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A16z Podcast: Read the notes at at podcastnotes.org. Don't forget to subscribe for free to our newsletter, the top 10 ideas of the week, every Monday --------- Amjad Masad, founder and CEO of Replit, joins a16z's Marc Andreessen and Erik Torenberg to discuss the new world of AI agents, the future of programming, and how software itself is beginning to build software.They trace the history of computing to the rise of AI agents that can now plan, reason, and code for hours without breaking, and explore how Replit is making it possible for anyone to create complex applications in natural language. Amjad explains how RL unlocked reasoning for modern models, why verification loops changed everything, whether LLMs are hitting diminishing returns — and if “good enough” AI might actually block progress toward true general intelligence. Resources:Follow Amjad on X: https://x.com/amasadFollow Marc on X: https://x.com/pmarcaFollow Erik on X: https://x.com/eriktorenberg Stay Updated: If you enjoyed this episode, be sure to like, subscribe, and share with your friends!Find a16z on X: https://x.com/a16zFind a16z on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/a16zListen to the a16z Podcast on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/5bC65RDvs3oxnLyqqvkUYXListen to the a16z Podcast on Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/a16z-podcast/id842818711Follow our host: https://x.com/eriktorenbergPlease note that the content here is for informational purposes only; should NOT be taken as legal, business, tax, or investment advice or be used to evaluate any investment or security; and is not directed at any investors or potential investors in any a16z fund. a16z and its affiliates may maintain investments in the companies discussed. For more details please see a16z.com/disclosures. Stay Updated:Find a16z on XFind a16z on LinkedInListen to the a16z Podcast on SpotifyListen to the a16z Podcast on Apple PodcastsFollow our host: https://twitter.com/eriktorenberg Please note that the content here is for informational purposes only; should NOT be taken as legal, business, tax, or investment advice or be used to evaluate any investment or security; and is not directed at any investors or potential investors in any a16z fund. a16z and its affiliates may maintain investments in the companies discussed. For more details please see a16z.com/disclosures. Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.
A16z Podcast Key Takeaways In any domain of human effort in which there is a verifiable answer, AI will drive extremely rapid progress; it is about the concreteness of the problem, not the difficulty In fields with concrete true/false answers (math, coding, physics, genomics), AI will drive extremely rapid advancementThe difficulty matters less than the concreteness of the problemAI agents can now code autonomously for hoursUsing platforms like Replit, anyone can describe an app in plain English, and AI will build itAgents maintain coherence through verification loops that allow them to check their work and course-correct in real-timeThe definition of AI is always the next thing that the machine can't do; AI scientists are always being judged against the next thing, as opposed to all the things they have already accomplished We may be hitting diminishing returns with frontier modelsGPT-5 showed improvements in verifiable domains, but didn't advance much elsewhereTop models excel at synthesizing information but struggle with nuanced, abstract problems and original discovery“Functional AGI” may block true AGI: AI that's “good enough” to automate most economically useful tasks could reduce incentives to pursue actual general intelligenceThe real AGI benchmark should be efficient continual learning and generalized reasoning acquisitionRead the full notes @ podcastnotes.orgAmjad Masad, founder and CEO of Replit, joins a16z's Marc Andreessen and Erik Torenberg to discuss the new world of AI agents, the future of programming, and how software itself is beginning to build software.They trace the history of computing to the rise of AI agents that can now plan, reason, and code for hours without breaking, and explore how Replit is making it possible for anyone to create complex applications in natural language. Amjad explains how RL unlocked reasoning for modern models, why verification loops changed everything, whether LLMs are hitting diminishing returns — and if “good enough” AI might actually block progress toward true general intelligence. Resources:Follow Amjad on X: https://x.com/amasadFollow Marc on X: https://x.com/pmarcaFollow Erik on X: https://x.com/eriktorenberg Stay Updated: If you enjoyed this episode, be sure to like, subscribe, and share with your friends!Find a16z on X: https://x.com/a16zFind a16z on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/a16zListen to the a16z Podcast on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/5bC65RDvs3oxnLyqqvkUYXListen to the a16z Podcast on Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/a16z-podcast/id842818711Follow our host: https://x.com/eriktorenbergPlease note that the content here is for informational purposes only; should NOT be taken as legal, business, tax, or investment advice or be used to evaluate any investment or security; and is not directed at any investors or potential investors in any a16z fund. a16z and its affiliates may maintain investments in the companies discussed. For more details please see a16z.com/disclosures. Stay Updated:Find a16z on XFind a16z on LinkedInListen to the a16z Podcast on SpotifyListen to the a16z Podcast on Apple PodcastsFollow our host: https://twitter.com/eriktorenberg Please note that the content here is for informational purposes only; should NOT be taken as legal, business, tax, or investment advice or be used to evaluate any investment or security; and is not directed at any investors or potential investors in any a16z fund. a16z and its affiliates may maintain investments in the companies discussed. For more details please see a16z.com/disclosures. Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.
2 sections- third (and final) sub conversation within RL and RE regarding the inherited korban's ownership (and kapara-ability) for deceased or inheritors, discussion if the korban slaughtered with wrong intent achieves kapara for owner
Hey everyone, Alex here! Welcome... to the browser war II - the AI edition! This week we chatted in depth about ChatGPT's new Atlas agentic browser, and the additional agentic powers Microsoft added to Edge with Copilot Mode (tho it didn't work for me) Also this week was a kind of crazy OCR week, with more than 4 OCR models releasing, and the crown one is DeepSeek OCR, that turned the whole industry on it's head (more later) Quite a few video updates as well, with real time lipsync from Decart, and a new update from LTX with 4k native video generation, it's been a busy AI week for sure! Additionally, I've had the pleasure to talk about AI Browsing agents with Paul from BrowserBase and real time video with Kwindla Kramer from Pipecat/Daily, so make sure to tune in for those interviews, buckle up, let's dive in! Thanks for reading ThursdAI - Recaps of the most high signal AI weekly spaces! This post is public so feel free to share it.Open Source: OCR is Not What You Think It Is (X, HF, Paper)The most important and frankly mind-bending release this week came from DeepSeek. They dropped DeepSeek-OCR, and let me tell you, this is NOT just another OCR model. The cohost were buzzing about this, and once I dug in, I understood why. This isn't just about reading text from an image; it's a revolutionary approach to context compression.We think that DeepSeek needed this as an internal tool, so we're really grateful to them for open sourcing this, as they did something crazy here. They are essentially turning text into a visual representation, compressing it, and then using a tiny vision decoder to read it back with incredible accuracy. We're talking about a compression ratio of up to 10x with 97% decoding accuracy. Even at 20x compression they are achieving 60% decoding accuracy! My head exploded live on the show when I read that. This is like the middle-out compression algorithm joke from Silicon Valley, but it's real. As Yam pointed out, this suggests our current methods of text tokenization are far from optimal.With only 3B and ~570M active parameters, they are taking a direct stab at long context inefficiency, imagine taking 1M tokens, encoding them into 100K visual tokens, and then feeding those into a model. Since the model is tiny, it's very cheap to run, for example, alphaXiv claimed they have OCRd' all of the papers on ArXiv with this model for $1000, a task that would have cost $7500 using MistalOCR - as per their paper, with DeepSeek OCR, on a single H100 GPU, its possible to scan up to 200K pages!
Amjad Masad, founder and CEO of Replit, joins a16z's Marc Andreessen and Erik Torenberg to discuss the new world of AI agents, the future of programming, and how software itself is beginning to build software.They trace the history of computing to the rise of AI agents that can now plan, reason, and code for hours without breaking, and explore how Replit is making it possible for anyone to create complex applications in natural language. Amjad explains how RL unlocked reasoning for modern models, why verification loops changed everything, whether LLMs are hitting diminishing returns — and if “good enough” AI might actually block progress toward true general intelligence. Resources:Follow Amjad on X: https://x.com/amasadFollow Marc on X: https://x.com/pmarcaFollow Erik on X: https://x.com/eriktorenberg Stay Updated: If you enjoyed this episode, be sure to like, subscribe, and share with your friends!Find a16z on X: https://x.com/a16zFind a16z on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/a16zListen to the a16z Podcast on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/5bC65RDvs3oxnLyqqvkUYXListen to the a16z Podcast on Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/a16z-podcast/id842818711Follow our host: https://x.com/eriktorenbergPlease note that the content here is for informational purposes only; should NOT be taken as legal, business, tax, or investment advice or be used to evaluate any investment or security; and is not directed at any investors or potential investors in any a16z fund. a16z and its affiliates may maintain investments in the companies discussed. For more details please see a16z.com/disclosures. Stay Updated:Find a16z on XFind a16z on LinkedInListen to the a16z Podcast on SpotifyListen to the a16z Podcast on Apple PodcastsFollow our host: https://twitter.com/eriktorenberg Please note that the content here is for informational purposes only; should NOT be taken as legal, business, tax, or investment advice or be used to evaluate any investment or security; and is not directed at any investors or potential investors in any a16z fund. a16z and its affiliates may maintain investments in the companies discussed. For more details please see a16z.com/disclosures. Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.
Are we failing to understand the exponential, again?My guest is Julian Schrittwieser (top AI researcher at Anthropic; previously Google DeepMind on AlphaGo Zero & MuZero). We unpack his viral post (“Failing to Understand the Exponential, again”) and what it looks like when task length doubles every 3–4 months—pointing to AI agents that can work a full day autonomously by 2026 and expert-level breadth by 2027. We talk about the original Move 37 moment and whether today's AI models can spark alien insights in code, math, and science—including Julian's timeline for when AI could produce Nobel-level breakthroughs.We go deep on the recipe of the moment—pre-training + RL—why it took time to combine them, what “RL from scratch” gets right and wrong, and how implicit world models show up in LLM agents. Julian explains the current rewards frontier (human prefs, rubrics, RLVR, process rewards), what we know about compute & scaling for RL, and why most builders should start with tools + prompts before considering RL-as-a-service. We also cover evals & Goodhart's law (e.g., GDP-Val vs real usage), the latest in mechanistic interpretability (think “Golden Gate Claude”), and how safety & alignment actually surface in Anthropic's launch process.Finally, we zoom out: what 10× knowledge-work productivity could unlock across medicine, energy, and materials, how jobs adapt (complementarity over 1-for-1 replacement), and why the near term is likely a smooth ramp—fast, but not a discontinuity.Julian SchrittwieserBlog - https://www.julian.acX/Twitter - https://x.com/mononofuViral post: Failing to understand the exponential, again (9/27/2025)AnthropicWebsite - https://www.anthropic.comX/Twitter - https://x.com/anthropicaiMatt Turck (Managing Director)Blog - https://www.mattturck.comLinkedIn - https://www.linkedin.com/in/turck/X/Twitter - https://twitter.com/mattturckFIRSTMARKWebsite - https://firstmark.comX/Twitter - https://twitter.com/FirstMarkCap(00:00) Cold open — “We're not seeing any slowdown.”(00:32) Intro — who Julian is & what we cover(01:09) The “exponential” from inside frontier labs(04:46) 2026–2027: agents that work a full day; expert-level breadth(08:58) Benchmarks vs reality: long-horizon work, GDP-Val, user value(10:26) Move 37 — what actually happened and why it mattered(13:55) Novel science: AlphaCode/AlphaTensor → when does AI earn a Nobel?(16:25) Discontinuity vs smooth progress (and warning signs)(19:08) Does pre-training + RL get us there? (AGI debates aside)(20:55) Sutton's “RL from scratch”? Julian's take(23:03) Julian's path: Google → DeepMind → Anthropic(26:45) AlphaGo (learn + search) in plain English(30:16) AlphaGo Zero (no human data)(31:00) AlphaZero (one algorithm: Go, chess, shogi)(31:46) MuZero (planning with a learned world model)(33:23) Lessons for today's agents: search + learning at scale(34:57) Do LLMs already have implicit world models?(39:02) Why RL on LLMs took time (stability, feedback loops)(41:43) Compute & scaling for RL — what we see so far(42:35) Rewards frontier: human prefs, rubrics, RLVR, process rewards(44:36) RL training data & the “flywheel” (and why quality matters)(48:02) RL & Agents 101 — why RL unlocks robustness(50:51) Should builders use RL-as-a-service? Or just tools + prompts?(52:18) What's missing for dependable agents (capability vs engineering)(53:51) Evals & Goodhart — internal vs external benchmarks(57:35) Mechanistic interpretability & “Golden Gate Claude”(1:00:03) Safety & alignment at Anthropic — how it shows up in practice(1:03:48) Jobs: human–AI complementarity (comparative advantage)(1:06:33) Inequality, policy, and the case for 10× productivity → abundance(1:09:24) Closing thoughts
AI Unraveled: Latest AI News & Trends, Master GPT, Gemini, Generative AI, LLMs, Prompting, GPT Store
The Geopolitics of Silicon and the Maturation of Intelligence:
Interview by Haze / mike_tall We recently traveled down to Limestone Creek, Florida to chop it up with 1900Rugrat for a special edition of “Off The Porch”! During our sit down he talked about his life changing the past few months, reveals he was adopted when he was 14, still having a relationship with his family, growing up in Limestone Creek, his neighborhood changing a lot, his hobbies as a kid, jumping off the porch at a young age, knowing his best friend/brother Rick since he was 6 years old, struggles he had to overcome including being homeless at one point, rapping since he was 13 years old, Chief Keef being a huge influence on him, his journey rapping before his career blew up, his freestyles going viral on TikTok, explains how he found the beat for “One Take Freestyle”, recording the song in one take, posting the audio, shooting the music video, performing at On The Radar, recalls recording “Clean & Dirty”, working with DrewFilmedIt, going to Kensington with Skrilla to shoot the “Auntie Ain't Playin” music video, reveals he almost put Skrilla on the “One Take Freestyle” remix, recalls the first time he met Kodak Black, explains how Kodak jumped on the “One Take Freestyle” remix, shooting the music video, his upcoming debut project ‘Porch 2 the Pent', being vulnerable on this album, reveals that Lil Yachty will be on the album, his life changing, producers he worked with on the album, explains the title to the album, upcoming performance at Rolling Loud in LA, recalls his first time performing at RL in Miami this past December, goals, shares advice for new artists, and much more! Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
The Andrej Karpathy episode.During this interview, Andrej explains why reinforcement learning is terrible (but everything else is much worse), why AGI will just blend into the previous ~2.5 centuries of 2% GDP growth, why self driving took so long to crack, and what he sees as the future of education.It was a pleasure chatting with him.Watch on YouTube; read the transcript.Sponsors* Labelbox helps you get data that is more detailed, more accurate, and higher signal than you could get by default, no matter your domain or training paradigm. Reach out today at labelbox.com/dwarkesh* Mercury helps you run your business better. It's the banking platform we use for the podcast — we love that we can see our accounts, cash flows, AR, and AP all in one place. Apply online in minutes at mercury.com* Google's Veo 3.1 update is a notable improvement to an already great model. Veo 3.1's generations are more coherent and the audio is even higher-quality. If you have a Google AI Pro or Ultra plan, you can try it in Gemini today by visiting https://gemini.googleTimestamps(00:00:00) – AGI is still a decade away(00:29:45) – LLM cognitive deficits(00:40:05) – RL is terrible(00:49:38) – How do humans learn?(01:06:25) – AGI will blend into 2% GDP growth(01:17:36) – ASI(01:32:50) – Evolution of intelligence & culture(01:42:55) - Why self driving took so long(01:56:20) - Future of education Get full access to Dwarkesh Podcast at www.dwarkesh.com/subscribe
Hey folks, Alex here. Can you believe it's already the middle of October? This week's show was a special one, not just because of the mind-blowing news, but because we set a new ThursdAI record with four incredible interviews back-to-back!We had Jessica Gallegos from Google DeepMind walking us through the cinematic new features in VEO 3.1. Then we dove deep into the world of Reinforcement Learning with my new colleague Kyle Corbitt from OpenPipe. We got the scoop on Amp's wild new ad-supported free tier from CEO Quinn Slack. And just as we were wrapping up, Swyx ( from Latent.Space , now with Cognition!) jumped on to break the news about their blazingly fast SWE-grep models. But the biggest story? An AI model from Google and Yale made a novel scientific discovery about cancer cells that was then validated in a lab. This is it, folks. This is the “let's f*****g go” moment we've been waiting for. So buckle up, because this week was an absolute monster. Let's dive in!ThursdAI - Recaps of the most high signal AI weekly spaces is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.Open Source: An AI Model Just Made a Real-World Cancer DiscoveryWe always start with open source, but this week felt different. This week, open source AI stepped out of the benchmarks and into the biology lab.Our friends at Qwen kicked things off with new 3B and 8B parameter versions of their Qwen3-VL vision model. It's always great to see powerful models shrink down to sizes that can run on-device. What's wild is that these small models are outperforming last generation's giants, like the 72B Qwen2.5-VL, on a whole suite of benchmarks. The 8B model scores a 33.9 on OS World, which is incredible for an on-device agent that can actually see and click things on your screen. For comparison, that's getting close to what we saw from Sonnet 3.7 just a few months ago. The pace is just relentless.But then, Google dropped a bombshell. A 27-billion parameter Gemma-based model they developed with Yale, called C2S-Scale, generated a completely novel hypothesis about how cancer cells behave. This wasn't a summary of existing research; it was a new idea, something no human scientist had documented before. And here's the kicker: researchers then took that hypothesis into a wet lab, tested it on living cells, and proved it was true.This is a monumental deal. For years, AI skeptics like Gary Marcus have said that LLMs are just stochastic parrots, that they can't create genuinely new knowledge. This feels like the first, powerful counter-argument. Friend of the pod, Dr. Derya Unutmaz, has been on the show before saying AI is going to solve cancer, and this is the first real sign that he might be right. The researchers noted this was an “emergent capability of scale,” proving once again that as these models get bigger and are trained on more complex data—in this case, turning single-cell RNA sequences into “sentences” for the model to learn from—they unlock completely new abilities. This is AI as a true scientific collaborator. Absolutely incredible.Big Companies & APIsThe big companies weren't sleeping this week, either. The agentic AI race is heating up, and we're seeing huge updates across the board.Claude Haiku 4.5: Fast, Cheap Model Rivals Sonnet 4 Accuracy (X, Official blog, X)First up, Anthropic released Claude Haiku 4.5, and it is a beast. It's a fast, cheap model that's punching way above its weight. On the SWE-bench verified benchmark for coding, it hit 73.3%, putting it right up there with giants like GPT-5 Codex, but at a fraction of the cost and twice the speed of previous Claude models. Nisten has already been putting it through its paces and loves it for agentic workflows because it just follows instructions without getting opinionated. It seems like Anthropic has specifically tuned this one to be a workhorse for agents, and it absolutely delivers. The thing to note also is the very impressive jump in OSWorld (50.7%), which is a computer use benchmark, and at this price and speed ($1/$5 MTok input/output) is going to make computer agents much more streamlined and speedy! ChatGPT will loose restrictions; age-gating enables “adult mode” with new personality features coming (X) Sam Altman set X on fire with a thread announcing that ChatGPT will start loosening its restrictions. They're planning to roll out an “adult mode” in December for age-verified users, potentially allowing for things like erotica. More importantly, they're bringing back more customizable personalities, trying to recapture some of the magic of GPT-4.0 that so many people missed. It feels like they're finally ready to treat adults like adults, letting us opt-in to R-rated conversations while keeping strong guardrails for minors. This is a welcome change, and we've been advocating for this for a while, and it's a notable change from the XAI approach I covered last week. Opt in for adults with verification while taking precautions vs engagement bait in the form of a flirty animated waifu with engagement mechanics. Microsoft is making every windows 11 an AI PC with copilot voice input and agentic powers (Blog,X)And in breaking news from this morning, Microsoft announced that every Windows 11 machine is becoming an AI PC. They're building a new Copilot agent directly into the OS that can take over and complete tasks for you. The really clever part? It runs in a secure, sandboxed desktop environment that you can watch and interact with. This solves a huge problem with agents that take over your mouse and keyboard, locking you out of your own computer. Now, you can give the agent a task and let it run in the background while you keep working. This is going to put agentic AI in front of hundreds of millions of users, and it's a massive step towards making AI a true collaborator at the OS level.NVIDIA DGX - the tiny personal supercomputer at $4K (X, LMSYS Blog)NVIDIA finally delivered their promised AI Supercomputer, and while the excitement was in the air with Jensen hand delivering the DGX Spark to OpenAI and Elon (recreating that historical picture when Jensen hand delivered a signed DGX workstation while Elon was still affiliated with OpenAI). The workstation was sold out almost immediately. Folks from LMSys did a great deep dive into specs, all the while, folks on our feeds are saying that if you want to get the maximum possible open source LLMs inference speed, this machine is probably overpriced, compared to what you can get with an M3 Ultra Macbook with 128GB of RAM or the RTX 5090 GPU which can get you similar if not better speeds at significantly lower price points. Anthropic's “Claude Skills”: Your AI Agent Finally Gets a Playbook (Blog)Just when we thought the week couldn't get any more packed, Anthropic dropped “Claude Skills,” a huge upgrade that lets you give your agent custom instructions and workflows. Think of them as expertise folders you can create for specific tasks. For example, you can teach Claude your personal coding style, how to format reports for your company, or even give it a script to follow for complex data analysis.The best part is that Claude automatically detects which “Skill” is needed for a given task, so you don't have to manually load them. This is a massive step towards making agents more reliable and personalized, moving beyond just a single custom instruction and into a library of repeatable, expert processes. It's available now for all paid users, and it's a feature I've been waiting for. Our friend Simon Willison things skills may be a bigger deal than MCPs!
In this deep dive with Kyle Corbitt, co-founder and CEO of OpenPipe (recently acquired by CoreWeave), we explore the evolution of fine-tuning in the age of AI agents and the critical shift from supervised fine-tuning to reinforcement learning. Kyle shares his journey from leading YC's Startup School to building OpenPipe, initially focused on distilling expensive GPT-4 workflows into smaller, cheaper models before pivoting to RL-based agent training as frontier model prices plummeted. The conversation reveals why 90% of AI projects remain stuck in proof-of-concept purgatory - not due to capability limitations, but reliability issues that Kyle believes can be solved through continuous learning from real-world experience. He discusses the breakthrough of RULER (Relative Universal Reinforcement Learning Elicited Rewards), which uses LLMs as judges to rank agent behaviors relatively rather than absolutely, making RL training accessible without complex reward engineering. Kyle candidly assesses the challenges of building realistic training environments for agents, explaining why GRPO (despite its advantages) may be a dead end due to its requirement for perfectly reproducible parallel rollouts. He shares insights on why LoRAs remain underrated for production deployments, why JAPA and prompt optimization haven't lived up to the hype in his testing, and why the hardest part of deploying agents isn't the AI - it's sandboxing real-world systems with all their bugs and edge cases intact. The discussion also covers OpenPipe's acquisition by CoreWeave, the launch of their serverless reinforcement learning platform, and Kyle's vision for a future where every deployed agent continuously learns from production experience. He predicts that solving the reliability problem through continuous RL could unlock 10x more AI inference demand from projects currently stuck in development, fundamentally changing how we think about agent deployment and maintenance. Key Topics: • The rise and fall of fine-tuning as a business model • Why 90% of AI projects never reach production • RULER: Making RL accessible through relative ranking • The environment problem: Why sandboxing is harder than training • GRPO vs PPO and the future of RL algorithms • LoRAs: The underrated deployment optimization • Why JAPA and prompt optimization disappointed in practice • Building world models as synthetic training environments • The $500B Stargate bet and OpenAI's potential crypto play • Continuous learning as the path to reliable agents
What does it really mean when GPT-5 “thinks”? In this conversation, OpenAI's VP of Research Jerry Tworek explains how modern reasoning models work in practice—why pretraining and reinforcement learning (RL/RLHF) are both essential, what that on-screen “thinking” actually does, and when extra test-time compute helps (or doesn't). We trace the evolution from O1 (a tech demo good at puzzles) to O3 (the tool-use shift) to GPT-5 (Jerry calls it “03.1-ish”), and talk through verifiers, reward design, and the real trade-offs behind “auto” reasoning modes.We also go inside OpenAI: how research is organized, why collaboration is unusually transparent, and how the company ships fast without losing rigor. Jerry shares the backstory on competitive-programming results like ICPC, what they signal (and what they don't), and where agents and tool use are genuinely useful today. Finally, we zoom out: could pretraining + RL be the path to AGI? This is the MAD Podcast —AI for the 99%. If you're curious about how these systems actually work (without needing a PhD), this episode is your map to the current AI frontier.OpenAIWebsite - https://openai.comX/Twitter - https://x.com/OpenAIJerry TworekLinkedIn - https://www.linkedin.com/in/jerry-tworek-b5b9aa56X/Twitter - https://x.com/millionintFIRSTMARKWebsite - https://firstmark.comX/Twitter - https://twitter.com/FirstMarkCapMatt Turck (Managing Director)LinkedIn - https://www.linkedin.com/in/turck/X/Twitter - https://twitter.com/mattturck(00:00) Intro(01:01) What Reasoning Actually Means in AI(02:32) Chain of Thought: Models Thinking in Words(05:25) How Models Decide Thinking Time(07:24) Evolution from O1 to O3 to GPT-5(11:00) Before OpenAI: Growing up in Poland, Dropping out of School, Trading(20:32) Working on Robotics and Rubik's Cube Solving(23:02) A Day in the Life: Talking to Researchers(24:06) How Research Priorities Are Determined(26:53) Collaboration vs IP Protection at OpenAI(29:32) Shipping Fast While Doing Deep Research(31:52) Using OpenAI's Own Tools Daily(32:43) Pre-Training Plus RL: The Modern AI Stack(35:10) Reinforcement Learning 101: Training Dogs(40:17) The Evolution of Deep Reinforcement Learning(42:09) When GPT-4 Seemed Underwhelming at First(45:39) How RLHF Made GPT-4 Actually Useful(48:02) Unsupervised vs Supervised Learning(49:59) GRPO and How DeepSeek Accelerated US Research(53:05) What It Takes to Scale Reinforcement Learning(55:36) Agentic AI and Long-Horizon Thinking(59:19) Alignment as an RL Problem(1:01:11) Winning ICPC World Finals Without Specific Training(1:05:53) Applying RL Beyond Math and Coding(1:09:15) The Path from Here to AGI(1:12:23) Pure RL vs Language Models
Ever feel like you had to start over from zero? I sit down with writer and teacher Peter William Murphy, an Irish expat who rebuilt after a family business collapse, a serious injury, and a move to Reunion Island that reset his path. I wanted to understand what it really takes to choose growth when life gets loud, and Peter shows us how clear decisions, steady practice, and honest support can open new doors. We talk about the power of owning your choices, moving through anxiety, and asking for help before pride gets in the way. Peter explains how he built Peak English to help students raise their IELTS scores and change their futures. We get into how online teaching actually works when you design it with care, why in-person connection still matters, and how writing became a tool for clarity, confidence, and service. What I love most in this conversation is Peter's calm style of resilience. It is not flashy. It is daily. If you are starting over, switching careers, or simply trying to make your next decision with intention, you will hear practical steps you can use right away. I think you will walk away encouraged, with a clearer view of what steady progress looks like and how to keep going when the ground shifts under your feet. Highlights: 00:10 – Meet the guest and set the theme of choosing growth over comfort. 01:12 – Hear how a family hospitality legacy shaped early values and work ethic. 02:25 – Learn how the 2008 crash ended the bar and pushed a search for a new path. 07:37 – See why a one-way ticket to Reunion Island became a turning point. 10:11 – Follow the move into teaching without a degree and the first classroom wins. 14:20 – Pick up online teaching tactics like gamification and lesson design. 15:56 – Understand imposter syndrome and the pivot into writing and Peak English. 21:16 – Get a clear take on when online learning works and when it does not. 28:38 – Compare virtual vs. in-person speaking for connection and impact. 32:41 – Learn Peak English's mission to make IELTS success more accessible. 46:32 – Try a simple decision tool: write pros and cons and choose with intent. 54:55 – Hear the advice to younger self: talk to someone sooner and keep going About the Guest: Peter William Murphy is an Irish writer, educator, and host whose path has been anything but conventional. Raised in a small family-run hotel on Ireland's west coast, Peter immigrated to America following the hotel's closure, attending school there before returning home to rediscover his Irish roots—and a deep love for sport. But beneath the rugby and soccer fields, a creative instinct stirred. When the 2008 crash brought down his family's business for a second time, Peter booked a one-way ticket to an island off the coast of Madagascar with just €20 and no job prospects. After a brief period of sleeping rough, he was helped by strangers who offered support without judgment—a lesson in quiet empathy that never left him. Peter made his name on Medium, where he was curated 39 times for his memoir-style essays on travel and the lessons learned along the way, before pivoting to sharp, comedic takes on current affairs. Notable among his growing body of work are original characters like Jack Hennessy, a wry Irish journalist with a nose for trouble, and the Rick and Morty-inspired duo, Peta and Freeman—two chaotic, absurdist voices that serve as both satire and self-reflection. He now splits his creative focus between personal essays, humor writing, and his new livestream comedy podcast, The Peter and Philip Show, which he co-hosts with author Philip Ogley and which is gaining a mini-cult following on Substack. Peter is currently working on a book loosely inspired by his global misadventures, missteps, and the redemptive power of human connection. Some of Peter's creative and personal heroes include Hunter S. Thompson, Ernest Hemingway, Matt Stone and Trey Parker, as well as his mother, father, and brother—who continue to inspire his voice, values, and pursuit of honest storytelling. Peter is currently developing the Peta and Freeman series into a comic and is halfway through writing his first novel, The Red Beach in Paradise, which tells the story of his time on Réunion Island through the fictional lens of Jack Hennessy. While Peter still teaches full-time with his own private students, he is also working on opening an online school to help students prepare for exams and gain university admission across Europe. Every cent he earns from his writing goes directly toward making that school a reality. Ways to connect with Peter: My GoFundMe to fund the school: Link here Peak English Instagram account: Link here Peak English TikTok: Link here My substack that contains writing and podcasts: Link here My Medium Account: Link here About the Host: Michael Hingson is a New York Times best-selling author, international lecturer, and Chief Vision Officer for accessiBe. Michael, blind since birth, survived the 9/11 attacks with the help of his guide dog Roselle. This story is the subject of his best-selling book, Thunder Dog. Michael gives over 100 presentations around the world each year speaking to influential groups such as Exxon Mobile, AT&T, Federal Express, Scripps College, Rutgers University, Children's Hospital, and the American Red Cross just to name a few. He is Ambassador for the National Braille Literacy Campaign for the National Federation of the Blind and also serves as Ambassador for the American Humane Association's 2012 Hero Dog Awards. https://michaelhingson.com https://www.facebook.com/michael.hingson.author.speaker/ https://twitter.com/mhingson https://www.youtube.com/user/mhingson https://www.linkedin.com/in/michaelhingson/ accessiBe Links https://accessibe.com/ https://www.youtube.com/c/accessiBe https://www.linkedin.com/company/accessibe/mycompany/ https://www.facebook.com/accessibe/ Thanks for listening! Thanks so much for listening to our podcast! If you enjoyed this episode and think that others could benefit from listening, please share it using the social media buttons on this page. Do you have some feedback or questions about this episode? Leave a comment in the section below! Subscribe to the podcast If you would like to get automatic updates of new podcast episodes, you can subscribe to the podcast on Apple Podcasts or Stitcher. You can subscribe in your favorite podcast app. You can also support our podcast through our tip jar https://tips.pinecast.com/jar/unstoppable-mindset . Leave us an Apple Podcasts review Ratings and reviews from our listeners are extremely valuable to us and greatly appreciated. They help our podcast rank higher on Apple Podcasts, which exposes our show to more awesome listeners like you. If you have a minute, please leave an honest review on Apple Podcasts. Transcription Notes: Michael Hingson ** 00:00 Access Cast and accessiBe Initiative presents Unstoppable Mindset. The podcast where inclusion, diversity and the unexpected meet. Hi, I'm Michael Hingson, Chief Vision Officer for accessiBe and the author of the number one New York Times bestselling book, Thunder dog, the story of a blind man, his guide dog and the triumph of trust. Thanks for joining me on my podcast as we explore our own blinding fears of inclusion unacceptance and our resistance to change. We will discover the idea that no matter the situation, or the people we encounter, our own fears, and prejudices often are our strongest barriers to moving forward. The unstoppable mindset podcast is sponsored by accessiBe, that's a c c e s s i capital B e. Visit www.accessibe.com to learn how you can make your website accessible for persons with disabilities. And to help make the internet fully inclusive by the year 2025. Glad you dropped by we're happy to meet you and to have you here with us. Michael Hingson ** 01:20 Hi, everyone. Welcome wherever you happen to be to unstoppable mindset where inclusion, diversity and the unexpected meet. And today, I think we're mostly going to get to do the unexpected, which is anything that doesn't have to do with inclusion or diversity. Peter Murphy, or Peter William Murphy, as he refers to himself in all the emails that he sends to me, is a writer. He has been a teacher, has an interesting story, I think, all the way around, and I'm not going to tell it, because it's more fun to listen to him tell it, and we'll see what we can learn from it and how we progress. So anyway, Peter, I want to welcome you to unstoppable mindset. We're really glad you're here. Peter William Murphy ** 02:00 Thank you so much for having me. I really appreciate it. Michael Hingson ** 02:03 And although Peter is Irish, he's in Turkey today, or he's he's over there, so he does move around, as you're going to learn in the course of this next hour or so. So why don't we start, why don't you tell us, kind of about the early Peter, growing up and so on. Peter William Murphy ** 02:19 Um, well, I'm from truly, county Terry in Ireland, beautiful small town in the west coast, the Southwest we I come from a family of Hoteliers and publicans. My great grand Well, yeah, my great grandfather had the Meadowlands hotel in Chile, and then passed to my grandfather. But then after that, my father decided to open up his own bar. And that's kind of where after growing up, you know, around the hotel and, you know, seeing all the customers talking to people, very social kind of atmosphere, but unfortunately, it closed down. We had to move to America, back to Ireland. I attended Glendale Abbey school in County Limerick and yeah, I had a great upbringing, great family, but unfortunately, I never really liked school, if I'm be honest with you, which is a strange thing for a teacher today, I did not do well in school. I did just okay. But after the economic crash in 2008 Unfortunately, our family business closed down, so I had to try and find my own path. It was a little bit different than Ireland and I took off, got myself a teaching cert, and went to Reunion Island. And from there, my story kind of took off, and it's kind of where I learned a lot of my lessons. And after that, I just kept on going and didn't stop. Michael Hingson ** 03:59 So why did the family business closed down the first time. Peter William Murphy ** 04:04 The first time was because my grandfather basically needed a retirement, and he sold the hotel. And then my father then decided to open up his own bar, and just rising then 10 years later, that closed down during in 2011 I think there is a big economic crash in Ireland, rents went up. People weren't eating or socializing like they were, and through no fault of RL, it was just time to close the doors, which was a pity, because name of the bar was wooly Darcy's. It was a fantastic bar, very social, no televisions, very traditional, and yeah, so we all kind of had to go off and find other ways. And, you know, figure out who we are without, say, bars or. Hells or general hospitality and so kind of, yeah, right. Michael Hingson ** 05:06 Well, so what? What was the reason for commuting or immigrating all the way to America after that? Peter William Murphy ** 05:14 Well, we immigrated to America after Michael Hingson ** 05:17 the hotel, yeah, after the hotel closed, right? Peter William Murphy ** 05:21 Yeah, that was in 1998 and we were there for maybe two years, I believe, I'm not sure, and went to school there. My father worked in summers pubs, which is owned by my uncle in Boston, and then he made enough money to come back to Ireland in 2000 and open up his own bar. But yeah, it's just, Michael Hingson ** 05:49 why America? Why America? When the hotel closed, half Peter William Murphy ** 05:53 our family live over there, so my mom's side of the family live in America. Yeah, okay, Michael Hingson ** 05:59 well, that makes it a little bit more logical that you would you would consider doing that. Peter William Murphy ** 06:05 Oh, I loved it, Michael. I After, after two weeks, I was no longer Irish. I was playing baseball, eating pizza. I good American accent. I loved America, I Michael Hingson ** 06:17 must say now, so are you in the Boston area? Peter William Murphy ** 06:21 Yeah, we lived in West Roxbury, okay, just outside the city. Michael Hingson ** 06:26 I lived in Winthrop Massachusetts, which is by East Boston, for three years. Very nice. So I never really got a Boston accent, but I do know how to say things like, pack your kind of have a yacht, you know? I can, I can still do it. Great accent, actually, but that's lovely. But I enjoyed being in Boston and just being around all the history. It's pretty, pretty amazing. But then you move back to Ireland, so that worked out, and he started a bar, and then you did that. So when, when that closed, and then you left again? Why did you leave again? Peter William Murphy ** 07:06 Uh, basically, um, it feels difficult, kind of speaking about publicly, but I, I was kind of Joe there's, and I say that because there are people out there with bigger problems than me like I was a rugby player and the son of a publican. So for my formative years, my identity, for me at least, was kind of set. I was either going to be a rugby player or I was going to work in a bar or go into hotel management or something like that, but I had a pretty horrific leg injury during rugby training, and I suffered a few blows to the head, and then the bar closed down, so it was like one year you kind of had it all figured out. And then going into university as a young man, I had nothing. I could barely really walk I my family identity was gone. We're in the midst of a economic crash, a depression, and then I kind of developed my own sort of depression, but I, at the time, I didn't know it was depression. It's only Lacher that, when I spoke about it to professional that I kind of, we kind of spoke through and just said, Yeah, that's what it was. So I kind of, I wouldn't say, lied to my parents, but I told my mom, who's listening? Hi, Mom, I love you that I got a job in France, and I'd gotten an English certificate, and I didn't want to do University. I wanted to take a year out because I just couldn't handle it. Um, so, you know, I thought solving my problems would, you know, going away would solve my problems. So I there was no job in France. In fact, I wasn't going to France. I booked a one way ticket to Reunion Island, which is an island often called to the Madagascar in the Indian Ocean. Michael Hingson ** 09:22 So why there? Why there? Because my friend Peter William Murphy ** 09:26 was there, and he was there getting University credits for his degree. And, you know, back then, I wasn't a very good listener. I was a bit silly. I'm sure he told me all the details, but I just, I just heard son see maybe a job, and it's not and it's not Ireland, you know, it's not gray, it's not depressed. People aren't on social welfare. Let's, let's go. So I booked a one way ticket with what remained in my savings. And blew over there. And Michael, I'm going to be honest with you, when I landed at the airport in fentanyl, and I was hit with the hot Island air, and I could see it the volcano and, you know, the blue ocean surrounding me, I immediately regretted my decision. I want to go home, but I couldn't, because I had no money to buy a return ticket. So then the kind of Island Adventure kind of started, and yeah, I was stuck there for two years trying to get home. Michael Hingson ** 10:34 Did you ever kind of make peace with all that and decide that maybe it wasn't such a bad place? Peter William Murphy ** 10:40 Yeah, I, I, I kind of, because I'm a storyteller. I love writing, so I'm good at, kind of, you know, I wouldn't say I think all writers are good at, you know, giving dramatic effect. You know, maybe there, there's instead of one shark, there's five sharks. Instead of a storm, it's a cyclone. But when I would tell people about it, I would say it was difficult, but looking back at it now, it was probably the best thing I ever did, just taking that leap and going for it. Michael Hingson ** 11:19 Did you ever finish in going to university? Or did you ever Peter William Murphy ** 11:23 No, I just kept going. Kept going, kept going. I I got a job teaching English at a course. A lady by the name of Daniela from Angola gave me my first ever job, and you know, we hit it off. And this is back in 2011 or 12. I After about six or seven months working with her, so all the kids love me, the students love me. I learned a lot about her kind of holistic approach to education and teaching, and we were speaking in her kitchen one day, and she says, okay, when all this is over, what are you going to do? And I said, Well, I'm going to try and open up my own school. And she seemed surprised, but yeah, over 1310, or 11 years later, I'm not sure that's exactly what I'm trying to do now, is open up my own school. Michael Hingson ** 12:21 Tell Peter William Murphy ** 12:22 me about the school. Well, my wife, well, I'll go back a little bit. When I finally built up enough money to fly home, I got a job working with a man from America, actually teaching students in Cork. And I said I wasn't ready to go back to university just yet. I'd been in university for three years before I left, and it just something wasn't clicking with me. I'm an intelligent enough person, but in university just something, it just wasn't clicking. So I've decided to, you know, go to Turkey, simply because it was, you know, the closest. It wasn't like France, which is familiar, and it wasn't like, you know, far away, like China or somewhere like that. So I went there and got a job. But within six months, I think I landed a very, very good job at the top private school there, and they knew that I didn't have a degree. They just knew that I had selfless certificates and TEFL and other English certificates. But they have about 60 campuses in Turkey, and they gave me, and one of them is a university in Istanbul. So I was given a lot of education. By then, I was kind of a teacher for 15th. I observed, if I was doing a lesson, I'd be observed lots of seminars, getting more certificates, learning more and more. And you know that as time went on, I just kind of became Mr. Murphy, you know what I mean? I became a teacher, kind of, I proved myself, and just my students started getting good results. The parents were very fond of me. My colleagues were fond of me, my boss, my principal was fond of me. So I went from kind of not really having any identity, not knowing what I was doing, to kind of having it. So I stayed working in this big school for eight years, and to get back to kind of your question on the degree and the school i i was chosen by them to give a talk in Istanbul to all my peers on online methodology and how I help kids. Do you know? With gamifications, using the right websites for them, things like this, I slowly became very adept at, and they asked me to do it the second year. And then I got offered by Pierce in Turkey, which is an educational publishing company, and to do seminars on their behalf. And then this is, it was the first time since I left Ireland. This was in 2002 or three where I began to have imposter syndrome, where I was like, Okay, I know I'm good, but am I better than the people who I'm, who I'm speaking to, you know, and I raised this with the person who gave me the opportunity, and he said, Everyone feels, feels this way, you know. But I couldn't shake it, so I decided to in 2023 to step back from teaching, and I told my principal that I'm going to take some time away from it, and I became a writer on medium, and my writing on medium then took off. I started making a lot of money, and I found myself in this little hole where everything I was I was trying, was working for me, but it still didn't feel like something that I could 100% stick with well, which is why I started writing the book, and then it's why my wife and I decided to open up our own course, which will be a methodology, kind of created by the two of us, a curriculum, curriculum created by the two of us, which will have third party eyes who will sign off on it, and it's called Peak English, and we'll take it from there. So that's kind of my long answer to your very simple question. Michael Hingson ** 17:05 Sorry, Kay, that's fine. Going back to when you went to Reunion Island. Do you think there was something deeper than just escaping from Ireland and the life you had, or you think it was just that simple? Peter William Murphy ** 17:24 Um, yeah, it's strange, because I have a great relationship. My brother, my father and my mother were all very close. But I, I think, I think I became afraid of life, you know, because, you know, my father's my hero, of course, and he's a well respected man in the community. He He was awarded, I can't remember the name of the award, but basically, best host of the Year, Best host in Ireland last year by the hospitality board in the country. And when I saw what the economic crash did to him, it didn't break him, but when I saw that what it did to him, I was like, my god, if life can do that to my dad, take away his bar, you know, make him sad, or whatever it's like, what's it going to do to someone like me, you know, so I became very afraid of life, and I suppose I just wanted to go somewhere that felt other worldly, and that just felt so different, you know, that just so different, Yeah, Michael Hingson ** 18:38 well, and, and now you say that you really feel that it was the best decision that you could make. Peter William Murphy ** 18:48 Yeah, I wouldn't change it for the world. I mean, I've got some great stories. Yeah, halfway through a book about it now. So hopefully in the next year, that book will hopefully get published, and if not, I'll put it out there myself. Michael Hingson ** 19:06 So when the pandemic hit, how did that affect or deal with your teaching and so on? Because you were teaching all that time since you you stepped back from that in 2023 so you must have had to deal with a lot of stuff with the pandemic, I would think, Peter William Murphy ** 19:25 yeah, I know a lot of people suffered during the pandemic, but if I'm going to speak, it was difficult for everyone, but if I'm going to just for me in my apartment in Turkey, it was a good pandemic for me, you know, I took the opportunity to learn the guitar, get better at my job, did a lot of study, got more certificates, and also. Uh, I was familiar with Zoom before the big zoom thing happened. So I kind of knew before our first online lesson. You know, I spent about maybe three weeks because we went into lockdown in Turkey, I think March 2020, I believe we were a bit Lacher than most, but we, we stopped school in February, I think, and there was about a two or three week time where they were trying to figure it out. And, you know, you you know, everyone's going to go. If America and England are go and China are locked down. We're going to be locked down too. So I started doing tutorials on Zoom Near Pod, other online teaching websites, and started learning about them. So when the first lesson started on Zoom, I was really good at it, and all the students loved it. I wasn't the only teacher who did that. Lots of my colleagues I did that. But, you know, the pandemic was definitely a time where a lot of us who were lucky enough not to get ill were able to, you know, put more strings to our boat, right? Michael Hingson ** 21:24 What do you think about all the discussions and all the arguments and all the conversations that go on now about online teaching as opposed to doing it live, and where, where all of it fits in. Can people really do it, you know, kind of what are your thoughts Peter William Murphy ** 21:47 for children? I do not recommend this as the primary source of their education. I believe that socializing is very important for them, even having a teacher. You know, one of the biggest things you can do as a teacher with your classroom management is where you stand in the classroom. You know, being able to observe the students, then knowing that you're there as a present all the materials that you would have in the classroom. These are all things that actually, they need something small, but they do help kids that kind of five minute break every 14 minutes where they can run outside, keep a ball around and talk to each other. That's really important, yeah. But if you're talking about maybe between the 18 and up age group, I think it depends on the person. I've had students who who are prepared for IELTS, and they have needed a top score, and only have three months, and we've been face to face, working, helping them with their writing, doing everything, and it just doesn't work. There's something about the school environment where it just doesn't rub off on them. But then the minute you get them online and you start introducing games, you gamify it, just do lots of different things with them, for some reason they feel more comfortable. It could be an anxiety thing could be where they just feel more relaxed. At home, everyone's different, but for children, from my experience, definitely face to face learning is the best. Zoom is okay in an emergency. I do not recommend hybrid learning whatsoever. Michael Hingson ** 23:40 Yeah, it's a it's a challenge. I know, for me personally, I can do online and, or and, or I can do things in person, in terms of learning and so on. I'm used to doing a lot of things outside of the typical corporate or office environment. So I can do that, but I also value and appreciate the social interaction when you go into an office and you have an opportunity to to meet with people. The only thing I would would say is way too often, unfortunately, people socialize so much that they forget in a work environment, you're really there to work and really need to figure out how to focus more on getting the job done. But I think there are a lot of aspects to that as well, because it isn't necessarily that people are lazy, but by the same token, if they don't really recognize what the job is about and what they're doing and that they have to put the appropriate time into it, or figure out a way to put in the appropriate time, then that's, you know, an issue too. Peter William Murphy ** 24:58 Yeah, I would, you percent people. Be With You. Michael Hingson ** 25:01 I think that, yeah, it's interesting. I've had a few people on the podcast here where we've talked about time management. We've talked about how people work in Europe, as opposed to in the United States, and some of the statistics that show that, in reality, if people put in longer days, but don't spend as many days at work, like if you put in 410, hour days, as opposed to five, eight hour days or something like that, you tend to get more work done, which I think is very interesting. Peter William Murphy ** 25:36 Yeah, I've noticed that too, since I started working at home more and more. That I had a discussion with my wife the other day, and I said, you know, I think I need to rent an office, you know, because whilst I do like having, you know, low overheads and not paying rent. There is something about getting up in the morning, putting on a nice shirt, black coffee, and walk to the office. And you know, have your work day. One thing that I'm noticing is working online, with writing and helping students, is I'll wake up at 5am and I'll shower and I'll I'll work from 6am until midnight, and I am looking at my looking at myself in the mirror the next day and saying, Joe, this is unsustainable, like we It's you can say to yourself, oh, sure, just, you know, make your own routine. But it's very hard to stick to a routine if you are, you know, writing articles, if you have meetings at various times throughout the day, if you're dealing with multiple time zones. So there's, there is something attractive of going back and renting an office, you know, having a base where work is work and home is home. Yeah, Michael Hingson ** 27:10 and I, and I appreciate that. I, I personally am able to work at home and separate that out. But I do know what you're what you're saying. And not everyone can do that. I've just done that a lot in my life because I've worked for companies where I worked remotely anyway, so I'm used to that, but I also appreciate your discipline. I'm sorry Peter William Murphy ** 27:35 you've got discipline. It's something I need to work Michael Hingson ** 27:38 on. Well, I guess that's probably it, yeah, I guess that's that's probably it. And I have enough other things during the day that demand time. So for example, at five o'clock, that's the time to feed the guide dog, and he wants to eat. And if I don't do that, I'm going to hear about it. So what's your dog's name? His name is Alamo. Like the Alamo? Yeah. So, you know, the issue is that I do have some things to help keep me honest, but, yeah, I can be fairly well disciplined with it, and I can make that work, and I understand that a lot of people can't. The other thing for me being a public speaker is I'm not as great a fan of speaking virtually, speaking online, as I am speaking in person. And the reason is, and it took me a while to kind of figure out why I didn't really like it as much as as probably some people that I don't have nearly the same kind of connection with the audience to whom I'm speaking if I'm doing it online, and I don't get to hear their reactions to things that I say. And for me, having that audio interaction, those auditory signals are part of what tells me if I'm doing a good job or not. On the other hand, I've done this long enough that I can pretty well tell what's probably going to work and what's not. So I'm perfectly happy to do virtual presentations, but if I have a choice, I like to do it in person, right? Peter William Murphy ** 29:09 Yeah, I agree with you there. There is something very cool about being up on stage, yeah, and talking to a lot of people, but my favorite part has to be afterwards, when you're having the teas and the coffees and you're talking to everybody in the lobby. I really do love that part. Michael Hingson ** 29:29 Oh, yeah. Well, and I try to integrate some of that even into the talks that I give, so that I have audiences participating. And sometimes the participation may be that I ask them something to answer, and sometimes it's how I tell a story to draw them in. And I've had any number of people tell me we were just following you down the stairs in the World Trade Center as you were telling the story. You were just so. Vivid with what you were saying. We were right there with you. And that's the thing that I think is a lot harder to do in a virtual environment than it is in a in an environment where you're actually speaking to people. Peter William Murphy ** 30:13 Yeah, that's I told you when we had a chat before I came on, that it's really great honor to speak to you. And you know, I really do love your story and the way that you tell it, and of course, about your guide dog that led you out. It's really like an amazing story Michael Hingson ** 30:36 well, and you know, it's it, it's a team effort. Both of us had jobs to do, and it was a matter of me being the team leader and keeping the team on course and doing the things that we needed to do. But it did work out well, and I'm glad about that. So it's that's important, but tell me more about the school that you're trying to start as you're working toward it, what will it be? Well, we Peter William Murphy ** 31:07 are deadline to open it up was in three weeks ago, we found three buildings. I can't go into the detail, but it's, let's just say that, you know, someone said one price in the advertisements, and then when we got face to face, there was a new price. There was a lot of that kind of carry on. So my wife and I had a discussion, and we said, let's put peak English online first and get a base in because we do plan to either maybe perhaps move to Ireland in the future. So it is going to have to be a business that can, you know, move anywhere. We are going to have to have a online base. We've started working with the school in Brazil, and we've got some clients in Saudi Arabia and Qatar. So it's a nice space to get online at the moment, as we head into September, when all the kids are back to school, and then we will start small. We on sub stack. I started a small GoFundMe to help me reach my goal before the deadline, and people were very, very supportive. They gained a lot of traction. And then I spoke with my subscribers, and I said I gave them the plan because I like to tell them to know what's going to happen if they're paid subscribers, because everything I make from my writing goes directly back into education. So everything I make from medium top back, everything it goes towards building the school. And we are now going to go into September on a good footing, but we're going to have to downsize our expectations and perhaps buy some or smaller but our methodology and our mission will remain the same, to make education affordable, to help students pass their IELTS exams, to give them an opportunity to go work in Canada, America, the UK, Ireland. Michael Hingson ** 33:15 So yes, that's peak English. Well, there you go. Which is, which is pretty cool. Well, what does your wife work? Or does she just help you with the school? Or what does she do? Peter William Murphy ** 33:26 My wife? What does she do? My wife is an artist. She's a gamer, she's a teacher and she's a website designer. She's everything. She's the Peter whisperer. She's definitely good at when I'm in a whirlwind writing or, you know, I'll do too many things at once. She's, she's like a tablet for ADHD. I think she just, she's good at, kind of directing me calm down. So she she knows everything. Michael, she's a teacher, English language teacher. Graduated from Palm college, university, and she worked in an ink, in a in a college, and she's just about to embark on her Master's. So one of us will get that degree. Michael Hingson ** 34:18 Yeah, one way or another, you'll have one in the family. Yeah, Peter William Murphy ** 34:22 exactly. Well, she has one, but she'll get a master's. Yeah, Michael Hingson ** 34:26 you'll have a master's in the family. Do you have any children? No, no, no, we're children. No children yet? Well, that's another thing to look forward to in in the future, which is, which is, Peter William Murphy ** 34:38 where we don't know what to do. We love turkey, but also we want them to have a, you know, a Turkish. We want them to, you know, have an appreciation for Turkey and for Ireland. So we're trying to figure out where would be the best place to to raise kids in the in. You know, current global environment. And you know, despite all the trouble that Ireland has in 2008 every time I go home, it's still solid ground. And you know, it's the older I get, the more I'm kind of, I think we will end up there eventually, but we'll see. Yeah, well, Michael Hingson ** 35:28 it'll all work out in time. I suspect you strike me as individuals. Yeah, you strike me as a person that will, will make things work out. And you're, you're willing to step back and and do it in a methodical and in very positive way, which is, which is pretty cool. Well, tell me about some of your writing. What kind of what have you written? Peter William Murphy ** 35:54 Well, I told you about the book. I'm halfway through. It's the working title is becoming useful. Then on medium, I started writing about mental health, and I got imposter syndrome again. Of course, there's nothing wrong with writing anecdotally about your experience, but sometimes on the internet, it's probably better not to talk about kind of medical kind of things, you know what I mean. So I said, well, what could I pivot to? And I started writing travel memoirs about my time on the island, and I ended up getting curated about 40 times by medium selected for curation is basically where they choose the staff choose your story, and they give it a boost into the algorithm, and basically it just gets sent all over the internet. So that happened 40 times. Then I wrote for your tango, which is a New York based website. And then after a year and a half on medium, I pivoted to sub stack, where I continued to do my writing. And about three months ago, sub stack began doing live streams, kind of like on YouTube or Instagram, they have these live streams on sub stack. So I didn't feel comfortable talking about my teaching on sub stack, because I felt like my my writing persona, not that it's controversial, had its own space in my life, so I kept it separate from my teaching, and I spoke with a friend, and we saw everyone on Sub stack was doing these live one hour streams. So we thought we would do a comedy show. So we started doing these 1015, minute comedy shows live on substack, and they became very popular. And a lot of you know big authors like Walter Reed, Robin wilding, who would be very popular on that website came on as guest, and it's kind of this new outlet where everything leads back to teaching, where I'm learning about video editing now and how to reach an audience, and then straight away, with peak English, I said, Okay, so that's that. Now I know more about how the internet works, so now open up a Tiktok and an Instagram and, you know, focus that into peak English. So our Instagram account now is growing. It's got close to 1000 followers, and our Tiktok is just open. So, yeah, going to use what I learned from sub stack to reach more students give more tips on how to pass exams on other social platforms. Michael Hingson ** 39:12 Okay, and you've, you've created some fictional characters along the way, haven't you? Peter William Murphy ** 39:20 Yeah, I have Peter and Freeman, who have a small little cult following on on substack, kind of based on a relationship I have with a friend of mine and my brother and I. My brother has done the Olympics. He's done the not as an athlete, but he's worked for Warner Brothers and other companies, doing the filming of it, and we're both very much in the film. We're working on a script, and we're trying to develop something at the moment together. Of course, our day jobs are our main focus, but it's very nice to have a similar interest with your brother, that you can just work. Worked on together, you know, Michael Hingson ** 40:01 yeah, well, you know, back in the days of old radio, there was a ven Troy lacherist, Edgar Bergen, who had his creature, Charlie McCarthy. And it was interesting that a lot of times Charlie spoke for Edgar. Edgar would, would would communicate through Charlie, as opposed to just communicating himself, and it was a way that he felt comfortable doing, which was interesting. Peter William Murphy ** 40:32 Yeah, that's interesting with Murphy's Law, which is my medium pending, after about a year and a half, I, you know, I said I can't keep writing about the island or this or that, or memoirs. I have to try grow as a writer. So I started trying different styles. I started writing a satire. I started writing a political satire or just pure comedy pieces. And lo and behold, I was okay at it, and they gained traction, and they were funny. And this is strange, so then Murphy's law went to kind of satire. And then I started writing about politics, say what's happening in the USA, the friction over there, some other world events. And I enjoyed it. The editors liked it, and it was published in some very good publications. And it was great. I found many voices, you know, but as time went on, and I love medium, and I love substack, it's, it's my passion, and it has helped me grow, not just as a writer, but as I mentioned earlier, helped me hone all the skills I use that become, you know, big enough on it into how I can create this business that my wife and I try to open up, and it has really helped. But you are always chasing the algorithm, you know, and I would rather have a product out there that helps people, you know, pass their exams, give them guidance with these as, you know, do volunteer work, things like that, that will actually help people. And people will remember it as peak English, as a brand that will help them, because Murphy's Law and the exile files online, I love them, and they are my babies, but they are very much passion projects that, like Reunion Island, have helped me figure out what I want to do. You know? Michael Hingson ** 42:58 Yeah, well now you talk about Murphy's Law. And of course, we all know Murphy's Law is, if anything can go wrong at will. But there was a book written years ago that was called Murphy's Law and other reasons why things go wrong. And the first, I think I've heard of that, and the first thing in the book after Murphy's Law was o'toole's commentary on Murphy's Law, which was, Murphy was an optimist. I always thought was cute. I like that. Murphy was an optimist. Peter William Murphy ** 43:30 Well, it's, you know, I think in life, like you said yourself, when, when that terrible day happens in the World Trade Center, it was like you could either lose your mind or you stay calm, you know. And no, I think, I think everybody, kind of you know, can learn from that, from learn from your book, that you just have to keep going moving forward. People react differently to different you know, setbacks like I mentioned, with the leg break and the bar closing another young man, it might, it might not have affected them at all. They would have said, It's okay. I just kept going. But it just so happened that it affected me that way. And you my brother, for example, he stuck it out. He stayed in Ireland, and he he did it so it's it really does depend on the person and how they how one can deal with what life throws at you. Some people think it was like it was the best thing I ever did, but looking back on it, like I wouldn't change it, but looking back on it, I would have liked to have done it, maybe in a calmer way. Michael Hingson ** 44:56 The other the other side of that though, is that. So there are a lot of things that happen around us, and we don't have any control over the fact that they happen as such, but we absolutely have control over how we deal with what happened, and I think that's what so many people miss and don't, don't deal with and the reality is that we can always make choices based on what goes on around us, and we can do that and and that can be a positive thing, or it can be a negative thing, and that's a choice that we have To make. Peter William Murphy ** 45:37 Yeah, you're dead, right? Yeah, I, when I first came to Turkey, I was only supposed to be here for three months, you know, but there was something intoxicating about the country. There just the smell, the food people and I about six months into my stay here, back in 2013, or 14, like I did, have that decision where I had to kind of look at myself saying, Am I staying here because I'm running away, or am I staying here because I feel this is where I can achieve what I want to achieve. And I stayed because I felt this was like the environment where I could kind of deal with myself and kind of deal with life, and, you know, just be who I wanted to be, not that I couldn't do that in Ireland, but just the 24 year old version of myself. That's what like he was thinking, you know? And I got to respect that, Michael Hingson ** 46:46 sure. And the other part about it, though, is that you you at least ask yourself the question, and you really took the responsibility to try to make a decision and come up with an answer, which is what a lot of people avoid doing. Peter William Murphy ** 47:01 I wrote out the pros and cons on a piece of paper. I still have that piece of paper under your bed, and went up to the top of the mountain. There's, there's a huge mountain next to the city here. I'd go up there every day, but I just sat down and I just stared at the piece of paper. And there was just something where I said, you know, I have to try and become something here, you know, because if I can become something, even if it's something small, like something, you know, as humble, as just being a language teacher or helping one person or two people, it doesn't matter if I can do that here, then it would have been worth it. Yeah, of course. If time goes on, you learn more, you become stronger, you become more educated, you become trained. And then if you just keep going, no matter how you know down the dumps you were in the past, if you just keep going, one day, you will wake up and you will know exactly who you are and what you're supposed to do, and that's kind of what Turkey and Reunion Island gave to me. Michael Hingson ** 48:10 Do you think that as you were growing up and so on, that the system failed you? Peter William Murphy ** 48:18 I do remember one time. And I have to preface this for saying that I hold nothing against this person, but I remember I went to the psychologist or counselor in, I won't name the university, and the university I went to and and I didn't know them at all, and I sat down and I told them I was struggling with mental health. And, you know, there was, I'm not saying anything now like but there was a lot of young men taking their own lives in Ireland around this time, a lot and women, and I wasn't like that at all, but I was feeling down, and I wanted to see what the university could do for me. And I remember just being turned away saying, Come back next Tuesday, you know, at 405 and I did find it very hard to kind of like communicate and get help in university through Washington, like I didn't need directions on how to get to the Lacher hall or anything like that. I knew all that, but there was something else going on that I needed help with, and there, it wasn't there at all. Since then, of course, in the last 1516, years, Ireland is, you know, I suggest mental health capital of the world. But when, when I was there, maybe, maybe I just caught them on a bad day. Michael Hingson ** 49:58 Yeah, hard to say. But the. Other part about it is look at what you've done since then, and look how you talk about it today, which really illustrates a lot of resilience on your part. And I'm sure that that's something that had to develop over time, but you still did it, and you became a more resilient individual because of all of that. Peter William Murphy ** 50:22 Yeah, I'd say I've got that for my mom and dad. They're very resilient. But also that resilience has changed from, you know, booking a one way ticket to reunion and, you know, just doing all that crazy stuff, then go ahead and stand ball bus rides around Turkey, not knowing where I'm going, not having money, not enough for rent, all this kind of stuff. But it's changed because I remember I got a job partnering with a recruitment company that's based in Amsterdam, and I remember just willy nilly booking the flight over to Amsterdam, and just kind of, I just gotten married, and I Michael. I was not resilient at all. I did not want to go, I did not want to travel, I wanted to be at home with my wife, you know what I mean? And so I definitely got softer in other ways. So your resilience does change. It becomes more kind of a mental toughness than, say, that kind of young book physical resilience that you had when you were younger. It completely switches. Michael Hingson ** 51:32 Yeah, well, and I think resilience is, is really, to a large degree about the whole concept of, well, mental toughness, or maybe the ability to look at what you're doing and going through and being able to make a decision about how to proceed, I think that's really kind of more of it than anything else, right, right? And so resilience, I think, as oftentimes, it's a term that's overused, but the reality is, I think what resilience really is is your ability to keep things whoever you are, keep things in perspective, and be able to step back and ask the tough questions of yourself and listen to your inner self and get the answers that you need. Yes. Peter William Murphy ** 52:25 If that makes sense. It does. It makes perfect sense. Just gotta keep going. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Michael Hingson ** 52:35 You do have to keep going, and it's kind of important to do that, but you've had a lot of different things that you've done. You know, you've been, you're an author, by the way. Do you still make drinks anywhere? Peter William Murphy ** 52:51 No, I just at home, right away home. Good for you. Yeah? Yeah, we it's a drinking God. Drinking is such a funny one. It's something that just, I don't know, dissolved from my life. When I aged 30, I didn't become a teetotaler or anything like that. Like I'll still have red wine and I'll be here with friends, but I rarely touch the stuff. And I think it's mostly due to the fact that I start work so early in the morning, you know, and I just cannot wake up with any sort of grogginess. I leave black coffee, you know, look at the news for 20 minutes, pet my cat, take a shower and then start, yeah. Michael Hingson ** 53:42 Well, my wife and I used to have a drink on Friday night. I mean, we're capable. We were capable of going to restaurants and parties and occasionally have something. But I know since she passed in 2022 we were married 40 years. I part of honoring her is that I have a drink on Friday night. One drink. I don't because I've never nice. I've never really felt that I need to have alcohol or anything like that. I've never been a great fan of the taste, but I have a drink to honor her on Friday night. So that's kind of fun. Peter William Murphy ** 54:21 Yeah, that's very nice. I mean, we it's my wife's birthday in two days, actually, so I'm very lucky. She's very she's like me in a way. I want to take her to a nice, fancy restaurant, or to do this and do that, but she just wants a chicken burger. And hello, yeah, so we just go out to our favorite restaurant. And you know, they're good burgers. They're pretty gourmet, but yeah, she's pretty down to earth with me. And yeah, we have a lot of fun together. And yeah. But I'm currently planning her birthday presents as as I'm speaking to you. Michael Hingson ** 55:07 If you could go back and talk to a younger Peter, what would you what would you tell them? What would you want them to learn? Peter William Murphy ** 55:15 Oh, I would tell him to go straight to a to talk to somebody, yeah, just to go straight to talk to somebody, that's the biggest thing. I had an interview where I was the host yesterday with a man who does Astro photography, and one of his, you know, other projects he does. He's a recovering alcoholic. Where he's he really talks about, you know, men talking to other men too, like, if your friend call, pick up, always speak. Tell people what's going on. Of course, don't nag people and to tell them every problem you have, but if you're down into dumps, you should talk to somebody. So anybody who's like young, you know, late, late teens coming up, should definitely talk to someone straight away, because I think a few simple sentences from a professional could have saved me a lot of let's call them headaches in the future, all Michael Hingson ** 56:28 too often we the way we're taught. We just don't get encouraged to do that, do we? Peter William Murphy ** 56:34 No, no. People listen. People are good. People will do what they can. But I think sometimes, I think the way it's framed maybe scares men. I think we're a lot better now, but maybe 1015, years ago, and even before that, trying to get a kid to, you know, talk to professional, nobody wants to be different in that way. You know, back then anyway and but it's so healthy. It's so good to have someone who can regurgitate back what you've just told them, but in a clear, calm fashion that you know makes sense. It does the world of good. It's, it's, it's better than medicine Michael Hingson ** 57:27 for most. Puts a lot of things in perspective, doesn't it? It does, yeah, which, which makes a lot of sense. Well, yeah, I think this has been great. I've very much enjoyed having the opportunity to talk with you and and and hear a lot of great life lessons. I hope everyone who is out there listening to us appreciates all the things that you had to say as well. If anybody wants to reach out to you, how do they do that? Peter William Murphy ** 57:57 Well, we're on Instagram as peak English. We're also on Tiktok as peak English, Michael Hingson ** 58:04 peak as in P, E, A, K, that's right Peter William Murphy ** 58:07 behind me here. So if anybody can see it's there's the spelling on my wallpaper. Michael Hingson ** 58:14 And, yeah, a lot of people probably aren't watching videos, so that's why I asked you to spell Peter William Murphy ** 58:19 it. Yeah? Well, actually, I'm blocking it, so I moved out of the way. There Michael Hingson ** 58:23 you go. Well, I won't see it, Peter William Murphy ** 58:27 yeah, so I Yeah. So that's the best way to get in contact with me. You can Google me. Peter William Murphy, medium writer, I pretty much on the top of the lid, if you're interested in writing, also the exile files. And we're also on YouTube with the exile files, so there's lots of stuff going on. This is an English speaking audience, so I'm assuming nobody's going to want lessons from me. So if you're interested in my writing, check out medium and sub stack. And if you know anybody of friends who needs English, tell them about peak English, and I will help you. Michael Hingson ** 59:11 There you go. Well, I don't know, there may be people who aren't the greatest English speakers listening who, who might reach out. Well, I hope that they do, and I hope they appreciate all that you've offered today. I really appreciate you coming on and spending an hour with us. I hope that all it's an honor. Oh, it's been fun. And I would say to all of you out there, I'd love to hear what your thoughts are. Feel free to email me at Michael H i@accessibe.com that's m, I, C, H, A, E, L, H, I, at accessibe, A, C, C, E, S, S, i, b, e.com, love to hear from you. I'd love to hear your thoughts wherever you're listening. I hope that you'll give us a five star rating. We really appreciate your ratings and your reviews and Peter for you and for all of you, if you know anyone who ought to be a. Guest on the podcast. We're always looking for people to come on and tell their stories, so don't hesitate to provide introductions. We love it. We really appreciate you all doing that. And again, Peter, I just want to thank you for for coming on. This has been a lot of fun today. 1:00:14 Thank you so much. It's pleasure to speak with you. **Michael Hingson ** 1:00:23 You have been listening to the Unstoppable Mindset podcast. Thanks for dropping by. I hope that you'll join us again next week, and in future weeks for upcoming episodes. To subscribe to our podcast and to learn about upcoming episodes, please visit www dot Michael hingson.com slash podcast. Michael Hingson is spelled m i c h a e l h i n g s o n. While you're on the site., please use the form there to recommend people who we ought to interview in upcoming editions of the show. And also, we ask you and urge you to invite your friends to join us in the future. If you know of any one or any organization needing a speaker for an event, please email me at speaker at Michael hingson.com. I appreciate it very much. To learn more about the concept of blinded by fear, please visit www dot Michael hingson.com forward slash blinded by fear and while you're there, feel free to pick up a copy of my free eBook entitled blinded by fear. The unstoppable mindset podcast is provided by access cast an initiative of accessiBe and is sponsored by accessiBe. Please visit www.accessibe.com . AccessiBe is spelled a c c e s s i b e. There you can learn all about how you can make your website inclusive for all persons with disabilities and how you can help make the internet fully inclusive by 2025. Thanks again for Listening. Please come back and visit us again next week.
AI Unraveled: Latest AI News & Trends, Master GPT, Gemini, Generative AI, LLMs, Prompting, GPT Store
AI Weekly Rundown From October 06th to October 12th, 2025:Listen at https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/ai-weekly-news-rundown-openai-ships-apps-agents-and/id1684415169?i=1000731382265
Hey everyone, Alex here
# TEMA LA LECCIÓN AMARGA DE SUTTON ¿Los LLMs no son el futuro?1. Richard Sutton – Padre de RL piensa que los LLM son un callejón sin salida2. Algunas reflexiones sobre la entrevista de Sutton3. El cerebro está programado como una computadora | Krishnamurti# PRESENTA Y DIRIGE
Help support the free broadcast by donating to our PayPal fundraiser!https://www.paypal.com/ncp/payment/RL... *Behind the Bunker Paintball Podcast* is a long-running weekly show dedicated to everything paintball. Hosted by passionate players and industry veterans, the podcast dives into the latest happenings in the sport, from new gear releases and product reviews to updates on tournaments and events around the world. It has built a loyal audience by combining serious paintball discussion with a lighthearted, entertaining approach that keeps both new players and seasoned veterans engaged.A big part of the podcast's appeal comes from its interactive nature. Viewers and listeners are encouraged to join in live chats, submit questions, and even share their own paintball stories and gear setups. The hosts often highlight community input, creating a sense of connection between fans and the broader paintball scene. This makes the podcast not just a source of information, but also a hub where players can feel part of a larger community that shares their enthusiasm for the sport.Beyond news and discussions, *Behind the Bunker* mixes in humor, playful banter, and fun segments that give the show a casual and friendly vibe. Whether it's debating the best gear setups, laughing over paintball fails, or breaking down the history of the game, the podcast manages to balance informative content with entertainment. This blend has made it one of the most recognizable and trusted voices in the paintball community, continuing to grow and evolve alongside the sport itself.
Blues Radio International With Jesse Finkelstein & Audrey Michelle
Mississippi Hill Country blues has a unique and almost hypnotic sound. Popularized by RL Burnside and Junior Kimbrough, this deep tradition is carried on by RL's grandson, Blues Music Award winner Cedric Burnside. We sat down with Cedric on the Blues Radio International SoundStage in Memphis the morning after he won two BMA's in 2016 to hear some authentic Mississippi Hill Country Blues.Sound by Jack Gauthier. Photograph by Jay Skolnick.Find more at BluesRadioInternational.net
TDC 068: Your $20/month AI tool is about to cost $500: The Coming AI Price Shock...The coming AI price shock that could destroy your business model overnight.Episode SummaryIn this episode of The Digital Contrarian, host Ryan Levesque exposes the broken economics behind OpenAI's $500 billion valuation and the entire AI sector.You'll learn why venture-capital subsidized AI pricing is unsustainable, discover the shocking financials that reveal AI companies lose money on every transaction, and understand why a 25x price increase is inevitable when the subsidy ends.Question of the Day
I have a much better understanding of Sutton's perspective now. I wanted to reflect on it a bit.(00:00:00) - The steelman(00:02:42) - TLDR of my current thoughts(00:03:22) - Imitation learning is continuous with and complementary to RL(00:08:26) - Continual learning(00:10:31) - Concluding thoughts Get full access to Dwarkesh Podcast at www.dwarkesh.com/subscribe
1 section- Rav Huna/Rav Nachman challenged RL in that asham is brought after death of owner and t/f logic should allow its continuum after slaughter "shelo lishma" like ola, and Rav Sheishes attempted to refute (and support RL)
1 section- Rav Huna/Rav Nachman challenged RL in that asham is brought after death of owner and t/f logic should allow its continuum after slaughter "shelo lishma" like ola, and Rav Sheishes attempted to refute (and support RL)
Sholto Douglas, a top AI researcher at Anthropic, discusses the breakthroughs behind Claude Sonnet 4.5—the world's leading coding model—and why we might be just 2-3 years from AI matching human-level performance on most computer-facing tasks.You'll discover why RL on language models suddenly started working in 2024, how agents maintain coherency across 30-hour coding sessions through self-correction and memory systems, and why the "bitter lesson" of scale keeps proving clever priors wrong.Sholto shares his path from top-50 world fencer to Google's Gemini team to Anthropic, explaining why great blog posts sometimes matter more than PhDs in AI research. He discusses the culture at big AI labs and why Anthropic is laser-focused on coding (it's the fastest path to both economic impact and AI-assisted AI research). Sholto also discusses how the training pipeline is still "held together by duct tape" with massive room to improve, and why every benchmark created shows continuous rapid progress with no plateau in sight.Bold predictions: individuals will soon manage teams of AI agents working 24/7, robotics is about to experience coding-level breakthroughs, and policymakers should urgently track AI progress on real economic tasks. A clear-eyed look at where AI stands today and where it's headed in the next few years.AnthropicWebsite - https://www.anthropic.comTwitter - https://x.com/AnthropicAISholto DouglasLinkedIn - https://www.linkedin.com/in/sholtoTwitter - https://x.com/_sholtodouglasFIRSTMARKWebsite - https://firstmark.comTwitter - https://twitter.com/FirstMarkCapMatt Turck (Managing Director)LinkedIn - https://www.linkedin.com/in/turck/Twitter - https://twitter.com/mattturck(00:00) Intro(01:09) The Rapid Pace of AI Releases at Anthropic(02:49) Understanding Opus, Sonnet, and Haiku Model Tiers(04:14) From Australian Fencer to AI Researcher(12:01) The YouTube Effect: Mastery Through Observation(16:16) Breaking Into AI Research Without Traditional Signals(18:29) Google, Gemini, and Building Inference Stacks(23:05) Why Anthropic? Culture and Mission Differences(25:08) What Is "Taste" in AI Research?(31:46) Sonnet 4.5: Best Coding Model in the World(36:40) From 7 Hours to 30 Hours: The Long-Context Breakthrough(38:41) How AI Agents Self-Correct and Maintain Coherency(43:13) The Role of Memory in Extended Coding Sessions(46:28) Breakthroughs Behind the Performance Jump(47:42) Pre-Training vs. RL: Textbooks vs. Worked Problems(52:11) Test-Time Compute: The New Scaling Axis(55:55) Why RL Finally Started Working on LLMs in 2024(59:38) Defining AGI: Better Than Humans at Computer Tasks(01:02:05) Are We Hitting a Plateau? Evidence Says No(01:03:41) The GDP Eval: Measuring AI Across Economic Sectors(01:05:47) Preparing for 10-100x Individual Leverage & Robotics
Are scientists ignoring the truth about UFOs?In this episode of the Deep Woods Paranormal Podcast, host Matt Harvey sits down with author R. L. Poole to discuss his groundbreaking book, Cosmic Blindspot: Why Neil deGrasse Tyson Is Wrong About UFOs.Poole argues that mainstream science has turned a blind eye to compelling UFO evidence, often dismissing it with skepticism rather than curiosity. Together, we dive into:Why Neil deGrasse Tyson and other scientists may be wrong about UFOsThe strongest cases and evidence for UAPsHow cultural stigma keeps the truth in the shadowsWhat UFOs could mean for humanity's place in the cosmos
Help support the free broadcast by donating to our PayPal fundraiser!https://www.paypal.com/ncp/payment/RL... *Behind the Bunker Paintball Podcast* is a long-running weekly show dedicated to everything paintball. Hosted by passionate players and industry veterans, the podcast dives into the latest happenings in the sport, from new gear releases and product reviews to updates on tournaments and events around the world. It has built a loyal audience by combining serious paintball discussion with a lighthearted, entertaining approach that keeps both new players and seasoned veterans engaged.A big part of the podcast's appeal comes from its interactive nature. Viewers and listeners are encouraged to join in live chats, submit questions, and even share their own paintball stories and gear setups. The hosts often highlight community input, creating a sense of connection between fans and the broader paintball scene. This makes the podcast not just a source of information, but also a hub where players can feel part of a larger community that shares their enthusiasm for the sport.Beyond news and discussions, *Behind the Bunker* mixes in humor, playful banter, and fun segments that give the show a casual and friendly vibe. Whether it's debating the best gear setups, laughing over paintball fails, or breaking down the history of the game, the podcast manages to balance informative content with entertainment. This blend has made it one of the most recognizable and trusted voices in the paintball community, continuing to grow and evolve alongside the sport itself.
1 section- Abayey attempts to resolve the apparent challenge to the resolution of RL (based on his own line of questioning) and Rava eventually clarifies the matter of asham not achieving fulfillment for owner (when wrong intention at shechita)
1 section- Abayey attempts to resolve the apparent challenge to the resolution of RL (based on his own line of questioning) and Rava eventually clarifies the matter of asham not achieving fulfillment for owner (when wrong intention at shechita)
A US Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) research team successfully conducted the first reinforcement learning (RL) control of a free-flyer in space in May. We spoke with NRL Space Roboticist Samantha Chapin, Ph.D., and NRL Computer Research Scientist Kenneth Stewart, Ph.D about the demonstration and the future of autonomous robotics in space. You can read more about the demonstration on the NRL website. Remember to leave us a 5-star rating and review in your favorite podcast app. Be sure to follow T-Minus on LinkedIn and Instagram. Want to hear your company in the show? You too can reach the most influential leaders and operators in the industry. Here's our media kit. Contact us at space@n2k.com to request more info. Want to join us for an interview? Please send your pitch to space-editor@n2k.com and include your name, affiliation, and topic proposal. T-Minus is a production of N2K Networks, your source for strategic workforce intelligence. © N2K Networks, Inc. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices
TDC 067: 3-Part "RTR" AI Business Model OpportunityThe market is shifting beneath our feet and most people have no idea it's happening.Episode Summary:In this episode of The Digital Contrarian, host Ryan Levesque reveals a massive shift taking place in the market right now that connects falling Meta ad costs, massive AI infrastructure deals, and the future of digital business.You'll learn about six major market observations Ryan's been tracking, discover why paid media costs are finally coming back to earth, and uncover the three-part RTR AI business model opportunity that most entrepreneurs are completely missing.Question of the Day
Richard Sutton is the father of reinforcement learning, winner of the 2024 Turing Award, and author of The Bitter Lesson. And he thinks LLMs are a dead end.After interviewing him, my steel man of Richard's position is this: LLMs aren't capable of learning on-the-job, so no matter how much we scale, we'll need some new architecture to enable continual learning.And once we have it, we won't need a special training phase — the agent will just learn on-the-fly, like all humans, and indeed, like all animals.This new paradigm will render our current approach with LLMs obsolete.In our interview, I did my best to represent the view that LLMs might function as the foundation on which experiential learning can happen… Some sparks flew.A big thanks to the Alberta Machine Intelligence Institute for inviting me up to Edmonton and for letting me use their studio and equipment.Enjoy!Watch on YouTube; listen on Apple Podcasts or Spotify.Sponsors* Labelbox makes it possible to train AI agents in hyperrealistic RL environments. With an experienced team of applied researchers and a massive network of subject-matter experts, Labelbox ensures your training reflects important, real-world nuance. Turn your demo projects into working systems at labelbox.com/dwarkesh* Gemini Deep Research is designed for thorough exploration of hard topics. For this episode, it helped me trace reinforcement learning from early policy gradients up to current-day methods, combining clear explanations with curated examples. Try it out yourself at gemini.google.com* Hudson River Trading doesn't silo their teams. Instead, HRT researchers openly trade ideas and share strategy code in a mono-repo. This means you're able to learn at incredible speed and your contributions have impact across the entire firm. Find open roles at hudsonrivertrading.com/dwarkeshTimestamps(00:00:00) – Are LLMs a dead end?(00:13:04) – Do humans do imitation learning?(00:23:10) – The Era of Experience(00:33:39) – Current architectures generalize poorly out of distribution(00:41:29) – Surprises in the AI field(00:46:41) – Will The Bitter Lesson still apply post AGI?(00:53:48) – Succession to AIs Get full access to Dwarkesh Podcast at www.dwarkesh.com/subscribe
This episode features a deep dive into the current state of AI model progress with Ari Morcos (CEO of Datalogy AI and former DeepMind/Meta researcher) and Rob Toews (partner at Radical Ventures). The conversation tackles whether model progress is genuinely slowing down or simply shifting into new paradigms, exploring the role of reinforcement learning in scaling capabilities beyond traditional pre-training. They examine the talent wars reshaping AI labs, Google's resurgence with Gemini, the sustainability of massive valuations for companies like OpenAI and Anthropic, and the infrastructure ecosystem supporting this rapid evolution. The discussion weaves together technical insights on data quality, synthetic data generation, and RL environments with strategic perspectives on acquisitions, regulatory challenges, and the future intersection of AI with physical robotics and brain-computer interfaces. (0:00) Intro(2:59) Debate on Model Progress(8:03) Challenges in AI Generalization and RL Environments(15:44) Enterprise AI and Custom Models(20:27) Google's AI Ascent and Market Impact(24:30) Valuations and Future of AI Companies(27:55) Evaluating xAI's Position in the AI Landscape(30:31) The Talent War in AI Research(35:45) The Impact of Acquihires on Startups(42:35) The Future of AI Infrastructure(48:28) The Potential of Brain-Computer Interfaces(54:45) The Evolution of AI and Robotics(1:00:50) The Importance of Data in AI Research With your co-hosts: @jacobeffron - Partner at Redpoint, Former PM Flatiron Health @patrickachase - Partner at Redpoint, Former ML Engineer LinkedIn @ericabrescia - Former COO Github, Founder Bitnami (acq'd by VMWare) @jordan_segall - Partner at Redpoint
Help support the free broadcast by donating to our PayPal fundraiser!https://www.paypal.com/ncp/payment/RL... *Behind the Bunker Paintball Podcast* is a long-running weekly show dedicated to everything paintball. Hosted by passionate players and industry veterans, the podcast dives into the latest happenings in the sport, from new gear releases and product reviews to updates on tournaments and events around the world. It has built a loyal audience by combining serious paintball discussion with a lighthearted, entertaining approach that keeps both new players and seasoned veterans engaged.A big part of the podcast's appeal comes from its interactive nature. Viewers and listeners are encouraged to join in live chats, submit questions, and even share their own paintball stories and gear setups. The hosts often highlight community input, creating a sense of connection between fans and the broader paintball scene. This makes the podcast not just a source of information, but also a hub where players can feel part of a larger community that shares their enthusiasm for the sport.Beyond news and discussions, *Behind the Bunker* mixes in humor, playful banter, and fun segments that give the show a casual and friendly vibe. Whether it's debating the best gear setups, laughing over paintball fails, or breaking down the history of the game, the podcast manages to balance informative content with entertainment. This blend has made it one of the most recognizable and trusted voices in the paintball community, continuing to grow and evolve alongside the sport itself.
TDC 066: A Crazy Person's Guide to Living Life in an AI WorldEach ChatGPT usage category reveals what humans are desperately craving in an AI-saturated world.Episode SummaryIn this episode of The Digital Contrarian, host Ryan Levesque dives into OpenAI's first-ever ChatGPT usage study.You'll learn how each AI usage category reveals human hunger for authentic connection, discover the "Return to Real" opportunity hiding within seven major verticals, and uncover why the world needs more heart, humor, and humanity and not more artificial intelligence.Question of the Day
A stacked Wall Pass Wednesday on SDH AMScarves N Spikes Tyler Pilgrim looks at the Atlanta United match against Columbus and previews San DiegoMLSSoccer.com's Dylan Butler looks at Open Cup and the playoff races plus previews action tonightNPSL Regional League Managing Director Jason Brown drops by to talk about the annoucement of the RL and what it means for the structure of the league on the whole for 2026 and beyondPlus, shocking news and results in UCL- and we preview today in league phase
In this episode of Gradient Dissent, Lukas Biewald talks with the CEO & founder of Surge AI, the billion-dollar company quietly powering the next generation of frontier LLMs. They discuss Surge's origin story, why traditional data labeling is broken, and how their research-focused approach is reshaping how models are trained.You'll hear why inter-annotator agreement fails in high-complexity tasks like poetry and math, why synthetic data is often overrated, and how Surge builds rich RL environments to stress-test agentic reasoning. They also go deep on what kinds of data will be critical to future progress in AI—from scientific discovery to multimodal reasoning and personalized alignment.It's a rare, behind-the-scenes look into the world of high-quality data generation at scale—straight from the team most frontier labs trust to get it right.Timestamps: 00:00 – Intro: Who is Edwin Chen? 03:40 – The problem with early data labeling systems 06:20 – Search ranking, clickbait, and product principles 10:05 – Why Surge focused on high-skill, high-quality labeling 13:50 – From Craigslist workers to a billion-dollar business 16:40 – Scaling without funding and avoiding Silicon Valley status games 21:15 – Why most human data platforms lack real tech 25:05 – Detecting cheaters, liars, and low-quality labelers 28:30 – Why inter-annotator agreement is a flawed metric 32:15 – What makes a great poem? Not checkboxes 36:40 – Measuring subjective quality rigorously 40:00 – What types of data are becoming more important 44:15 – Scientific collaboration and frontier research data 47:00 – Multimodal data, Argentinian coding, and hyper-specificity 50:10 – What's wrong with LMSYS and benchmark hacking 53:20 – Personalization and taste in model behavior 56:00 – Synthetic data vs. high-quality human data Follow Weights & Biases:https://twitter.com/weights_biases https://www.linkedin.com/company/wandb
Help support the free broadcast by donating to our PayPal fundraiser!https://www.paypal.com/ncp/payment/RL... *Behind the Bunker Paintball Podcast* is a long-running weekly show dedicated to everything paintball. Hosted by passionate players and industry veterans, the podcast dives into the latest happenings in the sport, from new gear releases and product reviews to updates on tournaments and events around the world. It has built a loyal audience by combining serious paintball discussion with a lighthearted, entertaining approach that keeps both new players and seasoned veterans engaged.A big part of the podcast's appeal comes from its interactive nature. Viewers and listeners are encouraged to join in live chats, submit questions, and even share their own paintball stories and gear setups. The hosts often highlight community input, creating a sense of connection between fans and the broader paintball scene. This makes the podcast not just a source of information, but also a hub where players can feel part of a larger community that shares their enthusiasm for the sport.Beyond news and discussions, *Behind the Bunker* mixes in humor, playful banter, and fun segments that give the show a casual and friendly vibe. Whether it's debating the best gear setups, laughing over paintball fails, or breaking down the history of the game, the podcast manages to balance informative content with entertainment. This blend has made it one of the most recognizable and trusted voices in the paintball community, continuing to grow and evolve alongside the sport itself.
My guest today is Jonathan Siddharth, co-founder and CEO of Turing.Jonathan incubated Turing in Foundation Capital's Palo Alto office in 2018. Since then, it has grown into a multi-billion dollar company that powers nearly every frontier AI lab: OpenAI, Anthropic, Google, Meta, Microsoft, and others. If you've seen a breakthrough in how AI reasons or codes, odds are Turing had a hand in it.Jonathan has a provocative thesis: within three years, every white-collar job, including the CEO's, will be automated. In this episode, we talk about what it will take to reach artificial superintelligence, why this goal matters, and how the agentic era will fundamentally reshape work. We also dig into his founder journey: what he learned from his first startup Rover, how he built Turing from day one, and how his leadership style has evolved to emphasize speed, intensity, and staying in the details.Jonathan has been at the edge of AI for years, and he has the rare ability to translate what's happening at the frontier into lessons for builders today.Hope you enjoy the conversation! Chapters: 00:00 Cold open00:02:06 Jonathan's backstory: his experience at Stanford00:06:37 Lessons from Rover00:08:39 Early Turing: incubation at Foundation Capital and finding PMF00:13:52 Why Turing took off00:15:12 Evolving from developer cloud to AGI partner for frontier labs00:16:49 How coding improved reasoning - and why Turing became essential00:20:38 Founder lessons: building org speed and intensity00:23:33 Why work-life balance is a false dichotomy00:24:17 Daily standups, flat orgs, and Formula One culture00:25:15 Confrontational energy and Frank Slootman's influence00:29:50 Positioning Turing as “Switzerland” in the AI arms race00:34:32 The four pillars of superintelligence: multimodality, reasoning, tool use, coding00:37:39 From copilots to agents: the 100x improvement00:40:00 Why enterprise hasn't had its “ChatGPT moment” yet00:43:09 Jonathan's thoughts on RL gyms, algorithmic techniques, and evals00:46:32 The blurring line between model providers and AI apps00:47:35 Why defensibility depends on proprietary data and evals00:55:20 RL gyms: how enterprises train agents in simulated environments00:57:39 Underhyped: $30T of white-collar work will be automated
TDC 065:The AI Battle Brewing Beneath the Surface Plus 27 Vermont Farm Mastermind TakeawaysEpisode SummaryIn this episode of The Digital Contrarian, host Ryan Levesque dives into the $1.5 billion Anthropic settlement and its implications for content creators.You'll learn why we may be exiting the "Napster era" of AI, discover the contrarian content strategy behind our first viral YouTube video, and explore 27 transformative insights from the Vermont Farm Mastermind Experience.Question of the Day
Help support the free broadcast by donating to our PayPal fundraiser!https://www.paypal.com/ncp/payment/RL... *Behind the Bunker Paintball Podcast* is a long-running weekly show dedicated to everything paintball. Hosted by passionate players and industry veterans, the podcast dives into the latest happenings in the sport, from new gear releases and product reviews to updates on tournaments and events around the world. It has built a loyal audience by combining serious paintball discussion with a lighthearted, entertaining approach that keeps both new players and seasoned veterans engaged.A big part of the podcast's appeal comes from its interactive nature. Viewers and listeners are encouraged to join in live chats, submit questions, and even share their own paintball stories and gear setups. The hosts often highlight community input, creating a sense of connection between fans and the broader paintball scene. This makes the podcast not just a source of information, but also a hub where players can feel part of a larger community that shares their enthusiasm for the sport.Beyond news and discussions, *Behind the Bunker* mixes in humor, playful banter, and fun segments that give the show a casual and friendly vibe. Whether it's debating the best gear setups, laughing over paintball fails, or breaking down the history of the game, the podcast manages to balance informative content with entertainment. This blend has made it one of the most recognizable and trusted voices in the paintball community, continuing to grow and evolve alongside the sport itself.
All over the world, for all of human history – and probably going back to our earliest hominid ancestors – people have found ways to try to keep themselves clean. But how did soap come about? Research: “Soap, N. (1), Etymology.” Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, June 2025, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1115187665. American Cleaning Institute. “Soaps & Detergents History.” https://www.cleaninginstitute.org/understanding-products/why-clean/soaps-detergents-history Beckmann, John. “History of Inventions, Discoveries and Origins.” William Johnston, translator. Bosart, L.W. “The Early History of the Soap Industry.” The American Oil Chemists' Society. Journal of Oil & Fat Industries 1924-10: Vol 1 Iss 2. Cassidy, Cody. “Who Discovered Soap? What to Know About the Origins of the Life-Saving Substance.” Time. 5/5/2020. https://time.com/5831828/soap-origins/ Ciftyurek, Muge, and Kasim Ince. "Selahattin Okten Soap Factory in Antakya and an Evaluation on Soap Factory Plan Typology/Antakya'da Bulunan Selahattin Okten Sabunhanesi ve Sabunhane Plan Tipolojisi Uzerine Bir Degerlendirme." Art-Sanat, no. 19, Jan. 2023, pp. 133+. Gale Academic OneFile, dx.doi.org/10.26650/artsanat.2023.19.1106544. Accessed 18 Aug. 2025. Costa, Albert B. “Michel-Eugène Chevreul.” Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Michel-Eugene-Chevreul Curtis, Valerie A. “Dirt, disgust and disease: a natural history of hygiene.” Journal of epidemiology and community health vol. 61,8 (2007): 660-4. doi:10.1136/jech.2007.062380 Dijkstra, Albert J. “How Chevreul (1786-1889) based his conclusions on his analytical results.” OCL. Vol. 16, No. 1. January-February 2009. Gibbs, F.W. “The History and Manufacture of Soap.” Annals of Science. 1939. Koeppel, Dan. “The History of Soap.” 4/15/2020. https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/blog/history-of-soap/ List, Gary, and Michael Jackson. “Giants of the Past: The Battle Over Hydrogenation (1903-1920).” https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=210614 Maniatis, George C. “Guild Organized Soap Manufacturing Industry in Constantinople: Tenth-Twelfth Centuries.” Byzantion, 2010, Vol. 80 (2010). https://www.jstor.org/stable/44173107 National Museum of American History. “Bathing (Body Soaps and Cleansers).” https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object-groups/health-hygiene-and-beauty/bathing-body-soaps-and-cleansers New Mexico Historic Sites. “Making Soap from the Leaves of the Soaptree Yucca.” https://nmhistoricsites.org/assets/files/selden/Virtual%20Classroom_Soaptree%20Yucca%20Soap%20Making.pdf “The history of soapmaking.” 8/30/2019. https://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/history/history-science-technology-and-medicine/history-science/the-history-soapmaking Pliny the Elder. “The Natural History of Pliny. Translated, With Copious Notes and Illustrations.” Vol. 5. John Bostock, translator. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/60688/60688-h/60688-h.htm Pointer, Sally. “An Experimental Exploration of the Earliest Soapmaking.” EXARC Journal. 2024/3. 8/22/2024. https://exarc.net/issue-2024-3/at/experimental-exploration-earliest-soapmaking Ridner, Judith. “The dirty history of soap.” The Conversation. 5/12/2020. https://theconversation.com/the-dirty-history-of-soap-136434 Routh, Hirak Behari et al. “Soaps: From the Phoenicians to the 20th Century - A Historical Review.” Clinics in Dermatology. Vol. No. 3. 1996. Smith, Cyril Stanley, and John G. Hawthorne. “Mappae Clavicula: A Little Key to the World of Medieval Techniques.” Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 64, no. 4, 1974, pp. 1–128. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1006317. Accessed 18 Aug. 2025. Timilsena, Yakindra Prasad et al. “Perspectives on Saponins: Food Functionality and Applications.” International journal of molecular sciences vol. 24,17 13538. 31 Aug. 2023, doi:10.3390/ijms241713538 “Craftsmanship of Aleppo Ghar soap.” https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/craftsmanship-of-aleppo-ghar-soap-02132 “Tradition of Nabulsi soap making in Palestine.” https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/tradition-of-nabulsi-soap-making-in-palestine-02112 “Soaps.” https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/ethnobotany/soaps.shtml van Dijk, Kees. “Soap is the onset of civilization.” From Cleanliness and Culture. Kees van Dijk and Jean Gelman Taylor, eds. Brill. 2011. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctvbnm4n9.4 Wei, Huang. “The Sordid, Sudsy Rise of Soap in China.” Sixth Tone. 8/11/2020. https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1006041 See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
TDC 064: The Market Shift Nobody Sees Coming (While You're Distracted by AI)Paid media costs are dropping to 18-month lows—here's what this unexpected trend could mean for your business.Episode SummaryIn this episode of The Digital Contrarian, host Ryan Levesque shares a surprising market observation from his Vermont farm as he prepares to host the first Return to Real mastermind.You'll discover an unexpected shift in paid media costs, learn why this contradicts conventional wisdom, and explore what this opportunity means for digital entrepreneurs who are paying attention.Question of the Day
Today we are joined by Gorkem and Batuhan from Fal.ai, the fastest growing generative media inference provider. They recently raised a $125M Series C and crossed $100M ARR. We covered how they pivoted from dbt pipelines to diffusion models inference, what were the models that really changed the trajectory of image generation, and the future of AI videos. Enjoy! 00:00 - Introductions 04:58 - History of Major AI Models and Their Impact on Fal.ai 07:06 - Pivoting to Generative Media and Strategic Business Decisions 10:46 - Technical discussion on CUDA optimization and kernel development 12:42 - Inference Engine Architecture and Kernel Reusability 14:59 - Performance Gains and Latency Trade-offs 15:50 - Discussion of model latency importance and performance optimization 17:56 - Importance of Latency and User Engagement 18:46 - Impact of Open Source Model Releases and Competitive Advantage 19:00 - Partnerships with closed source model developers 20:06 - Collaborations with Closed-Source Model Providers 21:28 - Serving Audio Models and Infrastructure Scalability 22:29 - Serverless GPU infrastructure and technical stack 23:52 - GPU Prioritization: H100s and Blackwell Optimization 25:00 - Discussion on ASICs vs. General Purpose GPUs 26:10 - Architectural Trends: MMDiTs and Model Innovation 27:35 - Rise and Decline of Distillation and Consistency Models 28:15 - Draft Mode and Streaming in Image Generation Workflows 29:46 - Generative Video Models and the Role of Latency 30:14 - Auto-Regressive Image Models and Industry Reactions 31:35 - Discussion of OpenAI's Sora and competition in video generation 34:44 - World Models and Creative Applications in Games and Movies 35:27 - Video Models' Revenue Share and Open-Source Contributions 36:40 - Rise of Chinese Labs and Partnerships 38:03 - Top Trending Models on Hugging Face and ByteDance's Role 39:29 - Monetization Strategies for Open Models 40:48 - Usage Distribution and Model Turnover on FAL 42:11 - Revenue Share vs. Open Model Usage Optimization 42:47 - Moderation and NSFW Content on the Platform 44:03 - Advertising as a key use case for generative media 45:37 - Generative Video in Startup Marketing and Virality 46:56 - LoRA Usage and Fine-Tuning Popularity 47:17 - LoRA ecosystem and fine-tuning discussion 49:25 - Post-Training of Video Models and Future of Fine-Tuning 50:21 - ComfyUI Pipelines and Workflow Complexity 52:31 - Requests for startups and future opportunities in the space 53:33 - Data Collection and RedPajama-Style Initiatives for Media Models 53:46 - RL for Image and Video Models: Unknown Potential 55:11 - Requests for Models: Editing and Conversational Video Models 57:12 - VO3 Capabilities: Lip Sync, TTS, and Timing 58:23 - Bitter Lesson and the Future of Model Workflows 58:44 - FAL's hiring approach and team structure 59:29 - Team Structure and Scaling Applied ML and Performance Teams 1:01:41 - Developer Experience Tools and Low-Code/No-Code Integration 1:03:04 - Improving Hiring Process with Public Challenges and Benchmarks 1:04:02 - Closing Remarks and Culture at FAL
In this lecture, military historian Sarah Paine explains how Britain used sea control, peripheral campaigns, and alliances to defeat Nazi Germany during WWII. She then applies this framework to today, arguing that Russia and China are similarly constrained by their geography, making them vulnerable in any conflict with maritime powers (like the U.S. and its allies).Watch on YouTube; listen on Apple Podcasts or Spotify.Sponsors* Labelbox partners with researchers to scope, generate, and deliver the exact data frontier models need, no matter the domain. Whether that's multi-turn audio, SOTA robotics data, advanced STEM problem sets, or even novel RL environments, Labelbox delivers high-quality data, fast. Learn more at labelbox.com/dwarkesh* Warp is the best interface I've found for coding with agents. It makes building custom tools easy: Warp's UI helps you understand agent behavior and its in-line text editor is great for making tweaks. You can try Warp for free, or, for a limited time, use code DWARKESH to get Warp's Pro Plan for only $5. Go to warp.dev/dwarkeshTo sponsor a future episode, visit dwarkesh.com/advertise.Timestamps00:00:00 – How WW1 shaped WW200:15:10 – Hitler and Churchill's battle to command the Atlantic00:30:10 – Peripheral theaters leading up to Normandy00:37:13 – The Eastern front00:48:04 – Russia's & China's geographic prisons01:00:28 – Hitler's blunders & America's industrial might01:15:03 – Bismarck's limited wars vs Hitler's total war Get full access to Dwarkesh Podcast at www.dwarkesh.com/subscribe
TDC 063: 5 AI Infographics That Will Blow Your MindFive shocking AI infographics reveal hidden truths about data centers, jobs, and what AI is doing to your brain.---Episode SummaryIn this episode of The Digital Contrarian, host Ryan Levesque shares five mind-blowing AI infographics from his personal collection.You'll discover hard evidence that AI is killing jobs for young people, learn why data centers now consume more power than entire countries, and see shocking MIT research on what ChatGPT does to your brain connectivity.---Question of the Day
Asha Sharma leads AI product strategy at Microsoft, where she works with thousands of companies building AI products and has unique visibility into what's working (and what's not) across more than 15,000 startups and enterprises. Before Microsoft, Asha was COO at Instacart, and VP of Product & Engineering at Meta, notably leading product for Messenger.What you'll learn:1. Why we're moving from “product as artifact” to “product as organism” and what this means for builders2. Microsoft's “seasons” planning framework that allows them to adapt quickly in the AI era3. The death of the org chart: how agents are turning hierarchies into task networks and why “the loop, not the lane” is the new organizing principle4. Why post-training will soon see more investment than pre-training—and how to build your own AI moat with fine-tuning5. Her prediction for the “agentic society”—where org charts become work charts and agents outnumber humans in your company6. The three-phase pattern every successful AI company follows (and why most fail at phase one)7. The rise of code-native interfaces and why GUIs might be going the way of the desktop8. What Asha learned from Satya Nadella about optimism—Brought to you by:Enterpret—Transform customer feedback into product growth: https://enterpret.com/lennyDX—The developer intelligence platform designed by leading researchers: http://getdx.com/lennyFin—The #1 AI agent for customer service: https://fin.ai/lenny—Transcript: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/how-80000-companies-build-with-ai-asha-sharma—My biggest takeaways (for paid newsletter subscribers): https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/i/171413445/my-biggest-takeaways-from-this-conversation—Where to find Asha Sharma:• LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/aboutasha/• Blog: https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/blog/author/asha-sharma/—Where to find Lenny:• Newsletter: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com• X: https://twitter.com/lennysan• LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lennyrachitsky/—In this episode, we cover:(00:00) Introduction to Asha Sharma(04:18) From “product as artifact” to “product as organism”(06:20) The rise of post-training and the future of AI product development(09:10) Successful AI companies: patterns and pitfalls(12:01) The evolution of full-stack builders(14:15) “The loop, not the lane”—the new organizing principle(16:24) The future of user interfaces: from GUI to code-native(19:34) The rise of the agentic society(22:58) The “work chart” vs. the “org chart”(26:24) How Microsoft is using agents(28:23) Planning and strategy in the AI landscape(35:38) The importance of platform fundamentals(39:31) Lessons from industry giants(42:10) What's driving Asha(44:30) Reinforcement learning (RL) and optimization loops(49:19) Lightning round and final thoughts—Referenced:• Copilot: https://copilot.microsoft.com/• Cursor: https://cursor.com/• The rise of Cursor: The $300M ARR AI tool that engineers can't stop using | Michael Truell (co-founder and CEO): https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/the-rise-of-cursor-michael-truell• Inside ChatGPT: The fastest growing product in history | Nick Turley (Head of ChatGPT at OpenAI): https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/inside-chatgpt-nick-turley• GitHub: https://github.com• Dragon Medical One: https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/health-solutions/clinical-workflow/dragon-medical-one• Windsurf: https://windsurf.com/• Building a magical AI code editor used by over 1 million developers in four months: The untold story of Windsurf | Varun Mohan (co-founder and CEO): https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/the-untold-story-of-windsurf-varun-mohan• Lovable: https://lovable.dev/• Building Lovable: $10M ARR in 60 days with 15 people | Anton Osika (CEO and co-founder): https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/building-lovable-anton-osika• Bolt: http://bolt.com• Inside Bolt: From near-death to ~$40m ARR in 5 months—one of the fastest-growing products in history | Eric Simons (founder and CEO of StackBlitz): https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/inside-bolt-eric-simons• Replit: https://replit.com/•Behind the product: Replit | Amjad Masad (co-founder and CEO): https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/behind-the-product-replit-amjad-masad• He saved OpenAI, invented the “Like” button, and built Google Maps: Bret Taylor on the future of careers, coding, agents, and more: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/he-saved-openai-bret-taylor• Sierra: https://sierra.ai/• Spark: https://github.com/features/spark• Peter Yang on X: https://x.com/petergyang• How AI will impact product management: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/how-ai-will-impact-product-management• Instacart: http://instacart.com/• Terminator: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminator_(franchise)• Porch Group: https://porchgroup.com/• WhatsApp: https://www.whatsapp.com/• Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: https://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html• Satya Nadella on X: https://x.com/satyanadella• Perfect Match 360°: Artificial intelligence to find the perfect donor match: https://ivi-fertility.com/blog/perfect-match-360-artificial-intelligence-to-find-the-perfect-donor-match/• OpenAI's GPT-5 shows potential in healthcare with early cancer detection capabilities: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/us/openais-gpt-5-shows-potential-in-healthcare-with-early-cancer-detection-capabilities/articleshow/123173952.cms• F1: The Movie: https://www.imdb.com/title/tt16311594/• For All Mankind on AppleTV+: https://tv.apple.com/us/show/for-all-mankind/umc.cmc.6wsi780sz5tdbqcf11k76mkp7• The Home Depot: https://www.homedepot.com/• Dewalt Powerstack: https://www.dewalt.com/powerstack• Regret Minimization Framework: https://s3.amazonaws.com/kajabi-storefronts-production/sites/2147500522/themes/2148012322/downloads/rLuObc2QuOwjLrinx5Yu_regret-minimization-framework.pdf—Recommended books:• The Thinking Machine: Jensen Huang, Nvidia, and the World's Most Coveted Microchip: https://www.amazon.com/Thinking-Machine-Jensen-Coveted-Microchip/dp/0593832698• Tomorrow, and Tomorrow, and Tomorrow: https://www.amazon.com/dp/0593466497Production and marketing by https://penname.co/. For inquiries about sponsoring the podcast, email podcast@lennyrachitsky.com.—Lenny may be an investor in the companies discussed.My biggest takeaways from this conversation: To hear more, visit www.lennysnewsletter.com
Help support the free broadcast by donating to our PayPal fundraiser!https://www.paypal.com/ncp/payment/RL...1. Gear deep-dive and product highlightsIn the episode, the hosts focused on the latest gear hitting the market—painting a detailed overview of standout products—from markers and loaders to masks and apparel. They discussed performance features, reliability, and value, offering insight into what's worth the investment. They emphasized not just flashy gear but practical upgrades that improve field experience and longevity through proper care and maintenance.2. User experiences & maintenance tipsHosts shared firsthand stories about using the new equipment themselves—what worked well, what needed tweaking, and common pitfalls to avoid. They discussed cleaning routines, part replacements, and pro tips to keep gear performing at peak levels, stressing that maintenance is as critical as the initial product selection.3. Broader implications and fan interactionThis gear-focused segment was part of a broader conversation about player strategy, rule evolution, and paintball community trends. The hosts took live comments and questions from fans—covering topics like gear setup, communication tools, and field etiquettes—reinforcing the interactive, community-driven nature of the show. They wrapped up with thoughts on how the right gear complements game tactics and encouraged listeners to tune in, submit gear questions, and stay connected for future episodes.
TDC 062: Is the AI Bubble Bursting? My Keynote Insights + MIT's Shocking 95% Failure RateWhile 65% of all VC flows into AI, the real opportunity lies in the barbell approach.---Episode Summary In this episode of The Digital Contrarian, host Ryan Levesque dives into AI bubble dynamics and enterprise failure rates. You'll learn why 95% of AI projects fail, how billionaire investors view current market concentration, and discover the barbell strategy for hedging against bubble conditions while maintaining human competitive advantage. ---Question of the Day
TDC 061: The Personal Branding Paradox in the Age of AIThe more AI you use to scale your personal brand, the less personal it becomes.Episode SummaryIn this episode of The Digital Contrarian, Ryan Levesque explores the personal branding AI paradox and why scaling with AI often flattens your voice.You'll discover the "Personal Brand Power Law," learn the three-part "Fewer, Deeper, Less" framework for standing out, and understand why small rooms beat trying to be everywhere.Question of the Day
Greg Brockman, co-founder and president of OpenAI, joins us to talk about GPT-5 and GPT-OSS, the future of software engineering, why reinforcement learning is still scaling, and how OpenAI is planning to get to AGI. 00:00 Introductions 01:04 The Evolution of Reasoning at OpenAI 04:01 Online vs Offline Learning in Language Models 06:44 Sample Efficiency and Human Curation in Reinforcement Learning 08:16 Scaling Compute and Supercritical Learning 13:21 Wall clock time limitations in RL and real-world interactions 16:34 Experience with ARC Institute and DNA neural networks 19:33 Defining the GPT-5 Era 22:46 Evaluating Model Intelligence and Task Difficulty 25:06 Practical Advice for Developers Using GPT-5 31:48 Model Specs 37:21 Challenges in RL Preferences (e.g., try/catch) 39:13 Model Routing and Hybrid Architectures in GPT-5 43:58 GPT-5 pricing and compute efficiency improvements 46:04 Self-Improving Coding Agents and Tool Usage 49:11 On-Device Models and Local vs Remote Agent Systems 51:34 Engineering at OpenAI and Leveraging LLMs 54:16 Structuring Codebases and Teams for AI Optimization 55:27 The Value of Engineers in the Age of AGI 58:42 Current state of AI research and lab diversity 01:01:11 OpenAI's Prioritization and Focus Areas 01:03:05 Advice for Founders: It's Not Too Late 01:04:20 Future outlook and closing thoughts 01:04:33 Time Capsule to 2045: Future of Compute and Abundance 01:07:07 Time Capsule to 2005: More Problems Will Emerge
ChatGPT-5 just launched, marking a major milestone for OpenAI and the entire AI ecosystem.Fresh off the live stream, Erik Torenberg was joined in the studio by three people who played key roles in making this model a reality:Christina Kim, Researcher at OpenAI, who leads the core models team on post-trainingIsa Fulford, Researcher at OpenAI, who leads deep research and the ChatGPT agent team on post-trainingSarah Wang, General Partner at a16z, who helped lead our investment in OpenAI since 2021They discuss what's actually new in ChatGPT-5—from major leaps in reasoning, coding, and creative writing to meaningful improvements in trustworthiness, behavior, and post-training techniques.We also discuss:How GPT-5 was trained, including RL environments and why data quality matters more than everThe shift toward agentic workflows—what “agents” really are, why async matters, and how it's empowering a new golden age of the “ideas guy”What GPT-5 means for builders, startups, and the broader AI ecosystem going forwardWhether you're an AI researcher, founder, or curious user, this is the deep-dive conversation you won't want to miss.Timecodes:0:00 ChatGPT Origins1:57 Model Capabilities & Coding Improvements4:00 Model Behaviors & Sycophancy6:15 Usage, Pricing & Startup Opportunities8:03 Broader Impact & AGI Discourse16:56 Creative Writing & Model Progress32:37 Training, Data & Reflections36:21 Company Growth & Culture41:39 Closing Thoughts & MissionResourcesFind Christina on X: https://x.com/christinahkimFind Isa on X: https://x.com/isafulfFind Sarah on X: https://x.com/sarahdingwangStay Updated: Let us know what you think: https://ratethispodcast.com/a16zFind a16z on Twitter: https://twitter.com/a16zFind a16z on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/a16zSubscribe on your favorite podcast app: https://a16z.simplecast.com/Follow our host: https://x.com/eriktorenbergPlease note that the content here is for informational purposes only; should NOT be taken as legal, business, tax, or investment advice or be used to evaluate any investment or security; and is not directed at any investors or potential investors in any a16z fund. a16z and its affiliates may maintain investments in the companies discussed. For more details please see a16z.com/disclosures
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