Podcasts about Staphylococcus aureus

In dieser Folge geht es um Neuigkeiten in der Therapie bei Stphylococcus aureus Bakteriämie. Till war auf dem ESCMID global 2025 in Wien und dort wurden Ergebnisse aus den Studien CloCeBa und dem großen SNAP-Trail vorgestellt. Die Ergebnisse sind „practice changing“ und werden unser klinisches Management der Staph. aureus Blutstrominfektion verändern. Viel Spaß beim Hören! … „#94: News zur Staphylococcus aureus Blutstrominfektion: CloCeBa und SNAP“ weiterlesen

In this first-ever collaboration between Communicable and Breakpoints, the podcast of the US Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists, hosts Angela Huttner (Geneva, Switzerland) and Erin McCreary (Pittsburgh, USA) join trial investigators Josh Davis (Newcastle, Australia) and Steve Tong (Melbourne, Australia) to unpack the first results coming from the SNAP adaptive platform trial, which were recently presented at ESCMID Global in Vienna. Learn whether penicillin and cefazolin are non-inferior to—and maybe even safer than—flucloxacillin for penicillin-susceptible and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, respectively.This episode was edited by Julie Anne Justo, transcribed by Katie Lambert and Sarah Groom, and peer-reviewed by Megan Klatt and Lacy Worden. Note on conflict of interest for SNAP Data Safety Monitoring Committee (DSMC) members:Conflicts of interest were evaluated when choosing individuals to serve on the SNAP DSMC. Aside from being compensated for their duties on the committee, DSMC members have no ongoing financial relationships that relate to the trial and are not involved in the conduct of the trial in any role other than that of a DSMC member. DSMC members have no intellectual conflict of interest or bias and reviewed SNAP data in a fully objective manner. Literature:Steven Y. C. Tong, Joshua S. Davis, Emily Eichenberger et al. Staphylococcus aureus infections: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2015 Jul;28(3):603-61.SNAP Adaptive trial platform/results of the PSSA & MSSA domains: https://www.snaptrial.com.au/ESCMID Global April 2025 presentation:www.online.escmid.org *https://www.escmid.org/congress-events/escmid-global/programme/scientific-programme/CloCeBa trial results (ESCMID Global April 2025 presentation): www.online.escmid.org *https://www.escmid.org/congress-events/escmid-global/programme/scientific-programme/Note on access to online video of ESCMID Global presentations:In the six months following the congress:Non-ESCMID members have access if they registered for ESCMID GlobalMembers have access only if they registered for ESCMID GlobalSix months after the congress:Non-members do not have access, whatever their ESCMID Global registration statusAll members have access, whatever their ESCMID Global registration statusCAMERA 2 trial: Steven Y. C. Tong, David C. Lye, Dafna Yahav, et al. Without an Antistaphylococcal β-Lactam on Mortality, Bacteremia, Relapse, or Treatment Failure in Patients With MRSA BacteremiaA Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2020;323(6):527-537. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.0103 POET trial: Kasper Iversen, Nikolaj Ihlemann, Sabine U. Gill et al. Partial Oral versus Intravenous Antibiotic Treatment of Endocarditis. N Engl J Med 2019;380:415-424POET trial follow-up: Mia M. Pries-Heje, Christoffer Wiingaard, Nikolaj Ihlemann. Five-Year Outcomes of the Partial Oral Treatment of Endocarditis (POET) Trial. N Engl J Med 2022;386:601-602

What exciting times! Clinical trials into the management of SAB! SNAP publication on the horizon! But how do we interpret and apply the results of these trials to our patients? This week Jame and Callum are joined by Dr Clark Russell, Clinical Lecturer in Infectious Diseases to discuss:The difficulty in interpreting current clinical trials in SAB.The emerging concept of "low risk" SAB and how to define this.The heterogeneity of SAB and how this might be exploited.Notes for this episode here: https://idiots.notion.site/107-SAB-update-1316a1ea09d8800ba701ca7ebc8d4093 Previous episodes for the basics of Staphylococcus aureus and SABATO & SNAP trials:1. It starts with Staph65. SNAP trial protocol72. SABATO trial & 73. SABATaddendumSend us a text Support the showQuestions, comments, suggestions to idiotspodcasting@gmail.com or on Bluesky @idiots-pod.bsky.socialPrep notes for completed episodes can be found here (Not all episodes have prep notes).If you are enjoying the podcast please leave a review on your preferred podcast app!Feel like giving back? Donations of caffeine gratefully received!https://www.buymeacoffee.com/idiotspod

Neste falamos tudo sobre infecção de corrente sanguínea por Staphylococcus aureus: A relevância de entender sobre essa infecção  Aspectos mais importantes Como manejar culturas de controle  Critérios de transição para antibióticos orais.  Muita informação prática para você já aplicar no próximo atendimento. Para trazer conteúdo científico, seguimos o guideline do artigo “Gerenciamento Contemporâneo da Bacteremia por Staphylococcus aureus - Controvérsias na Prática Clínica" de Daniel J. Minter, Ayesha Appa, Henry F. Chambers e Sarah B. Doernberg.  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37950887/ Aperta o play e venha se atualizar. #StaphylococcusAureus #InfecçãoSanguínea #GestãoDeAntibióticos #Saúde #Medicina #Infectologia

Interview with Maria Teresa García-Romero, MD, MPH, author of Global Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Staphylococcus aureus in Atopic Dermatitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Hosted by Adewole S. Adamson, MD. Related Content: Global Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Staphylococcus aureus in Atopic Dermatitis

Interview with Maria Teresa García-Romero, MD, MPH, author of Global Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Staphylococcus aureus in Atopic Dermatitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Hosted by Adewole S. Adamson, MD. Related Content: Global Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Staphylococcus aureus in Atopic Dermatitis

In dieser Episode tauchen Tatjana und Felix in die Welt der Borkenflechte ein, einer häufigen und ansteckenden Hautinfektion, die besonders Kinder betrifft. Sie erklären, wie Borkenflechte entsteht, wie sie sich äußert und warum eine schnelle Behandlung wichtig ist. Zudem geben sie praktische Tipps, wie ihr Ansteckungen vorbeugen könnt und was im Falle einer Infektion zu tun ist. Ein Muss für alle Eltern, die das Risiko für ihre Kinder minimieren und schnell auf Symptome reagieren möchten.

In this week's episode we'll discuss the mechanism by which Jak2V617F clonal hematopoiesis promotes arterial thrombosis, discuss how Staphylococcus aureus induces drug resistance in cancer T cells in Sézary syndrome, and learn more about the clinical and functional features of RAC2-related immunodeficiency.Featured Articles:Jak2V617F clonal hematopoiesis promotes arterial thrombosis via platelet activation and cross talkStaphylococcus aureus induces drug resistance in cancer T cells in Sézary syndromeClinical and functional spectrum of RAC2-related immunodeficiency

In our newest episode, we're decoding the latest nutrition guidelines, including the surprising scoop on sugar limits! Join us as we uncover why it's crucial to keep added sugars under 10% of your daily intake. Plus, we tackle the pesky problem of bloating and share colourful tips for a balanced diet. Curious about fruit sugars? We've got answers! And stick around to learn Paula's top pick for a guilt-free sweet fix. Tune in now for a healthier, happier you! Tune in to hear: Why you still feel bloated (1:13) Staphylococcus next steps (6:34) How much sugar is too much? (13:00) What are free sugars? (16:18) Supporting the body for natural healing (17:58) Head to www.paulabenedi.com/episode204 for the show notes. Join my newsletter: www.synergised.info/newsletter Follow us on Instagram: @synergiseduk Follow Paula on Instagram: @paulabenedi . P.S. This podcast and website represents the opinions of Paula Benedi. The content here should not be taken as medical advice and is for informational purposes only, and is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Please consult your healthcare professional for any medical questions.

Drs. Thomas Holland and Vance Fowler (@VanceFowler5) join Drs. Steven Tong (@syctong) and Erin McCreary (@ErinMcCreary) to discuss the ERADICATE study and the role of ceftobiprole for the treatment of complicated Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. This session was recorded live on Tuesday, February 6th, 2024 featuring an international audience. Listen to Breakpoints on iTunes, Overcast, Spotify, Listen Notes, Player FM, Pocket Casts, TuneIn, Blubrry, RadioPublic, or by using our RSS feed: https://sidp.pinecast.co/ Article: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2300220 Check out our podcast host, Pinecast. Start your own podcast for free with no credit card required. If you decide to upgrade, use coupon code r-7e7a98 for 40% off for 4 months, and support Breakpoints.

Ein Krankheitsbild, das man bei rezidivierenden Infekten auf jeden Fall auf dem Schirm haben sollte. Der Beitrag „titriert“ PVL – Panton-Valentine-Leukozidin-produzierender Staphylococcus aureus erschien zuerst auf pin-up-docs - don't panic.

In this episode, Kyle Molina, PharmD, BCIDP, provides an overview of treatment of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) and challenges in practice. Listen as he gives perspectives on:Guideline recommendations for treatment of purulent and nonpurulent SSTIsLogistical challenges with IV and oral antibioticsPros and cons of various locations of careData supporting the safety and efficacy of long-acting lipoglycopeptides for treatment of SSTIsUse of long-acting lipoglycopeptides in special populations of interest, including patients with obesity, diabetes, and injection drug useOverall place in therapy of long-acting lipoglycopeptides for SSTIs Faculty:Kyle Molina, PharmD, BCIDPInfectious Diseases Clinical PharmacistScripps Green HospitalLa Jolla, CaliforniaLink to full program: CCO: https://bit.ly/3J4mg8hProCE: https://bit.ly/3P0vB4E

In this episode, Martin Krsak, MD, MSc, FASAM, provides background and context on skin and soft tissue infections. Listen as he gives perspectives on:Epidemiology and clinical outcomesEconomic impactBacterial etiologyImportance of appropriate antimicrobial prescribingClinical presentationSeverity classification and distinction between purulent and nonpurulent infectionsRole of incision and debridement vs antimicrobial managementComplications to be ruled out prior to treatmentFaculty:Martin Krsak, MD, MSc, FASAMAssociate Professor of MedicineDivision of Infectious Diseases University of Colorado School of MedicineDenver, ColoradoLink to full program: CCO: https://bit.ly/3J4mg8hProCE: https://bit.ly/3P0vB4E

Welcome back Rounds Table Listeners! We are back this week with a special podcast episode! Dr. Justin Boyle sits down with Dr. Tony Bai, an Infectious Disease physician at Queen's University, to chat about high-yield tips in treating S. aureus bacteremia and some exciting upcoming research in this area! Questions? Comments? Feedback? We'd love to ... The post Episode 60 – Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia with Dr. Tony Bai first appeared on Healthy Debate. The post Episode 60 – Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia with Dr. Tony Bai appeared first on Healthy Debate.

Welcome back Rounds Table Listeners! We are back this week with a special podcast episode! Dr. Justin Boyle sits down with Dr. Tony Bai, an Infectious Disease physician at Queen's University, to chat about high-yield tips in treating S. aureus bacteremia and some exciting upcoming research in this area! Questions? Comments? Feedback? We'd love to ...The post Episode 60 – Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia with Dr. Tony Bai appeared first on Healthy Debate.

Los Staphylococcus son un grupo de bacterias. Hay más de 30 tipos. Un tipo llamado Staphylococcus aureus causa la mayoría de las infecciones por estafilococo. Este tipo de gérmenes suelen encontrarse en la piel o en la nariz de muchas personas sanas. La mayoría de las veces, estas bacterias no provocan problemas o causan infecciones cutáneas relativamente menores, sin embargo, las infecciones por estafilococo pueden volverse mortales, si quieres saber más escucha el episodio.

In today's episode, we look at questions from our community concerning staphylococcus aureus, what to look for when buying honey, the underlying root cause of dry eyes and tips for constipation! Tune in to hear: Choosing the best honey (2:30) Pure vs raw vs organic vs unfiltered honey (4:45) Kfactor 12+ vs Kfactor 16+ (10:45) The root cause of constipation (12:41) Bacteria overgrowth in the gut (14:55) Causes for dry eyes (17:18) Head to www.paulabenedi.com/episode15 for the show notes. Join my newsletter: www.synergised.info/newsletter Follow me on Instagram: @synergiseduk . P.S. This podcast and website represents the opinions of Paula Benedi. The content here should not be taken as medical advice and is for informational purposes only, and is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Please consult your healthcare professional for any medical questions.

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.04.519019v1?rss=1 Authors: Pham, N. T., Alves, J., Sargison, F. A., Cullum, R., Wildenhain, J., Fenical, W., Butler, M. S., Mead, D., Duggan, B. M., Fitzgerald, J. R., La Clair, J. J., Auer, M. Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance has emerged as an urgent global public health threat, and development of novel therapeutics for treating infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria is urgent. Staphylococcus aureus is a major human and animal pathogen, responsible for high levels of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The intracellular survival of S. aureus in macrophages contributes to immune evasion, dissemination, and resilience to antibiotic treatment. Here, we present a confocal fluorescence imaging assay for monitoring macrophage infection by GFP-tagged Staphylococcus aureus as a front-line tool to identify antibiotic leads. The assay was employed in combination with nanoscaled chemical analyses to facilitate the discovery of a novel, active rifamycin analogue. Our findings indicate a promising new approach to the identification of anti-microbial compounds with macrophage intracellular activity. The novel antibiotic identified here may represent a useful addition to our armoury in tackling the silent pandemic of antimicrobial resistance. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.11.11.515814v1?rss=1 Authors: Bhosle, V. K., Sun, C., Patel, S., Westman, J., Ammendolia, D. A., Fine, N., Li, Z., Sharma, M., Glogauer, J., Capurro, M. I., Jones, N. L., Glogauer, M., Grinstein, S., Robinson, L. A. Abstract: Neutrophils are essential for host defense against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The neuro-repellent, SLIT2, potently inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis, and might therefore be expected to impair antibacterial responses. We report here that, unexpectedly, neutrophils exposed to the N-terminal SLIT2 (N-SLIT2) fragment kill extracellular S. aureus more efficiently. N-SLIT2 amplifies reactive oxygen species production in response to the bacteria by activating p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase that in turn phosphorylates NCF1, an essential subunit of the NADPH oxidase complex. N-SLIT2 also enhances exocytosis of secondary granules. In a murine model of S. aureus skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI), local SLIT2 levels fall initially but increase subsequently, peaking {approx} 3 days after infection. Of note, neutralization of endogenous SLIT2 worsens SSTI. Temporal fluctuations in tissue SLIT2 levels may promote neutrophil recruitment and retention at the infection site and hasten bacterial clearance by augmenting neutrophil oxidative burst and degranulation. Collectively, these actions of SLIT2 coordinate innate immune responses to limit susceptibility to S. aureus. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Staphylococcus aureus is a versatile pathogen that infects many areas of the body and has a number of strategies for avoiding the immune response. In this episode, Niki Spahich from The Scientist's Creative Services team spoke with Anthony Richardson, an associate professor of microbiology and molecular genetics at the University of Pittsburgh, to learn how the bacterium fine-tunes its metabolism to survive in the host and why Staph's metabolism makes it especially dangerous for people with diabetes.

Hosts: Jim, Jon & KentIn this episode we create the world of Aurelia, a distant ice planet. There, a mysterious and distant race of religious penitents carry out their holy obligation in repayment of their horrific crime. Find it in the wiki here.Recommendation: Jon recommends "In Blackest Night," a story by Alan Moore from Tales of the Green Lantern Corp Annual Vol 1 # 3 (1987)00:00 Tomfoolery / "Think of a number." / Pi00:20 Introduction01:28 Battlestar Galactica / Star Wars01:56 Writing Prompt / Random Word Generator02:33 Babylon 502:45 Setting the Scale03:22 "Wrong!"03:32 Theocracy04:00 Star Trek04:12 Alderaan04:25 Inhabitants04:33 Kaminoans (not Geonosians - sorry, our mistake!)04:56 AI / Supermecha05:33 UrSkeks / The Dark Crystal06:10 Terraforming12:18 Planetary Conditions / Geography16:45 History17:19 Utopia20:24 Thri-Kreen21:42 Geode27:42 More Inhabitant Details29:27 Younglings29:50 George Lucas31:31 Sects36:53 Flagellant / Zealotry41:00 Population Size (aka Fixing Our Math)43:41 Vatican54:44 Monsters54:56 Roper55:52 Bulette/Landshark57:00 Naming60:00 The Silence / Omega61:31 Opus / Staff / Clef / Canon62:04 Coda62:40 Aureus / Staphylococcus Aureus63:13 Aurelia63:50 Recommendation / Green Lantern / Alan Moore / Rot Lop Fan / "In Blackest Night"65:30 Conclusion & OutroDOWNLOAD EPISODE 3 - AURELIA

Commentary by Dr. Julia Grapsa

On this episode I go over how to identify Staphylococcus aureus from a standard set of agar plates. I also go over a test used to determine if this organism is an MRSA or not.

Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia is associated with high morbidity and mortality but is often not diagnosed or managed appropriately. On this episode, the host of Microbe Mail, Dr Vindana Chibabhai, asks Dr Michelle Venter to answer important questions related to appropriate diagnosis and management of SAB. Here is a link to the https://sahivsoc.org/Files/Guide%20to%20Antibiotice%20prescribing%20for%20adults%20in%20SA_2014%20(Oct%202014).pdf (SAASP Guidelines) Visit the Microbe Mail https://microbemail.captivate.fm/ (website) to sign up for updates. Follow on social media to see our episode storyboards and more… E-mail: mail.microbe@gmail.com YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCgaP3aUNkjrgOxR8Ei6UaEw (Microbe Mail) Instagram: https://instagram.com/https:/www.instagram.com/microbe_mail/ (Microbe_Mail)  Twitter: https://twitter.com/https:/twitter.com/microbemail (https://twitter.com/https://twitter.com/microbemail) Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/microbemail (https://www.facebook.com/microbemail) About our guest Dr. Michelle Venter Michelle Venter is an Infectious Diseases Physician based at Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital in Soweto, Johannesburg. She qualified as a medical doctor at the University of the Witwatersrand in 2007, and completed both her internship and community service training at Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital. She then specialised as an adult Physician, and subspecialised as an Infectious Diseases Physician at Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital. She then returned to Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital to work full-time in the Division of Infectious Diseases, within the Department of Internal Medicine, where she is head of the TB program at Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital. She is an Arthur Ashe fellow and has research interests in the gut microbiome, antimicrobial stewardship and the interaction between the innate immune system and infectious diseases. Her lockdown activities include ongoing COVID-19 research, cello playing and a rediscovered appreciation for sago pudding and jazz music.

In this episode I talk about Staphylococcus aureus. This is one of the most common organisms seen in Clinical Microbiology and a very serious one. Tune in to find about more about this organism, including its pathogenicity and significance in health care settings.

Franklin Dexter, MD, PhD, FASA will describe the financial and clinical burden of surgical site infections (SSIs); review data from the randomized clinical trial on the effect of improving basic preventive measures in the perioperative arena on staphylococcus aureus transmission and surgical site infections; and describe how to measure S. aureus transmission and to choose operating rooms and specialties for such monitoring. To view program information/faculty disclosures and claim your CE credit after the session, visit centerforhealingsolutions.com/podcasts.

Dr. Don and Professor Ben talk about the risks from having undercooked meat with a low level of a pathogen incubating in a mouth for 12 hours.Dr. Don - risky ☣️ Professor Ben - risky ☣️ Jason Folster☣️ on Twitter: "@benjaminchapman @bugcounter Hopefully not but sure. Undercooked meat with a low level of pathogen incubating in a mouth for 12 hours. This conversation makes me want to floss IMMEDIATELY.

Dr. Don and Professor Ben talk about the risks from having undercooked meat with a low level of a pathogen incubating in a mouth for 12 hours. Dr. Don - risky ☣️ Professor Ben - risky ☣️ Jason Folster☣️ on Twitter: “@benjaminchapman @bugcounter Hopefully not but sure. Undercooked meat with a low level of pathogen incubating in a mouth for 12 hours. This conversation makes me want to floss IMMEDIATELY.

In this episode, we review the high-yield topic of Staphylococcus aureus from the Microbiology section. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/medbulletsstep1/message

Essa revolução na medicina, Fleming obteve em 1928, após anos de estudo com a bactéria "Staphylococcus aureus", uma das principais causadoras de infecções nos soldados feridos na Primeira Guerra Mundial

When we tell science stories they usually have a long complicated build up, and finish with someone yelling Eureka. But is Eureka really the end? What if we look at it as the beginning? Or the middle? In this first episode, we meet Archimedes - a brilliant scientist from ancient Greece that is credited with the first use of the word “Eureka!” And we also travel to England for the story of Alexander Fleming and the discovery of penicillin. Lastly we meet Dr Wayne Lautt and hear about his Eureka moment. The series is hosted by Dan Riskin. He is formerly the host of Discovery Channel's Daily Planet and also a contributor to The Nature of Things on CBC. Dan is also a highly regarded scientist in his own right. These science stories from history help shed light on the modern research being done on Type 2 Diabetes. Specifically, we highlight the work of SciMar as they examine the hormone HISS and the effect it has on glucose levels in people who are insulin resistant. www.SciMar.ca

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.07.28.224667v1?rss=1 Authors: Wang, S., Reeve, S. M., Ojewole, A. A., Frenkel, M. S., Holt, G. T., Gainza, P., Keshipeddy, S., Fowler, V. G., Wright, D. L., Donald, B. R. Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance is a health care crisis. The resistance-conferring mutation F98Y in Staphylococcus aureus dihydrofolate reductase (SaDHFR) reduces effectiveness of antifolates, e.g., trimethoprim (TMP). Although propargyl-linked antifolates (PLAs) are much more resilient than TMP towards F98Y, this substitution still vitiates their inhibition potency. Surprisingly, differences in the enantiomeric configuration at the stereogenic center of PLAs influence the isomeric state of NADPH cofactor. Is resistance correlated with chiral evasion? A mechanism of action underpinning this coupling is unknown. To understand the molecular basis of F98Y-mediated resistance and how PLAs' inhibition drives NADPH isomeric states, we used OSPREY to analyze a comprehensive suite of structural, biophysical, biochemical, and computational data. We present a model showing how F98Y SaDHFR exploits a different anomeric configuration of NADPH to evade certain PLAs' inhibition, while other PLAs remain resilient to resistance. Our model should enable general design of inhibitors that are resilient to chiral evasion. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.07.19.210609v1?rss=1 Authors: Lopez, G.-D., Suesca, E., Alvarez-Rivera, G., Rosato, A., Ibanez, E., Cifuentes, A., Leidy, C., Carazzone, C. Abstract: Staphyloxanthin (STX) is a saccharolipid derived from a carotenoid in Staphylococcus aureus involved in oxidative-stress tolerance and antimicrobial peptide resistance. In this work, a targeted metabolomics and biophysical study was carried out on native and knock-out S. aureus strains to investigate the biosynthetic pathways of STX and related carotenoids. Identification of 34 metabolites at different growth phases (8, 24 and 48h), reveal shifts of carotenoid populations during progression towards stationary phase. Six of the carotenoids in the STX biosynthetic pathway and three menaquinones (Vitamin K2) were identified in the same chromatogram. Furthermore, other STX homologues with varying acyl chain structures reported herein for the first time, which reveal the extensive enzymatic activity of CrtO/CrtN. Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy show that STX increases acyl chain order and shifts the cooperative melting of the membrane indicating a more rigid lipid bilayer. This study shows the diversity of carotenoids in S. aureus, and their influence on membrane biophysical properties. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

MOST IMPORTANT TOPIC FOR MEDICOS IN MICROBIOLOGY. IN DETAILS BY DR. MOHAMMED KHALEEL --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/aim4pg/message

In this episode we speak with Andrea who had a planned caesarean with her eldest child due to a condition called Gastroschisis, where her baby's intestines were growing externally while in utero. Successful lifesaving surgery was performed on her newborn immediately following her caesarean. The neonatal intensive care unit became like a second home following the birth as their hospital stay got extended to three and a half months due to her baby developing a golden staphylococcus infection. Six years later Andrea returned to a public hospital setting armed with knowledge and research determined to have an unmedicated water birth. Andrea suffered from Hyperemesis Gravidarum in both of her pregnancies.Listen to how Andrea prepared for the birth she sought to achieve despite facing some resistance from the hospital, which had a policy of no water births for VBAC.~ Notes ~NICE - National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK)1.19 Previous caesarean section recommendations:https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng121/chapter/Recommendations#previous-caesarean-section**VBAC Birth Stories features women's lived experiences. It is not intended to replace medical advice. Should you have any concerns during your pregnancy please always consult your healthcare provider.Follow us on Facebook or Instagram @vbacbirthstories

Today we'll talk about one of the most ubiquitous bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus. We'll cover the board-relevant, high-yield information and cover 3 board-style questions. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/bradleysmicroboardreview/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/bradleysmicroboardreview/support

Sketchy - Staphylococcus aureus

John Green reviews a micro-organism, staphylococcus aureus, and a rhetorical device called the non-denial denial.

https://aornjournal.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aorn.12946

A vaccine that can protect against infection with the skin bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, which causes everything from wound and joint infections to impetigo and pneumonia, has been developed by scientists in the US. Apart from increasing rates of antibiotic resistance, what makes Staph infections hard to treat is that the microbes surround themselves with a slimy layer called a biofilm that protects them from the immune system and antimicrobial drugs. As she explains to Chris Smith, to prevent the bugs being able to do this in the first place, Janette Harro looked at what proteins the... Like this podcast? Please help us by supporting the Naked Scientists

A vaccine that can protect against infection with the skin bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, which causes everything from wound and joint infections to impetigo and pneumonia, has been developed by scientists in the US. Apart from increasing rates of antibiotic resistance, what makes Staph infections hard to treat is that the microbes surround themselves with a slimy layer called a biofilm that protects them from the immune system and antimicrobial drugs. As she explains to Chris Smith, to prevent the bugs being able to do this in the first place, Janette Harro looked at what proteins the... Like this podcast? Please help us by supporting the Naked Scientists

My dad George, experienced Firefighter and Paramedic, joins us once again to discuss the medical support that occurs during the wildfire seasons. I can’t thank him enough, and you, for helping us make Maybe Medical a success. Please continue to spread the word and visit Maybemed.com for a wonderful collection of Podcasts by an incredibly varied cast of guests who all help others by working in the Medical Field. Thanks!   EMT/Paramedic - Emergency medical technicians and Paramedics care for the sick or injured in emergency medical settings by responding to emergency calls, evaluating the medical need, performing appropriate medical services, and transporting patients to medical facilities as needed. There are various levels of EMTs (Basic, Intermediate, and Paramedic). Structure Fire - Refers to a fire involving a structure such as a residential, commercial, or industrial building. Chipper Crew - A crew using a wood chipper to break down scraps, tree limbs, etc. Very dangerous job as they can get caught in the branches and pulled in. FEMA Firefighting Tactics Poison Oak/Ivy Kenalog Side Effects Dexamethasone Standing Orders - Preapproved Protocols and Guidelines directing EMS crews to perform specific advanced life support before contacting a Physician. Orders implemented in cases in which delay of treatment could harm the patient. IM injections - Intramuscular Injections, bypassing the subcutaneous layer and going into the muscle, certain medications require specific locations of injection based on the uptake, duration, and desired effect of the medication. List of Various Blister Bandages Paratrooper - A soldier who is trained to enter combat zones via parachute from an aircraft. Smoke Jumpers - A smokejumper is a wildland firefighter who parachutes into a remote area to combat wildfires. Wilderness Medicine Training - WildMed.com & Wildnerness-Medicine.com OTC Meds (Over the Counter) - Medications that you can purchase from a store or pharmacy without a written prescription and does not require a pharmacist to obtain. National Wildfires Coordinating Group Online Course Materials FEMA NIMS Training Gator & Polaris National Interagency Fire Center Fatalities By Year Horribly Tragic Story of Arizona Firefighters (It’s unfortunate they almost seems to glamorize the story, just listen to their voices like they are putting on a show, but a story that is important to know.) Silvadene First Degree Burns - Affect only the epidermis (outer layer of skin). The burn site is red, painful, dry, and with no blisters. Commonly sunburns are 1st degree. Second Degree Burns - Involve the epidermis and part of the deeper dermal layer of skin. The burn site appears red, blistered, and may be swollen and painful. Third Degree Burns - Destroys the epidermis, dermal layer, and may go into the subcutaneous tissue (collagen and fat layer). The burn site may appear white or charred. Fourth Degree Burns - Burns down into the bones, muscles, and tendons. Destroys nerve endings affecting sensation. Dermatitis - General term for inflammation of the skin. May be from a variety of reasons, both internal and external. Cellulitis - A common, and sometimes fatal, bacterial skin infection affecting the dermis and subcutaneous layer. Often caused by, but not limited to, the bacteria Streoptococci and Staphylococcus Aureus. Neomycin Dermatitis Want to try an MRE? Each and every episode of Maybe Medical is for educational purposes only, not to be taken as medical advice.  The opinions of those involved are of their own and not representative of their employer.

Rino Rappuoli of GlaxoSmithKline discusses preclinical studies of a vaccine candidate against Staphylococcus aureus.

Superbugs have been in the news a lot lately, MRSA especially, but have you ever wondered what it is or why it's so scary? Find out here!   References

Hoy en Oigamos la respuesta: Staphylococcus aureus, erupciones solares, vaguada monzónica, Galileo Galilei, refrigerador. Facebook: www.facebook.com/oigamoslarespuesta/ Web: www.icecu.org Envíenos sus preguntas al apartado 2948-1000 San José, Costa Rica. Llámenos por teléfono (+506) 2225-5438 o 2225-5338. Envíenos un correo electrónico: icecu@icecu.org

Hoy en Oigamos la respuesta: Staphylococcus aureus, erupciones solares, vaguada monzónica, Galileo Galilei, refrigerador. Facebook: www.facebook.com/oigamoslarespuesta/ Web: www.icecu.org Envíenos sus preguntas al apartado 2948-1000 San José, Costa Rica. Llámenos por teléfono (+506) 2225-5438 o 2225-5338. Envíenos un correo electrónico: icecu@icecu.org

Hosts Yimin and Roger are joined by Heba Alnaseri, who is working to find out how to prevent opportunistic infections by the Staphylococcus Aureus bacterium. Follow her research on Twitter: @hebastweets or @McGavLab Hosts: Yimin Chen and Roger Hudson

This episode has you covered from the top of your head to the tips of your lucky socks. Ben and Don dig into some 1980's culture and shoot forward into the food on the future, and then back again. It's a food (and pet) safety grab bag covering pineapple safety, hand sizes and hand sanitizers, safe raw cookie dough, rats, turtles, milk from camels, microgreens and toilet history. Here are some links so you can follow along at home. * [Socks](https://www.amazon.com/s/?ie=UTF8&keywords=socks&tag=googhydr-20&index=aps&hvadid=172784669649&hvpos=1t3&hvnetw=g&hvrand=15289779452546695849&hvpone=&hvptwo=&hvqmt=e&hvdev=c&hvdvcmdl=&hvlocint=&hvlocphy=9003676&hvtargid=kwd-19345770&ref=pd_sl_6e22knv3yz_e) * [Miami Vice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Vice) * [eero - WiFi](https://eero.com/) * [Dippin' Dots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dippin'_Dots) * [Sean Spicer's Dippin' Dots Tweets Put Press Secretary On The Spot : NPR](http://www.npr.org/2017/01/23/511278562/dippin-dots-beef-puts-white-house-press-secretary-on-the-spot) * [Dippin' Dots open lettr](https://www.dippindots.com/news/2017/01/Open-Letter-to-Sean-Spicer.html) * [Say Anything... ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Say_Anything...) * [Ill Communication by Beastie Boys on Apple Music](https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/sure-shot/id724771323?i=724771816) * [Pod Save America](https://getcrookedmedia.com/here-have-a-podcast-78ee56b5a323#.neujn6xky) * [sciencecafes.org](http://www.sciencecafes.org/) * [Science Cafe: You cannot B. cereus: Microbial food safety in the modern world](http://naturalsciences.org/calendar/event/science-cafe-you-cannot-b-cereus-microbial-food-safety-in-the-modern-world/) * [Lunds & Byerlys Pulls 'Fresh-Cut Cored Pineapple' after Voluntary Recall | KSTP.com](http://kstp.com/news/lunds-and-byerlys-recalls-pineapple-listeria-risk-no-illnesses/4376206/) * [Growth Potential of Listeria Monocytogenes and Staphylococcus Aureus on Fresh-Cut Tropical Fruits](http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1750-3841.13089/abstract) * [USDA Scientists Have Been Put On Lockdown Under Trump](https://www.buzzfeed.com/dinograndoni/trump-usda?utm_term=.we0GMyOvZ#.jdxNq6PR8) * [You Aren't Using Enough Hand Sanitizer](http://www.acsh.org/news/2017/01/10/you-arent-using-enough-hand-sanitizer-10717) * [Hand coverage by alcohol-based handrub varies: Volume and hand size matter](http://www.ajicjournal.org/article/S0196-6553(16)30690-3/abstract) * [Gorge On Cookie Dough In All Its Forms At This NYC Eatery](http://www.konbini.com/us/lifestyle/gorge-on-raw-cookie-dough-cookie-do-nyc/) * [Spaceballs (1987)](http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0094012/) * [Not Even Scientists Can Easily Explain P-values](http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/not-even-scientists-can-easily-explain-p-values/) * [CDC: Pet rats linked to virus outbreak](http://www.ksat.com/health/cdc-pet-rats-linked-to-virus-outbreak) * [FDA Bets It Will Escape Coming Political Hurricane, Targets Raw Camel Milk](http://www.davidgumpert.com/3010-2) * [FDA Compliance & Enforcement on Salmonella and Turtle Safety](http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/ComplianceEnforcement/ucm090573.htm) [NC rule on pet turtles](http://cph.publichealth.nc.gov/Rules/EpiHealth/10A-NCAC-41A-.0302.pdf) * [The History of 'Toilet' on Merriam-Webster](https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/word-history-of-toilet) * [Microgreens, Elevator, This Old House](https://www.thisoldhouse.com/watch/ask-toh-microgreens-elevator)

Einstein A Go Go - 7th August 2016Dr Ray, Dr Euan, Dr Jen and Dr ShaneNews items:Staphylococcus Aureus in your nose and antibiotic resistance, waste control using seagulls, mapping brain development, vicroads public service announcements and measuring the limits of the optical system.First guest:Dr Tracy Heng Head of the Stem Cells and Translational Immunology Laboratory Monash University. The use and challenges of bone marrow transplantation. more hereSecond guest:Professor Staffan Persson School of Biosciences University of Melbourne""In the search for low-emission plant-based fuels, new research could lead to sustainable alternatives to fossil fuel-based products. Scientists have identified new steps in the way plants produce cellulose, the component of plant cell walls that provides strength, and forms insoluble fibre in the human diet."" more hereThird GuestProf Peter Rayner Academic, Earth Sciences University of MelbourneUses ice cores to analyse historic atmospheric composition. more here PLUS: head over to University of Melbourne festival of science party and hook up talks on earth quakes, science films, the senses and loads more. Remember, ""Science is everywhere"", including:Website, Facebook, Twitter, Podcastsand every Sunday at 11a.m AEST on RRR 102.7mHz FM

Rino Rappuoli of GlaxoSmithKline discusses preclinical studies of a vaccine candidate against Staphylococcus aureus.

Reading by Daniel Morgan, MD, author of Reconsidering Isolation Precautions for Endemic Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus

Steve Blank, lecturer Haas School of Business UCB. He has been a entrepreneur in Silicon Valley since the 1970s. He has been teaching and developing curriculum for entrepreneurship training. Built a method for high tech startups, the Lean LaunchPad.TranscriptSpeaker 1: Spectrum's next. Speaker 2: Okay. Okay. Speaker 1: Welcome to spectrum the science and technology show on k a l x Berkeley, a [00:00:30] biweekly 30 minute program bringing you interviews featuring bay area scientists and technologists as well as a calendar of local events and news. Speaker 3: Hello and good afternoon. My name is Renee Rao and I'll be hosting today's show. Today we present part two of two interviews with Steve Blank. I lecture at the High School of business at UC Berkeley. Steve has been a serial entrepreneur in silicon valley since the late 1970s in the early two thousands he retired from the day to day involvement [00:01:00] of running a company. He has been teaching entrepreneurship training ever since. By 2011 he was said to have devised a scientific method for launching high tech startups, dubbed the lean launchpad. The National Science Foundation caught wind of this and asked Steve to build a variation for teaching scientists and engineers how to launch startups. In 2013 Steve partnered with UCLA and the NSF to offer the lean launch pad class for life science and healthcare. In part two, Steve Talks about getting [00:01:30] the NSF lean launch pad classes going, the evolution of startup companies and innovation, and now Brad swift continued his interview with Steve Blank. Speaker 4: Okay. Speaker 5: In your experience with these scientists and teaching them, are these people self selected? They're the ones who are anxious and eager and there are other scientists maybe back in the lab are reluctant afraid of the process. Speaker 4: So just the personality of it. Yeah, so this goes back to the comment I made earlier about entrepreneurs being artists. It was the implicit comment [00:02:00] I just kind of both through in the beginning, but as important is that you can't assign entrepreneurship as a job, right? If you really think about them, you can't split up a room and say, those of you on the left, you're going to be musicians. And those are you on the right, you're working on the assembly line like, Oh yeah, WTI. I mean, it doesn't work. It doesn't work like that. All right. Entrepreneurship is a calling. Just like art, just like music, just like writing is something you have to passionately want to do, but much like art, we've learned something [00:02:30] a couple hundred years ago that very early on in people's lives in elementary school and junior high school in high school, we want to have our depreciation. Speaker 4: They're not intensive classes, but their exposure to art that people might not know their artists. They might not know they have a passion to paint or to sculpt or to write or to entertain. I will contend because entrepreneurship is an art. We actually need those type of classes early on because scientists didn't understand [00:03:00] that not was their passion to invent and create. They might actually have an equal passion to wait a minute, I actually want to take this thing all the way through when I want to see what happens. If hundreds of thousands of people were being affected by this medicine, not just, here's my paper in the latest publication. It doesn't mean everybody could do that, but it means we've not yet gotten the culture to where we could say, well is this something that kind of excites you? And I think we're getting better to understand what it takes to do that. Speaker 4: Would you have any [00:03:30] idea what that would look like? The kind of exposure that you would be talking about in grammar school or Middle School? Sure. It turns out one of the unintended consequences of teaching the scientists that National Science Foundation is, remember their professors, almost all of them tenured running labs and universities across the country. And so here they take this class from the national science foundation and about half or two thirds of them now go back to their own universities, pissed cause they go, how come we're not teaching this? And so what happens is the National Science Foundation asked [00:04:00] me and Jerry Angle, who was the head of entrepreneurship at Haas, why don't you guys put on a course through a nonprofit called NCIA to teach educators in the United States who want to learn how to teach this class. And so we teach the lean launchpad for educators. We teach now 300 educators a year. Speaker 4: One of the outgrowths of that class was entrepreneur educators from middle school and high school started showing up and I went, you're not really teaching this to kids. They went, [00:04:30] oh Steve, you should see our class. And I went, oh my gosh, this is better than I'm doing. So they'd taken the same theory and they modified the language. So it was age appropriate. And so the two schools that had some great programs were Hawkin school outside of Cleveland and Dunn's school here in California. And in fact they're going to hold their own version of the educator class in June of 2014 for middle school and high school educators who were interested in teaching this type of entrepreneurial education. So I think it's starting to be transformative. I think we [00:05:00] have found the process to engage people early and not treated like we're teaching accounting to do, treating it like we're teaching art. Speaker 4: And again, we're still experiment thing. I wish I could tell you we got it now. I don't think so. I think we're learning, but the speed at which we're learning through it makes me smile. That's great. It is great. The Passion of the educators really is exciting. And Are you able to teach us remotely so that scientists from around the country don't have to come to you and sort of stop what they're doing? I was teaching the class [00:05:30] remotely. It's now taught in person in multiple regions. So that's how we solved that problem. But my lectures were recorded and not only were they recorded, they were recorded with really interesting animation. So instead of just watching me was a talking head. These are broken up into two minute clips and it's basically how to start a company and it's on you udacity.com so if you want to see the lean launch pad class in the lectures, it's on your udacity.com it's called the p two 45 but by accident we made these lectures public to not only the [00:06:00] national science foundation scientists, but we opened it up to everybody. Speaker 4: And surprisingly there is now over a quarter million people have taken the class. I've had people stop me at conferences and have told me that the Arabic translation, which I didn't even know existed, it's the standard in the Middle East. I had people from Dubai and Saudi Arabia in Lebanon literally within 10 feet go, oh well we recognize you. And I went, who are you turning over, Mr Blank, you worthy? I went, what's going on? I laugh not because it's me, but because [00:06:30] this is the power of the democratization of entrepreneurship. I have to tell you a funny story is that I grew up with the entrepreneur cluster was silicon valley and something in the last five years that I've gotten to travel with both Berkeley and Stanford and National Science Foundation to different countries to talk and teach about entrepreneurship. And my wife and I happened to be on vacation in Prague and when I really knew the world had changed as my wife had said, you know Steve, we're kind of tired of eating hotel food. Speaker 4: I wonder if there were ending entrepreneurs and Proc, I didn't want to, I [00:07:00] don't know. You know, let me go tweet and any entrepreneurs and Prague, you know, looking for a good check. Brie hall and hour and a half later we're having dinner with 55 entrepreneurs and Prague television is there and they said, Steve, you don't understand. Here's why. Here's an entrepreneur community everywhere. The only thing we still have unique in the bay area is that entrepreneurship and innovation. We've become a company town. That is our product. Much like Hollywood used to be movies in Detroit used to be cars in Pittsburgh steel. [00:07:30] While obviously there are people who do other stuff, teach in restaurants, put the business. The business to the bay area really is entrepreneurship and innovation. While we tell stories about the entrepreneurs, the unheralded part of that ecosystem is that we have equally insane financial people. Speaker 4: Why Silicon Valley happened was that the venture capitalist in the 1970s in Boston when it wasn't clear whether it was going to be Boston or Silicon Valley to be the center of entrepreneurship, the venture capitalist in Boston continued to act [00:08:00] like bankers, venture capitalists in Silicon Valley. They decided to act like pirates and the pirates want and so what really differentiates the observational make with an entrepreneurship is everywhere in the world. Entrepreneurial clusters only happen when all these things, these components, primarily entrepreneurs, but a heavy dose of risk capital capable of writing not only small checks but large checks and doubling and tripling down on startups. That's why you have the Facebooks and the googles and the twitters [00:08:30] around here. You also have a culture let's people know and understand. In the 1950s and sixties people came to San Francisco and Berkeley to live an alternate personal lifestyle, but they were hitting 30 miles south to have an alternate business lifestyle around Stanford and it was this kind of magic combination of great weather, the ability to do things in both business and your personal life that you couldn't anywhere else. These cultural phenomenons actually were and under appreciated until a very smart professor at Berkeley [inaudible] [00:09:00] wrote a book called regional advantage that actually described a lot of these things and open my eyes about why this region actually won. Speaker 1: You're listening to spectrum on k a Alex Berkeley. Steve Blank is our guest. He's a former entrepreneur and current lecturer at the High School of business. And the next segment he talks about how startups has changed since he first began in Silicon Valley in the 1970s Speaker 4: is entrepreneurship then changed as a result [00:09:30] of that. What really happened was the harmonic conversion of a really interesting set of events. One is, is that if you think back on how startups worked in the, in the golden age of Silicon Valley in the seventies and eighties to build a startup required millions if not tens of millions of dollars, not to run it, but just to start it, you needed to buy computers, either mainframes or mini computers and then workstations. You needed to license millions of dollars of expensive software. The only venture people were either in [00:10:00] Boston or silicon valley and they lived on sand hill road and nowhere else, and therefore it was kind of a formal process and the cost of entry was literally millions or tens of millions of dollars. There was no other way to get computing. There was no other way to get money. The second is, we had no theory about startups. Speaker 4: That is, there were no management tools at all. But what happened starting out of the rubble actually of the last Internet bubble, things change in technology in a way. I don't think people outside the technology business appreciate it off. Probably the biggest [00:10:30] one was actually generated by Amazon. It turns out Amazon created something called Amazon web services. And if you're a consumer, all you know is Amazon maybe for kindle and for sure for their books or their website. But if you're a programmer, Amazon has become the computing utility. You no longer have to buy computers from your laptop. You literally log in to hundreds of millions of dollars of computers and you have access to the world's largest computing resource ever assembled [00:11:00] for pennies, for pennies, and you don't need any storage. You're storing it all and online and all the computing. So number one, Amazon web services truly turned computing hardware and software into a pennies per gigabyte and MIPS, et Cetera, in a way that was unbelievable 10 years earlier. Speaker 4: Two is that changed the cost of entry of an early stage venture. You no longer needed millions of dollars. In fact, if you were smart entrepreneur, you could start on your credit card and if you didn't have your credit card, maybe some friends and family, [00:11:30] and that started a very different wave because it changed venture capital. It used to be there were either doctors or dentists or other reform of venture capital firms like Kleiner Perkins and Mayfield and sequoia. But the fact is that now after a ton of entrepreneurs could start on their credit cards, they still didn't need $20 million. Maybe eventually they did, but they could just take $100,000 or half a million dollars and get pretty far. And that created a new class of super angels or angel investors [00:12:00] that just never existed before. Kind of this intermediate level. And so venture capital changed. And also with that change, it changed where they could be located. Speaker 4: You no longer had to be located to be a investor in New York, Boston, or San Diego. Th that amount of capital could be available in the London or Helsinki or Estonia or Jordan, Beijing. Third is, and I will take credit for some of this, the invention of a new way to look and how to build these startups. It used to be that if you were building [00:12:30] a physical product, you would do something called the functional Spec or you'd get requirements from a customer. You build a specification and then you'd make an early version of the product called Alpha test, maybe a less buggy version called Beta test, which foist on some poor unsuspecting customers and then you'd have a party at something called first customer ship and that process was called waterfall development and from beginning to end typically took years and insight in the software business and Toyota had it even [00:13:00] earlier is that we could build products differently, we could build products incrementally and iteratively and that's called agile engineering and for startups, how you want to build your products is agily and iteratively because almost always what you believe on day one are all the customer features that they need. Speaker 4: It's a pretty safe bet. You're not a visionary, you're actually hallucinating and that most of the features you would historically have built in go unused on needed and unwanted. But if [00:13:30] in fact you could actually test intermediate versions of the product iteratively and rapidly on those customers with a formal process which I invented called customer development, those two hand in hand change the speed and trajectory of how startups get built. And so now you see these startups coming out of nowhere and getting acquired in three years, but they have tens of millions of customer. Where did that come from? Well, in the old days we'd still be writing the software, building the hardware. Speaker 6: Aw, it's [00:14:00] a public affairs show, k, a l X. Berkeley. Our guest is Steve Link a lecture at UC Berkeley's Haas School of business. The next segment, Steve Talks about his current work, trying to understand how innovation drives some companies and fails in others. Speaker 4: If I can, the unintended consequence of all this stuff. Remember this whole lean startup stuff has become a movement by itself. Harvard business review contacts me and says, Steve, [00:14:30] every large corporation is now desperately struggling how to deal with continuous disruption in the 21st century. That is all the rules that worked in the 20th century, you know, be number one in market share, you know, like be number one and two, I mean all the Jack Welsh rules, you follow those who be out of business in seven years. Why, you know, globalization in China Inc Internet has made consumers flighty very little brand loyalty. Pricing is almost transparent. Cost of starting a new business is infinitely lower. All of the things [00:15:00] that made you strong in the 20th century as a corporation are no longer true. Some of them are obviously, but not really. And so every large corporation are trying to relearn a set of rules and guess where they're looking for, they're looking at startups of how do we be as innovative as apple as that. Speaker 4: That is, the models are now silicon valley and other technology companies. And so my article, the lean startup changes everything became the cover of the Harvard Business Review and May, 2013 what was interesting is that I started [00:15:30] getting calls from executives whose titles I had never heard of before. It turns out almost every large company is now appointing a VP of corporate innovation. I had never heard of it. You know what's that? And when you go talk to them, and I've talked to a bunch of them, now you find out that they're all struggling to solve this continuous disruption problem by trying to build innovation inside the DNA of large corporations in the u s and overseas and the first sign of companies [00:16:00] trying to do that is appointing somebody typically as a corporate staff person to have some kind of internal incubator. I could politely say, that's a nice first step put it really doesn't solve the problem. Speaker 4: It actually just points out what the problem is and can I digress for another 10 seconds? It turns out that the problem that corporations are having is not a tactical organizational problem. The things I described, the globalization, the effect of the [00:16:30] Internet, et Cetera, are just strategic problems that every corporation is facing. The last time companies faced something, this major was in the 1920s, uh, u s corporations grew from small mom and pop businesses from the 1870s to 1920s and they kind of came up with a form of organization called functional organizations, meaning you had a head of sales, a head of marketing, a head of manufacturing, but by function that was the only way companies were organized. But by 1920, some [00:17:00] u s corporations spans from New York to San Francisco. And so there was a geography problem here. You had a head of sales tryna run multiple geography. Speaker 4: It wasn't even the same time zone. And some companies like dupont had a different problem while they also had geography problems. Dupont made everything from explosives to paint. But you only had one marketing group and one manufacture. How do, how do you manage that? And for about five or six years for corporations, dupont, General Motors, Sears and standard oil, understood. They had a strategy [00:17:30] problem and attacked it by playing with the structure of the company, meaning how the company was organized and they all finally decided that they were going to organize in a radically different form called divisions. Instead of just having functions, they would actually break up like for example, General Motors into the Buick Division and ultimate build division or whatever, or for dupont explosives divisions and the paint division and on top of a thin layer of corporate staff, but now have a company organized by divisions first changed in [00:18:00] 50 years and how companies were organized. Speaker 4: Fast forward 40 years later, the third form of corporate organization to emerged called Matrix organizations where you start with a functional organization, but now all of a sudden we would have specific projects pop up, gee, I want to work on the new fad six fighter. Well, I have an engineering group, but let me put together a team that could pull out of engineering and pull out a product management and put together for our temporary amount of time and then they'll go back into their functions and then be pulled out again. But that's it. Those are the only three forms [00:18:30] of corporate organization. I'll contend that we're facing a common strategy problem that is not solvable by just pasting on vps of innovation. I believe it's solvable by rethinking on the highest possible level is do we need a fourth form of corporate organization? And I gotta tell you I got the answer, but I'm not going to tell you now. Okay.Speaker 5: Is this sort of then turning all the operations research that's been done over the past? You know, since World War II, [00:19:00] that was when it seemed to be salient. Is it on its ear now? Is this, Speaker 4: so if you really think about what we built for the last 150 years is corporations were the epitome of operational efficiency through operations research, the output of business schools. I mean all our stuff has had to be continuous execution, driving to the lowest cost provider and outsourcing and all that stuff. That's great. But you're going out of business and in fact, companies that do that, [00:19:30] I will contend have a much shorter lifespan that companies that now do continuous innovation. That is, if you think about the difference between Amazon and Netflix and apple, when jobs was alive versus standard US companies, the distinction was they were continuously innovating, ruined Leslie, innovating, and it was not some department that was innovating. It's a big idea. It was the entire company was innovating, yet they were making obscene profits. So clearly there are some models of some companies who [00:20:00] have figured out and in fact HP in the 70s and eighties had figured out how to do and then they lost the formula. I think we now actually have a theory, a strategy of how to do that and some really specific tactics. How, I know we could do this in detail for u s corporations and corporations worldwide, but I want to start at the u s and we're going to be talking and writing about that in the next year. Speaker 5: Great. So that's what you're actively working. Speaker 4: Oh, actively working. And I'm Hank Chesboro who have inventor of open innovation here at Haas business school and with Alexander Osterwalder [00:20:30] and venture of the business model canvas. All have been part of some of these discussions. You know, I just get smarter by hanging out with much smarter people. And I'm not the only one who's thinking about that. There are lots of very smart people trying to crack the code and at the same time, companies are raising their hand and the symptom of raising their hand is they're appointing vps of innovation and her likes saying, yeah, you know, here's what we are. Oops, it doesn't quite work. And finance has different rules and but wait a minute, I'm trying to be innovative, but the HR manual doesn't allow me to hire people. No, [00:21:00] no. Legal says I can't use our brand here. So what you're really finding is that it's not an org problem. Speaker 4: It's not anybody's trying to be mean. Is that what we're missing is the CEO and board conversation is, oh my gosh, maybe we need to get innovation in every part of the company, not by exception. That's the idea I'll telegraph for now. And how do you do that without affecting current profits? And it's quite possible because again, there are these experiments of companies that are insanely from a profitable, who've done this. [00:21:30] Now can we just make a teachable and doable by other corporations? And the answer is yes, we're going to go do that. Do you see that pace of technology accelerating? Absolutely. I think we're in the golden age of both technology and entrepreneurship. You ain't seen anything yet. I'm still constantly amazed sitting here smiling. When you say that is why I still love to teach is that, you know, I get to see my students come up with things. Speaker 4: You hear the 400th hotel automation package or the whatever, but you know, and then you see something, again, drones are three d printing [00:22:00] or you could do white with your phone, you're gonna make a turn on or you're a password through. It's just things that are unimaginable. And then you watch the next generation of Steve Jobs that said, you know, the current version silicon valley is you go on much. Who single handedly is val to obsolete the automobile industry? And at the same time just wrecking havoc in this space launch industry, single individual who had, by the way, zero qualifications to do any of those. Congratulations. Welcome to entrepreneurship. He had the will to be disruptive [00:22:30] and he understood that the technology was about at the edge of being able to do what he did. That's how we got the iPod and the iPhone or else in a perfect world and Nokia would still have 89% market share. If I was General Motors and Ford, I'd be really concerned. Steve Blank, thanks very much for coming on spectrum. Great. Thanks for having me. Speaker 6: You'd like more insight into Steve Blank's ideas. Go to his website, Steve blank.com [00:23:00] as Steve mentioned, the Lean launch pad course is available. I knew udacity.com to learn more about the NSF mean launchpad curriculum, search for NSF [inaudible] your local to the bay area. Go to [inaudible] dot com if you're interested in startup appreciation materials for educators, go to n c I n aa.org/l l p. Stretching shows [00:23:30] are archived on iTunes yet it gives created a simple link for you. The link is tiny url.com/calex spectrum and now a few some technology events happening locally over the next two weeks. Brad Swift joins me for the calendar. Speaker 3: California's coastal waters are home to one of the four richest temperate marine biota is in the world. The California Academy of Sciences will be holding [00:24:00] a series of lectures and events to explore this incredible diversity of life. They look, explain what makes this region so productive and why it needs to be protected on Saturday, March 22nd from nine to 11:00 AM a variety of Speakers will consider the impacts of human activity on the local marine ecosystems and the establishment and efficacy of marine protected areas. They will also discuss how diversity is monitored in California's oceans and which areas will need to be most closely scrutinized for future impact. For more information on the [00:24:30] March 22nd event. Please visit cal academy.org Speaker 5: on Monday, March 31st University of Maryland professor of human development, Nathan Fox will give a lecture on his recent studies on whether experiences shaped the brain and neural circuitry for emerging cognitive and social behaviors over the first years of life. Something that many developmental scientists take for granted. Foxes study the Bucharest early intervention project [00:25:00] is the first randomized trial of a family intervention for children who experienced significant psychosocial neglect early in their lives. A group of infants living in institutions in Romania were recruited and randomized to be taken out of the institution and placed into family foster care homes or to remain in the institution. He then followed up with the children several times over the next eight years and examine the lasting [00:25:30] effects of the deprivation and which, if any interventions were successful in assuaging the harmful effects, the free public talk will be held on March 31st from 12 to 1:30 PM on the UC Berkeley campus in room 31 50 of Tolman hall Speaker 3: on Wednesday per second. You see Berkeley's department of Environmental Science Policy and management will present a speech by Chris Mooney, a journalist who's written several books on the resistance that many [00:26:00] Americans have to accepting scientific conclusions. His lecture will be titled The Science of why we don't believe in science and we'll examine the reasons behind Americans disinterest in scientific solutions to the world's problems. The free public lecture will be held on Wednesday, April 2nd at 7:00 PM in the International House Auditorium of UC Berkeley. Here at spectrum, we like to present new stories we find particularly interesting. Brad Swift joins me in presenting the news. Speaker 5: UC Berkeley Professor, Dr. Richard Kramer [00:26:30] and his research team have been able to temporarily restore light sensitivity to mice, missing a majority of their rods and cones in healthy mammals. The eyes detect light with specialized photo receptor cells or rods and cones and then transmit a signal to their optic nerve cells which eventually communicate with the brain. Dr. Kramer and his team explored the effects of a similarly light-sensitive molecule known as d n a Q in healthy mice and mice [00:27:00] with a degenerative disease that caused them to lose nearly all their rods and cones. After dosing, the mice with d n a Q, the mice were exposed to lights and their optic nerve activity was measured via electrode arrays. The diseased mice showed strong light sensitivity. The team next examined a small number of animals in light and dark conditions to test whether the sensitivity conferred any perception of the light. In the diseased mice, [00:27:30] the injected mice were better able to form an association between a light stimuli and electric shock than those in the control group. While millions of humans suffer from similar degenerative retinal conditions, definitive conclusions on the broader therapeutic and deleterious effects of the molecule. D n a Q are still years away. Speaker 3: In a recent study published in the journal bio materials, UC Berkeley researchers were able to eliminate the transmission rep [00:28:00] of a common infection. Staphylococcus Aureus is a bacterium that commonly infects patients who've had surgeries involving prosthetic joints and artificial heart, bowels, staff, or aces. Ability to adhere to medical advices is key to experience as once introduced to the body. It can cause severe illness. UC Berkeley Bio and mechanical engineering, Professor Mohammad [inaudible] fraud and others in his lab examined how the clusters of staff warriors were able to adhere so well to certain Yana surfaces as well as the type of surfaces [00:28:30] that increased or decreased the bacteria's ability to clean. They quickly found that while staff [inaudible] can adhere to a variety of flattened curves services, it does seem to have a preference for certain structures including a tubular pillar where the bacteria was able to partially embed itself within holes in the structure. Professor, my fraud expressed hope that the improved understanding of these preferences could allow the design of medical devices built to attenuate bacterial adhesion while escaping the need to chemically damaged the bacteria to prevent transmission Speaker 7: [00:29:00] [inaudible]. Speaker 5: The music heard during the show was written and produced by Alex Simon. Speaker 1: Thank you for listening to spectrum. If you have comments about the show, please send them to us via email. Our email address is spectrum to a k a l ex@yahoo.com Trina's in two weeks at the same time. [inaudible] Speaker 8: [00:29:30] [inaudible]. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Steve Blank, lecturer Haas School of Business UCB. He has been a entrepreneur in Silicon Valley since the 1970s. He has been teaching and developing curriculum for entrepreneurship training. Built a method for high tech startups, the Lean LaunchPad.TranscriptSpeaker 1: Spectrum's next. Speaker 2: Okay. Okay. Speaker 1: Welcome to spectrum the science and technology show on k a l x Berkeley, a [00:00:30] biweekly 30 minute program bringing you interviews featuring bay area scientists and technologists as well as a calendar of local events and news. Speaker 3: Hello and good afternoon. My name is Renee Rao and I'll be hosting today's show. Today we present part two of two interviews with Steve Blank. I lecture at the High School of business at UC Berkeley. Steve has been a serial entrepreneur in silicon valley since the late 1970s in the early two thousands he retired from the day to day involvement [00:01:00] of running a company. He has been teaching entrepreneurship training ever since. By 2011 he was said to have devised a scientific method for launching high tech startups, dubbed the lean launchpad. The National Science Foundation caught wind of this and asked Steve to build a variation for teaching scientists and engineers how to launch startups. In 2013 Steve partnered with UCLA and the NSF to offer the lean launch pad class for life science and healthcare. In part two, Steve Talks about getting [00:01:30] the NSF lean launch pad classes going, the evolution of startup companies and innovation, and now Brad swift continued his interview with Steve Blank. Speaker 4: Okay. Speaker 5: In your experience with these scientists and teaching them, are these people self selected? They're the ones who are anxious and eager and there are other scientists maybe back in the lab are reluctant afraid of the process. Speaker 4: So just the personality of it. Yeah, so this goes back to the comment I made earlier about entrepreneurs being artists. It was the implicit comment [00:02:00] I just kind of both through in the beginning, but as important is that you can't assign entrepreneurship as a job, right? If you really think about them, you can't split up a room and say, those of you on the left, you're going to be musicians. And those are you on the right, you're working on the assembly line like, Oh yeah, WTI. I mean, it doesn't work. It doesn't work like that. All right. Entrepreneurship is a calling. Just like art, just like music, just like writing is something you have to passionately want to do, but much like art, we've learned something [00:02:30] a couple hundred years ago that very early on in people's lives in elementary school and junior high school in high school, we want to have our depreciation. Speaker 4: They're not intensive classes, but their exposure to art that people might not know their artists. They might not know they have a passion to paint or to sculpt or to write or to entertain. I will contend because entrepreneurship is an art. We actually need those type of classes early on because scientists didn't understand [00:03:00] that not was their passion to invent and create. They might actually have an equal passion to wait a minute, I actually want to take this thing all the way through when I want to see what happens. If hundreds of thousands of people were being affected by this medicine, not just, here's my paper in the latest publication. It doesn't mean everybody could do that, but it means we've not yet gotten the culture to where we could say, well is this something that kind of excites you? And I think we're getting better to understand what it takes to do that. Speaker 4: Would you have any [00:03:30] idea what that would look like? The kind of exposure that you would be talking about in grammar school or Middle School? Sure. It turns out one of the unintended consequences of teaching the scientists that National Science Foundation is, remember their professors, almost all of them tenured running labs and universities across the country. And so here they take this class from the national science foundation and about half or two thirds of them now go back to their own universities, pissed cause they go, how come we're not teaching this? And so what happens is the National Science Foundation asked [00:04:00] me and Jerry Angle, who was the head of entrepreneurship at Haas, why don't you guys put on a course through a nonprofit called NCIA to teach educators in the United States who want to learn how to teach this class. And so we teach the lean launchpad for educators. We teach now 300 educators a year. Speaker 4: One of the outgrowths of that class was entrepreneur educators from middle school and high school started showing up and I went, you're not really teaching this to kids. They went, [00:04:30] oh Steve, you should see our class. And I went, oh my gosh, this is better than I'm doing. So they'd taken the same theory and they modified the language. So it was age appropriate. And so the two schools that had some great programs were Hawkin school outside of Cleveland and Dunn's school here in California. And in fact they're going to hold their own version of the educator class in June of 2014 for middle school and high school educators who were interested in teaching this type of entrepreneurial education. So I think it's starting to be transformative. I think we [00:05:00] have found the process to engage people early and not treated like we're teaching accounting to do, treating it like we're teaching art. Speaker 4: And again, we're still experiment thing. I wish I could tell you we got it now. I don't think so. I think we're learning, but the speed at which we're learning through it makes me smile. That's great. It is great. The Passion of the educators really is exciting. And Are you able to teach us remotely so that scientists from around the country don't have to come to you and sort of stop what they're doing? I was teaching the class [00:05:30] remotely. It's now taught in person in multiple regions. So that's how we solved that problem. But my lectures were recorded and not only were they recorded, they were recorded with really interesting animation. So instead of just watching me was a talking head. These are broken up into two minute clips and it's basically how to start a company and it's on you udacity.com so if you want to see the lean launch pad class in the lectures, it's on your udacity.com it's called the p two 45 but by accident we made these lectures public to not only the [00:06:00] national science foundation scientists, but we opened it up to everybody. Speaker 4: And surprisingly there is now over a quarter million people have taken the class. I've had people stop me at conferences and have told me that the Arabic translation, which I didn't even know existed, it's the standard in the Middle East. I had people from Dubai and Saudi Arabia in Lebanon literally within 10 feet go, oh well we recognize you. And I went, who are you turning over, Mr Blank, you worthy? I went, what's going on? I laugh not because it's me, but because [00:06:30] this is the power of the democratization of entrepreneurship. I have to tell you a funny story is that I grew up with the entrepreneur cluster was silicon valley and something in the last five years that I've gotten to travel with both Berkeley and Stanford and National Science Foundation to different countries to talk and teach about entrepreneurship. And my wife and I happened to be on vacation in Prague and when I really knew the world had changed as my wife had said, you know Steve, we're kind of tired of eating hotel food. Speaker 4: I wonder if there were ending entrepreneurs and Proc, I didn't want to, I [00:07:00] don't know. You know, let me go tweet and any entrepreneurs and Prague, you know, looking for a good check. Brie hall and hour and a half later we're having dinner with 55 entrepreneurs and Prague television is there and they said, Steve, you don't understand. Here's why. Here's an entrepreneur community everywhere. The only thing we still have unique in the bay area is that entrepreneurship and innovation. We've become a company town. That is our product. Much like Hollywood used to be movies in Detroit used to be cars in Pittsburgh steel. [00:07:30] While obviously there are people who do other stuff, teach in restaurants, put the business. The business to the bay area really is entrepreneurship and innovation. While we tell stories about the entrepreneurs, the unheralded part of that ecosystem is that we have equally insane financial people. Speaker 4: Why Silicon Valley happened was that the venture capitalist in the 1970s in Boston when it wasn't clear whether it was going to be Boston or Silicon Valley to be the center of entrepreneurship, the venture capitalist in Boston continued to act [00:08:00] like bankers, venture capitalists in Silicon Valley. They decided to act like pirates and the pirates want and so what really differentiates the observational make with an entrepreneurship is everywhere in the world. Entrepreneurial clusters only happen when all these things, these components, primarily entrepreneurs, but a heavy dose of risk capital capable of writing not only small checks but large checks and doubling and tripling down on startups. That's why you have the Facebooks and the googles and the twitters [00:08:30] around here. You also have a culture let's people know and understand. In the 1950s and sixties people came to San Francisco and Berkeley to live an alternate personal lifestyle, but they were hitting 30 miles south to have an alternate business lifestyle around Stanford and it was this kind of magic combination of great weather, the ability to do things in both business and your personal life that you couldn't anywhere else. These cultural phenomenons actually were and under appreciated until a very smart professor at Berkeley [inaudible] [00:09:00] wrote a book called regional advantage that actually described a lot of these things and open my eyes about why this region actually won. Speaker 1: You're listening to spectrum on k a Alex Berkeley. Steve Blank is our guest. He's a former entrepreneur and current lecturer at the High School of business. And the next segment he talks about how startups has changed since he first began in Silicon Valley in the 1970s Speaker 4: is entrepreneurship then changed as a result [00:09:30] of that. What really happened was the harmonic conversion of a really interesting set of events. One is, is that if you think back on how startups worked in the, in the golden age of Silicon Valley in the seventies and eighties to build a startup required millions if not tens of millions of dollars, not to run it, but just to start it, you needed to buy computers, either mainframes or mini computers and then workstations. You needed to license millions of dollars of expensive software. The only venture people were either in [00:10:00] Boston or silicon valley and they lived on sand hill road and nowhere else, and therefore it was kind of a formal process and the cost of entry was literally millions or tens of millions of dollars. There was no other way to get computing. There was no other way to get money. The second is, we had no theory about startups. Speaker 4: That is, there were no management tools at all. But what happened starting out of the rubble actually of the last Internet bubble, things change in technology in a way. I don't think people outside the technology business appreciate it off. Probably the biggest [00:10:30] one was actually generated by Amazon. It turns out Amazon created something called Amazon web services. And if you're a consumer, all you know is Amazon maybe for kindle and for sure for their books or their website. But if you're a programmer, Amazon has become the computing utility. You no longer have to buy computers from your laptop. You literally log in to hundreds of millions of dollars of computers and you have access to the world's largest computing resource ever assembled [00:11:00] for pennies, for pennies, and you don't need any storage. You're storing it all and online and all the computing. So number one, Amazon web services truly turned computing hardware and software into a pennies per gigabyte and MIPS, et Cetera, in a way that was unbelievable 10 years earlier. Speaker 4: Two is that changed the cost of entry of an early stage venture. You no longer needed millions of dollars. In fact, if you were smart entrepreneur, you could start on your credit card and if you didn't have your credit card, maybe some friends and family, [00:11:30] and that started a very different wave because it changed venture capital. It used to be there were either doctors or dentists or other reform of venture capital firms like Kleiner Perkins and Mayfield and sequoia. But the fact is that now after a ton of entrepreneurs could start on their credit cards, they still didn't need $20 million. Maybe eventually they did, but they could just take $100,000 or half a million dollars and get pretty far. And that created a new class of super angels or angel investors [00:12:00] that just never existed before. Kind of this intermediate level. And so venture capital changed. And also with that change, it changed where they could be located. Speaker 4: You no longer had to be located to be a investor in New York, Boston, or San Diego. Th that amount of capital could be available in the London or Helsinki or Estonia or Jordan, Beijing. Third is, and I will take credit for some of this, the invention of a new way to look and how to build these startups. It used to be that if you were building [00:12:30] a physical product, you would do something called the functional Spec or you'd get requirements from a customer. You build a specification and then you'd make an early version of the product called Alpha test, maybe a less buggy version called Beta test, which foist on some poor unsuspecting customers and then you'd have a party at something called first customer ship and that process was called waterfall development and from beginning to end typically took years and insight in the software business and Toyota had it even [00:13:00] earlier is that we could build products differently, we could build products incrementally and iteratively and that's called agile engineering and for startups, how you want to build your products is agily and iteratively because almost always what you believe on day one are all the customer features that they need. Speaker 4: It's a pretty safe bet. You're not a visionary, you're actually hallucinating and that most of the features you would historically have built in go unused on needed and unwanted. But if [00:13:30] in fact you could actually test intermediate versions of the product iteratively and rapidly on those customers with a formal process which I invented called customer development, those two hand in hand change the speed and trajectory of how startups get built. And so now you see these startups coming out of nowhere and getting acquired in three years, but they have tens of millions of customer. Where did that come from? Well, in the old days we'd still be writing the software, building the hardware. Speaker 6: Aw, it's [00:14:00] a public affairs show, k, a l X. Berkeley. Our guest is Steve Link a lecture at UC Berkeley's Haas School of business. The next segment, Steve Talks about his current work, trying to understand how innovation drives some companies and fails in others. Speaker 4: If I can, the unintended consequence of all this stuff. Remember this whole lean startup stuff has become a movement by itself. Harvard business review contacts me and says, Steve, [00:14:30] every large corporation is now desperately struggling how to deal with continuous disruption in the 21st century. That is all the rules that worked in the 20th century, you know, be number one in market share, you know, like be number one and two, I mean all the Jack Welsh rules, you follow those who be out of business in seven years. Why, you know, globalization in China Inc Internet has made consumers flighty very little brand loyalty. Pricing is almost transparent. Cost of starting a new business is infinitely lower. All of the things [00:15:00] that made you strong in the 20th century as a corporation are no longer true. Some of them are obviously, but not really. And so every large corporation are trying to relearn a set of rules and guess where they're looking for, they're looking at startups of how do we be as innovative as apple as that. Speaker 4: That is, the models are now silicon valley and other technology companies. And so my article, the lean startup changes everything became the cover of the Harvard Business Review and May, 2013 what was interesting is that I started [00:15:30] getting calls from executives whose titles I had never heard of before. It turns out almost every large company is now appointing a VP of corporate innovation. I had never heard of it. You know what's that? And when you go talk to them, and I've talked to a bunch of them, now you find out that they're all struggling to solve this continuous disruption problem by trying to build innovation inside the DNA of large corporations in the u s and overseas and the first sign of companies [00:16:00] trying to do that is appointing somebody typically as a corporate staff person to have some kind of internal incubator. I could politely say, that's a nice first step put it really doesn't solve the problem. Speaker 4: It actually just points out what the problem is and can I digress for another 10 seconds? It turns out that the problem that corporations are having is not a tactical organizational problem. The things I described, the globalization, the effect of the [00:16:30] Internet, et Cetera, are just strategic problems that every corporation is facing. The last time companies faced something, this major was in the 1920s, uh, u s corporations grew from small mom and pop businesses from the 1870s to 1920s and they kind of came up with a form of organization called functional organizations, meaning you had a head of sales, a head of marketing, a head of manufacturing, but by function that was the only way companies were organized. But by 1920, some [00:17:00] u s corporations spans from New York to San Francisco. And so there was a geography problem here. You had a head of sales tryna run multiple geography. Speaker 4: It wasn't even the same time zone. And some companies like dupont had a different problem while they also had geography problems. Dupont made everything from explosives to paint. But you only had one marketing group and one manufacture. How do, how do you manage that? And for about five or six years for corporations, dupont, General Motors, Sears and standard oil, understood. They had a strategy [00:17:30] problem and attacked it by playing with the structure of the company, meaning how the company was organized and they all finally decided that they were going to organize in a radically different form called divisions. Instead of just having functions, they would actually break up like for example, General Motors into the Buick Division and ultimate build division or whatever, or for dupont explosives divisions and the paint division and on top of a thin layer of corporate staff, but now have a company organized by divisions first changed in [00:18:00] 50 years and how companies were organized. Speaker 4: Fast forward 40 years later, the third form of corporate organization to emerged called Matrix organizations where you start with a functional organization, but now all of a sudden we would have specific projects pop up, gee, I want to work on the new fad six fighter. Well, I have an engineering group, but let me put together a team that could pull out of engineering and pull out a product management and put together for our temporary amount of time and then they'll go back into their functions and then be pulled out again. But that's it. Those are the only three forms [00:18:30] of corporate organization. I'll contend that we're facing a common strategy problem that is not solvable by just pasting on vps of innovation. I believe it's solvable by rethinking on the highest possible level is do we need a fourth form of corporate organization? And I gotta tell you I got the answer, but I'm not going to tell you now. Okay.Speaker 5: Is this sort of then turning all the operations research that's been done over the past? You know, since World War II, [00:19:00] that was when it seemed to be salient. Is it on its ear now? Is this, Speaker 4: so if you really think about what we built for the last 150 years is corporations were the epitome of operational efficiency through operations research, the output of business schools. I mean all our stuff has had to be continuous execution, driving to the lowest cost provider and outsourcing and all that stuff. That's great. But you're going out of business and in fact, companies that do that, [00:19:30] I will contend have a much shorter lifespan that companies that now do continuous innovation. That is, if you think about the difference between Amazon and Netflix and apple, when jobs was alive versus standard US companies, the distinction was they were continuously innovating, ruined Leslie, innovating, and it was not some department that was innovating. It's a big idea. It was the entire company was innovating, yet they were making obscene profits. So clearly there are some models of some companies who [00:20:00] have figured out and in fact HP in the 70s and eighties had figured out how to do and then they lost the formula. I think we now actually have a theory, a strategy of how to do that and some really specific tactics. How, I know we could do this in detail for u s corporations and corporations worldwide, but I want to start at the u s and we're going to be talking and writing about that in the next year. Speaker 5: Great. So that's what you're actively working. Speaker 4: Oh, actively working. And I'm Hank Chesboro who have inventor of open innovation here at Haas business school and with Alexander Osterwalder [00:20:30] and venture of the business model canvas. All have been part of some of these discussions. You know, I just get smarter by hanging out with much smarter people. And I'm not the only one who's thinking about that. There are lots of very smart people trying to crack the code and at the same time, companies are raising their hand and the symptom of raising their hand is they're appointing vps of innovation and her likes saying, yeah, you know, here's what we are. Oops, it doesn't quite work. And finance has different rules and but wait a minute, I'm trying to be innovative, but the HR manual doesn't allow me to hire people. No, [00:21:00] no. Legal says I can't use our brand here. So what you're really finding is that it's not an org problem. Speaker 4: It's not anybody's trying to be mean. Is that what we're missing is the CEO and board conversation is, oh my gosh, maybe we need to get innovation in every part of the company, not by exception. That's the idea I'll telegraph for now. And how do you do that without affecting current profits? And it's quite possible because again, there are these experiments of companies that are insanely from a profitable, who've done this. [00:21:30] Now can we just make a teachable and doable by other corporations? And the answer is yes, we're going to go do that. Do you see that pace of technology accelerating? Absolutely. I think we're in the golden age of both technology and entrepreneurship. You ain't seen anything yet. I'm still constantly amazed sitting here smiling. When you say that is why I still love to teach is that, you know, I get to see my students come up with things. Speaker 4: You hear the 400th hotel automation package or the whatever, but you know, and then you see something, again, drones are three d printing [00:22:00] or you could do white with your phone, you're gonna make a turn on or you're a password through. It's just things that are unimaginable. And then you watch the next generation of Steve Jobs that said, you know, the current version silicon valley is you go on much. Who single handedly is val to obsolete the automobile industry? And at the same time just wrecking havoc in this space launch industry, single individual who had, by the way, zero qualifications to do any of those. Congratulations. Welcome to entrepreneurship. He had the will to be disruptive [00:22:30] and he understood that the technology was about at the edge of being able to do what he did. That's how we got the iPod and the iPhone or else in a perfect world and Nokia would still have 89% market share. If I was General Motors and Ford, I'd be really concerned. Steve Blank, thanks very much for coming on spectrum. Great. Thanks for having me. Speaker 6: You'd like more insight into Steve Blank's ideas. Go to his website, Steve blank.com [00:23:00] as Steve mentioned, the Lean launch pad course is available. I knew udacity.com to learn more about the NSF mean launchpad curriculum, search for NSF [inaudible] your local to the bay area. Go to [inaudible] dot com if you're interested in startup appreciation materials for educators, go to n c I n aa.org/l l p. Stretching shows [00:23:30] are archived on iTunes yet it gives created a simple link for you. The link is tiny url.com/calex spectrum and now a few some technology events happening locally over the next two weeks. Brad Swift joins me for the calendar. Speaker 3: California's coastal waters are home to one of the four richest temperate marine biota is in the world. The California Academy of Sciences will be holding [00:24:00] a series of lectures and events to explore this incredible diversity of life. They look, explain what makes this region so productive and why it needs to be protected on Saturday, March 22nd from nine to 11:00 AM a variety of Speakers will consider the impacts of human activity on the local marine ecosystems and the establishment and efficacy of marine protected areas. They will also discuss how diversity is monitored in California's oceans and which areas will need to be most closely scrutinized for future impact. For more information on the [00:24:30] March 22nd event. Please visit cal academy.org Speaker 5: on Monday, March 31st University of Maryland professor of human development, Nathan Fox will give a lecture on his recent studies on whether experiences shaped the brain and neural circuitry for emerging cognitive and social behaviors over the first years of life. Something that many developmental scientists take for granted. Foxes study the Bucharest early intervention project [00:25:00] is the first randomized trial of a family intervention for children who experienced significant psychosocial neglect early in their lives. A group of infants living in institutions in Romania were recruited and randomized to be taken out of the institution and placed into family foster care homes or to remain in the institution. He then followed up with the children several times over the next eight years and examine the lasting [00:25:30] effects of the deprivation and which, if any interventions were successful in assuaging the harmful effects, the free public talk will be held on March 31st from 12 to 1:30 PM on the UC Berkeley campus in room 31 50 of Tolman hall Speaker 3: on Wednesday per second. You see Berkeley's department of Environmental Science Policy and management will present a speech by Chris Mooney, a journalist who's written several books on the resistance that many [00:26:00] Americans have to accepting scientific conclusions. His lecture will be titled The Science of why we don't believe in science and we'll examine the reasons behind Americans disinterest in scientific solutions to the world's problems. The free public lecture will be held on Wednesday, April 2nd at 7:00 PM in the International House Auditorium of UC Berkeley. Here at spectrum, we like to present new stories we find particularly interesting. Brad Swift joins me in presenting the news. Speaker 5: UC Berkeley Professor, Dr. Richard Kramer [00:26:30] and his research team have been able to temporarily restore light sensitivity to mice, missing a majority of their rods and cones in healthy mammals. The eyes detect light with specialized photo receptor cells or rods and cones and then transmit a signal to their optic nerve cells which eventually communicate with the brain. Dr. Kramer and his team explored the effects of a similarly light-sensitive molecule known as d n a Q in healthy mice and mice [00:27:00] with a degenerative disease that caused them to lose nearly all their rods and cones. After dosing, the mice with d n a Q, the mice were exposed to lights and their optic nerve activity was measured via electrode arrays. The diseased mice showed strong light sensitivity. The team next examined a small number of animals in light and dark conditions to test whether the sensitivity conferred any perception of the light. In the diseased mice, [00:27:30] the injected mice were better able to form an association between a light stimuli and electric shock than those in the control group. While millions of humans suffer from similar degenerative retinal conditions, definitive conclusions on the broader therapeutic and deleterious effects of the molecule. D n a Q are still years away. Speaker 3: In a recent study published in the journal bio materials, UC Berkeley researchers were able to eliminate the transmission rep [00:28:00] of a common infection. Staphylococcus Aureus is a bacterium that commonly infects patients who've had surgeries involving prosthetic joints and artificial heart, bowels, staff, or aces. Ability to adhere to medical advices is key to experience as once introduced to the body. It can cause severe illness. UC Berkeley Bio and mechanical engineering, Professor Mohammad [inaudible] fraud and others in his lab examined how the clusters of staff warriors were able to adhere so well to certain Yana surfaces as well as the type of surfaces [00:28:30] that increased or decreased the bacteria's ability to clean. They quickly found that while staff [inaudible] can adhere to a variety of flattened curves services, it does seem to have a preference for certain structures including a tubular pillar where the bacteria was able to partially embed itself within holes in the structure. Professor, my fraud expressed hope that the improved understanding of these preferences could allow the design of medical devices built to attenuate bacterial adhesion while escaping the need to chemically damaged the bacteria to prevent transmission Speaker 7: [00:29:00] [inaudible]. Speaker 5: The music heard during the show was written and produced by Alex Simon. Speaker 1: Thank you for listening to spectrum. If you have comments about the show, please send them to us via email. Our email address is spectrum to a k a l ex@yahoo.com Trina's in two weeks at the same time. [inaudible] Speaker 8: [00:29:30] [inaudible]. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.

Pediatric Grand Rounds with Juliane Bubeck Wardenburg, MD PhD University of Chicago

Thu, 6 Jun 2013 12:00:00 +0100 https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/15816/ https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/15816/1/Scholhoelter_Janina_Lydia.pdf Scholhölter, Janina Lydia

Produktion von poly- und monoklonalen Antikörpern gegen Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus und Sporen von Bacillus cereus in Mäusen und Kaninchen, Charakterisierung der Antikörper mittels Enzym-Immunoassays, Immunfluoreszenz, Immunoblots etc., Einsatz der Antikörper in einem bioaffinitätschromatographischen Schnellnachweis mittels monolithischem Säulenmaterial.

Background: The most important disease of dairy cattle is mastitis, caused by the infection of the mammary gland by various micro-organisms. Although the transcriptional response of bovine mammary gland cells to in vitro infection has been studied, the interplay and consequences of these responses in the in vivo environment of the mammary gland are less clear. Previously mammary gland quarters were considered to be unaffected by events occurring in neighbouring quarters. More recently infection of individual quarters with mastitis causing pathogens, especially Escherichia coli, has been shown to influence the physiology of neighbouring uninfected quarters. Therefore, the transcriptional responses of uninfected mammary gland quarters adjacent to quarters infected with two major mastitis causing pathogens, E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus, were compared. Results: The bacteriologically sterile, within-animal control quarters exhibited a transcriptional response to the infection of neighbouring quarters. The greatest response was associated with E. coli infection, while a weaker, yet significant, response occurred during S. aureus infection. The transcriptional responses of these uninfected quarters included the enhanced expression of many genes previously associated with mammary gland infections. Comparison of the transcriptional response of uninfected quarters to S. aureus and E. coli infection identified 187 differentially expressed genes, which were particularly associated with cellular responses, e. g. response to stress. The most affected network identified by Ingenuity Pathway analysis has the immunosuppressor transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1) at its hub and largely consists of genes more highly expressed in control quarters from S. aureus infected cows. Conclusions: Uninfected mammary gland quarters reacted to the infection of neighbouring quarters and the responses were dependent on pathogen type. Therefore, bovine udder quarters exhibit interdependence and should not be considered as separate functional entities. This suggests that mastitis pathogens not only interact directly with host mammary cells, but also influence discrete sites some distance away, which will affect their response to the subsequent spread of the infection. Understanding the underlying mechanisms may provide further clues for ways to control mammary gland infections. These results also have implications for the design of experimental studies investigating immune regulatory mechanisms in the bovine mammary gland.

Background: Nasal colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a well defined risk factor for subsequent bacteremia and death in various groups of patients, but its impact on outcome in patients receiving long-term hemodialysis (HD) is under debate. Methods: This prospective interventional cohort study (performed 2004 to 2010) enrolled 289 HD outpatients of an urban dialysis-unit. Nasal swab cultures for MRSA were performed in all patients upon first admission, at transfer from another dialysis facility or readmission after hospitalisation. Nasal MRSA carriers were treated in a separate ward and received mupirocin nasal ointment. Concomitant extra-nasal MRSA colonization was treated with 0.2% chlorhexidine mouth rinse (throat) or octenidine dihydrochloride containing antiseptic soaps and 2% chlorhexidine body washes (skin). Clinical data and outcome of carriers and noncarriers were systematically analyzed. Results: The screening approach identified 34 nasal MRSA carriers (11.7%). Extra-nasal MRSA colonization was observed in 11/34 (32%) nasal MRSA carriers. History of malignancy and an increased Charlson Comorbidity Index were significant predictors for nasal MRSA carriers, whereas traditional risk factors for MRSA colonization or markers of inflammation or malnutrition were not able to discriminate. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated significant survival differences between MRSA carriers and noncarriers. Mupirocin ointment persistently eliminated nasal MRSA colonization in 26/34 (73.5%) patients. Persistent nasal MRSA carriers with failure of this eradication approach had an extremely poor prognosis with an all-cause mortality rate >85%. Conclusions: Nasal MRSA carriage with failure of mupirocin decolonization was associated with increased mortality despite a lack of overt clinical signs of infection. Further studies are needed to demonstrate whether nasal MRSA colonization represents a novel predictor of worse outcome or just another surrogate marker of the burden of comorbid diseases leading to fatal outcome in HD patients.

A diversity of MRSA isolates are circulating in your local hospital and community. MRSA have sophisticated mechanisms for virulence in human hosts. Patients positive for MRSA must be isolated and treated aggressively to prevent secondary infections and spread. Recent advances in molecular diagnostics provide the sensitivity and turn around time necessary to identify carriers. Speaker: John C. Osiecki, Ph.D., Roche Diagnostics

PD Dr. Isabelle Bekeredjian‐Ding

Interview with Clinton K. Murray, MD, author of Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus Blood and Skin and Soft Tissue Infections in the US Military Health System, 2005-2010

Interview with Alessandro de Alarcon, MD, MPH, author of Screening and Treatment of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Children Undergoing Open Airway Surgery

Staphylococcus aureus is a pyogenic abscess-forming facultative pathogenic microorganism expressing a large set of virulence-associated factors. Among these, secreted proteins with binding capacity to plasma proteins (e.g. fibrinogen binding proteins Eap and Emp) and prothrombin activators such as Coagulase (Coa) and vWbp are involved in abscess formation. By using a three-dimensional collagen gel (3D-CoG) supplemented with fibrinogen (Fib) we studied the growth behavior of S. aureus strain Newman and a set of mutants as well as their interaction with mouse neutrophils by real-time confocal microscopy. In 3D-CoG/Fib, S. aureus forms microcolonies which are surrounded by an inner pseudocapsule and an extended outer dense microcolony-associated meshwork (MAM) containing fibrin. Coa is involved in formation of the pseudocapsule whereas MAM formation depends on vWbp. Moreover, agr-dependent dispersal of late stage microcolonies could be observed. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the pseudocapsule and the MAM act as mechanical barriers against neutrophils attracted to the microcolony. The thrombin inhibitor argatroban is able to prevent formation of both pseudocapsule and MAM and supports access of neutrophils to staphylococci. Taken together, this model can simulate specific stages of S. aureus abscess formation by temporal dissection of bacterial growth and recruitment of immune cells. It can complement established animal infection models in the development of new treatment options.

eCystic Fibrosis Review: Featured Cases: Exacerbation Therapies

Sat, 13 Feb 2010 12:00:00 +0100 https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/11531/ https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/11531/1/Frick_Johannes.pdf Frick, Johannes ddc:590, ddc:

Thu, 14 Jan 2010 12:00:00 +0100 https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/11045/ https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/11045/1/Zahneisen_Martina.pdf Zahneisen, Martina

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

In der hier durchgeführten Studie „Untersuchungen zur mikrobiellen Besiedlung der Nasenhöhle von Patienten mit chronischer Rhinosinusitis unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Staphylococcus aureus und Staphylococcus aureus Small Colony Varianten“ sollte das Keimspektrum der chronischen Rhinosinusitis (CRS) beim Menschen, mit Schwerpunkt auf Staphylococcus aureus (Sa) und seinem Small Colony Variant (SCV) -Phänotyp, untersucht werden. Die chronische Rhinosinusitis (CRS) ist eine häufig vorkommende Erkrankung die bei etwa 5-15 % der Bevölkerung westlicher Industrienationen auftritt. Ihre Ätiologie ist noch unbekannt, allerdings wird als mögliche Ursache eine Infektion mit Bakterien diskutiert. Unter den Bakterien wird dem grampositiven Keim Staphylococcus aureus eine große Bedeutung bei dieser Erkrankung zugeschrieben. In dieser Studie wurden Nasenschleimhautbiopsien und Nasenspülproben von 31 Patienten mit CRS und nasalen Polypen (CRSNP+), 13 Patienten mit CRS ohne nasale Polypen (CRSNP-) und 21 Kontrollpatienten mit verschiedenen mikrobiologischen Methoden untersucht. Die Ergebnisse der hier vorliegenden Studie stellen eine bakteriologische Ursache für die chronische Rhinosinusitis in Frage. Es wird deutlich, dass der normale Phänotyp von Sa keine wesentliche Rolle bei der CRS spielt, da dieser Keim sowohl bei erkrankten als auch bei gesunden Probanden etwa gleich häufig auftrat, bei CRSNP- Patienten sogar in noch geringerer Menge als bei den anderen beiden Gruppen. In keiner der untersuchten Proben konnten SASCV nachgewiesen werden, so dass deren Rolle bei der CRS untergeordnet erscheint. Auf Grund der kleinen Fallzahlen kann von dieser Studie zwar nicht auf die Gesamtbevölkerung geschlossen werden, aber die Ergebnisse geben dennoch Hinweise auf die tatsächliche Situation. Auch bei der Untersuchung der übrigen in den Proben vorkommenden gram-positiven und gram-negativen, aeroben und anaeroben Bakterien konnten keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen den einzelnen Gruppen festgestellt werden. Beim Vergleich der hier angewandten mikrobiologischen Nachweismethoden, stellte sich heraus, dass die Bakterienkultur im Vergleich zur Real-time PCR und der Fluoreszenz in situ Hybridisierung die sensitivste Methode war. Die PCR hat allerdings den Vorteil dass auch DNA toter Bakterien nachgewiesen werden kann, und dass sie erheblich schneller durchzuführen ist als die Bakterienkultur. Die Fluoreszenz in situ Hybridisierung an Paraffingewebsschnitten scheint nach den hier vorliegenden Ergebnissen nicht geeignet zu sein, Sa im Gewebe nachzuweisen. Auf diesem Gebiet besteht also noch Bedarf an weiterer Optimierung der Methode an Paraffinschnitten. Neben bakteriologischen Untersuchungen von Patientenproben sollten Auswirkungen des Sa und SASCV- Nachweises auf nasale immunologische Parameter erfasst werden. Hierzu sollte das nasale Zytokinmuster erhoben werden und mögliche Unterschiede der Genexpression bei CRSNP+ Patienten mit Sa- Nachweis untersucht werden. Wie eine Infektion mit Sa bzw. SASCV zelluläre Reaktionen auf Proteinebene beeinflusst und ob Unterschiede zwischen Sa und SASCV in der induzierten Zellantwort bestehen, wurde zusätzlich an humanen monozytären MonoMac-6 Zellen (MM6) und an humanen Atemwegsepithelzellen der Zelllinie BEAS-2B (B2B) untersucht. Eine in vitro Infektion dieser beiden Zelltypen mit verschiedenen Sa- Stämmen führte zu einer unspezifischen Stimulierung der Sekretion aller untersuchten Proteine. Eine Polarisation in Richtung TH1 bzw. TH2, also in Richtung CRSNP- bzw. CRSNP+ konnte nicht festgestellt werden. Auch die Microarrayanalysen von Sa-positiven und Sa-negativen Biopsien von CRSNP+ Patienten zeigen keine vermehrte Expression von Genen für Zytokine die für TH1 oder TH2 polarisieren. Ebenso wurde die Konzentration der in der nasalen Lavage gemessenen Zytokine durch eine Infektion mit Sa nicht beeinflusst und ein TH2 Shift war nicht erkennbar. Insgesamt zeigen die Ergebnisse dieser Studie, dass bei der CRS vermutlich zunächst eine Entzündung vorliegt, die dann ggf. die bakterielle Besiedlung fördert, als dass diese Entzündung initial durch eine bakterielle Infektion induziert wird. Es sei aber nochmals darauf hingewiesen, dass hier nur kleine Fallzahlen untersucht wurden. Klarheit könnte eine groß angelegte Studie mit möglichst hohen Patientenzahlen und einer gut charakterisierten Patientenpopulation sowie ggf. die Verwendung molekularer Verfahren zum Nachweis bakterieller Erreger bringen. Diese Studie zeigt, dass eine bakterielle Ursache der CRS unwahrscheinlich ist.

Sally Hargreaves discusses reviews on staphylococcus aureus disease in SE Asia, and the global burden of hepatitis C infection.

Harrisons Online Update

Thu, 5 Jun 2008 12:00:00 +0100 https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8741/ https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8741/1/Kland_Raphael.pdf Kland, Raphael ddc:600, ddc:610, Medizin

Wed, 6 Dec 2006 12:00:00 +0100 https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6180/ https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/6180/1/Schroeder_Andreas.pdf Schröder, Andreas

Trotz der üblichen prophylaktischen Maßnahmen im Rahmen der Operationsvorbereitung können Erreger nachgewiesenermassen während der Operation ins Auge gelangen. Die perioperative systemische Gabe von Imipenem kann eventuell ins Augeninnere gelangte Erreger sterilisieren, zumindest bis zu einem bestimmten Maximum an Organismen. Im ersten Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit im tierexperimentellen Modell am phaken Kaninchenauge war es möglich, sämtliche mit 100 CFU S. aureus inifizierten Augen zu sterilisieren, falls diese 8 Stunden und eine halbe Stunde vor Infektion, sowie 8 Stunden nach Infektion intravenös Imipenem erhielten. Bei einer Erregermenge von 10 000 CFU waren noch 5 von 6 Augen steril, bei 10 000 CFU nur noch 3 von 6 Augen. Weiterhin scheint es möglich, den Glaskörper durch alleinige intravenöse Imipenemgabe sterilisieren zu können, wenn eine bestimmte Anzahl von intraokulären Keimen nicht überschritten wird. Im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit wurden Augen mit 1000 CFU S. aureus infiziert und nach 24 Stunden intravenöse Therapie mit Imipenem oder der in der EVS verwendeten Kombination Ceftazidim und Amikazin begonnen. Nach 7 Tagen waren signifikant geringere Erregermengen in den mit Imipenem behandelten Augen festzustellen, als in mit Ceftazidim und Amikazin behandelten oder der unbehandelten Kontrollgruppe. 4 von 6 mit Imipenem therapierten Augen waren zu diesem Zeitpunkt steril. Ob es möglich ist, eine Endophthalmitis in einem derart frühen Stadium zu diagnostizieren und dann intravenös ohne intraokuläre Antibiotikaeingabe befriedigend therapieren zu können ist jedoch fraglich, denn in dieser Studie waren selbst in Augen mit negativem Kulturergebniss massive Entzündungszeichen festzustellen. Im dritten Teil dieser Arbeit stellte sich die intraokuläre Eingabe von Vancomycin und Amikacin als der alleinigen systemischen Imipenemgabe deutlich überlegen heraus, sowohl im Hinblick auf Erregermengen, klinischen Verlauf und histopathologisches Erscheinungsbild. Zu einem frühen Zeitpunkt der Infektion gegeben, können intraokuläres Vancomycin und Amikacin in diesem Tierexperiment relativ klare optische Medien ohne zusätzlich chirurgische Therapie erhalten. In dem hier durchgeführten Experiment erbrachte die zusätzliche intravenöse Therapie mit Imipenem keine messbare Verbesserung gegenüber der alleinigen intravitrealen Therapie mit Vancomycin und Amikacin.

Featured Cases: Exacerbation Therapies

Crude alpha-toxin was produced by Staphylococcus aureus, strain Wood 46. The amount of exotoxin was monitored during growth and all subsequent purification steps by determination of its hemolytic activity against rabbit erythrocytes. The culture supernatant was treated with ammonium sulfate (75% saturation). The resulting precipitate was dialyzed and subjected to cation-exchange chromatography. The fractions containing the hemolytic activity were further purified by gel chromatography. The final product was enriched by a factor of 8.5 compared to the crude toxin. In sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the purified toxin exhibited one major band. It caused the release of 86Rb+ and ATP from rat insulinoma (RIN A2) as well as pheochromocytoma cells (PC12) in culture, indicating efficient permeabilization of their plasma membranes for small molecules.