wall of their villa. My guess is it fell behind the couch and ended up spending the next few years hanging out with dust bunnies, biscotti crumbs and one or two euro coins. Kinda like what happened to your TV remote last week. The painting, that the owners believed was a copy, was sent to art restorer Antonella Di Francesco for repairs. Di Francesco is rumored to have apprenticed by restoring such masterpieces as the Kramer, Washington crossing the Delaware on a 2005 Honda Jet Ski and Dogs sitting around a table playing Settlers of Katan. Even though the painting had been darkened by old varnish, it only took a little bit of cleaning before Di Francesco realized it was the work of the great Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn. Pretty good, since it could have been easy to mistake if for the work of the famed Dutch accessories store Rembrandt While-You-Wait. Timeless masterpieces in an hour. Guaranteed. Caution, wet paint. But lets dog ear that for now. In June, the French Academy of the Villa Medici in Rome confirmed that the painting was indeed an original at the symposium “Rembrandt: Identifying the Prototype, Seeing the Invisible,” Rembrandt used to paint invisible paintings? Restoring those must be tricky. The Roman family that owns the painting could sell the work, which is valued a somewhere between $80 and $240 million dollars. Instead, they plan to lend it to museums and galleries for public viewing. At least that was the plan. The painting seems to have gone missing again. Right around the same time the family discovered they couldn't find the the controller for their playstation. But for now, that's it, we're done, done, done, done, done. Bye bye.

Looking for art in all the wrong places. When homeowners find a misplaced painting and bring it in for restoration, they discover a shocking secret. (Run time: 3-1/2 minutes) >> Become a fan and comment on Facebook or MeWe>> Follow us on Instagram>> Call the new phone line: (213) 290-4451>> Drop us an email at podcast @ comedy4cast.com>> Not able to be a Patreon patron? Consider just buying Clinton some coffee>> And be sure to check out everything happening over at The Topic is Trek, the other podcast Clinton does>> Dog image by karsten_kettermann-2496499 and microphone image by alles-2597842, both courtesy of Pixabay>> Certain sounds effects courtesy of freeSFX and FreeSound.org Transcript: CLINTONOh, hi there. Clinton here. And here's today's odd news story. If you want proof that things are the same no matter where you live, look no farther than this story that comes to us from Italy. Rembrandt's "The Adoration of the Magi" was painted by the artist in the early 1630's. And was consider to be one of the master's great paintings. Great lost painting, that is. Until 2016. That's when the owners of a country home in Rome province found it after it had fallen off the wall of their villa. My guess is it fell behind the couch and ended up spending the next few years hanging out with dust bunnies, biscotti crumbs and one or two euro coins. Kinda like what happened to your TV remote last week. The painting, that the owners believed was a copy, was sent to art restorer Antonella Di Francesco for repairs. Di Francesco is rumored to have apprenticed by restoring such masterpieces as the Kramer, Washington crossing the Delaware on a 2005 Honda Jet Ski and Dogs sitting around a table playing Settlers of Katan. Even though the painting had been darkened by old varnish, it only took a little bit of cleaning before Di Francesco realized it was the work of the great Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn. Pretty good, since it could have been easy to mistake if for the work of the famed Dutch accessories store Rembrandt While-You-Wait. Timeless masterpieces in an hour. Guaranteed. Caution, wet paint. But lets dog ear that for now. In June, the French Academy of the Villa Medici in Rome confirmed that the painting was indeed an original at the symposium "Rembrandt: Identifying the Prototype, Seeing the Invisible," Rembrandt used to paint invisible paintings? Restoring those must be tricky. The Roman family that owns the painting could sell the work, which is valued a somewhere between $80 and $240 million dollars. Instead, they plan to lend it to museums and galleries for public viewing. At least that was the plan. The painting seems to have gone missing again. Right around the same time the family discovered they couldn't find the the controller for their playstation. But for now, that's it, we're done, done, done, done, done. Bye bye.

Phædre first persecuted Hippolytus, her handsome stepson, then loved him. Suddenly he and her own son became rivals for the throne. Should she push her son's claims or let Hippolytus take the crown? (Volume 26, Harvard Classics) Racine elected to French Academy, July 17, 1673.

Cardinal Richelieu, was a French clergyman and statesman also known as l'Éminence rouge, or "the Red Eminence" and became very powerful under Louis III. This is the story of the prestigious French Academy and its 40 immortals 

Let the spicy topics continue! Many of us are introduced to the concept of "The French Academy" when we begin studying art and art history, but what actually is it? Was it just a building that people could go and study at, or did it transcend a physical space and become a highly influential cultural representative? Follow your favorite BYWAP hosts as we take a sojourn to France and take a critical look into the history and controversies of such a lasting monolith. Join us as we butcher the French language, get surprisingly heated over the Hierarchy of Painting, make apt 21st century connections to their 17th century historical counterparts, and remind folks that the last thing you need to worry about is what some dumb art school tells you is art versus not art. Things have changed, but we're changing with it. Donate. Sign petitions. Support Black-owned businesses. Challenge racism. Educate yourselves. Listen. Speak. Repatriate. Stay Safe. Don't Touch Your Face. Wash Your Hands. Donate! Donate to Black Lives Matter LA, the Action Bail Fund, Black Visions Collective. Please be sure you've signed petitions. If you like what we do, you can support BYWAP over on our Patreon! Find us online! You can follow BYWAP on Twitter and Instagram. You can also find us over on our website! We want to hear from you, to share this time with you. We're in this together, and we're better together. Please leave us a review wherever you listen to podcasts. Every little bit helps as we grow, and we cannot wait to talk to you all again. This is global. Your voice matters. Systemic change is possible. It will not happen overnight—so keep fighting! We stand with you. Our music was written and recorded by Elene Kadagidze. Our cover art was designed by Lindsey Anton-Wood.

Once upon a time, the right to copy text wasn't really necessary. If one had a book, one could copy the contents of the book by hiring scribes to labor away at the process and books were expensive. Then came the printing press. Now, the printer of a work would put a book out and another printer could set their press up to reproduce the same text. More people learned to read and information flowed from the presses at the fastest pace in history.  The printing press spread from Gutenberg's workshop in the 1440s throughout Germany and then to the rest of Europe and appearing in England when William Caxton built the first press there in 1476. It was a time of great change, causing England to retreat into protectionism, and Henry VIII tried to restrict what could be printed in the 1500s. But Parliament needed to legislate further.  England was first to establish copyright when Parliament passed the Licensing of the Press Act in 1662, which regulated what could be printed. This was more to prevent printing scandalous materials and basically gave a monopoly to The Stationers' Company to register, print, copy, and publish books. They could enter another printer and destroy their presses. That went on for a few decades until the act was allowed to lapse in 1694 but began the 350 year journey of refining what copyright and censorship means to a modern society.  The next big step came in England when the Statute of Anne was passed in 1710. It was named for the reigning last Queen of the House of Stuart. While previously a publisher could appeal to have a work censored by others because the publisher had created it, this statute took a page out of the patent laws and granted a right of protection against copying a work for 14 years. Reading through the law and further amendments it is clear that lawmakers were thinking far more deeply about the balance between protecting the license holder of a work and how to get more books to more people. They'd clearly become less protectionist and more concerned about a literate society.  There are examples in history of granting exclusive rights to an invention from the Greeks to the Romans to Papal Bulls. These granted land titles, various rights, or a status to people. Edward the Confessor started the process of establishing the Close Rolls in England in the 1050s, where a central copy of all those granted was kept. But they could also be used to grant a monopoly, with the first that's been found being granted by Edward III to John Kempe of Flanders as a means of helping the cloth industry in England to flourish.  Still, this wasn't exactly an exclusive right but instead a right to emigrate. And the letters were personal and so letters patent evolved to royal grants, which Queen Elizabeth was providing in the late 1500s. That emerged out of the need for patent laws proven by Venicians in the late 1400s, when they started granting exclusive rights by law to inventions for 10 years. King Henry II of France established a royal patent system in France and over time the French Academy of Sciences was put in charge of patent right review. English law evolved and perpetual patents granted by monarchs were stifling progress. Monarchs might grant patents to raise money and so allow a specific industry to turn into a monopoly to raise funds for the royal family. James I was forced to revoke the previous patents, but a system was needed. And so the patent system was more formalized and those for inventions got limited to 14 years when the Statue of Monopolies was passed in England in 1624. The evolution over the next few decades is when we started seeing drawings added to patent requests and sometimes even required. We saw forks in industries and so the addition of medical patents, and an explosion in various types of patents requested.  They weren't just in England. The mid-1600s saw the British Colonies issuing their own patents. Patent law was evolving outside of England as well. The French system was becoming larger with more discoveries. By 1729 there were digests of patents being printed in Paris and we still keep open listings of them so they're easily proven in court. Given the maturation of the Age of Enlightenment, that clashed with the financial protectionism of patent laws and intellectual property as a concept emerged but borrowed from the patent institutions bringing us right back to the Statute of Anne, which established the modern Copyright system. That and the Statue of Monopolies is where the British Empire established the modern copyright and patent systems respectively, which we use globally today. Apparently they were worth keeping throughout the Age of Revolution, mostly probably because they'd long been removed from the monarchal control and handed to various public institutions. The American Revolution came and went. The French Revolution came and went. The Latin American wars of independence, revolutions throughout the 1820s , the end of Feudalism, Napoleon. But the wars settled down and a world order of sorts came during the late 1800s. One aspect of that world order was the Berne Convention, which was signed in 1886. This  established the bilateral recognition of copyrights among sovereign nations that signed onto the treaty, rather than have various nations enter into pacts between one another. Now, the right to copy works were automatically in force at creation, so authors no longer had to register their mark in Berne Convention countries. Following the Age of Revolutions, there was also an explosion of inventions around the world. Some ended up putting copyrighted materials onto reproducible forms. Early data storage. Previously we could copyright sheet music but the introduction of the player piano led to the need to determine the copyright ability of piano rolls in White-Smith Music v. Apollo in 1908. Here we saw the US Supreme Court find that these were not copies as interpreted in the US Copyright Act because only a machine could read them and they basically told congress to change the law. So Congress did. The Copyright Act of 1909 then specified that even if only a machine can use information that's protected by copyright, the copyright protection remains. And so things sat for a hot minute as we learned first mechanical computing, which is patentable under the old rules and then electronic computing which was also patentable. Jacquard patented his punch cards in 1801. But by the time Babbage and Lovelace used them in his engines that patent had expired. And the first digital computer to get a patent was the Eckert-Mauchly ENIAC, which was filed in 1947, granted in 1964, and because there was a prior unpatented work, overturned in 1973. Dynamic RAM was patented in 1968. But these were for physical inventions. Software took a little longer to become a legitimate legal quandary. The time it took to reproduce punch cards and the lack of really mass produced software didn't become an issue until after the advent of transistorized computers with Whirlwind, the DEC PDP, and the IBM S/360. Inventions didn't need a lot of protections when they were complicated and it took years to build one. I doubt the inventor of the Antikythera Device in Ancient Greece thought to protect their intellectual property because they'd of likely been delighted if anyone else in the world would have thought to or been capable of creating what they created. Over time, the capabilities of others rises and our intellectual property becomes more valuable because progress moves faster with each generation. Those Venetians saw how technology and automation was changing the world and allowed the protection of inventions to provide a financial incentive to invent. Licensing the commercialization of inventions then allows us to begin the slow process of putting ideas on a commercialization assembly line.  Books didn't need copyright until they could be mass produced and were commercially viable. That came with mass production. A writer writes, or creates intellectual property and a publisher prints and distributes. Thus we put the commercialization of literature and thoughts and ideas on an assembly line. And we began doing so far before the Industrial Revolution.  Once there were more inventions and some became capable of mass producing the registered intellectual property of others, we saw a clash in copyrights and patents. And so we got the Copyright Act of 1909. But with digital computers we suddenly had software emerging as an entire industry. IBM had customized software for customers for decades but computer languages like FORTRAN and mass storage devices that could be moved between computers allowed software to be moved between computers and sometimes entire segments of business logic moved between companies based on that software. By the 1960s, companies were marketing computer programs as a cottage industry.  The first computer program was deposited at the US Copyright Office in 1961. It was a simple thing. A tape with a computer program that had been filed by North American Aviation. Imagine the examiners looking at it with their heads cocked to the side a bit. “What do we do with this?” They hadn't even figured it out when they got three more from General Dynamics and two more programs showed up from a student at Columbia Law.  A punched tape held a bunch of punched cards. A magnetic tape just held more punched tape that went faster. This was pretty much what those piano rolls from the 1909 law had on them. Registration was added for all five in 1964. And thus software copyright was born. But of course it wasn't just a metallic roll that had impressions for when a player piano struck a hammer. If someone found a roll on the ground, they could put it into another piano and hit play. But the likelihood that they could put reproduce the piano roll was low. The ability to reproduce punch cards had been there. But while it likely didn't take the same amount of time it took to reproduce a copy Plato's Republic before the advent of the printing press, the occurrences weren't frequent enough to encounter a likely need for adjudication. That changed with high speed punch devices and then the ability to copy magnetic tape. Contracts (which we might think of as EULAs today in a way) provided a license for a company to use software, but new questions were starting to form around who was bound to the contract and how protection was extended based on a number of factors. Thus the LA, or License Agreement part of EULA rather than just a contract when buying a piece of software.  And this brings us to the forming of the modern software legal system. That's almost a longer story than the written history we have of early intellectual property law, so we'll pick that up in the next episode of the podcast!

Host Aaron Odom (@TridentTheatre) and guest Jon Dryden Taylor (@jondrytay) discuss the establishment of the French Academy in the 17th century, and its first major ruling: whether Pierre Corneille's play "Le Cid" could actually be considered a play. Trident Theatre Jon Dryden Taylor - Agent page with CV Streaming Tickets for "The 39 Steps"

Crawford Long, a doctor in Georgia, became the first to use inhaled ether anesthesia in surgery on this day in 1842. / On this day in 1791, the French National Assembly accepted a proposal by the French Academy of Sciences to define the meter.  Learn more about your ad-choices at https://www.iheartpodcastnetwork.com

Louis XIV sent a six-member delegation to visit China. All were fellows of the French Academy of Sciences. Two of them, Joachim Bouvet and Gerbillon Jean Franois, met Emperor Kangxi and took the place of the elderly Verbiest as Kangxi's science teacher and adviser. 15 French scientists came to China under the initiative of the two emperors. This means that the originally religious missions by European churches became State-sponsored scientific and cultural exchanges between the two sovereigns. Before that, for thousands of years, China and Europe kept an indirect, material link through trade via the land and maritime Silk Road. The only legacy in China that still tells people today about the short honeymoon between China and the West during that time are the astronomical instruments built by European missionaries at the royal observatory in Beijing and Western clocks and watches in the Palace Museum. But the honeymoon had cultural repercussions in Europe. The missionaries' letters  aroused strong interest in Chinese culture among intellectuals in Europe, especially some pioneers of the Enlightenment. They had never been to China. Their thinking about China was mainly informed by the missionary letters.  

The classic plays of French literature are produced to-day precisely as when they were given for the resplendent kings they were written to please. We are fortunate to have in English, excellent translations of these noble plays. (Volume 26, Harvard Classics)Corneille elected to French Academy. Jan. 22, 1647.

French fashion designer Pierre Cardin possessed a wildly inventive artistic sensibility tempered by a stiff dose of business sense. He had no problem acknowledging that he earned more from a pair of stockings than from a haute-couture gown with a six-figure price tag.Cardin, who died Tuesday at age 98, was the ultimate entrepreneurial designer. He understood the importance his exclusive haute couture shows played in stoking consumer desire and became an early pioneer of licensing. His name emblazoned hundreds of products, from accessories to home goods."The numbers don't lie," Cardin said in a 1970 French television interview. "I earn more from the sale of a necktie than from the sale of a million-franc dress. It's counterintuitive, but the accounts prove it. In the end, it's all about the numbers."The French Academy of Fine Arts announced Cardin's death in a tweet. He had been among its illustrious members since 1992. The academy did not give a cause of death or say where the designer died.Designer Jean-Paul Gaultier, who made his debut in Cardin's maison, paid tribute to his mentor on Twitter: "Thank you Mister Cardin to have opened for me the doors of fashion and made my dream possible."Along with fellow Frenchman Andre Courreges and Spain's Paco Rabanne, two other Paris-based designers known for their avant-garde Space Age styles, Cardin revolutionized fashion starting in the early 1950s.At a time when other Paris labels were obsessed with flattering the female form, Cardin's designs cast the wearer as a sort of glorified hanger, there to showcase the sharp shapes and graphic patterns of the clothes. Created for neither pragmatists nor wallflowers, his designs were all about making a big entrance — sometimes very literally.Gowns and bodysuits in fluorescent spandex were fitted with plastic hoops that stood away from the body at the waist, elbows, wrists and knees. Bubble dresses and capes enveloped their wearers in oversized spheres of fabric. Toques were shaped like flying saucers; bucket hats sheathed the models' entire head, with cutout windshields at the eyes."Fashion is always ridiculous, seen from before or after. But in the moment, it's marvelous," Cardin said in the 1970 interview.A quote on his label's website summed up his philosophy: "The clothing I prefer is the one I create for a life that does not yet exist, the world of tomorrow."Cardin's name embossed thousands of products, from wristwatches to bed sheets. In the brand's heyday, goods bearing his fancy cursive signature were sold at some 100,000 outlets worldwide.That number dwindled dramatically in later years, as Cardin products were increasingly regarded as cheaply made and his clothing designs — which, decades later, remained virtually unchanged from its '60s-era styles — felt dated.A savvy businessman, Cardin used his fabulous wealth to snap up top-notch properties in Paris, including the belle epoque restaurant Maxim's, which he also frequented. His flagship store, located next to the presidential Elysee Palace in Paris, continues to showcase eye-catching designs.Cardin was born on July 7, 1922, in a small town near Venice, Italy, to a modest, working-class family. When he was a child, the family moved to Saint Etienne in central France, where Cardin was schooled and became an apprentice to a tailor at age 14.Cardin later embraced a status as a self-made man, saying in the 1970 TV interview that going it alone "makes you see life in a much more real way and forces you to take decisions and to be courageous."It's much more difficult to enter a dark woods alone than when you already know the way through," he said.After moving to Paris, he worked as an assistant in the House of Paquin starting in 1945 and also helped design costumes for the likes of filmmaker Jean Cocteau. He was involved in creating the costumes for the director's 1946 hit, "Beauty and the Beast."After working briefly with Elsa Schiaparelli and...

"When you see [someone], you're really only seeing a snippet of who they are..." // It was an educational hour with Ms. Sarah Lloyd - an art history and history teacher at Gilman School, swimming and water polo coach, former Penn Fellow, Kenyon Lady '17, Peddie School Falcon '13, and scholar on all things pirates, Dutch paintings, and African-American art history. // In this eclectic episode of the Path to Follow Podcast, Jake and Sarah touch on the Lloyd family business, Sarah's experience as a NCAA athlete and swimmer at Kenyon College, time-management skills learned through sports, growing up on-campus at Peddie School in Hightstown, NJ, Black Beard and Sir Henry Morgan, the Baroque Period, Caravaggio and "The Calling of St. Matthew" (1599-1600), Vermeer and "The Girl with the Pearl Earring" (1665), Rembrandt's etchings, the French Academy, Monticello and neoclassical architecture, whether or not "Salvador Mundi" (1500) was painted by da Vinci, Jean-Michel Basquiat's disturbed genius, Sarah's book recommendation: The Fire This Time (2016) by Jesmyn Ward, David Foster Wallace's incredible commencement speech at Kenyon, and global citizenship. // The Fire This Time (2016) by Jesmyn Ward - https://www.amazon.com/Fire-This-Time-Generation-Speaks/dp/1501126350 Enjoy the episode? Please become a loyal subscriber and follower of @pathtofollowpod on all channels. Merch coming at you soon. // Big thanks to the great Cesare Ciccanti and his technical artistry.

Following the Renaissance, Europe had an explosion of science. The works of the Greeks had been lost during the Dark Ages while civilizations caught up to the technical progress. Or so we were taught in school. Previously, we looked at the contributions during the Golden Age of the Islamic Empires and the Renaissance when that science returned to Europe following the Holy Wars. The great thinkers from the Renaissance pushed boundaries and opened minds. But the revolution coming after them would change the very way we thought of the world. It was a revolution based in science and empirical thought, lasting from the middle of the 1500s to late in the 1600s.  There are three main aspects I'd like to focus on in terms of taking all the knowledge of the world from that point and preparing it to give humans enlightenment, what we call the age after the Scientific Revolution. These are new ways of reasoning and thinking, specialization, and rigor. Let's start with rigor. My cat jumps on the stove and burns herself. She doesn't do it again. My dog gets too playful with the cat and gets smacked. Both then avoid doing those things in the future. Early humans learn that we can forage certain plants and then realize we can take those plants to another place and have them grow. And then we realize they grow best when planted at certain times of the year. And watching the stars can provide guidance on when to do so. This evolved over generations of trial and error.  Yet we believed those stars revolved around the earth for much of our existence. Even after designing orreries and mapping the heavens, we still hung on to this belief until Copernicus. His 1543 work “On The Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres” marks the beginning of the Scientific Revolution. Here, he almost heretically claimed that the stars in fact revolved around the sun, as did the Earth.  This wasn't exactly new. Aristarchus had theorized this heliocentric model in Ancient Greece. Ptolemy had disagreed in Almagest, where he provided tables to compute location and dates using the stars. Tables that had taken rigor to produce. And that Ptolemaic system came to be taken for granted. It worked fine.  The difference was, Copernicus had newer technology. He had newer optics, thousands more years of recorded data (some of which was contributed by philosophers during the golden age of Islamic science), the texts of ancient astronomers, and newer ecliptical tables and techniques with which to derive them.  Copernicus didn't accept what he was taught but instead looked to prove or disprove it with mathematical rigor. The printing press came along in 1440 and 100 years later, Luther was lambasting the church, Columbus discovered the New World, and the printing press helped disseminate information in a way that was less controllable by governments and religious institutions who at times felt threatened by that information. For example, Outlines of Pyrrhonism from first century Sextus Empiricus was printed in 1562, adding skepticism to the growing European thought. In other words, human computers were becoming more sentient and needed more input.  We couldn't trust what the ancients were passing down and the doctrine of the church was outdated. Others began to ask questions.  Johannes Keppler published Mysterium Cosmographicum in 1596, in defense of Copernicus. He would go on to study math, such as the relationship between math and music, and the relationship between math and the weather. And in 1604 published Astronomiae Pars Optica, where he proposed a new method to measure eclipses of the moon. He would become the imperial mathematician to Emperor Rudolf II, where he could work with other court scholars. He worked on optical theory and wrote Astronomiae Pars Optica, or The Optical Part of Astronomy. He published numerous other works that pushed astronomy, optics, and math forward. His Epitome of Copernican Astronomy would go further than Copernicus, assigning ellipses to the movements of celestial bodies and while it didn't catch on immediately, his inductive reasoning and the rigor that followed, was enough to have him conversing with Galileo.  Galileo furthered the work of Copernicus and Kepler. He picked up a telescope in 1609 and in his lifetime saw magnification go from 3 to 30 times. This allowed him to map Jupiter's moons, proving the orbits of other celestial bodies. He identified sunspots. He observed the strength of motions and developed formulas for inertia and parabolic trajectories.  We were moving from deductive reasoning, or starting our scientific inquiry with a theory - to inductive reasoning, or creating theories based on observation. Galileos observations expanded our knowledge of Venus, the moon, and the tides. He helped to transform how we thought, despite ending up in an Inquisition over his findings. The growing quantity and types of systematic experimentation represented a shift in values. Emiricism, observing evidence for yourself, and the review of peers - whether they disagreed or not. These methods were being taught in growing schools but also in salons and coffee houses and, as was done in Athens, in paid lectures. Sir Francis Bacon argued about only basing scientific knowledge on inductive reasoning. We now call this the Baconian Method, which he wrote about in 1620 when he published his book, New method, or Novum Organum in latin. This was the formalization of eliminative induction. He was building on if not replacing the inductive-deductive method  in Aristotle's Organon. Bacon was the Attorney General of England and actually wrote Novum while sitting as the Lord Chancellor of England, who presides over the House of Lords and also is the highest judge, or was before Tony Blair.  Bacon's method built on ancient works from not only Aristotle but also Al-Biruni, al-Haytham, and many others. And has influenced generations of scientists, like John Locke.  René Descartes helped lay the further framework for rationalism, coining the term “I think therefore I am.” He became by many accounts the father of modern Western Philosophy and asked what can we be certain of, or what is true? This helped him rethink various works and develop Cartesian geometry. Yup, he was the one who developed standard notation in 1637, a thought process that would go on to impact many other great thinkers for generations - especially with the development of calculus. As with many other great natural scientists or natural philosophers of the age, he also wrote on the theory of music, anatomy, and some of his works could be considered a protopsychology.  Another method that developed in the era was empiricism, which John Locke proposed in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding in 1689. George Berkeley, Thomas Hobbes, and David Hume would join that movement and develop a new basis for human knowledge in that empirical tradition that the only true knowledge accessible to our minds was that based on experience. Optics and simple machines had been studied and known of since antiquity. But tools that deepened the understating of sciences began to emerge during this time. We got the steam digester, new forms of telescopes, vacuum pumps, the mercury barometer. And, most importantly for this body of work - we got the mechanical calculator.  Robert Boyle was influenced by Galileo, Bacon, and others. He gave us Boyle's Law, explaining how the pressure of gas increases as the volume of a contain holding the gas decreases. He built air pumps. He investigated how freezing water expands, he experimented with crystals. He experimented with magnetism, early forms of electricity. He published the Skeptical Chymist in 1660 and another couple of dozen books. Before him, we had alchemy and after him, we had chemistry. One of his students was Robert Hooke. Hooke. Hooke defined the law of elasticity, He experimented with everything. He made music tones from brass cogs that had teeth cut in specific proportions. This is storing data on a disk, in a way. Hooke coined the term cell. He studied gravitation in Micrographia, published in 1665.  And Hooke argued, conversed, and exchanged letters at great length with Sir Isaac Newton, one of the greatest scientific minds of all time. He gave the first theory on the speed of sound, Newtonian mechanics, the binomials series. He also gave us Newton's Rules for Science which are as follows: We are to admit no more causes of natural things than such as are both true and sufficient to explain their appearances. Therefore to the same natural effects we must, as far as possible, assign the same causes. The qualities of bodies, which admit neither intension nor remission of degrees, and which are found to belong to all bodies within the reach of our experiments, are to be esteemed the universal qualities of all bodies whatsoever. In experimental philosophy we are to look upon propositions collected by general induction from phenomena as accurately or very nearly true, notwithstanding any contrary hypotheses that may be imagined, until such time as other phenomena occur, by which they may either be made more accurate, or liable to exceptions These appeared in Principia, which gave us the laws of motion and a mathematical description of gravity leading to universal gravitation. Newton never did find the secret to the Philosopher's Stone while working on it, although he did become the Master of the Royal Mint at a pivotal time of recoining, and so who knows. But he developed the first reflecting telescope and made observations about prisms that led to his book Optics in 1704. And ever since he and Leibniz developed calculus, high school and college students alike have despised him.  Leibniz also did a lot of work on calculus but was a great philosopher as well. His work on logic  All our ideas are compounded from a very small number of simple ideas, which form the alphabet of human thought. Complex ideas proceed from these simple ideas by a uniform and symmetrical combination, analogous to arithmetical multiplication. This would ultimately lead to the algebra of concepts and after a century and a half of great mathematicians and logicians would result in Boolean algebra, the zero and one foundations of computing, once Claude Shannon gave us information theory a century after that.  Blaise Pascal was another of these philosopher mathematician physicists who also happened to dabble in inventing. I saved him for last because he didn't just do work on probability theory, do important early work on vacuums, give us Pascal's Triangle for binomial coefficients, and invent the hydraulic press. Nope. He also developed Pascal's Calculator, an early mechanical calculator that is the first known to have worked. He didn't build it to do much, just help with the tax collecting work he was doing for his family.  The device could easily add and subtract two numbers and then loop through those tasks in order to do rudimentary multiplication and division. He would only build about 50, but the Pascaline as it came to be known was an important step in the history of computing. And that Leibniz guy, he invented the Leibniz wheels to make the multiplication automatic rather than just looping through addition steps. It wouldn't be until 1851 that the Arithmometer made a real commercial go at mechanical calculators in a larger and more business like way. While Tomas, the inventor of that device is best known for his work on the calculator today, his real legacy is the 1,000 families who get their income from the insurance company he founded, which is still in business as GAN Assurances, and the countless families who have worked there or used their services.  That brings us to the next point about specializations. Since the Egyptians and Greeks we've known that the more specialists we had in fields, the more discoveries they made. Many of these were philosophers or scientists. They studied the stars and optics and motions and mathematics and geometry for thousands of years, and an increasingly large amount of information was available to generations that followed starting with the written words first being committed to clay tablets in Mesopotamia. The body of knowledge had grown to the point where one could study a branch of science, such as mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry for their entire lives - improving each field in their own way. Every few generations, this transformed societal views about nature. We also increased our study of anatomy, with an increase in or return to the dissection of human corpses, emerging from the time when that was not allowed. And these specialties began to diverge into their own fields in the next generations. There was certainly still collaboration, and in fact the new discoveries only helped to make science more popular than ever. Given the increased popularity, there was more work done, more theories to prove or disprove, more scholarly writings, which were then given to more and more people through innovations to the printing press, and a more and more literate people. Seventeenth century scientists and philosophers were able to collaborate with members of the mathematical and astronomical communities to effect advances in all fields. All of this rapid change in science since the end of the Renaissance created a groundswell of interest in new ways to learn about findings and who was doing what. There was a Republic of Letters, or a community of intellectuals spread across Europe and America. These informal networks sprang up and spread information that might have been considered heretical before transmitted through secret societies of intellectuals and through encrypted letters. And they fostered friendships, like in the early days of computer science.  There were groups meeting in coffee houses and salons. The Royal Society of London sprang up in 1600. Then the British Royal Society was founded in 1660. They started a publication called Philosophical Transactions in 1665. There are over 8,000 members of the society, which runs to this day with fellows of the society including people like Robert Hooke and fellows would include Newton, Darwin, Faraday, Einstein, Francis Crick, Turing, Tim Berners-Lee, Elon Musk, and Stephen Hawking. And this inspired Colbert to establish the French Academy of Sciences in 1666. They swapped papers, read one another's works, and that peer review would evolve into the journals and institutions we have today. There are so many more than the ones mentioned in this episode. Great thinkers like Otto von Guericke, Otto Brunfels, Giordano Bruno, Leonard Fuchs, Tycho Brahe, Samuel Hartlib, William Harvey, Marcello Malpighi, John Napier, Edme Mariotte, Santorio Santorio, Simon Stevin, Franciscus Sylvius, John Baptist van Helmont, Andreas Vesalius, Evangelista Torricelli, Francois Viete, John Wallis, and the list goes on.  Now that scientific communities were finally beyond where the Greeks had left off like with Plato's Academy and the letters sent by ancient Greeks. The scientific societies had emerged similarly, centuries later. But the empires had more people and resources and traditions of science to build on.  This massive jump in learning then prepared us for a period we now call the Enlightenment, which then opened minds and humanity was ready to accept a new level of Science in the Age of Enlightenment. The books, essays, society periodicals, universities, discoveries, and inventions are often lost in the classroom where the focus can be about the wars and revolutions they often inspired. But those who emerged in the Scientific Revolution acted as guides for the Enlightenment philosophers, scientists, engineers, and thinkers that would come next. But we'll have to pick that back up in the next episode!

Full Text of ReadingsSaturday of the Twenty-sixth Week in Ordinary Time Lectionary: 460All podcast readings are produced by the USCCB and are from the Catholic Lectionary, based on the New American Bible and approved for use in the United States _______________________________________The Saint of the day is St. Mother Thodore GurinSt. Thodore Gurin, SP, was born Anne-Therese Guerin at Etables, Brittany in France on October 2, 1798. As she was growing up, the French government was virulently anti-clerical, closing down seminaries and churches and arresting priests and religious. Her cousin was a seminarian who lived in hiding in her parents devout Catholic home. He instructed her thoroughly in the faith and she displayed an advanced knowledge of theology, even at a young age.Anne-Thrse entered the Sisters of Providence at 26 and devoted herself to religious education. Her intellectual capacities were formidable, and she was even recognized by the French Academy for her acheivements.In 1840 Mother Thodore Gurin was sent to Indiana, in the USA to found a convent of the Sisters of Providence in the diocese of Vincennes. There she pioneered Catholic education, opened the first girls boarding school in Indiana, and fought against the anti-Catholicism prevalent in the day.She was well known for her heroic witness to faith, her hope, and her love of God. The fledgling years of the convent of Our Lady of the Woods were difficult, with the ever present danger of it being burned down by anti- Catholics. The persecution also came from within the Church, from her own bishop, who, on not being allowed to tamper with the orders rule, excommunicated her. The excommunication was eventually lifted by his successor.James Cardinal Gibbons said of her in 1904, that she was a woman of uncommon valour, one of those religious athletes whose life and teachings effect a spiritual fecundity that secures vast conquests to Christ and His holy Church.She died on May 14, 1856 after a period of sickness, and her feast day is celebrated on October 3.She was beatified by Pope John Paul II on October 25, 1998, and canonized a saint of the Roman Catholic church on October 15, 2006, by Pope Benedict XVI. Saint of the Day Copyright CNA, Catholic News Agency

How The Iris Of The Eye Can Reveal Breast Cancer Risk And Of Other IllnessDid you know that through the use of cameras, flashlights, and microscopes, iridologists can examine a patient's iris in order to detect tissue change, stromal irregularities and pigment patterns that can provide early detection of diseases?Join me for a fascinating conversation with Dr. Jurasunas, one of the world's top natural medical research pioneers in the world. Dr. Jurasunas will share his cutting-edge findings on various health topics including how disease in the colon, modern ways to reverse cancer and other degenerative diseases, and much more.You won't to miss this eye-opening interview.CCV of Professor Serge Jurasunas. M.D. (hc), N.D. (Hom): Dr. Jurasunas was born in France and emigrated to the US in 1960. He is a doctor of Naturopathic and Homeopathic Medicine who initialy trained in South Africa, England and North America, where he discovered the science of Iridology. (Dr. Jurasunas has done extensive research on the science and diagosis of Iridology with some of the best specialists in the world, such as Dr. Bernard Jensen of Escondido, California, and Professor J. Deck of Germany).He has been in practice for 53 years, and became an internationally known practitioner and researcher not only in Naturopathic Medicine, but especially in Naturopathic Oncology or Integrative Oncology.His areas of focus include Live Blood Analysis and Oxidative Dried Blood Testing.The use of nutrition as part of his healing protocols began in 1962 when he met Dr. Bernard Jensen, a pioneer of nutrition and Iridology. Since that time, nutrition and detox have become an important pillar in the treatment of his patients.Since 1971, he has pioneered a field of theory and research linking mitochondria and cellular respiration as cause of disease and cancer. Today, mitochondria has become a main interest of science in treating many diseases including cancer.For the past 12 years, Serge Jurasunas has engaged in extensive research and investigation in the field of cancer biology and molecular markers testing specifically of the P53 tumor supressor gene,which is our defense against cancer. Dr. Jurasunas has applied his research in clinical applications in cancer prevention and treatment and especially breast cancer, which is one of his main clinical focuses.In 1978, he opened a large clinic in Portugal where thousands of patients have been treated. Doctors from several countries have also studied with him to learn his natural nutritional and detox therapies.Serge Jurasunas is former professor of Integrative Medicine at Capital University in Washington D.C. He now serves as Professor of Naturopathic Oncology at the PanAm Universtiy of Science and Medicine.For the past 20 years, he has been a frequent magazine article contributor in the Townsend Letter, the prominent magazine of integrative medicine. He is the author of more than 150 papers, articles and conferences (available online and through slideshare), and eight books in 3 languages focusing on the health revolution, Iridology, colon detox, and lapacho and germanium in the treatment of cancer. His most recent book, Health and Disease Begin in the Colon is an important book for doctors and laymen.His new book, Cancer Treatment Breakthrough, Immuno Oncology using Rice Bran Arabinoxylan Compound, is to be pu-blished in the US.Serge Jurasunas has also delivered lectures in over 45 countries, and at various universities. During his lifetime, he has received many awards, and gold collars from academies, including the Silver Medal of Research and Invention by the French Academy for his discoveries in the field of Iridology. More recently, he received the US Lifetime Achievement Award for his 50 years of pioneering work in the field of education, natural health and cancer.Today, Professor Serge Jurasunas maintains a part-time private practice for cancer patients. He also consults with patients from around the world via e-mail and Skype.E-mail: sergejurasunas@gmail.comVideo Version: https://youtu.be/ZOw_K6xhXGgSkype: SergejurasunasBlog: https://naturopathiconcology.blogspot.comWebsite: www.sergejurasunas.comSlideshare: https://www.slideshare.net/search/slideshow?sear-chfrom=header&q=serge+jurasu-nas&ud=any&ft=all&lang=**&sort=Call in and Chat with Dr. Jamie during Live Show with Video Stream: Call 646-558-8656 ID: 8836953587 press #.  To Ask a Question press *9 to raise your handTune-in to “Love Never Dies” and discover for yourself why reconnecting and Dialoguing with Your Departed loved ones is the only way to dry your tears and transform your grief to joy! For more information about Dr. Turndorf follow her on Facebook: askdrlove and Twitter: @askdrlove and visit www.askdrlove.com.

On this day in 1791, the French National Assembly accepted a proposal by the French Academy of Sciences to define the meter.  Learn more about your ad-choices at https://news.iheart.com/podcast-advertisers

This day in history January 9, 1839 The first photo process called Daguerreotype [da-gair-a-type] was announced at the French Academy of Science. The process did not use film or paper, but instead sheets of silver-plated copper. Exposers took from 5 to 60 seconds followed by a laborious development process. This, of course, was still a major improvement, for a person only had to sit for up to a minute for their portrait, as opposed to hours for their portrait to be painted. Now we have selfie sticks and smartphones and can snap a self-portrait in the go. Of course, caution is advised. One news report states that there are more selfie-related deaths annually than from shark attacks. And the average age and gender is the 21-year-old male.Jesus said, "If you have seen me, you have seen the Father."By beholding we become changed. // We become like what we look at.

Josephine Halvorson makes paintings on-site, face to face with an object in its environment. Often no more than an arm’s length away, she detects variations in texture, light, and temperature, transcribing these perceptions through the medium of paint. The result is an intimate portrait of the object, capturing both a natural likeness as well as the often unseen or overlooked character of her chosen subject. Halvorson holds a BFA from The Cooper Union (2003) and an MFA from Columbia University (2007). She is the recipient of a Fulbright Fellowship to Vienna (2003 - 4), a Louis Comfort Tiffany Foundation Grant (2009), and was a fellow at the French Academy in Rome (2014 - 15). This fall, her work is on view at The Institute of Contemporary Art in Boston as part of The James and Audrey Foster Prize Exhibition. Halvorson’s work has appeared in many solo and group exhibitions throughout the United States, Europe, and Asia. This past spring, Halvorson made a body of work in Matanzas, Cuba which was exhibited a part of the Havana Biennial. In 2016, she exhibited large scale sculptures at Storm King Art Center and in 2015 had her first museum survey exhibition, "Slow Burn" at the Southeastern Center for Contemporary Art in Winston-Salem, NC. Her work is represented by Sikkema Jenkins and Co. in New York and has been written about widely in a variety of art publications. Halvorson is also a teacher and holds the position of Professor of Art and Chair of Graduate Studies in Painting at Boston University. She has also taught at the Skowhegan school of painting and sculpture (2018), Yale University school of art (2010-2016), Paint School (2018), among many other institutions. Josephine Halvorson, Ground View: Debris, Gouache and site material on panel, 32 x 32 inches, 2019, Photo by Stewart Clements Photo Captions Josephine Halvorson Posed, Oil on linen, 25 x 17 inches, 2017, Photo by Stewart Clements

"One time, an agnostic teenage boy came to my office and he didn't believe in God. And he asked me why I believed in God. And I happened to have Fred the eagle sitting by me in my office. And I looked at the boy and I said, well, you know what? Either this eagle came to be by accidental chance over millions and millions of years through random arrangements of atoms and random chemical accidents or somebody designed, somebody created, somebody was an architect of the beauty of each of the feathers of this eagle. And I said, what do you believe?" Family Discussion: Why do you believe that scientists teach in spite of all the evidence that somehow this happened by accident and there is no God? If God created something as majestic and marvelous as this, what can he do with you if you give him your heart? Transcription: 00:13          One time I'll never forget, an agnostic teenage boy came to my office and he didn't believe in God. And he asked me why I believed in God. And I happened to have Fred the eagle sitting by me in my office. And I looked at the boy and I said, well, you know what? Either this eagle came to be by accidental chance over millions and millions of years through random arrangements of atoms and random chemical accidents. Over the years, this, this eagle evolved from slime in some lifeless pool of soup, you know, 40 something million years ago in planet Earth or somebody designed, somebody created, somebody was an architect of the beauty of each of the feathers of this eagle. It's the beautiful, dark brown feathers give rise to these just magnificent white feathers in this miracle in the sky. And I said, what do you believe? Do you believe this animal is accidental chance or do you believe this animal was created and designed?   01:09          He said, well, obviously that animal, that eagle was created and designed. And I said, well, that's exactly what scripture says in this passage. Even though we're at the end of the book of Revelation, we're in chapter 10. The strong angel who appears to John giving the next message during this interlude between the trumpets and the parents of the two witnesses of chapter eleven. The angel testifies again to the creative work of God in Genesis. And John says in Revelation chapter 10 verses five through seven is the angel appears to give John the next message from God. Verse Five says this, "then the angel whom I saw standing on the sea and on the land lifted up his right hand to heaven and swore by him who lives forever and ever, who created heaven and the things in it and the earth and the things in it and the sea and the things in it. And there will be delayed no longer. But in the days of the voice of the seventh angel, when he's about to sound in the mystery of God is finished as he preached to his servants, the prophets."   02:13          So what do you believe? In the first book of Genesis and the last book of the Bible, in Revelation from cover to cover, the Bible says God is Creator. Science says it was a big bang, a mindless explosion, 15.5 billion years ago. Scripture says that God spoke. Interesting today, the scientists at NASA are seeing the inception of the cosmos through the incredible pictures of the Hubble telescope. And many of the scientists today are on their knees because they're seeing that only supernatural forces could have done that as 100 billion galaxy span the cosmos and under a trillionth of a second or do you believe that only earth for 5.5 billion years ago? As we're being taught in our biology classes, there's somehow life arose out of nothingness in some, a mindless pool of slime.   03:05          Even though Carl Sagan, you know, the most outspoken atheist of the 20th century said, the odds of that happening are one in one times 10 to the 2000000000th power. That's like having every dice in a stadium of 25 million dice blown up and all the dice would come up. Sixes. Do you believe that mutations produced life and produced things like Fred, the Eagle over here, even though Dr Pier Paul, the President of the French Academy of Science, said that mutations do not produce any form of evolution. He said there's no law against daydreaming, but science was not indulge in it. Do you believe that lower forms of life evolved into higher forms of life even though there's no missing links in the fossil record? According to Dr Colin Paterson, the Chief Paleontologist for the British Museum of Natural History. He said there's no missing links in the fossil record. Or do you believe what the angel said or do you believe what Genesis said, that God designed and created it all and most of all, and best of all, He created you as his best and greatest possession in the cosmos. So that he could adopt your son and bring you into his family and so that you could escape the judgments of God that are written about in this book.   04:15          And my question to you is this today, why do you believe that scientists teach in spite of all the evidence that somehow this happened by accident and there is no god. And secondly, if God created something as majestic and marvelous as this, what can he do with you if you give him your heart?

Jean-Marie Dru, chairman of TBWA Worldwide, talks about the work he does with the French Academy of Medicine Foundation and UNICEF France, where he is president. “What’s the most important thing for the four of us in this room? Health. And then what’s the most important thing for the future of everybody? Our children.” He also talks about his love of classic films and the French rappers and poets called “slammers,” and he weighs in on the creative benefits of jetlag, Eminem's vocabulary and his eventual retirement from agency life.

Please join us Wednesday, September 26, 2018 at 4:00 p.m. PST and 7:00 p.m. EST for a live show with host Denise Messenger. Our guest is Dr. Jim Garvin, CEO of CytoBioscience.  We will be discussing how his company can help give patients better medical outcomes.  James R. Garvin is the CEO, President and a Director of the CytoBioscience. Dr. Garvin has twenty-nine years of experience in working in the finance and biotech sectors. His work has been recognized by the French Academy of Science and he was named one of sixteen healthcare innovators in the state of Texas for 2017. As a former investment banker, he has worked on a number of different biotechnology acquisitions, in the US, Europe and Israel. He has been a board member of a different companies and currently is on the board of the Zerah Foundation which provides educational opportunities for underprivileged children in India. Additionally, he was one of the founding members of the International Christian Chamber of Commerce (ICCC), now in 87 countries around the world.  His international range of experiences and interests has been diverse but this has allowed him to have an outside of the box perspective that has served him well in working with companies and situations over the years. Dr. Garvin received his PhD in Urban Economic Systems from the University of New Orleans, as well as his Masters in Administration and his BA (Hons) in English and International Relations from the State University of New York, Albany.  You ask for it and we deliver.    

Lecture 229 (23 March 1987). Full title "Printing and Typefounding in the Late 17th-Century 'Description of Trades' of the French Academy of Science" Note: This recording is not in stereo, so be sure you have both your headphones in.

Josephine Halvorson grew up on Cape Cod, where she first studied art on the beaches of Provincetown and at the School of the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston. She received her BFA from The Cooper Union in 2003, she attended Yale Norfolk in 2002, and got her MFA from Columbia University in 2007. Josephine has been awarded a number of prestigious residencies including a Fulbright Fellowship to Austria, a Harriet Hale Woolley Scholarhip at the Fondation des États-Unis in Paris, Moly-Sabata in Sablons, France, and the Robert Rauschenberg Foundation in Captiva, Florida. She was also the first American to receive the Rome Prize at the French Academy at the Villa Medici, Rome, Italy.   Halvorson’s work has been exhibited widely. In 2015 she presented her first museum survey exhibition, Slow Burn, at the Southeastern Center for Contemporary Art in Winston-Salem, NC, curated by Cora Fisher. In 2016 she exhibited large-scale painted sculptures at Storm King Art Center, as part of the “Outlooks” series curated by Nora Lawrence. Her work has been written about extensively in various publications and she is one of the subjects of Art21's documentary series, New York Close Up.   Josephine Halvorson has taught at The Cooper Union, Princeton University, the University of Tennessee Knoxville Columbia University, and Yale University. In 2016 Halvorson joined Boston University as Professor of Art and Chair of Graduate Studies in Painting. She lives and works in Western Massachusetts. Brian met Josephine at the site of her solo show at Sikemma Jenkins and they spoke about her youth in Cape Cod, hip hop and grunge, painting in plein air and much more.

(Something to think about before Hanukkah's gift exchange...]  I read Abraham's penchant for gift giving and hospitality --and his contrasting refusal to accept a discount from the Hebron locals for the prime burial cave-- through the lens of French-Jewish sociologist Marcel Mauss's book The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies, his landmark study of the centrality of gift giving in tribal societies. (The book became highly influential on French literary theory, and Mauss himself was the founder of the French Academy for Sociology, along with his famous uncle and mentor, Emil Durkheim, also Jewish, whose Elementary Forms of the Religious Life --which focuses on religion as a community, not a faith, phenomenon-- is still a required classic in the field of religion today.)  What's the difference between systems of gift exchange and of money/barter exchange?  What different obligations are involved?  What does it mean to accept a gift, even today?  What cost is there to chasing sales and Black Friday discounts?  And how does this relate to the Lubavitcher Rebbe's comment that "Abraham knew that nothing comes for free?" (Comments from participants have been edited out as they were not picked up by the microphone.)

Born in Paris in 1817, Daubigny studied Dutch landscapes in the Louvre Museum and trained with painters at the French Academy. He painted this early forest view delicately and precisely, using small brushes.

Alice B. ap resevwa Tontongi ki se fondatè Près Trileng nan Boston e ki ekri yon atik toulòtjou sou zafè Akademi Fransèz ak Akademi Kreyòl. Nap diskite ki konsekans apwentman yon Ayisen nan Akademi Fransèz ap genyen sou kreasyon yon Akademi Kreyòl.  Host Alice B. of www.kiskeacity.com welcomes Tontongi a.k.a. Eddy Toussaint, founder of Trilingual Press and author of a recent article on the consequences for the Akademi Kreyòl of the appointment of a Haitian to the French Academy. The interview will be held in Creole but you can ask questions in any language Haitians speak.   

Dr Marion Guillou holds a doctorate in physico-chemistry, is a general engineer of the French Institute of Forestry, Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, and a member of the French Academy of Agriculture. After being the Director-General of INRA from August 2000 to July 2004, Marion Guillou was nominated President of INRA in 2004. In 2009 she became President of AGREENIUM, the National Consortium for agriculture, food, animal health and the environment, founded by INRA, CIRAD, AgroParisTech, Agrocampus Ouest, Montpellier SupAgro and ENV Toulouse in order to face the global challenges.

Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss Fermat's Last Theorem. In 1637 the French mathematician Pierre de Fermat scribbled a note in the margin of one of his books. He claimed to have proved a remarkable property of numbers, but gave no clue as to how he'd gone about it. "I have found a wonderful demonstration of this proposition," he wrote, "which this margin is too narrow to contain". Fermat's theorem became one of the most iconic problems in mathematics and for centuries mathematicians struggled in vain to work out what his proof had been. In the 19th century the French Academy of Sciences twice offered prize money and a gold medal to the person who could discover Fermat's proof; but it was not until 1995 that the puzzle was finally solved by the British mathematician Andrew Wiles. With:Marcus du Sautoy Professor of Mathematics & Simonyi Professor for the Public Understanding of Science at the University of OxfordVicky Neale Fellow and Director of Studies in Mathematics at Murray Edwards College at the University of CambridgeSamir Siksek Professor at the Mathematics Institute at the University of Warwick.Producer: Natalia Fernandez.

Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss Fermat's Last Theorem. In 1637 the French mathematician Pierre de Fermat scribbled a note in the margin of one of his books. He claimed to have proved a remarkable property of numbers, but gave no clue as to how he'd gone about it. "I have found a wonderful demonstration of this proposition," he wrote, "which this margin is too narrow to contain". Fermat's theorem became one of the most iconic problems in mathematics and for centuries mathematicians struggled in vain to work out what his proof had been. In the 19th century the French Academy of Sciences twice offered prize money and a gold medal to the person who could discover Fermat's proof; but it was not until 1995 that the puzzle was finally solved by the British mathematician Andrew Wiles. With: Marcus du Sautoy Professor of Mathematics & Simonyi Professor for the Public Understanding of Science at the University of Oxford Vicky Neale Fellow and Director of Studies in Mathematics at Murray Edwards College at the University of Cambridge Samir Siksek Professor at the Mathematics Institute at the University of Warwick. Producer: Natalia Fernandez.

With his buildings sprawling all corners of the globe, world-renowned architect Tadao Ando has won virtually every award Japan can bestow for architecture and the arts, as well as major international prizes, including the 1995 Pritzker Prize and the Gold Medal of Architecture from the French Academy of Architecture. He works primarily in reinforced concrete, but he also utilizes steel and glass. His projects define spaces in unique ways that allow for constantly changing patterns of light and wind. Constructed on-site specifically for the festival, Tadao Ando presents this world-premiere glass installation, which explores sustainability and the environment. ARTSEDGE, the Kennedy Center's arts education network, supports the creative use of technology to enhance teaching and learning in, through, and about the arts, offering free, standards-based teaching materials for use in and out of the classroom, media-rich interactive experiences, professional development resources, and guidelines for arts-based instruction and assessment. Visit ARTSEDGE at artsedge.kennedy-center.org.

Today’s summer school session is all about color. On this date in 1904, The Parisian brothers Louis and Auguste Lumière presented their patented color photographic process, the Autochrome, to the French Academy of Sciences. The Autochrome was the first commercially feasible color photographic process; the first time photographers could reliably produce color images. This is … Continue reading Photo History Summer School – May 30 →

Jean-Pierre Dupuy is professor of social and political philosophy and director of the Centre de Recherche en Épistémologie Appliquée at the École Polytechnique, Paris. At Stanford University, he is a professor of French and Italian, a researcher at the Center for the Study of Language and Information and professor of political science by courtesy. A member of the French Academy of Technology, Dupuy’s research interests encompass cultural theory, social and political philosophy, the cognitive sciences, the epistemology of the social sciences, and the relationship of critical theory to logical and scientific thinking, extending to the paradoxes of rationality and the philosophical underpinnings and the future societal and ethical impacts of the convergence of nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology, and cognitive science. His book, The Mechanization of the Mind (2000), examined how the founders of cybernetics laid the foundations not only for cognitive science, but also artificial intelligence, and foreshadowed the development of chaos theory, complexity theory, and other scientific and philosophical breakthroughs. His recent publications include La Panique (2003), Aux origines des sciences cognitives (2005), and Retour de Tchernobyl journal d'un homme en cole`re (2006).