Podcasts about Nature Physics

Ime tedna je Tomaž Mihelič, varstveni ornitolog v Društvu za opazovanje in proučevanje ptic Slovenije, kjer si že vrsto let z različnimi akcijami aktivno prizadevajo za varstvo velike uharice na Krasu. Na 27. popisu gnezditve velike uharice, ki velja za največjo sovo in ogroženo žival, so našteli 15 območij gnezditve, kar je največ od leta 1999. Kandidata sta bila še: Matjaž Šimic, fotograf in eden od nagrajencev letošnjega svetovnega fotografskega natečaja Sony World Photography Awards. V zajetem trenutku, ki ga je poudaril s širšo pripovedjo skupine šamanov v La Pazu, kjer imajo pomembno vlogo v tradicionalni kulturi Bolivijcev je s fotografijo Vprašajte šamana prepričal v kategoriji Potovanje. Jaka Vodeb, fizik z Instituta Jožef Stefan, ki je v sodelovanju z raziskovalci iz Velike Britanije in Nemčije s kvantno simulacijo pridobil dragocen vpogled v razpad lažnega vakuuma. V raziskavi, ki so jo objavili v reviji Nature Physics so podali nov vpogled v mehanizem prehoda in bolj stabilno stanje pravega vakuuma ter tako utrli pot novemu znanju na različnih področjih.   Foto: Tomi Lombar

A Nobel prize for understanding how genes are turned on and offThe early-morning call from Sweden came on Monday to American molecular biologist Gary Ruvkun for his work in discovering microRNAs, which are essential for regulating genetic activity in plants and animals. Ruvkun says that research based on this work helps us understand basic biology, but has also provided significant insight into disease and might even help us understand whether there is life on other planets. Biologists discover a new microbial world in your bathroomResearchers have found a new biodiversity hotspot. Environmental microbiologist Erica Hartmann and her team sampled showerheads and toothbrushes in ordinary bathrooms, and found a host of bacteria and hundreds of previously unknown viruses. But don't panic: much of this new life are bacteriophages — viruses that infect bacteria — which are harmless to humans and could be potential weapons against the bacteria that can cause human disease. The study was published in the journal Frontiers in Microbiomes.How we might zap an asteroid on a collision course with EarthA new experiment using the world's most powerful radiation source has shown the way to deflecting asteroids with X-rays. The X-rays were used to vaporize some of the surface of a model asteroid, creating a rocket-like effect. Dr Nathan Moore, a physicist at the Sandia National Laboratories in New Mexico, says it's a proof of principle for the concept of deflecting a real asteroid using X-rays generated by a powerful nuclear explosion. The study was published in the journal Nature Physics. Exploring the origins of Australia's iconic, if controversial, wild dogThe Australian Dingo has a fierce reputation as a predator, leading to European settlers attempting to exterminate it in the 19th century. But the dingo's origin story has not been well understood. For years, it was assumed the dingo originated from India, given its similarities to the Indian pariah dog, or from New Guinea. Dr. Loukas Koungolos, a research associate at the University of Sydney, led the study looking at dingo fossils and found out where it likely came from, and how the domestic dogs of ancient people became a wild predator down under. The study was published in the journal Scientific Reports. Can we treat autoimmune disease by manipulating the immune system? Autoimmune diseases like Lupus can be a result of critical immune cells attacking our own bodies. New advances are pointing to ways we might be able to reverse this. Researchers have repurposed a relatively new cancer treatment, called CAR-T therapy that can reprogram immune cells to attack cancer cells, to reset the immune system in patients with lupus to neutralize its autoimmune attack. Dr. Georg Schett and his colleagues, from the Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen in Germany, were the first to use this immunotherapy to successfully treat lupus patients. That research appeared in the journal Nature Medicine with a follow-up in The New England Journal of Medicine.Other researchers are focussing on understanding — and possibly reversing — what triggers the immune cells to go awry in the first place. Dr. Jaehyuk Choi, from Northwestern University, said they found a molecule that lupus patients are deficient in. In cell culture they demonstrated that correcting this deficiency can reprogram certain immune T-cells to stop directing the attack on the body which they hope could potentially reverse the effects of lupus. His research was published in Nature.

Astronomy Daily - The Podcast: S03E162Welcome to Astronomy Daily, your source for the latest space and Astronomy news. I'm your host, Anna. And we've got an exciting lineup of stories for you today. From innovative methods to protect our planet from potential asteroid impacts to groundbreaking discoveries on the surface of Mars, we'll be exploring the cutting edge of space exploration and research. We'll also be catching up with astronauts returning from the International Space Station, looking ahead to upcoming missions, and even delving into some cosmic history that might have affected Earth's climate millions of years ago. Strap in and get ready for a journey across the solar system and beyond as we bring you up to speed on the most fascinating developments in Astronomy and space science.Highlights:- Asteroid Deflection with X-rays: In a groundbreaking development, scientists have proposed a new method to protect our planet from potential asteroid impacts. A recent study published in Nature Physics suggests that powerful x-rays could be an effective way to divert asteroids on collision courses with Earth. Researchers from Sandia National Laboratories in the USA conducted lab-based experiments firing x-ray pulses at small rock samples, mimicking the effects of x-rays generated by nuclear explosions in space. This method could potentially steer asteroids up to 4 km in diameter away from Earth, offering a faster and more cost-effective alternative to other proposed strategies.- NASA Astronauts Return: In a triumphant return from the cosmos, NASA astronaut Tracy C. Dyson and her two crewmates have safely touched down on Earth after an incredible 184-day journey in space. The Soyuz MS-25 spacecraft made a picture-perfect landing on the steppes of Kazakhstan. Cosmonaut Oleg Kononenko set an all-time record with a cumulative 1011 Daily in space across five missions. This mission exemplifies ongoing international cooperation in space exploration.- SpaceX Crew-9 Mission: NASA and SpaceX are gearing up for an exciting milestone in their ongoing partnership. The Crew-9 mission to the International Space Station is set to launch this Thursday from Space Launch Complex 40 at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station. Featuring booster B085 on its second flight, the Falcon 9 rocket will carry the Crew Dragon spacecraft named Freedom. NASA's Tyler Nick Haig and Roscosmos cosmonaut Alexander Gorbunov will be the only two astronauts on board. Weather permitting, liftoff is targeted for 02:05 p.m. Eastern time on Thursday.- Perseverance Rover's Martian Discovery: NASA's Perseverance rover has made an intriguing discovery on Mars, spotting a rock nicknamed Freya Castle with striking black and white stripes. This rock's texture is completely different from anything previously observed in Jezero Crater, suggesting it may have rolled down from a higher location. This discovery could provide new information about Mars' geological history and processes.- MAVEN's Decade of Exploration: NASA's MAVEN spacecraft has reached an incredible milestone, celebrating a decade of exploration in Mars' upper atmosphere. MAVEN has revealed how solar storms increase atmospheric erosion, transforming Mars from a potentially habitable world to the cold, arid planet we see today. The spacecraft has also identified a new type of aurora on Mars and provided invaluable insights into Mars' climate history.- Earth's Journey Through Interstellar Clouds: Researchers have calculated that Earth and our entire solar system may have passed through two dense interstellar clouds approximately two and seven million years ago. These cosmic encounters could have compressed our heliosphere, exposing Earth more directly to the interstellar medium and potentially altering our planet's climate. Such events could have led to an increase in hydrogen levels and the formation of global noctilucent clouds, possibly plunging Earth into an ice age.For more space news, be sure to visit our website at astronomydaily.io. There you can sign up for our free Daily newsletter, catch up on all the latest space and Astronomy news with our constantly updating newsfeed, and listen to all our back episodes.Don't forget to follow us on social media, too. Just search for #AstroDailyPod on Facebook, X, YouTubeMusic, and TikTok to stay connected with us between episodes.Thank you so much for tuning in today. Keep your eyes on the stars, and we'll see you next time on Astronomy Daily.Sponsor Links:NordVPNNordPassMalwarebytesProton MailOld Glory - Iconic Music and Sports Fan MerchBecome a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/astronomy-daily-the-podcast--5648921/support.

Il est toujours important de remettre en cause ce que l'on pense fermement établi. Cela pourrait nous mener vers une physique qui sort du modèle standard. Grâce à leur détecteur de particules ultra performant, la collaboration MAJORANA vient de tester le principe d'exclusion de Pauli et la conservation de la charge électrique, deux pieds de voûte de la mécanique quantique. Ils publient leurs résultats dans Nature Physics. Source Search for charge non-conservation and Pauli exclusion principle violation with the MAJORANA DEMONSTRATORThe MAJORANA CollaborationNature Physics (11 april 2024)https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-024-02437-9 Illustrations Schéma des interactions testées par la collaboration MAJORANA (Nature Physics) Spectre en énergie pour le test de la violation de l'exclusion de Pauli (MAJORANA Collaboration) Le détecteur Majorana Demonstrator installé dans le laboratoire souterrain de Sanford (MAJORANA Collaboration) Spectre en énergie pour le test de la violation de la conservation de la charge (MAJORANA Collaboration)

A group of self-described “non-Black voters” is suing Louisiana over the state's new congressional maps. The suit alleges a new second majority-Black district violates racial gerrymandering laws.  The lawsuit is expected to go to court in early April, and could result in another shakeup in the state's long running legal battle. Jared Evans, senior policy counsel with the NAACP Legal Defense Fund, joins Louisiana Considered to discuss what's at stake. The NAACP has advocated for the creation of a second majority-Black district for years. Gov. Jeff Landry signed the map into law earlier this year.  Ouachita Parish, in north Louisiana, is home to an ancient archeological site that's older than the Egyptian pyramids and Stonehenge. The collection of 11 man-made mounds connected by an oval-shaped ridge is known as “Watson Brake.” Diana Greenlee, archaeologist and professor at the University of Louisiana Monroe, joins the show and tells us more about the ancient structures.  A team of researchers at Louisiana State University recently made waves in the world of quantum physics. Omar Magana-Loaiza, LSU associate professor of physics, is a part of the LSU quantum photonics group, which published their research in the journal Nature Physics. He joins the show to explain what the research means for the production of everyday medical and household products.  ____ Today's episode of Louisiana Considered was hosted by Karen Henderson. Our managing producer is Alana Schreiber; our contributing producers are Matt Bloom and Adam Vos; we receive production and technical support from Garrett Pittman and our assistant producer, Aubry Procell. You can listen to Louisiana Considered Monday through Friday at 12:00 and 7:00 pm. It's available on Spotify, Google Play, and wherever you get your podcasts.  Louisiana Considered wants to hear from you! Please fill out our pitch line to let us know what kinds of story ideas you have for our show. And while you're at it, fill out our listener survey! We want to keep bringing you the kinds of conversations you'd like to listen to. Louisiana Considered is made possible with support from our listeners. Thank you!See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

In science, failure is as important as success. In this week's episode, our storytellers share times when they failed at science or science failed them. Part 1: Samuel Scarpino is convinced that the paper he wrote about how hard it is to predict infectious diseases should win a Nobel Prize. Part 2: It's grad student Moronke Harris' turn with the deep-sea robot that no one can find, and she needs to conduct her research.. Samuel V. Scarpino, PhD, is the Director of AI + Life Sciences at Northeastern University and a Professor of the Practice in Health and Computer Sciences. He holds appointments in the Institute for Experiential AI and the Network Science, Global Resilience, and Roux Institutes. In recognition for his contributions to complex systems science, he was named an external Professor at the Santa Fe Institute in 2020. Prior to joining Northeastern, Scarpino was the Vice President of Pathogen Surveillance at The Rockefeller Foundation, Chief Strategy Officer at Dharma Platform (a social impact, technology startup), and co-founded a data science initiative called Global.health, which was backed by Google and The Rockefeller Foundation. Scarpino is a regular presence in the news, providing over 500 interviews to outlets such as Good Morning America, The Wall Street Journal, Vice News, The Atlantic, and NPR. He has authored more than 100 academic publications, which have been cited over 8,000 times. Scarpino's work has appeared in journals such as Nature, Science, Nature Medicine, PNAS, Clinical Infectious Diseases, and Nature Physics. The New York Times, Wired, the Boston Globe, National Geographic, and numerous other venues have covered his research. Moronke Harris (moronkeharris.com) is a deep-sea explorer and oceanographer with experience in climate engineering, blue economy, and intergovernmental (Canada, USA, Russia, Japan, and the Republic of Korea), multi-vessel research expedition planning in the high seas. Currently completing a PhD in Oceanography at the University of Victoria (BC, Canada), her research focuses on the most unexplored areas of the ocean, containing the most potential for discovery. Moronke specializes in the alien world of seafloor superheated geysers: hydrothermal vent ecosystems 1000-4000 m under the ocean's surface. She has spent over 110 days of her life exploring Earth's final frontier. Beyond academic pursuits, she is the founder of ‘The Imaginative Scientist' (linktr.ee/imaginativesci): a science communication and creative consulting brand blending traditional outreach and artistry to produce an audience-first approach that engages, invites, and inspires curiosity. Brand experience includes 50+ national and international speaking engagements, video production and content creation collaborations garnering 50,000+ views, and consultation for gallery installations, video game development, and film production. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Passive House Podcast co-host Zack Semke sits down with Mike Dellefave, architect and senior project designer with RODE architects.  RODE has garnered recent acclaim with a notable feature in the Wall Street Journal. The article spotlights Brucewood homes, a trio of  single-family Passive House residences located in Boston. They discuss the significance of the article, not only on RODE Architects but also on the broader architectural industry.RODE Architects:https://www.rodearchitects.com/Brucewood Project Link:https://www.rodearchitects.com/PROJECTS/Brucewood-by-the-ParkChart from Nature Physics showing global cumulative wastes that Zack refers tohttps://twitter.com/janrosenow/status/1712499370975736170Wall Street Journal Article: Triple-Digit Heat, but No Electric Bill? For Passive Homeowners, ‘It's Hard to Go Back'https://www.wsj.com/articles/passive-home-design-massachusetts-2c89a18dPhiusCon 2023https://phius1.zohobackstage.com/PhiusCon2023PHA LIVEhttps://passivehouseaccelerator.com/passive-house-liveReimagine Buildingshttps://www.youtube.com/@ReimagineBuildingsLink for the Climate Denier's Playbook Podcasthttps://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-climate-deniers-playbook/id1694759084Upcoming events:https://passivehouseaccelerator.com/articles/passive-house-weekly-october-16th-2023Thank you for listening to the Passive House Podcast! To learn more about Passive House and to stay abreast of our latest programming, visit passivehouseaccelerator.com. And please join us at one of our Passive House Accelerator LIVE! zoom gatherings on Wednesdays.

This month, we're going back to a classic quantum experiment - done with a twist. A recent study in Nature Physics does Young's double-slit experiment, but in time rather than in space. Tune in to find out more...Featuring Riccardo Sapienza (Imperial College London, UK) and Nina Meinzer (Nature Physics)Hosted by Ankita Anirban (Nature Reviews Physics) and Cristiano Matricardi (Nature communications)Ref: Tirole, R., Vezzoli, S., Galiffi, E. et al. Double-slit time diffraction at optical frequencies. Nat. Phys. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-023-01993-w Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

É vox populi que "filosofia" seja tratada como assunto de pouca utilidade ou valor, jocosamente associada a situações de lazer como a mesa de um bar... Mas e os cientistas, também pensam deste modo? Devem os cientistas conhecer filosofia da ciência para fazer bem seu trabalho? Neste episódio, o FrontdaCiência reúne os três professores da disciplina “O que é Ciência?”, da graduação em Biologia da UFRGS - o biólogo Aldo Mellender de Araújo (Depto Genética, IB), o geólogo Rualdo Menegat (Depto Paleontologia e Estratigrafia, Igeo) e o físico Jorge Quillfeldt (Depto Biofísica, IB), todos da UFRGS - para contar um pouco dessa rara experiência pedagógica num assunto muito pouco abordado no ambiente acadêmico. Produção e edição: Jorge Quillfeldt Créditos da Imagem: Gazzola et al, "Scaling macroscopic aquatic locomotion", Nature Physics, 10 (2014) 758 (https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys3078)

Bienvenidos a otro Podcast de TERRAESCRIBIENTE! En esta ocasión comenzamos con una trilogía muy aclamada :Trilogía de los 3 cuerpos" y este su primer libro: "EL PROBLEMA DE LOS 3 CUERPOS" de CIXIN LIU. SINOPSIS: El primer libro de la «Trilogía de los Tres Cuerpos», el fenómeno editorial chino que ha conquistado al mundo y ha ganado el premio Hugo 2015 a la mejor novela. El problema de los tres cuerpos es la primera novela no escrita originariamente en inglés galardonada con el premio Hugo, el Nobel del género de la ciencia ficción. Su autor, Cixin Liu, ha sido considerado el gran descubrimiento del género y es capaz de vender cuatro millones de ejemplares solamente en China y de hacerse con prescriptores de la talla deBarack Obama, quien seleccionó El problema de los tres cuerpos como una de sus lecturas navideñas de 2015, yMark Zuckerberg, que lo convirtió en la primera novela de su club de lectura. El público y la crítica de los cinco continentes se rinden ante esta obra maestra, enormemente visionaria, sobre el papel de la ciencia en nuestras sociedades, que nos ayuda a comprender el pasado y el futuro de China, pero también, leída en clave geopolítica, del mundo en que vivimos. La crítica ha dicho... «Una novela reveladora... No te la pierdas.» Kirkus Reviews «Una ambiciosa obra de ciencia ficción con una imaginación salvaje.» Nature Physics «China lanza una invasión sci-fi con la publicación de este libro.» The Wall Street Journal «Una obra en el más puro estilo del gran maestro Arthur C. Clarke.» The New York Times «Un gran merecedor del premio Hugo, que abre la ciencia ficción china almundo.» Science. Por favor sigue las redes y grupos: Twitter: https://twitter.com/TerraEscriba Discord: https://discord.gg/9QMkYuUk También subscríbete a TERRAESCRIBIENTE en IVOOX, ITUNES Y SPOTIFY! Dale me gusta a cada Podcast y coméntalos! Ayuda mucho! Gracias!

Bienvenidos a otro Podcast de TERRAESCRIBIENTE! En esta ocasión comenzamos con una trilogía muy aclamada :Trilogía de los 3 cuerpos" y este su primer libro: "EL PROBLEMA DE LOS 3 CUERPOS" de CIXIN LIU. SINOPSIS: El primer libro de la «Trilogía de los Tres Cuerpos», el fenómeno editorial chino que ha conquistado al mundo y ha ganado el premio Hugo 2015 a la mejor novela. El problema de los tres cuerpos es la primera novela no escrita originariamente en inglés galardonada con el premio Hugo, el Nobel del género de la ciencia ficción. Su autor, Cixin Liu, ha sido considerado el gran descubrimiento del género y es capaz de vender cuatro millones de ejemplares solamente en China y de hacerse con prescriptores de la talla deBarack Obama, quien seleccionó El problema de los tres cuerpos como una de sus lecturas navideñas de 2015, yMark Zuckerberg, que lo convirtió en la primera novela de su club de lectura. El público y la crítica de los cinco continentes se rinden ante esta obra maestra, enormemente visionaria, sobre el papel de la ciencia en nuestras sociedades, que nos ayuda a comprender el pasado y el futuro de China, pero también, leída en clave geopolítica, del mundo en que vivimos. La crítica ha dicho... «Una novela reveladora... No te la pierdas.» Kirkus Reviews «Una ambiciosa obra de ciencia ficción con una imaginación salvaje.» Nature Physics «China lanza una invasión sci-fi con la publicación de este libro.» The Wall Street Journal «Una obra en el más puro estilo del gran maestro Arthur C. Clarke.» The New York Times «Un gran merecedor del premio Hugo, que abre la ciencia ficción china almundo.» Science. Por favor sigue las redes y grupos: Twitter: https://twitter.com/TerraEscriba Discord: https://discord.gg/9QMkYuUk También subscríbete a TERRAESCRIBIENTE en IVOOX, ITUNES Y SPOTIFY! Dale me gusta a cada Podcast y coméntalos! Ayuda mucho! Gracias!

Bienvenidos a otro Podcast de TERRAESCRIBIENTE! En esta ocasión comenzamos con una trilogía muy aclamada :Trilogía de los 3 cuerpos" y este su primer libro: "EL PROBLEMA DE LOS 3 CUERPOS" de CIXIN LIU. SINOPSIS: El primer libro de la «Trilogía de los Tres Cuerpos», el fenómeno editorial chino que ha conquistado al mundo y ha ganado el premio Hugo 2015 a la mejor novela. El problema de los tres cuerpos es la primera novela no escrita originariamente en inglés galardonada con el premio Hugo, el Nobel del género de la ciencia ficción. Su autor, Cixin Liu, ha sido considerado el gran descubrimiento del género y es capaz de vender cuatro millones de ejemplares solamente en China y de hacerse con prescriptores de la talla deBarack Obama, quien seleccionó El problema de los tres cuerpos como una de sus lecturas navideñas de 2015, yMark Zuckerberg, que lo convirtió en la primera novela de su club de lectura. El público y la crítica de los cinco continentes se rinden ante esta obra maestra, enormemente visionaria, sobre el papel de la ciencia en nuestras sociedades, que nos ayuda a comprender el pasado y el futuro de China, pero también, leída en clave geopolítica, del mundo en que vivimos. La crítica ha dicho... «Una novela reveladora... No te la pierdas.» Kirkus Reviews «Una ambiciosa obra de ciencia ficción con una imaginación salvaje.» Nature Physics «China lanza una invasión sci-fi con la publicación de este libro.» The Wall Street Journal «Una obra en el más puro estilo del gran maestro Arthur C. Clarke.» The New York Times «Un gran merecedor del premio Hugo, que abre la ciencia ficción china almundo.» Science. Por favor sigue las redes y grupos: Twitter: https://twitter.com/TerraEscriba Discord: https://discord.gg/9QMkYuUk También subscríbete a TERRAESCRIBIENTE en IVOOX, ITUNES Y SPOTIFY! Dale me gusta a cada Podcast y coméntalos! Ayuda mucho! Gracias!

In questo episodio capiamo come si possano osservare particelle elementari invisibili ad occhio nudo come i neutrini. Per farlo, amplieremo il nostro concetto di “osservazione”, partendo da esempi quotidiani, per infine giungere alla comprensione di uno degli esperimenti storici di osservazione dei neutrini. Per approfondire: Alimonti et al., “The Borexino detector at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso”, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 600 (2009) 568–593 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S016890020801601X?via%3Dihub The KATRIN collaboration, “Direct neutrino-mass measurement with sub-electronvolt sensitivity”, Nature Physics 18 (2022) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41567-021-01463-1

In questo episodio scopriamo come Wolfgang Pauli predisse l'esistenza del neutrino nel 1930 e cosa lo spinse ad ipotizzare una nuova particella. Un racconto pieno di fisica e di aneddoti interessanti, incluso quello sull'origine del nome neutrino. Per approfondire: 1. The KATRIN collaboration, “Direct neutrino-mass measurement with sub-electronvolt sensitivity”, Nature Physics 18 (2022) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41567-021-01463-1 2. Edoardo Amaldi, From the discovery of the neutron to the discovery of the nuclear fission, in Phys. Rep., 111 (1-4), 1-331 (1984), nota 227 p.306 https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984PhR...111....1A/abstract 3. Lederman e Hill, “Symmetry and the beautiful universe”, Prometheus Books (2004) 4. Il rifiuto di Nature all'articolo di Fermi e raccontato in: Pais, Abraham (1986). Inward Bound. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 418. ISBN 978-0-19-851997-3.

Alexander Boxer is a data scientist with a PhD in Physics (M.I.T.) and degrees in the history of science (Oxford) and classics (Yale).  His research has appeared in Nature Physics and he was a field agent for Atlas Obscura in Washington D.C..   In this podcast, we discuss his book A Scheme of Heaven which describes humans as pattern-matching creatures, and astrology as the ancient world's grandest pattern-matching game.  In this work of history and analysis, Dr. Boxer examines classical texts on astrology to expose its underlying scientific and mathematical framework.  Astrology, he argues was an ambitious applied mathematics problem, a monumental data analysis enterprise sustained by some of history's most brilliant minds, from Ptolemy to al-Kindi to Kepler.  In short, astrologers became the first to stumble upon the powerful storytelling possibilities inherent in numerical data.   For more information of Dr. Boxer, please see his website: http://alexboxer.com/ This podcast is available on your favorite podcast feed, or here:  https://endoftheroad.libsyn.com/episode-221-dr-alexander-boxer-data-science-and-a-scheme-of-heavenstorytelling-possibilities-in-dataptolemycarl-sagan Have a blessed weekend and may your stars align:-).  

Whether you've passed your cursor over their logo on a streaming service, spotted it on the front of a Golden State Warriors jersey, or use their cash-back rebate system, the Rakuten brand is everywhere and actively expanding. Today's guest, Takuya Kitagawa is the Managing Executive Officer & CDO at Rakuten. On this episode, Takuya joins Cindi to discuss how the company has found massive, international success across multiple industries by integrating data across lines of business to deliver better customer experiences. He also dives into the importance of data fluency at every level, and elaborates on how Rakuten is leveraging the concept of “digital twins” to better connect with customers. Stick around to hear all of this, plus exciting details regarding Rakuten latest moonshot projects.Key TakeawaysIntegrated data delivers better customer experiences: Rakuten has seen major success in offering enhanced services and experiences to customers around the world. Their secret? Integrating data across multiple lines of business, starting with customer login credentials. This approach makes using multiple services a seamless experience and builds customer loyalty.You don't have to reinvent the wheel: Before building a new technology from the ground up, see if anyone else has already done it. There's so much you can learn, borrow, or buy from others. If you can learn to leverage the innovation that's already happening around you, you'll be in a better position to accelerate your own digital transformation. Invest in data fluency at every level: It's important that executives be just as data fluent as anyone else in your organization. For Rakuten, investing in data fluency at the highest levels of leadership manifests as quarterly AI bootcamps and mandatory data trainings.Key Quotes“We discovered when we acquired the credit card company, that it is much, much cheaper to send traffic from one internal service to the other than down going through of course advertising companies such as Google and Facebook, even though this takes a little ingenuity and creativity. If you think about it, eCommerce and credit cards come really well together because, to shop online, you need credit cards and the key point is how do you connect credit card back to the shopping?”“Our CEO had a very, very clear directive - if we are going to acquire a company, integration of it starts from integration of ID. So log ID needs to be completely the same. This already has been a common practice across Google, in Facebook to align the log ID starting from there you really have to integrate the data. So that's a key point when you acquire a company one of the key agreements you have to make with the other company is we have to integrate ID and data.”“Algorithms [are] becoming a commodity at this point. The key differentiator of AI is data."“Frankly, the best practice is to learn from [the] outside, because venture capital money is flowing at this ridiculous amount, and there [are] so many people, so much money, and so much effort to try to make things easier. Before you try to build what's necessary yourself, it's better to look around and see if there are other companies who can help you… Be humble. [We] try to learn from our site and leverage what is already there.”MentionsDr. Hisataka Kobayashi's Discovery of photo immunotherapyHarvard University Partnership FC Barcelona and Golden State WarriorsAbout TakuyaTakuya Kitagawa is the managing executive officer and Chief Data Officer of Rakuten Inc, and serves as the director for Well-being for Planet Earth(WPE). As Chief Data Officer of Rakuten group, he is responsible for the end-to-end value creation and execution of AI & data strategy, and manages a global organization located across the world including Japan, U.S., India, France and Singapore. He also leads Rakuten institute of technology, R&D function of the group, as the global head. Vision of his group is the fundamental understanding of customers and their behaviors with AI and data; how business and service can empower customers to spend their money and time better. As a board of director for well-being for Planet Earth, he further extends and applies the understanding of human beings and society to contribute to more general domains of well-being across the world. Prior to working on AI, he worked as a theoretical physicist and published more than 20 papers in journals including “Science” and “Nature Physics.” Dr. Kitagawa obtained his Ph.D. in physics from Harvard University and A.B. in physics and mathematics from Harvard College.--The Data Chief is presented by our friends at ThoughtSpot. Searching through your company's data for insights doesn't have to be complicated. With ThoughtSpot, anyone in your organization can easily answer their own data questions, find the facts, and make better, faster decisions. Learn more at thoughtspot.com. 

Les physiciens qui exploitent l'expérience KATRIN viennent de publier la meilleure estimation à ce jour de la masse maximale du neutrino électronique, en mesurant le plus précisément possible le spectre en énergie des électrons de la désintégration du tritium : sa masse est inférieure à 0,8 eV et on pourrait enfin connaître sa masse minimale dans deux ans. L'étude est publiée dans Nature Physics.

Topics:00:00 Introduction01:04 Yury's background in laser physics, computer vision and startups05:14 How Yury entered the field of nearest neighbor search and his impression of it09:03 “Not all Small Worlds are Navigable”10:10 Gentle introduction into the theory of Small World Navigable Graphs and related concepts13:55 Further clarification on the input constraints for the NN search algorithm design15:03 What did not work in NSW algorithm and how did Yury set up to invent new algorithm called HNSW24:06 Collaboration with Leo Boytsov on integrating HNSW in nmslib26:01 Differences between HNSW and NSW27:55 Does algorithm always converge?31:56 How FAISS's implementation is different from the original HNSW33:13 Could Yury predict that his algorithm would be implemented in so many frameworks and vector databases in languages like Go and Rust?36:51 How our perception of high-dimensional spaces change compared to 3D?38:30 ANN Benchmarks41:33 Feeling proud of the invention and publication process during 2,5 years!48:10 Yury's effort to maintain HNSW and its GitHub community and the algorithm's design principles53:29 Dmitry's ANN algorithm KANNDI, which uses HNSW as a building block1:02:16 Java / Python Virtual Machines, profiling and benchmarking. “Your analysis of performance contradicts the profiler”1:05:36 What are Yury's hopes and goals for HNSW and role of symbolic filtering in ANN in general1:13:05 The future of ANN field: search inside a neural network, graph ANN1:15:14 Multistage ranking with graph based nearest neighbor search1:18:18 Do we have the “best” ANN algorithm? How ANN algorithms influence each other1:21:27 Yury's plans on publishing his ideas1:23:42 The intriguing question of WhyShow notes:- HNSW library: https://github.com/nmslib/hnswlib/- HNSW paper Malkov, Y. A., & Yashunin, D. A. (2018). Efficient and robust approximate nearest neighbor search using hierarchical navigable small world graphs. TPAMI, 42(4), 824-836. (arxiv:1603.09320)- NSW paper Malkov, Y., Ponomarenko, A., Logvinov, A., & Krylov, V. (2014). Approximate nearest neighbor algorithm based on navigable small world graphs. Information Systems, 45, 61-68.- Yury Lifshits's paper: https://yury.name/papers/lifshits2009combinatorial.pdf- Sergey Brin's work in nearest neighbour search: GNAT - Geometric Near-neighbour Access Tree: [CiteSeerX — Near neighbor search in large metric spaces](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.173.8156)- Podcast with Leo Boytsov: https://rare-technologies.com/rrp-4-leo-boytsov-knn-search/- Million-Scale ANN Benchmarks: http://ann-benchmarks.com/- Billion Scale ANN Benchmarks: https://github.com/harsha-simhadri/big-ann-benchmarks- FALCONN algorithm: https://github.com/falconn-lib/falconn- Mentioned navigable small world papers: Kleinberg, J. M. (2000). Navigation in a small world. Nature, 406(6798), 845-845.; Boguna, M., Krioukov, D., & Claffy, K. C. (2009). Navigability of complex networks. Nature Physics, 5(1), 74-80.

Des mesures précises de l'annihilation d'une paire électron-positron en une paire neutron-antineutron permettent de "voir" à l'intérieur du neutron pour mieux comprendre sa structure complexe. L'étude de la collaboration internationale BESIII à l'origine de cette expérience inédite est publiée dans Nature Physics.

Dziś mówię o lodzie, który pozostaje lodem nawet w tysiącach stopni Celsjusza: Oryginalny artykuł w Nature Physics: https://go.nature.com/3w59cI4 Artykuł na Science Alert: https://bit.ly/3jVNilO Artykuł na Argonne National Laboratory: https://bit.ly/3EykHe7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superionic_water W tle - “Light Gazing” Andrew Langdon

*Today we present the return of a classic show. Update: Bob and Cheryl Enyart are being treated in hospital for severe Covid 19 conditions. They love you guys and are praying for you and hope that you will pray for them and their seven wonderful sons and extended family. Before heading in, Bob reminded us, "God is good, all the time." Real Science Radio host Bob Enyart discusses the growing field of quantum biology with Brian, an information systems guy with one of the world's major institutions who earned a double-major in mechanical engineering and physics from Iowa State University. This engineer argues that some of the extraordinary abilities of biological organisms go beyond what seems possible from standard chemistry and physics. Quantum mechanics, astoundingly, enables the navigational abilities of the Arctic Tern to fly halfway around the globe and of Monarch butterflies to migrate from Canada to Mexico. The startling, often sub-atomic, quantum world of the two-slit experiment and of wave/particle duality, of quantum entanglement, superposition, coherence and quantum tunneling, has disrupted the already wildly complex field of biology. Evidence is mounting that the most bewildering abilities of living organisms come courtesy of the Designer using quantum effects to accomplish what otherwise would seem to be impossible! RSR's Quantum Thoughts: - 2018: Quantum Biology Pt. 1 (this program) - 2019: QB Pt. 2: Our seemingly impossible sense of smell  - 2019: How Quantum Computers Do It: Finally, a Helpful Explanation - 2019: Google's Quantum Supremacy - 2019: Top Mathematicians: Ants & Bees, Mold & Amoebas - 2018: Coincidence or Determinism? Quantum theology and physics - 2015: An RSR preview show - 2020: Bob's draft paper rsr.org/wave-particle-duality-is-a-triality - 2021: Our very own RSR List of Quantum Rules (just below). * Jim Al-Khalili Reports on Quantum Biology: Even though the title doesn't mention it, this great embedded video is about quantum biology! (And whereas the video says Part 2 of 2, you don't need to find Part 1 and watch it because it's not about quantum biology.) It's great, except of course for the delusional necessary homage to Darwinism from 47:00 to the end. :) Update: In 2019 the two-slit experiment was conducted successfully with molecules of 2,000 atoms (Fein, et al., Nature Physics) weighing 25,000 to 40,000 AMU (atomic mass units)! Bob stated incorrectly in this 2018 program that to date, the largest molecule used was of 100 atoms. Actually, back in 2013 (Eibenberger, et al., arxiv.org) experimenters produced a quantum interference pattern using a synthetic carbon-based molecule of 810 atoms.RSR's own Quantum Rules DRAFT List: In January 2021 we posted this astounding list of all known quantum rules. So here are the directives which elementary particles obey... - Two electrons of the same energy in an atom must have opposite spin - When two electrons become entangled they must have opposite spin - Photons emitted, within nanoseconds of each other, from an electron going to ground state, are not entangled unless they are emitted in opposite directions - When there are no measurements the quantum wave state proceeds (per Schrödinger's equation) - Any measurement (observation, knowledge of, etc.) collapses the quantum wave state to a particle - A particle is most likely to materialize where the amplitude of it's wave is greatest - At which points in space particles will materialize is based on their probability waves (the probabilty of any particular outcome is the wave function squared) - A massless particle upon creation jumps instantly to the speed of light - Quarks, all of ⅓ or ⅔ +/- charge must always combine to form entities with zero or unit charge - Quarks, observed only as components of composite particles, have charges in thirds - Observed particles have electric charge of 0, +/-1, +/-2, etc.; never observed quarks - Particles cannot have fractional orbital angular momentum but only 0, ħ (h-bar), 2ħ, 3ħ, etc. - Leptons (electrons, etc.), nucleons, & quarks' spin angular momentum must be half-odd-integer ½ħ, etc. - Bosons (photons, etc.) and mesons have integral spin (i.e., in integers; pion = 0; photons, gluons = 1; etc.) - If a baryon decays the number of baryons must be conserved - A free neutron decays in minutes whereas it is stable within the nuclei of all the non-radioactive elements   (otherwise eventually only hydrogen would exist because the strong nuclear force needs neutrons to overcome proton repulsion) - A proton can't decay because it is the lightest baryon (otherwise all elements would be unstable) - Waves have "allowed regions" based on conservation laws - If a baryon decays the electrical charge must be conserved - Virtual particles differ in mass but conserve the energy and momentum of their corresponding particle - Angular momentum must be quantized in magnitude - Angular momentum must be quantized in direction - Bosons can occupy the same quantum state - All particles decay (strong 10-23 s; e-m 10-16 s; weak 10-13 s) unless prevented by conservation laws - All known conservation laws:   -- energy   -- momentum   -- angular momentum J, but orbital (integer ħ) and spin (half-integer ħ) can transfer back and forth       --- orbital (bosons include photons, gluons, Higgs, conventional mesons, etc.)       --- spin (fermions which include leptons, baryons & quarks, etc.)   -- charge   -- baryon number (i.e., quark number, in protons, neutrons, Lambdas, Sigmas, etc.) - Conservation laws that have exceptions (as in, "Do not divorce, except for sexual immorality" Mat. 19:9)   -- lepton number (electrons, muons, taus, and their neutrinos, violated including in neutrino oscillation)   -- lepton flavor conservation (neutrinos?) While Wikipedia has a list of QM equations, RSR posted the above because we've been unable to find a published list of all known quantum rules. If you know of such a list, or have any corrections or additions, please contact us at Bob@rsr.org. Thanks!

In 1938, Italian physicist Ettore Majorana vanished after taking a sudden sea journey. At first it was feared that he'd ended his life, but the perplexing circumstances left the truth uncertain. In today's show we'll review the facts of Majorana's disappearance, its meaning for physics, and a surprising modern postscript. We'll also dither over pronunciation and puzzle over why it will take three days to catch a murderer. Intro: By design, no building in Washington, D.C., is taller than the Washington Monument. The Vienna Vegetable Orchestra plays instruments made of fresh vegetables. Sources for our feature on Ettore Majorana: Erasmo Recami, The Majorana Case: Letters, Documents, Testimonies, 2019. Salvatore Esposito, Ettore Majorana: Unveiled Genius and Endless Mysteries, 2017. Salvatore Esposito, The Physics of Ettore Majorana, 2015. Salvatore Esposito et al., eds., Ettore Majorana: Notes on Theoretical Physics, 2013. Salvatore Esposito, Erasmo Recami, and Alwyn Van der Merwe, eds., Ettore Majorana: Unpublished Research Notes on Theoretical Physics, 2008. Francesco Guerra and Nadia Robotti, "Biographical Notes on Ettore Majorana," in Luisa Cifarelli, ed., Scientific Papers of Ettore Majorana, 2020. Mark Buchanan, "In Search of Majorana," Nature Physics 11:3 (March 2015), 206. Michael Brooks, "The Vanishing Particle Physicist," New Statesman 143:5233 (Oct. 24, 2014), 18-19. Francesco Guerra and Nadia Robotti, "The Disappearance and Death of Ettore Majorana," Physics in Perspective 15:2 (June 2013), 160-177. Salvatore Esposito, "The Disappearance of Ettore Majorana: An Analytic Examination," Contemporary Physics 51:3 (2010), 193-209. Ennio Arimondo, Charles W. Clark, and William C. Martin, "Colloquium: Ettore Majorana and the Birth of Autoionization," Reviews of Modern Physics 82:3 (2010), 1947. Graham Farmelo, "A Brilliant Darkness: The Extraordinary Life and Mysterious Disappearance of Ettore Majorana, the Troubled Genius of the Nuclear Age," Times Higher Education, Feb. 18, 2010. Frank Close, "Physics Mystery Peppered With Profanity," Nature 463:7277 (Jan. 7, 2010), 33. Joseph Francese, "Leonardo Sciascia and The Disappearance of Majorana," Journal of Modern Italian Studies 15:5 (2010), 715-733. Frank Wilczek, "Majorana Returns," Nature Physics 5:9 (2009), 614-618. Barry R. Holstein, "The Mysterious Disappearance of Ettore Majorana," Journal of Physics: Conference Series 173, Carolina International Symposium on Neutrino Physics, May 15–17, 2008. Joseph Farrell, "The Ethics of Science: Leonardo Sciascia and the Majorana Case," Modern Language Review 102:4 (October 2007), 1021-1034. Zeeya Merali, "The Man Who Was Both Alive and Dead," New Scientist 191:2563 (Aug. 5, 2006), 15. Erasmo Recami, "The Scientific Work of Ettore Majorana: An Introduction," Electronic Journal of Theoretical Physics 3:10 (April 2006), 1-10. Ettore Majorana and Luciano Maiani, "A Symmetric Theory of Electrons and Positrons," Ettore Majorana Scientific Papers, 2006. R. Mignani, E. Recami, and M. Baldo, "About a Dirac-Like Equation for the Photon According to Ettore Majorana," Lettere al Nuovo Cimento 11:12 (April 1974), 568-572. Angelo Paratico, "Science Focus: Italy Closes Case on Physician's Mysterious Disappearance," South China Morning Post, Feb. 15, 2015. Antonino Zichichi, "Ettore Majorana: Genius and Mystery," CERN Courier 46 (2006), N6. Peter Hebblethwaite, "Saints for Our Time," Guardian, April 17, 1987. Walter Sullivan, "Finding on Radioactivity May Upset Physics Law," New York Times, Jan. 14, 1987. Nino Lo Bello, "Is Missing Atomic Scientist Working for the Russians?" [Cedar Rapids, Iowa] Gazette, May 3, 1959. Listener mail: "Farmers Project Is Right on Time," New Zealand Herald, Feb. 6, 2012. "Farmers Opens New Napier Store," Scoop, June 6, 2013. Megan Garber, "The State of Wyoming Has 2 Escalators," Atlantic, July 17, 2013. Brandon Specktor, "Believe It or Not, This State Only Has Two Escalators -- Here's Why," Reader's Digest, Sept. 8, 2017. Audie Cornish and Melissa Block, "Where Are All of Wyomings Escalators?" NPR, July 18, 2013. Natasha Frost, "Spiral Escalators Look Cool, But Do They Make Sense?" Atlas Obscura, July 5, 2017. "Spiral Escalator," Elevatorpedia (accesssed April 17, 2021). "Aussie," Wikipedia (accessed April 16, 2021). "Sir George Cockburn, 10th Baronet," Wikipedia (accessed April 14, 2021). "Naming Cockburn," City of Cockburn (accessed April 14, 2021). This week's lateral thinking puzzle is taken from Anges Rogers' 1953 book How Come?: A Book of Riddles, sent to us by listener Jon Jerome. You can listen using the player above, download this episode directly, or subscribe on Google Podcasts, on Apple Podcasts, or via the RSS feed at https://futilitycloset.libsyn.com/rss. Please consider becoming a patron of Futility Closet -- you can choose the amount you want to pledge, and we've set up some rewards to help thank you for your support. You can also make a one-time donation on the Support Us page of the Futility Closet website. Many thanks to Doug Ross for the music in this episode. If you have any questions or comments you can reach us at podcast@futilitycloset.com. Thanks for listening!

Humanos são movidos pela curiosidade — essa curiosidade é que está no cerne da ciência. Ao mesmo tempo que sabemos muito, sabemos pouco sobre o universo ao nosso redor. É como um grande quebra-cabeça que veio com peças faltando. E os cientistas precisam encontrá-las. Um dos maiores mistérios do nosso Cosmos foi a busca por uma partícula: O Bóson de Higgs. ===== Saiba mais sobre o curso "A Trilha do Cientista" Pré-inscrições: https://www.atrilhadocientista.com Grupo do Telegram (Conteúdos Exclusivos): https://t.me/joinchat/JXTZTjIlecE0Nzgx ===== Apoie o SciTalk com R$ 5 ou mais: https://apoia.se/scitalk Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/scitalkpodcast Twitter: https://twitter.com/scitalkpodcast E-mail: scitalkpodcast@gmail.com ===== Luiz Hendrix (Host do SciTalk) Twitter: https://twitter.com/LuizHendrix Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/luizghsa ===== Referências - Higgs, Peter W. "Broken symmetries and the masses of gauge bosons." Physical Review Letters 13.16 (1964) - Ellis, John, Mary K. Gaillard, and Dimitri V. Nanopoulos. "A phenomenological profile of the Higgs boson." Current Physics–Sources and Comments. Vol. 8. Elsevier, 1991 - Bezrukov, Fedor, et al. "Higgs boson mass and new physics." Journal of High Energy Physics 2012.10 (2012) - Shifman, Mikhail A., Arkady I. Vainshtein, and Valentin I. Zakharov. "Remarks on Higgs-boson interactions with nucleons." Physics Letters B 78.4 (1978) - Cms Collaboration. "Evidence for the direct decay of the 125 GeV Higgs boson to fermions." Nature Physics 10.8 (2014)

Se dovessimo trovare una metafora per il Nobel che vi racconteremo in questa puntata, sceglieremmo quella dello strappo. Lo strappo tra la rassicurante fisica classica deterministica e le terrificanti rivoluzioni che hanno avuto luogo agli inizi del Novecento; lo strappo con la visione ottocentesca del mondo che avvenne proprio nel 1900, in quel fatidico anno a cavallo tra i due secoli; lo strappo tra sostenitori della visione particellare e antiatomisti, tra filosofi e teorici della fisica e coloro che consideravano soltanto le manifestazioni fenomenologiche come unica vera realtà del mondo. E tutto questo fu rappresentato da Max Planck, un uomo che questo strappo se lo portava dentro. Conservatore e cauto di indole e di formazione, la sua integrità di fisico lo avrebbe portato a scatenare una delle rivoluzioni scientifiche più destabilizzanti di sempre: quella della fisica quantistica. Nella prima delle due puntate dedicate a lui, ricostruiremo il percorso formativo che portò Planck a interessarsi di un argomento che, all’epoca, la comunità scientifica considerava trascurabile, l’entropia, e a notare come le leggi della fisica deterministica si trovassero a corto di spiegazioni per i fenomeni irreversibili. La figura di Planck si intreccia a più riprese con quelle di Ludwig Boltzmann e di Ernst Mach, due figure impegnate in una lunga e sfibrante diatriba sulla natura particellare della materia. Planck, inizialmente ostile alla teoria atomica adottata da Boltzmann, si oppone tuttavia all’epistemologia puramente sensoriale di Mach, che pure era particolarmente popolare all’epoca; Planck sostiene piuttosto l’esistenza di un’immagine fisica del mondo esterna a noi che, tramite l’astrazione teorica e l’adozione di un linguaggio svincolato da fattori umani, unifica le varie discipline scientifiche. Fonti Max Planck, Scienza, filosofia e religione (1965), a cura di Filippo Selvaggi, ed. Fabbri John L. Heilbron, I dilemmi di Max Planck (1988), traduzione di Riccardo Valla, ed. Bollati Boringhieri Max Planck, La conoscenza del mondo fisico (1993), traduzione di Enrico Persico e Augusto Gamba, ed. Bollati Boringhieri Andreas Trabesinger, In two minds (2010), Nature Physics 6, 405

Com carreira iniciada no campo experimental, e com experiência em biofísica e colisões atômicas, Eric Cavalcanti hoje está mais ligado ao trabalho no campo teórico. Nesta entrevista ao Qubits&Quasares, o pesquisador da Universidade Griffith (Austrália) compartilha um pouco sobre sua carreira, que o atraiu para a física quântica e do seu trabalho a respeito do famoso problema da medição, publicado recentemente na revista Nature Physics. #Ciencia #FisicaQuantica #IIP #IIF #UFRN

Join the Episode after party on Discord! Link: https://discord.gg/ZzJSrGP New quantum paradox throws the foundations of observed reality into question Link: https://www.space.com/quantum-paradox-throws-doubt-on-observed-reality.html If a tree falls in a forest and no one is there to hear it, does it make a sound? Perhaps not, some say. And if someone is there to hear it? If you think that means it obviously did make a sound, you might need to revise that opinion. We have found a new paradox in quantum mechanics — one of our two most fundamental scientific theories, together with Einstein's theory of relativity — that throws doubt on some common-sense ideas about physical reality. Quantum mechanics vs. common sense Take a look at these three statements: •When someone observes an event happening, it really happened. •It is possible to make free choices, or at least, statistically random choices. •A choice made in one place can't instantly affect a distant event. (Physicists call this “locality”.) These are all intuitive ideas, and widely believed even by physicists. But our research, published in Nature Physics, shows they cannot all be true — or quantum mechanics itself must break down at some level. Quantum mechanics works extremely well to describe the behavior of tiny objects, such as atoms or particles of light (photons). But that behavior is … very odd. In many cases, quantum theory doesn't give definite answers to questions such as "where is this particle right now?" Instead, it only provides probabilities for where the particle might be found when it is observed. For Niels Bohr, one of the founders of the theory a century ago, that's not because we lack information, but because physical properties like "position" don't actually exist until they are measured. And what's more, because some properties of a particle can't be perfectly observed simultaneously — such as position and velocity — they can't be real simultaneously. Observer - In 1961, the Hungarian-American theoretical physicist Eugene Wigner devised a thought experiment to show what's so tricky about the idea of measurement. He considered a situation in which his friend goes into a tightly sealed lab and performs a measurement on a quantum particle — its position, say. However, Wigner noticed that if he applied the equations of quantum mechanics to describe this situation from the outside, the result was quite different. Instead of the friend's measurement making the particle's position real, from Wigner's perspective the friend becomes entangled with the particle and infected with the uncertainty that surrounds it. Chinese rocket booster appears to crash near school during Gaofen 11 satellite launch Link: https://www.space.com/china-launches-gaofen-11-satellite-rocket-crash.html A Chinese Long March 4B rocket successfully launched a new Earth-watching satellite Monday (Sep. 7) but the booster's spent first stage narrowly missed a school when it fell back to Earth, witness videos show. The Long March 4B rocket lifted off from the Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center in north China, at 1:57 p.m. local time (1:57 a.m. EDT, 0557 GMT). It carried the powerful Gaofen 11 (02) Earth observation satellite, an optical observation satellite capable of returning high resolution images, showing features as smaller than 3 feet (1 meter) across. Amateur footage posted on Chinese social media site Weibo following the launch apparently shows the first stage of the Long March 4B falling to Earth and exploding into a cloud of orange smoke. The footage was captured near the Lilong village, Gaoyao Town in the Luonan county of Shaanxi province, according to its author. One piece of footage appears to be taken from a school yard with children's voices audible and a plume of smoke visible in the distance. The Long March 4B first stage uses a mix of toxic hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide for propellant. Contact with either could bring serious effects on health. China's main state-owned space contractor said in January it would aim for around 40 launches in 2020, with commercial launch service providers additionally carrying out their own missions. SpaceX says its Starlink satellite internet can download 100 megabits per second, and 'space lasers' transfer data between satellites Link: https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/spacex-says-its-starlink-satellite-internet-can-download-100-megabits-per-second-and-space-lasers-transfer-data-between-satellites/ar-BB18GPrW?li=BBnb7Kz In private beta testing of its Starlink internet satellites, SpaceX says it has found low latency and high download speeds of 100 megabits per second. "Space lasers" also transferred hundreds of gigabytes of data between two Starlink satellites during a test, the company said. Visit Business Insider's homepage for more stories. SpaceX says early tests of its rapidly growing fleet of internet-providing satellites are yielding promising results. Internal tests of a beta version of internet service from the company's Starlink project show "super low latency and download speeds greater than 100 [megabits] per second," Kate Tice, a SpaceX senior certification engineer, said during a live broadcast of a Starlink launch on Thursday. "That means our latency is low enough to play the fastest online video games, and our download speeds are fast enough to stream multiple HD movies at once and still have bandwidth to spare," Tice added. The Starlink initiative eventually aims to send tens of thousands of broadband satellites into orbit, blanketing Earth in affordable, high-speed internet. SpaceX CEO Elon Musk has said that he hopes Starlink will get rural and remote regions online. Already, the company has launched more than 700 satellites. Tice also announced that SpaceX recently completed a test of two orbiting satellites that are equipped with inter-satellite links — informally known as "space lasers." This technology enables Starlink satellites to transfer data directly to each other in orbit, instead of beaming it to the ground and back. "With these space lasers, these Starlink satellites were able to transfer hundreds of gigabytes of data. Once these space lasers are fully deployed, Starlink will be one of the fastest options available to transfer data around the world," she said. Show Stuff Join the episode after party on Discord! Link: https://discord.gg/ZzJSrGP The Dark Horde Podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/show/the-dark-horde The Dark Horde, LLC – http://www.thedarkhorde.com Twitter @DarkHorde or https://twitter.com/HordeDark Support the podcast and shop @ http://shopthedarkhorde.com UBR Truth Seekers Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/216706068856746 UFO Buster Radio: https://www.facebook.com/UFOBusterRadio YouTube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCggl8-aPBDo7wXJQ43TiluA To contact Manny: manny@ufobusterradio.com, or on Twitter @ufobusterradio Call the show anytime at (972) 290-1329 and leave us a message with your point of view, UFO sighting, and ghostly experiences or join the discussion on www.ufobusterradio.com Mail can be sent to: UFO Buster Radio Network PO BOX 769905 San Antonio TX 78245 For Skype Users: bosscrawler

Join the Episode after party on Discord! Link: https://discord.gg/ZzJSrGP New quantum paradox throws the foundations of observed reality into question Link: https://www.space.com/quantum-paradox-throws-doubt-on-observed-reality.html If a tree falls in a forest and no one is there to hear it, does it make a sound? Perhaps not, some say. And if someone is there to hear it? If you think that means it obviously did make a sound, you might need to revise that opinion. We have found a new paradox in quantum mechanics — one of our two most fundamental scientific theories, together with Einstein's theory of relativity — that throws doubt on some common-sense ideas about physical reality. Quantum mechanics vs. common sense Take a look at these three statements: •When someone observes an event happening, it really happened. •It is possible to make free choices, or at least, statistically random choices. •A choice made in one place can't instantly affect a distant event. (Physicists call this “locality”.) These are all intuitive ideas, and widely believed even by physicists. But our research, published in Nature Physics, shows they cannot all be true — or quantum mechanics itself must break down at some level. Quantum mechanics works extremely well to describe the behavior of tiny objects, such as atoms or particles of light (photons). But that behavior is … very odd. In many cases, quantum theory doesn't give definite answers to questions such as "where is this particle right now?" Instead, it only provides probabilities for where the particle might be found when it is observed. For Niels Bohr, one of the founders of the theory a century ago, that's not because we lack information, but because physical properties like "position" don't actually exist until they are measured. And what's more, because some properties of a particle can't be perfectly observed simultaneously — such as position and velocity — they can't be real simultaneously. Observer - In 1961, the Hungarian-American theoretical physicist Eugene Wigner devised a thought experiment to show what's so tricky about the idea of measurement. He considered a situation in which his friend goes into a tightly sealed lab and performs a measurement on a quantum particle — its position, say. However, Wigner noticed that if he applied the equations of quantum mechanics to describe this situation from the outside, the result was quite different. Instead of the friend's measurement making the particle's position real, from Wigner's perspective the friend becomes entangled with the particle and infected with the uncertainty that surrounds it. Chinese rocket booster appears to crash near school during Gaofen 11 satellite launch Link: https://www.space.com/china-launches-gaofen-11-satellite-rocket-crash.html A Chinese Long March 4B rocket successfully launched a new Earth-watching satellite Monday (Sep. 7) but the booster's spent first stage narrowly missed a school when it fell back to Earth, witness videos show. The Long March 4B rocket lifted off from the Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center in north China, at 1:57 p.m. local time (1:57 a.m. EDT, 0557 GMT). It carried the powerful Gaofen 11 (02) Earth observation satellite, an optical observation satellite capable of returning high resolution images, showing features as smaller than 3 feet (1 meter) across. Amateur footage posted on Chinese social media site Weibo following the launch apparently shows the first stage of the Long March 4B falling to Earth and exploding into a cloud of orange smoke. The footage was captured near the Lilong village, Gaoyao Town in the Luonan county of Shaanxi province, according to its author. One piece of footage appears to be taken from a school yard with children's voices audible and a plume of smoke visible in the distance. The Long March 4B first stage uses a mix of toxic hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide for propellant. Contact with either could bring serious effects on health. China's main state-owned space contractor said in January it would aim for around 40 launches in 2020, with commercial launch service providers additionally carrying out their own missions. SpaceX says its Starlink satellite internet can download 100 megabits per second, and 'space lasers' transfer data between satellites Link: https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/spacex-says-its-starlink-satellite-internet-can-download-100-megabits-per-second-and-space-lasers-transfer-data-between-satellites/ar-BB18GPrW?li=BBnb7Kz In private beta testing of its Starlink internet satellites, SpaceX says it has found low latency and high download speeds of 100 megabits per second. "Space lasers" also transferred hundreds of gigabytes of data between two Starlink satellites during a test, the company said. Visit Business Insider's homepage for more stories. SpaceX says early tests of its rapidly growing fleet of internet-providing satellites are yielding promising results. Internal tests of a beta version of internet service from the company's Starlink project show "super low latency and download speeds greater than 100 [megabits] per second," Kate Tice, a SpaceX senior certification engineer, said during a live broadcast of a Starlink launch on Thursday. "That means our latency is low enough to play the fastest online video games, and our download speeds are fast enough to stream multiple HD movies at once and still have bandwidth to spare," Tice added. The Starlink initiative eventually aims to send tens of thousands of broadband satellites into orbit, blanketing Earth in affordable, high-speed internet. SpaceX CEO Elon Musk has said that he hopes Starlink will get rural and remote regions online. Already, the company has launched more than 700 satellites. Tice also announced that SpaceX recently completed a test of two orbiting satellites that are equipped with inter-satellite links — informally known as "space lasers." This technology enables Starlink satellites to transfer data directly to each other in orbit, instead of beaming it to the ground and back. "With these space lasers, these Starlink satellites were able to transfer hundreds of gigabytes of data. Once these space lasers are fully deployed, Starlink will be one of the fastest options available to transfer data around the world," she said. Show Stuff Join the episode after party on Discord! Link: https://discord.gg/ZzJSrGP The Dark Horde Podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/show/the-dark-horde The Dark Horde, LLC – http://www.thedarkhorde.com Twitter @DarkHorde or https://twitter.com/HordeDark Support the podcast and shop @ http://shopthedarkhorde.com UBR Truth Seekers Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/216706068856746 UFO Buster Radio: https://www.facebook.com/UFOBusterRadio YouTube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCggl8-aPBDo7wXJQ43TiluA To contact Manny: manny@ufobusterradio.com, or on Twitter @ufobusterradio Call the show anytime at (972) 290-1329 and leave us a message with your point of view, UFO sighting, and ghostly experiences or join the discussion on www.ufobusterradio.com Mail can be sent to: UFO Buster Radio Network PO BOX 769905 San Antonio TX 78245 For Skype Users: bosscrawler

Real Science Radio hosts Bob Enyart and Fred Williams broadcast RSR's quantum mechanics article with an introduction and comments. - Prerequisite 1: RSR's List of Things that are Not Physical - Prerequisite 2: Know the 2-slit experiment - Other RSR QM resources below - Version 1.0 of the article... Quantum Mechanics' Wave-Particle Duality is a Triality by Bob Enyart Three is exact. Always. To infinite precision and regardless of how often it is used, in counting and equations, it never wears down. As is true with all integers, three is always precisely exact. Protons are always exact as are, in our experience, all neutrons. Like those baryons, all electrons are exact and identical to particles of their same kind whether primordial or formed just now through decay. And as with electrons, all the other leptons too of the same kind appear to be identical with others of the same kind including electron neutrinos, muons, and tau neutrinos. Hundreds of thousands of experiments have confirmed the extraordinarily successful mathematics of quantum mechanics leading to the conclusion that all particles of the same kind are identical (Ford, 2005, The Quantum World, p. 100). Yet at 1,835 times the (rest) mass of an electron, the proton is relatively enormous yet always exactly the same as all others and the two particles always have the opposite, yet exactly equal, electrical charges. So fermions, including all the particles mentioned so far, along with the quarks, all appear to be identical with others of their same kinds. The creatively named up and down, strange and charm, bottom and top quarks each are identical to all others of the same kind. And all of the antiparticles, as expected, such as antilepton positrons, appear to be identical with all others of their same kinds. As an aside, positron diffraction had been demonstrated in 1980 but it took almost four decades more to perform the full two-slit experiment with antimatter demonstrating the expected wave-particle duality (Ariga, et al., 2018, arxiv.org). That interference result was first obtained with light in 1801 and then with (normal) matter beginning in 1927 with electrons, then neutrons in 1988, atoms in 1991, and molecules beginning in 1994 with the largest projectiles to date in 2013 using a synthetic carbon-based molecule of 810 atoms (Eibenberger, et al., 2013, arxiv.org) and in 2019 with molecules of 2,000 atoms (Fein, et al., Nature Physics) weighing 25,000 to 40,000 AMU (atomic mass units). And likewise all bosons are identical with others of their same kind including the Z particle, the Higgs, and all photons as the ubiquitous and uniform force carrier of electromagnetism. (That is, all photons of the same energy levels are identical to all other similarly energized photons.) Manufacturing though, has taught mankind about unavoidable tolerances. So, how is it that all like particles, even those just now coming into existence, are apparently all absolutely identical? The exactness of repeatedly used numbers does not surprise scientists because, though materialists are known to deny this, numbers are not physical. Science itself cannot exist apart from numbers. And because numbers are not physical, scientific inquiry includes the non-physical. Numbers are a kind of information and, also often denied by materialists, information is not physical. Protons appear to be physical but certainly the statement and the concept that they are, is not physical. That statement, and any statement, as often observed, does not consist of the photons transmitting it to your eyes nor the molecules of ink on a page nor of the sound waves expressing it. Materialists may object but they disqualify themselves from being taken seriously. Rules of investigation, whether used by forensic criminologists or corporate accountants, should be valued to the extent that they help discover truth. The rules of the materialist, such as methodological naturalism, are the opposite. Materialism requires adherence to its rules of investigation especially if that means getting the most important answers completely wrong. Reviewing a Carl Sagan title, the famed Richard Lewontin (Jan. 9, 1997, New York Review of Books) admitted: We take the side of [materialist] science in spite of the patent absurdity of some of its constructs [and] in spite of the tolerance of the scientific community for unsubstantiated just-so stories, because we have a prior commitment, a commitment to materialism. It is not that the methods and institutions of science somehow compel us to accept a material explanation of the phenomenal world, but, on the contrary, that we are forced by our a priori adherence to material causes to create an apparatus of investigation and a set of concepts that produce material explanations... Materialists’ objections are discarded because they arise from the ultimate bias, which is insistence especially if wrong. Contrary to that lack of humility, the New Testament indicates that even Christianity itself is falsifiable. If Christ is not risen, then our faith is false (1 Cor. 15:14). Yet materialists cannot match such courage, covering themselves in a layer of non-falsifiable anti-science. So because there is no discovery, or scientific law, or technological advancement that requires or affirms atheism (Enyart, 2011, rsr.org/technology), the public posturing of materialism as more scientific than theism is dishonest. RSR at NYC's main public libraryFor decades, renowned physicists, many Christians, and others have interpreted quantum mechanics as providing evidence against the materialist worldview. And even more, the observer himself appears to have a special status. Might there be then a specifically Christian insight into quantum mechanics and matter's wave-particle duality? Physics, like biology, is increasingly seen as information based. Some physicists speak of an “information wave” (ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4,  ref5, etc.) and even a primordial information wave. Quantum mechanics obeys some rules that seem almost grammatical. Subject and verb, for example, must agree in number. In organisms, it’s not the acids that encode it but the functional information that is the more fundamental substance. Human beings are body, soul, and spirit and the soul survives even if all atoms of our body are replaced over time and both soul and spirit survive even cremation, so our non-physical selves are of greater substance than our physical bodies. God exists in three persons from eternity past and created a form for the Son to indwell in which He walked in the garden, and in Nazareth, and in which He will continue to walk eternally including on the new Earth. God is Spirit through eternity past yet the Son has become flesh and taken humanity upon Himself and the Bible describes Him now as inhabiting a glorified body. The Father, the Holy Spirit, and now inhabiting a glorified body, the Son, these three are reflected in human beings as body, soul, and spirit. As God stamped the creation with His own triune image (see below), might elementary particles themselves bear that triunity? Rather than a wave-particle duality perhaps matter is a wave-particle-word triality. If so, then like with biology and even humanity, it is the non-physical information-based component behind matter that is the deeper substance, the more solid phenomenon, the harder reality. The exactness of fundamental particles is a bewildering phenomenon, so much so that asking why these are exact is a question either ignored or sufficient to drive the most brilliant men nearly insane. As Richard Feynman said in his Nobel lecture: I received a telephone call one day at the graduate college at Princeton from Professor Wheeler, in which he said, "Feynman, I know why all electrons have the same charge and the same mass" "Why?" "Because, they are all the same electron!" That's similar to saying that the reason all threes are exactly the same is because they're all the same three! Consider though that the exactness of particles is itself a quantum effect. Perhaps an electron is a mathematical expression. Likewise, perhaps a proton is a mathematical expression, or even a grammatical one, conditionally expressed as a particle or wave depending upon context and the grammatical rules of physics. Long realizing that atoms, and therefore, steel and diamonds, are mostly empty space, brings us to consider that perhaps the baryons and leptons of the atom are, in a way, less than empty space, that is, that they are non-physical. Information, being non-physical, would have no problem passing through either one or two slits, depending upon context. Regardless of how far it may extend through space a sentence requires agreement between subject and verb, just as entangled particles affect each other even over vast distances, seemingly violating the laws of classical physics but not the immaterial laws of math, information theory, and grammar. Quantum tunneling may seem impossible but what physical barrier can impede a probability, a sentence, or an equation? Of the 77 creation passages in Scripture, the two greatest parallel passages from the Old and New Testaments, Genesis 1 and John 1, both stress a literary, verbal creation. And interestingly, the great creation Psalm 19 does the same. (Note first though, that while "the" Word refers to God the Son who "became flesh and dwelt among us", this paper, not written by a pantheist, does not imply that matter is divine. We therefore use an uppercase "W" to refer to God as the Word and a lowercase "w" to refer to the wave-particle-word as information.) In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God... All things were made through Him, and without [the Word] nothing was made that was made. Nothing. In Genesis, to perform a creative act, He spoke, including when God "said", Let there be light. The Holy Spirit could have inspired Moses to simply write that God made light or God created light, and so on for the next seven instances. But instead, God "said." The nineteenth psalm C.S. Lewis famously described as, "one of the greatest lyrics in the world." The "higher critics", such as those of the Documentary Hypothesis, opining otherwise, describe the chapter as a disjointed concatenation of two unrelated poems (1904, Cheyne, The Book of Psalms, 2nd Ed., Vol. 1, p. 75; etc., etc.). However, they miss the structure whereby the first half describes the physical heavens in literary terms and the second half describes the written or literary Word of God in astronomical terms. Physical Heavens in Literary Terms: The heavens declare the glory of God And the firmament shows [Hb. tells] His handiwork Day unto day utters speech And night unto night reveals knowledge. There is no speech nor language Where their voice is not heard. Their line [Sept., Rom. 10:18, voice] has gone out through all the earth, And their words to the end of the world. Etc. The second part of Psalm 19 describes the Scriptures in terms not as evidently astronomical as the first half is literary, yet we can see it there. "The law of the Lord is perfect, converting the soul… The commandment of the Lord is pure, enlightening the eyes…" Then, "Who can understand his errors" (from Hb. shagah) wanderings, as with the wandering planets which the ancients did not understand. Then, of those errors, "Let them not have dominion over me", using the same Hebrew word as Genesis 1 where the "lights in the firmament of the heavens… rule over the day and over the night." Other expressions may suggest the same parallel. For God's Word is as "perfect" as is the Sun's annual "circuit" (v. 6) through the stars, which can "convert the soul", which is an especially unusual Hebrew expression, translated literally as, returning the soul, with this verb reminding us of the Sun which returns "from one end of heaven… to the other" (v. 6). So nothing was created apart from the Word. Logos, there referring to God the Son (Jn. 1:14), with that Greek word also meaning idea, reason. The creation week is characterized by God "saying", and the creation Psalm describes the heavens in terms of speech and knowledge. As with all creation, God is the "Author of life" (Acts 3:15). Likewise with redemption He is the "Author" of salvation and of faith (Heb. 2:10; 5:9; 12:2). Even then regarding the ongoing operation of the universe we see the same literary perspective with God, "upholding all things by the word of His power" (Heb. 1:3). Rather than a wave-particle duality, perhaps more complete and leading to more scientific understanding is the description of matter as a wave-particle-word triality. And perhaps as with vegetation, animals, and people, the non-physical aspect of matter is, ironically, the greater substance. Plants have a body, animals have a body and soul (Gen. 1:24; Hb. nephesh), and human beings have a body, soul, and spirit (1 Thes. 5:23; Heb. 4:12), yet the non-physical realm, which happens also to be the domain of information, is the greatest substance for all three; for plants, animals, and people. If normal metabolism happened to replace every atom in a favorite pet's body, as long as it had breath, still its identity, that is, its soul, would persist. For animals too then, and even aside from their immaterial biological information, the "physical" component is not the greater substance. For human beings, and known through general and special revelation that, as above, our spirits survive even cremation, our physical body is not remotely the greater substance of our existence. And the genetic molecule is not the deepest substance of broccoli. For just as with ink in a book, even with plants, amino acids are not the essence. And in some respects clearly a human being is "an epistle... written not with ink but by the Spirit of the living God, not on tablets of stone but on tablets of flesh" (2 Cor. 3:3). Again, a plant's substance, its essence, is not it's DNA but the functional information the genetic molecule and other cellular systems carry. In the same way, if fundamental particles have a wave-particle-word triality, the information is the deeper substance, expressing matter as a wave, or a particle, depending upon the context, both mathematical and linguistic. All human beings, but especially Christian theologians and quantum physicists, can see a triune stamp on the cosmos. Electrons, physicists have discovered, are of one of the three "flavors" of leptons and one of the three groupings of quarks form protons and neutrons, with quarks existing in one of three "colors" and of multiples of one-third electrical charge. Exactly three generations of elementary particles underlie all matter. Physicist Richard Feynman in his book QED asked how many fundamental actions are there to account for nearly all phenomena in the universe regarding light and electricity to which he answered: "There are Three!" And in his Nobel prize lecture Feynman said, astoundingly, that there are three unique ways of "describing quantum mechanics". Further, unlike our arbitrary earth-based units of measurement, scientists so far have discovered "two natural units", Planck's constant, h, and the speed of light, c. A "still-unanswered question is whether a third natural unit awaits discovery", for such a triune "'all-natural' physics" would "form a basis of measurement as complete as, and much more satisfying than, the kilogram, the meter, and the second." Might there, though, be more, say, of the leptons? Overlooking the theologian, Kenneth Ford, retired director of the American Institute of Physics, wrote, "No one knows why there are three flavors of particles..." yet he concludes, "Surprisingly, physicists feel confident that the third flavor marks the end of the trail—no more lie ahead." The Christian theologian by the Scriptures knows that God exists as three persons in one Trinity. So, unsurprisingly, man has a triune nature. Christ was three days in the tomb, which Jonah’s three days foreshadowed, as did Abraham’s three days of thinking that he would sacrifice his own son on that same hill called Golgotha, the Skull, and Mt. Moriah (Gen. 22:14; 2 Chron. 3:1). Israel's three patriarchs are Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. The priestly tribe of Levi is from Jacob's third child (Gen. 29:34) as Leviticus is the Bible's third book. The day the law was given the sons of Levi killed "about three thousand men' (Ex. 32:28), whereas the day the Spirit was given, "that day about three thousand souls" were saved (Acts 2:41; 2 Cor. 3:6), for the law kills but the Spirit gives life (2 Cor. 3:6-7). The Hebrew Scriptures comprise three sections, the Law, the Prophets, and the Writings (Luke 24:44), and the Bible names three archangels. The most noteworthy women are Eve, Sarah, and Mary. The magi brought gold, frankincense and myrrh. Three persons (one being the Son) started their public service at thirty years of age: Joseph (Gen. 41:46), a deliverer of his people; David (2 Sam. 5:4) seated on the messianic throne (2 Sam. 7:12-13); and "Jesus Himself began His ministry at about thirty years of age" (Luke 3:23). God could have led Esther to fast for two days, or four; and He could have kept Jonah in the whale for one day, or a week, but three days and three nights prefigures God’s plan of salvation for Christ’s time in the grave. For Jesus "rose again the third day according to the Scriptures" (1 Cor. 15:4). Thus the triune Christian God, the mystery of the Trinity, three Persons in One God, is the only true God. And even theoretically, unlike the unitarian Allah and any of the alleged pagan idols, the God of the Bible is the only one whose testimony we would be able to trust, for His triunity answers both the philosophical problem of the one and the many and it answers Socrates' challenge against theism titled Euthyphro's Dilemma. For, how could God Himself know that He is good, and not evil? Allah could not know that [John 5:31]. But with the Triune God, the Son testifies that for eternity past, the Father has never wronged the Son, and the Father of the Spirit, and the Spirit of the Son, an eternal threefold testimony for by the testimony of two or three witnesses the matter is established (Deut. 19:15; Eccl. 4:12; Mat. 18:16; John 5:31-39; 2 Cor. 13:1; 1 Tim. 5:19; Heb. 10:28). Even the one who never heard a Bible verse can notice that the Creator has imprinted our world with a triune nature. Space exists in three dimensions, height, width, and length, as does time in past, present and future. The electromagnetic force operates in positive, negative, and neutral, and in light, red, green, and blue blend into the hues of the rainbow whereas in pigment the three primary colors are red, yellow, and blue. We human beings live on this third planet from the Sun; we're made of atoms built of "just three basic particles", protons, neutrons, and electrons; and we have trichromatic color vision. Mankind's first known states of matter were solid, liquid, and gas and his first known number system used the Sumerian term "man" for 1, "woman" for 2, and the word "plurality" for 3, with math itself happening in the realm of positive, negative, and zero. His strongest shape for building is the triangle. Writers often give three examples and artists group in threes as in interior design, sculpting, and even movie directing, as compared to trilogy (1, 2, 3) there is no commonly used word for any other number of films. Photographers use the rule of thirds. Logicians use the three laws of logic as genetic scientists learned that DNA uses only three-letter words. It's not that only the number three describes reality (see rsr.org/360 and rsr.org/300). Rather, as known by architects, authors, and composers, a theme is most appreciated in the context of greater variety. If well designed, the greater the variety, the more appreciated the theme. So we humans are body, soul, and spirit (1 Thes. 5:23), made in the image of God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit. People live here, in heaven, and in hell. Those who love God cry, "Holy, holy, holy." Consider a hypothesis that is consistent with, well, just about everything, and that if true would help to answer many questions. Rather than a wave-particle duality, matter is a wave-particle-word triality, with "word" meaning information or, perhaps better, functional information. Quantum states are probabilistic and probability is conceptual, not physical. This may explain why, after a century of trying, currently there is no explanation for how a wave can physically collapse into a particle. No such explanation may exist. A survey of quantum physics instructors found that 30% "thought of the wave function as a physical matter wave, while nearly half preferred to view the wave function as containing information only..." A photon, like every other elementary particle, is primarily a functional information packet expressing itself, based on context and the rules of physical grammar, so to speak, as a particle or as a wave. (Experiment suggests even that a photon can exhibit aspects of both particle and wave simultaneously.) In quantum mechanics, a particle's probability is not based on a lack of information, as with a classical shell game with its one-third probability that the ball is under a particular cup. The probabilistic quantum state does not refer to a lack of knowledge about the state but to the state itself. Further, every particle, regardless of its state, is an expression of a quantum packet of information. So one consequence of the wave-particle-word triality hypothesis is that every particle is always in a quantum state. Of proton (and quark) manufacturing, so to speak, why are the tolerances exact? Why can't some protons (or their quarks), with the mass of more than 1,800 electrons, perhaps have only 99.7% or 100.1%, of the inverse charge of an electron? Why are all fundamental particles, even long after the Fall, apparently exactly identical to all others of the same kind? Elementary particles of the same kind are identical to one another because each is the expression of a mathematical and linguistic information packet, which packets are the essence of matter. A bottom quark is identical to all other bottom quarks in the way that the number 3 is exact and identical regardless of how many times it is expressed. Though it obeys a grammar and is fundamentally information, neither a particle nor a wave is an illusion. They are not non-physical in the sense that they only exist in one's perception. The wave does not occupy any abstract higher-dimensional Hilbert space (2016, The Quantum Handshake: Entanglement, Nonlocality and Transactions, John G. Cramer, Springer, p. 71; 2006, Cramer's transactional interpretation and causal loop problems, Synthese, Vo. 150, pp. 1-40). Instead, both the particle and the wave are actual expressions of the quantum information packet. (Should that be called a quip?) Why would a particle heading toward two slits transform itself into a wave? Why must a subject and verb agree in number? Why must the spin of a far-distant entangled particle equal zero with its entangled twin? Why grammatically is a singular subject typically paired with a plural verb when in a counterfactual subjunctive mood? These are the rules of language, human language and the language (punctuation, syntax even, grammar and composition) of physics. In both, context determines which expressions are appropriate. If we can't conceive of a particle going through two slits simultaneously, we also cannot conceive of any way that such a problem could challenge a non-physical entity. Information is not physical. It exists and flows in a non-physical dimension that is interfaced with our physical universe. Information can be generated by a man's spirit, which spirit itself is interfaced to his body. In some similarly bewildering manner, quantum information is interfaced to our physical cosmos. So, not aware of that functional information nor its role, in one camp the Copenhagen interpreters say "shut up and measure", arguing against even trying to understand. And another broad camp visualizes, in the place where the quip interfaces to the physical realm, either a multiverse or multiple non-existent physical dimensions, all because they are unwittingly trying to physicalize something that cannot be physicalized. When Newton described universal gravitation, he gave little thought to its mechanism, satisfying himself with describing what it does. Mankind has benefited ever since. Quantum physicists describe in precise detail what electrons do, for example, when they instantly jump between energy levels, but not why or how it is that they do this. (Participles, by the way, like adjectives, must agree with their substantives in case, gender, and number.) Likewise, we know the electric charge of a proton but why is it so? Maxwell's field equations addressed waves of electromagnetism a half century before Einstein spoke of individual quanta. So with the single photon's invariant zero mass we know that its velocity upon creation is light speed but why is it that speed? Following Newton's approach, if matter is a wave-particle-word triality, that gives us a clearer idea of what it is and what it is doing and even some insight into the why, even if we have no conception of the how. For example, the triality insight is supportive of the view of the particle as a mathematical equation, for, the quantum packet of functional information would include any such mathematical formulation. And this triality may help to better understand what is called the quantum conservation of weirdness. Particles can superimpose because their inherent mathematical expressions can superimpose, and the information packet containing those expressions also contain the grammatical rules to discern the proper contexts for such behavior. And a quantum state can be split because division is a valid operation on its mathematical expression. Particles can tunnel because experiment has shown that the rules of quantum syntax and grammar permit a flow of information such that these tiny physical barriers cannot prevent it. God thought E=mc2 and implemented that equality and many other beautiful mathematical equations in His creation. Likewise, design considerations and functional requirements led our inexhaustibly creative God to implement the quantum world. This provides a robust foundation for the macro world. And it also makes available these astounding microscopic capabilities to achieve otherwise impossible precision (as in navigation and smell) in biological organisms and for creative human inventors to exploit including by enabling information technology that could blur the distinction between easy and hard computational problems. Considering further this contrast between what and how, the spectacular discoveries of what the laws of science describe expose the physicist's ignorance of why and even of how they do it. The 2018 Oxford University Press text Conjuring the Universe: the origin of the laws of nature by Peter Atkins wears its author's atheism on its sleeve with the dust jacket claiming that the laws of nature leave "very little, if anything at all, for a Creator to do" and the Preface beginning, "The workings of the world have been ascribed by some to an astonishingly busybody but disembodied Creator… My gut recoils from this…" Yet right off, Chapter 1 makes it clear that the author (and by extension, all Oxford and the entire atheistic world) has no explanation for the ostensible topic of the book, the origin of laws. Two things are observed, however, about the nature of these laws, that they describe actions, and "that some are intrinsically mathematical and the others are adequately verbal" (p. 13). Thus many of nature's laws were discovered by thought experiments on such things as idealized gas, radiators, and spatial points (LaGrange), and even on things like trolleys and falling bodies. The hypothesis in this paper, that matter is fundamentally non-physical, has as a corollary, that the laws of quantum mechanics, like all laws, are themselves non-physical. The most fundamental of the laws of physics, found in the probabilistic quantum world, appear to be not only conceptual, but also declaratory. Thus an electron shall be offset by a proton; it may not decay (a prohibition); and its wave state will proceed until observed. Extrapolating from the quantum world, some of the classical laws seem to be declaratory rather than physical. For arguments sake, we can concede that methodological naturalism could possibly explain something like the inverse square law. Consider though, that classical objects shall attract each other; elements' properties shall recur in the periodic table; every action will produce a reaction. This paper's hypothesis suggests that no purely physical reason will ever be found to explain why or even how it could be that unlike the neutron, the charge of the proton and the electron are equal and opposite. Meanwhile, substantives like pronouns (current social insanity aside) are only masculine, feminine, or neutral. The corresponding electrical charge of various particles may exist because the respective quantum information packets of those particles are multi-field data records that have a sexagesimal value of plus or minus one unit in their respective electrical charge "fields", fields that is, not in the coulomb sense but in the data structure sense in information technology. So even with the inverse-square law, which has perhaps the most physicality of all the physical laws, as a particle is approached, force increases yet it does not reach infinity. Why not? Because its maximum value, is declared, not unlike when God said, "Let there be light", that is, as in computer programming, max value is set by definition. That definition is set either within the quantum information packet itself, or more likely it resides in a mathematical universal constant which is referenced by a pointer from within the packet, which provides part of the context within which that packet exists and can be expressed. Meanwhile, the non-physical is crashing down on the materialist from all sides. As though themselves glorious, numbers are not physical. Math is not physical. Information is not physical. Grammar is not physical. Logic is not physical. Reason is not physical. Ideas are not physical. Science is not physical. Concepts are not physical. Morality is not physical. Truth is not physical. Souls are not physical. Spirits are not physical. Codes are not physical. The square root of negative one is not physical (and so like everything else, by its use in the implementation of quantum mechanics, etc., therefore the √(−1) reveals the Creator). Infinity is not physical. Consciousness is not physical. Genomes are not physical. Pain is not physical. Your mind is not physical. Laws are not physical. And God is not physical. For ninety years now, various quantum physicists have even been arguing that particles themselves may not be physical! And they might be right. So the apparent exactness of all elementary particles may itself be evidence of their underlying non-physical numerical essence, with that exactness occurring by each particle's constant quantum expression of its value and worth in the eyes of the Beholder. So to the materialist, if it turns out that along with everything else, that matter itself is non-physical, well then, that's just piling on. For as Paul wrote to the Colossians, Christ "is the image of the invisible God… For by Him all things were created that are in heaven and that are on earth, visible and invisible" and He Himself is Spirit and for whatever it means, "in Him all things hold together." ### This draft is unfinished as of 4/9/20. RSR notes toward finalizing this article reside in RSR's shared Google Docs folder Quantum Mechanics including RSR's List of Quantum Mechanics Rules. Members of the RSR Research Team meet online via a Google Hangouts video conference on Monday nights at 5 p.m. Mountain Time. To join and get access to that and scores of other private team resources, see rsr.org/research-team. And please, your comments may help Bob decide whether to submit this draft to a creation journal, so don't hesitate to send them along to Bob@rsr.org. Thanks! RSR's Quantum Thoughts: - 2018: Quantum Biology: Doing what standard chemistry and physics can't - 2019: QB Pt. 2: Our seemingly impossible sense of smell - 2019: How Quantum Computers Do It: Finally, a Helpful Illustration - 2019: Google's Quantum Supremacy - 2019: Top Mathematicians: Ants & Bees, Mold & Amoebas - 2018: Coincidence or Determinism? Quantum theology and physics - 2015: An RSR preview show - 2020: Our rsr.org/wave-particle-duality-is-a-triality (this page) aka rsr.org/quantum and rsr.org/triality.  

Alexander Boxer is a data scientist and author who revels in the ways that ancient and modern science can both be used to provide insights into our lives. Alexander has a PhD in Physics from MIT, a master's degree in the History of Science from Oxford, and a bachelors in Classical Language from Yale. His work has appeared in the Nature Physics journal, and he was also a field agent for Atlas Obscura.

Une étude effectuée par une équipe exploitant les données des satellites THEMIS qui étudient les interactions du vent solaire avec la magnétosphère terrestre montre que les orages magnétiques peuvent provenir de beaucoup plus près de la Terre que ce qu'on pensait généralement, de quoi impacter directement de nombreux satellites. Elle est publiée dans Nature Physics.

If the economy is better understood as an evolving system, an out-of-equilibrium ecology composed of agents that adapt to one another’s strategies, how does this change the way we think about our future? By drawing new analogies between technology and life, and studying how tools evolve by building on and recombining what has come before, what does this tell us about economics as a sub-process of our self-organizing biosphere? Over the last forty years, previously siloed scientific disciplines have come together with new data-driven methods to trace the outlines of a unifying economic theory, and allow us to design new human systems that anticipate the planet-wide disruptions of our rapidly accelerating age. New stories need to be articulated, ones that start earlier than human history, and in which societies work better when engineered in service to the laws of physics and biology they ultimately follow…This week’s guest is W. Brian Arthur, External Professor at the Santa Fe Institute, Fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford, and Visiting Researcher at Xerox PARC.  In this second part of our two-episode conversation, we discuss technology as seen through the lens of evolutionary biology, and how he foresees the future of the economy as our labor market and financial systems are increasingly devoured by artificial intelligence.If you enjoy this podcast, please help us reach a wider audience by leaving a review at Apple Podcasts, or by sharing the show on social media. Thank you for listening!Visit our website for more information or to support our science and communication efforts.Join our Facebook discussion group to meet like minds and talk about each episode.Podcast Theme Music by Mitch Mignano.Follow us on social media:Twitter • YouTube • Facebook • Instagram • LinkedInBrian’s Website.Brian’s Google Scholar page.“Where is technology taking the economy?” in McKinsey, 2017.The Nature of Technology: What It Is and How It Evolves.“Punctuated equilibria: the tempo and mode of evolution reconsidered” by Gould & Eldredge."A natural bias for simplicity" by Mark Buchanan in Nature Physics."Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren" by John Maynard Keynes.

Un artículo publicado en Nature Physics nos sirve hoy de punto de partida para un recorrido histórico que nos llevará a medir el tamaño del Universo, partiendo de la medida de la distancia entre la Tierra y el Sol. Investigadores de varias universidades descubren por qué algunas sustancias presentes en cremas y cosméticos pueden causar en algunos casos la enfermedad de dermatitis por contacto. Un estudio revela que las personas mayores de 37 años que corren por primera vez una maratón rebajan en casi cuatro años su “edad aórtica” en tan sólo seis meses. Los agujeros negros supermasivos del centro de las galaxias más grandes pueden provenir de la fusión de agujeros negros localizados en galaxias más pequeñas y antiguas.

Zoisov nagrajenec za vrhunske dosežke na področju kvantnega magnetizma in neobičajne superprevodnosti je prof. dr. Denis Arčon. Profesor fizike na Univerzi v Ljubljani in znanstveni svetnik na Inštitutu Jožef Štefan je svetovno priznan strokovnjak na področju eksperimentalne fizike trdne snovi z več kot 180 objavljenimi deli v uglednih revijah, med drugim je objavil tri članke v reviji Science, po enega pa v Nature, Nature Physics in Nature Chemistry z več kot 3400 citati. Še posebej izjemen dosežek je zahtevna raziskava kvantne spinske tekočine v tantalovem disulfidu. V članku v reviji Nature Physics kot vodilni avtor opisuje niz zahtevnih raziskav, kjer so dokazi za njen obstoj zelo prepričljivi. Članek je po objavi doživel veliko pozornosti v svetu, tudi potrditve z drugimi metodami in teoretičnimi izračuni. Njegova ekspertiza na področju magnetne resonance je bila ključna pri nizu pomembnih objav v vrhunskih revijah na različnih materialih. Njegovo delo odlikuje tesno sodelovanje z vrhunskimi skupinami po svetu. Njegovo področje dela so sistemi s koreliranimi elektroni, superprevodniki in različne magnetne spojine, katerih fazne diagrame raziskuje s komplementarnimi magnetnoresonančnimi metodami. Še posebej temeljito se je zadnje čase posvetil kvantnemu magnetizmu in neobičajni superprevodnosti, ki ju odlično pojasni v tokratni oddaji. foto: Alumni oddelka za fiziko FMF

Skupini slovenskih znanstvenikov pod vodstvom doc. dr. Andreja Zorka z odseka za fiziko trdne snovi na Inštitutu “Jožef Stefan” in Fakultete za matematiko in fiziko Univerze v Ljubljani je uspelo eksperimentalno dokazati Kondov pojav v kvantni spinski tekočini, o čemer so objavili članek v prestižni znanstveni reviji Nature Physics. Kondov pojav je sicer značilen za električne prevodnike, kvantna spinska tekočina pa je izolator. Vendar se v določenih pogojih zelo nenavadno obnaša in zdaj vemo zakaj. Kvantni materiali so v zadnjem času deležni izredne pozornosti znanstvenikov po vsem svetu, saj bodo na njihovih posebnih lastnostih temeljili kvantni računalniki in kvantne tehnologije. Uspeh slovenskih znanstvenikov zdaj odpira pomembne nove možnosti za njeno uporabo, tudi za potencialno zapisovanje kvantnih informacij. Foto: Nina Slaček

Quantum computers are expected to help in chemistry, but how exactly? In this episode, Alessandro Chiesa and Francesco Tacchino tell us about their recent work using IBM chips to predict results of neutron scattering experiments on magnetic molecules.  A. Chiesa, F. Tacchino, M. Grossi, P. Santini, I. Tavernelli, D. Gerace & S. Carretta, Quantum hardware simulating four-dimensional inelastic neutron scattering, Nature Physics, March 2019 (paper, preprint)  

Christopher Axline works in circuit QED. He prepares arbitrary quantum states in one microwave cavity, then transfers it into another cavity with a press of a button. C. Axline et al, On-demand quantum state transfer and entanglement between remote microwave cavity memories, Nature Physics vol 14, pp 705–710 (2018) (Paper, preprint)      

La Tierra es, con mucha diferencia, el planeta mejor conocido del Sistema Solar, y sin embargo su interior sólo lo conocemos a grandes rasgos. Sabemos que hay un manto formado por silicatos esencialmente sólidos, pero sometidos a tanta presión que se comportan como un fluido viscoso. Sabemos que hay un núcleo que acumula la mayor parte del hierro, níquel, uranio, plata y otros elementos pesados. Y entre ambos hay una capa, el núcleo externo, en que esos metales pesados están en estado líquido. El estudio de estas estructuras es muy difícil porque no tenemos acceso directo a ellas, y en la actualidad casi todo nuestro conocimiento proviene de "cazar" ondas sísmicas que pasan a través de ellas. Ahora, un artículo publicado en Nature Physics por investigadores españoles demuestra que también es posible usar los neutrinos que atraviesan la Tierra para estudiar su interior. Hablamos con ellos para que nos cuenten qué son los neutrinos y cómo permiten "ver" las capas internas de la Tierra. Son Sergio Palomares, Jordi Salvadó y Andrea Donini, del Instituto de Física Corpuscular. Si queréis ver otra manera en que los neutrinos nos pueden ayudar a entender el interior de la Tierra buscad el episodio s09e21 de nuestro pódcast hermano, La Brújula de la Ciencia. En él os contamos que los neutrinos han sido usados para estimar de dónde viene el calor interno de nuestro planeta. Este programa se emitió originalmente el 21 de noviembre de 2018. Podéis escuchar el resto de audios de Más de Uno en su canal de iVoox y en la web de Onda Cero, ondacero.es

La Tierra es, con mucha diferencia, el planeta mejor conocido del Sistema Solar, y sin embargo su interior sólo lo conocemos a grandes rasgos. Sabemos que hay un manto formado por silicatos esencialmente sólidos, pero sometidos a tanta presión que se comportan como un fluido viscoso. Sabemos que hay un núcleo que acumula la mayor parte del hierro, níquel, uranio, plata y otros elementos pesados. Y entre ambos hay una capa, el núcleo externo, en que esos metales pesados están en estado líquido. El estudio de estas estructuras es muy difícil porque no tenemos acceso directo a ellas, y en la actualidad casi todo nuestro conocimiento proviene de "cazar" ondas sísmicas que pasan a través de ellas. Ahora, un artículo publicado en Nature Physics por investigadores españoles demuestra que también es posible usar los neutrinos que atraviesan la Tierra para estudiar su interior. Hablamos con ellos para que nos cuenten qué son los neutrinos y cómo permiten "ver" las capas internas de la Tierra. Son Sergio Palomares, Jordi Salvadó y Andrea Donini, del Instituto de Física Corpuscular. Si queréis ver otra manera en que los neutrinos nos pueden ayudar a entender el interior de la Tierra buscad el episodio s09e21 de nuestro pódcast hermano, La Brújula de la Ciencia. En él os contamos que los neutrinos han sido usados para estimar de dónde viene el calor interno de nuestro planeta. Este programa se emitió originalmente el 21 de noviembre de 2018. Podéis escuchar el resto de audios de Más de Uno en su canal de iVoox y en la web de Onda Cero, ondacero.es

In this episode, I dive deep into quantum communication with Sam Whiteley. We talk about unhackable communication networks, the difficultly of setting up a totally quantum system, and where work on quantum communication still has a ways to go. Suggested Readings: Link to a free version of our manuscript, recently accepted by Nature Physics: https://arxiv.org/abs/1804.10996 News & more information about Quantum Communication from Scientific American: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-quantum-internet-has-arrived-and-it-hasn-rsquo-t/ New York Times including interview with Sam's advisor: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/03/technology/quantum-encryption.html Find Sam Whiteley: https://www.linkedin.com/in/samuel-whiteley-43b16686/, https://ime.uchicago.edu/awschalomlab/ Follow me: PhDrinking@gmail.com, @PhDrinking, @SadieWit, www.facebook.com/PhDrinking/ Thanks to www.bensound.com/ for the intro/outro Thanks to @TylerDamme for audio editing

Astrophiz30: Out now on iTunes and Soundcloud. Dr Elizabeth Tasker Debunks Earth 2.0 is in the Trappist1 system, Dr Ian Musgrave “What’s Up Doc" Our feature interview is with Dr Elizabeth Tasker who gives a reality check to the claims that ‘7 earth-like planets' have been found around TRAPPIST-1, a small star about 40 light years away, and in her most recent paper, calls for a more accurate definition of our use of the term ‘habitability'. Elizabeth is a British astrophysicist who works at JAXA, the Institute of Space and Astronomical Science, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. Our regular segment features Dr Ian Musgrave of ‘Astroblog’ fame, and he tells us what to look for in the night and morning skies over the next few weeks. In the news: 1. The Explosive beginnings of a supernova spotted for the first time (via Amy Middleton reporting for cosmosmagazine) and she writes about a new paper in Nature Physics about the spectacular transformation of a star, assumed to have been a red supergiant, into a supernova, just three hours after it began. 2. The unexpected discovery of young stars in old star clusters may send scientists back to the drawing board and change our understanding of how stars evolve (via Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters, posted in phys.org/astronomy) 3. A White Dwarf star X9, is the closest star ever found orbiting a black hole, and it’s orbiting at an astonishing 12 million km/h. The stellar dance between these two objects is taking place inside a globular cluster 47 Tucanae, a group of about a million stars orbiting the galactic centre about 15,000 light years from Earth. (reported by Marcus Strom for the Sydney Morning Herald) Next episode: Dark Matter with Dr Elisabetta Barberio (out on 6 April)

Im Anschluss ihres Erasmus-Auslandsjahr in Lyon hat sich Alexandra Krause als angehende Physikerin in den Bereich der Quanteninformatik vertieft. Dazu hat sie im Rahmen der Gulasch Programmiernacht (GPN16) des Entropia e.V. in der Hochschule für Gestaltung und dem ZKM in Karlsruhe über Quantum Speedup (video) vorgetragen und Zeit gefunden, uns auch im Podcast etwas über das Thema zu erzählen. Im Gegensatz zur klassischen Physik gelten in der Quantenmechanik eigene Regeln: So geht es hier um Teilchen in der Größenordnung von Atomen, wo die Begriffe Teilchen und Welle verschwimmen und der quantenmechanische Zustand unbeobachtet nur noch als Zustandsgemisch beschrieben werden kann. Genau diese Eigenschaft will man sich beim Quantencomputer zu Nutze machen, wo gegenüber dem klassischen digitalen Computer, der immer auf einzelnen festen Zuständen in Bits mit Logikgattern rechnet, der Quantenrechner pro Schritt in Qubits auf allen Zuständen gleichzeitig operiert. Das eigentliche Ergebnis erhält man dort erst bei der Messung, wodurch sich der reine Zustand des Quantensystems einstellt. Der Grover-Algorithmus ist eine bekannte Anwendung für einen Quantencomputer, der Datenbanken schneller als klassische Verfahren durchsuchen kann. Der Shor-Algorithmus kann hingegen mit einer Quanten-Fouriertransformation in polynomialer Zeit Zahlen in ihre Primfaktoren zerlegen kann. Damit werden viele assymetrische Kryptoverfahren wie das RSA-Verfahren obsolet, da sie auf der Schwierigkeit der klassischen Faktorisierung basieren. Shor hat in der gleichen Publikation auch ein Verfahren zur effizienten Berechnung von diskreten Logarithmen auf Quantencomputern veröffentlicht, so dass auch Kryptoverfahren auf elliptischen Kurven durch Quantencomputer gebrochen werden, die neben dem RSA-Verfahren Basis für viele Kryptowährungen sind. Zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt ist es der Experimentalphysik noch nicht gelungen, allgemeine Quantensysteme in einer Größe zu erschaffen, die für sinnvolle Anwendungen der Verfahren erforderlich wären. Die Schwierigkeit liegt darin, den Quantenzustand einzelner Qubits von der Umwelt abzukoppeln und nur für die Berechnung zu verwenden, wenn doch alles in der Umgebung in Bewegung ist. In der Größe weniger Qubits, die allgemeine Quantencomputer bisher erreichen konnten, wurden Zahlen wie 15 und 21 erfolgreich faktorisiert. Eine Hoffnung besteht hier auf dem adiabatischen Quantencomputer auf Basis adiabatischen Theorems, der von der Firma D-Wave Systems gebaut, und 2011 mit unvergleichlich vielen 128 Qubits auf den Markt gebracht wurde. Das Problem ist dabei, dass adiabatischen Quantencomputer im normalen Arbeitszustand keine universellen Quantencomputer sind, und hauptsächlich Optimierungsprobleme lösen können. Universelle Quantencomputer können im Circuit model anschaulich jedes herkömmliches Programm abbilden: Jedes klassische Logik-Gatter kann durch Hinzufügen weiterer Ausgänge reversibel werden, und dann als eine unitäre Abbildung oder Matrizen im Quantencomputer realisiert werden. Unitäre Abbildungen sind lineare Abbildungen mit der Eigenschaft, dass sie das komplexe Skalarprodukt zweier Vektoren nach der Abbildung erhalten, d.h. Vektoren behalten die gleiche Länge, und zwei Vektoren behalten den gleichen Winkel zueinander. Der Nachteil des reversiblen Ansatzes ist jedoch, dass dafür womöglich viele Bits benötigt werden, wenn man die Abbildungen nicht zuvor zusammenfassen kann. Theoretisch kann der adiabatische Quantencomputer auch universell sein, nur ist dazu ideal eine ungestörte Umgebung Voraussetzung, was in Realität nicht erreicht werden kann. Es verbleiben Optimierungsprobleme, die über den Hamiltonoperator abgebildet werden können: physikalische Prozesse möchten den energetisch niedrigsten Zustand zu erreichen. Ein Beispiel sind hier Minimalflächen, wie sie von Seifenhäuten und Seifenblasen angenommen werden- und auch zum Bau des Olympiageländes in München genutzt wurden. Im Schülerlabor für Mathematik in Karlsruhe kann man auch viele Experimente dazu durchführen. Wenn man ein Optimierungsproblem lösen möchte, so sind lokale Minima ein Problem- in ihrer Umgebung erscheinen sie als Lösung, sie sind es jedoch insgesamt betrachtet nicht. Eine Möglichkeit die lokalen Minima zu umgehen ist das Verfahren des Simulated Annealing. Hier wird durch externe Störquellen begünstigt, dass lokale Minima verlassen werden, um das globale Minimum zu erreichen. In Quantensystemen spielt hier beim Quantum Annealing zusätzlich der Tunneleffekt eine besondere Rolle, wodurch die Störung noch leichter von lokalen Minima hinweg streut. Dadurch ist das Quantum Annealing prinzipiell und aus der Theorie schneller- oder zumindest nicht langsamer- als das Simulated Annealing. Dabei ist das Quantum Annealing natürlich nur auf einem Quantencomputer effizient umsetzbar. Das ist dabei ein Beispiel für eine Quantensimulation auf einem Quantencomputer in dem Forschungsfeld, das sich mit der Abbildung und Simulation von Quantensystemen befasst. Damit ist der adiabatische Quantencomputer auf eine kleinere Klasse von lösbaren Problemen beschränkt, jedoch soll er dieses mit einer erheblichen höheren Anzahl von Qubits durchführen können- zur Zeit der Aufnahme waren dies mit dem D-Wave Two etwa 512 Qubits. Die Frage, ob diese adiabatischen Quantencomputer mit dieser großen Anzahl von Qubits wirklich als Quantencomputer arbeiten, wurde wissenschaftlich diskutiert: Im Artikel Evidence for quantum annealing with more than one hundred qubits legen die Autoren dar, dass der betrachtete adiabatische Quantencomputer starke Anzeichen für die tatsächliche Umsetzung des Quantum Annealing zeigt. In wie weit jedoch nun eine quantenbedingte Beschleunigung feststellen ist, diskutieren T. Rønnow und Mitautoren in der Arbeit Defining and detecting quantum speedup. Sie erhielten das ernüchternde Ergebnis, dass eine Beschleunigung durch Nutzung des betrachteten Quantensystems nicht eindeutig nachgewiesen werden konnte. Dagegen argumentierten V. Denchev et al. in What is the Computational Value of Finite Range Tunneling?, dass eine 100'000'000-fache Beschleunigung mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit gegenüber einem Einprozessor-System nachgewiesen werden kann. Ein Problem bei der Analyse ist, dass die betrachteten Algorithmen für den Quantencomputer in den Bereich der probabilistischen Algorithmen fallen, die Ergebnisse also eine Fehlerwahrscheinlichkeit besitzen, die durch mehrfache Ausführung verringert werden kann. In der Kryptographie werden probabilistische Primzahltests sehr häufig eingesetzt, die auch in diese Klasse der Algorithmen fallen. So wurde im ersten Paper das Verhalten des Quantencomputers in einer Vielzahl von Versuchen mit simulierten Algorithmen verglichen und mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit festgestellt, dass der D-Wave-Rechner tatsächlich den Quantum Annealing Algorithmus ausführt. Über den D-Wave-Rechner ist bekannt, dass die einzelnen Qubits durch supraleitende Ringe abgebildet sind und die beiden Stromlaufrichtungen die superpositionierten Zustände darstellen. Die Kopplung zwischen Qubits und nach außen erfolgt durch Spulen, die über die entstehenden Magnetfelder mit den Strömen in den Ringen interagieren. Die Kopplung zwischen Qubits wird damit durch die parametrisierte Kopplung der Spulen realisiert. Für klassische Algorithmen und parallelisierte Computersysteme beschreibt der Begriff des Speedup die Effizienzsteigerung durch Nutzung einer erhöhten Parallelisierung. Je nach Algorithmus gibt es nach Amdahls Gesetz logische Grenzen, wo weitere Parallelisierung keine Gewinn mehr erzielt. Entsprechend besteht der Wunsch den Begriff des Quantum Speedup analog zu definieren und nachzuweisen: Diesen Ansatz verfolgten T. Rønnow und Mitautoren und definierten verschiedene Klassen von Quantum Speedup, wobei der adiabatische D-Wave Quantencomputer für sie nur Anzeichen für ein potentielles Speed-up ergab. Das ist ein ernüchterndes Ergebnis, wobei die Autoren klar weiteren Forschungsbedarf sahen. Hier war das Paper von V. Denchev und Mitautoren eine große Überraschung, wo dem D-Wave 2X Rechner mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit eine Beschleunigung von 10^8 nachgesagt wurde. Neben den Annealing-Verfahren kam hier auch Quantum Monte Carlo zum Einsatz. Im Ergebnis erhielten sie für die Annealing-Verfahren ein asymptotisches Speed-Up, das sich für größere Problemstellungen einstellt, für Quantum Monte Carlo eine von der Problemgröße unabhängige Beschleunigung gegenüber einem klassischen Single-core Rechner. Diese Aussagen trafen aber schnell auf Widerstand und den Nachweis, dass ein im Paper betrachtetes Problem mit anderen Algorithmen teilweise auf einem klassischen Rechner vielfach schneller gelöst werden kann als auf dem Quantencomputer. Literatur und weiterführende Informationen S. Boixo, et al.: Evidence for quantum annealing with more than one hundred qubits, Nature Physics 10.3: 218-224, 2014. T. Rønnow, et al.: Defining and detecting quantum speedup, Science 345.6195: 420-424, 2014. V. Denchev, et al.: What is the Computational Value of Finite Range Tunneling? arXiv preprint arXiv:1512.02206, 2015. R. Harris, R., et al.: Compound Josephson-junction coupler for flux qubits with minimal crosstalk, Physical Review B 80.5: 052506, 2009. S. Ritterbusch: Digitale Währungen, Gespräch mit G. Thäter im Modellansatz Podcast, Folge 32, Fakultät für Mathematik, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), 2014. http://modellansatz.de/digitale-waehrungen E. Dittrich: Schülerlabor, Gespräch mit G. Thäter im Modellansatz Podcast, Folge 103, Fakultät für Mathematik, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), 2016. http://modellansatz.de/schuelerlabor Bernd Fix: Post-Quantum Krypto, Afra-Berlin.de, Vortrag am 13.12.2013. F. Rieger, F. von Leitner: Fnord Jahresrückblick, 32c3, Vortrag am 29.12.2015. S. Aaronson: Google, D-Wave, and the case of the factor-10^8 speedup for WHAT? Blog-Post mit Updates 16.5.2013-16.12.2015. Quantum Annealing Solver für den Laptop

Nature is full of patterns that follow fundamental mathematical rules – from nautilus shells to spiral galaxies, lightning bolts to blood vessels. In the first podcast of 2016, Anand spoke to Prof Raymond Goldstein from the University of Cambridge about the mathematical principles that describe both bacteria and electrons. Raymond is an author on a recent paper in Nature Physics, which explores the patterns of swimming in bacteria, and how they might be related to the spin of electrons in magnetic materials. Music: Chris Zabriskie - I am running down the long hallway of Viewmont Elementary Poddington Bear - Bright White The Fish Who Saved The Planet - Marimbo Little Glass Men - Biolumina Lee Rosevere - Illuminations Ropewalk - Worm and Parcel with the Lay Little Glass Men - Play Pelagic (imported) Image credit: Courtesy of the researchers

It makes up most of the stuff in our universe, but we can't see it or weigh it - but we know it has to be there. This elusive substance is dark matter, and according to a new paper in the journal Nature Physics this week, it's all around us in our own galaxy - the Milky Way. To find out more about dark matter, and what this new map of the dark matter in our galaxy might tell us, Kat Arney went to speak to UCL astrophysicist Chamkaur Ghag, who's working on ways to detect dark matter here on earth. Like this podcast? Please help us by supporting the Naked Scientists

It makes up most of the stuff in our universe, but we can't see it or weigh it - but we know it has to be there. This elusive substance is dark matter, and according to a new paper in the journal Nature Physics this week, it's all around us in our own galaxy - the Milky Way. To find out more about dark matter, and what this new map of the dark matter in our galaxy might tell us, Kat Arney went to speak to UCL astrophysicist Chamkaur Ghag, who's working on ways to detect dark matter here on earth. Like this podcast? Please help us by supporting the Naked Scientists

Futures is Nature's weekly science fiction slot. Now its sister title Nature Physics has followed suit, publishing a sci-fi story each month. Kerri Smith reads you this month’s tale, The stuff we don’t do, by Marissa Lingen. See acast.com/privacy for privacy and opt-out information.