Podcasts about neutrophils

Colchicine

Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a vital enzyme in the immune system, with the potential to revolutionise antiseptics and cancer therapy.Professor Robert C. Allen has developed MPO-based antiseptics effective in blood which are systemically safe, while also demonstrating selective anticancer properties. Together with Jackson T. Stephens, the work overcomes obstacles to bring these therapies into widespread use, offering promising solutions for infection control and bladder cancer treatment.Read more in Research FeaturesRead the original research: doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.AM2024-2029

Sepsis is a critical illness that begins with a simple infection and degenerates into a severe and dysregulated immune response that affects the whole body. This significant immune reaction typically causes widespread inflammation and can progress very rapidly. This can result in serious damage to tissues and organs, potentially leading to organ failure and death. Despite the severity of sepsis and its frequent poor prognosis, effective treatments are still elusive, and many sepsis patients remain at high risk of death and serious complications. Part of the issue is the complex cascade of cellular and biochemical events that underlie sepsis, which has made it difficult to obtain a comprehensive overview of the illness from which to design an effective treatment. Dr. Roberta Martinelli, Executive Director of Stromal Immunology and Early Discovery, Discovery Immunology, Merck, and colleagues, have published a study in the journal iScience which reveals new insights into the complex biological milieu underlying sepsis, and uncovers pathways and potential treatment targets that could change how we diagnose and treat this life-threatening illness.

Hello Friend, Have you ever been told, “Your blood tests are normal,” but deep down you know something isn't right? It's one of the most frustrating things to hear, especially when you're dealing with fatigue, brain fog, or other unexplained symptoms. Here's the truth: those “normal” lab results might still hold valuable clues about your health—if you know where to look. Your CBC panel, a test you've probably already had done, includes five key markers that can reveal so much about what's really going on inside your body. In this week's episode of Functional Medicine for Christian Women, I break down the CBC differential and explain how Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils, and Monocytes can provide insight into your immune function, inflammation, and even chronic stress. I'll show you why this simple test is often the best starting place for uncovering the root cause of your symptoms—and how you can use it to take the first step toward feeling better. In health, Lacy Lain, FMCHC, LEHP P.S. If you've ever felt dismissed by conventional doctors, I made this episode with you in mind. Let's start finding the answers your body is trying to tell you. What's Next? Book Your Free Consultation: Sick Of Feeling Like Junk, Know Something's Not Right, Yet You're Told By Your Doctors That Your Labs Are “Normal”... Connect with Lacy: Apply to work with Lacy 1:1 (two spots now open!) The Stronger Collective App Learn more by clicking here. Related Episodes You Might Enjoy: 42. Why Am I Always Tired? Common Causes of Chronic Fatigue in Working Women 27. Why Career-Driven Women Should Care About Blue Zones, Air Quality, and Houseplants for Better Indoor Air 45. Unlock Your Energy: How Hormones Could Be the Key to Fixing Your Fatigue 33. Bandaid Solutions vs Functional Solutions in Women's Health 47. How NAD+ Can Help Exhausted Women Regain Their Energy Naturally - Disclaimer: Our life and health coaches do not diagnose, treat, prevent, or cure any disease or condition. Nothing we share with our clients is intended to substitute for the advice, treatment, or diagnosis of a qualified licensed physician. Lacy Lain, FMCHC may not make any medical diagnoses or claim, nor substitute for your personal physician's care. It is the role of Lacy Lain and her Practitioners to partner with their clients to provide ongoing support and accountability in an opt-in model of self-care and should be done under the supervision of a licensed physician. These platforms share personal experiences and provides education. Interaction on these platforms does not constitute a doctor/patient relationship.

“The nurse's role in monitoring the lab values really depends on the clinics you're working at, but really when our patients are receiving treatment, especially in the infusion center, the nurses should be looking at those lab values prior to treatment being started,” Clara Beaver, DNP, RN, AOCNS®, ACNS-BC, clinical nurse specialist at Karmanos Cancer Center in Michigan told Jaime Weimer, MSN, RN, AGCNS-BS, AOCNS®, manager of oncology nursing practice at ONS during a conversation about how to monitor and educate patients with cancer.  Music Credit: “Fireflies and Stardust” by Kevin MacLeod   Licensed under Creative Commons by Attribution 3.0   Earn [#] contact hours of nursing continuing professional development (NCPD) by listening to the full recording and completing an evaluation at courses.ons.org by November 29, 2026. The planners and faculty for this episode have no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies to disclose. ONS is accredited as a provider of nursing continuing professional development by the American Nurses Credentialing Center's Commission on Accreditation.   Learning outcome: The learner will report an increase in knowledge related to monitoring labs and educating patients with cancer. Episode Notes   Complete this evaluation for free NCPD.   Oncology Nursing Podcast™ episodes:  Episode 319: Difficult Conversations About Pregnancy Testing in Cancer Care Episode 311: Standardized Pregnancy Testing Processes in Cancer Care Episode 183: How Oncology Nurses Find and Use Credible Patient Education Resources  Episode 179: Learn How to Educate Patients During Immunotherapy  Episode 87: What Are the Biggest Barriers to Patient Education?  Episode 43: Sharing Patient, Provider, and Caregiver Resources  ONS Voice articles:   Patient Education Reduces Barriers and Increases Adherence Rates  Nurses Must Understand Health Disparities to Provide Effective Patient Education  Oncology Nurses Can Improve Oral Medication Management With Patient Education Program  ONS Course: ONS Fundamentals of Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy Administration™   Oncology Nursing Forum article: Antineoplastic Therapy Administration Safety Standards for Adult and Pediatric Oncology: ASCO-ONS Standards Clinical Calculations—ANC Huddle Card To discuss the information in this episode with other oncology nurses, visit the ONS Communities.    To find resources for creating an Oncology Nursing Podcast club in your chapter or nursing community, visit the ONS Podcast Library.   To provide feedback or otherwise reach ONS about the podcast, email pubONSVoice@ons.org.   “Your traditional chemotherapy agents are the ones that we see the most lab abnormalities with, and we can predict those a little bit more with the advent of more of the advanced targeted therapies and immunotherapies, we still see lab values that are altered because of the way that the treatment works, but they may differ a little bit than what we traditionally saw with our normal chemotherapy agents.” TS 2:51  “I talked about the lifespan of all the other cells, and Neutrophils are usually what stop treatment, and part of that is, is that the lifespan of a neutrophil is 48 hours. It is proliferated very frequently in the bone marrow. But that is usually what we see. The cells that we see that stop treatment, and as you mentioned earlier, classic chemotherapy really the types of treatment that historically, we've been given and we have given to patients, and we've seen those blood counts really significantly impacted.” TS 6:21  “Kidney function, or renal function tests, are really determined whether the kidneys are functioning the way they should be. We look at an estimated glomerular filtration rate, or GFR, which is really based on the patient's protein level, their age, gender, and race. And the test really looks at how efficiently the kidneys are clearing the waste from the body. So that's really one that we need to look at, especially as we're giving agents that are excreted through the kidneys.” TS 12:23  “I think it's important for nurses to start looking at lab results with their patient very early on, you know, even before treatment starts, so they understand what the normals look like. So when they do get those lab results, because now pretty much everybody has patient portals, right? So the labs are reported in there, and they're seeing the labs before they're talking to their providers.  if we can start early on and talk to them about what the normal lab values are, what they mean, and what we're looking at when we're drawing these labs. I think it's really important for the patient.” TS 27:00 

View the Show Notes For This Episode Dr. James Lavalle discusses Metaflammaging with Dr. Ben Weitz. [If you enjoy this podcast, please give us a rating and review on Apple Podcasts, so more people will find The Rational Wellness Podcast. Also check out the video version on my WeitzChiro YouTube page.] Podcast Highlights In this episode of the Rational Wellness Podcast, host Dr. Ben Weitz engages in a comprehensive discussion with Dr. James LaValle, an internationally recognized clinical pharmacist and nutritionist. They delve into the concept of metaflammation—metabolic inflammation—and its impact on health and aging. Dr. LaValle shares his personal journey into integrative and functional medicine, his work with athletes and professional teams, and his development of the Metabolic Code. He also discusses the significance of various biomarkers for assessing health, the role of GLP-1 agonists in obesity and diabetes management, and the potential benefits and concerns surrounding peptides. Additionally, they cover the importance of lifestyle changes, stress management, and innovative health technologies in promoting longevity and well-being.   00:00 Introduction to the Rational Wellness Podcast 00:29 Meet Dr. James LaValle: A Journey in Integrative Medicine 05:26 The Metabolic Code and Personalized Care 06:33 The Role of Lifetime in Promoting Wellness 07:31 Understanding Biomarkers and Metabolic Health 18:02 The Impact of GLP-1s and Lifestyle Changes 27:12 Concerns and Considerations with GLP-1s 31:05 Inflammation Markers: Mean Platelet Volume and Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio 31:42 Understanding Metabolic Inflammation 32:09 The Role of Basophils and Cortisol in Inflammation 32:25 Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, and Immune System Stress 33:27 Monocytes and Macrophages: Indicators of Inflammation 36:12 The Importance of Urinary pH and Kidney Health 37:47 Root Causes of Obesity: Genetics, Environment, and Nutrient Deficiencies 39:14 The Impact of Prescription Drugs on Weight Gain 39:49 Magnesium Deficiency and Metabolic Syndrome 40:54 The Problem with Ultra-Processed Foods 42:36 The Importance of Personal Health Responsibility 44:11 Exploring Peptides and Their Benefits 48:54 Innovations in Longevity and Health Supplements 54:22 The Science Behind Synapsin and RG3 58:45 Conclusion and Final Thoughts   Dr. James Lavalle is an internationally recognized clinical pharmacist and a board certified clinical nutritionist for close to 40 years and he is the author of more than 20 books including, “Cracking the Metabolic Code.”  He has lectured for more than a decade for the American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine.   Jim has served thousands of patients using his "Metabolic Model for Health" through his integrative health practice, LaValle Metabolix in Orange County, CA.   James is best known for his expertise in personalized integrative therapies uncovering the underlying metabolic issues that keep people from feeling healthy and vital.  His website is JimLavalle.com.  To find out more about his nutrition products that he has developed, including Synapsin, please go to MetabolicElite.co.   Dr. Ben Weitz is available for Functional Nutrition consultations specializing in Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders like IBS/SIBO and Reflux and also Cardiometabolic Risk Factors like elevated lipids, high blood sugar, and high blood pressure.  Dr. Weitz has also successfully helped many patients with managing their weight and improving their athletic performance, as well as sports chiropractic work by calling his Santa Monica office 310-395-3111.

On this episode Lara and Vyanka talk to Dr Harry Malech from the National Institute of Health all about neutrophils and the disease Chronic Granulomatous Disease. This is ImmunoTea: Your Immunology Podcast, presented by Dr Lara Dungan and Dr Vyanka Redenbaugh. This is the show where we tell you all about the most exciting research going on in the world of immunology. So grab a cup of tea, sit down and relax and we'll fill you in. Contact us at ImmunoTeaPodcast@gmail.com or @ImmunoTea on twitter. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Oxygen is activated quantum-mechanically in the body to act against bacterial infections. Professor Robert C Allen shows that the antibacterial action of oxygen can be monitored by measuring the light emitted as the immune system responds to pathogen attacks. He has developed techniques based on the use of chemiluminigenicmolecules which provide unprecedented insight into the neutrophil activity and afford powerful point of care diagnostic tools for immune system monitoring. Read more in Research Features: doi.org/10.26904/RF-151-6124846326Read the original research: doi.org/10.3390/antiox11030518

The key to understanding oxygen activation is the conversion of this molecule into a reactive singlet species within neutrophil cells in the blood. This process leads to light emission, which can be used to monitor in real time how the immune system functions.Based on over 40 years of research, Professor Robert C Allen proposes an exquisitely detailed model of how oxygen becomes an aggressive bactericidal agent in the body. Read more in Research Features: doi.org/10.26904/RF-151-6036339265Read the original research: www.intechopen.com/chapters/64123

Immune reviews research showing that the migration of neutrophils between endothelial cells activates bactericidal function via mechanosensing. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Steph Langel, Cynthia Leifer, and Brianne Barker Subscribe (free): Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts. RSS, email Become a patron of Immune! Links for this episode MicrobeTV Discord Server Trans endothelial migration activates neutrophil killing (Immunity) Time stamps by Jolene. Thanks! Music by Steve Neal. Immune logo image by Blausen Medical Send your immunology questions and comments to immune@microbe.tv

The CBC (complete blood count) with differential is the most common lab test performed on patients. Practitioners often look at the ranges indicated in the CBC. However, they don't look closely at the five critical markers that can tell what's happening inside the patient's body.Learning how to read blood work better is essential to providing quality care. Becoming a Functional Blood Work Specialist is possible no matter how simple or complex your background is. Today, I share how some practitioners elevated their practice by incorporating functional blood work into their treatment package. I also discuss the five markers inside this standard blood test to help you discover the gold inside your patient's CBC.Open enrollment for the 90-day Functional Blood Work Specialist Program is happening now. I'd be honored to have you join this cohort. We start and end together, so you'll need to decide before February 29th is over. We begin March 1st. Get all the details and become certified at drkylieburton.com/90“No matter how simple your background is or how complex your background is, the blood work your patients have is loaded with gold.”- Dr. Kylie BurtonIn This Episode:What is the CBC?What is the WBC, and what do the numbers mean?What are Neutrophils?What are Lymphocytes?What are Monocytes?What are Basophils and Eosinophils?Why join the 90-Day Functional Blood Work Specialist Program?Resources:Join the 90-day Functional Blood Work Specialist Program - https://drkylieburton.com/90day/Learn How to Read the Blood Work Your Clients Already Have in a Better Way - https://drkylieburton.com/cbc-live/Why Are My Labs Normal? By Dr. Kylie Burton - https://drkylieburton.com/product/why-are-my-labs-normal/Connect with Dr. Kylie:Website - https://drkylieburton.com/Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/drkylieburton/Facebook - https://web.facebook.com/drkylieburton/YouTube - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdqJbAS6ocKydcjNiDQoauw

KSQD 01-24-2024: Introduction to mitochondria and related diseases that associate with Long COVID; Practical advice if you have post-COVID syndrome; Mitochondria research related to post-COVID symptoms and nutritional supplements that help; more about chronic fatigue, myalgic encephalitis and long COVID; Does a caller have long COVID? What to check to confirm; The function of neutrophils in autoimmune disease and the benefits of ginger to dampen overreaction of the immune system; A case of retinal dystrophy

The winter months are known to be time when we're more likely to come down with illnesses like the cold and the flu. On today's show, you're going to learn how our biology and our immune systems fluctuate with the seasons, and why infectious illnesses are more common during the winter. We're going to explore three science-backed habits you can implement to fortify your immune system, build resilience, and fight off illnesses this winter. You're going to learn why regulated blood sugar is an essential ingredient for immune health, how connection can keep you healthy, and the critical role exercise plays in your risk for contracting illnesses. As always, this episode of The Model Health Show is packed with science, as well as actionable tips you can implement today. Immune health is an area of our health we can influence more than most folks realize, and I hope this episode empowers you to take control, build resiliency, and stay healthy all winter long! In this episode you'll discover: Why seasonal changes induce more cases of the cold and flu. How the immune system adapts to seasonal variations. The connection between sugar, inflammation, and immune responses. What a cytokine storm is. How elevated blood sugar levels can inhibit your immune function. What immunometabolism is. The interface between the gut and the immune system. How your gut microbes respond to connection and interaction. The role oxytocin plays in immune health. How regular sexual activity impacts the immune system. The connection between laughter and natural killer cell activity. How regular exercise improves immune health. Why sedentary people are more likely to die from Covid-19. What immune surveillance is. How exercise impacts the process of immunosenescence. The role your lymphatic system plays in immune function. Specific immune parameters that are improved by walking. Items mentioned in this episode include: Levels.link/model -- Join today and get 2 free months with a one-year membership! Organifi.com/Model -- Use the coupon code MODEL for 20% off + free shipping! PiqueLife.com/shawn -- Get exclusive savings on bundles & subscriptions!   Join TMHS Facebook community - Model Nation  Be sure you are subscribed to this podcast to automatically receive your episodes:  Apple Podcasts Stitcher Spotify Soundcloud   Thanks to our Sponsors This episode is brought to you by Levels. A Study published in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition uncovered that one of the ways that the consumption of sugar suppresses the immune system, is by directly decreasing the capacity of Neutrophils, this is an aspect of your immune system, to be able to engulf pathogenic bacteria, so it suppresses or diminishes the capacity of these Neutrophils to engulf pathogenic bacteria for them to be neutralized and moved out of our system. Sources like refined sugar, high fructose corn syrup and even pasteurized orange juice were noted in the study to cause this derangement. The greatest effects occurred between one and two hours after consuming the sugar, but the values were still significantly depressed for up to five hours after eating these refined sugars. So it really does a number on our immune cells ability to respond to foreign invaders All right. So keep that in mind. This isn't just hearsay, we wanna make sure that we're minding our blood glucose, and understanding that our response to certain foods is gonna depend on us. We all have a unique Metabolic fingerprint. And so, this is why I'm such a huge fan of folks at least having a stint, just track it for a week or two, at least once to utilize a continuous glucose monitor to be able to know firsthand, how certain foods affect you versus other people. I've seen my wife and I respond very differently to certain foods, and also her baseline blood glucose is different from mine. And it's so crazy because again, we might think that a food is "healthy" and it might be but it might impact our blood sugar in a negative way that makes that food probably something that we don't wanna eat on a regular basis, and it could be something that's holding us back from achieving our health goals, whether it's weight loss, whether it's improving our cognitive function because blood sugar derangement has a huge role in our cognitive performance. But the continuous glucose monitor that we use, my wife is actually... She has one on right now, is from Levels. And Levels shows you in real time utilizing continuous glucose monitors how different foods affect you. Levels provides access to continuous glucose monitors and the incredible Levels app that pairs with the CGM's to provide your own personalized data. It is so easy and easy to understand. And the scientists there at Levels, just absolutely amazing. They're providing and accessing all these different data points and sharing them with you to point you in the right direction of goods that can be helpful for you and also guiding you away from things that could be hurting you that you might not realize. And also because of all their data inputs from all of these incredible people out there that are utilizing Levels, they've collected all these data points and being able to target certain foods that for the majority of people that they might think are healthy, are actually problematic. And also other foods that might be villainized are actually quite healthy when it comes from specifically that blood glucose perspective. And right now, Levels is providing listeners of The Model Health Show a very, very special offer, when you go to levels.link/model. Go there right now, when you get their annual membership, they're going to give you two months for free. So check it out ASAP, that's levels.link/model. That's, levels.com/model. Go there right now levels.link/model. Two months free when you get their annual membership. This is a huge, huge resource in being able to track your unique Metabolic health. Find out what foods are best for you. Levels.link/model.   This episode is brought to you by Organifi. If you're going to get a little closer, then you might as well sip on this. Snuggle up with some fat burning nutrition this holiday season. You know what time of the year it is. It's that time to get cozy. It's that time to snuggle up. It's that time for a nice pumpkin spice, everything. But truly some of the most potent nutrition can be found right in our spice cabinet. And this particular spice that you need to know about has been used traditionally in cooking, medicine, and rituals for thousands of years. And what I'm talking about is turmeric. Turmeric, in one of its most renowned micronutrients, curcumin have well-noted anti-inflammatory effects, but what isn't commonly known is its surprising anti-obesity effects. A study published in the European Journal of Nutrition uncovered that in addition to down regulating inflammatory cytokines, curcumin in turmeric also up regulates the activity of adiponectin and other satiety related hormones. Turmeric has been found to actually improve insulin sensitivity, reduce blood fats, and directly act upon fat cells. Another really interesting thing about turmeric is that it has anti-angiogenesis properties. A study published in the Journal of Nutrition found that curcumin in turmeric is able to reduce angiogenesis in adipose tissue, which is fat tissue. And angiogenesis is the process of decreasing the blood supply and nutrient supply to those pesky fat cells and also to cancer cells as well. And turmeric has been found to have an intelligent selective capacity to target rogue cells and reduce their ability to grow. Really, really fascinating stuff. And it's one of my favorite things that's in the gold blend from Organifi. This blend highlights a super critical extract of organic turmeric, plus other metabolism enhancing spices like cinnamon and ginger. And it also has Reishi, which is clinically proven to support your sleep quality. It's a great vibe, great way to relax, and a great time to enjoy this season. Head over and check them out. It's organifi.com/model. That's O-R-G-A-N-I-F-I.com/model for 20% off your gold latte. Check it out. Organifi Gold Pumpkin Spice latte is available for a limited time, so make sure to check them out. Again, 20% off when you go to organifi.com/model.   This episode is brought to you by Pique Tea. Now it's well documented that green tea has a huge benefit for our metabolic health, but what makes green tea so special is that it improves our immune system health as well, even dramatically reducing the risk of various cancers, which one of the hallmarks of cancer is dysfunction of the immune system. And a study published in the journal, breast Cancer Research and Treatment found that women who drank the most green tea had an approximately 20% to 30% lower risk of developing breast cancer. A meta-analysis of 29 studies published in the peer-reviewed journal, Oncotarget found that people who drink green tea daily were around 42% less likely to develop colorectal cancer. Now this is something very simple that we can do and we can also do this together, have some tea together, but one of the most storied and densest sources of something called L-Theanine, that shows up in benefiting our cognitive function and also these other phytonutrients that help again to support our immune system, to improve our metabolic health. This form of green tea is called Matcha Green Tea. And what I drink is called Sun Goddess Matcha Green Tea from Pique Life. Go to piquelife.com/shawn right now, and you're gonna get the first matcha that's quadruple toxin screen for purity. No added preservatives, sugar, artificial sweeteners, none of that nonsense, just the highest quality Matcha green tea in the world. It is crafted by a Japanese Tea master and there are less than 15 in the world. It's shaded 35% longer for extra L-Theanine to support our cognitive function. And right now, when you go to piquelife.com/shawn, you're gonna get free shipping up to 15% off their tea bundles and a 90 day money back guarantee. Go to piquelife.com/shawn, that's P-I-Q-U-E-L-I-F-E.com/S-H-A-W-N to get hooked up with all these incredible bonuses. Again, 90 day satisfaction guarantee, all right? Nothing to lose better health to gain, more improvement in support of our immune system, our metabolic health, cognitive function, and more. Check them out. Sun Goddess Matcha Green Tea is one of my favorites. You can make yourself a macha latte. This is something again to enjoy with friends and family and we can do this all getting healthier together.

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References J Adv Res. 2018 May; 11: 33–41. Immunol Rev. 2023. Volume314, Issue1 .Special Issue: Neutrophils and Friends.March 2023. Pages 158-180. Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr.. 2023 Oct;1865(7):184180 Front Cell Dev Biol. 2022; 10: 945749. Tchaikovsky, PI., 1878.Violin Concerto in D major, Opus 35 (TH 59 ; ČW 54). https://youtu.be/2ckqOukGKK8?si=jl9TYFA2pgvtI8um --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/dr-daniel-j-guerra/message Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/dr-daniel-j-guerra/support

Overview White Blood Cells Normal Value Range Pathophysiology Special considerations Abnormal values (high) Abnormal values (low) Nursing Points General Normal value range WBC 4500-10000/mcL Differential Neutrophils 40-60% Bands 3-5% >8% indicates signal to WBC for more production Infection or inflammation is severe Eosinophils 1-4% Basophils 0.5-1% Lymphocytes 20-40% Monocytes 2-8% Pathophysiology WBC Formed in the bone marrow Responsible for responding to foreign invaders Creating antibodies (immunity) Phagocytosis (eating bacteria or fungi) Multiple types with different purposes Neutrophils – inflammation and first response to invader Eosinophils – Inflammation Allergic response Parasites Basophils Inflammation Allergic response Lymphocytes Create antibodies Recognize antigens Destroy cells T Cells B Cells Natural Killer cells Monocytes Macrophages Engulf and destroy invaders Indicative of infection Special considerations Lavender top tube Will commonly be submitted for Complete Blood Count with differential Abnormal lab values Increased White Blood Cell count (leukocytosis) Infection Inflammation Trauma/Stress Pregnancy Asthma Allergic Reaction Decreased lab values (leukopenia) Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)/Rheumatoid arthritis Cancers Chemotherapy/Radiation Medications Neutropenic precautions Masks Gloves Wash hands Consider yourself infectious Prevent spread of infection to the patient Assessment Consider the overall WBC count plus abnormalities in differential Evaluate patient Signs or symptoms of: Trauma Inflammation Infection Therapeutic Management Antibiotic therapies where indicated by infection (followed by cultures to determine efficacy of antibiotics) Anti-inflammatories for inflammation Provide neutropenic precautions when necessary Nursing Concepts Lab Values Infection Control Patient Education Educate patient on the finishing any antibiotics completely. Do not stop prior, even if the patient says they are feeling better.

The First Principles of Febrile Neutropenia that can get you through an oncological emergency: What are neutrophils, what do they do, and how many do we need? === Other Links === Check out our new website ⁠⁠1pm.wiki⁠⁠ for the ⁠⁠Notion document⁠⁠, free Anki flashcards, and podcast episodes. Check out our Instagram: ⁠⁠https://www.instagram.com/firstprinciplesofmedicine/⁠⁠ Recorded 22 March 2023 Co-hosts: ⁠⁠⁠⁠JT Yeung⁠⁠⁠ & Adian Izwan feat. Michael Offerman & Lucy Variakojis. Produced by Adian Izwan. If you have any ideas or feedback, comment on this Notion document, or shoot us an email at ⁠⁠hello@1pm.wiki⁠⁠ *** We're really excited to be collaborating with Becky from Becky's notes, a UK based resource, to produce an infographic for our visual learners out there. Becky's notes brings together all the key topics medical students need to know in a readily available place, reviewed by specialists in the field. These visually striking notes are a refreshing change from all the boring textbooks. You can check her out on instagram at @beckysnotes01 and get her books at ⁠⁠https://linktr.ee/Beckysnotes⁠⁠ === Timestamps === (01:31) Normal body temperature (02:02) Neutrophils & bone marrow  (06:06) Normal neutrophil ranges (08:35) Decreased making vs increased breaking (11:29) What is febrile neutropenia (13:31) MASC risk index (14:47) Clinical features (16:21) Investigations (20:14) Michael's oncological emergency (22:41) Management (29:55) 3 key takeaways 

References Guerra's notes --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/dr-daniel-j-guerra/message Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/dr-daniel-j-guerra/support

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.18.533289v1?rss=1 Authors: Deng, Y., Zhao, Z., Sheldon, M., Zhao, Y., Teng, H., Martinez, C., Zhang, J., Lin, C., Sun, Y., Yao, F., Zhu, H., Ma, L. Abstract: The molecular links between tissue repair and tumorigenesis remain elusive. Here, we report that loss of the liver tumor suppressor Lifr in mouse hepatocytes impairs the recruitment and activity of reparative neutrophils, resulting in the inhibition of liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy or toxic injuries. On the other hand, overexpression of LIFR promotes liver repair and regeneration after injury. Interestingly, LIFR deficiency or overexpression does not affect hepatocyte proliferation ex vivo or in vitro. In response to physical or chemical damage to the liver, LIFR from hepatocytes promotes the secretion of the neutrophil chemoattractant CXCL1 (which binds CXCR2 to recruit neutrophils) and cholesterol in a STAT3-dependent manner. Cholesterol, in turn, acts on the recruited neutrophils to secrete hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) to accelerate hepatocyte proliferation and regeneration. Altogether, our findings reveal a LIFR-STAT3-CXCL1-CXCR2 axis and a LIFR-STAT3-cholesterol-HGF axis that mediate hepatic damage-induced crosstalk between hepatocytes and neutrophils to repair and regenerate the liver. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Now that I have been hosting this show for the better part of 18 months, I have been enjoying having some of my past guests on who's knowledge & expertise I find extra important for those of you either curious about psychedelics or those of you who are already connecting with them & are looking to optimize your experiences with them. As such, in todays episode, we will be chatting with an individual who is a master of having the necessary solid foundation & structure required to be able to connect with these medicines & integrate his experiences thereafter. He is a Holistic Lifestyle & Performance Coach, nature enthusiast and biohacking hippy centered on helping others enhance all spectrums of life through movement, nutrition, and mindset optimization tools. His purpose is to energize and empower men to live a more adventurous, playful, healthy and sustainable life via his InnerFit program & in addition, He has an amazing free Ebook, called the Nutrimind Ebook, that I will be listing in the show notes for each of you to be able to check out to ensure your body feels like a temple each day. FREE E-Book: https://www.subscribepage.com/nutrimindAbout Christian Christian Van Camp is a Holistic Lifestyle & Performance Coach, nature enthusiast and biohacking hippy centered on helping others enhance all spectrums of life through movement, nutrition, and mindset optimization tools. His purpose is to energize and empower men to live a more adventurous, playful, healthy and sustainable life via the InnerFit program.Connect with Christian @cvcwellness on all platforms (YouTube, instagram and TikTok)https://youtube.com/@cvcwellness www.tiktok.com/@cvcwellnesshttps://instagram.com/cvcwellness www.cvcwellness.comShow Notes:(3:12)  How do psychedelics fit into Christians' life?(5:59) Harnessing a healthy relationship with psychedelics.(28:16) How neutropics pair and compare to psychedelics. (57:51) Where you can reach Christian.(59:34) One final question…Join the Highly Optimized Ceremony Circle on Facebook! Check us out at https://www.highlyoptimized.meThank you to our podcast sponsors FREEDOM BUILDERZ!Build & launch your biz with our DFY launch systemhttps://www.freedombuilderz.com/ This episode was produced by Mazel Tov Media in Quincy, Massachusetts.

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.30.522309v1?rss=1 Authors: Martensson, J., Bjorkman, L., Lind, S., Viklund, M., Zhang, L., Gutierrez, S., Dahlgren, C., Sundqvist, M., Xie, X., Forsman, H. Abstract: Neutrophils express many surface receptors that sense environmental changes. One such sensor is FFA2R (free fatty acid receptor 2), a receptor that detects gut microbiota-derived short chain fatty acids. As such, FFA2R has been regarded as a molecular link between metabolism and inflammation. Our recent studies on FFA2R, using its endogenous agonist propionate in combination with allosteric modulators, have identified several novel aspects of FFA2R regulation. A recent study has also identified the ketone body acetoacetate as an endogenous ligand for mouse FFA2R. Whether human FFA2R also recognizes acetoacetate and how this recognition modulates human neutrophil functions has not been earlier investigated. In this study, we found that acetoacetate can induce a decrease of cAMP and translocation of {beta}-arrestin in cells overexpressing FFAR2. In addition, we show that similar to propionate, FFA2R specific allosteric modulators enhance acetoacetate-induced transient rise in cytosolic calcium, production of reactive oxygen species and cell migration in human neutrophils. In summary, we demonstrate that human neutrophils recognize the ketone body acetoacetate through FFA2R. Thus, our data further highlight the key role of FFA2R in inflammation and metabolism. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.16.520717v1?rss=1 Authors: Belliveau, N. M., Footer, M. J., Akdogan, E., van Loon, A. P., Collins, S. R., Theriot, J. A. Abstract: Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocyte in humans and provide a critical early line of defense as part of our innate immune system. Their exquisite sensitivity to chemical gradients and ability to rapidly migrate make them especially suited to protect against infection. However, their terminal differentiation status and short lifetime (on the order of days) have hindered their study. Furthermore, while modern CRISPR-based gene perturbation strategies now allow comprehensive, genome-scale screens in human cells, their application to complex and dynamic processes like cell migration remain limited. Using HL-60 cells, a leukemia cell line that can be differentiated into neutrophil-like cells, we have developed multiple cell migration screen strategies that provide comprehensive, genome-wide discovery of molecular factors that are critical for directed (chemotaxis), undirected (chemokinesis), and 3D amoeboid cell migration in these fast-moving cells. Combining these assays with additional, pooled, genome-wide CRISPR interference dropout screens of cell proliferation and neutrophil differentiation, we have identified a comprehensive set of genes that are important across the processes of cellular growth, differentiation, and migration. This combined dataset highlights a particular reliance upon mTORC1 signaling that alters neutrophil lifetime, migration phenotype, and sensitivity to chemotactic cues. Across our cell migration screens, we identified several hundred genes important for migration including those with specific roles only in particular migratory contexts. This genome-wide screening strategy, therefore, provides an invaluable approach to the study of neutrophils and provides a resource that will inform future studies of cell migration in these and other rapidly migrating cells. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

A pustule is a common dermatologic lesion. Though it is often related to a secondary pyoderma, there are other differentials that can cause a pustule. From recognizing it clinically, sampling for diagnostics and coming up with appropriate differentials, learn all about pustules in this episode of the podcast!

Timestamps & Summary 2:10Postpartum, uterine health, inflammation, immunity, impact on reproduction; what is it about this area that really intrigued you?Dr. Stephen LeBlancWell, I think it is a really interesting scientific challenge. There are a lot of complexity and interest here. But more to the point, it looks to be something that has got some real practical importance. We know that calving is an inflammatory event. So, the birthing process involves setting off a bunch of inflammatory processes and cascades. And even in the best-case scenario, there is going to be some tissue trauma and some bacterial contamination of the reproductive tract after calving. And so, the cow has to respond to that. Part of that is an immune and inflammatory response to repair tissue damage, to clear up some of these bacterial contaminants and keep the load of potential pathogens in check. […]5:06Tell us about how well we are capturing the information and awareness of these reproductive challenges post calving.Dr. Stephen LeBlancMaybe not well enough. Let us go with Metritis. That is a cow first week postpartum, a sick cow, the cardinal sign is that she smells really bad at discharge from some barnyard microbiology. That tells us that she has got an infection with anaerobic bacteria. That is what makes it smell bad. So, you are not likely to miss those as a producer. But interestingly, even if we say that that's the case definition, if detection is a little bit passive -you notice the cow when she comes in the parlor, or when you're walking the pen, as opposed to, if you're locking the fresh cows up every day or every other day, and really proactively going hunting. On one end, you might say, I have got 5% of my cows that have Metritis. With the same definition, you could easily say I have 20% of my cows that have Metritis. And I do not know which one is actually the better approach; one is probably under diagnosing, and one might be over diagnosing if you're doing that every day […]9:38You recently published a review on the relationship between metabolism, immunity, and the neutrophil function. Could you summarize some of the key points of that review and how it relates to fresh cow health and reproduction?Dr. Stephen LeBlancBy far, the number one line of defense are neutrophils. They are like the first responders. They are like little Pac-Man, and they will go around and gobble up bacteria, or even bits of dead tissue that are not normal. And probably the first big thing is that there should be enough of them, and that they get there quickly enough and in sufficient numbers and get the job done. And so that involves, again, generally feeding the immune system, because there's lots of work that shows that those first responders require a lot of nutrient inputs: energy, antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals, etc. We know from some of the work done at Iowa State and elsewhere now as well, that that is a very energy, intense process, you know, how much glucose is needed, how much calcium is needed, as well, for neutrophils to do its thing. And so again, we can add that robust, yet regulated immune response to the list of other reasons why we really got to try to dial in nutrition and management.Last but not least, the part that we understand a lot less about is sort of the back side of that response curve. We are focused a lot on the response time, are the first responders sufficient? Sufficiently fast? Sufficiently well equipped? And so on. And clearly that has got to come first. But when we get thinking about chronic smoldering, reproductive tract inflammation in the Metritis, that probably has a lot more to do with how effectively that dial is turned back down again, in the days or weeks once that initial response is over. And that is a really hot area of research and we're just scratching the surface of with cows.13:38Do you want to expand a bit on that? They have this response, but then they come back to normal quickly.Dr. Stephen LeBlancExactly. We think that if you could draw a visual of healthy neutrophil response or immune and inflammatory response, it would happen very quickly, sort of hours to a day or two after calving. So, accelerate very quickly, probably hit its peak, in days or within a few days after calving and get the job done. The uterus is not sterile but reduce the level of pathogens back down to a very low kind of background level, deal with the tissue trauma, help initiate healing, regrowing a new epithelium so that over weeks that the cow is ready and able to be pregnant again. That should all happen in days to a couple of weeks. And then that inflammatory state is dialed back down not to zero but to kind of a low baseline level and we think that is by about three weeks postpartum in a healthy cow. […]19:27We did not really talk about the numbers, but the impact of poor uterine health on reproduction is pretty significant.Dr. Stephen LeBlancYes, absolutely. So, just to put it in pragmatic terms, for cows that have, or live through, any of Metritis, endometritis, purulent vaginal discharge a month postpartum, we are talking 20 to 30 plus extra days open, and 20% more cows that will fail to get pregnant by 250-300 days in milk by which point, it's too late. This is a meaningful problem. And again, at that prevalence of one in five, one in four cows, that can certainly start to become a meaningful thing, not just for a few exceptions, but actually a meaningful slice of a herd.20:32Just to summarize. If we were talking to the dairy producer, nutritionists today and reminded the importance of improving uterine health, you want to just highlight a few of the key things that you feel are really important to remind ourselves on?Dr. Stephen LeBlancYes, and again, no marks for originality here. But I do think it really does come back to some of those really fundamentally important things. So, what does that mean? Right up near the top of my list would be sufficient space for feeding and lying for transition cows. So, although the evidence base is not as big as we might like it to be, having no more than 4 cows for five headlocks, or at least 30 inches of bunk space per cow. A little bit more cows than stalls and or 120-130 square feet of lying space on a pack situation for, for transition cows, abundant water, so two sources per pen, ten centimeters of linear trough space per cow, again, no marks for creativity on any of this stuff. Heat abatement for not only for fresh cows, but also for close up cows again. You know, sometimes producers are like “Yeah, I heard all that. But you know, and I am only doing part of it, because life is difficult. And, you know, it is complicated. But, you know, what else can I do?” Well, I get it, the whole art of farming is figuring out how to get as close as possible to doing those things. But really, if you can get those things done and find creative ways to do that, you are really kind of cooking with gas. And conversely, if you cannot, boy, you're fighting with one arm behind your back, or to mix metaphors, you're pushing water uphill a bit. So yes, I think those are the things that tomorrow can really help to support uterine health via good immune response and well-regulated inflammation.

James Mackay is the Founder, President, and CEO of Aristea Therapeutics, a San Diego-based company that is applying its insights on neutrophils to develop a treatment for a rare inflammatory skin condition known as palmoplantar pustulosis, PPP. Most of the people who get this disease are postmenopausal females, and 90%+ of the patients either are current cigarette smokers or have a history of cigarette smoking.  James explains, "So neutrophils are cells that are part of the immune system. They sit in the bone marrow, and then when there's either an infection or an inflammatory response in the body, the neutrophils are attracted out of the bone marrow to the site of infection or inflammation. In inflammatory diseases, what you often see is extremely large numbers of neutrophils accumulating at the site of the inflammation, which obviously causes some challenges for the patients." "And in our particular case, we have a drug, it's called RIST4721, which is a CXCR2 antagonist which actually blocks the neutrophils moving from the bone marrow to the site of inflammation. And we believe that this is potentially a way to treat a whole range of serious inflammatory diseases." "So there's definitely a direct link to cigarette smoking. There's not much basic research been done on PPP, so the exact reason for that is not clear, but we believe, based on some of the research, that it's due to the nicotine receptor in the sweat ducts on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. And the sweat ducts on the hands and the feet are different structures from those elsewhere in the body, which is why this disease probably just affects the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet." @AristeaTx #PPP #PalmoplantarPustulosis #RareDisease #Inflammation #Neutrophils #SanDiego aristeatx.com Download the transcript here

James Mackay is the Founder, President, and CEO of Aristea Therapeutics, a San Diego-based company that is applying its insights on neutrophils to develop a treatment for a rare inflammatory skin condition known as palmoplantar pustulosis, PPP. Most of the people who get this disease are postmenopausal females, and 90%+ of the patients either are current cigarette smokers or have a history of cigarette smoking.  James explains, "So neutrophils are cells that are part of the immune system. They sit in the bone marrow, and then when there's either an infection or an inflammatory response in the body, the neutrophils are attracted out of the bone marrow to the site of infection or inflammation. In inflammatory diseases, what you often see is extremely large numbers of neutrophils accumulating at the site of the inflammation, which obviously causes some challenges for the patients." "And in our particular case, we have a drug, it's called RIST4721, which is a CXCR2 antagonist which actually blocks the neutrophils moving from the bone marrow to the site of inflammation. And we believe that this is potentially a way to treat a whole range of serious inflammatory diseases." "So there's definitely a direct link to cigarette smoking. There's not much basic research been done on PPP, so the exact reason for that is not clear, but we believe, based on some of the research, that it's due to the nicotine receptor in the sweat ducts on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. And the sweat ducts on the hands and the feet are different structures from those elsewhere in the body, which is why this disease probably just affects the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet." @AristeaTx #PPP #PalmoplantarPustulosis #RareDisease #Inflammation #Neutrophils #SanDiego aristeatx.com Listen to the podcast here

When your blood results are “normal” what does that really mean given that the average person is overweight, sick and expected to die of one of the diseases of civilisations? This is why if you don't feel well then you might need to take things into your own hands by learning how to read your bloods and identify autoimmune signs before you're too far down the rabbit hole.On this episode we reveal:Why most doctors miss the signs of autoimmune diseaseThe 4 steps to begin recovering from autoimmune diseaseHow to read your own blood work and supplementing vitamin D***Join the Busy Mum's Facebook Group here: https://mattylansdown.com/BusyMothersFBgroup ***SOCIAL MEDIA--DR. KYLIE BURTONWebsite: https://drkylieburton.com/InstagramTiktok--MATTY LANSDOWNJoin the Busy Mum's Facebook Group: >>HERE

Early on in the COVID-19 pandemic, or plandemic, or circus as I like to call it, we saw a distinct difference between how men and women responded to the infection.  Though both men and women (the only scientifically and Biblically supported sexes) saw similar infection rates, men were much more likely to develop severe infections or die from the disease.† This led some people to believe that estrogen, which is much higher in women, protects you from severe illness, or that testosterone, which is supposed to be much higher in men, makes infections worse. Many health “experts” vilified testosterone. Listening to them speak, you'd think the best preventative would have been to get on anti-androgen medication. Of course, they were also the ones championing Remdesivir in late-stage COVID-19 patients, which likely killed many people. A new study shows how ridiculous, and deadly reducing a man's testosterone might have been, or how much doctors missed the mark by not checking their patients' testosterone levels.  High Testosterone Protects Men from Severe COVID-19 You're probably already aware of some of the common risk factors for severe COVID-19. They include: Older ageMale sexObesityDiabetesCardiovascular diseaseSystemic inflammationLymphopeniaNeutrophiliaPresence of autoantibodies to class-I interferons Each of these factors plays a role in your susceptibility to severe COVID-19 infection.  But a new study shows that, in men, low testosterone increases your likelihood of a severe infection or mortality. Again, this is specific to men.  According to the study: Higher testosterone levels may protect men from COVID-19, based on how testosterone affects immune system functionCOVID-19 infection reduces testosterone levels, and raising testosterone back to usual levels may keep men from developing severe COVID-19 or dying from it Most men know testosterone as a hormone for building muscle, growing facial hair, and causing an erection. But it does much more, including influencing your immune system. According to the study's authors: we found significant and direct correlations between testosterone levels, lymphocytes, and neutrophils, suggesting a role for testosterone in aberrant immune responses in deceased patients.Toscano‑Guerra E, at al. Recovery of serum testosterone levels is an accurate predictor of survival from COVID-19 in male patients The researchers identified a connection between a man's testosterone levels and his levels of lymphocytes and neutrophils. There are two types of lymphocytes: B cells: They produce antibodies that attack bacteria, viruses, and toxins. If a man's lymphocytes are low, he won't be able to produce adequate levels of antibodies to fight a virus like SARS-CoV-2.T cells: They destroy the bodies own cells if they've already been taken over by viruses or cancer. Neutrophils block, disable, or digest pathogens like bacteria and viruses. If a man has low testosterone, and can't produce adequate neutrophils or lymphocytes, it stands to reason he'd be more likely to get a severe infection, not just COVID-19, but many others. And yet, nobody is talking about how low testosterone may contribute to a severe COVID-19 infection. The researchers concluded their paper as follows: The tight association observed between reinstatement of testosterone and survival from COVID-19 in male patients, along with a reversal of signs of excessive inflammation and immune dysfunction, suggests a potential functional role for testosterone, beyond being a mere biomarker of outcome, in such recovery. Further explorations of mechanistic relationships between testosterone status and SARS-CoV-2 infection outcomes may lead to potential prophylactic or therapeutic interventions to tackle severe and lethal COVID-19 in men. More simply put, men who got their testosterone levels back up to a healthy level rebounded better from COVID-19,

Getting a disease is inevitable; no one is exempt from it. Some people are fortunate enough to be cured of their illnesses. However, some diseases and conditions do not have cures, such as cancer.  In a pandemic-stricken world, a deeper understanding of our immune system is crucial now more than ever. The body's immune system is the body's primary defence against sickness and disease. By learning the inner workings of our body, we can help support and prepare ourselves to fight cancer and keep ourselves healthy.  In this episode, Dr Elizabeth Yurth shares her knowledge on the effects of cancer and viruses on our immune system. She talks about alternative approaches based on scientific evidence that goes hand in hand with traditional cancer treatments, ranging from spermidine to vitamin D and zinc. Become pre-emptive and preventive when it comes to your health! Get ahead of diseases through early diagnosis.  If you want to learn more about how you can help your immune system fight cancer and other diseases, then this episode is for you!   Here are three reasons why you should listen to the full episode:   Understand how your immune system works against viruses and cancer cells. Learn more alternative approaches to cancer treatment aside from chemotherapy and radiation. Discover how early testing and screening can help improve your overall health.   Get Customised Guidance for Your Genetic Make-Up For our epigenetics health programme, all about optimising your fitness, lifestyle, nutrition and mind performance to your particular genes, go to  https://www.lisatamati.com/page/epigenetics-and-health-coaching/. Customised Online Coaching for Runners CUSTOMISED RUN COACHING PLANS — How to Run Faster, Be Stronger, Run Longer  Without Burnout & Injuries Have you struggled to fit in training in your busy life? Maybe you don't know where to start, or perhaps you have done a few races but keep having motivation or injury troubles? Do you want to beat last year's time or finish at the front of the pack? Want to run your first 5-km or run a 100-miler? ​​Do you want a holistic programme that is personalised & customised to your ability, goals, and lifestyle?  Go to www.runninghotcoaching.com for our online run training coaching. Health Optimisation and Life Coaching Are you struggling with a health issue and need people who look outside the square and are connected to some of the greatest science and health minds in the world? Then reach out to us at support@lisatamati.com, we can jump on a call to see if we are a good fit for you. If you have a big challenge ahead, are dealing with adversity or want to take your performance to the next level and want to learn how to increase your mental toughness, emotional resilience, foundational health, and more, contact us at support@lisatamati.com. Order My Books My latest book Relentless chronicles the inspiring journey about how my mother and I defied the odds after an aneurysm left my mum Isobel with massive brain damage at age 74. The medical professionals told me there was absolutely no hope of any quality of life again. Still, I used every mindset tool, years of research and incredible tenacity to prove them wrong and bring my mother back to full health within three years. Get your copy here: https://shop.lisatamati.com/collections/books/products/relentless. For my other two best-selling books Running Hot and Running to Extremes, chronicling my ultrarunning adventures and expeditions all around the world, go to https://shop.lisatamati.com/collections/books. Lisa's Anti-Ageing and Longevity Supplements  NMN: Nicotinamide Mononucleotide, an NAD+ precursor Feel Healthier and Younger* Researchers have found that Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide or NAD+, a master regulator of metabolism and a molecule essential for the functionality of all human cells, is being dramatically decreased over time. What is NMN? NMN Bio offers a cutting edge Vitamin B3 derivative named NMN (beta Nicotinamide Mononucleotide) that can boost the levels of NAD+ in muscle tissue and liver. Take charge of your energy levels, focus, metabolism and overall health so you can live a happy, fulfilling life. Founded by scientists, NMN Bio offers supplements of the highest purity and rigorously tested by an independent, third-party lab. Start your cellular rejuvenation journey today. Support Your Healthy Ageing We offer powerful third-party tested NAD+ boosting supplements so you can start your healthy ageing journey today. Shop now: https://nmnbio.nz/collections/all NMN (beta Nicotinamide Mononucleotide) 250mg | 30 capsules NMN (beta Nicotinamide Mononucleotide) 500mg | 30 capsules 6 Bottles | NMN (beta Nicotinamide Mononucleotide) 250mg | 30 Capsules 6 Bottles | NMN (beta Nicotinamide Mononucleotide) 500mg | 30 Capsules Quality You Can Trust — NMN Our premium range of anti-ageing nutraceuticals (supplements that combine Mother Nature with cutting edge science) combats the effects of aging while designed to boost NAD+ levels. Manufactured in an ISO9001 certified facility Boost Your NAD+ Levels — Healthy Ageing: Redefined Cellular Health Energy & Focus Bone Density Skin Elasticity DNA Repair Cardiovascular Health Brain Health  Metabolic Health My  ‘Fierce' Sports Jewellery Collection For my gorgeous and inspiring sports jewellery collection, 'Fierce', go to https://shop.lisatamati.com/collections/lisa-tamati-bespoke-jewellery-collection. Episode Highlights 01:04 Lisa's Journey with Cancer and her Mom Lisa's mother has been diagnosed with high-grade diffuse B-cell lymphoma. These recent events have motivated Lisa to delve deeper into cancer research. Understanding how cancer works and the approaches besides traditional procedures such as chemotherapy and radiation are necessary and relevant. In the following episodes, she will be doing a series of interviews revolving around the theme of cancer. 09:12 How Cancer Rewrites the Definition of Healthy When diagnosed with cancer, building muscles and promoting metabolic activity becomes less of a priority. The goal of cancer treatment is to slow everything down. We want to get rid of damaged cells and generate new ones. Dr Yurth adds that while it is vital to maintain glucose levels and everything, the general goal is to block muscle growth. Cancer begins at a mitochondrial level, and cancer cells need tons of energy to support their growth rate. We need to block all the typical pathways that make us healthy to stop its growth. 12:58 Spermidine and Autophagy Pathways  The effects of spermidine are different for different types of cancer, but it appears to be very beneficial to patients suffering from colon cancer. Blocking the polyamine pathways in prostate cancer has been good in getting rid of cancer cells. A high dose of spermidine will result in a dramatic autophagy effect. However, Dr Yurth advises that she wouldn't recommend this until research reveals more information.    Another good approach is doxycycline. Mitochondria started as bacteria and have their own DNA. Since doxycycline is an antibacterial agent, it works well in getting rid of these mitochondria. Dr Yurth advises us to stick to approaches that have better answers. 17:19 Autophagy as Recycling  Cancer cells can use recycled proteins as another fuel source, so it's vital to block these pathways. Dipyridamole is a drug that works well in blocking nucleotide salvage pathways. However, chemotherapeutic drugs work on only one pathway, and cancer cells tend to find other pathways to get their energy, which makes working against these cells challenging.  19:00 Fight Cancer By Starving It Dr Yurth remarks that McClellan's work that includes safe, inexpensive, and readily available drugs in combating cancer is an innovative approach. She recommends doing them hand in hand with conventional approaches to cancer. Most oncologists will discourage patients from taking unconventional practices with cancer treatments. 21:25 Taking Others' Input, Making Own Decisions We need new scientific research about making decisions about cancer treatment. For example, there may be detrimental effects to patients undergoing unconventional approaches. Dr Yurth adds that she does extensive research in everything she does.  23:00 Drug Interactions Understanding drug interactions is vital in understanding cancer treatments. However, oncologists only look at it at the metabolic cellular level and follow their study protocols.  23:34 Understanding the Metabolism of Cancer Cancer is not just a genetic disease. While genetics causes a disposition towards cancer, the disease itself starts in the mitochondria. The mitochondria are independent and can become cancerous. There is no homogenous pattern when it comes to cancer cells mutating. That is why we need to treat the mitochondria and target metabolism.   26:20 Progress in Understanding Cancer There has been headway in understanding cancer, but you'll realise that research in the field has gotten further if we put everything together. The immune system responds appropriately to keep the cancer cells in check. However, as we age, the immune system becomes dysfunctional and can no longer get rid of cancer cells. Cancer is an age-related disease because the immune system starts to deteriorate. Viruses like cytomegalovirus, Epstein Barr virus (EBV), and COVID end up sticking around and dysregulating the immune system. Over time, these viruses can eventually link to a form of cancer.    28:40 Viruses and their Relationship to the Immune System Over time, the immune system becomes depleted in keeping check with viruses in the body. The ratio of neutrophils and lymphocytes is vital for keeping your immune system working well. Having disproportionate lymphocytes means that your immune system can't protect your body from viruses. Dr Yurth shares that her son's white blood cell count dropped after experiencing EBV and COVID at the same time. Many people don't appreciate how viruses play a role in the long haul in our immune system. Dr Yurth suggests looking more aggressively at latent viruses in the body. Getting a simple CBC can determine how your immune system is currently faring.  33:53 What Peptides Are  Peptides are, in a sense, small proteins. A protein has more than 50 amino acids, and peptides have less than 50 amino acids. Our body makes thousands of peptides, each made with a specific function. Synthetic peptides are also present in the body. The thymus gland, responsible for producing peptides, becomes smaller as we age. For patients with autoimmune diseases, giving back peptide thymosin alpha 1 in doses helps their immune system fight viruses. Some countries use a drug called Daxon for this purpose or as an adjunct to vaccines. Immune system support is critical for cancer patients going through chemotherapy. However, this remains an expensive and inaccessible approach.  39:12 Emerging Home Diagnostic Tests in the Market It is vital to get ahead and find early signs of diseases through testing. Dr Yurth shares an anecdote of her patient with dementia. There is a correlation between the brain scan and the immune system test results, which pointed towards a viral influence. Your lymphocyte count can be the marker in determining the status of your immune system.    40:52 Being Pre-emptive and Preventive Your GP typically has you undergo a CBC test, but the results of this test tend to go overlooked. The risk of dying becomes dramatically higher when your blood count is above 1.5 to 1. Albumin dropping is a sign that the body is in a stressed state. This marker predicts if your body will respond well to cancer. Cell size and red blood cell distribution can also help healthcare providers determine the health status of your cells.  43:13 Background on Dr Yurth's BLI Academy Course  The course will be available in January and includes a blood test. Dr Yurth and her team will walk you through your test results and the possible diseases you need to consider. It's essential to look for markers that tell you if something's wrong with your body. There are long term ramifications to latent viruses such as EPV, which could lead to lymphoma. 46:25 COVID and How You Can Support the Immune System Vitamin D is essential to support your immune system fight viruses, and by extension, fight cancer and the coronavirus. Dr Yurth recommends 1000 IU/day of Vitamin D and taking it with Vitamin K2 intracellularly. People lacking a binding protein may experience issues taking Vitamin D naturally through sunlight exposure. Fortunately, there are substitutes, including certain wavelength lamps and supplements. Sunlight exposure and vitamin D influences the frequency of colds and flu in winter. The vitamin D levels from the sun decrease during this season.  50:07 The Importance of Vitamin D  Vitamin D upregulates an antimicrobial peptide, LL 37, which fights infections. Instead of buying expensive LL 37, you can take more vitamin D and upregulate your own LL 37. It is a great antiviral agent as well. Some people fear getting too much vitamin D. However, studies have shown that you need to be taking massive amounts before it becomes toxic. Dr Yurth recollects the case of a patient taking around 500,000 IU/day. When she stopped taking massive amounts, her levels went back to normal. 52:17 The Problem with Taking Vitamin D Naturally Wearing sunblock can protect us from skin cancer and wrinkles but can also affect vitamin D absorption. African Americans and people of Mediterranean origin have skin less likely to be damaged by sun rays but tend to have lower vitamin D levels. In contrast, people who have Norwegian and similar European origins have higher vitamin D levels because their bodies aren't under the sun all the time. Through testing, you can determine if you need more vitamin D in your body.  53:54 The Importance of Zinc Viruses use your zinc to replicate. Zinc deficiency is present in people who contracted COVID, causing loss of taste and smell. A smell test is employed to determine whether a person has zinc deficiency. Higher levels of zinc can help protect our bodies against viral infections. Dr Yurth recommends a 1:1 zinc and copper ratio. You can add 2 milligrams of copper along with your zinc intake or use copper peptide face creams to achieve this recommendation. Some patients can take GHK Copper peptide intravenously or topically.  56:52 Quercetin and Resveratrol Quercetin helps get zinc into the cell. Resveratrol and Quercetin also help in treating viruses. These drugs also block glucose transport which makes them beneficial in treating cancer.  57:52 Honokiol or Magnolia Bark Extract and Zeolite Also known as Relora, it is an immune-modulating agent with antiviral properties. The drug has an adrenal function; it relieves stress and calms down cortisol present in the body at night. Zeolite is volcanic ash that forms a negatively charged structure upon hitting the water. Dentists commonly use it for mercury detox. Its cage-like structure can trap harmful toxins and viruses that get into our bodies. It also has anti-cancer properties. Ingesting zeolite while undergoing chemotherapy is not recommended because it can get rid of the toxins present in the treatment.  1:02:04 Mental Work in the Cancer Journey As a caretaker, stress shows prominent signs in physical and mental health. Dr Yurth shares that when her mother died in September, her father's prostate cancer was exacerbated by stress, which eventually led to his death. Similarly, Lisa's family experienced the loss of her father, followed by her mother's cancer diagnosis. Don't neglect the mental side of cancer.    Resources Gain exclusive access and bonuses to Pushing the Limits Podcast by becoming a patron!  How to Starve Cancer by Jane McLelland Visit Lorraine Picard's website for copper peptide creams here. Interested in BLI Academy Courses? Check out their offered services here. Learn more from Dr Elizabeth Yurth from her previous podcast episodes: Episode 187: Back to Basics: Slow Down Ageing and Promote Longevity with Dr Elizabeth Yurth Rethinking the Function of Mitochondria for Our Health with Dr Elizabeth Yurth You can also check out Dr Elizabth Yurth's podcast with the Boulder Longevity Institute here! Connect with Dr Elizabeth Yurth: Instagram l LinkedIn   7 Powerful Quotes “What happens in cancer though, is we have this accumulation of damage. And so now we have to go really aggressively at getting rid of everything that's allowing cell growth.” “Neutrophils, think of them as your chronic inflammatory and lymphocytes are your innate immune system. When your innate immune system starts to become taxed and not functioning well, then you'll start to see your lymphocyte count drop,” “I'm never an advocate of saying, Don't do all traditional approaches, because I do think there's some value to them, but we want to support the body along with it.” “And yet, we know that for every point above 1.5, to 1 that your risk of dying goes up considerably. You know, it's dramatic. And there are other little signs too, that things are going awry.” “(A higher risk) happens as we get older because our immune system is now taxed for so long. So if we could say okay, yes, you had this virus, let's try and eradicate it. Let's keep your immune system as healthy as it can, you know, until 150.” “The data really supports that if your vitamin D is robust, your likelihood of getting sick is really small.” “The studies have shown that it has to be taking massive amounts of (vitamin D) to ever become toxic. So at 10,000 IU/day, nobody is going to become toxic. You really honestly don't have to worry.”   About Dr Yurth Dr Elizabeth Yurth is the co-founder and medical director of the Boulder Longevity Institute.  Dr Elizabeth Yurth has more than 25 years of experience as a practising orthopedist specialising in sports, spine, and regenerative medicine.  She has a Stanford affiliated Fellowship in Sports and Spine Medicine and a dual-Fellowship in Anti-Aging and Regenerative Medicine (FAARM) and Anti-Aging, Regenerative and Functional Medicine (FAARFM) through the American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine (A4M). She also has a Fellowship in Human Potential and Epigenetic Medicine and is one of the first providers to receive the A4M National Peptide Certification. She also serves as a faculty member in the same organisation and the International peptide Society (IPS). You can connect with Dr Yurth through her Instagram and LinkedIn. Enjoyed This Podcast? If you did, be sure to subscribe and share it with your friends! Post a review and share it! If you enjoyed tuning in, then leave us a review. You can also share this with your family and friends so they can know how to optimise their immune system and fight disease more efficiently. Have any questions? You can contact me through email (support@lisatamati.com) or find me on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and YouTube. For more episode updates, visit my website. You may also tune in on Apple Podcasts.   To pushing the limits, Lisa

TWiN answers listener questions on sex in neuroscience studies, rotating memories in the brain, odorant receptors in the brain, and neutrophils that promote neuron survival. Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Jason Shepherd, and Timothy Cheung Subscribe (free): iTunes, Google Podcasts, RSS, email Become a patron of TWiN! Links for this episode Males and females in neuroscience studies (New Scientist) Brain rotates memories (Quanta) Odorant receptors in brain (one, two) Neutrophils promote neuron survival (Nat Imm) Letters read on TWiN 25 Timestamps by Jolene. Thanks! Music is by Ronald Jenkees Send your neuroscience questions and comments to twin@microbe.tv

When speaking about neutropenia, most pediatricians will recall oncology patients they cared for in residency who were floridly septic, mucosal sores evident, and too vulnerable to infection to safely take a rectal temperature. Outside of oncology, however, neutropenia has many "flavors" and is often an incidental lab finding in an otherwise healthy, smiling child. While understanding every possible cause for neutropenia is outside the scope of today's episode, we will focus on major findings that offer insight into two important questions: (1) is this patient at risk for serious infection? And (2) do these findings point to a dangerous underlying pathology that needs to be explored further? 

What's up to my tourmaline terrapins and obsidian owls! Welcome back to the BNP and thank you for joining. For my patrons, y'all are the moo in my moo-cow and the shnuffle shnuff of my wild pig. Thank you!This episode is a solo venture and I tackle a highly relevant, oft discussed and largely misunderstood topic: the spectacular human immune system. Our body is a Universe. We carry with us roughly 37 trillion cells and 200 different cell types. Each of those individual cells has a will, a way of being, a purpose, and I would say, a kind of soul. Our blood is made up of 54% plasma, which is a soup of water, nutrients, proteins, ions and metabolic waste. 45% of our blood are red blood cells, which are little biconcave couriers that travel and maneuver thru all the bodies blood vessels, which if you were to lay them all out individually and place them end to end, they would stretch 100,000 miles, which to put in perspective, is long enough to wrap around the entire earth 4 times over. Moving and working thru all this vast distance swim the bodies cells, only 1% of which are dedicated to the body's defense. These make up our own personal blood delivered armies, the spectacular white blood cells. There are 6 types of white blood cells, and each has a unique and highly specialized role in keeping the human body healthy and free of pathogens.  Working all together, our white blood cells can identify a brand new pathogen, like, say, some kind of brand new freshly mutated (or freshly made in a lab) bird virus, capture it, destroy it, take it apart, analyze its building blocks, then freshly create am equally novel, brand soaking new antibody that will hunt, find, and neutralize that exact pathogen. Then our cellular defense forces create shit tons of brand new factory cells and brand new memory cells to produce more and more of those specific antibodies until the enemy pathogen is eliminated. Then, we have still more razzle dazzle cells which remember how to make the specific antibody for that specific pathogen, so the next time it's detected in the body, the body knows exactly what to do. These memory cells live a long time and may even remain in the body for an entire lifetime.Help keep me on the air at: www.patreon.com/noetics Follow the BNP on IG @barbarian_noetics Until next week, be kind to one another,One Love,Conan TRACKLIST FOR THIS EPISODE Phibes - Like Whoa Sascha Funke -Geisterfahrer Sleep D Remix Dykotomi - Corvid CrunkBryZone - Lo Fi Mix Freeradio - Mr Kalo Takeover Melba Moore - You Stepped Into My LifeNutcracker - Act I MarchSantiago - Bionic FunkThe Innate and Adaptive Immune System Explained VideoPolo Montanez - La Ultima CancionKurzgesagt :You Are Immune Against Every Disease (VideoB Cells vs. T Cells (Video)Kalya Scintilla - Listen to the Trees EPEndless Sunday Chillhop Mix Bodega Radio #39 - RiobambaDadi Love - Anao TsaraKurzgesagt: How The Immune System Actually Works VideoCurtis Mayfield - So In LoveLINKSmRNA -----> DNA: https://www.algora.com/Algora_blog/2021/03/16/mit-harvard-study-suggests-mrna-vaccine-might-permanently-alter-dna-after-allMemory B Cells: https://www.thehealthsite.com/news/recovered-from-covid-19-your-immune-system-may-fight-coronavSupport the show (http://www.patreon.com/noetics)

Raspberries, ellagic acid reveal benefits in two studies Oregon State University, October 1, 2021.    Articles that appeared recently in the Journal of Berry Research report that raspberries and compounds present in the fruit could help support healthy body mass and motor function, including balance, coordination and strength.   In one study, Neil Shay and colleagues at Oregon State University fed mice a high fat, high sugar diet plus one of the following: raspberry juice concentrate, raspberry puree concentrate, raspberry fruit powder, raspberry seed extract, ellagic acid (a polyphenol that occurs in a relatively high amount in raspberries), raspberry ketone, or a combination of raspberry ketone and ellagic acid. Additional groups of animals received a high fat, high sugar diet alone or a low fat diet.   While mice that received the high fat and sugar diet alone experienced a significant increase in body mass, the addition of raspberry juice concentrate, raspberry puree concentrate or ellagic acid plus raspberry ketone helped prevent this effect. Of note, mice that received raspberry juice concentrate experienced gains similar to those of animals given a low fat diet. "We hope that the findings from this study can help guide the design of future clinical trials," Dr Shay stated.   In another study, Barbara Shukitt-Hale, PhD, and her associates at Tufts University's Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging gave 19 month old rats a control diet or a diet enhanced with raspberry extract for 11 weeks. Psychomotor behavior was assessed during week 7 and cognitive testing was conducted during weeks 9-10.   Animals that received raspberry performed better on psychomotor coordination and balance, and had better muscle tone, strength and stamina than those that received a control diet. "These results may have important implications for healthy aging," stated Dr Shukitt-Hale. "While further research in humans is necessary, animal model studies are helpful in identifying deficits associated with normal aging."       Massage doesn't just make muscles feel better, it makes them heal faster and stronger Harvard University, October 6, 2021 Massage has been used to treat sore, injured muscles for more than 3,000 years, and today many athletes swear by massage guns to rehabilitate their bodies. But other than making people feel good, do these "mechanotherapies" actually improve healing after severe injury? According to a new study from researchers at Harvard's Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering and John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS), the answer is "yes." Using a custom-designed robotic system to deliver consistent and tunable compressive forces to mice's leg muscles, the team found that this mechanical loading (ML) rapidly clears immune cells called neutrophils out of severely injured muscle tissue. This process also removed inflammatory cytokinesreleased by neutrophils from the muscles, enhancing the process of muscle fiber regeneration. The research is published in Science Translational Medicine. "Lots of people have been trying to study the beneficial effects of massage and other mechanotherapies on the body, but up to this point it hadn't been done in a systematic, reproducible way. Our work shows a very clear connection between mechanical stimulation and immune function. This has promise for regenerating a wide variety of tissues including bone, tendon, hair, and skin, and can also be used in patients with diseases that prevent the use of drug-based interventions," said first author Bo Ri Seo, Ph.D., who is a Postdoctoral Fellow in the lab of Core Faculty member Dave Mooney, Ph.D. at the Wyss Institute and SEAS. Seo and her coauthors started exploring the effects of mechanotherapy on injured tissues in mice several years ago, and found that it doubled the rate of muscle regeneration and reduced tissue scarring over the course of two weeks. Excited by the idea that mechanical stimulation alone can foster regeneration and enhance muscle function, the team decided to probe more deeply into exactly how that process worked in the body, and to figure out what parameters would maximize healing. They teamed up with soft robotics experts in the Harvard Biodesign Lab, led by Wyss Associate Faculty member Conor Walsh, Ph.D., to create a small device that used sensors and actuators to monitor and control the force applied to the limb of a mouse. " The device we created allows us to precisely control parameters like the amount and frequency of force applied, enabling a much more systematic approach to understanding tissue healing than would be possible with a manual approach," said co-second author Christopher Payne, Ph.D., a former Postdoctoral Fellow at the Wyss Institute and the Harvard Biodesign Lab who is now a Robotics Engineer at Viam, Inc.  Once the device was ready, the team experimented with applying force to mice's leg muscles via a soft silicone tip and used ultrasound to get a look at what happened to the tissue in response. They observed that the muscles experienced a strain of between 10-40%, confirming that the tissues were experiencing mechanical force. They also used those ultrasound imaging data to develop and validate a computational model that could predict the amount of tissue strain under different loading forces. They then applied consistent, repeated force to injured muscles for 14 days. While both treated and untreated muscles displayed a reduction in the amount of damaged muscle fibers, the reduction was more pronounced and the cross-sectional area of the fibers was larger in the treated muscle, indicating that treatment had led to greater repair and strength recovery. The greater the force applied during treatment, the stronger the injured muscles became, confirming that mechanotherapy improves muscle recovery after injury. But how? Evicting neutrophils to enhance regeneration To answer that question, the scientists performed a detailed biological assessment, analyzing a wide range of inflammation-related factors called cytokines and chemokines in untreated vs. treated muscles. A subset of cytokines was dramatically lower in treated muscles after three days of mechanotherapy, and these cytokines are associated with the movement of immune cells called neutrophils, which play many roles in the inflammation process. Treated muscles also had fewer neutrophils in their tissue than untreated muscles, suggesting that the reduction in cytokines that attract them had caused the decrease in neutrophil infiltration. The team had a hunch that the force applied to the muscle by the mechanotherapy effectively squeezed the neutrophils and cytokines out of the injured tissue. They confirmed this theory by injecting fluorescent molecules into the muscles and observing that the movement of the molecules was more significant with force application, supporting the idea that it helped to flush out the muscle tissue. To pick apart what effect the neutrophils and their associated cytokines have on regenerating muscle fibers, the scientists performed in vitro studies in which they grew muscle progenitor cells (MPCs) in a medium in which neutrophils had previously been grown. They found that the number of MPCs increased, but the rate at which they differentiated (developed into other cell types) decreased, suggesting that neutrophil-secreted factors stimulate the growth of muscle cells, but the prolonged presence of those factors impairs the production of new muscle fibers. "Neutrophils are known to kill and clear out pathogens and damaged tissue, but in this study we identified their direct impacts on muscle progenitor cell behaviors," said co-second author Stephanie McNamara, a former Post-Graduate Fellow at the Wyss Institute who is now an M.D.-Ph.D. student at Harvard Medical School (HMS). "While the inflammatory response is important for regeneration in the initial stages of healing, it is equally important that inflammation is quickly resolved to enable the regenerative processes to run its full course." Seo and her colleagues then turned back to their in vivo model and analyzed the types of muscle fibers in the treated vs. untreated mice 14 days after injury. They found that type IIX fibers were prevalent in healthy muscle and treated muscle, but untreated injured muscle contained smaller numbers of type IIX fibers and increased numbers of type IIA fibers. This difference explained the enlarged fiber size and greater force production of treated muscles, as IIX fibers produce more force than IIA fibers. Finally, the team homed in on the optimal amount of time for neutrophil presence in injured muscle by depleting neutrophils in the mice on the third day after injury. The treated mice's muscles showed larger fiber size and greater strength recovery than those in untreated mice, confirming that while neutrophils are necessary in the earliest stages of injury recovery, getting them out of the injury site early leads to improved muscle regeneration. "These findings are remarkable because they indicate that we can influence the function of the body's immune system in a drug-free, non-invasive way," said Walsh, who is also the Paul A. Maeder Professor of Engineering and Applied Science at SEAS and whose group is experienced in developing wearable technology for diagnosing and treating disease. "This provides great motivation for the development of external, mechanical interventions to help accelerate and improve muscle and tissue healing that have the potential to be rapidly translated to the clinic." The team is continuing to investigate this line of research with multiple projects in the lab. They plan to validate this mechanotherpeutic approach in larger animals, with the goal of being able to test its efficacy on humans. They also hope to test it on different types of injuries, age-related muscle loss, and muscle performance enhancement. "The fields of mechanotherapy and immunotherapy rarely interact with each other, but this work is a testament to how crucial it is to consider both physical and biological elements when studying and working to improve human health," said Mooney, who is the corresponding author of the paper and the Robert P. Pinkas Family Professor of Bioengineering at SEAS. "The idea that mechanics influence cell and tissue function was ridiculed until the last few decades, and while scientists have made great strides in establishing acceptance of this fact, we still know very little about how that process actually works at the organ level. This research has revealed a previously unknown type of interplay between mechanobiology and immunology that is critical for muscle tissue healing, in addition to describing a new form of mechanotherapy that potentially could be as potent as chemical or gene therapies, but much simpler and less invasive," said Wyss Founding Director Don Ingber, M.D., Ph.D., who is also the Judah Folkman Professor of Vascular Biology at (HMS) and the Vascular Biology Program at Boston Children's Hospital, as well as Professor of Bioengineering at SEAS.   Vitamin E could help protect older men from pneumonia University of Helsinki (Finland), October 7 2021.    An article that appeared in Clinical Interventions in Aging reported a protective role for vitamin E against pneumonia in older men.   For the current investigation, Dr Harri Hemilä of the University of Helsinki, Finland analyzed data from the Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene (ATBC) Cancer Prevention Study conducted in Finland. The trial included 29,133 men between the ages of 50 to 69 years who smoked at least five cigarettes daily upon enrollment. Participants received alpha tocopherol (vitamin E), beta carotene, both supplements, or a placebo for five to eight years.   The current study was limited to 7,469 ATBC participants who started smoking at age 21 or older. Among this group, supplementation with vitamin E was associated with a 35% lower risk of developing pneumonia in comparison with those who did not receive the vitamin.  Light smokers who engaged in leisure time exercise had a 69% lower risk compared with unsupplemented members of this subgroup. The risk in this subgroup of developing pneumonia by age 74 was 12.9%.   Among the one-third of the current study's population who quit smoking for a median period of two years, there was a 72% lower risk of pneumonia in association with vitamin E supplementation. In this group, exercisers who received vitamin E experienced an 81% lower pneumonia risk.   Dr Hemilä observed that the benefit for vitamin E in this study was strongest for older subjects—a group at higher risk of pneumonia.   "The current analysis of individual-level data suggests that trials on vitamin E and pneumonia on nonsmoking elderly males are warranted," he concluded.       Toxic fatty acids to blame for brain cell death after injury New York University, October 7, 2021 Cells that normally nourish healthy brain cells called neurons release toxic fatty acids after neurons are damaged, a new study in rodents shows. This phenomenon is likely the driving factor behind most, if not all, diseases that affect brain function, as well as the natural breakdown of brain cells seen in aging, researchers say. Previous research has pointed to astrocytes—a star-shaped glial cell of the central nervous system—as the culprits behind cell death seen in Parkinson's disease and dementia, among other neurodegenerative diseases. While many experts believed that these cells released a neuron-killing molecule to "clear away" damaged brain cells, the identity of this toxin has until now remained a mystery. Led by researchers at NYU Grossman School of Medicine, the new investigation provides what they say is the first evidence that tissue damage prompts astrocytes to produce two kinds of fats, long-chain saturated free fatty acids and phosphatidylcholines. These fats then trigger cell death in damaged neurons, the electrically active cells that send messages throughout nerve tissue. Publishing Oct. 6 in the journal Nature, the study also showed that when researchers blocked fatty acid formation in mice, 75 percent of neurons survived compared with 10 percent when the fatty acids were allowed to form. The researchers' earlier work showed that brain cells continued to function when shielded from astrocyte attacks.  "Our findings show that the toxic fatty acids produced by astrocytes play a critical role in brain cell death and provide a promising new target for treating, and perhaps even preventing, many neurodegenerative diseases," says study co-senior author Shane Liddelow, Ph.D. Liddelow, an assistant professor in the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology at NYU Langone Health, adds that targeting these fats instead of the cells that produce them may be a safer approach to treating neurodegenerative diseasesbecause astrocytes feed nerve cells and clear away their waste. Stopping them from working altogether could interfere with healthy brain function. Although it remains unclear why astrocytes produce these toxins, it is possible they evolved to destroy damaged cells before they can harm their neighbors, says Liddelow. He notes that while healthy cells are not harmed by the toxins, neurons become susceptible to the damaging effects when they are injured, mutated, or infected by prions, the contagious, misfolded proteins that play a major role in mad cow disease and similar illnesses. Perhaps in chronic diseases like dementia, this otherwise helpful process goes off track and becomes a problem, the study authors say. For the investigation, researchers analyzed the molecules released by astrocytes collected from rodents. They also genetically engineered some groups of mice to prevent the normal production of the toxic fats and looked to see whether neuron death occurred after an acute injury. "Our results provide what is likely the most detailed molecular map to date of how tissue damage leads to brain cell death, enabling researchers to better understand why neurons die in all kinds of diseases," says Liddelow, also an assistant professor in the Department of Ophthalmology at NYU Langone. Liddelow cautions that while the findings are promising, the genetic techniques used to block the enzyme that produces toxic fatty acids in mice are not ready for use in humans. As a result, the researchers next plan is to explore safe and effective ways to interfere with the release of the toxins in human patients. Liddelow and his colleagues had previously shown these neurotoxic astrocytes in the brains of patients with Parkinson's, Huntington's disease, and multiple sclerosis, among other diseases.   Clinical trial for nicotinamide riboside: Vitamin safely boosts levels of important cell metabolite linked to multiple health benefits University of Iowa Health Care, October 3, 2021   In the first controlled clinical trial of nicotinamide riboside (NR), a newly discovered form of Vitamin B3, researchers have shown that the compound is safe for humans and increases levels of a cell metabolite that is critical for cellular energy production and protection against stress and DNA damage.   Studies in mice have shown that boosting the levels of this cell metabolite -- known as NAD+ -- can produce multiple health benefits, including resistance to weight gain, improved control of blood sugar and cholesterol, reduced nerve damage, and longer lifespan. Levels of NAD+ diminish with age, and it has been suggested that loss of this metabolite may play a role in age-related health decline.   These findings in animal studies have spurred people to take commercially available NR supplements designed to boost NAD+. However, these over-the-counter supplements have not undergone clinical trials to see if they work in people.   The new research, reported in the journal Nature Communications, was led by Charles Brenner, PhD, professor and Roy J. Carver Chair of Biochemistry at the University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine in collaboration with colleagues at Queens University Belfast and ChromaDex Corp. (NASDAQ: CDXC), which supplied the NR used in the trial. Brenner is a consultant for ChromaDex. He also is co-founder and Chief Scientific Adviser of ProHealthspan, which sells NR supplements under the trade name Tru NIAGEN®.   The human trial involved six men and six women, all healthy. Each participant received single oral doses of 100 mg, 300 mg, or 1,000 mg of NR in a different sequence with a seven-day gap between doses. After each dose, blood and urine samples were collected and analyzed by Brenner's lab to measure various NAD+ metabolites in a process called metabolomics. The trial showed that the NR vitamin increased NAD+ metabolism by amounts directly related to the dose, and there were no serious side effects with any of the doses.   "This trial shows that oral NR safely boosts human NAD+ metabolism," Brenner says. "We are excited because everything we are learning from animal systems indicates that the effectiveness of NR depends on preserving and/or boosting NAD+ and related compounds in the face of metabolic stresses. Because the levels of supplementation in mice that produce beneficial effects are achievable in people, it appears than health benefits of NR will be translatable to humans safely."   The next step will be to study the effect of longer duration NR supplementation on NAD+ metabolism in healthy adults, but Brenner also has plans to test the effects of NR in people with diseases and health conditions, including elevated cholesterol, obesity and diabetes, and people at risk for chemotherapeutic peripheral neuropathy.   Prior to the formal clinical trial, Brenner conducted a pilot human study -- on himself. In 2004, he had discovered that NR is a natural product found in milk and that there is pathway to convert NR to NAD+ in people. More than a decade of research on NR metabolic pathways and health effects in mice and rats had convinced him that NR supplementation had real promise to improve human health and wellness. After consulting with UI's institutional review board, he conducted an experiment in which he took 1 gram of NR once a day for seven days, and his team analyzed blood and urine samples using mass spectrometry. The experiment showed that Brenner's blood NAD+ increased by about 2.7 times. In addition, though he reported immediate sensitivity to flushing with the related compound niacin, he did not experience any side effects taking NR.   The biggest surprise from his metabolomic analysis was an increase in a metabolite called NAAD, which was multiplied by 45 times, from trace levels to amounts in the micromolar range that were easily detectable.   "While this was unexpected, I thought it might be useful," Brenner says. "NAD+ is an abundant metabolite and it is sometimes hard to see the needle move on levels of abundant metabolites. But when you can look at a low-abundance metabolite that goes from undetectable to easily detectable, there is a great signal to noise ratio, meaning that NAAD levels could be a useful biomarker for tracking increases in NAD+ in human trials."   Brenner notes this was a case of bidirectional translational science; having learned something from the initial human experiment, his team was able to return to laboratory mice to explore the unexpected NAAD finding in more detail.   Brenner's mouse study showed that NAAD is formed from NR and confirmed that NAAD levels are a strong biomarker for increased NAD+ metabolism. The experiments also revealed more detail about NAD+ metabolic pathways.   In particular, the researchers compared the ability of all three NAD+ precursor vitamins -- NR, niacin, and nicotinamide -- to boost NAD+ metabolism and stimulate the activity of certain enzymes, which have been linked to longevity and healthbenefits. The study showed for the first time that oral NR is superior to nicotinamide, which is better than niacin in terms of the total amount of NAD+ produced at an equivalent dose. NR was also the best of the three in stimulating the activity of sirtuin enzymes. However, in this case, NR was the best at stimulating sirtuin-like activities, followed by niacin, followed by nicotinamide.   The information from the mouse study subsequently helped Brenner's team design the formal clinical trial. In addition to showing that NR boosts NAD+ in humans without adverse effects, the trial confirmed that NAAD is a highly sensitive biomarker of NAD+ supplementation in people.   "Now that we have demonstrated safety in this small clinical trial, we are in a position to find out if the health benefits that we have seen in animals can be reproduced in people," says Brenner, who also is co-director of the Obesity Research and Education Initiative, professor of internal medicine, and a member of the Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center at the UI.   Protecting the ozone layer is delivering vast health benefits Montreal Protocol will spare Americans from 443 million skin cancer cases National Center for Atmospheric Research, October 7, 2021 An international agreement to protect the ozone layer is expected to prevent 443 million cases of skin cancer and 63 million cataract cases for people born in the United States through the end of this century, according to new research. The research team, by scientists at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), ICF Consulting, and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), focused on the far-reaching impacts of a landmark 1987 treaty known as the Montreal Protocol and later amendments that substantially strengthened it. The agreement phased out the use of chemicals such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) that destroy ozone in the stratosphere. Stratospheric ozone shields the planet from harmful levels of the Sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation, protecting life on Earth. To measure the long-term effects of the Montreal Protocol, the scientists developed a computer modeling approach that enabled them to look to both the past and the future by simulating the treaty's impact on Americans born between 1890 and 2100. The modeling revealed the treaty's effect on stratospheric ozone, the associated reductions in ultraviolet radiation, and the resulting health benefits.  In addition to the number of skin cancer and cataract cases that were avoided, the study also showed that the treaty, as most recently amended, will prevent approximately 2.3 million skin cancer deaths in the U.S. “It's very encouraging,” said NCAR scientist Julia Lee-Taylor, a co-author of the study. “It shows that, given the will, the nations of the world can come together to solve global environmental problems.” The study, funded by the EPA, was published in ACS Earth and Space Chemistry. NCAR is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. Mounting concerns over the ozone layer Scientists in the 1970s began highlighting the threat to the ozone layer when they found that CFCs, used as refrigerants and in other applications, release chlorine atoms in the stratosphere that set off chemical reactions that destroy ozone. Concerns mounted the following decade with the discovery of an Antarctic ozone hole. The loss of stratospheric ozone would be catastrophic, as high levels of UV radiation have been linked to certain types of skin cancer, cataracts, and immunological disorders. The ozone layer also protects terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, as well as agriculture. Policy makers responded to the threat with the 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, in which nations agreed to curtail the use of certain ozone-destroying substances. Subsequent amendments strengthened the treaty by expanding the list of ozone-destroying substances (such as halons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons, or HCFCs) and accelerating the timeline for phasing out their use. The amendments were based on Input from the scientific community, including a number of NCAR scientists, that were summarized in quadrennial Ozone Assessment reports. To quantify the impacts of the treaty, the research team built a model known as the Atmospheric and Health Effects Framework. This model, which draws on various data sources about ozone, public health, and population demographics, consists of five computational steps. These simulate past and future emissions of ozone-destroying substances, the impacts of those substances on stratospheric ozone, the resulting changes in ground-level UV radiation, the U.S. population's exposure to UV radiation, and the incidence and mortality of health effects resulting from the exposure. The results showed UV radiation levels returning to 1980 levels by the mid-2040s under the amended treaty. In contrast, UV levels would have continued to increase throughout this century if the treaty had not been amended, and they would have soared far higher without any treaty at all.  Even with the amendments, the simulations show excess cases of cataracts and various types of skin cancer beginning to occur with the onset of ozone depletion and peaking decades later as the population exposed to the highest UV levels ages. Those born between 1900 and 2040 experience heightened cases of skin cancer and cataracts, with the worst health outcomes affecting those born between about 1950 and 2000. However, the health impacts would have been far more severe without the treaty, with cases of skin cancer and cataracts rising at an increasingly rapid rate through the century.  “We peeled away from disaster,” Lee-Taylor said. “What is eye popping is what would have happened by the end of this century if not for the Montreal Protocol. By 2080, the amount of UV has tripled. After that, our calculations for the health impacts start to break down because we're getting so far into conditions that have never been seen before.” The research team also found that more than half the treaty's health benefits could be traced to the later amendments rather than the original 1987 Montreal Protocol. Overall, the treaty prevented more than 99% of potential health impacts that would have otherwise occurred from ozone destruction. This showed the importance of the treaty's flexibility in adjusting to evolving scientific knowledge, the authors said. The researchers focused on the U.S. because of ready access to health data and population projections. Lee-Taylor said that the specific health outcomes in other countries may vary, but the overall trends would be similar. “The treaty had broad global benefits,” she said.     What is Boron? The trace mineral boron provides profound anti-cancer effects, in addition to maintaining stronger bones. Life Extension, September 2021 Boron is a trace mineral found in the earth's crust and in water. Its importance in human health has been underestimated. Boron has been shown to have actions against specific types of malignancies, such as: Cervical cancer: The country Turkey has an extremely low incidence of cervical cancer, and scientists partially attribute this to its boron-rich soil.1 When comparing women who live in boron-rich regions versus boron-poor regions of Turkey, not a single woman living in the boron-rich regions had any indication of cervical cancer.2(The mean dietary intake of boron for women in this group was 8.41 mg/day.)  Boron interferes with the life cycle of the human papillomavirus (HPV), which is a contributing factor in approximately 95% of all cervical cancers.1  Considering that HPV viruses are increasingly implicated in head and neck cancers,3,4 supplementation with this ultra-low-cost mineral could have significant benefits in protecting against this malignancy that is increasing in prevalence. Lung cancer: A study conducted at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center between 1995 and 2005 found that increased boron intake was associated with a lower risk of lung cancer in postmenopausal women who were taking hormone replacement therapy. Prostate cancer: Studies point to boron's ability to inhibit the growth and spread of prostate cancer cells.  In one study, when mice were exposed to boric acid, their tumors shrank by as much as 38%.6 One analysis found that increased dietary boron intake was associated with a decreased risk of prostate cancer.7 Several human and animal studies have confirmed the important connection between boron and bone health. Boron prevents calcium loss,8 while also alleviating the bone problems associated with magnesium and vitamin D deficiency.9 All of these nutrients help maintain bone density. A study in female rats revealed the harmful effects a deficiency in boron has on bones, including:10 Decreased bone volume fraction, a measure of bone strength, Decreased thickness of the bone's spongy inner layer, and Decreased maximum force needed to break the femur. And in a study of post-menopausal women, supplementation with3 mg of boron per day prevented calcium loss and bone demineralization by reducing urinary excretion of both calcium and magnesium.8 In addition to its bone and anti-cancer benefits, there are nine additional reasons boron is an important trace mineral vital for health and longevity. It has been shown to:1 Greatly improve wound healing, Beneficially impact the body's use of estrogen, testosterone, and vitamin D, Boost magnesium absorption, Reduce levels of inflammatory biomarkers, such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), Raise levels of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, Protect against pesticide-induced oxidative stress and heavy-metal toxicity, Improve the brain's electrical activity, which may explain its benefits for cognitive performance, and short-term memory in the elderly, Influence the formation and activity of key biomolecules, such as S-adenosyl methionine (SAM-e) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), and Potentially help ameliorate the adverse effects of traditional chemotherapeutic agents. Because the amount of boron varies in the soil, based on geographical location, obtaining enough boron through diet alone can be difficult. Supplementing with low-cost boron is an effective way to maintain adequate levels of this overlooked micronutrient.

The immune system has been all the rage over the past year and half!  So we figured not would be a good time to do a bit of a deep dive!  Today we're going to cover who the major players are in the immune system.  Then, we're going to give you some of our favorite immune system-boosting foods, nutrients, and other actionable steps you can take to keep your immune system in tip-top shape! Don't forget!  Get 40% your first order of Life Boost Coffee by using promo code “AOE40” at lifeboostcoffee.com at checkout! Use this link to streamline the process: https://lifeboostcoffee.com/pages/healthy-coffee-ot2e-jhopkins?oid=1&affid=49Experience the lasting joy of cooking with Xtrema® 100% Pure Ceramic Cookware. Xtrema® redefines the cooking process by combining unparalleled versatility with the peace of mind, knowing that every piece of cookware will never leach chemicals, metal, cadmium, lead, or change the taste of your food.  Get 10% off Xtrema cookware using our code ARTOFEATING at checkout!With Culiraw, guilt-free desserts are possible!  They are made of natural organic ingredients that provide your body with fiber, minerals, vitamins and enzymes, sweetened with dates and agave only.  Use code is “aoepodcast” for 10% discount at checkout!Subscribe to Dr. Esposito's YouTube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHRpZFrFsbJIk5fbNIkj4pQ?sub_confirmation=1 Sign up for our newsletter at evokhealth.com and get our 14 Kick-start Recipes & Kitchen Secrets! Feel free to reach out to us at artofeatingpodcast@gmail.com.  You can also follow us on Instagram @artofeatingpodcast.   To reach your hosts, you can find Dr. Esposito at:Email: drvincentesposito@gmail.comIG: @drvincentespositoTikTok: @drvincentesposito Web: insideouthealthwellness.com You can find Dr. Kali at:Web: drkali.com   IG: @dr.kalind 

  Show Notes: Welcome, everybody. Amy and I are so excited because we get to talk to you about a magnificent system of the body. You're using it all day, all night, and you don't even realize it right until you can't use it anymore. And that is your nervous system. So my name is Karen Urbaniak. I'm a holistic health care practitioner. Absolutely love the human body. I am addicted to it as much as people are due to drinking water. And so if there's anything you want you to know is that you have found the people, you have found your people who love your body and love your guts as much as you do, if not more. OK, like it can happen. And so let's give a warm welcome to Amy as well. And again, we're both so excited to be with you. Awesome. Yes. And not only do we love the human body and love your guts and everything inside and outside of you, including your microbiome. But we also have this profound belief and understanding of the human body is regenerative capabilities. And that is a message that we're just so dedicated to sharing with the world, especially when it comes to systems of the body, like the central nervous system and all the systems, digestive health, heart health, all of it. Sometimes people get diagnosed with with a condition related to these systems or they start to experience degenerative nerve pain or or some form of of a systematic degeneration. And we're just here to deliver information to empower people to know what you can do to get your body back into the driver's seat of its own health, of helping your body rebuild from the inside out. We've seen there's not a system of the body that you can't influence for the better. And so that's whole college designed to be extremely empowering because nervous system disorders come in many forms from related to our just our brain and our mental health to very physical pains in our feet, in our tissues, in our body and kinks in the neck. Who here has ever woken up? And you have like you just turn your head the wrong way and then it just hurts to twist your neck all day. And you're wondering if it's going to be a month before you can turn your head again or three months or a year. So there's all these nervous system pains are manifesting in all these different ways. So today we're going to be covering how to help take care of our nervous system, both for physical health and for mental health. And I love hearing Karen talk about this topic, because you have been studying this so deeply for the past five years and neural regeneration is real. Like say that with me. Neural regeneration is real. Please do not think because a nerve is not working from point A to point B that you have to have it taken out or that it's never going to work again. Please, please, please, please pass this on to every single person you know. Neural regeneration is real. And we're going to give you step by step many ways that you can regenerate the nerves. But the number one thing to understand is what is the nervous system? And so I'm going to kind of just jump in with the four nervous systems that I talk about all the time, even though we have the central nervous system, which, of course, is the brain and the spinal column. But let's talk about that, because because when we're looking at the nervous system, peripheral nervous system, we're looking at 31 pairs of nerves that come out of the brain and they come down your spinal column and they go through the vertebrae and the cervical disks. Right. And they deliver information to organs, glands and tissues. And before I go any further, I must mention something. One of my favorite studies I read when I was creating the TNC course, you know, 10, 15 years ago was a study done by chiropractors who wanted to show that they are the ones who could detect how someone died by doing autopsies and biopsies. And literally a biopsy is the wrong word and letting people know how their loved ones died. And you know what they did? They peeled the body back to just the nerves and they could see which nerves were pinched. And that is what caused liver failure, heart, the spleen, the burst. They couldn't see just by looking at the nerves. That's why chiropractic is so important, right? Chiropractic puts the cervical discs and the nerves. Right. And the vertebrae right where they're supposed to be. So we release that subluxation. So just please make sure you understand that the number one thing you can do for your your your your spinal nerves is just that is making sure that you are stretching, that you're doing myofascial, you're going to a chiropractor. That's super important. I'll keep going. You also have that. So that's the first system of the body, kind of considered a break your box of electricity, and then it runs through the whole body. And when there's something that pinches or isn't communicating, we aren't going to have electricity to the bathroom. Well, if we don't have electricity in the bathroom for a long, long, long period of time, there can be problems in that area. Right. OK. You have 12 cranial nerves. Those 12 cranial nerves also come from the brain and they come out little special holes in the in the actual head and they go to your eyes and ears. Does this cranial except for the vagus nerve you on the meridian? We're not going to talk about the meridians today and we're not going to talk about the chakra system. But those are four electrical systems of the body. And the main thing we're going to focus on is going to be the the systems of the peripheral nervous system. Right, the spinal nerve. And the cranial nerves and what we can do with the nerves that are running through our entire body communicating and how to get them unstuck, so to speak. And I'm I'm done talking about Cleopatra because there's way too much to talk about. And that's what we want to get into. So is that cool, Amy? Yeah, I'm I'm going to do a real quick recap then, of all these different terms that we hear associated with the nervous system. Hmm. So your central nervous system consists of your brain and your spinal column. So that that those spinal cords, that is like the central nervous system. So you stripped everything off the human body. You just had the head dangling in the spinal column. That's the central nervous system. The peripheral nervous system is everything that's coming out of that. So like you're like, you know, peripheral thing, peripheral vision. It's like, you know, looking to the side. So your extremities, your arms, your legs, that's all part of your peripheral nervous system. So within your peripheral nervous system, there are actually two kinds of subcategories of your nervous system. You have your automake nervous system, which are the automatic functions that are controlling your heartbeat, your digestion, different physiological processes inside your body and your autotomic nervous system is going to be in one of two states. Do you guys remember what those two states are? Affecting whether your heart's beating really fast or really relaxed or whether your digestion is like shut off because there's more important things to do or whether you call me digesting food, what are the two different states that your atomic number system will be in? Sympathetic and parasympathetic woo loved it great participation. So we have sympathetic and parasympathetic. So those going to be the two states that your autonomic nervous system is operating in. You have your other part of your peripheral nervous system that's called your somatic nervous system. And this is related to your sensory neuron. So it's going to be, you know, all these different senses, taste, smell, touch, pressure, temperature, motor mechanics, electromagnetic frequencies. These are sending messages into the sensory neurons in your somatic nervous system. And it's also what controls your voluntary movement. Even quick, sometimes quick reflexes can also be included in that. But those are going to be just when you think somatic things, sensory neurons and think voluntary movement. So that's what's going on with your somatic system, that you have your automake nervous system, which is going to be operating at or fight or flight rest and digest. And the somatic and the atomic make up your peripheral nervous system, which is everything outside of your brain and spinal column. So that's a quick recap. If you just Google any of these terms, you'll see beautiful charts that are that are, you know, graphics sort of like, OK, you're you have your nervous system, you have your central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, centrals made up of this peripherals, made up of this. You can go and look up the charts. But I just want to give a brief recap of what all these different terms we're talking about are. All right. Back to you, Karen. Oh, thank you. A beautiful recap, by the way. OK, so this is awesome. So you have these these nerves that are running through the body. Right. And those of you who have my book, you're going to find you're going to find all this on sixty two. Sixty three, right. So if you have my book Live you can look at that in 62, 63. I'm not going to read that, of course, but those nerves are going to come in a bundle and there's a myelin sheath that wraps around those nerves. OK, so this myelin sheath is like a protective coating over the nerves. The number one damage to the Mylan's sheath is sugar. Period. So you've probably heard of diabetic peripheral neuropathy, right? So we have this DPN, which happens because there's so much sugar in the bloodstream that it starts damaging the myelin sheath and it literally eats the myelin sheath and the nerves can be exposed. And so what what has to happen inside of that nerve stem? It's like we need to make all the stem cells have to make more myelin sheath, more myelin sheath, more myelin sheath. Right. So we're using up so much energy just to keep protecting the nerves, protect the nerves, protect the nerves, protect the nerves because the nerves get damaged. And what is nerve damage? What does it lead to? MS. Right. It leads to all of these issues that deal with these nerve ending issues. And people ask me, people have literally sat in my office saying, well, no one can help MS. So I'm like, oh, yeah. I'm like I've never worked with anybody with M.S. who isn't better. And I don't mean that in a cocky way, but it's understanding that No. One, neural regeneration is a very real thing. Nerve damage is a very real thing. So we can't be cocky about that. But we can understand that if we eliminate sugar. So, yes, this means one of the kind of diets are a paleo diet or avoiding any kind of sugar so we can repair the nerves for that first six months. Wonderful. Now we're going to give you a lot of different ways to regenerate nerves so we're not done yet. I just want to make sure we understood that sugar in the blood is going to damage nerves, period. If you have a little bit here in there, like tomorrow, I am going out for a snack tomorrow night. Mm hmm. There's a really great place called the Love Boat down here in southern Florida. And we're going right because Karen is going to try a little bit of there and whatever they got going on over there anyhow. So I can do that because I don't need sugar. And so my my nerves aren't going to be affected by that. But someone who constantly eats sugar and drink soda pop and is always bringing sugar and starches into their body, they could have nerve damage at some point. So and by the way, there's some really cool things that are about the nervous system. Like you, you have billions, like a hundred billion, you know, nerves in the brain. They're extending chemical messengers all the time. One of my favorite analogies of your brain is I wish I could, like, peel my skin and my my hair off of my head so you could watch it. It's like a lightning factory all the time. All these all the dendrites and the and the synapses and the axons and all the communication that is happening every second every millisecond in your nervous system. You might just go, wow, is all that really happening in here? So when I'm like, hey, have you have cranial sacral done or let's check out the meninges. Those are all parts of the brain. The head, sorry, not the not the brain that are so important because they're there. That's that's what cause it causes comfort. It can cause discomfort if it's tight and it can cause comfort that dural matter and the meninges. So we need to look at this part of the body as a why. Now we want to avoid concussions, we want to avoid sugar. We want to avoid damage to the most important part of the body, which is helping us to communicate. And so anyhow. And those nerves, by the way, they travel. Two hundred and seventy miles an hour. Now, Candy, I might just have to put in there that we had to get a rental car for three days. And she did pick the Mustang convertible. So, yes, if you've seen us in southern Florida going everywhere and it almost is to 200 miles an hour, but not quite. Thank you, Candy, for not killing me. But anyhow, that's how fast you understand, miles an hour, all of these nerve impulses are flying through our body. Right. And so that's faster than I can talk. It's your studio audience did not know that was possible. We just had a request come in. So to put this into a first or second gear for a minute here, but they can always go in and slow their settings when they watch our videos. OK, now I can take I can turn it down a little, but it's exciting and just some really cool things. I know that I've mentioned how much I love the neural regeneration. You can literally lose a limb. They can cut off your limb. They can save those nerves. And they can literally attach the nerves to whatever body part they're replacing. And it will actually communicate and restructure the muscles to work as it should. Like nerves are unending. They are amazing. And it's up to us to keep them healthy, happy and and disease free. I love that. So thank you so much for covering a little bit about nutrition and how that affects our body and also about just how exciting, how many connections are happening throughout our whole body. So that leads me to what I wanted to talk about next, which is there are a lot of different things we've heard about that can help the nervous system. And sometimes I wonder if we're like, well, what what is like the one and I'll be all, you know, because we've heard of chiropractic care and auricular therapy and acupuncture and acupressure. There's a bunch of lifestyle things that really improve your nervous system, such as physical activity and weightlifting and doing yoga. So we're constantly looking at what's the common thread among all of these things that help the nervous system. And a really big thing is, is that stimulation to wake up those nerves. What can happen is and they talk about this lot in Chinese medicine when they're talking about the chi and the energy that's flowing through our body. They talk about sickness. They would say like, oh, the energy got stuck. It's not flowing through that part of your body. That's that's the words they would use for it back in the day. They're like, oh, the energy is like there's not the energy is not getting there. It's stuck. So they weren't calling it neurons and dendrites and axons, but they were saying some type of electrical messaging is not happening where it should be. So like, for example, Tai chi, any Tai chi fans out here. Raise your hand. OK, we need to get our tai chi up and run our Taic hi club. But Tai Chi is like moving your body in these movements that just help bring not only circulation and blood and oxygen, but also just neural stimulation throughout your body. And so I loved in the beginning when you were talking about there are so many ways to help the nervous system, because what we really do want to do is wake up our nervous system and like that, for example, people who study and practice acupuncture. Sometimes people are like, how the heck could a needle on my shin have anything to do with my pancreas? That makes no sense at all. I actually don't know if that's like the Premiere organ, but does the concept of like, why wouldn't he stick a needle here, have anything to do with another part of my body? But that visual that Karen was describing about these neurons do not think of this as like a contained system where like you could see your neurons like these things spread out and branch out and wrap around your organs and they wrap around your tissues and they wrap around your fingers. They're all over your body. And so when you have you know, when you're stimulating certain parts that are tied through these Meridian pathways back to your organs, you absolutely are stimulating that area. And just sheerly waking it up sometimes can be enough for it to start doing what it needs to do. And that's what's so cool. We have so many testimonials of acupuncture and acupressure and and the people I've spoke to who work at those offices, they're like, you know what, acupuncture is not going to work for one hundred percent of people because it's not always a nervous system issue that is causing their digestive pain. It could be like a food intolerance or it could be, you know, an emotional thing or whatever it is. So it's not going to work one hundred percent of the time. But for people where there is a nervous system issue, it can be a life changer. So I just want to explain, like look for these common threads among all these different therapies. And we see a lot of nervous system stimulation. And this can come right back to like us just getting out in nature and like even looking. You guys have heard me say this like 10 times by now, because it blew my mind when Naranja sorry, when Nadia Lutz was presenting and how to stimulate the vagus nerve. And she was talking about all these techniques for stimulating your vagus nerve. And you want. The vagus nerve is one of your cranial nerves that comes down and it wraps all around your whole digestive tract. So you really want your vagus nerve to be stimulated so that you have enough acetylcholine so that it triggers digestion. Or else If you're if you're deficient in that, your whole digestive process will be inhibited. And so she was going over all these different ways to naturally produce enough acetylcholine and stimulate your vagus nerve. And it was like gargling and it was like looking between two poles and like stimulating your neck. And she was taken through all these different ways to stimulate it. And I was like, man, that would all of that would have happened if I grew up in a tribe and I was like running outside in the woods between two trees. And I was like accidentally swallowed saltwater and got it. And got it in my mouth was like, oh, coughing and gargling, like all these things would naturally be more of our built environment. So we kind of live in these like concrete boxes inside, and we're not getting that type of stimulation or the next stimulation. We've been social distancing people. You don't have like awkward relatives giving you unusually long hugs. That's good for your necks vagal nerve stimulation, my friends. I'm just saying a new perspective on the on the on the awkward hugs with the relatives. But I'm just saying all these things naturally stimulate our nervous system. And that is what a lot of the modalities we've been talking about today will do. The other part that we're about to get into are nutritional, dietary, herbal. So Karen's going to take it away with some of those. Those modalities really will help rebuild your nerves from the inside out, to give your body the building blocks, to build your nerves, myelin sheath, who knows what primary care primary macronutrient that's made out of. Is it proteins, fats or carbohydrates for myelin sheath? That's awesome. Jamie, I saw your mouth that you go, girl. Yeah, you need the healthy fats to build your myelin sheeth And that's a big reason why, like elderly patients who are developing Alzheimer's will do so much better on a higher fat diet, because not only is the healthy fats helping them regenerate their myelin sheath, but there's a whole train of thought that that looks at Alzheimer's and that type of nerve nerve damage. Regeneration is type three diabetes where they're resistant to glucose and sugar. And so they need the healthy fats to have fuel and they may need ketones as well. A lot of them do really well. A lot of all in terms of all disorders out there, like keto is a therapeutic diet for nervous system disorders. So if we're talking about diets in terms of therapies, like, yeah, there's a lot of people who don't need keto day to day, like personally, as like as someone who like loves swimming and running and all this stuff. Like, I don't do well without my potatoes and some wild rice and fruit like I will. I do well with carbohydrates. But if I had a nervous system disorder and I was trying to protect my myelin sheath from sugar and really build up the healthy fats, that would be a diet I would consider at that point. So anyway, every everyone's different bodies want to throw that out there. Well, and Amy, can I explain the why behind that? I'm always the wild person. Right. And so let me explain pretty please. So you have these dendrites and then you have the synapse so it can connect right the axons And so we're looking at that synapse, that area where the break is. That's where your neurotransmitters work. Right. And so neurotransmitters go in there and they either allow you to absorb the product and the neurotransmitter or they or they stop the communication. So they'll either allow the communication or stopped the communication. So remember, I grew up with epilepsy. I had seizures. Right. Ring a bell, have a seizure, fall on the ground. Quite exciting, right. Fun for a day. And so neurotransmitters that the neurotransmitter that I was missing and what I started taking and eating and actually I just ate the foods high in it was GABA GABA controls all the electricity in the body because GABA is what goes in. It allows the communication to go through that synapse. Right, without GABA. I wasn't I'd have a seizure, there'd be a block, there'd be something. So Tourette's and epilepsy and any kind of seizure, you know, it's a gap, a deficiency, period. That's the that's the main issue. So the same thing with the acetylcholine. That's why when you bring in things like DHEA, right. That is such a powerful product. It's like known as the fountain of youth right now, because people are like, but you can't go buy This is so awesome. You can't go buy DHEA because that's not how it works. You don't you don't DHEA It's made in the body and there's foods you can eat that will help you generate more DHEA. And so that's when you go into your omega 3s, right? You're healthy olive oil and all your avocados and your your chia seeds, flax seed, hemp seeds, all the seeds that are called the fish oils, salmon. Right. Even soy we sprouted soy of those products will literally help the body create its own DHEA. Now, I see clients on a regular basis. Right. They and they come in and I'll tell you all those who are needing DHEA. This is a lecture that they get, but it's not a lecture. It's quite fun, but it's realizing that it's food. Food stop going to the health food store and looking for something to take, right? Oh, my gosh. Go to the produce section and eat something that your body can use. And so people who are depressed have anxiety, have any neurotransmitter issue at all. Please consider eating the foods that will support your body and making DHEA. It makes it makes all the difference. And while I'm kind of on that ramp because we'll get into the list now, that's what we can do to, you know, to help the rest of our nerves, but be very aware to get every human being off of aluminum and fluoride, like no aluminum cans, no aluminum soft drinks no aluminum in the body at all. Don't cook out of aluminum. Don't drink out of aluminum. Please don't use aluminum. And my gosh, please don't use fluoride. Please, please, please consider really researching fluoride because aluminum and fluoride bind together in the pineal gland, period. And a lot of you who are kind of waking up to what's going on throughout the world. Right. Are aware of how important that pineal gland is and that pineal gland, which looks like a little pinecone. Right. That pineal gland is one of the most important glands in our entire body. And we are binding it whenever we're whenever we have aluminum free-floating in the body and fluoride. And that is very, very destructive. And so just be aware that we're going to bring in a whole bunch of wonderful things and we're going to avoid a few things. This is also when remember how it and I forgot to mention this earlier, but I want to throw this in here, though. Those of you who are working with clients who do any kind of blood reading áo or biofeedback work, you're going to you're going to know and recognize the word neutrophils. Neutrophils actually clean up nerve debri. So if people have a deficiency of neutrophils, you can consider, ooh, maybe they're having a problem with their myelin sheaths breaking down and these nerves are having a problem. So look at those neutrophil levels and consider we need to build that up because those blood cells need to be there to help clean up the mess that might be going on because of too much sugar. So when we go over the list of products we recommend, some of them are simply to help remove the glucose from the body like Burberry. Right. And so there's going to be some things you can do. Number one, let's eliminate sugar, eliminate some of the grain. You know, again, your pseudo grains are fine. You know, quinoa, millet you know, militant, quinoa millet and Buckwheat and Amaranth, those are all great. But let's go. OK, Amy, should we just jump in to the list of things? Yeah. So get your pen and paper out if you guys want to list this. It's really nice having this written down somewhere because like, for example, I had a one of my friends who's a doctor on the East Coast called me the other day because she had debilitating nerve pain from an accident in her lower back. And all the doctors did was put her on pain management medication after her accident. I'm losing it. Sorry. So she calls me after nine months because she's like crawling to the bathroom because she can't even move. I think she did a couple months of physical therapy, but it didn't do much for her. And then after that, it was just a cortisol shots in her back and in her back region and pain management medication. And she's like, listen, what can I do? Something's not going on with my nerves, right. It's debilitating pain. How am I supposed to work full time as a hospital administrator? I forget what I did, what her exact task was anyway. Something awesome, though. And so I called. I had a few things for her off the bat, but then I called Karen and got the rest of this list. And I'll tell you what, six things I gave her. Karen is going to go through her whole list, but then I'll go through the six things that I gave her. And she's doing so much better now. Yay. So I celebrate that. But Karen, if you want to go through your list first and then I'll mention my six things that that we gave her after you're done. OK, so here comes the list, everybody. And if someone wants to write this up and then send it to us, that'd be great, too, because we just kind of rattle all this off all the time. I was going to mention that. Anyhow, thank you. I'm assuming Have a couple of lists coming. And thank you very much to my dear friends. So omega 3s, right? Omega 3s, the fish oils, the olive oils, the things that will stimulate the DHEA superimportant. OK. Water. What does water do? Conducts electricity. What are your nerves doing? Things. Zing, zing, zing. So water, water, water. Please remember water with minerals added, right? Lemon, lime. My mineral drops are in here from from hydrazorbtm. That's those minerals are going to conduct the electricity. So distilled water. We still are very big on distilled water that you make at home. But you need to add your minerals to that, right? Lemons, apples, minerals. OK, and then fulvic acid, humic acid You make acid zeolite. Yeah, it's get those added to that and then making sure the immune system is strong. So check those neutrophils. OK, I'm going to go to like supplements first, Amy, and then I'll mention some of the things we can do. OK, modalities Yes, exactly. So B 12 and you can those of those tested NEEM. Right. And you can you can many ways to take me, by the way, natto and a great thing. To go through my list. I have it over here. Lion's Mane. Phenomenal for the nervous system. And I love lions mane I'm a lion. I'm a lion mane nut foods that contain both lecithin and coline at the same time, because coline is superimportant with the lecithin. If you think about that, that's fats, right? That's fats. And your B complex vitamins and minerals and those vitamins. Sorry. And those are like eggs, right? Eggs and sesame seeds. Those have everything. The peanuts, the flax and the oats and different meats. Those will contain all of that at one time. Phenomenal. Zeolite, zeolite is going to help pull out the heavy metals that can be interrupting with nerve communication. Right, because heavy metals can get in there and they can block the synapse. And so zeolite superimportant. The zeolite that I take is also from hydrazorbtm.com. And so I love that zeolites probiotics test people on probiotics. Make sure if you're using probiotics that you're changing it every five to six weeks, royal jelly phenomenal. Why? Because royal Jelly even though its from bees so vegans, you don't have to have that. But Royal Jelly is phenomenal. Has all of your B complex vitamins in it. Remember, just be pollen alone has every essential amino acid you need. So like there's a lot of health benefits to the bee products. Berberine like I mentioned earlier, berberine ragweed, wonderful tea that you can be drinking and helping pine needle tea will be helping with nervous system. Yep. are the ragweed and pine needle tea because I just get so the berberine helps decrease the sugar in the bloodstream. berberine will help decrease the sugar naturally the ragweed and pine needles. Do you know what those do? They stimulate the nervous system and there's a lot coming out on pine needle tea I have recipes for it so I could attach those or we can throw them somewhere, but pine needles tea a lot of information coming out of it right now because it's helping with those who have been vaccinated and have now this communication issue, because the red blood cells are all stacking together. And it's it's a problem. I did want to mention kratom. So I take kratom Every day its not available yet because because we're still fine tuning all of it. And I get to be one of the guinea pigs that Dennis uses all the time. So it's in this world anyhow. And so kratom super important for the nervous system. And we will have more information, specifically on kratom And you can do some research and you'll be blown away on how it can be used. We actually have a couple of different kratoms that we're that I'm testing right now, but absolutely wonderful for the nervous system. I wanted to put that out there. OK. Super fan over there. Good, Rachel. I'm so glad. Now I'm going to mention the things you can do, not just the products you can take, but things you can do. And this is where Amy is going to jump in when I'm done and mentioned the six that she loves the most myofascial work. Please, please, please understand Myofascial work myofascial is different than massage, so please be aware of that as well. So you have fascia that runs around every bar, every single every single nerve. Right. All of these groups have might have myofascia and that fascia needs to be relaxed. One in the clients I just had a couple of weeks ago came in because they were going to strip nerves in her leg. And I'm like, what? You know, and I went ahead and did my scan and we found exactly what nerves they were. And I sent your right to a fascia specialist, and that was it. She had two sessions and never needed to have any surgeries. Nothing done. And I have repeated that scenario 100 times. And so that happens all of the time when people have nervous system issues. Please don't just get a massage that's that's different than fascial work. So myofascial work, very, very big weight lifting, weight lifting. And this exercise is great too but weight lifting in particular, because that weight lifting is what improves the neural connection between the brain and the body. So when you're weight lifting, it literally connects and strengthens the nerves between the body and the entire brain. Right. The brain in the entire body. So very important to consider doing some mild or some some good weight lifting the sauna. Phenomenal, great movement throughout the entire body, relaxing of the muscle tissues, relaxing of the fascia, just belt. Just just fantastic stem cells. You can get some stem cells, right. They can take some stem cells from your body. Right. Not from other places that they seem to think it's humanitarian to get them from. So stem cells from your body, our cells that don't have a job yet. So give them a job. Put them in your nervous system, OK? That's simply how you look at stem cells. Don't be afraid of them. Don't be like, oh, my gosh, you said stem cells. Oh, my gosh. Study stem cells are wonderful. I've done sessions on stem cells before. So again, stem cells taking them from one part and putting them into the nervous system. Great results with that. And then I mentioned exercise and then guasha guasha is phenomenal scraping the skin. Right. So those are some of the most important things that I have listed. And I personally test my clients. So I'll help 12 or 15 things listed, and then I will test my clients on those things to see which ones are going to be the ones that they specifically need right away. So again, guasha I'm looking I didn't write it into supplements and then procedures. I just wrote notes down as I was going. And I did add a couple of notes here so that I mentioned kratom This is something I have complete passion about. I want you all when you are done with this podcast to go to our website under Karens books and please read the free book I've written on dysautonomia. This book was written after four and a half years of having a daughter that nobody could help. Not a single medical doctor on the planet, in our country, outside of our country, no one naturopathic ever. We went to hundreds and you will see that list of different professionals that mention them by name, but of people that we had no idea we were dealing with. We actually were dealing with what's called dysautonomia, and that is as an issue with the autonomic nervous system. So her throat would stop. She couldn't swallow, her stomach would freeze for up to 12 hours or more. So she'd eat something. And it was there all night, all morning till the next day. Right. Her digestive system did not flow. Her heart did not function properly. Her lungs wouldn't function anything autonomic automatic in the body didn't function. And we have the answers for that. We really do. It's been an amazing journey. And I've written all that. It is a free book right now. And so please jump in there and and sign up to read that, because this this part of the body of this nervous system, it's something I have complete passion and love for because it has changed our life as a family. She is no longer bedridden. She'd be in a bed and not even able at Christmas time to walk from the from the bedroom, our bedroom where she slept into the kitchen. This is how bad it was. And this all was because of the autonomic nervous system, which I've written about. I wrote about it years ago in my book, right, but I didn't realize that these symptoms that she was having were all part of dysautonomia. So please enjoy that. And I didn't mean to talk so long, but I wanted to throw that out there. No, that was awesome Karen And that was awesome. So, first of all, thank you for that long list. I know sometimes as listening to this, it can be overwhelming, like, holy cow, this is a lot of information. How am I supposed to do all this? Well, the point is, you don't need to do all of it. What you can do is muscle test or list test or have someone else who is a practitioner help you create an integrative protocol for yourself with the best therapies, whether that's the supplements or some of these modalities of healing we're talking about, and create your own integrative protocol that's designed for your body type. Because if you have someone who's dealing with debilitating lower back nerve damage from an accident, weightlifting is not going to be their first step. But if you have someone else who's starting the age and they hate the fact that they feel less and less in control of their body and integrating some resistance training and some weight training is going to change everything about the way that they age, everything so cool, so just make it customized for yourself. So and just so everyone knows, Time-frame, we are going about 10 more minutes on here and then we'll wrap it up. So the six things that I discussed with my dear friend. Going to so you can start writing these down. I'm just laughing because I really Karen and I actually did muscle test for her in the other room. But these are great foundational steps that I think really would apply to like ninety nine percent of humans. So the first thing I spoke about with her was, where are you getting your fats from? Because our nervous system is made out of fats and our brains made out of fats. And we all know that some fats will cause inflammation in the body and some fats will decrease inflammation in the body. So your body is not distinguishing between inflammatory fats, not inflammatory fats, not inflammatory fats when it comes to building your body . So if you're eating like old peanut butter oil on the top, that stops rancid, I would recommend throwing that out. Or if it's like deep fried food fats or fats from pastry or shortening or any kind of baked good or anything that's not on the healthy fats list that can actually be contributing to inflammation in your nervous system. So the first step is switch your source of fats to antiinflammatory, healthy fats, dietary fats, and maybe get up to 30 percent plus of your dietary calories coming from healthy fats or we're talking salmon. Extra virgin olive oil, extra virgin, coconut oil, raw even better if they're soaked in germinated nuts and seeds. And for avocados, eggs are properly sourced animal products anyway. So those are just that's the first step. Walnuts are phenomenal. Is where are you getting your fats from? The second thing that can really help? Well, she was dealing with a lot of inflammation. So you'll notice that a lot of people who deal with nervous pain, sometimes it's inflammation in the body that's compressing on their nerves. So bringing down the overall level of information in the body is huge. So we put her on Golden milk tea which is you can make that by blending together tumeric Ginger a little bit of black pepper, because the the pepper is actually going to activate the curcumin in the tumeric It makes it much more effective. So throwing a little bit of black or white pepper, you can do some honey and then some almond butter and just blend that together. It tastes really delicious. You can have a hot or cold, but those are a bunch of anti inflammatory And if you want to throw on some cayenne pepper, you can. But that if I get too crazy with it, it upsets my stomach. So I'm more of the mellow golden milk type of gal. Believe it or not. So that was the second thing is like we started talking about how to decrease our overall level of body inflammation. So golden milk was the second thing. Then we talked about the modalities myofascial release. I asked her if she'd ever heard of fascia She said no. So I briefly explained that we have this this system of fascia in our bodies that comes in. It wraps around every organ tissue around the surface of your skin. Everything in your body is actually held together by fascia And and there's these major fascia lines that cross your body. Some come up the front, go on the side, make x's When you have restrictions in one area, it pulls, it pulls down and it causes restrictions in other areas of your body. So if if you've gotten any kind of accident, there's areas of your body that your fascia just got so tight and now it's just tight and you're not going to be able to even move your body, let alone give your neurons and your nerves space to move around and not be pinched. If you have all these fascia restrictions. And so that was a second thing I told her like girlfriend, you got to go in because you don't know where those restrictions could be. Nine times out of 10, where the pain is, the problem is not. Keep that in mind. Repeat that to yourself. When it comes to body pain, nine times out of 10 where the pain is, the problem is that now one hundred percent of the time. But I would say nine times out of 10. So you're going to want to look at like, OK, the pain might be in your lower back, but where are you having fascia restrictions that's causing That much tension right there in your lower back. That could be a full body thing, so myofascial release. The other modality of I actually don't think we recommended craniosacral. I think just myofascial was the very first thing we said for her back to supplements we did for pain management. We recommended white willow bark, which is a great herb for pain management. And they actually they do advise against like using it too care free, because you can you can develop an addiction to that the same way you do other pain management medications. So white willow bark, which she said after she went on white willow bark and vitamin D with to it, did the same thing as her pain meds did. Seems like I didn't need to order more of those. So that was awesome. So she did white willow bark and then vitamin D with K2 is fabulous for like everything in your body, actually. But that was another thing that can help not only with pain, but also your body's communication methods. It's actually a hormone, but your hormones in neurotransmitters work together. So Vitamin K2. And then the last thing was complete tissue and bone by Dr. Christopher. Complete tissue and bone is herbal complex that's designed to literally rebuild your body from the inside out tissues and. And your call, sorry, cartilage. And is any part of your body it can help decrease inflammation, help repair the area, because you have to look at if someone's dealing with pinched nerves, it's not just their nerve that's compromised. It's the area around it. Why is there inflammation? Why is there a subluxation? Why is there just something that's making that nerve so agitated and so does anything to help the body heal is going to improve that process. So those were the the top things, complete tissue and bone, vitamin K, vitamin D with K2 white willow bark being careful about her fats, where she was getting her fats myofascial release and golden milk. Does that sound like an awesome list? Give me a thumbs up if you're like, whoa, wish I got that type of advice from my where I normally go for health advice anyway, so. Yeah. Did you have six? Thanks, Amy. Yeah, that was six, I believe. What am I what? You want to read your list off to me. I'll make sure you got them. Where are you? Where are you getting your fats? Golden milk tea myofascial release white willow bark Abah Complete tissue and bone vitamin D, although OK. Oh yeah. So I threw that in with white willow bark. I actually should have mentioned Omega's though. Maybe it was seven things because I we definitely would have put some fish oil. Yeah. Yeah, that goes along with the healthy fats. Yeah. We'll just include Omega's Omega 3s with the healthy fats because fish oils like. Phenomenal, phenomenal. Make sure you're getting it from a good source. Also, you can actually be inflammatory so you don't want to do like a low quality, cheap, cheap fish oil or else that's your inflammatory fat right there. You're going to want to get like a high quality, preferably in the refrigerated section of a health food store. So that was a great list, though. Very exciting. And then all the other modalities that you could discuss down the road would be like acupuncture, acupressure, craniosacral therapy, Karen already mentioned chiropractic care, auricular therapy, which is, you know, just focusing in on the ears. There's all these fabulous therapies that help help get the nervous system communicating again. And and there are other products. There's different companies. Doctor Morris, with God's herbs, there's a lot of companies that make things for the nervous system. There are particular herbs that are phenomenal, specifically for the nervous system. We just want to be aware of of of of how to regenerate the nerves with this list and how you can add to what you can see how we brought in some pain relievers, because when you're dealing with that much pain, your body can't heal because you're not comfortable, you're not relaxed, you can't sleep well. So we need to be sleeping. We need to get rid of inflammatory issues. We need to reduce the pain. And by the way, if you are in pain or you know, someone in pain, white will bark and taking doctor doctor Christophers, complete tissue and bone, that's those two combined is like amazing for pain. So just just be aware. And there's arnica, there's homoeopathy. There's so much we're not going to cover everything. We're going to cover what we recommend, what I recommend to my clients and what we've seen great work with. Yeah, arnica is a great one. Last thing I just want to mention is like this. This call really has been focused on like your physical nerves themselves, not necessarily neurotransmitters. So neurotransmitters are the chemical messengers of the nervous system. We are this isn't a call about those that could be a whole nother call where we take a deep dove into serotonin, GABA, dopamine, acetylcholine, and just what each of these there's like 16 primary neurotransmitters we can go into, like what these all do in the body and how we can help balance our neurotransmitters. So just keep in mind, that's a whole nother discussion that's also related to your nervous system. But this call was about your actual physical nerves that are running down your body, how to keep them from being pinched, how to help them grow, how to have the materials they need to grow. Does that all make sense? I just want to clarify that real quick, because I do that in a couple of weeks. Amy, that sounds great. My plan my plan was to do this. Get this out and then do one on neurotransmitters so that people can know what to eat, what to do when they have lower neurotransmitters, some them. Last thing I need to say and then and then you can wrap it up. Karen is just like really the value of preventative medicine. Please, like Tai chi , yoga. Going for walks in nature. Any kind of stimulation you can give your nervous system. There is there is no dollar amount or physical happiness amount you could place on how effective preventative medicine is in preventing degeneration of your other nervous system. It is just so important to have the ability. In fact, there's chiropractors who are even like they wish people didn't look at chiropractic care, just like wanting to line up your spine, because so much of what they do is actually just stimulating your nervous system. It's just like waking up that part of your body, like waking up that that that that that bone, those nerves heading out of it is not even that they're always out of line. It's just sometimes it just needs a little like stimulation or wake it up. And and so just keep that in mind anyway. You can wake up your nervous system. There's just like, oh, it's a lifetime of the little things will leave you with a more flexible and pain free body as you age. Yeah, I just had to throw that out there. And we are going to wrap up those who are here for our Akol. We're going to continue that in a minute. But I just wanted to mention that unlike the doctor who spoke to the woman that we've worked with just recently, she's on the board of GGHC that we work with on regeneration of the nerves, unlike him, who said, oh, here's all you can do is pain relievers. You now know a lot more. Do not think because it didn't come from a medical doctor that it is not real, is not effective or it's not true. This is something we do. This is a people you're working with. You're looking at someone and two people who've worked with a lot of people with nerve damage who have been able to restore their nerves, restore and regenerate neurotransmitters, restore and regenerate communication in the body. One of them being our daughter. And so this is something we know. This is something we believe very strongly about. And now we want to empower you so you can take the same information and spread to those that you love and those you work with and those that are in your circle of influence because healing the body from the inside out, that's possible. And it's a lot of fun. If you are new to this and you want to learn more about our programs, please just don't hesitate to reach out. Amy does a phenomenal webinar and she takes you through the programs. We have a phenomenal staff across the world, and we're here to help you any way we can so that you can become knowledgeable in all of this to help those that you love. And it's the best career you will ever have if you're looking for a career change, becoming a holistic health coach, or better yet, the TNC . This is a whole world where you can influence everyone, you know, and help them for better. And there's no greater time to to make that change. But you guys have a wonderful night. Yeah. And Karen, I was going to say the most fun part is piecing together the parts. Yeah, I like it. Oh, am I being by? Am I being. I thought you told me be quiet. But you were doing that. No, I was saying like piece together, you know, like you got to take the best of every modality in every world and put it together here. So anyway. OK, well, thank you, Karen. Thank you, everyone, for joining us. We hope you got some some good ideas about how you can nurture those little nerves. And we love you so much. Best of luck to you all.  

Watch the new season of MinuteBody - and get access to both CuriosityStream and Nebula - at https://curiositystream.com/minuteearth. Fevers are one of our best weapons against infections, but they don't work like you might think. We'd like to give a big thank you to Sharon Evans from the Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center for sharing her expertise for this video! LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Fever: a rise in body temperature, usually caused by infection Heat shock proteins (HSP): a family of proteins that are produced by cells in response to exposure to stressful conditions Neutrophils: white blood cells that play an important role in inflammation and are early responders to pathogens. T cells: major components of the adaptive immune system whose roles include regulating the immune response to pathogens. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Arcadi Garcia i Rius (@garirius) | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Sarah Berman • Arcadi Garcia i Rius David Goldenberg • Julián Gustavo Gómez Melissa Hayes • Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Appenheimer, M.M. & Evans, S.S. (2018) Temperature and adaptive immunity. Handbook of Clinical Neurology 156: 397–415. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B978-0-444-63912-7.00024-2 Casadevall, A. (2016) Thermal Restriction as an Antimicrobial Function of Fever. PLoS Pathog 12(5): e1005577. https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1005577 ChangDong L. et al. (2019). Fever Promotes T Lymphocyte Trafficking via a Thermal Sensory Pathway Involving Heat Shock Protein 90 and α4 Integrins. Immunity 50(1):137-151. https://www.cell.com/immunity/fulltext/S1074-7613(18)30495-3 Evans, S.S. et al. (2015) Fever and the thermal regulation of immunity: the immune system feels the heat. Nature Reviews Immunology 15(6): 335+. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4786079/ Hasday, J.D., Thompson, C., Singh, I.S. (2014) Fever, immunity, and molecular adaptations. Comprehensive Physiology 4:109–48. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cphy.c130019 Hasday, J.D. & Singh, I.S. (2000) Fever and the heat shock response: distinct, partially overlapping processes. Cell Stress Chaperones 5:471–480. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC312879/ Javid, B., MacAry, P.A. & Lehner, P.J. (2007) Structure and function: heat shock proteins and adaptive immunity. Journal of Immunology 179:2035–2040. https://www.jimmunol.org/content/179/4/2035 Mackowiak, P. A.: Direct effects of hyperthermia on pathogenic microorganisms: teleological implications with regard to fever. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 1981, 3: 508–518. https://academic.oup.com/cid/article-abstract/3/3/508/307776

They find yet another science and health topic and talk about neutrophils. How have I not heard about these before. The antibodies and T cells get all the credit. The generic 'white blood cells' were always lumped together and we talk about one of the five today. They smoke the La Barba Red, their first offering in 2010, and drink Balnellan Speyside Glenlivet Sherry Finish.

My AP Biology Thoughts  Unit 4 Cell Communication and Cell CycleWelcome to My AP Biology Thoughts podcast, my name is Jacqueline Sun and I am your host for episode 85 called Unit 4 Cell Communication and Cell Cycle: The Immune System. Today we will be discussing how your body defends itself against infection and stays healthy through the complex yet vital immune system. Segment 1: Introduction to The Immune System The immune system is responsible for fighting off germs and other harmful outside invaders from entering and wreaking havoc on your body Different from all other systems in that it is not a specific cell, tissue, or organ but is rather composed of several different cells, tissues, and organs working in tandem. There are many important components of the immune system that can be divided into two general categories: the innate (or the non specific defense system), and the adaptive (or the specific defense system). Segment 2: More About The Immune SystemInnate (Nonspecific defense system). As the name suggests, you are born with it and it is automatically activated in the face of threats. Uses physical and chemical barriers, killer cells, and fevers to defend the body Simple Physical Barrier is the first aspect of the innate immune system The skin is the first line of defense. It covers nearly every part of your outside body and acts as a physical barrier and keeps out many harmful microorganisms. As long as the skin is mostly undamaged or unharmed, its defense will hold. Mucous membranes also provide a physical barrier. They line the body cavities that connect the inside of your body to the outside, such as the respiratory and urinary system. The thick viscosity of the mucus aids in preventing the entry of harmful microorganisms. Both of these physical barriers also provide chemical defense. For example, The skin and stomach can secrete acids to kill off invaders. Sweat, which is also secreted by the skin, has antimicrobial proteins to kill bacteria. Enzymes can be found in mucus that perform the same function. So lets say your skin was scraped up. Now your body relies on the second line of internal innate defense. Your body may instigate a fever, send out chemical signals calling for defense from body parts, or cause inflammation. These are just a few of the main tactics the body may use, there are many more. SO HOW DOES YOUR BODY DETECT WHERE THE INJURY IS AND WHERE TO DEFEND ITSELF. IT uses the... Inflammatory response: A bodily process that uses chemicals to signal to the immune system defenders where the damage to the body is. Utilizes redness, swelling, heat, and pain as signal markers For example, In the event of injury, cells in the connective tissue will send out histamine molecules Causes vasodilation, causing redness and heat, which increases the injured cells metabolic rate so they may repair themselves faster Histamines and other inflammatory molecules will increase the permeability of blood vessels, causing nearby capillaries to release protein ridden fluids that cause swelling. Symptoms like hat and swelling attract immune cells such as phagocytes and lymphocytes to start consuming the invading pathogens What are the actual lines of defense coming to defend the body from intruders and pathogens? Phagocytes are some of the first defense cells on the scene. Their name is directly translated to “to eat” and they indiscriminately consume invaders. Neutrophils are the first type of phagocytes. THey are the most abundant types of white blood cells and after eating a pathogen will self destruct. They are released by injured skin cells in a process known as leukocytosis. Macrophages are the bigger phagocytes and often the second line of defense. They are white-blood cells that have occupied tissues and organs. Some will freely move around and consume intruders, while others remain bound to the tissue or organ and defend against intruders. Unlike neutrophils,...

Dr Philip Smith, Digital and Education Editor of Gut and Consultant Gastroenterologist at the Royal Liverpool Hospital, UK, interviews Professor Nathanson, the Gladys Phillips Crofoot Professor of Medicine and Cell Biology at Yale University and the Director of the Yale Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. The podcast is focussed on "Neutrophils interact with cholangiocytes to cause cholestatic changes in alcoholic hepatitis", published in paper copy in Gut, in February 2021. Read it on the Gut website: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322540

This episode covers neutrophils!

Welcome back to our weekend Cabral HouseCall shows! This is where we answer our community's wellness, weight loss, and anti-aging questions to help people get back on track! Check out today's questions:  Korindi: My 15 year old daughter who has Down Syndrome was recently diagnosed with Hashimotos Encephalitis. She has had some major mental behavior changes. Before the world shut down she was a happy high functioning freshman and was even on the cheer squad. I have fought hard for a diagnosis knowing this was not DS related and something more was going on. Is there one test that you recommend more than the other to order for her? Also what supplements are best to lower the inflammation on her brain. I have an appointment for a endocrinologist and a rheumatologist. Is there anything else you would recommend? I need my daughter back. TIA Paula: Hi Dr Cabral, I am a level 2 student and am really enjoying all the material. I travel to Brazil quite often because my family lives over there and I'm getting a bit concerned about getting infected with parasites or H. pylori... I have a few questions that I hope you don't mind answering:1. When eating out over there, I'm pretty sure they make ice out of tap water and not mineral water. Should I be worried or does the freezing process kill parasites/H.pylori?2. How would I know if I get infected with H. pylori/parasites? Would I experience some sort of diarrhoea/stomach pain or not necessarily?3. Any tips to reduce my risk of getting infected? Any supplements?Thank you so much! Mo: Hi Dr Cabral! Hope all is well. Today I have a question about my fathers blood work. His monocytes came back at a 0.4, Eosinophils at 0.2 and Basophils at 0.0, Neutrophils 2.2, Lymphocytes 1.6. He's 56, did the 21 day Dr Cabral Detox, Heavy Metal Detox, Intestinal Cleanse 2x, and is finishing up the CBO right now. He will also be doing the Mold Protocol soon after. Hes taking all EQ brand: Adrenal soothe at night and Adrenal Energy in the morning, Omega 3, D3, Full Spectrum Magnesium,Balanced Zinc,FullSpec C. Hes slowly coming off hormone therapy so he'll be taking natural supplements to boost his test levels. His diet is exactly what you recommend. Hes lost 20KG since starting these protocols (he had a terrible diet before) and he feels great. Also, his Potassium level is 5.3. I'm just hoping for some insight as to whether these numbers are okay being this low/high or if he should do anything about it. Thank you as always, you are the best! Anonymous: Hi Dr Cabral!I’m in my middle 20’s and I have a goal in mind to become a Functional Medicine doctor.I live in Europe so my only option is to going for the MD degree.I need your help with the details to put my mind at ease.How does it work with residency if you already know you want to practice functional medicine / integrative medicine?First it will be 5-6 years in med school, but what happens after that? Could I study FM after that and then open my practice or should I pick up a conventional residency first? And if, which one is most in line with FM?Sorry if the question isn’t that clear but I hope you get the point.You could answer the question in the way that if you where in my shoes, how would you be doing it if you know all what you know today (which is a lot, lol).I hope that you, your team and family has a wonderful day.God bless you! Olivia: Hello,I was wondering if you could let me know what courses/certifications I would need to complete in order to be considered as a potential candidate to be one of Dr Cabral's coaches? I have a very similar story (health derailed by long-term antibiotic use as a teenager, followed by long-term SSRI use). I've been on a personal journey of discovery for 25 years and have learned a great deal. Although I am a qualified personal trainer and yoga instructor, my knowledge includes aspects of Chinese medicine and acupuncture, and I am passionate about biochemistry, in particular endocrinology. I would very much appreciate some guidance on how best to optimise my knowledge, so that I can serve others under the leadership of a physician such as Dr Cabral. Healing myself and helping others understand their bodies in order to optimise health is my calling.Thank you in advance for your time.Best wishes, Olivia Erin: Hi Dr Cabral! I’m a longtime fan of yours. I learn so much from you and my family knows of you as “my mentor” :). I went to see if your virus protocol is available but saw it was taken down. Ugh!! I can’t take the censoring anymore :/ are you making this available through email ? Thanks for all you do! Thank you for tuning into today's Cabral HouseCall and be sure to check back tomorrow where we answer more of our community’s questions!  - - - Show Notes & Resources: http://StephenCabral.com/1744 - - - Get Your Question Answered: http://StephenCabral.com/askcabral   - - - Dr. Cabral's New Book, The Rain Barrel Effect https://amzn.to/2H0W7Ge - - - Join the Community & Get Your Questions Answered: http://CabralSupportGroup.com - - -  Dr. Cabral’s Most Popular At-Home Lab Tests: > Complete Minerals & Metals Test (Test for mineral imbalances & heavy metal toxicity) - - - > Complete Candida, Metabolic & Vitamins Test (Test for 75 biomarkers including yeast & bacterial gut overgrowth, as well as vitamin levels) - - - > Complete Stress, Mood & Metabolism Test (Discover your complete thyroid, adrenal, hormone, vitamin D & insulin levels) - - - > Complete Stress, Sleep & Hormones Test (Run your adrenal & hormone levels) - - - > Complete Food Sensitivity Test (Find out your hidden food sensitivities) - - - > Complete Omega-3 & Inflammation Test (Discover your levels of inflammation related to your omega-6 to omega-3 levels) - - - > View all Functional Medicine lab tests (View all Functional Medicine lab tests you can do right at home for you and your family!)

This week’s episode features author Karolina Szummer and Associate Editor Emmanouil Brilakis as they discuss the article "Comparison Between Ticagrelor and Clopidogrel in Elderly Patients with an Acute Coronary Syndrome: Insights from the SWEDEHEART Registry." TRANSCRIPT BELOW Dr Carolyn Lam: Welcome to Circulation on the Run. Your weekly podcast summary and backstage pass to the journal and its editors. I'm Dr Carolyn Lam, Associate Editor from the National Heart Center and Duke National University of Singapore. Dr Greg Hundley: And I'm Dr Greg Hundley, Director of the Pauley Heart Center at VCU Health in Richmond, Virginia. Carolyn, this week's feature article, we're going to investigate antiplatelet therapy use, but in older patients, as opposed to those that are middle-aged, and have sustained a prior acute myocardial infarction. But, before we get to that, how about we grab a cup of coffee and jump into the other papers in the issue? Dr Carolyn Lam: Absolutely, Greg. I've got my coffee right here, and I really want to start with a paper that adds to our understanding of, guess what, the sodium=glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors, and their diuretic and natriuretic effects in combination with loop diuretics. Of course, a clinically really important question since now we know that SGLT2 inhibitors improve outcomes in patients with heart failure in whom they are likely to be co-prescribed with a loop diuretic. So, Professor Chim Lang from University of Dundee and his colleagues performed the RECEDE-CHF trial, which was a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial of 23 patients with type 2 diabetes and HF REF taking regular loop diuretics who were randomized to the SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin 25 milligrams once daily or placebo for 6 weeks with a 2-week washout period. The primary outcome was change in 24-hour urine volume from baseline at week 6. Dr Greg Hundley: So, empa versus placebo. What did they find? Dr Carolyn Lam: In patients with heart failure and type 2 diabetes taking a regular loop diuretic, empagliflozin caused a significant increase in urine volume at both day 3 and week 6, compared to placebo, as well as empa also caused a significant increase in electrolyte-free water clearance. Though there was a small non-significant increase in natural uresis with empagliflozin at day 3, this was absent by week 6. These results suggest that empagliflozin may have an advantageous diabetic profile in patients with type 2 diabetes and heart failure in addition to loop diuretics, with only a short transient natriuresis. Dr Greg Hundley: Very nice, Carolyn. Great information. Diuretics, heart failure reduced ejection fraction, and empagliflozin. Well, my clinical paper comes from Dr Renato Lopes from Duke University Medical Center, and this is a sub study from the ISCHEMIA trial that evaluates whether an initial invasive strategy in patients with stable ischemic heart disease and at least moderate ischemia improves outcomes in patients with a history of heart failure or left ventricular dysfunction when the EF is greater than 35%, but less than 45%. Dr Carolyn Lam: Aw, that mid-range ejection fraction. Favorite topic. So, Greg, what did they find? Dr Greg Hundley: Those with heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction randomized to the invasive versus the conservative strategy had a lower rate of the primary outcome, 17% versus 29%. Whereas those without heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction did not, 13% versus 14%. A similar differential effect was seen for the primary outcome, all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality, when invasive versus conservative strategy associated outcomes were analyzed with LVF as a continuous variable for those with and without prior heart failure. Dr Carolyn Lam: Wow, that is clinically important, Greg. So, can you summarize our take home message? Dr Greg Hundley: Well, Carolyn, ischemia trial participants with stable ischemic heart disease and at least moderate ischemia with a history of heart failure or LV dysfunction, were at increased risk for the primary outcome. And in this small high-risk subgroup with heart failure and an ETF between 35% and 45%, an initial invasive approach was associated with a better event free survival. This result should really be considered for hypothesis generation and future studies. Dr Carolyn Lam: Greg, for the next paper, do you remember hydrogen sulfide? The stuff we learned about in school. It's the gas with that characteristic foul odor of rotten eggs. Well, guess what? This whole paper is about hydrogen sulfide, and in the body, it actually has antihypertensive and anti-inflammatory effects, and its endogenous generation key enzyme is cystathionine gamma lyase, or CSE, and that's expressed in CD4+ T cells. So today's paper provides insights into how all of these players work together in the development of hypertension. To investigate the pathophysiological relevance of this CSE hydrogen sulfide system, co-corresponding authors, Doctors Geng and Cai from Fuwai hospital and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking University Medical College, as well as Dr Xu from Peking University Health Science Center in Beijing. Well, they and their coauthors performed elegant experiments involving peripheral blood lymphocytes, isolated from hypertensive patients or spontaneously hypertensive rats. They also looked at mice with CSE-specific knockout in T cells, and CD4 null mice. Dr Greg Hundley: Well, Carolyn, what did they find? Dr Carolyn Lam: Well, they found that endogenous cystathionine gamma lyase, or CSE, and hydrogen sulfide, but not cystathionine beta-synthase, in lymphocytes, responded to blood pressure changes. Deleting CSE in CD4+ T cells exacerbated angiotensin II-induced hypertension by reducing circulatory and renal T regulatory numbers. Hydrogen sulfide from CSE self-hydrates, liver kinase 1, thereby activating the AMP kinase energy pathway to promote TReg differentiation and proliferation, which then attenuates the vascular and renal immune inflammation, and thus, prevents hypertension. Dr Greg Hundley: Carolyn, this sounds like a very thorough study. What are the clinical implications? Dr Carolyn Lam: Endogenous CSE hydrogen sulfide in lymphocytes may be both a potential biomarker of hypertension, or its complications, or hydrogen sulfide donor may be a therapeutic approach to lower hypertension. Dr Greg Hundley: Great, Carolyn. Well, my next paper comes from Professor Goo Taeg Oh from Ewha Women's University, and it really involves the world of inflammation. So Carolyn, as you know, macrophages produce many inflammation-associated molecules released by matrix metalloproteinases, such as adhesion molecules, as well as cytokines, which play a crucial role in atherosclerosis. In this paper, the authors investigated the relationship between Ninjurin-1, or nerve injury-induced protein 1, a novel MMP9 substrate expression, and atherosclerosis progression. Dr Carolyn Lam: Ninjurin-1? Interesting. So, what were the results? Dr Greg Hundley: Well, Carolyn, Ninj1 expression and atherosclerosis progression were assessed in atherosclerotic aortic tissue and serum samples from coronary artery disease patients and healthy controls, as well as athero-prone, apolipoprotein E-deficient, or APOE -/- wild type mice. Two important findings, Carolyn. First, the authors in vivo results conclusively showed a correlation between Ninj1 expression in aortic macrophages and the extent of human and mouse atherosclerotic lesions. Ninj1-deficient macrophages promoted pro-inflammatory gene expression by activating mitogene-activated protein kinase, or MAP kinase, and inhibiting the phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling pathway. Whole-body and BM-specific Ninj1 deficiencies significantly increase monocyte recruitment and macrophage accumulation in atherosclerotic lesions through elevated macrophage-mediated inflammation. Now, in addition and secondly, macrophage Ninj1 was directly cleaved by MMP9 to generate a soluble form that exhibited anti-atherosclerotic effects, as assessed both in vitro and in vivo. Treatment with the sNinj1-mimetic peptides, ML56 and PN12, reduced proinflammatory gene expression in human and mouse classically activated macrophages, thereby attenuating monocyte transendothelial migration. Moreover, continuous administration of mPN12 alleviated atherosclerosis by inhibiting the enhanced monocyte recruitment and inflammation characteristics of the disorder in mice, regardless of the presence of Ninj1. So in summary, Carolyn, Ninj1 is a novel MMP9 substrate in macrophages, and sNinj1 is a secreted athero-protective protein that regulates macrophage inflammation and monocyte recruitment in atherosclerosis. Dr Carolyn Lam: Wow, Greg, that was incredibly summarized. Thank you. Let's go through what else there is in today's issue. In cardiology news, Bridget Kuhn talks about how the pandemic intensifies the push for home-based cardiac rehabilitation options. There's a white paper by Dr Ho and colleagues, including me, describing the diagnostic dilemma of HFpEF. There's a Research Letter by Dr Gill talking about the cardiometabolic trait sepsis and severe COVID-19, a Mendelian randomization investigation. There's also a Research Letter by Dr Wu on the atlas of exosomes microRNAs secreted from human iPSC-derived cardiac cell type. Dr Greg Hundley: Carolyn, this issue is just packed with articles, because I've got five more to tell our listeners about. First, it's a research letter from Professor G. Hovingh, entitled, Inclisiran Durably Lowers LDLC and PCSK9 Expression in Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia, The ORION-2 Pilot Study. Next, there's an ECG challenge from Dr Jason Gilge relating to AV conduction during atrial flutter. Next, Dr Keith Churchwell has a nice piece related to the importance of those involved in cardiovascular care and participating in their civic duties, including voting. Next, Professor Karthikeyan has nice On My Mind related to overestimation of stroke risk and rheumatic mitral stenosis and the implications for oral anticoagulation. And finally, Carolyn, another research letter, from Dr Pieter van Paassen, entitled, Neutrophils and Contact Activation of Coagulation as Potential Drivers of COVID-19. Well, Carolyn, how about we get on to our feature discussion and review in older patients, which antiplatelet therapy may be safest? Dr Carolyn Lam: Let's go! Dr Greg Hundley: Well, listeners, now we're turning to our feature discussion, and today we'll talk about antiplatelet therapy. And then we have with us, Dr Karolina Szummer from Karolinska Institutet, and our own Associate Editor, Dr Manos Brilakis from the Minneapolis Heart Institute. Welcome to you both, and Karolina, let's start with you. Could you describe for us your hypothesis and some of the background information that led you to perform this study? Dr Karolina Szummer: Thank you so much for having me here and for sharing the ideas behind our study. Current recommendations recommend that we use high-potent antiplatelet agents for treating myocardial infarctions, and in particular, elderly patients are not included. So we decided to do an observational study to look at patients in our Swedish registries treated for myocardial infarctions who were 80 years and older. Dr Greg Hundley: Very nice. Can you tell us a little bit more about your study design? And also the study population? Dr Karolina Szummer: The startup populations are all patients who were admitted to an acute coronary care unit for treatment of myocardial infarctions, and they were all 80 years and older, and they were included from 2010 to 2017. So this encompasses the period during which treatment with ticagrelor was introduced. So we are comparing to ticagrelor versus clopidogrel for the outcomes during the year, following the myocardial infarction. Dr Greg Hundley: And how many patients did you enroll in the study? And what were your study results? Dr Karolina Szummer: We enrolled, in total, 14,000 patients, and these consisted of non-STEMI and of STEMI patients. The majority, about two thirds, were non-STEMI patients. We show, in this study, elderly patients have a lower risk of readmission for myocardial infarction or stroke, but they have a higher risk of having readmission for bleeding and death. So the risk-benefit ratio seems to be skewed towards having, probably, more harm with ticagrelor being more risky than clopidogrel in this study population of elderly. Dr Greg Hundley: And was this true for both men and for women? Dr Karolina Szummer: Yes. So this was true for both men and women. And we did a sensitivity analysis. We looked closer at those who are younger than 80 years old, and in this patient population, the results selected in the same way as for our cohort of elderly, they actually did have the same benefit with a low risk of MI, stroke, and death, and high risk of bleeding. But in the elderly, we noticed a signal towards harm with an increased risk of death. Dr Greg Hundley: It sounds like with ticagrelor, did we have a lower risk of death and a slightly lower risk of myocardial infarction and stroke, but a higher risk of bleeding? Was that the findings? Dr Karolina Szummer: So for the elderly, there was a high-risk of death and bleeding with ticagrelor compared to clopidogrel, but a lower risk of ischemic component of MI and stroke. Dr Greg Hundley: And then with those under 80, those were the ones that had the lower risk of death, lower risk of MI and stroke, but the higher risk of bleeding? Dr Karolina Szummer: Yes, that's correct. So really the end point that differs most is that there is sustainment towards higher mortality in the elderly, because in both younger and elderly, the risk of readmission for bleeding was elevated in both. Dr Greg Hundley: Now, let's turn to our own Associate Editor, Manos Brilakis. Manos, can you help us put these results into perspective, relative to other studies that evaluate the efficacy of antiplatelet therapy, post myocardial infarction? Dr Emmanouil (Manos) Brilakis: I would like to start by congratulating Dr Szummer. It's a wonderful paper, and, I think, provide some new insights on how to use the medications in the ACS patients. And going on the background, if we look at the guidelines, both the European guidelines, as well as the American guidelines, what they say is that both ticagrelor, as well as prasugrel, are preferred and recommended for patients with ACS, both non-ST elevation ACS, as well as ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. And actually, European guidelines say that clopidogrel should only be used when prasugrel or ticagrelor are not available or are contraindicated. And this is based on two trials. One is the PLATO trial, and the other is the TRITON-TIMI 38, that both showed, actually, more benefit with the more intensive P2Y12 inhibitors. And this is what is extrapolated to all patient populations. But as you've heard before, there was only a minority of elderly patients that were included in those trials, about 13% to 15%, and that is why the present study is important, because it suggests that maybe we should look more carefully into the patient's age and potentially other characteristics like frailty or other comorbidities, that might actually alter the risk-benefit ratio. And maybe those medications should not be routinely given to all patients, but perhaps, elderly patients, or at least some of them, might not require, and actually be better off with clopidogrel. Dr Greg Hundley: Let's turn back to Karolina. Karolina, the study was observational. What do you see as, perhaps, a next study to follow up the results that you've brought to us with this study? Dr Karolina Szummer: So the next step would definitely be to do a randomized control trial in the elderly to explore this topic further, to really know for sure what the safety and efficacy is, and what's the best treatment would be for these patients. Dr Greg Hundley: Very good. And Manos, do you have anything to add? Dr Emmanouil (Manos) Brilakis: One more thing. So, there was actually a trial that compared ticagrelor as well as prasugrel with clopidogrel in elderly patients that was called the POPUlar AGE trial that was published last year. And actually this one, published earlier this year, and actually this trial randomized a thousand patients who were more than 70 years old, to either more-intensive or less-intensive. And the results were actually very similar to the findings from Dr Szummer's study from SWEDEHEART, showing that there was more bleeding without any ischemic benefit. And didn't show actually higher mortality but didn't show any significant benefit. So that actually adds to the data that maybe the elderly patients, the selection of antiplatelet agent should be taken into account. And I think for me, this also extrapolates the high bleed risk, higher risk of bleeding, based on criteria, which we currently use mainly for duration. We say, for example, if you're precise DAPT score, which is a score for determining risk of bleeding, is high, you should consider shorter duration of DAPT, but it doesn't say anything about the type of DAPT. And for me, this makes sense that the high bleeding risk, and age is one of the main risk factors for high bleeding risk, should be taken into account also for determining the type of P2Y12 inhibitor. Dr Greg Hundley: Well listeners, we've had a great discussion with Karolina Szummer from Karolinska Institutet, and our own Manos Brilakis from the Minneapolis Heart Institute, really reviewing the utility of ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in older individuals, above the age of 80, that have sustained myocardial infarction, and identifying that ticagrelor is associated with a higher risk of death and bleeding, as opposed to clopidogrel, opening the question up as to whether further studies in older individuals need to be performed to examine the efficacy of antiplatelet therapy. So, on behalf of Carolyn and myself, we wish you a great week and look forward to catching you On the Run next week. This program is copyright the American Heart Association, 2020.

Contributor: Eric Miller, MD Educational Pearls: A cell count is performed on tubes 1 and 4 to account for changes that may occur from blood entering the first sample from the needle insertion Tube 2 and 3 are usually used for the other studies like protein levels, glucose levels and gram staining  Protein levels are often elevated in bacterial meningitis but can be helpful in diagnosis conditions like multiple sclerosis Glucose levels are typically low in bacterial meningitis due to the use of glucose by bacteria Cell counts above 3-5 cells are typically abnormal, but cell counts can vary widely depending on the type of meningitis (viral vs. bacterial) and how long the infection has been present. Cell type and differential can indicate viral vs. bacterial meningitis  Neutrophils are more associated with bacterial causes Lymphocytes are more associated with viral etiologies CSF cultures are used to identify the cause of bacterial meningitis but can take days to result. A gram stain can help determine if any bacteria are present as well as cell types present. References Jain, R. Chang, WW. Emergency Department Approach to the Patient with Suspected Central Nervous System Infection. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2018 Nov;36(4):711-722. doi: 10.1016/j.emc.2018.06.004.     Summarized by Jackson Roos, MS3 | Edited by Erik Verzemnieks, MD

Talk to a Dr. Berg Keto Consultant today and get the help you need on your journey (free consultation). Call 1-540-299-1557 with your questions about Keto, Intermittent Fasting or the use of Dr. Berg products. Consultants are available Monday through Friday from 8:30 am to 9 pm EST. Saturday & Sunday 9 am to 5 pm EST. USA Only. Take Dr. Berg's Free Keto Mini-Course! Did you know diabetes makes you more susceptible to viruses (like COVID-19)? Find out why. GET YOUR EATING RIGHT: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vMZfy... Today we're going to talk about why diabetes can make you more susceptible to getting viruses like COVID-19. Being a diabetic actually triples the mortality rate from the COVID-19 virus. The virus enters the cell through your own body's receptor. This type of receptor is called the ACE2 receptor. The virus enters and starts to replicate. The more ACE2 receptors you have on your cells, the more susceptible you could be to this virus. • Diabetics have a lot more ACE2 receptor proteins on their cells. • People with high blood glucose have more ACE2 receptor proteins on their cells. • People with higher amounts of insulin have more ACE2 receptor proteins on their cells. A few additional things to be aware of: • Insulin resistance can impair your immune response to a virus. • People with hyperglycemia (high sugar) have a decrease in neutrophils. Neutrophils eat viruses, they release anti-microbial chemicals that kill pathogens, and they use NETS to dissolve microbes with chemicals. If you don't have enough neutrophils, your immune system is going to be compromised, and your body won't have the weapons to fight off viruses. If you have diabetes and you're concerned about COVID-19 (coronavirus), you may want to consider decreasing your carbs (the healthy keto diet) and intermittent fasting. This could potentially help greatly improve diabetes and help support the immune system. Dr. Eric Berg DC Bio: Dr. Berg, 51 years of age is a chiropractor who specializes in weight loss through nutritional & natural methods. His private practice is located in Alexandria, Virginia. His clients include senior officials in the U.S. government & the Justice Department, ambassadors, medical doctors, high-level executives of prominent corporations, scientists, engineers, professors, and other clients from all walks of life. He is the author of The 7 Principles of Fat Burning. FACEBOOK: fb.me/DrEricBerg?utm_source=Podcast&utm_medium=Anchor TWITTER: http://twitter.com/DrBergDC?utm_source=Podcast&utm_medium=Post&utm_campaign=Daily%20Post YOUTUBE: http://www.youtube.com/user/drericberg123?utm_source=Podcast&utm_medium=Anchor DR. BERG'S SHOP: https://shop.drberg.com/?utm_source=Podcast&utm_medium=Anchor MESSENGER: https://www.messenger.com/t/drericberg?utm_source=Podcast&utm_medium=Anchor DR. BERG'S VIDEO BLOG: https://www.drberg.com/blog?utm_source=Podcast&utm_medium=Anchor

See all the Healthcast at https://www.biobalancehealth.com/healthcast-blog/ The anti -aging medical model seeks to find solutions to eliminate or at least to alleviate the disorders that lead to chronic dependence and or disability. There are thought to be 10 factors that cause us to age, you will see the list on the screen, but first a few comments: “As we age, changes take place in our body systems. Cellular processes slow down and our organs and tissues become less robust in performing their tasks and functions” we call this reality senescence or signs of old age. In this podcast we will talk about these ten factors in terms of what they are and how they work and what will happen to us if we chose not to do anything about them other than sit back and watch our own decline. We believe that this choice will cause us to decline and die long before we would otherwise have to. There are 10 biological factors that cause us to age: 1 The endocrine system the immune system the metabolic system the cardiovascular system the G I system the reproductive system the nervous system Brain Function The Muscular system The Sensory system   In this podcast we are going to look at the first three systems. We think that in terms of sequence and understanding of the concept of senescence, these are the primary order of concerns. First the endocrine system: This system is made up of a number of glands which are known as ductless glands. They create a series of hormones or chemical messengers that influence the function of the organs of our body if you have too many or two few hormones, you will have serious consequences for your overall health. The endocrine system is made up of the adrenal glands, ovaries, testes, thyroid, parathyroid and the pituitary glands. When your endocrine system is in peak condition, you are more likely to look good, feel good, and successfully defend your system against infection and chronic diseases. Elements called modulators or disruptors can disrupt the endocrine system the high stress life-style of today's America can cause these modulators to play havoc with your endocrine system. Dr. Mietes of Michigan State identified three aspects of endocrine control over the body functions of aging:             1.the correlation of the decline of the reproductive functions—sex hormones correlating to a reduction of growth hormone secretion These hormones stimulate growth of all the tissues that keep us healthy including the brain, muscles, bone, connective tissue, skin and the thymus.  The thymus produces the cells that keep us healthy and protect us from viruses, bacteria, parasites and normalize the activity of the immune system, preventing autoimmune diseases. These sex hormones are the most important because they have an anti-aging effect on all of the other factors that cause humans to age The second category on the list of factors that age us is the decline in the Immune System, which is reflected in the shrinking of the thymus gland. Research indicates that the reduced efficiency of the immune system as we age is a major contributor to the pathologies of old age like autoimmune diseases, susceptibility to communicable diseases and cancers.  Many doctors believe that individual risk assessment and preventive measures like replacing the sex hormones that disappear after midlife, slow the decline of the immune functions and this is the best weapon we have today to reduce the negative impacts of aging In general research seems to be showing that the decline in immune functions of the body leads to an accumulation of cellular and DNA mutations that may lead us to earlier deaths. The immune system uses white blood cells to do its work. There are several types of white blood cells, and they each have different functions, and all come from the thymus glands: Neutrophils- these cells patrol the body all the time and are the first to arrive at any injury or infection site. An elevation of neutrophils in the blood indicates a bacterial infection, but as we age, these neutrophils lose some of their effectiveness, and are not produced in such massive numbers as they once did in youth. Macrophages are the second type of white blood cells to arrive at an injury or infection. They are stationed at strategic points around the body waiting to react to any invasion of bacteria, virus, or cancer cells. They literally  engulf the invader, destroy it and send out a call for help to other white blood cells. Finally, lymphocytes, including T and B cells produce and secrete antibodies. These kill the invaders. There are several types of T cells each has its own duty. Finally, when discussing the immune system, we need to talk about the thymus and how it works. It is a gland that is positioned behind the sternum, or breast-bone. When we are young it is big and healthy and produces a multitude of white blood cells to protect us. As we age, it shrinks and basically stops working. Doctors have identified correlations between the decrease of thymus produced white blood cells and the increased number of infections and diseases that occur as we age. It is generally thought that this loss of thymus causes to lose many of our defenses against disease as we age. Doctors think if we could restore or regenerate the thymus, we could avoid many of the illnesses of aging altogether, including cancer and autoimmune diseases. One of the ways to stimulate the thymus back into action is by replacing our sex hormones and growth hormone.  These hormones can increase the number and activity of the body's white blood cells.  In some cases that is not enough, so a peptide called Thymosin Alpha-1 can be replaced to stimulate the re-growth and function of the thymus.  This is commonly needed in people who have had undue stress, cancer in the past or present or who have immune deficiency syndromes.  This Thymosin alpha 1 peptide can be a true anti-aging and anti-disease treatment by stimulating the natural immune function of the body.  

Are you wondering if food can boost your immune system and help you not get sick? Learn about the 9 nutrients and foods your immune system needs in this episode. We'll talk about vitamins, minerals, phytonutrients, and lifestyle factors that a healthy immune system needs. By the end of the episode you'll know what foods contain the 9 nutrients your immune system needs. Bonus: Click here to access 11 immune boosting recipes (one for each nutrient and 2 immune boosting home remedies). Click here for the episode on plant-based diets (it also includes recipes and a meal plan). Click here and here for the episodes on reducing stress. Click here for ways to be physically active without a gym membership. Click here for our FREE Christian Woman's Whole Health Starter Guide. This guide provides weekly guidance on eating for physical, mental, spiritual, and emotional health. It also includes devotions, recipes, and health specific steps. If you've not downloaded this yet, get this FREE guide here. And last but not least, click here to contact us with any questions, comments, or concerns. Three Immune Definitions: The innate immune system is a nonspecific defense against antigens (viruses, yeasts, bacteria, etc.) that are foreign or harmful to the human body. The innate immune system responds immediately or within hours of the antigens arrival in the body. The adaptive immune system is also called the acquired immune system. It eliminates and prevents pathogens from growing using specialized cells and processes. Neutrophils are the most abundant white blood cells in the body and the first to arrive when a foreign substance (bacteria, viruses, etc.) enters the body. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/boughtataprice/message Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/boughtataprice/support

Join Yvonne Brandenburg, RVT, VTS SAIM and Jordan Porter RVT, LVT, VTS SAIM as we talk about: White Blood Cell Basics; what WBCs do and what to look for when WBCs are too high or too low.    Question of the Week How many of you do differentials in your clinics, and what are some of your favorite resources? Leave a comment at https://imfpp.org/episode25   Resources We Mentioned in the Show  IMFPP https://www.internalmedicineforpetparents.com/hematology.html Idexx hematology book:  https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1893441687/ Small Animal Internal Medicine for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses https://imfpp.org/saimbook  E-Clin Path http://eclinpath.com/hematology/morphologic-features/white-blood-cells/     Thanks so much for tuning in. Join us again next week for another episode!  Get Access to the Technician Treasure Trove  Sign up at https://imfpp.org/treasuretrove    Thanks for listening!  – Yvonne and Jordan 

Each of us has something to offer in these times to help the greater good.  As our way of life changes, the task is to figure out what can be offered. what can be given freely.  As a healer, my intuition, knowledge and support are what I most have to give.   This episode started out as a small free online group session and expanded to recording it for expanded use in the general public.  I describe some of the basic background you might like to know to use the hypnosis with full confidence that it is for your strength, healing and highest light. All my hypnosis sessions will give you more confidence and feelings of calm. Hypnosis is widely known to have the benefit of increasing quality sleep so even if that is all that you receive, it is a gift.  In terms of immunity, I take you on an amazing journey to the source of your white blood cell production of Neutrophils, Macrophages, T cells, B cells and Killer Cells.   Please share this resource so that many may benefit. Eat nourishing food, sleep long and well, exercise every day and provide your body with positive and calm suggestions.  Even JUST being calmer is a very positive aid for your immune system. Although this episode seems long, the first 11 minutes are the background and 36 remaining minutes are the hypnosis.  The first time, listen through the whole thing but when you repeat it (and I recommend repeating it often to create a strong patterning) skip forward to the 11 minute mark.  I am also offering mini virtual sessions throughout this time, 30 minutes for $20, if you would like to speak with me in a more personally directed way.  We can talk about healing a habitual pattern like touching your face, biting your nails or smoking or use the time to discuss topics such as grief, anxiety or purpose.  Please contact me through my website, Instagram or Facebook page. Love & Light,  Janet Website: ResourceHolisticHealing.com Instagram and Facebook: Resource Holistic Healing    

In this episode, Kellen covers a topic near and dear to his heart – group two innate lymphoid cells, or ILC2s. Specifically, Kellen discusses the original article titled “Neutrophils restrain allergic airway inflammation by limiting ILC2 function and monocyte–dendritic cell antigen presentation”, which was published in the journal Science Immunology in November 2019 by Dhiren Patel and colleagues. Paper: https://immunology.sciencemag.org/content/4/41/eaax7006/tab-pdf Review: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5614509/ (shameless self-promo) Please take a few minutes to write us a review on iTunes -- it will help us spread science! And please send any questions and comments to inflammatory.content.w.kc@gmail.com or interact with him on Twitter @KellenCavagnero

Neutropenic Fever + MCQ from chapter titled Emergencies in Hematology and Oncology in Baliga's Textbook of Internal Medicine available at MasterMedFacts.com authored by Thorvardur Halfdanarson,MD Professor of Oncology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN & Eric Engelman, MD Clinical Hematologist/Oncologist Dubuque, Iowa Not Medical Advice or Opinion  

Welcome to episode 14! This week we discussed neutrophils and how they work to fight pathogens throughout the body. We also delved into the world of business for a brief second and discussed the latest events of our lives. Thanks for listening!

Session 17 Dr. Karen Shackelford from BoardVitals is joining me once again for another round of discussion. This week, we tackle a certain kind of pediatric illness. [01:11] Question of the Week: A 10-year-old male patient is evaluated for abdominal pain he has had for two days. He has a rash on his buttocks and thighs. It appeared about three days ago. He's also complaining of some pain in his ankles and knees. His past medical history is unremarkable. But he was seen in the clinic two weeks ago with symptoms of an upper respiratory infection. On physical exam, his abdomen has standard palpation. 01:42  He has multiple palpable purpuras on his buttocks and upper thighs. 01:50 His ankle is swollen and tender on the right. There's no warrant for eczema. His knee is tender. But otherwise, his exam was unremarkable. His laboratory study is showing a normal CBC. On urine 02:09, he has microhematuria. What is the most likely diagnosis? (A) IgA vasculitis (formerly Purpura) (B) Hemolytic uremic syndrome (C) Kawasaki disease (D) Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis [03:40] Thought Process The correct answer here is IgA vasculitis. The palpable purpura on the buttocks and lower extremities is one of the criteria you have to have for purpura, without thrombocytopenia. The other symptoms this patient has, where you could have one or all of these other symptoms, including polyarthralgia, usually in the hip, ankle, and/or knee joints. GI symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, 05:26  or intussusception. Thi has renal involvement, without thrombocytopenia or coagulopathy. These are the two big things. As mentioned, the CBC was normal and he did have the proliferative glomerulonephritis, which occurs with the IgA deposition in the glomeruli. Leukocytoclastic vasculitis is characterized by leukocytes. Neutrophils or monocytes are around the small vessels – the arterioles and venules. There's IgA deposition. There can be IgG or IgM. There is complement C through a deposition. This is what you would see in a biopsy. The lesions are generally in the GI tract or in the skin (which are typically the ones that are biopsied). But if the patient does develop the glomerulonephritis, renal biopsy will show that. That doesn't develop in every case. The disorder is self-limited so treatment-supportive. It's an immune complex seen usually after an upper respiratory infection. In one case series, it has been associated with the MMR vaccine, although this might not have been held up in the later studies. This is also common between the ages of 3 and 11. One of the diagnostic criteria is that the patient has to be under 20. [07:35] Going Through Other Answer Choices In hemolytic uremic syndrome, you can have 07:41 purpura, although they're non-palpable and they're palpable in an 07:49 purpura. That occurs in hemolytic uremic syndrome due to thrombocytopenia. And this patient has a normal CBC. Hemolytic uremic syndrome is usually associated with E.coli infection in the previous case of diarrhea. But there's no history of that in the patient. There is abdominal pain but the rash is not limited to the lower extremities and buttocks. That is characteristic of HSP IgA vasculitis. Kawasaki disease usually occurs in children under the age of 4. The case will usually present a child of Asian descent. It's more prevalent in Japanese children who are at a high risk of IVIG resistance. They will generally have conjunctivitis and fever for more than 5 days. They have that strawberry tongue. The skin manifestations are non-palpable purpura, but there are periungual desquamation and hand-and-foot erythema. Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis can present with hematuria. It can occur after a skin infection or a pharyngeal infection. That was meant to be with a rash. Maybe someone will consider this because there's a rash involved. As group-A beta-hemolytic strep, this patient had a previous upper respiratory infection which could potentially have been caused by strep. But arthralgia isn't common. Abdominal pain isn't common. And the purpura also not associated with acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. [11:10] BoardVitals If you're looking for a QBank in preparing for your board, check out BoardVitals. They have over 1700 questions for Step 1 and over 1500 questions for Level 1 with detailed explanations behind every question and every answer. Use the promo code BOARDROUNDS to save 15% off. Links: BoardVitals (promo code BOARDROUNDS to save 15% off)

Everyone knows we need oxygen to live, but did you know oxygen is a key anti-inflammatory? Did you know oxygen is key for proper immune system function?  

Thank you for checking back in for our 2nd #CabralConcept of the weekend! We'll be answering more of our community's questions today, so let's get started: Angela: Hi Dr. Cabral, I would like to start by thanking you for everything that you do! Your daily podcasts have changed my health and life in many ways and a simple thank you just isn't enough. My question is regarding my inability to find balance. I have a very binge-like lifestyle. I can be dedicated to 21 days of only low glycemic foods while following the Dr. Cabral Detox meal plan. I also stay active with a balanced workout plan, and many other nutrition tips and staples you have suggested. BUT THEN... a holiday will come about or I find myself in a situation where I can not stop eating deliciously poisonous foods (and drinking beer!!). I was wondering if you have any tips or tricks you have used with clients before that help them finally achieve a balanced lifestyle? Are there any systematic approaches you use like getting off of caffeine or any mindfulness hacks of some sort? Anything helps! Thank you   Lauren: Hi Steve, Unfortunately, My grandma a few months ago was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. Being that it is such a terrible cancer that is hard to detect, can you please recommend which blood tests or biomarkers my father(her son) should be getting? I really want him to go to a functional doctor and get a variety of tests but, I was hoping for some direction. He works a very stressful non-stop job as a chef/owner and is very thin as he never takes a break even to eat at times throughout the day. Now with my grandma's cancer & the history of cancer in that side of the family, I want to make sure I stay on top of his health and figure out what he should get tested for to see if he carries that gene mutation etc. Lastly, where would one go for this kind of testing? We live in LI close to NYC Thank you!    Priscilla: Hi Dr. Cabral, I love listening to your podcasts and feel like each one has something applicable to me! My question is: I already know I have parasites, but I am 12 weeks pregnant and I know some of the herbs typically used to get rid of them are not safe during pregnancy. Is there anything I can do while I'm pregnant? I appreciate your suggestions and guidence so much. Thank you!    Gina: I would like to do the Healthy Belly, Parasite Cleanse Protocol and the Candida & Bacterial Complete Protocol. Can I do them all at once or do I need to start with Healthy Belly followed by Parasite Cleanse and lastly the Candida & Bacterial Complete Protocol? Thank you, Gina    Eva: Hello Dr. Cabral, I am studying holistic nutrition and your podcasts are inspiring to me! My question is: My recent check up showed I have very high Thyroglobulin Antibodies (421) and very high Thyroperoxidase Antibodies (186), although my TSH, T3 and T4 are within normal ranges. In addition my vitamin D and ferritin is low (I plan on starting supplements) and my Neutrophils are low. I also have inflammation (which manifests as heat and pain) in both my knuckles. Are any of these related? My doctor said they don't treat high thyroid antibodies since my thyroid hormones are normal, but I have been reading conflicting opinions. What would you suggest for me? (My diet is fairly healthy, I don't eat meat or dairy but I do eat gluten) Thank you soooo much Dr. Cabral I will continue to listen to your podcast religiously it has become my daily routine.   Claudia Keiran: Dear Dr. Cabral thank you so much for your wonderful work try to help folks in need like me. I was diagnosed with Thyroiditis ( Hashimotto) 2014. Spend money that I don't have I am a immigrant from Brasil and I am a house cleaner. So I did follow and buy products from differents folks that I this point is worthless to say names even though you may know all them. I understand and been very honest that we need to survive and use wellness and diseases for this purposes but I can't afford anymore. I heard you episode 515 about Athi Pilory ( don't know to write) bacteria and I need help a serious one, I can't sleep, losing my memory , work out, do yoga , eat clean, no dairy, no gluten, no sugar and I gain and lose weight and I lot of fatigue. I take vitamins, real live probiotics, magnesium, zinc, glucosamine, digestives enzymes, omega. I don't know what else I can do and don't get better. I agree with you about the bacteria if you don't kill won't get better. So do you think you really can help me?! Please answer me. Thank you so much . I appreciate all your work not only for me if we work together but for others too.   I hope you enjoyed today's show and be sure to check back in tomorrow for our Motivation & Mindset Monday! - - - Show Notes & Resources: http://StephenCabral.com/527 - - - Get Your Question Answered: http://StephenCabral.com/askcabral    

"Free radicals spark the fires of inflammation", Professor Tony Kettle's IPL, Wednesday 13 March 2013

"Free radicals spark the fires of inflammation", Professor Tony Kettle's IPL, Wednesday 13 March 2013

"Free radicals spark the fires of inflammation", Professor Tony Kettle's IPL, Wednesday 13 March 2013

"Free radicals spark the fires of inflammation", Professor Tony Kettle's IPL, Wednesday 13 March 2013

Thu, 13 Dec 2012 12:00:00 +0100 https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/15208/ https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/15208/1/Hsieh_Chinyuan.pdf Hsieh, Chin-Yuan

Staphylococcus aureus is a pyogenic abscess-forming facultative pathogenic microorganism expressing a large set of virulence-associated factors. Among these, secreted proteins with binding capacity to plasma proteins (e.g. fibrinogen binding proteins Eap and Emp) and prothrombin activators such as Coagulase (Coa) and vWbp are involved in abscess formation. By using a three-dimensional collagen gel (3D-CoG) supplemented with fibrinogen (Fib) we studied the growth behavior of S. aureus strain Newman and a set of mutants as well as their interaction with mouse neutrophils by real-time confocal microscopy. In 3D-CoG/Fib, S. aureus forms microcolonies which are surrounded by an inner pseudocapsule and an extended outer dense microcolony-associated meshwork (MAM) containing fibrin. Coa is involved in formation of the pseudocapsule whereas MAM formation depends on vWbp. Moreover, agr-dependent dispersal of late stage microcolonies could be observed. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the pseudocapsule and the MAM act as mechanical barriers against neutrophils attracted to the microcolony. The thrombin inhibitor argatroban is able to prevent formation of both pseudocapsule and MAM and supports access of neutrophils to staphylococci. Taken together, this model can simulate specific stages of S. aureus abscess formation by temporal dissection of bacterial growth and recruitment of immune cells. It can complement established animal infection models in the development of new treatment options.

Enteric pathogens need to grow efficiently in the gut lumen in order to cause disease and ensure transmission. The interior of the gut forms a complex environment comprising the mucosal surface area and the inner gut lumen with epithelial cell debris and food particles. Recruitment of neutrophils to the intestinal lumen is a hallmark of non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica infections in humans. Here, we analyzed the interaction of gut luminal neutrophils with S. enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Tm) in a mouse colitis model.Upon S. Tm(wt) infection, neutrophils transmigrate across the mucosa into the intestinal lumen. We detected a majority of pathogens associated with luminal neutrophils 20 hours after infection. Neutrophils are viable and actively engulf S. Tm, as demonstrated by live microscopy. Using S. Tm mutant strains defective in tissue invasion we show that pathogens are mostly taken up in the gut lumen at the epithelial barrier by luminal neutrophils. In these luminal neutrophils, S. Tm induces expression of genes typically required for its intracellular lifestyle such as siderophore production iroBCDE and the Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 encoded type three secretion system (TTSS-2). This shows that S. Tm at least transiently survives and responds to engulfment by gut luminal neutrophils. Gentamicin protection experiments suggest that the life-span of luminal neutrophils is limited and that S. Tm is subsequently released into the gut lumen. This "fast cycling" through the intracellular compartment of gut luminal neutrophils would explain the high fraction of TTSS-2 and iroBCDE expressing intra- and extracellular bacteria in the lumen of the infected gut. In conclusion, live neutrophils recruited during acute S. Tm colitis engulf pathogens in the gut lumen and may thus actively engage in shaping the environment of pathogens and commensals in the inflamed gut.

Background The choice of reliable reference genes is a prerequisite for valid results when analyzing gene expression with real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). This method is frequently applied to study gene expression patterns in immune cells, yet a thorough validation of potential reference genes is still lacking for most leukocyte subtypes and most models of their in vitro stimulation. In the current study, we evaluated the expression stability of common reference genes in two widely used cell culture models-anti-CD3/CD28 activated T cells and lipopolysaccharide stimulated neutrophils-as well as in unselected untreated leukocytes. Results The mRNA expression of 17 (T cells), 7 (neutrophils) or 8 (unselected leukocytes) potential reference genes was quantified by reverse transcription qPCR, and a ranking of the preselected candidate genes according to their expression stability was calculated using the programs NormFinder, geNorm and BestKeeper. IPO8, RPL13A, TBP and SDHA were identified as suitable reference genes in T cells. TBP, ACTB and SDHA were stably expressed in neutrophils. TBP and SDHA were also the most stable genes in untreated total blood leukocytes. The critical impact of reference gene selection on the estimated target gene expression is demonstrated for IL-2 and FIH expression in T cells. Conclusions The study provides a shortlist of suitable reference genes for normalization of gene expression data in unstimulated and stimulated T cells, unstimulated and stimulated neutrophils and in unselected leukocytes.

During acute bacterial infections such as meningitis, neutrophils enter the tissue where they combat the infection before they undergo apoptosis and are taken up by macrophages. Neutrophils show pro-inflammatory activity and may contribute to tissue damage. In pneumococcal meningitis, neuronal damage despite adequate chemotherapy is a frequent clinical finding. This damage may be due to excessive neutrophil activity. We here show that transgenic expression of Bcl-2 in haematopoietic cells blocks the resolution of inflammation following antibiotic therapy in a mouse model of pneumococcal meningitis. The persistence of neutrophil brain infiltrates was accompanied by high levels of IL-1beta and G-CSF as well as reduced levels of anti-inflammatory TGF-beta. Significantly, Bcl-2-transgenic mice developed more severe disease that was dependent on neutrophils, characterized by pronounced vasogenic edema, vasculitis, brain haemorrhages and higher clinical scores. In vitro analysis of neutrophils demonstrated that apoptosis inhibition completely preserves neutrophil effector function and prevents internalization by macrophages. The inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases, roscovitine induced apoptosis in neutrophils in vitro and in vivo. In wild type mice treated with antibiotics, roscovitine significantly improved the resolution of the inflammation after pneumococcal infection and accelerated recovery. These results indicate that apoptosis is essential to turn off activated neutrophils and show that inflammatory activity and disease severity in a pyogenic infection can be modulated by targeting the apoptotic pathway in neutrophils.

Growing evidence supports the concept that polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are critically involved in inflammation-mediated angiogenesis which is important for wound healing and repair. We employed an oligonucleotide microarray technique to gain further insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the proangiogenic potential of human PMN. In addition to 18 known angiogenesis-relevant genes, we detected the expression of 10 novel genes, namely midkine, erb-B2, ets-1, transforming growth factor receptor-beta(2) and -beta(3), thrombospondin, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2, ephrin A2, ephrin B2 and restin in human PMN freshly isolated from the circulation. Gene expression was confi rmed by the RT-PCR technique. In vivo evidence for the role of PMN in neovascularization was provided by studying neovascularization in a skin model of wound healing using CD18-deficient mice which lack PMN infi ltration to sites of lesion. In CD18-deficient animals, neo- vascularization was found to be signifi cantly compromised when compared with wild- type control animals which showed profound neovascularization within the granulation tissue during the wound healing process. Thus, PMN infiltration seems to facilitate inflammation mediated angiogenesis which may be a consequence of the broad spectrum of proangiogenic factors expressed by these cells. Copyright (c) 2006 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Thu, 1 Jan 1987 12:00:00 +0100 https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9496/1/9496.pdf Mossmann, Horst; Jochum, Marianne; Hintz, Petra