Podcasts about langmuir

Welcome to a podcast where we peel back the layers of deception to reveal the truths lurking beneath the surface. Join host Austin Adams as he delves into the most controversial and pressing issues of our time, challenging the mainstream narrative and sparking thought-provoking discussions. From Engineered Disasters to Global Conflict In this gripping episode, we explore the dark theory behind hurricane Helene being a directed hurricane to target lithium-rich regions. Is there a hidden agenda to manipulate natural disasters for corporate gain? We investigate the evidence and discuss the implications of such practices on vulnerable communities. War on the Horizon As tensions escalate globally, we dissect the recent attack on Israel by Iran, examining its origins and potential consequences. How might these conflicts draw the United States into another protracted war? We analyze the geopolitical landscape and what it means for international relations and security. A Strike That Could Cripple America Turning our attention homeward, we delve into the longshoremen's strike that threatens to shut down America's ports. We discuss how this could cripple the U.S. economy, leading to shortages, price hikes, and widespread disruption. What are the demands, and is there a resolution in sight? Join the Conversation Don't miss out on these critical discussions that mainstream media won't cover. Subscribe now to stay informed and empowered. Follow us on YouTube, Substack, and social media for exclusive content, updates, and more. Thank You for Your Support We appreciate your commitment to seeking the truth and supporting independent journalism. Your engagement makes all the difference. All the Links For easy access to all our content and platforms, visit: https://linktr.ee/theaustinjadams     ----more---- Full Transcription        Hello, you beautiful people and welcome to the Adams archive. My name is Austin Adams and thank you so much for listening today. On today's episode, we are going to be diving deep into some really serious catastrophic situations that have occurred over the past couple of weeks here. The first one being the terrible and horrific Hurricane Helene that has hit several states and just decimated, absolutely decimated the communities there. It's horrible. It's terrible to see. There's All of these videos of people that are stranded on top of buildings. There's firefighters telling people not to go rescue them because it's too dangerous. It is horrible.  On top of that, there's also some speculation and skepticism  similar to what there was in Lahaina  where people don't believe that this hurricane Was as natural as it appeared not the production of it But the path of it and you might be thinking well, that's crazy We can't move hurricanes and what I would say to that is listen to the full episode because maybe you'll change your mind  The second thing that we're going to discuss is going to be will briefly touch on the vice presidential debate. That was just a  Eight hours ago now. We will talk about that, some of the key moments. We won't take too much time on that, but I did wanna just highlight a couple things. And that will be at the end actually, I believe so. Other than that, we will also talk about the seaport strike that is going on,  which could heavily affect  the United States production and ability to provide food.  to provide gas to provide everything and anything that you purchase comes through one of these seaports. Now, these workers are on strike for several reasons, mostly contract negotiations, but also they are hesitant or frustrated that the opportunity of the organization that they're working for utilizing automation.  I have my own opinions about it. I do see their point, but we'll talk about it.  And we'll also talk about what this could possibly do to you and your family and maybe what you can do to get prepared.  Then we will talk about Iran striking Israel  in a  act of what could turn into a very high escalating, , tensions between several countries, including the United States, potentially getting involved as we have had several officials say that we will.  Retaliate on their behalf, which is terrifying.  Alright, all of that and more, but first, go ahead and hit the subscribe button. Leave a five star review.  And if you'd like, go ahead and check out my company, Ronin Basics. Ronin Basics is a Faraday goods company, and we provide several different products that protect you from the modern threats out there in society today. Everything from EMFs, which Robert F. Kennedy Jr. has talked about at length  more recently,  to the Privacy intrusions that are going on between your cell phone, your laptop, every device in your house that has a microphone, tracking GPS, all of those things. So with the EMF side of things, we have EMF blocking Faraday hats. We have beanies and we have phone sleeves that will be in, in just a couple of days. They look just like this. You. Put your phone inside of this beautiful magnetic area here. Slide your phone inside of there. It will eliminate all inbound and outbound signals from your cell phone. All right, now go check out the website. I just did a ton of work getting it updated. I'm very happy with it. So if you've seen it before, go see it again, cause it's way better.  , so go check it out. Appreciate you. Love you. Without further ado, let's jump  into it.   All right. So the very first thing that we're going to talk about today is going to be the horrific hurricane that happened in North Carolina, Tennessee. It is spread across several states, which seems a little unnatural to me. I don't know when the last time there was a hurricane in Tennessee.  Can you remember that? I don't know. Maybe we should ask chat GPT, our  knowledge overlord, what's going on there. So we'll go ahead and take a look at this. There's a tweet that I think really captured all of the damage. So if you're watching here on YouTube, you can actually take a look with me. And if you're not, I will talk you through it. So there is some horrific situations going on and this captures. It in detail. It's just a minute long. So if you're listening  stay with me here, but obviously what this says, I don't know why that's obvious if you're not looking at it The hurricane helene death toll has risen to over a hundred and thirty survivors  Has the death toll has risen to over 130 as survivors. That makes more sense in Western North Carolina. Describe seeing bodies stuck in trees.  Locals are describing the pop apocalyptic scenes on the ground. As the official death toll continues to climb, there were bodies in the trees. They are finding bodies under the rubble. Said local woman, Alyssa Hudson, according to the New York post. Hudson explained how she made it out of her house before it collapsed. Her friends in downtown Black Mountain describe seeing bodies floating in ditches and residents fighting against the rising tide. We were a mountain town, but now we look like a farm town. It's all destroyed. A lot of people won't be back. The total damage from Hurricane Helene is currently projected to be about $34 billion according to Fox.  The following footage was shared by Severe Forecast at Biltmore Village not far from Black Mountain. And here is that video.  Make sure I don't blast you with hurricane sounds.  So there's cars just stuck up in trees.  Restaurants decimated.  One thing that I had seen when I was watching some of these horrible videos was that there was towns that were almost completely under rubble. Almost completely under these landslides that just went above the highest building. And where there used to be a town, there's literally nothing. Nothing. Now could you imagine if this is your city? If your family member is there?  How terrifying. And they're, and they don't have cell phone service. You can't reach them.  You can't know that they're okay.  Now, this isn't the worst of it. I've seen some re some terrible videos.  And guess what? In these videos, there's nobody from the government scene. Nobody, not a single person.  The national guard. Isn't there helping people?  Guess where they are? They're like overseas right now. The National Guard, the same people that are supposed to be here helping our citizens are not here. They're in other places across the world helping other people.  Now speaking of that, one thing that's been frustrating, and I'm sure you can dive into the damage of this Hurricane Helene, and my heart goes out to all of these families. I can't imagine. Even just losing your town, your house, your history of your family,  let alone the amount of people that we're going to find out that are dead as a result of this. It's terrible.  Now there's a few  political plays going on here, which again, is disgusting shouldn't be about that. It should be about helping these citizens.  And one thing that happened was that Kamala Harris was as she's always been. Kamala Harris was dead silent about the hurricane, dead silent about the families that were stranded on top of these buildings, dead silent about the damage that occurred.  Then,  they had the nerve, yesterday,  to come onto the TV, during an interview, at the White House,  and tell the citizens  that they were going, they're going to give the citizens that 1. 3 million dollars, total, combined. For Now, one of the journalists in the audience goes, Billion or million?  And he says, no, no million. 1. 7.  I think it even might be 1. 3. 1.  7 million dollars. Let's be generous here. And just say that it's 1. 7.  That's two houses that got taken out.  They're claiming they're going to use this for 750 dollars to the citizens that are affected. How far does 750 dollars get you in Kamala's mind?  economy.  How far?  Maybe a tank of gas  and a week's worth of food.  Now, one thing they don't seem to consider because they're saying that it's going to be a direct deposit is that the people that are highly affected by this don't even have access to their bank,  don't have access to a grocery store around them,  don't have access to even get gas. There's reports that came in that there was a gas station, one gas station that was in this mountain town where everybody was trying to get out of. And it was empty within hours of people showing up there  and now everybody else is stranded.  I cannot believe the response to this 1. 7 million,  750. If you got affected by this in the same week that we gave Ukraine 8 billion, Kamala  and Joe Biden have now said, they're going to give the citizens of Ukraine. That are affected by the hurricane 1. 7 million 1. 7 million how disgusting of a response. Don't even say that don't even mention the 1. 7 million dollars.  It's a slap in the face to everybody that has been affected by this atrocity. And then speaking about that Kamala three to four days after  three to four days after the hurricane  posted a photo about a briefing about Hurricane Helene.  And one thing that was noticed about this photo.  Is that she's claiming that she's on her airplane. I was just briefed at FEMA by FEMA, Deanne Criswell on the latest developments about the ongoing impacts of hurricane Helene.  We all discussed our administration's continued actions to support emergency response and recovery. I also spoke With North Carolina Governor Cooper about the ongoing rescue and recovery efforts in North Carolina, our administration will continue to stay in constant contact with state and local officials  to ensure communities have the support and resources they need.  Doug and my thoughts are with all those who lost loved ones and those whose homes, businesses, and communities were damaged or destroyed during this disaster.  Now, one thing that you'll notice about this photo, there's a few things going on here. One, she's writing on a piece of paper, a piece of paper that appears to be empty,  appears to be an empty piece of paper.  Yeah, looks pretty empty to me. Number two,  she's wearing headphones.  She's wearing headphones that are not plugged in.  Now, Donald Trump  loved pointing this out,  where he said,  Another fake and staged photo from someone who has no clue what she is doing. You have to plug the cord into the phone for it to work.  Biden and Harris abandoned Americans in Afghanistan. They sacrificed Americans to an open border, and now they have left Americans to drown in North Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama, and elsewhere in the South.  Under this administration, Americans always come last because we have leaders who have no idea how to lead.  Now, when you went and saw the news articles about this,  they were criticizing Trump  for making this accusation. Not criticizing Kamala for faking her image,  for faking caring about these families,  but they're criticizing Trump, of course, for even having the audacity to accuse her of this.  Let's see if I can find that video  of the white house saying they're going to give 1. 3 million.  Let's see if I'm right on 7,  because I'm interested  to families affected.  This was like late yesterday,  the 1st of October.  Let's see.  Statement from Harris  news briefing as Biden responds. Let's  see.  All right. And here it is. Let me go ahead and pull this up for you.  Took a second to find that. Right here is the White House briefing.  And the reporter asks this question here.  And this is where the 1. 7 million comes from.  Hopefully you anticipate getting to some of those areas that have been cut off. Oh, not  to that.  Here we go. Not just by land, but by air as well. And how quickly do you anticipate getting to some of those areas that have been cut off because of the roads being cut off? As quickly as we can.  No answer. Go ahead, Jeff. Thank you, Karine. Mr. Secretary, do you have a sense of how much money it's going to cost, A, to do this relief effort And B, to do the rebuild effort once we get there and how much of that will be covered by insurance companies and how much will be covered by the government. So this is a multi billion dollar undertaking. In terms of the search and rescue and the response, I should note that we already Approximately 1. 7 million in individual assistance that individuals million that individuals will be able to access. I believe it'll be as early as tomorrow. It is a direct deposit into their accounts, but the rebuilding Did you catch that 1. 7 million to these people and they've the journalists. These paid journalists who are shills for the government thought that was so ridiculous, they didn't even register it. And one person goes billion, right? Billion? You're giving 1. 7 billion to those affected by Helene. And he goes no.  Million.  What the fuck are they gonna do with $1.7 million? Let's say there's a hundred thousand families that are affected, and that's very low. There's so many people that are affected by this. Let's probably a million, right? You're gonna give 'em $1.30, $1.70 a dollar in 7 cents, 70 cents,  $1.7 million to those affected, and they'll have it in their accounts deposited as soon as possible. As soon as possibly tomorrow they'll get a $2. What is a million dollars going to do for all of these people affected? And again, the same week that we gave Ukraine 8 billion, the same week, 7 billion to Israel, the same exact week, this man walks up onto that stage and says, don't worry, guys, we're giving our citizens 1. 3 million.  That's going to get, what is everybody going to do? They're going to go to the corner store, walk up to the corner store and get themselves a Gatorade. Hey guys, a refreshment on us. Thanks.  What a slap in the face. Just don't even mention that. Don't mention that figure. 1. 7 million  to hundreds of thousands, millions of citizens that have been, had their families decimated. They've lost all of their livestock. Their family members have been killed.  And you're going to give them 1. 7 million collectively to help out.  Do you want to know who's given more money to this? Their own citizens of the United States. There is a GoFundMe  that was started. And I just let's watch this one more time. So you can hear just how ridiculous this is. And I want to see what the response is of the journalists. Cause they should probably call him out on that, right? You would assume. Note that we already have approved approximately 1. 7 million dollars in individual assistance that individuals million that individuals will be able to access. I believe it'll be as early as tomorrow. It is a direct deposit into their accounts. But the Rebuilding is something that is not for today, but that is going to be extraordinarily costly and it's going to be a multi year enterprise. Thank you. Thank you Mr. Secretary. Two questions. First, about the President's decision to go to Raleigh. Can you give us a little bit of a breakdown as to why he's going to that location, and what he will see, and whether or not he'll be able to see any of the Alright, so literally no response by these propagandists in the audience.  Not even Peter Doocy said something about this. Maybe he was the one that said billion.  Crazy, literally makes no sense.  So 1. 7 million from our own government to these affected citizens from Hurricane Helene. Donald Trump posted this GoFundMe, and there's 3. 7  million, more than doubling the amount that the government's giving out.  3. 7 million by the citizens of the United States that are giving their own money.  And people here,  like Stephen Wyckoff, I believe he's a former senator. I  saw that one, one former senator had Donated about five hundred thousand dollars. So that may be who that was. Let's  okay. So Senator Kelly Lafleur, not sure who this Stephen Wittkoff is, but that's very nice Dana White has given a hundred thousand dollars William Ackman a hundred thousand dollars Bass Pro Shops a hundred thousand dollars Dan Newlin a hundred thousand dollars Christopher Drummond You 25, 000. Kid Rock, 25, 000. That is amazing.  And here our government is sending billions to Ukraine and wants to send 1. 7 million. I cannot stress how frustrating that is enough.  1. 7 million to those affected, those decimated, those family members that were killed. Kamala's on a frickin airplane with airpods that aren't plugged in taking a propaganda photo to send it out.  Donald Trump posted a GoFundMe and gets more than double what the entire government is collectively giving those citizens. . 1.7 million dollars. That's how much they care about you.  I wonder why they're giving 8 billion the same week that they're giving American citizens 1. 7 million. I wonder why. Maybe it's because the citizens that they're going to give that money to aren't going to funnel it back to them. Aren't funding their campaigns. They don't care about the voters.  They do not care about the voters. They do not care about the American public. They care about being elected and more power,  which is why they'll send 8 billion to Ukraine the same week that they spend 1. 7 million to our citizens that were obliterated in a hurricane. But thank God, there's people out there donating to this. So I highly recommend it. It is GoFundMe. com slash support dash hurricane dash Helene dash victims slash GoFundMe. Dash with dash president dash 3.  7 million.  Incredible. Now there's some speculation here,  some speculation around the idea that maybe, just maybe this hurricane wasn't as  natural as it seemed,  as it appeared.  There's some speculation that maybe, just maybe, just like there was in Lahaina, there's some questions around why.  Why this targeted this specific area the way that it did  let's say targeted let's use that word loosely in terms of a natural disaster But if this is true targeted is the right word  the idea  Comes from the fact that some of the towns that were the most decimated in these cities that were affected by this hurricane are also under contract with Blackrock and Vanguard  For lithium mining, liquid gold, the thing that is the next great endeavor for our  humanity,  the most valuable substance today, when it comes to things like electric vehicles, when it comes to things like AI,  these small towns were fighting back against this contract proposed to sell their land for lithium, right? Go back to Lahaina, right? Go back to Lahaina.  He had all these front beachfront properties.  That we're trying to get pushed out by big money from black rock, big money from Vanguard. And they didn't want to sell. That was their property. That was their family's property. That's where their grandparents lived. They're not moving  right. Cue the Wolf of wall street. I ain't leaving. Then  it just so happens within the year before they're supposed to start this lithium mining while also the citizens aren't selling their property.  The entire town gets  obliterated by Hurricane Helene.  You might say, that's a coincidence, Austin. Stop looking for strings where there are none. Tying these two things together. And I would say, I believe you. I agree with you. Until I saw some of these videos and some of the evidence surrounding how they have, since 1947, we have been able to steer hurricanes.  This is a technology that has existed for almost a hundred years.  We're going to watch a video that explains all of that.  But I would just say to you, how many things have we been right about? How many things? Now, it doesn't mean we're going to be right about everything. And it doesn't mean that we shouldn't have skepticism around all of these claims.  But when there's evidence, very specific evidence, just like they tried to gaslight you and tell you that the the  weapons that they used those laser based weapons,  right? The direct energy weapons aren't real. And then I sat here in front of you and showed you video after video of Lockheed Martin and Raytheon boasting about this technology.  Then I show you video after video about how they can start fires with that technology, videos after videos  of all they need to do is put a really high altitude airplane over top of this location and boom, billions of dollars.  How much is a life worth to these companies?  How much is a life worth?  How much, how far would they be willing to go? What's the price tag per head that they're willing to kill  or have die in a natural disaster so that they can make their profits? What's the price tag? Do you think it's 20 grand? Probably not a 10 grand,  five grand.  There's gotta be a calculation just like there is in the auto industry, right? If the amount of fatalities. And the cost for the litigation does not exceed a certain amount per car. They don't update the vehicles. They don't do a recall.  If they calculate go back and watch fight club. It's a great scene about this.  If they calculate  that the amount of litigation that's going to come as the result of not recalling it exceeds the cost. of doing the recall itself, then they will recall it.  Now reverse that. If the amount of damage, the amount of costs, that's going to be the result of a natural disaster like this,  If the amount of profit exceeds what the cost would be  in terms of loss of public trust, in terms of how much they have to pay for Facebook and Instagram and YouTube to censor these topics, like they did with direct energy weapons.  If the amount of that does not, the cost does not exceed the profit. They will move forward. They do not care. It isn't a LLC. It is an entity. It is a corporation, which does not have a moral compass. The only compass it has is how do we continue to have growth year after year regardless of how much  Destruction we leave in our wake. They do not care They want to sit in their high towers the top of the castle  while the peasants are at the bottom drowning in the water that they brought there  So let's watch this video and see if with you think  or at least have any idea The  eyebrow raises that I do. This comes from Greg Reese.  We have had the technology to create control and steer hurricanes for decades.  Project Cirrus is the first official attempt to modify a hurricane. It was run by General Electric with the support of the U S military. The official theory.  Project Syrus, C Y R U S, 1947,  was the first time that there was a concerted effort  to steer a hurricane.  Now it says,  President Lyndon B. Johnson, Southwest Texas State University, 1962 said, let's see if we can get the full quote here, I'm not sure if it gives it all to us and ultimately to control the weather and he who controls the weather will control the world.  He who controls the weather controls the world. Lyndon B. Johnson, 1962 at the Southwest Texas State University.  Okay,  let's move on. Project Cirrus. Project Cirrus is the fir Now, there's a news article that is the Daily News. It says, Destroying a Hurricane. This is from 1947,  September 17th.  This is from the Daily News, the 17th year, Charlotte, O'Malley, Virgin Islands. The destroying a hurricane, the energy expended by a tropical hurricane is enough to drive all the machinery in the world for three or four years. Yet the army, the Navy, and the general electric company are collaborating in a daring meteorological  experiment, which is to determine whether or not the colossal.  that we call a hurricane can be broken by making it precipitate the thousands of  cuts off. I assumed water, right? If the older attempts at rainmaking came to nothing, it is because it is not known how the raindrops are created. Some years ago, it was discovered that unless there is a nucleus, something around which, A moisture can wrap itself. There is can be neither snowflakes nor droplets. The rest now seems simple. Little seeds of carbon dioxide, snow scattered from a plane, serve as much. Nuclei.  Okay. 1947. There's your article. First official attempt to modify a hurricane. It was run by General Electric with the support of the US military 1947. The official theory was that by changing the temperature. Outside the eyewall of a hurricane, which they did by seeding the clouds with various compounds such as silver iodide, a decrease in strong winds will result on October 13th, 1947 Project Cirrus targeted a hurricane heading out to sea.  This says Project Cirrus, first hurricane cloud seeding experiment. The cyclone was historically significant in that it was the first tropical cyclone to be modified as part of a multi year operation called Project Cirrus. In 1946, General Electric scientists concluded that experimentation that dry ice seeding could induce heavy rainfall and thus ultimately weaken storms by cooling temperatures in the eye. To undertake Project Cirrus, General Electric, the United States Army, the Office of Naval Research, and the U. S. Weather Bureau functioned jointly on research and planning. Early on October 13th, 1947, 200 pounds of dry ice were dropped through the storm, then located about 350 miles east of Jacksonville, Florida. While the appearance of the clouds changed, the initial results of the seeding were inconclusive.  Shortly after the seeding took place, the hurricane turned sharply towards the southeastern United States. While the move the leading General Electric scientists later blamed upon the seeding, subsequent examination of the environment surrounding the storm determined that a large upper level ridge was in fact responsible for the abrupt turn.  Of course it was, because then hundreds and people died as a result of your experiment. You're not gonna admit that. Are you? Especially if you're the government.  Now you have to ask yourself, is this the government doing this? Is the government going in there and manipulating these hurricanes to move this closer to this area where they want  the people that funded them to go in and be able to take this lithium? I don't think that's the case, right? This is all speculation, by the way.  Maybe I'm making stuff up here.  Go do the research yourself. But what I would say is it doesn't have to be that it doesn't have to be this big governmental experiment. It doesn't have to be that it has to be four or five executives paying a small team of pilots that, that all go from Blackrock in their private jets  and just so happened to fly directly through a hurricane, by the way, just remembering  There was a pilot that drove  directly through the hurricane. Directly through. I'll see if I can find that for you.  Give me one second.  Alright.  Here is the plane  that flew directly through the hurricane. November 610 Foxtrot Papa.  Now, you can go do research on what that is. Some people are saying that it's an aerial photography company.  Who cares? It's an airplane flying directly through a hurricane. Who does that? Why would you do that?  Maybe they don't even have people doing this. Maybe it's a drone.  They don't need people with stories to tell, and jobs to lose, and indictments to be had to be doing this. They need five to seven executives and two people to pay somebody to fly a drone through this and drop that dry ice or whatever it is that they're doing now 85 years later.  It doesn't have to be this big government conspiracy. It could be five executives wanting to get their fucking lithium out of that city.  And so they pay somebody to fly through it. They pay them to drop this cloud seeding. And then all of the sudden, it decimates Tennessee?  Tennessee? When was the last time a hurricane hit Tennessee?  And then again, radio silence for days by the news. Why is the news not talking about this with the severity of it? Remember New Orleans? Remember Hurricane Katrina?  Everything shut down. They were raising, we were donating in high school, middle school, elementary school.  All over the country was united. And now with this, radio silence. For days. The only reason any of us knew about this. For three days. Was because of social media.  Don't be suspicious. Don't be suspicious. Okay, so there's your airplane, November 610, Foxtrot Papa. Go do some research on it. I don't have the time today to do it. But go check it out for yourself. Maybe I'm wrong.  They definitely flew through this hurricane.  I wonder why.  So all they have to do is fly one airplane through this hurricane, drop this cloud seating, and then all of the sudden,  all of the sudden,  you have a hurricane taking a sharp left turn when it wouldn't have otherwise. Here you go.  Approximately 180 pounds of dry ice was dropped into the clouds. The crew then reported a pronounced modification of the cloud deck, and the hurricane abruptly changed direction and made landfall.  Alright, I just wanted to read this for you because this is the actual facts, he's giving a narrative around it, which is great, but this is the article. October 13th, 1947, a disaster with Project Cirrus. What happened next was the worst case scenario. Instead of dissipating, the storm furiously swung nearly 130 degrees to the west. Very similar as it did with Helene. And smash in the Georgia where it caused $2 million worth of damage. Threats of lawsuits soon followed with Georgia residents Blaming the government in 1947 for the hurricane devastation Project Serious was all but shut down before it truly began, and any research into weather manipulation was re Reddit. Re  reputated Repe Repudiated  . R-E-P-U-D-I-T-E-D. Repu, repudiated, it's a weird word for decades.  All near Savannah, Georgia,  the public blamed the government  Irving Langmuir who pioneered General Electric's atmospheric research department and admitted that the project was about learning how to weaponize the weather. Also claimed the reversal of the hurricane had been caused by Project Cirrus, but the government denied it for 12 years. After a short delay, the project.  Okay, again. Let's go back, he's telling the narrative, but there's facts up on the screen for you. And what this said,  if we can go back, let's see here.  And I do want to tell you the source here, this is Gregory's he's a InfoWars submission guy, like he does a lot of their great videos.  Listen to the narrative, don't listen to the narrative, look up these newspapers. Don't take my word for it.  Don't take his word for it. Go find these newspapers. The Lincoln Journal Star, Sunday, May 1st, 1955. Hurricane seeding. Langmuir and cloud seeding during Project Cirrus in the New Mexico Desert was conducted at regular weekly intervals and Midwest rain begins to fall weekly too. The scientist described another test in October of 1947 where It's he said a hurricane was seeded. It changed course, hitting the city of Savannah, Georgia, doing heavy damage. So that was him admitting that was a cause of that hurricane.  Let's move on. This is the story 12 years after a short delay, the project officially continued and in 1965 Project Storm Fury had targeted Hurricane Betsy for seeding on that day. The storm immediately changed direction and made landfall in southern Florida.  This comes from the Liberty Beacon says yes, the government has experimented with controlling hurricanes. Hurricane Betsy was building strength. It looked like it was aiming for South Carolina, posing no threat to South Florida. But on Saturday, September 4th, the storm whirled to a stop  about 350 miles east of Jackson when Betsy started moving again on Sunday. She had changed directions. The storm plowed through the Bahamas Monday night, then mauled Florida. Or South Florida. A day later, Florida Congress blamed it on Project Storm Fury, but the government claimed that the hurricane shifted before they ever had a chance to seed it. And after two months of congressional hearings, the project was allowed to continue.  In 1997, US Defense Secretary William Cohen, admitted we have the technology to control the weather.  Okay, this comes from DODs News, defense Briefing United States. Department of Defense website January 15th, 2006. It's an article from 2000 or 1997  and it says Cohen's keynote address to the Congress on terror or conference on terrorism, weapons of mass destruction and us strategy at the Georgia center. Mahler auditorium, university of Georgia, Athens, Georgia. The event is a part of the Sam Nunn policy forum being hosted by the university of Georgia. Senator Nunn. Thank you very much. As Senator Nunn has. And indicated he and I have worked for many years along the Senator Lugar. The two of these gentlemen, I feel perhaps the most courageous and visionary have served in the Senate. Let's see if it actually goes into Including earthquakes and volcanoes.  Says Secretary of Defense William S. Cohen. Monday, April 28th, 8 45 a. m. It says Tuffler has written about these, this in terms of some scientists in their laboratories,  Different things. Trying to devise certain types of pathogens that would be ethnic specific. Ooh, imagine that. So they could just eliminate certain ethnic groups and races, and others are designing some sort of engineering, some sort of insects that can destroy specific crops. Others are engaging even in an eco type of terrorism, where they can alter the climate, set off earthquakes, volcanoes  remotely through the use of electromagnetic waves. The U. S. government has placed gag orders on employees of the National Weather Service. In October of 2012, after Hurricane Sandy weakened to a tropical storm, microwave imagery shows a thick red beam.  Now this says that you can the website for this is morphedintegratedmicrowaveimagery.  com C-I-M-S-S version one. The hurricane in the time of this type of energy was 2012 October 27th.  And you can go look for that yourself, but there is this red wave that goes directly at the hurricane  that is going away is dissipating. Then all of a sudden, immediately followed by Sandy growing into a category one hurricane and taking an unexplained left turn into New Jersey.  The push towards alternative energy demands more lithium and according to the US Geological Survey. The United States has over six million tons of identified lithium resources. The majority of this lithium has been identified in Kings Mountain, North Carolina. Kings Mountain is believed to have one of the largest resources in the world, but the biggest problem is that people live there and they don't want their quiet towns turned into lithium mines. People in Cherryville have been pushing against a proposed lithium mine for the last several years, but everyone we spoke with here said it's too divisive of an issue to share their opinion on camera.  Cherryville is a small, quiet town. I think that's good that we keep it small. so quiet. Many don't feel comfortable speaking out against Piedmont Lithium's proposed mining operation nearby. I think we're a silent majority.  I think a lot of people are afraid to say anything about it because they are bringing a lot to the town as far as money. Last year, the Department of Defense entered a 90 million agreement. Okay, DOD enters agreement to expand domestic lithium mining for U. S. battery supply chains. The 90 million agreement entered into the Defense Production Act, Title III authorities, and utilizing funds appropriately by the Inflation Reduction Act will help support Abler Marley's planned reopening of the Kings Mountain, North Carolina, lithium mine to increase domestic production of lithium for the nation's battery supply chain.  Estimates that Kings Mountain will be operational between 2025 and 2030. With Alba Marley Corporation to increase domestic production of lithium for the nation's battery supply chain,  specifically from Kings Mountain, North Carolina, starting by 2025.  This is the same area experiencing what is being described as biblical floods.  While the federal government spends billions on foreign wars and illegal immigrants, they simply cannot be bothered with the health and well being of the American people, especially those living on coveted mineral rich land.  Reporting for InfoWars, this is Greg Reese.  The family's devastation there.  So I think You have three questions to ask yourself about this hurricane and this conspiracy.  Can they do it?  Can they do it? Now we know the answer is yes.  Would they do it? If there's enough money involved, we know absolutely they would do it. Check. Did they do it?  That's the question that needs to be answered, but the first two are answered 100%. Can they do it? Yes. They can manipulate the weather and specifically hurricanes to make this type of movement inward towards shore. They can manipulate it to go where they want it to go, at least in some sense, right? The accuracy of that moving, but it obliterated almost, a fifth of the country towards that lower area.  So can they do it? Yes. Yes.  Would they do it if the price tag is high enough? Yes, absolutely. We know that Blackrock and Vanguard will go to any lengths to make profits.  Did they do it?  I'll leave that one to you. And maybe we'll see some type of evidence that comes out more here in the near future.  So  let's see if there's anything else on that. And then we will move on to the next topic. All right. So there's several people talking about this. There's several clips that have gone. Quote unquote viral about this. And here are some of  those. Let's see if we can  pull it up here.  All right.  This is the one that I probably found to be the best. I'll tell you what I find suspicious as shit, that one of the areas affected by hurricane Helene is the world's largest lithium deposit. And the DOD just entered into an agreement with this company right here to mine lithium for electric cars. Starting in 2025. Now that area is completely devastated. This is a 90 million agreement between the D. O. D. And this company right here to get Kings Mountain North Carolina lithium mine up and running by 2030. If that area has been inundated, it's in a disaster zone. then the government can come in and do eminent domain and they can pay you what it was worth five years ago rather than what it's worth right now. Imagine that your home has turned into a watery lot and the government comes to you and says, Hey, I'll pay you what you paid for it. You're going to take it and you're going to go, right? What do you think is going to happen right here now that they want this lithium mine up and running by 2025 2030 at the latest? Back in 1947 we had the Florida Georgia hurricane or hurricane nine and it was the first hurricane to be targeted for weather modification. What happened was General Electric said, The U. S. Navy, the Army, the Air Force, they poured dry ice into this hurricane using airplanes to see what would happen. Would they slow it down? What happened was it slowed down a little bit, but it turned west really sharp. Let me show you. This is the path that the hurricane took in 1947. Does it look similar to you? Probably not. It's a coincidence, right? Moving on. I'm sure this is just another coincidence, but do you know who owns the most shares in that lithium mine? BlackRock and Vanguard.  Yep, so everything I just told you just from her voice.  Now, the one thing that's interesting about that is the imminent domain conversation, which is the fact that was brought up when it came to Lahaina too. If this is a devastated land, the government can basically take control of that land, claim an imminent domain, pay out those people for that, not based on what is the mineral rich underneath that, the amount of materials that they can siphon from it, which would be the fair market value. But,  what they paid for it five years ago, before this contract was even entered, and before they even knew that there was lithium there.  Sounds like a good reason, and motivating enough for them. To me. Okay.  Let's move on here. But let's touch on this first. Remember that one time where Kamala said that disaster relief should be based on equity?  Also an interesting thing to note. Yeah, remember we talked about that before. I forget the, which hurricane was that. That was for Hurricane Ian. She said that, and here it is.  Oh, shit.  Let's see if we can get it to play from right here. Here we go. It is our lowest income communities and our communities of color that are most impacted and most impacted.  By these extreme conditions and impacted by issues that are not of their own making. And so when  Absolutely. And women. Yeah. And so we have to address this in a way that is about giving resources based on equity, understanding that we fight for equality, but we also need to fight for equity, understanding not everyone starts out at the same place. Yeah. Marxism. And if we want people to drown based on their income. Sometimes we have to take into account those disparities. And do that work. Yeah. Yeah.  That could be your next president, folks.  Alright, now that leads us to our next discussion.  which is about the longshoremen.  I think it was called the portshoremen. Not terribly inaccurate, but also not true. The longshoremen, international longshoremen's association. All right. This guy  is the one kind of leading  the discussion. I  believe he might be like the president of the union or something like that. I'm sure we'll find out in just a moment, but Very chilling words. And if you're an American citizen, this should frustrate the hell out of you, right? All of these unions, these strikes, these, all of this, look, I get it. You have to negotiate for fair wages and there's a certain way to go about that. And having a union is. If you're somebody who works in this type of job, and you also want to decimate the economy for a 50 percent raise on your 150, 000 salary. Now, I'm not saying these guys don't deserve that type of money. I'm not saying that they're in the complete wrong here in terms of making the strike, but understanding what could be the potential outcome for this as a result.  It's pretty terrifying too. Now, maybe you'd put that back onto the longshoremen the organizations that they work for and say, Hey, maybe you should pay them more. Maybe you should stop the automation. We'll talk about all of that, which is the reasons why they actually are going on this type of strike.  Let's go ahead and watch.  But  today's world, it's changing into the future. They're not making millions no more. They're making billions and they're spending it fast as they make it. I want a piece of that for my men because when they made their most money was during COVID. When my men had to go through Go to work on those peers every single day when everybody stayed home and went to work, not my men,  they died out there with the virus. We all got sick with the virus. We kept them going  from Canada, the main of Texas, Great Lakes, Puerto Rico. Now the Bahamas, everybody went to work during COVID. Nobody stayed home.  I want to be compensated for that.  I'm not asking for the world. They know what I want.  They know what they want. And if they don't then I have to go into the street and we have to fight for what we rightfully deserve. These people today don't know what a strike is. When my men hit the  from Maine to Texas. Every single port, a lockdown,  what's going to happen. I'll tell you. First week  be all over the news every night. Boom, boom. Second week  guys who sell cars can't sell cars because the cars ain't coming in off the ships.  They get laid off. Third week  mall starts. closing down. They can't get the goods from China. They can't sell clothes. They can't do this. Everything in the United States comes on a ship. They go out of business. Construction workers get laid off because the materials aren't coming in. The steel is not coming in. The lumber is not coming in.  They lose their job. Everybody's hating the longshoremen now because now they realize how important Our jobs are. Now I have the president screaming at me. I'm putting a Taft Hartley on you. Go ahead.  Taft Hartley means I have to go back to work for 90 days. That's a cooling off period.  Do you think when I go back for 90 days, those men are going to go to work on that pier? It's going to cost the money, the company's money, to pay their salaries it went from 30 moves an hour, maybe to eight.  They're going to be like this.  Who's going to win here in the long run? You're better off sitting down, and let's get a contract, and let's move on with this world. And in today's world, I'll cripple you.  I will cripple you, and you will have no idea what that means. Nobody does.  I love the nice music at the end there. I will cripple you, not I will cripple you, the longshoreman's associate or the organizations that they work for. No, I will cripple the men and women. He even said it in there. I will cripple the car salesman. I will cripple the small business owners. I will cripple the American family trying to get food to their table.  Right now you want to talk about what they're trying to negotiate here, what they want out of this strike.  They want a five year. A five year 50 percent raise. They currently make about 150, 000. They want a five year 50 percent raise 10 percent every year for the next five years.  The other part of this was about automation.  They want to have the companies that they work for stop using automation. Apparently on the previous contract that they utilized, and this comes from a video I watched, I haven't validated the contracts, but allegedly  they want it. The organizations that they work for to promise. They won't use AI promise. They won't use automation promise that they won't take their jobs eventually over time. Like every other industry is dealing with the same thing that we have saw with the writer's strike,  right? How long did it take for them to come to an agreement? Almost a year. It was like eight months, maybe even longer, right?  That's why all the movies sucked for all of last year. So  the question is what's going to come from this, right? And what is the expectation here? Yeah. If you don't move with the times, you're going to expect them to just never use automation, never use AI. And if they do, you're all going to quit.  Doesn't that just  Speed up the use of automation.  China's already doing this. China is already all of their longshoremen, all of their seaports that are taking in all of their goods or shipping it more than likely, if you're in China, all of those are already automated. There's videos out there that you can watch right now. These guys that sit behind the computer and they're working nine to 10 screens, all telling these vehicles where to go and what to pick up and how to move it and all this stuff. So they're hyper efficient compared to what we're doing. How do you expect it to not move that direction? And you're just going to sit on your butt and go, okay,  don't do it. Or I'm going to, I'm not going to work. What is the expectation here? And how is that a solution to the problem? Why not develop a strategic agreement or Alliance or profit sharing agreement that if there is automation, that there is a longstanding percentage of that automation profitability that goes towards retirement funds,  there's one solution. Why not?  Go build out the automation themselves. Why not start a company that then has the ability to, or it has the foresight to  service the vehicles, right? If you have a contract on any of these automations that are then in the future, the first right to contract for the, that money. goes to any previous longshoreman, right? So any of the automation that is being built, any of the maintenance that is being done, any of the assistance that needs to happen on the ports, all of that business immediately goes to the people who were previously hired as longshoremen. Maybe that's their agreement, but the idea that there's just never going to utilize automation and you're just going to outlast technology is just silly. So come to a better agreement,  figure it out in a way that's actually useful because this is not.  These guys are going to cripple the American economy. So let's get some context here. This article comes from ConstructionDive. com, and it says, work stoppages across east and west east and Gulf Coast ports may cause product shortages, price hikes, and delivery issues, construction experts say.  This was published yesterday, October 1st, 2024. It says, as the International Longshoremen's Association went on strike this morning over a new master contract, construction pros across the country are waiting to see how the walkout. which affects ports from Texas to Maine will impact their businesses. The ILA's talks with the United States Maritime Alliance broke down over wages and a total ban on the automation of machinery important to dock work, including cranes, gates, and container moving trucks. According to the Associated Press,  the strike is the first by the union since 1977.  The impacted reports are some of the main points of entry for construction materials, heavy machinery, food, vehicles, chemicals, according to the Wall Street Journal. Material delivery delays could also incur in other regions of the country, according to Manufacturing Dive. Exports of oil, liquefied natural gas at Gulf Coast ports will likely be unaffected due to the ILA has little or no involvement in those operations.  Bill Fleming, Senior Vice President at the New York based consulting firm, Cumming Group, weird name said that impacts of the strike should be felt immediately in the construction industry. Okay, so this is very specific to construction. Combine that with hurricane induced shortages, it starts to bring up. This could be catastrophic. For the U S infrastructure. So  there's a little bit more context. I'd like maybe a little bit more but I think you get the idea. It's all about AI. It's all about automation. It's about eliminating some of their jobs and them wanting higher pay. So not only do you want us to not use AI to lower our overhead costs.  You also want us to pay you more, which is only again, going to speed along the automation track. Automation is not going away.  What is going to go away is the people who don't jump on board with helping to build that future,  right? If you were somebody who is I don't know, what's a good example of an old job that is lost. If you were a  factory worker in building Model Ts  by hand. You probably weren't going to  decide not to work anymore once they decided to bring in some machines, right? If you were a horse and buggy taxi driver, you're not gonna decide not to drive a car, right? There's a new way to do what you do and to help push along the production line.  You just have to figure out what that part is. And see it soon enough to play a part, right? Don't fight against this. It's going to, it's going to happen. There's going to be automation, right? Maybe you get your raise because you add more skills around automation. Not just eliminate it, the use all together, right? Seems silly to me and the fact that they're going to shut down our country over some Ridiculous claim that there's going to not be any automation or AI integrated into this type of industry is ridiculous It's never gonna happen There's always going to be the next best thing and movement in industry and for them to say we're going to Cripple small business owners. We're going to cripple small businesses Young families, we're going to cripple the entire us economy until we get our way. We get a 50 percent rate, a 50 percent salary increase off of our 150, 000 a year salary. I'm not saying they don't deserve that. They deserve that. And they probably deserve more. It's a freaking hard job. It's a crazy difficult job. I'm not discounting that. But what I am saying is that you can't fight back against automation.  It's going to happen.  And if you don't do it, your company is going to go under. Because another company is going to come in and do it at a lower cost. Or they're going to outsource that work to other people and you're just going to lose your job altogether.  So that's where we're at with that. Now there's people sounding the alarm. There was lines outside the door at Costco yesterday, people bulk purchasing toilet paper and dry goods so that if, and when the supply chain fails over the next couple of weeks that they have what they need. Now, I'm not saying you need to go do that. I'm not saying not to do it, probably a good idea, always to have reserves of food,  reserves of water, reserves of gas, I'm not sure if there's a way to really do that, but if there was, you should probably do that generators, all of that stuff, guys just, if we've learned anything over the last four to five years, there is going to be some sort of catastrophic event that cuts us off from the grid, there's going to be supply chain shortages, COVID was just  a glimpse into that.  Maybe start to do something about that. Not specifically because of this, but just because you should, right? Because if it's not, this is going to be something else  be prepared.  All right, now moving on,  let's go ahead and pull  the next article up.  There is escalating tensions. Oh, we got one more thing here. One more thing. Let's see. Let's see this one more article and then we'll move on. Cause I think we got it. This is a big deal, guys. Let's watch this one.  Same guy.  Knocking down doors. She's trying to stop this. She's trying to get us to a media where we can have a fair negotiations. It's the companies that don't want to. They don't want to sit here and be fair. So that's why we're out here fighting for our livelihood. What more from the automation do you want? What more protections could there be? What more? Yeah, they have language in there now. Not strong enough. Because what happens is they come in with new technology. We just caught them in Mobile, Alabama called Autogate. And that means the trucks are coming in and they're already checked in somewhere else and not using the checkers in the I. L. A. Circa vetting the contract. They don't care. They don't care.  It's not fair, and if we don't put our foot down now, they would like to run over us, and we're not going to allow that. You are going to grind the economy to a halt here on the East Coast and the Gulf Coast. No, not us. They are. Don't spin it now, because you're Fox News. They're going to drive it. But are you worried? Are you  worried that this drive They have the capital. to settle this thing. Are you worried that this strike is going to hurt the everyday American, the farmers that need to reach the export market? They're telling me that they're going to hurt. You start to realize who the longshoremen are, right?  People never gave a about us until now, when they finally realized that The chain is being broke now. Cars won't come in.  Food won't come in. Clothing won't come in. You know how many people depend on our jobs? Half the world! And it's time for them, and time for Washington, to put so much pressure on them, to take care of us because we took care of them and we're here 135 years and brought them where they are today and they don't want to share.  Fox Business Lydia Hu joins us now from the port of Newark in New Jersey and I've been following you. We have been as you've done this story for us and now the rubber has met the road and he feels like he's dug in and feels like he's in a strong position. Is he in as strong a position as he thinks or appears to seem to be? He certainly feels like he's in a strong position, and he's probably looking around at other unions and the wage gains and the record contracts that they have notched in recent years. Just last year, the West Coast port workers got a new contract with a 32 percent wage hike. Over four years. So now Mr Daggett, the president is looking at that and saying we want that and better just yesterday, Dana, Mr Daggett rejected port management's offer of a 50 percent wage hike over eight years. Just to give you an idea of where they stand right now. It does seem like the two sides are still far apart, but he does at least see  Wow, so you see this guy is on a power hungry streak, right? Again, they have a fair contract 80 or 50 percent increase over eight years  Seems pretty fair to me the idea that there's already language in the contracts that say that they can't use automation Seems pretty fair to me bring up the litigation against the company, right? Go to the court with them Don't cripple the entire country all of the small business owners  Families trying to feed their children. Because you want to be selfish And again,  You're just going to get replaced. This is so stupid. What are you doing?  Ridiculous.  These unions are a problem, dude. These are, these unions are they,  The union, that guy is an absolute idiot. He's sitting there, riling up his team, Getting their, these, So let's move on to something just, if not more pressing, which is  the next stages leading up to potentially world war three, as we've seen, go back and search my podcast and look for world war three, we've seen the Russia, Ukraine, we've seen that I ran, or we've seen Israel and Hamas, we've seen Iran now, and Israel,  Iran has openly attacked Israel. is now attacking back. In light of that,  there is Russia escalating tensions. There was a fighter jet yesterday, a Russian SU 35 pilot  going right by an F 16 near Alaska in our own airspace. This is how they're treating us. This  fighter jet flies within two feet of our F 16, two feet, and then takes off.  Pretty sweet. The  pilot goes, holy fuck. Yeah, holy fuck.  But, that just shows you, they're willing to go to these lengths. And when you look at the BRIC you look at that alliance, you look at the downfall that's happening with the U. S. dollar. You look at the conversations that are being had between Russia and China, India, right?  We're, this is not a, this is not a winning battle for us.  We should not be in these wars. We should not be the proxy funding capital of the world.  Let Israel fight it out. We have nothing to do with this. Now,  the U. S. has sent another aid package to Israel.  And Biden has directed the U. S. military to shoot down Iranian missiles targeting Israel. It says U S president Joe Biden. This comes from business standard and vice president Kamal Harris are monitoring an Iranian attack against Israel from the white house state situation room and receiving regular updates from their national security team. According to the white house situation room update, president Biden directed the U S military aid to aid Israel's defense against Iranian attacks and shoot down missiles that are targeting Israel  on Tuesday in a major escalation in the raging conflict in the middle East. Iran launched a missile attack on Israel on Tuesday. To start a sentence with on Tuesday and end it with on Tuesday is crazy. In a statement, the IDF said all Israeli citizens are in bomb shelters as rockets from Iran are fired at Israel.  Hezbollah is upset that the IDF exposed their plans to massacre Israelis, this says, so they decided to target innocent civilians by firing a barrage of rockets, the IDF further said.  102 missiles have been launched towards Israel. According to the Jerusalem Post, sirens continue to sound across Israel amid the attack. The Times of Israel reported, according to the IDF, around 10 million civilians are the targets of Iranian projectiles. Okay, I'm not sure I'm taking the IDF's opinion on really anything at this point. Maybe there's a better quote or  source that we can utilize because we know it's all propaganda on both sides, all the way across. There was also a terrorist attack yesterday that killed, I think, eight civilians in Israel. Two men with guns that opened fire just before. Terrible. Horrible.  No good. Very bad day.  This is ridiculous. We shouldn't be involving ourselves. We all know that the United States is going to put its nose where it doesn't belong.  We all know that we are the ones that are fighting Iran. We are the ones that are fighting Russia. We are the ones aiding the both of these countries would have absolutely no chance if it wasn't for our money and they wouldn't even be in the wars to begin with.  But they're going to send your sons and daughters to die  so that Israel  has a chance in this war and so that  Ukraine can continue giving 10 percent to the big guy.  Here's a video again coming from Alex Jones. I think the more and more we get into this crazy scenario or this crazy simulation, the more we find Alex Jones stuff out, you bull. Now again, it's Alex Jones. Take it with a grain of salt. He's been right about a ton of stuff. He's been wrong about a few things, just like all of us. But here is his video that I thought was decently well done.  And it's only going to get worse until people wake up and you will wake up one way or another.  You may wake up when the drones are flying down the street and the big trash trucks, robot driven, are pulling up and getting the dead bodies and your wife and kids are dead. And for some reason you're immune to the new virus and you're sitting there with the electricity off and no food and half the city's dead.  And just know that often luxurious places that people like Zuckerberg will be in their bunkers while we're all dying.  Our people are everywhere  and they're watching the enemy. And when we all jump on their private jets this week, next month, a year from now, whatever it is,  and the private airports are full, all the establishment and their minions loaded up with all their crap flying off to their armored fortresses, that's another key to know when they're about to pull the trigger on a new bio weapon.  Or a nuclear war.  But after the dust settles, we know where to get the medicine and food we need as survivors, don't we? And that's what matters at the end.  Is we will get these people.  I may not be around for it, and a lot of you won't be around for it. But don't get on the bus when they tell you they're relocating you for your safety when all the food and energy's off.  Because you go to that forced labor camp, you ain't ever coming back.  This is how it works in history.  Happens all the time.  People forget freedom. They don't stand up for themselves and the tyrants take over.  And they don't just not care about you. They hate you. They want to hurt you. I always hear, Oh, the new order doesn't care about the people. Oh, the Democrats don't care. Oh, they do care. They love partying and taking drugs and getting their hair done and flying around on private jets while your kids are all locked up at the house with you and you're going bankrupt. They enjoy hurting you. It makes them enjoy their lives so much more.  And hey, only people you got to blame is yourself, right? I'm not saying you're to blame. They obviously are the really bad people. But, hey, I get it. A lot of fun stuff. A lot of movies to see. A lot of concerts. Let somebody else handle that. The new order is gonna handle you.  They're making their move.  You're like they'll never get away with that. This is America. Have you looked around, boys and girls, at where we are?  And how fast thin

In which we consider what, really, is a chemical bond. Lewis and Langmuir promoted the idea that bonding was sharing of electron pairs. Then we hear about Slater, Hellman, and Ruedenberg's discussion of how covalent bonding works. Kossel and Lewis also introduced ionic bonding. Finally Drude and Lorentz offered metallic bonding. But there are more chemical bonds: the hydrogen bond, the halogen bond, the mechanical bond, the van der Waals force, multi-center bonds, and metallophilic bonds.Support the Show. Support my podcast at https://www.patreon.com/thehistoryofchemistry Tell me how your life relates to chemistry! E-mail me at steve@historyofchem.com Get my book, O Mg! How Chemistry Came to Be, from World Scientific Publishing, https://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/12670#t=aboutBook

In preparation for Alien: Romulus, I got together with fellow film fan Bryant Langmuir, to talk about the long running mixed bag that is the Alien Franchise. Sit down and listen to us going through all 6 of the main films, with a brief discussion of the Alien vs. Predator movies thrown in there as well. We hope you have just as much fun as we had chatting! Fans About Films: The Podcast Created & Hosted by Lasse Vogt Guest: Bryant Langmuir Theme Tune composed by William Haddad (twitter.com/WillHaddad8) Please visit Bryant here: https://twitter.com/BryantLangmuir https://www.youtube.com/user/inferno9714 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2KVYIeylftk You can find all of my stuff here: www.facebook.com/lasse.vogt.7 www.facebook.com/LasseVogtPodcast/ twitter.com/LasseVogt https://sideshowsoundtheatre.com/ www.podomatic.com/podcasts/90schristmaspodcast https://scoregeek.wordpress.com/ www.youtube.com/channel/UC8OpBQEY…iew_as=subscriber

Is reaching A+ quality always the right answer? What happens when you consider factors that are part of the system, and not just the product in isolation? In this episode, Bill Bellows and Andrew Stotz discuss acceptability versus desirability in the quality realm. TRANSCRIPT 0:00:02.5 Andrew Stotz: My name is Andrew Stotz and I'll be your host as we continue our journey into the teachings of Dr. W. Edwards Deming. Today, I'm continuing my discussion with Bill Bellows, who has spent 31 years helping people apply Dr. Deming's ideas to become aware of how their thinking is holding them back from their biggest opportunities. Today's episode, episode three, is Acceptability and Desirability. Bill, take it away.   0:00:28.1 Bill Bellows: Thank you, Andrew, and welcome back to our listeners.   0:00:30.7 AS: Oh, yeah.   0:00:31.4 BB: Hey, do you know how long we've been doing these podcasts?   0:00:36.6 AS: No.   0:00:40.8 BB: We started... Our very first podcast was Valentine's Day 2023. I was gonna say 2013. 2023, so roughly 17 months of podcast, Andrew.   0:00:53.4 AS: That was our first date, huh?   0:00:55.0 BB: Our first date was Valentine's Day 2023.   0:00:58.9 AS: All right. Don't tell your wife.   [laughter]   0:01:03.1 BB: All right. And so along the way, I've shared reflections from my first exposures to Dr. Deming, as well as my first exposures to Genichi Taguchi. Talked about Edward de Bono, Tom Johnson, others, mentors, Bill Cooper, Phil Monroe, Gipsie Ranney was a great mentor. Last week, Andrew, while on vacation in New England with my wife, I visited for a day my 85-year-old graduate school advisor who I worked with for ten years, Bob Mayle, who lives in, I would say, the farthest reaches of Maine, a place called Roque Bluffs. Roque Bluffs. How's that for... That could be North Dakota. Roque Bluffs. He's in what they call Down East Maine. He's recently got a flip phone. He's very proud. He's got like a Motorola 1985 vintage flip phone. Anyway, he's cool, he's cool. He's...   0:02:15.9 AS: I'm just looking at that place on the map, and looks incredible.   0:02:19.0 BB: Oh, yeah. He's uh, until he got the phone, he was off the grid. We correspond by letters. He's no internet, no email. And he has electricity, lives in about an 800 square-foot, one-floor bungalow with his wife. This is the third time we've visited him. Every time we go up, we spend one day getting there, one day driving home from where my in-laws live in New York. And then one day with him, and the day ends with going to the nearby fisherman's place. He buys us fresh lobster and we take care of them. [chuckle]   0:03:01.3 AS: Yeah, my sister lives in Kennebunk, so when I go back to the US, I'm...   0:03:08.8 BB: Yeah, Kennebunk is maybe 4 hours away on that same coast.   0:03:15.3 AS: I'm just looking at the guide and map book for Roque Bluffs' State Park, and it says, "a beautiful setting with oceanfront beach, freshwater pond, and hiking trails."   0:03:25.9 BB: Yeah, he's got 10 acres... No, he's got, I think, 20, 25 acres of property. Sadly, he's slowly going blind. He has macular degeneration. But, boy, for a guy who's slowly going blind, he and I went for a walk around his property for a couple hours, and it's around and around... He's holding branches from hitting me, I'm holding branches from hitting him and there's... Let alone the terrain going up and down, you gotta step up and over around the rocks and the pine needles and all. And it was great. It was great. The week before, we were close to Lake George, which is a 32-mile lake in Upstate New York. And what was neat was we went on a three-hour tour, boat ride. And on that lake, there are 30 some islands of various sizes, many of them owned by the state, a number of them owned privately. Within the first hour, we're going by and he points to the island on the left and he says it was purchased in the late '30s by Irving Langmuir. Yeah, so he says, "Irving Langmuir," and I thought, I know that name from Dr. Deming. That name is referenced in The New Economics.   0:04:49.1 BB: In fact, at the opening of Chapter Five of The New Economics, the title is 'Leadership.' Every chapter begins with a quote, right? Chapter Five quote is, "You cannot plan to make a discovery," so says Irving Langmuir. So what is... The guy's describing this island purchased back in the late '30s by Langmuir for like $5,000. I think it's... I don't know if he still owns it, if it's owned by a nonprofit. It's not developed. It's privately held. I'm trying, I wrote to Langmuir's grandson who did a documentary about him. He was a Nobel Prize-winning physicist from GE's R&D center in Schenectady, New York, which is a couple hours south of there. But I'm certain, and I was looking for it earlier, I know I heard of him, of Irving Langmuir through Dr. Deming. And I believe in his lectures, Deming talked about Langmuir's emphasis on having fun at work, having fun. And so I gotta go back and check on that, but I did some research after the day, and sure enough came across some old videos, black and white videos that Langmuir produced for a local television station, talking about his... There's like show and tell with him in the laboratory. And in there, he talks about joy and work and all that.   0:06:33.5 BB: So I'm thinking, that's pretty cool. So I'm waiting to hear from his grandson. And ideally, I can have a conversation with his grandson, introduce him to Kevin and talk about Deming's work and the connection. Who knows what comes out of that? Who knows? Maybe an interview opportunity with you and Irving Langmuir's grandson. So, anyway.   0:06:52.7 AS: Fantastic.   0:06:54.7 BB: But going back to what I mentioned earlier in my background in association with Deming and whatnot, and Taguchi, and I offer these comments to reinforce that while my interests in quality were initially all things Taguchi, and then largely Deming, and it wasn't long before I stopped, stepped back and an old friend from Rocketdyne 20 some years ago started focusing on thinking about thinking, which he later called InThinking. And it's what others would call awareness of our... Well, we called it... Rudy called it, better awareness of our thinking patterns, otherwise known as paradigms, mental models.  We just like the way of explaining it in terms of becoming more aware of our thinking patterns. And I say that because... And what I'm presenting relative to quality in this series, a whole lot of what I'm focusing on is thinking about thinking relative to quality.   0:07:58.8 BB: And so last time, we talked about the eight dimensions of quality from David Garvin, and one of them was acceptability. And that is this notion in quality, alive and well today, Phil Crosby has created this focus on achieving zero defects. Everything meets the requirements, that gets us into the realm, everything is good. Dr. Deming and his red bead experiments talked about red beads and white beads. The white beads is what we're striving for. All the beads are good. The red beads represent defects, things we don't want. And that's this... Thinking wise, that's a thinking pattern of "things are good or bad." Well, then we can have high quality, low quality and quality. But at Rocketdyne, when I started referring to that as category thinking, putting things into categories, but in the world of quality, there's only two categories, Andrew: good and bad. This either meets requirements or it doesn't. And if it's good, then we're allowed to pass it on to the next person. If we pass it on and it's not good, then they're going to send it back to us and say, "Uh-uh, you didn't meet all the requirements." And what I used to do in class, I would take something, a pen or something, and I would go to someone in the seminar and I'd say, "If I hand this to you and it doesn't meet requirements, what are you going to say?" You're gonna say, "I'm not going to take it. It hasn't met the requirements."   0:09:36.4 BB: And I would say you're right. All the I's are not dotted, all the T's are not crossed, I'm not taking it. Then I would take it back and I'd say, "Okay, now what if I go off and dot all those I's and cross all those T's?" Then I would hand them the pen or whatever the thing was, and I'd say, "If all those things have been met," now we're talking acceptability. "Now, what do you say?" I said, "Can you reject it?" "No." I say, "So what do you say now that all those things... If you're aware that all those requirements have been met, in the world of quality, it is as good, now what do you say?" And they look at me and they're like, "What do I say?" I say, "Now you say, thank you." But what I also do is one more time... And I would play this out to people, I'd say, "Okay, Andrew, one more time. I hand you the pen, Andrew, all the requirements are met. And what do you say?" And you say, "Thank you." And I say, "What else just happened when you took it?"   0:10:45.4 AS: You accepted it.   0:10:47.3 BB: Yes. And I say, "And what does that mean?" "I don't know. What does that mean?" I said, "It means if you call me the next day and say, I've got a problem with this, you know what I'm going to say, Andrew?"   0:10:58.5 AS: "You accepted it."   0:11:01.5 BB: Right. And so, what acceptability means is don't call me later and complain. [laughter] So, I get a photo of you accepting it, you're smiling. So if you call me back the next day and say, "I've got a problem with this," I'd say, "No, no, no." So acceptability as a mental model is this idea that once you accept it, there's no coming back. If you reveal to me issues with it later, I deny all that. I'd say, I don't know what your problem with Andrew... It must be a problem on your end, because what I delivered to you is good. And if it is good, then there can't be any problems associated with it. So, if there are problems, have to be on your end, because defect-free, everything good, implies, ain't no problems, ain't no issues with it. I'm thinking of that Disney song, trouble-free mentality, Hakuna Matata.   [chuckle]   0:12:04.5 BB: But now I go back to the title, Acceptability and Desirability. One of Dr. Deming's Ph.D. students, Kauro [actually, Kosaku] Yoshida, he used to teach at Cal State Dominguez Hills back in the '80s, and I think sometime in the '90s, he went to Japan. I don't know if he was born and raised in Japan, but he was one of Dr. Deming's Ph.D. students, I believe, at NYU. Anyway, I know he's a Ph.D. student of Dr. Deming, he would do guest lectures in Dr. Deming's four-day seminars in and around Los Angeles. And, Yoshida is known for this saying that Americans are all about acceptability meets requirements, and the Japanese are about desirability. And what is that? Well, it's more than meeting requirements. And, I wanna get into more detail on that in future episodes. But for now, we could say acceptability is meeting requirements. In a binary world, it can be really hard to think of, if everything's met requirements, how do I do better than that? How do I continue to improve if everything meets requirements?  Well, one clue, and I'll give a clue, is what I shared with the senior most ranking NASA executive responsible for quality.   0:13:46.4 BB: And this goes back to 2002 timeframe. And we had done some amazing things with desirability at Rocketdyne, which. is more than meeting requirements. And the Vice President of Quality at Rocketdyne knew this guy at NASA headquarters, and he says, "You should go show him what we're doing." So I called him up a week in advance of going out there. I had made the date, but I figured if I'm going to go all the way out there, a week in advance, I called him up just to make sure he knew I was coming. And he said something like, "What are we going to talk about?" He said something like, "We're going to talk about that Lean or Six Sigma stuff?" And I said, "No, more than that." And I think I described it as, we're going to challenge the model of interchangeable parts. And he's like, "Okay, so what does that mean?" So the explanation I gave him is I said, "What letter grade is required for everything that NASA purchases from any contractor? What letter grade is ostensibly in the contract? What letter grade? A, B, C, D. What letter grade is in the contract?" And he says, "Well, A+."   [laughter]   0:15:01.2 BB: And I said, "A+ is not the requirement." And he's like, "Well, what do you mean?" I said, "It's a pass-fail system." That's what acceptability is, Andrew. Acceptability is something is either good or bad, and if it's bad, you won't accept it. But if it's good, if I dot all the I's and cross all the T's, you will take it. It has met all the requirements. And that gets into what I talked about in the first podcast series of what I used to call the first question of quality management. Does this quality characteristic, does the thrust of this engine, does the roughness of this surface, does the diameter of this hole, does the pH of this bath meet requirements? And there's only two answers to that question, yes or no. And if yes is acceptable, and if no, that's unacceptable. And so I pointed out to him, much to his chagrin, is that the letter grade requirement is not A+, it's D- or better. [chuckle] And so as a preview of we'll get into in a future podcast, acceptability could be, acceptability is passing. And this guy was really shocked. I said, "Procurement at NASA is a pass-fail system."   0:16:21.9 BB: Every element of anything which is in that system purchased by NASA, everything in there today meets a set of requirements, is subject to a set of requirements which are met on a pass-fail basis. They're either, yes, it either meets requirements, acceptable, or not. That's NASA's, the quality system used by every NASA contractor I'm aware of. Boeing's advanced quality system is good parts and bad parts. Balls and strikes. And so again, for our viewers, acceptability is a pass-fail system. And what Yoshida... You can be thinking about what Yoshida's talked about, is Japanese companies. And again, I think it's foolish to think of all Japanese companies, but back in the '80s, that's really the way it came across, is all Japanese companies really have this figured out, and all American companies don't. I think that's naive. But nonetheless, what he's talking about is shifting from a pass-fail system, that's acceptability, to, let's say, letter grades of A's or B's. That would be more like desirability, is that it's not just passing, but an A grade or a B grade or a C grade. So that's, in round terms, a preview of Yoshida... A sense of, for this episode, of what I mean by acceptability and desirability.   0:17:54.7 BB: In the first podcast which was posted the other day, I made reference to, instead of achieving acceptability, now I can use that term, instead of achieving zero defects as the goal, in the world of acceptability, once we continuously improve and achieve acceptability, now everything is passing, not failing. This is in a world of what I refer to as category thinking, putting things in categories. In the world of black and white, black is one category, white is a category. You got two categories, good and bad. If everything meets requirements, how do you continuously improve if everything is good? Well, part of the challenge is realize that everything is good has variation in terms... Now we could talk about the not all letter grade A, and so we could focus on the things that are not A's and ask the question, is an A worthwhile or not? But what I was saying in the first podcast is my admiration for Dr. Deming's work uniquely... And Dr. Deming was inspired towards this end by Dr. Taguchi, and he gave great credit to that in Chapter Ten of The New Economics. And what I don't see in Lean nor Six Sigma, nor Lean/Six Sigma, nor Operational Excellence, what I don't see anywhere outside of Dr. Deming's work or Dr. Taguchi's work is anything in quality which is more than acceptability.   0:19:32.0 BB: It's all black and white. Again, Boeing's Advanced Quality System is good parts and bad parts. Now, again, I'm not suggesting that there's anything wrong with that. And I would also suggest in a Deming-based organization there may be characteristics for which all we need is that they're good. We don't need to know how good they are, we don't need to know the letter grade. And why is that? Because maybe it's not worth the trouble to discern more than that. And this is where I use the analogy of balls and strikes or kicking the ball into the net.  If you've got an open net... That's Euro Cup soccer. There's no reason to be precisely placing the ball. All you want to do is get it into the net. And that's an area of zero defects, maybe all that is worthwhile, but there could be other situations where I want the ball in a very particular location in the strike zone. That's more of this desirability sense. So I want to clarify for those who listened to the first podcast, is what I'm inferring is I'm not aware of any quality management system, any management system in which, inspired by Dr. Deming and Taguchi, we have the ability to ask the question, is acceptability all that is required?   0:20:55.7 BB: And it could be for a lot of what we do, acceptability is not a bad place to be. But I'm proposing that as a choice, that we've thought about it and said, "You know what? In this situation, it's not worth, economically, the extra effort. And so let's put the extra effort into the things where it really matters." And if it doesn't... So use desirability where it makes sense, use acceptability elsewhere. Right now, what I see going on in organizations unaware of Dr. Deming's work, again, Dr. Taguchi's work, is that they're really blindly focusing on acceptability. And I think what we're going to get into is, I think there's confusion in desirability. But again, I want to keep that for a later episode. Now, people will say, "Well, Bill, the Six Sigma people are about desirability." No, the Six Sigma people have found a new way to define acceptability. And I'll give you one other fun story. When I taught at Northwestern's Kellogg Business School back in the late '90s, and I would start these seminars off by saying, "We're going to look at quality management practices, past, present, future." And so one year, I said, "So what quality management practices are you aware of?" And again, these are students that have worked in industry for five or six years.   0:22:17.6 BB: They've worked at GM, they worked at General Electric, they worked for Coca Cola, banking. These are sharp, sharp people. But you got into the program having worked somewhere in the world, in industry, so they came in with experience. And so they would say, zero defect quality is a quality management practice. And I'd say, "Okay, so where'd that come from?" And again, this is the late '90s. They were aware of the term, zero defects. They didn't know it was Philip Crosby, who I learned yesterday was... His undergraduate degree is from a school of podiatry. I don't know if he was a podiatrist, but he had an undergraduate... A degree in podiatry, somebody pointed out to me. Okay, fine. But Philip Crosby, his big thing was pushing for zero defects. And you can go to the American Society for Quality website to learn more about him. Philip Crosby is the acceptability paradigm. So, students would bring him up and I'd say, "Okay, so what about present? What about present?" And somebody said, "Six Sigma Quality." So I said, "So what do you know about Six Sigma Quality?" And somebody said," Cpk's of 2.00." And I said, "So what's... " again, in a future episode, we could talk about Cpk's."   0:23:48.5 AS: But I said to the guy, "Well, what's the defect rate for Six Sigma... For Cpk's or Six Sigma Quality or Cpk's of 2?" And very matter of factly, he says, "3.4 defects per million." So I said, "How does that compare to Phil Crosby's quality goal from 1962? Here we are, 1997, and he's talking about Motorola and Six Sigma Quality, a defect goal of 3.4 defects per million. And I said, "How does that compare to Phil Crosby's quality goal of zero defects in 1962?" And the guy says... [chuckle] So cool, he says, "Well, maybe zero is not worth achieving." 'Cause again, zero was the goal in 1962. Six Sigma sets the goal for 3.4 per million. Not zero, 3.4, to which this guy says... And I thought it was so cool, he says, "Well, maybe zero is not worth achieving." So, there. Well, my response was, "Well, what makes 3.4 the magic number for every process in every company around the world? So, what about that?" To which the response was crickets. But what I want to point out is we're still talking about zero... I mean 3.4 is like striving towards zero and admitting some. It is another way of looking at acceptability. It is... And again, and people claim it's really about desirability. I think, well, there's some confusion in desirability and my hope in this episode is to clear up some of that misunderstanding in acceptability as well as in desirability. And they... Let me just throw that out.   0:25:58.1 AS: Yeah, there's two things that I want to say, and the first one is what he should have replied is, for those older people listening or viewing that can remember the movie, Mr. Mom with Michael Keaton, I think it was. And he should have replied, "220, 221, whatever it takes." And he should have said, "Well, yeah, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6. It's could be around there."   0:26:27.5 BB: Well, the other thing is, why we're on that is... And I think this is... I'm really glad you brought that up, is, what I would push back on the Lean and the Six Sigma, those striving for zero defects or Cpk's of 2 or whatever they are is, how much money are we going to spend to achieve a Cpk of 2, a zero defects? And again, what I said and... Well, actually, when I posted on LinkedIn yesterday, "I'm okay with a quality goal of 3.4 defects per million." What I'm proposing is, instead of blindly saying zero defects is the goal and stop, or I want Cpk's of 1.33 or whatever they are everywhere in the organization, in terms of the economics of variation or the new economics, is how much money are we going to spend to achieve zero or 3.4 or whatever it is? And, is it worth the return on the investment? And this is where Dr. Taguchi's loss function comes in.   0:27:49.2 BB: And so what I'm proposing, inspired by Genichi Taguchi and W. Edwards Deming is, let's be thinking more about what is... Let's not blindly stop at zero, but if we choose to stop at zero, it's an economic choice that it's not worth the money at this time in comparison to other things we could be working on to improve this quality characteristic and that we've chosen to be here... Because what I don't want people to think is what Dr. Deming and Taguchi are talking about is we can spend any amount of money to achieve any quality goal without thinking of the consequences, nor thinking about, how does this goal on this thing in isolation, not make things bad elsewhere. So we have to be thinking about a quality goal, whether it's worth achieving and will that achievement be in concert with other goals and what we're doing there? That's what I'd like people thinking about as a result of this podcast tonight.   0:28:56.0 AS: And I think I have a good way of wrapping this up, and that is going back to Dr. Deming's first of his 14 Points, which is, create constancy of purpose towards improvement of product and service with the aim to become competitive, to stay in business, and to provide jobs. And I think that what that... I link that to what you're saying with the idea that we're trying to improve our products and services constantly. We're not trying to improve one process. And also, to become competitive in the market means we're improving the right things because we will become more competitive if we are hitting what the client wants and appreciates. And so... Yeah.   0:29:46.3 BB: But with regard to... Absolutely with regard to our customers, absolutely with regard to how it affects different aspects of our company, that we don't get head over heels in one aspect of our company and lose elsewhere, that we don't deliver A+ products to the customer in a losing way, meaning that the A+ is great for you, but financially, we can't afford currently... Now, again, there may be a moment where it's worthwhile to achieve the A... We know we can achieve the A+, but we may not know how to do it financially. We may have the technology to achieve that number. Now, we have to figure out, is, how can we do it in an economically advantaged way, not just for you, the customer, but for us. Otherwise, we're losing money by delivering desirability. So it's gotta work for us, for you, but it's also understanding how that improvement... That improvement of that product within your overall system might not be worthwhile to your customer, in which case we're providing a... The classic...   0:31:18.8 AS: You're not becoming competitive then.   0:31:21.8 BB: The better buggy whip. But that gets into looking at things as a system. And this is... What's invaluable is, all of this is covered with a grasp of the System of Profound Knowledge. The challenge is not to look at goals in isolation. And even I've seen people at Lean conferences quote Dr. Deming and his constancy of purpose and I thought, well, you can have a... A non-Deming company has a constancy of purpose. [chuckle]  The only question is, what is the purpose? [laughter] And that's when I thought, a constancy of purpose on a focus on acceptability is good provided all of your competitors are likewise focusing on acceptability. So I just be... I just am fascinated to find people taking Deming's 14 Points one at a time, out of context, and just saying, "Well, Dr. Deming said this." Well, there we go again. [laughter]   0:32:29.9 AS: Bill, on behalf of everyone at The Deming Institute, I want to thank you again for this discussion. For listeners, remember to go to deming.org to continue your journey. If you want to keep in touch with Bill, just find him on LinkedIn. This is your host, Andrew Stotz. And I'll leave you with one of my favorite quotes from Dr. Deming, "People are entitled to joy in work."

Van tijd tot tijd luisteren we in deze podcast samen naar wat geluiden uit de ruimte. Sonificaties, is de correcte term. Bij een sonificatie wordt iets, wat in eerste instantie voor ons niet hoorbaar is, vertaald naar een geluidsbestand dat we wel kunnen horen.“Listen to the Universe” documentaire:https://plus.nasa.gov/Parker Solar Probe:https://science.nasa.gov/mission/parker-solar-probe/Langmuir waves:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_oscillationParker Solar Probe Team Hears First Whispers of the Solar Wind's Birth:https://www.jhuapl.edu/news/news-releases/200114-parker-solar-probe-team-hears-first-whispers-solar-winds-birthA Universe of Sound:https://chandra.si.edu/sound/Sounds of the Sun:https://www.nasa.gov/solar-system/sounds-of-the-sun/Sounds of the ancient universe:https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/images/pia16881-sounds-of-the-ancient-universeThe scary sound of Earth's magnetic field:https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/FutureEO/Swarm/The_scary_sound_of_Earth_s_magnetic_fieldDe Zimmerman en Space podcast is gelicenseerd onder een Creative Commons CC0 1.0 licentie.http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0

EP390: In today's episode, I'm thrilled to have a returning guest, Renee Langmuir. After I first interviewed her, we decided we had more to talk about so I invited her back for a great topic: parenting adult children! I have a strong suspicion this our conversation will resonate deeply with many who are navigating rocky relationships with their children who are now grown. Renee, a mother of a daughter and a son, shares her insights from her experiences and includes compelling research that sheds light on the complexities that arise when our children enter adulthood.  What makes this episode particularly valuable is the diversity in her and my life as young mothers raising children, showcasing the truth that we are all unique with different experiences and backgrounds and how important it is to remember that is true for our children too.  In this episode, we discuss: The trauma she experienced and how it affected her children in its aftermath. Her determined desire to improve her relationship with her children and how it contributed to her own personal development journey. The reasons our relationships can be difficult with our grown-up kids. Practical strategies and important resources tools that significantly contributed to helping her navigate through the difficult times. Whether you're currently facing challenges or seeking ways to strengthen an already positive relationship, the information and examples Renee and I share can make a significant difference. We've both learned that continuous reflection and a willingness to improve are keys to any relationship, and we're here to be guiding lights for you. Join us in this insightful episode as we explore strategies we've used, share personal anecdotes, and offer a fresh perspective on navigating the intricate journey of life after the empty nest. I guarantee you'll come away with practical insights and new found inspiration. Enjoy the episode, and may it bring positive changes to your own life and relationships! Books Renee mentioned: “When Parents Hurt” Joshua Coleman “Walking on Eggshells” by Jane Isay “I Thought We'd Never Speak Again” by Laura Davis Other ways to find and connect with Renee are: Website: https://www.therookieretiree.com/   Contact: https://www.therookieretiree.com/#contact-me   Published posts: https://www.therookieretiree.com/#published-posts   If you enjoyed this episode, please leave a review and subscribe to (or follow) this podcast so you don't miss any new episodes. You can also sign up for my newsletter on my website, or if you'd like to connect with me, you can email me at lauriewright@notyouraveragegrandma.com  or send a message using any of the sites below:
 Website: https://www.notyouraveragegrandma.com           Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/LaurieColvinWright            Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/not_your_average_grandma          YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/c/NotYourAverageGrandma                Note: Not Your Average Grandma is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com.

EP382: In this episode, I interview Renee (pronounced like Ree-nie) Langmuir, a seasoned educator of 34 years who unexpectedly found herself transitioning into retirement after not just one but two successful careers. Then one day, her working life abruptly ended and Renee chronicled that experience and her adjustment as a “rookie retiree” in a series of personal essays. Renee reflects on her unique perspective, derived from a blend of researched insights and mindful introspection, provides invaluable wisdom for anyone facing unexpected transitions. In this episode, we talk about: How her sudden retirement happened and the tactics she used to navigate this new phase of life. The role of personal essays in her retirement journey and how they were a vital tool for introspection and gaining new perspective. Her invaluable tip about the first thing you should do when you retire and how it's impossible to do when you are still working. Her sadness but acceptance at knowing she'll never be a grandmother that is relatable to so many. Renee's journey serves as an inspiring narrative, brimming with insights to ease transitions and empower individuals to embrace the next chapter of life with enthusiasm and purpose. With a wealth of experience in education, Renee offers actionable advice and relatable anecdotes, regardless of whether you're on the cusp of retirement or in a state of transition. Tune in now to learn insights and strategies from Renee's remarkable journey, and discover how her experiences can guide you towards a fulfilling and delightful new phase of life. Other ways to find and connect with Renee are: Website: https://www.therookieretiree.com/  Contact: https://www.therookieretiree.com/#contact-me  Published posts: https://www.therookieretiree.com/#published-posts  If you enjoyed this episode, please leave a review and subscribe to (or follow) this podcast so you don't miss any new episodes.   You can also sign up for my newsletter on my website, or if you'd like to connect with me, you can email me at lauriewright@notyouraveragegrandma.com  or send a message using any of the sites below:
 Website: https://www.notyouraveragegrandma.com          Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/LaurieColvinWright           Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/not_your_average_grandma         YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/c/NotYourAverageGrandma               Note: Not Your Average Grandma is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com.

Episode 165 of A History of Rock Music in Five Hundred Songs looks at “Dark Stat” and the career of the Grateful Dead. This is a long one, even longer than the previous episode, but don't worry, that won't be the norm. There's a reason these two were much longer than average. Click the full post to read liner notes, links to more information, and a transcript of the episode. Patreon backers also have a twenty-minute bonus episode available, on "Codine" by the Charlatans. Errata I mispronounce Brent Mydland's name as Myland a couple of times, and in the introduction I say "Touch of Grey" came out in 1988 -- I later, correctly, say 1987. (I seem to have had a real problem with dates in the intro -- I also originally talked about "Blue Suede Shoes" being in 1954 before fixing it in the edit to be 1956) Resources No Mixcloud this week, as there are too many songs by the Grateful Dead, and Grayfolded runs to two hours. I referred to a lot of books for this episode, partly because almost everything about the Grateful Dead is written from a fannish perspective that already assumes background knowledge, rather than to provide that background knowledge. Of the various books I used, Dennis McNally's biography of the band and This Is All a Dream We Dreamed: An Oral History of the Grateful Dead by Blair Jackson and David Gans are probably most useful for the casually interested. Other books on the Dead I used included McNally's Jerry on Jerry, a collection of interviews with Garcia; Deal, Bill Kreutzmann's autobiography; The Grateful Dead FAQ by Tony Sclafani; So Many Roads by David Browne; Deadology by Howard F. Weiner; Fare Thee Well by Joel Selvin and Pamela Turley; and Skeleton Key: A Dictionary for Deadheads by David Shenk and Steve Silberman. Tom Wolfe's The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test is the classic account of the Pranksters, though not always reliable. I reference Slaughterhouse Five a lot. As well as the novel itself, which everyone should read, I also read this rather excellent graphic novel adaptation, and The Writer's Crusade, a book about the writing of the novel. I also reference Ted Sturgeon's More Than Human. For background on the scene around Astounding Science Fiction which included Sturgeon, John W. Campbell, L. Ron Hubbard, and many other science fiction writers, I recommend Alec Nevala-Lee's Astounding. 1,000 True Fans can be read online, as can the essay on the Californian ideology, and John Perry Barlow's "Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace". The best collection of Grateful Dead material is the box set The Golden Road, which contains all the albums released in Pigpen's lifetime along with a lot of bonus material, but which appears currently out of print. Live/Dead contains both the live version of "Dark Star" which made it well known and, as a CD bonus track, the original single version. And archive.org has more live recordings of the group than you can possibly ever listen to. Grayfolded can be bought from John Oswald's Bandcamp Patreon This podcast is brought to you by the generosity of my backers on Patreon. Why not join them? Transcript [Excerpt: Tuning from "Grayfolded", under the warnings Before we begin -- as we're tuning up, as it were, I should mention that this episode contains discussions of alcoholism, drug addiction, racism, nonconsensual drugging of other people, and deaths from drug abuse, suicide, and car accidents. As always, I try to deal with these subjects as carefully as possible, but if you find any of those things upsetting you may wish to read the transcript rather than listen to this episode, or skip it altogether. Also, I should note that the members of the Grateful Dead were much freer with their use of swearing in interviews than any other band we've covered so far, and that makes using quotes from them rather more difficult than with other bands, given the limitations of the rules imposed to stop the podcast being marked as adult. If I quote anything with a word I can't use here, I'll give a brief pause in the audio, and in the transcript I'll have the word in square brackets. [tuning ends] All this happened, more or less. In 1910, T. S. Eliot started work on "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock", which at the time was deemed barely poetry, with one reviewer imagining Eliot saying "I'll just put down the first thing that comes into my head, and call it 'The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock.'" It is now considered one of the great classics of modernist literature. In 1969, Kurt Vonnegut wrote "Slaughterhouse-Five, or, The Children's Crusade: A Duty-Dance with Death", a book in which the protagonist, Billy Pilgrim, comes unstuck in time, and starts living a nonlinear life, hopping around between times reliving his experiences in the Second World War, and future experiences up to 1976 after being kidnapped by beings from the planet Tralfamadore. Or perhaps he has flashbacks and hallucinations after having a breakdown from PTSD. It is now considered one of the great classics of modernist literature or of science fiction, depending on how you look at it. In 1953, Theodore Sturgeon wrote More Than Human. It is now considered one of the great classics of science fiction. In 1950, L. Ron Hubbard wrote Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health. It is now considered either a bad piece of science fiction or one of the great revelatory works of religious history, depending on how you look at it. In 1994, 1995, and 1996 the composer John Oswald released, first as two individual CDs and then as a double-CD, an album called Grayfolded, which the composer says in the liner notes he thinks of as existing in Tralfamadorian time. The Tralfamadorians in Vonnegut's novels don't see time as a linear thing with a beginning and end, but as a continuum that they can move between at will. When someone dies, they just think that at this particular point in time they're not doing so good, but at other points in time they're fine, so why focus on the bad time? In the book, when told of someone dying, the Tralfamadorians just say "so it goes". In between the first CD's release and the release of the double-CD version, Jerry Garcia died. From August 1942 through August 1995, Jerry Garcia was alive. So it goes. Shall we go, you and I? [Excerpt: The Grateful Dead, "Dark Star (Omni 3/30/94)"] "One principle has become clear. Since motives are so frequently found in combination, it is essential that the complex types be analyzed and arranged, with an eye kept single nevertheless to the master-theme under discussion. Collectors, both primary and subsidiary, have done such valiant service that the treasures at our command are amply sufficient for such studies, so extensive, indeed, that the task of going through them thoroughly has become too great for the unassisted student. It cannot be too strongly urged that a single theme in its various types and compounds must be made predominant in any useful comparative study. This is true when the sources and analogues of any literary work are treated; it is even truer when the bare motive is discussed. The Grateful Dead furnishes an apt illustration of the necessity of such handling. It appears in a variety of different combinations, almost never alone. Indeed, it is so widespread a tale, and its combinations are so various, that there is the utmost difficulty in determining just what may properly be regarded the original kernel of it, the simple theme to which other motives were joined. Various opinions, as we shall see, have been held with reference to this matter, most of them justified perhaps by the materials in the hands of the scholars holding them, but none quite adequate in view of later evidence." That's a quote from The Grateful Dead: The History of a Folk Story, by Gordon Hall Gerould, published in 1908. Kurt Vonnegut's novel Slaughterhouse-Five opens with a chapter about the process of writing the novel itself, and how difficult it was. He says "I would hate to tell you what this lousy little book cost me in money and anxiety and time. When I got home from the Second World War twenty-three years ago, I thought it would be easy for me to write about the destruction of Dresden, since all I would have to do would be to report what I had seen. And I thought, too, that it would be a masterpiece or at least make me a lot of money, since the subject was so big." This is an episode several of my listeners have been looking forward to, but it's one I've been dreading writing, because this is an episode -- I think the only one in the series -- where the format of the podcast simply *will not* work. Were the Grateful Dead not such an important band, I would skip this episode altogether, but they're a band that simply can't be ignored, and that's a real problem here. Because my intent, always, with this podcast, is to present the recordings of the artists in question, put them in context, and explain why they were important, what their music meant to its listeners. To put, as far as is possible, the positive case for why the music mattered *in the context of its time*. Not why it matters now, or why it matters to me, but why it matters *in its historical context*. Whether I like the music or not isn't the point. Whether it stands up now isn't the point. I play the music, explain what it was they were doing, why they were doing it, what people saw in it. If I do my job well, you come away listening to "Blue Suede Shoes" the way people heard it in 1956, or "Good Vibrations" the way people heard it in 1966, and understanding why people were so impressed by those records. That is simply *not possible* for the Grateful Dead. I can present a case for them as musicians, and hope to do so. I can explain the appeal as best I understand it, and talk about things I like in their music, and things I've noticed. But what I can't do is present their recordings the way they were received in the sixties and explain why they were popular. Because every other act I have covered or will cover in this podcast has been a *recording* act, and their success was based on records. They may also have been exceptional live performers, but James Brown or Ike and Tina Turner are remembered for great *records*, like "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag" or "River Deep, Mountain High". Their great moments were captured on vinyl, to be listened back to, and susceptible of analysis. That is not the case for the Grateful Dead, and what is worse *they explicitly said, publicly, on multiple occasions* that it is not possible for me to understand their art, and thus that it is not possible for me to explain it. The Grateful Dead did make studio records, some of them very good. But they always said, consistently, over a thirty year period, that their records didn't capture what they did, and that the only way -- the *only* way, they were very clear about this -- that one could actually understand and appreciate their music, was to see them live, and furthermore to see them live while on psychedelic drugs. [Excerpt: Grateful Dead crowd noise] I never saw the Grateful Dead live -- their last UK performance was a couple of years before I went to my first ever gig -- and I have never taken a psychedelic substance. So by the Grateful Dead's own criteria, it is literally impossible for me to understand or explain their music the way that it should be understood or explained. In a way I'm in a similar position to the one I was in with La Monte Young in the last episode, whose music it's mostly impossible to experience without being in his presence. This is one reason of several why I placed these two episodes back to back. Of course, there is a difference between Young and the Grateful Dead. The Grateful Dead allowed -- even encouraged -- the recording of their live performances. There are literally thousands of concert recordings in circulation, many of them of professional quality. I have listened to many of those, and I can hear what they were doing. I can tell you what *I* think is interesting about their music, and about their musicianship. And I think I can build up a good case for why they were important, and why they're interesting, and why those recordings are worth listening to. And I can certainly explain the cultural phenomenon that was the Grateful Dead. But just know that while I may have found *a* point, *an* explanation for why the Grateful Dead were important, by the band's own lights and those of their fans, no matter how good a job I do in this episode, I *cannot* get it right. And that is, in itself, enough of a reason for this episode to exist, and for me to try, even harder than I normally do, to get it right *anyway*. Because no matter how well I do my job this episode will stand as an example of why this series is called "*A* History", not *the* history. Because parts of the past are ephemeral. There are things about which it's true to say "You had to be there". I cannot know what it was like to have been an American the day Kennedy was shot, I cannot know what it was like to be alive when a man walked on the Moon. Those are things nobody my age or younger can ever experience. And since August the ninth, 1995, the experience of hearing the Grateful Dead's music the way they wanted it heard has been in that category. And that is by design. Jerry Garcia once said "if you work really hard as an artist, you may be able to build something they can't tear down, you know, after you're gone... What I want to do is I want it here. I want it now, in this lifetime. I want what I enjoy to last as long as I do and not last any longer. You know, I don't want something that ends up being as much a nuisance as it is a work of art, you know?" And there's another difficulty. There are only two points in time where it makes sense to do a podcast episode on the Grateful Dead -- late 1967 and early 1968, when the San Francisco scene they were part of was at its most culturally relevant, and 1988 when they had their only top ten hit and gained their largest audience. I can't realistically leave them out of the story until 1988, so it has to be 1968. But the songs they are most remembered for are those they wrote between 1970 and 1972, and those songs are influenced by artists and events we haven't yet covered in the podcast, who will be getting their own episodes in the future. I can't explain those things in this episode, because they need whole episodes of their own. I can't not explain them without leaving out important context for the Grateful Dead. So the best I can do is treat the story I'm telling as if it were in Tralfamadorian time. All of it's happening all at once, and some of it is happening in different episodes that haven't been recorded yet. The podcast as a whole travels linearly from 1938 through to 1999, but this episode is happening in 1968 and 1972 and 1988 and 1995 and other times, all at once. Sometimes I'll talk about things as if you're already familiar with them, but they haven't happened yet in the story. Feel free to come unstuck in time and revisit this time after episode 167, and 172, and 176, and 192, and experience it again. So this has to be an experimental episode. It may well be an experiment that you think fails. If so, the next episode is likely to be far more to your taste, and much shorter than this or the last episode, two episodes that between them have to create a scaffolding on which will hang much of the rest of this podcast's narrative. I've finished my Grateful Dead script now. The next one I write is going to be fun: [Excerpt: Grateful Dead, "Dark Star"] Infrastructure means everything. How we get from place to place, how we transport goods, information, and ourselves, makes a big difference in how society is structured, and in the music we hear. For many centuries, the prime means of long-distance transport was by water -- sailing ships on the ocean, canal boats and steamboats for inland navigation -- and so folk songs talked about the ship as both means of escape, means of making a living, and in some senses as a trap. You'd go out to sea for adventure, or to escape your problems, but you'd find that the sea itself brought its own problems. Because of this we have a long, long tradition of sea shanties which are known throughout the world: [Excerpt: A. L. Lloyd, "Off to Sea Once More"] But in the nineteenth century, the railway was invented and, at least as far as travel within a landmass goes, it replaced the steamboat in the popular imaginary. Now the railway was how you got from place to place, and how you moved freight from one place to another. The railway brought freedom, and was an opportunity for outlaws, whether train robbers or a romanticised version of the hobo hopping onto a freight train and making his way to new lands and new opportunity. It was the train that brought soldiers home from wars, and the train that allowed the Great Migration of Black people from the South to the industrial North. There would still be songs about the riverboats, about how ol' man river keeps rolling along and about the big river Johnny Cash sang about, but increasingly they would be songs of the past, not the present. The train quickly replaced the steamboat in the iconography of what we now think of as roots music -- blues, country, folk, and early jazz music. Sometimes this was very literal. Furry Lewis' "Kassie Jones" -- about a legendary train driver who would break the rules to make sure his train made the station on time, but who ended up sacrificing his own life to save his passengers in a train crash -- is based on "Alabamy Bound", which as we heard in the episode on "Stagger Lee", was about steamboats: [Excerpt: Furry Lewis, "Kassie Jones"] In the early episodes of this podcast we heard many, many, songs about the railway. Louis Jordan saying "take me right back to the track, Jack", Rosetta Tharpe singing about how "this train don't carry no gamblers", the trickster freight train driver driving on the "Rock Island Line", the mystery train sixteen coaches long, the train that kept-a-rollin' all night long, the Midnight Special which the prisoners wished would shine its ever-loving light on them, and the train coming past Folsom Prison whose whistle makes Johnny Cash hang his head and cry. But by the 1960s, that kind of song had started to dry up. It would happen on occasion -- "People Get Ready" by the Impressions is the most obvious example of the train metaphor in an important sixties record -- but by the late sixties the train was no longer a symbol of freedom but of the past. In 1969 Harry Nilsson sang about how "Nobody Cares About the Railroads Any More", and in 1968 the Kinks sang about "The Last of the Steam-Powered Trains". When in 1968 Merle Haggard sang about a freight train, it was as a memory, of a child with hopes that ended up thwarted by reality and his own nature: [Excerpt: Merle Haggard, "Mama Tried"] And the reason for this was that there had been another shift, a shift that had started in the forties and accelerated in the late fifties but had taken a little time to ripple through the culture. Now the train had been replaced in the popular imaginary by motorised transport. Instead of hopping on a train without paying, if you had no money in your pocket you'd have to hitch-hike all the way. Freedom now meant individuality. The ultimate in freedom was the biker -- the Hell's Angels who could go anywhere, unburdened by anything -- and instead of goods being moved by freight train, increasingly they were being moved by truck drivers. By the mid-seventies, truck drivers took a central place in American life, and the most romantic way to live life was to live it on the road. On The Road was also the title of a 1957 novel by Jack Kerouac, which was one of the first major signs of this cultural shift in America. Kerouac was writing about events in the late forties and early fifties, but his book was also a precursor of the sixties counterculture. He wrote the book on one continuous sheet of paper, as a stream of consciousness. Kerouac died in 1969 of an internal haemmorage brought on by too much alcohol consumption. So it goes. But the big key to this cultural shift was caused by the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956, a massive infrastructure spending bill that led to the construction of the modern American Interstate Highway system. This accelerated a program that had already started, of building much bigger, safer, faster roads. It also, as anyone who has read Robert Caro's The Power Broker knows, reinforced segregation and white flight. It did this both by making commuting into major cities from the suburbs easier -- thus allowing white people with more money to move further away from the cities and still work there -- and by bulldozing community spaces where Black people lived. More than a million people lost their homes and were forcibly moved, and orders of magnitude more lost their communities' parks and green spaces. And both as a result of deliberate actions and unconscious bigotry, the bulk of those affected were Black people -- who often found themselves, if they weren't forced to move, on one side of a ten-lane highway where the park used to be, with white people on the other side of the highway. The Federal-Aid Highway Act gave even more power to the unaccountable central planners like Robert Moses, the urban planner in New York who managed to become arguably the most powerful man in the city without ever getting elected, partly by slowly compromising away his early progressive ideals in the service of gaining more power. Of course, not every new highway was built through areas where poor Black people lived. Some were planned to go through richer areas for white people, just because you can't completely do away with geographical realities. For example one was planned to be built through part of San Francisco, a rich, white part. But the people who owned properties in that area had enough political power and clout to fight the development, and after nearly a decade of fighting it, the development was called off in late 1966. But over that time, many of the owners of the impressive buildings in the area had moved out, and they had no incentive to improve or maintain their properties while they were under threat of demolition, so many of them were rented out very cheaply. And when the beat community that Kerouac wrote about, many of whom had settled in San Francisco, grew too large and notorious for the area of the city they were in, North Beach, many of them moved to these cheap homes in a previously-exclusive area. The area known as Haight-Ashbury. [Excerpt: The Grateful Dead, "Grayfolded"] Stories all have their starts, even stories told in Tralfamadorian time, although sometimes those starts are shrouded in legend. For example, the story of Scientology's start has been told many times, with different people claiming to have heard L. Ron Hubbard talk about how writing was a mug's game, and if you wanted to make real money, you needed to get followers, start a religion. Either he said this over and over and over again, to many different science fiction writers, or most science fiction writers of his generation were liars. Of course, the definition of a writer is someone who tells lies for money, so who knows? One of the more plausible accounts of him saying that is given by Theodore Sturgeon. Sturgeon's account is more believable than most, because Sturgeon went on to be a supporter of Dianetics, the "new science" that Hubbard turned into his religion, for decades, even while telling the story. The story of the Grateful Dead probably starts as it ends, with Jerry Garcia. There are three things that everyone writing about the Dead says about Garcia's childhood, so we might as well say them here too. The first is that he was named by a music-loving father after Jerome Kern, the songwriter responsible for songs like "Ol' Man River" (though as Oscar Hammerstein's widow liked to point out, "Jerome Kern wrote dum-dum-dum-dum, *my husband* wrote 'Ol' Man River'" -- an important distinction we need to bear in mind when talking about songwriters who write music but not lyrics). The second is that when he was five years old that music-loving father drowned -- and Garcia would always say he had seen his father dying, though some sources claim this was a false memory. So it goes. And the third fact, which for some reason is always told after the second even though it comes before it chronologically, is that when he was four he lost two joints from his right middle finger. Garcia grew up a troubled teen, and in turn caused trouble for other people, but he also developed a few interests that would follow him through his life. He loved the fantastical, especially the fantastical macabre, and became an avid fan of horror and science fiction -- and through his love of old monster films he became enamoured with cinema more generally. Indeed, in 1983 he bought the film rights to Kurt Vonnegut's science fiction novel The Sirens of Titan, the first story in which the Tralfamadorians appear, and wrote a script based on it. He wanted to produce the film himself, with Francis Ford Coppola directing and Bill Murray starring, but most importantly for him he wanted to prevent anyone who didn't care about it from doing it badly. And in that he succeeded. As of 2023 there is no film of The Sirens of Titan. He loved to paint, and would continue that for the rest of his life, with one of his favourite subjects being Boris Karloff as the Frankenstein monster. And when he was eleven or twelve, he heard for the first time a record that was hugely influential to a whole generation of Californian musicians, even though it was a New York record -- "Gee" by the Crows: [Excerpt: The Crows, "Gee"] Garcia would say later "That was an important song. That was the first kind of, like where the voices had that kind of not-trained-singer voices, but tough-guy-on-the-street voice." That record introduced him to R&B, and soon he was listening to Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley, to Ray Charles, and to a record we've not talked about in the podcast but which was one of the great early doo-wop records, "WPLJ" by the Four Deuces: [Excerpt: The Four Deuces, "WPLJ"] Garcia said of that record "That was one of my anthem songs when I was in junior high school and high school and around there. That was one of those songs everybody knew. And that everybody sang. Everybody sang that street-corner favorite." Garcia moved around a lot as a child, and didn't have much time for school by his own account, but one of the few teachers he did respect was an art teacher when he was in North Beach, Walter Hedrick. Hedrick was also one of the earliest of the conceptual artists, and one of the most important figures in the San Francisco arts scene that would become known as the Beat Generation (or the Beatniks, which was originally a disparaging term). Hedrick was a painter and sculptor, but also organised happenings, and he had also been one of the prime movers in starting a series of poetry readings in San Francisco, the first one of which had involved Allen Ginsberg giving the first ever reading of "Howl" -- one of a small number of poems, along with Eliot's "Prufrock" and "The Waste Land" and possibly Pound's Cantos, which can be said to have changed twentieth-century literature. Garcia was fifteen when he got to know Hedrick, in 1957, and by then the Beat scene had already become almost a parody of itself, having become known to the public because of the publication of works like On the Road, and the major artists in the scene were already rejecting the label. By this point tourists were flocking to North Beach to see these beatniks they'd heard about on TV, and Hedrick was actually employed by one cafe to sit in the window wearing a beret, turtleneck, sandals, and beard, and draw and paint, to attract the tourists who flocked by the busload because they could see that there was a "genuine beatnik" in the cafe. Hedrick was, as well as a visual artist, a guitarist and banjo player who played in traditional jazz bands, and he would bring records in to class for his students to listen to, and Garcia particularly remembered him bringing in records by Big Bill Broonzy: [Excerpt: Big Bill Broonzy, "When Things Go Wrong (It Hurts Me Too)"] Garcia was already an avid fan of rock and roll music, but it was being inspired by Hedrick that led him to get his first guitar. Like his contemporary Paul McCartney around the same time, he was initially given the wrong instrument as a birthday present -- in Garcia's case his mother gave him an accordion -- but he soon persuaded her to swap it for an electric guitar he saw in a pawn shop. And like his other contemporary, John Lennon, Garcia initially tuned his instrument incorrectly. He said later "When I started playing the guitar, believe me, I didn't know anybody that played. I mean, I didn't know anybody that played the guitar. Nobody. They weren't around. There were no guitar teachers. You couldn't take lessons. There was nothing like that, you know? When I was a kid and I had my first electric guitar, I had it tuned wrong and learned how to play on it with it tuned wrong for about a year. And I was getting somewhere on it, you know… Finally, I met a guy that knew how to tune it right and showed me three chords, and it was like a revelation. You know what I mean? It was like somebody gave me the key to heaven." He joined a band, the Chords, which mostly played big band music, and his friend Gary Foster taught him some of the rudiments of playing the guitar -- things like how to use a capo to change keys. But he was always a rebellious kid, and soon found himself faced with a choice between joining the military or going to prison. He chose the former, and it was during his time in the Army that a friend, Ron Stevenson, introduced him to the music of Merle Travis, and to Travis-style guitar picking: [Excerpt: Merle Travis, "Nine-Pound Hammer"] Garcia had never encountered playing like that before, but he instantly recognised that Travis, and Chet Atkins who Stevenson also played for him, had been an influence on Scotty Moore. He started to realise that the music he'd listened to as a teenager was influenced by music that went further back. But Stevenson, as well as teaching Garcia some of the rudiments of Travis-picking, also indirectly led to Garcia getting discharged from the Army. Stevenson was not a well man, and became suicidal. Garcia decided it was more important to keep his friend company and make sure he didn't kill himself than it was to turn up for roll call, and as a result he got discharged himself on psychiatric grounds -- according to Garcia he told the Army psychiatrist "I was involved in stuff that was more important to me in the moment than the army was and that was the reason I was late" and the psychiatrist thought it was neurotic of Garcia to have his own set of values separate from that of the Army. After discharge, Garcia did various jobs, including working as a transcriptionist for Lenny Bruce, the comedian who was a huge influence on the counterculture. In one of the various attacks over the years by authoritarians on language, Bruce was repeatedly arrested for obscenity, and in 1961 he was arrested at a jazz club in North Beach. Sixty years ago, the parts of speech that were being criminalised weren't pronouns, but prepositions and verbs: [Excerpt: Lenny Bruce, "To is a Preposition, Come is a Verb"] That piece, indeed, was so controversial that when Frank Zappa quoted part of it in a song in 1968, the record label insisted on the relevant passage being played backwards so people couldn't hear such disgusting filth: [Excerpt: The Mothers of Invention, "Harry You're a Beast"] (Anyone familiar with that song will understand that the censored portion is possibly the least offensive part of the whole thing). Bruce was facing trial, and he needed transcripts of what he had said in his recordings to present in court. Incidentally, there seems to be some confusion over exactly which of Bruce's many obscenity trials Garcia became a transcriptionist for. Dennis McNally says in his biography of the band, published in 2002, that it was the most famous of them, in autumn 1964, but in a later book, Jerry on Jerry, a book of interviews of Garcia edited by McNally, McNally talks about it being when Garcia was nineteen, which would mean it was Bruce's first trial, in 1961. We can put this down to the fact that many of the people involved, not least Garcia, lived in Tralfamadorian time, and were rather hazy on dates, but I'm placing the story here rather than in 1964 because it seems to make more sense that Garcia would be involved in a trial based on an incident in San Francisco than one in New York. Garcia got the job, even though he couldn't type, because by this point he'd spent so long listening to recordings of old folk and country music that he was used to transcribing indecipherable accents, and often, as Garcia would tell it, Bruce would mumble very fast and condense multiple syllables into one. Garcia was particularly impressed by Bruce's ability to improvise but talk in entire paragraphs, and he compared his use of language to bebop. Another thing that was starting to impress Garcia, and which he also compared to bebop, was bluegrass: [Excerpt: Bill Monroe, "Fire on the Mountain"] Bluegrass is a music that is often considered very traditional, because it's based on traditional songs and uses acoustic instruments, but in fact it was a terribly *modern* music, and largely a postwar creation of a single band -- Bill Monroe and his Blue Grass Boys. And Garcia was right when he said it was "white bebop" -- though he did say "The only thing it doesn't have is the harmonic richness of bebop. You know what I mean? That's what it's missing, but it has everything else." Both bebop and bluegrass evolved after the second world war, though they were informed by music from before it, and both prized the ability to improvise, and technical excellence. Both are musics that involved playing *fast*, in an ensemble, and being able to respond quickly to the other musicians. Both musics were also intensely rhythmic, a response to a faster paced, more stressful world. They were both part of the general change in the arts towards immediacy that we looked at in the last episode with the creation first of expressionism and then of pop art. Bluegrass didn't go into the harmonic explorations that modern jazz did, but it was absolutely as modern as anything Charlie Parker was doing, and came from the same impulses. It was tradition and innovation, the past and the future simultaneously. Bill Monroe, Jackson Pollock, Charlie Parker, Jack Kerouac, and Lenny Bruce were all in their own ways responding to the same cultural moment, and it was that which Garcia was responding to. But he didn't become able to play bluegrass until after a tragedy which shaped his life even more than his father's death had. Garcia had been to a party and was in a car with his friends Lee Adams, Paul Speegle, and Alan Trist. Adams was driving at ninety miles an hour when they hit a tight curve and crashed. Garcia, Adams, and Trist were all severely injured but survived. Speegle died. So it goes. This tragedy changed Garcia's attitudes totally. Of all his friends, Speegle was the one who was most serious about his art, and who treated it as something to work on. Garcia had always been someone who fundamentally didn't want to work or take any responsibility for anything. And he remained that way -- except for his music. Speegle's death changed Garcia's attitude to that, totally. If his friend wasn't going to be able to practice his own art any more, Garcia would practice his, in tribute to him. He resolved to become a virtuoso on guitar and banjo. His girlfriend of the time later said “I don't know if you've spent time with someone rehearsing ‘Foggy Mountain Breakdown' on a banjo for eight hours, but Jerry practiced endlessly. He really wanted to excel and be the best. He had tremendous personal ambition in the musical arena, and he wanted to master whatever he set out to explore. Then he would set another sight for himself. And practice another eight hours a day of new licks.” But of course, you can't make ensemble music on your own: [Excerpt: Jerry Garcia and Bob Hunter, "Oh Mary Don't You Weep" (including end)] "Evelyn said, “What is it called when a person needs a … person … when you want to be touched and the … two are like one thing and there isn't anything else at all anywhere?” Alicia, who had read books, thought about it. “Love,” she said at length." That's from More Than Human, by Theodore Sturgeon, a book I'll be quoting a few more times as the story goes on. Robert Hunter, like Garcia, was just out of the military -- in his case, the National Guard -- and he came into Garcia's life just after Paul Speegle had left it. Garcia and Alan Trist met Hunter ten days after the accident, and the three men started hanging out together, Trist and Hunter writing while Garcia played music. Garcia and Hunter both bonded over their shared love for the beats, and for traditional music, and the two formed a duo, Bob and Jerry, which performed together a handful of times. They started playing together, in fact, after Hunter picked up a guitar and started playing a song and halfway through Garcia took it off him and finished the song himself. The two of them learned songs from the Harry Smith Anthology -- Garcia was completely apolitical, and only once voted in his life, for Lyndon Johnson in 1964 to keep Goldwater out, and regretted even doing that, and so he didn't learn any of the more political material people like Pete Seeger, Phil Ochs, and Bob Dylan were doing at the time -- but their duo only lasted a short time because Hunter wasn't an especially good guitarist. Hunter would, though, continue to jam with Garcia and other friends, sometimes playing mandolin, while Garcia played solo gigs and with other musicians as well, playing and moving round the Bay Area and performing with whoever he could: [Excerpt: Jerry Garcia, "Railroad Bill"] "Bleshing, that was Janie's word. She said Baby told it to her. She said it meant everyone all together being something, even if they all did different things. Two arms, two legs, one body, one head, all working together, although a head can't walk and arms can't think. Lone said maybe it was a mixture of “blending” and “meshing,” but I don't think he believed that himself. It was a lot more than that." That's from More Than Human In 1961, Garcia and Hunter met another young musician, but one who was interested in a very different type of music. Phil Lesh was a serious student of modern classical music, a classically-trained violinist and trumpeter whose interest was solidly in the experimental and whose attitude can be summed up by a story that's always told about him meeting his close friend Tom Constanten for the first time. Lesh had been talking with someone about serialism, and Constanten had interrupted, saying "Music stopped being created in 1750 but it started again in 1950". Lesh just stuck out his hand, recognising a kindred spirit. Lesh and Constanten were both students of Luciano Berio, the experimental composer who created compositions for magnetic tape: [Excerpt: Luciano Berio, "Momenti"] Berio had been one of the founders of the Studio di fonologia musicale di Radio Milano, a studio for producing contemporary electronic music where John Cage had worked for a time, and he had also worked with the electronic music pioneer Karlheinz Stockhausen. Lesh would later remember being very impressed when Berio brought a tape into the classroom -- the actual multitrack tape for Stockhausen's revolutionary piece Gesang Der Juenglinge: [Excerpt: Karlheinz Stockhausen, "Gesang Der Juenglinge"] Lesh at first had been distrustful of Garcia -- Garcia was charismatic and had followers, and Lesh never liked people like that. But he was impressed by Garcia's playing, and soon realised that the two men, despite their very different musical interests, had a lot in common. Lesh was interested in the technology of music as well as in performing and composing it, and so when he wasn't studying he helped out by engineering at the university's radio station. Lesh was impressed by Garcia's playing, and suggested to the presenter of the station's folk show, the Midnight Special, that Garcia be a guest. Garcia was so good that he ended up getting an entire solo show to himself, where normally the show would feature multiple acts. Lesh and Constanten soon moved away from the Bay Area to Las Vegas, but both would be back -- in Constanten's case he would form an experimental group in San Francisco with their fellow student Steve Reich, and that group (though not with Constanten performing) would later premiere Terry Riley's In C, a piece influenced by La Monte Young and often considered one of the great masterpieces of minimalist music. By early 1962 Garcia and Hunter had formed a bluegrass band, with Garcia on guitar and banjo and Hunter on mandolin, and a rotating cast of other musicians including Ken Frankel, who played banjo and fiddle. They performed under different names, including the Tub Thumpers, the Hart Valley Drifters, and the Sleepy Valley Hog Stompers, and played a mixture of bluegrass and old-time music -- and were very careful about the distinction: [Excerpt: The Hart Valley Drifters, "Cripple Creek"] In 1993, the Republican political activist John Perry Barlow was invited to talk to the CIA about the possibilities open to them with what was then called the Information Superhighway. He later wrote, in part "They told me they'd brought Steve Jobs in a few weeks before to indoctrinate them in modern information management. And they were delighted when I returned later, bringing with me a platoon of Internet gurus, including Esther Dyson, Mitch Kapor, Tony Rutkowski, and Vint Cerf. They sealed us into an electronically impenetrable room to discuss the radical possibility that a good first step in lifting their blackout would be for the CIA to put up a Web site... We told them that information exchange was a barter system, and that to receive, one must also be willing to share. This was an alien notion to them. They weren't even willing to share information among themselves, much less the world." 1962 brought a new experience for Robert Hunter. Hunter had been recruited into taking part in psychological tests at Stanford University, which in the sixties and seventies was one of the preeminent universities for psychological experiments. As part of this, Hunter was given $140 to attend the VA hospital (where a janitor named Ken Kesey, who had himself taken part in a similar set of experiments a couple of years earlier, worked a day job while he was working on his first novel) for four weeks on the run, and take different psychedelic drugs each time, starting with LSD, so his reactions could be observed. (It was later revealed that these experiments were part of a CIA project called MKUltra, designed to investigate the possibility of using psychedelic drugs for mind control, blackmail, and torture. Hunter was quite lucky in that he was told what was going to happen to him and paid for his time. Other subjects included the unlucky customers of brothels the CIA set up as fronts -- they dosed the customers' drinks and observed them through two-way mirrors. Some of their experimental subjects died by suicide as a result of their experiences. So it goes. ) Hunter was interested in taking LSD after reading Aldous Huxley's writings about psychedelic substances, and he brought his typewriter along to the experiment. During the first test, he wrote a six-page text, a short excerpt from which is now widely quoted, reading in part "Sit back picture yourself swooping up a shell of purple with foam crests of crystal drops soft nigh they fall unto the sea of morning creep-very-softly mist ... and then sort of cascade tinkley-bell-like (must I take you by the hand, ever so slowly type) and then conglomerate suddenly into a peal of silver vibrant uncomprehendingly, blood singingly, joyously resounding bells" Hunter's experience led to everyone in their social circle wanting to try LSD, and soon they'd all come to the same conclusion -- this was something special. But Garcia needed money -- he'd got his girlfriend pregnant, and they'd married (this would be the first of several marriages in Garcia's life, and I won't be covering them all -- at Garcia's funeral, his second wife, Carolyn, said Garcia always called her the love of his life, and his first wife and his early-sixties girlfriend who he proposed to again in the nineties both simultaneously said "He said that to me!"). So he started teaching guitar at a music shop in Palo Alto. Hunter had no time for Garcia's incipient domesticity and thought that his wife was trying to make him live a conventional life, and the two drifted apart somewhat, though they'd still play together occasionally. Through working at the music store, Garcia got to know the manager, Troy Weidenheimer, who had a rock and roll band called the Zodiacs. Garcia joined the band on bass, despite that not being his instrument. He later said "Troy was a lot of fun, but I wasn't good enough a musician then to have been able to deal with it. I was out of my idiom, really, 'cause when I played with Troy I was playing electric bass, you know. I never was a good bass player. Sometimes I was playing in the wrong key and didn't even [fuckin'] know it. I couldn't hear that low, after playing banjo, you know, and going to electric...But Troy taught me the principle of, hey, you know, just stomp your foot and get on it. He was great. A great one for the instant arrangement, you know. And he was also fearless for that thing of get your friends to do it." Garcia's tenure in the Zodiacs didn't last long, nor did this experiment with rock and roll, but two other members of the Zodiacs will be notable later in the story -- the harmonica player, an old friend of Garcia's named Ron McKernan, who would soon gain the nickname Pig Pen after the Peanuts character, and the drummer, Bill Kreutzmann: [Excerpt: The Grateful Dead, "Drums/Space (Skull & Bones version)"] Kreutzmann said of the Zodiacs "Jerry was the hired bass player and I was the hired drummer. I only remember playing that one gig with them, but I was in way over my head. I always did that. I always played things that were really hard and it didn't matter. I just went for it." Garcia and Kreutzmann didn't really get to know each other then, but Garcia did get to know someone else who would soon be very important in his life. Bob Weir was from a very different background than Garcia, though both had the shared experience of long bouts of chronic illness as children. He had grown up in a very wealthy family, and had always been well-liked, but he was what we would now call neurodivergent -- reading books about the band he talks about being dyslexic but clearly has other undiagnosed neurodivergences, which often go along with dyslexia -- and as a result he was deemed to have behavioural problems which led to him getting expelled from pre-school and kicked out of the cub scouts. He was never academically gifted, thanks to his dyslexia, but he was always enthusiastic about music -- to a fault. He learned to play boogie piano but played so loudly and so often his parents sold the piano. He had a trumpet, but the neighbours complained about him playing it outside. Finally he switched to the guitar, an instrument with which it is of course impossible to make too loud a noise. The first song he learned was the Kingston Trio's version of an old sea shanty, "The Wreck of the John B": [Excerpt: The Kingston Trio, "The Wreck of the John B"] He was sent off to a private school in Colorado for teenagers with behavioural issues, and there he met the boy who would become his lifelong friend, John Perry Barlow. Unfortunately the two troublemakers got on with each other *so* well that after their first year they were told that it was too disruptive having both of them at the school, and only one could stay there the next year. Barlow stayed and Weir moved back to the Bay Area. By this point, Weir was getting more interested in folk music that went beyond the commercial folk of the Kingston Trio. As he said later "There was something in there that was ringing my bells. What I had grown up thinking of as hillbilly music, it started to have some depth for me, and I could start to hear the music in it. Suddenly, it wasn't just a bunch of ignorant hillbillies playing what they could. There was some depth and expertise and stuff like that to aspire to.” He moved from school to school but one thing that stayed with him was his love of playing guitar, and he started taking lessons from Troy Weidenheimer, but he got most of his education going to folk clubs and hootenannies. He regularly went to the Tangent, a club where Garcia played, but Garcia's bluegrass banjo playing was far too rigorous for a free spirit like Weir to emulate, and instead he started trying to copy one of the guitarists who was a regular there, Jorma Kaukonnen. On New Year's Eve 1963 Weir was out walking with his friends Bob Matthews and Rich Macauley, and they passed the music shop where Garcia was a teacher, and heard him playing his banjo. They knocked and asked if they could come in -- they all knew Garcia a little, and Bob Matthews was one of his students, having become interested in playing banjo after hearing the theme tune to the Beverly Hillbillies, played by the bluegrass greats Flatt and Scruggs: [Excerpt: Flatt and Scruggs, "The Beverly Hillbillies"] Garcia at first told these kids, several years younger than him, that they couldn't come in -- he was waiting for his students to show up. But Weir said “Jerry, listen, it's seven-thirty on New Year's Eve, and I don't think you're going to be seeing your students tonight.” Garcia realised the wisdom of this, and invited the teenagers in to jam with him. At the time, there was a bit of a renaissance in jug bands, as we talked about back in the episode on the Lovin' Spoonful. This was a form of music that had grown up in the 1920s, and was similar and related to skiffle and coffee-pot bands -- jug bands would tend to have a mixture of portable string instruments like guitars and banjos, harmonicas, and people using improvised instruments, particularly blowing into a jug. The most popular of these bands had been Gus Cannon's Jug Stompers, led by banjo player Gus Cannon and with harmonica player Noah Lewis: [Excerpt: Gus Cannon's Jug Stompers, "Viola Lee Blues"] With the folk revival, Cannon's work had become well-known again. The Rooftop Singers, a Kingston Trio style folk group, had had a hit with his song "Walk Right In" in 1963, and as a result of that success Cannon had even signed a record contract with Stax -- Stax's first album ever, a month before Booker T and the MGs' first album, was in fact the eighty-year-old Cannon playing his banjo and singing his old songs. The rediscovery of Cannon had started a craze for jug bands, and the most popular of the new jug bands was Jim Kweskin's Jug Band, which did a mixture of old songs like "You're a Viper" and more recent material redone in the old style. Weir, Matthews, and Macauley had been to see the Kweskin band the night before, and had been very impressed, especially by their singer Maria D'Amato -- who would later marry her bandmate Geoff Muldaur and take his name -- and her performance of Leiber and Stoller's "I'm a Woman": [Excerpt: Jim Kweskin's Jug Band, "I'm a Woman"] Matthews suggested that they form their own jug band, and Garcia eagerly agreed -- though Matthews found himself rapidly moving from banjo to washboard to kazoo to second kazoo before realising he was surplus to requirements. Robert Hunter was similarly an early member but claimed he "didn't have the embouchure" to play the jug, and was soon also out. He moved to LA and started studying Scientology -- later claiming that he wanted science-fictional magic powers, which L. Ron Hubbard's new religion certainly offered. The group took the name Mother McRee's Uptown Jug Champions -- apparently they varied the spelling every time they played -- and had a rotating membership that at one time or another included about twenty different people, but tended always to have Garcia on banjo, Weir on jug and later guitar, and Garcia's friend Pig Pen on harmonica: [Excerpt: Mother McRee's Uptown Jug Champions, "On the Road Again"] The group played quite regularly in early 1964, but Garcia's first love was still bluegrass, and he was trying to build an audience with his bluegrass band, The Black Mountain Boys. But bluegrass was very unpopular in the Bay Area, where it was simultaneously thought of as unsophisticated -- as "hillbilly music" -- and as elitist, because it required actual instrumental ability, which wasn't in any great supply in the amateur folk scene. But instrumental ability was something Garcia definitely had, as at this point he was still practising eight hours a day, every day, and it shows on the recordings of the Black Mountain Boys: [Excerpt: The Black Mountain Boys, "Rosa Lee McFall"] By the summer, Bob Weir was also working at the music shop, and so Garcia let Weir take over his students while he and the Black Mountain Boys' guitarist Sandy Rothman went on a road trip to see as many bluegrass musicians as they could and to audition for Bill Monroe himself. As it happened, Garcia found himself too shy to audition for Monroe, but Rothman later ended up playing with Monroe's Blue Grass Boys. On his return to the Bay Area, Garcia resumed playing with the Uptown Jug Champions, but Pig Pen started pestering him to do something different. While both men had overlapping tastes in music and a love for the blues, Garcia's tastes had always been towards the country end of the spectrum while Pig Pen's were towards R&B. And while the Uptown Jug Champions were all a bit disdainful of the Beatles at first -- apart from Bob Weir, the youngest of the group, who thought they were interesting -- Pig Pen had become enamoured of another British band who were just starting to make it big: [Excerpt: The Rolling Stones, "Not Fade Away"] 29) Garcia liked the first Rolling Stones album too, and he eventually took Pig Pen's point -- the stuff that the Rolling Stones were doing, covers of Slim Harpo and Buddy Holly, was not a million miles away from the material they were doing as Mother McRee's Uptown Jug Champions. Pig Pen could play a little electric organ, Bob had been fooling around with the electric guitars in the music shop. Why not give it a go? The stuff bands like the Rolling Stones were doing wasn't that different from the electric blues that Pig Pen liked, and they'd all seen A Hard Day's Night -- they could carry on playing with banjos, jugs, and kazoos and have the respect of a handful of folkies, or they could get electric instruments and potentially have screaming girls and millions of dollars, while playing the same songs. This was a convincing argument, especially when Dana Morgan Jr, the son of the owner of the music shop, told them they could have free electric instruments if they let him join on bass. Morgan wasn't that great on bass, but what the hell, free instruments. Pig Pen had the best voice and stage presence, so he became the frontman of the new group, singing most of the leads, though Jerry and Bob would both sing a few songs, and playing harmonica and organ. Weir was on rhythm guitar, and Garcia was the lead guitarist and obvious leader of the group. They just needed a drummer, and handily Bill Kreutzmann, who had played with Garcia and Pig Pen in the Zodiacs, was also now teaching music at the music shop. Not only that, but about three weeks before they decided to go electric, Kreutzmann had seen the Uptown Jug Champions performing and been astonished by Garcia's musicianship and charisma, and said to himself "Man, I'm gonna follow that guy forever!" The new group named themselves the Warlocks, and started rehearsing in earnest. Around this time, Garcia also finally managed to get some of the LSD that his friend Robert Hunter had been so enthusiastic about three years earlier, and it was a life-changing experience for him. In particular, he credited LSD with making him comfortable being a less disciplined player -- as a bluegrass player he'd had to be frighteningly precise, but now he was playing rock and needed to loosen up. A few days after taking LSD for the first time, Garcia also heard some of Bob Dylan's new material, and realised that the folk singer he'd had little time for with his preachy politics was now making electric music that owed a lot more to the Beat culture Garcia considered himself part of: [Excerpt: Bob Dylan, "Subterranean Homesick Blues"] Another person who was hugely affected by hearing that was Phil Lesh, who later said "I couldn't believe that was Bob Dylan on AM radio, with an electric band. It changed my whole consciousness: if something like that could happen, the sky was the limit." Up to that point, Lesh had been focused entirely on his avant-garde music, working with friends like Steve Reich to push music forward, inspired by people like John Cage and La Monte Young, but now he realised there was music of value in the rock world. He'd quickly started going to rock gigs, seeing the Rolling Stones and the Byrds, and then he took acid and went to see his friend Garcia's new electric band play their third ever gig. He was blown away, and very quickly it was decided that Lesh would be the group's new bass player -- though everyone involved tells a different story as to who made the decision and how it came about, and accounts also vary as to whether Dana Morgan took his sacking gracefully and let his erstwhile bandmates keep their instruments, or whether they had to scrounge up some new ones. Lesh had never played bass before, but he was a talented multi-instrumentalist with a deep understanding of music and an ability to compose and improvise, and the repertoire the Warlocks were playing in the early days was mostly three-chord material that doesn't take much rehearsal -- though it was apparently beyond the abilities of poor Dana Morgan, who apparently had to be told note-by-note what to play by Garcia, and learn it by rote. Garcia told Lesh what notes the strings of a bass were tuned to, told him to borrow a guitar and practice, and within two weeks he was on stage with the Warlocks: [Excerpt: The Grateful Dead, “Grayfolded"] In September 1995, just weeks after Jerry Garcia's death, an article was published in Mute magazine identifying a cultural trend that had shaped the nineties, and would as it turned out shape at least the next thirty years. It's titled "The Californian Ideology", though it may be better titled "The Bay Area Ideology", and it identifies a worldview that had grown up in Silicon Valley, based around the ideas of the hippie movement, of right-wing libertarianism, of science fiction authors, and of Marshall McLuhan. It starts "There is an emerging global orthodoxy concerning the relation between society, technology and politics. We have called this orthodoxy `the Californian Ideology' in honour of the state where it originated. By naturalising and giving a technological proof to a libertarian political philosophy, and therefore foreclosing on alternative futures, the Californian Ideologues are able to assert that social and political debates about the future have now become meaningless. The California Ideology is a mix of cybernetics, free market economics, and counter-culture libertarianism and is promulgated by magazines such as WIRED and MONDO 2000 and preached in the books of Stewart Brand, Kevin Kelly and others. The new faith has been embraced by computer nerds, slacker students, 30-something capitalists, hip academics, futurist bureaucrats and even the President of the USA himself. As usual, Europeans have not been slow to copy the latest fashion from America. While a recent EU report recommended adopting the Californian free enterprise model to build the 'infobahn', cutting-edge artists and academics have been championing the 'post-human' philosophy developed by the West Coast's Extropian cult. With no obvious opponents, the global dominance of the Californian ideology appears to be complete." [Excerpt: Grayfolded] The Warlocks' first gig with Phil Lesh on bass was on June the 18th 1965, at a club called Frenchy's with a teenage clientele. Lesh thought his playing had been wooden and it wasn't a good gig, and apparently the management of Frenchy's agreed -- they were meant to play a second night there, but turned up to be told they'd been replaced by a band with an accordion and clarinet. But by September the group had managed to get themselves a residency at a small bar named the In Room, and playing there every night made them cohere. They were at this point playing the kind of sets that bar bands everywhere play to this day, though at the time the songs they were playing, like "Gloria" by Them and "In the Midnight Hour", were the most contemporary of hits. Another song that they introduced into their repertoire was "Do You Believe in Magic" by the Lovin' Spoonful, another band which had grown up out of former jug band musicians. As well as playing their own sets, they were also the house band at The In Room and as such had to back various touring artists who were the headline acts. The first act they had to back up was Cornell Gunter's version of the Coasters. Gunter had brought his own guitarist along as musical director, and for the first show Weir sat in the audience watching the show and learning the parts, staring intently at this musical director's playing. After seeing that, Weir's playing was changed, because he also picked up how the guitarist was guiding the band while playing, the small cues that a musical director will use to steer the musicians in the right direction. Weir started doing these things himself when he was singing lead -- Pig Pen was the frontman but everyone except Bill sang sometimes -- and the group soon found that rather than Garcia being the sole leader, now whoever was the lead singer for the song was the de facto conductor as well. By this point, the Bay Area was getting almost overrun with people forming electric guitar bands, as every major urban area in America was. Some of the bands were even having hits already -- We Five had had a number three hit with "You Were On My Mind", a song which had originally been performed by the folk duo Ian and Sylvia: [Excerpt: We Five, "You Were On My Mind"] Although the band that was most highly regarded on the scene, the Charlatans, was having problems with the various record companies they tried to get signed to, and didn't end up making a record until 1969. If tracks like "Number One" had been released in 1965 when they were recorded, the history of the San Francisco music scene may have taken a very different turn: [Excerpt: The Charlatans, "Number One"] Bands like Jefferson Airplane, the Great Society, and Big Brother and the Holding Company were also forming, and Autumn Records was having a run of success with records by the Beau Brummels, whose records were produced by Autumn's in-house A&R man, Sly Stone: [Excerpt: The Beau Brummels, "Laugh Laugh"] The Warlocks were somewhat cut off from this, playing in a dive bar whose clientele was mostly depressed alcoholics. But the fact that they were playing every night for an audience that didn't care much gave them freedom, and they used that freedom to improvise. Both Lesh and Garcia were big fans of John Coltrane, and they started to take lessons from his style of playing. When the group played "Gloria" or "Midnight Hour" or whatever, they started to extend the songs and give themselves long instrumental passages for soloing. Garcia's playing wasn't influenced *harmonically* by Coltrane -- in fact Garcia was always a rather harmonically simple player. He'd tend to play lead lines either in Mixolydian mode, which is one of the most standard modes in rock, pop, blues, and jazz, or he'd play the notes of the chord that was being played, so if the band were playing a G chord his lead would emphasise the notes G, B, and D. But what he was influenced by was Coltrane's tendency to improvise in long, complex, phrases that made up a single thought -- Coltrane was thinking musically in paragraphs, rather than sentences, and Garcia started to try the same kind of th

In this episode, we discuss physicist Richard Feynman's famous speech ‘Cargo Cult Science,' which refers to work that has all the affectations of science without the actual application of the scientific method. We also discuss topics like: What is pathological science? How might cargo cult science and pathological be different from pseudo-science? How do we know whether or not we're in a cargo cult, and what can we do to make sure we're not fooling ourselves?   Shownotes Cargo Cult Science (Feynman, 1974) Gergen, K. J. (1973). Social psychology as history. Journal of personality and social psychology, 26(2), 309–320. Langmuir, I. (1989). Pathological science. Research-Technology Management, 32(5), 11-17. Sabine Hossenfelder. No one in physics dare say so, but the race to invent new particles is pointless. The Guardian. Young, P. T. (1932). Relative food preferences of the white rat. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 14(3), 297. Young, P. T. (1941). The experimental analysis of appetite. Psychological Bulletin, 38(3), 129.  

S akým hoaxom prišiel mních Thomas v 12. storočí? Ako súvisí so vznikom a šírením antisemitizmu? A aký dopad mal tento a jemu podobné stredoveké hoaxy? ----more---- Súvisiace dávky PD#244. Náboženstvo a násilie, http://bit.ly/davka244    PD#124. Árijský Ježiš, http://bit.ly/davka124   Použitá a odporúčaná literatúra  Cohen, "The Flow of Blood in Medieval Norwich", 2004. Colet, et al., "The Black Death and its Consequences for the Jewish Community in Tàrrega", 2015. Langmuir, "Thomas of Monmouth: Detector of Ritual Murder", 1984. McCulloh, "Jewish Ritual Murder", 1997. *** Baví ťa s nami rozmýšľať? ❤️ Podpor našu tvorbu ľubovoľným darom, https://bit.ly/PDdar, alebo cez Patreon, https://bit.ly/PDtreon, a čo tak štýlový merch, https://bit.ly/mercPD? Ďakujeme za podporu!

EV Nickel is exploring and advancing the next generation of high grade, Clean Nickel™ projects to deliver the metal needed to power the electric vehicle revolution.EV Nickel is targeting the lowest possible carbon cost per unit of Nickel and has applied for the trademark Clean Nickel™ across several jurisdictions. Clean Nickel™ will be EVNi questioning all parts of nickel production and making low-carbon production central to the business EVNi intends to develop in the Shaw Dome.The Shaw Dome is accessible by road and only 25 km southeast of Timmins, Ontario. Langmuir is 7 km by road from the Redstone Mill which has a capacity of 2,000 tonnes/day. After recent land acquisitions, EVNi now has more than 30,000 hectares of the Shaw Dome.

EV Nickel is exploring and advancing the next generation of high grade, Clean Nickel™ projects to deliver the metal needed to power the electric vehicle revolution.EV Nickel is targeting the lowest possible carbon cost per unit of Nickel and has applied for the trademark Clean Nickel™ across several jurisdictions. Clean Nickel™ will be EVNi questioning all parts of nickel production and making low-carbon production central to the business EVNi intends to develop in the Shaw Dome.The Shaw Dome is accessible by road and only 25 km southeast of Timmins, Ontario. Langmuir is 7 km by road from the Redstone Mill which has a capacity of 2,000 tonnes/day. After recent land acquisitions, EVNi now has more than 30,000 hectares of the Shaw Dome.

EV Nickel is exploring and advancing the next generation of high grade, Clean Nickel™ projects to deliver the metal needed to power the electric vehicle revolution.EV Nickel is targeting the lowest possible carbon cost per unit of Nickel and has applied for the trademark Clean Nickel™ across several jurisdictions. Clean Nickel™ will be EVNi questioning all parts of nickel production and making low-carbon production central to the business EVNi intends to develop in the Shaw Dome.The Shaw Dome is accessible by road and only 25 km southeast of Timmins, Ontario. Langmuir is 7 km by road from the Redstone Mill which has a capacity of 2,000 tonnes/day. After recent land acquisitions, EVNi now has more than 30,000 hectares of the Shaw Dome.

As we continue our Cholangiocarcinoma Series I am excited to welcome, Peter Langmuir, M.D., Group Vice President, Oncology Targeted Therapies, Incyte.  Peter Langmuir, M.D. is Group Vice President of Oncology Targeted Therapeutics at Incyte.  Dr. Langmuir earned his medical degree at the Yale University School of Medicine and trained in pediatrics and pediatric hematology-oncology at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.  He has worked in the pharmaceutical and biotech industry for the past 18 years, focusing primarily on the clinical development of targeted therapies for both solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. Listen in as Peter shares about the collaboration between Incyte and the Cholangiocarcinoma Foundation with drug development & patient advisory boards.  Learn More About Cholangiocarcinoma At: https://cholangiocarcinoma.org/ Visit http://www.onairadvocate.com for information on all of our products, services & resources.  #bileductcancer  

We've all heard about “clean” products: clean beauty, clean makeup, clean home products… but what actually makes an item “clean?” And what are these chemicals doing to our bodies? If you've never looked at the ingredients list on your makeup, skincare, or cleaning supplies, then this episode is for YOU! Susanne Langmuir, serial entrepreneur for clean wellness products and the Founder of BITE Beauty, gives us a lesson on what it means to shop clean and sustainable. She founded her lipstick company on the concept that "your lipstick should only be made out of ingredients you would eat." Kinda genius, right? In this episode, we find out what harsh chemicals are actually doing to our skin, digestion, and wellness. Susanne teaches the Squad how easy it is to shop clean; you'll be shocked to hear HOW easy and inexpensive it is! Our Drink of the Day this week is clean, refreshing, and delicious. Stay until the end for a game about Susanne and Robin's favorite essential products! More info at www.ivegotasecretwithrobinmcgraw.com Episode Resources: SL&Co: www.instagram.com/slco_ca An/hydra Inc: an-hydra.com/ Lixr Beauty: lixrs.com BITE Beauty: www.bitebeauty.com/ Shop Clean: Environmental Working Group (EWG): www.ewg.org/ Susanne's favorite clean shop: credobeauty.com/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Val Langmuir: IT Should Be InvisibleIn this episode, Sarah Tenisi speaks with Val Langmuir, Director of IT at large nonprofit based in San Francisco.Val describes IT specialists as the people who “work on the plumbing” that allows your device (specifically its computer system) to function securely and productively. Sarah agrees, saying that it is the job of the IT practitioner to “make IT invisible”; however, this opens up a whole world of misconceptions regarding what IT really is and how the general public perceives professionals in this space. Val says that preconceived notions simply come with the turf. In fact, if the consumer begins to “notice that the IT is there, something is not working.”Listen in as Val discusses why IT should be “invisible”, how IT professionals go about disaster recovery to tackle single points of failure, future-proofing for changes of all sorts (ex. hardware, software, company transformation, economic downturns, etc.), and how to know whether the IT field is a fit for you.What You'll Learn in This Episode:●      [1:04] What exactly is “IT”?●      [3:24] Why IT should be invisible●      [6:49] Defining “digital transformation”●      [9:15] Troubleshooting and disaster recovery in the IT space●      [12:53] Tackling change management●      [15:34] Moving to a more remote workforce●      [18:11] IT for nonprofits versus for-profit companies●      [21:16] Capacity planning for IT●      [23:36] Technology as a tool versus technology using you as the product●      [29:30] Val's path to the IT field●      [32:38] Challenges that Val encountered throughout her career●      [35:31] How to know if IT is a fit for you●      [38:14] Val's parting nugget of wisdom for IT professionalsKey quotes:●      “IT is not fixing computers. IT is the infrastructure, the plumbing, that goes underneath all of the systems that people use to do business these days. In fact, today, it's more than the plumbing. It's like the air that we breathe.”●      “The majority of problems that we see when systems go out are the results of planned changes that were not executed correctly.”●      “Just because you can't see IT doesn't mean it's not there. IT is there and there's a tremendously fun career in making that happen. You can definitely get a great several years, many decades if you'd like, of doing this, and there's always going to be work.”●      “In order to do your work, you need to have IT. In order to have good IT, the IT should be unobtrusive and should let you do your work. It should keep you safe and secure. It should keep you productive. But even though it's unobtrusive, you must not forget that it exists.”

Salve, salve rapaziadaaaaaaaaaaaa! No episódio de hoje, a banca tinha uma missão: mostrar como os conceitos mais simples da química podem gerar conceitos interessantíssimos! Estamos falando, mais especificamente, de interações intermoleculares e as aplicações em filmes de Langmuir para modelos de membrana! Mas você irá se perguntar: os filmes de Langmuir são melhores que a primeira trilogia do Homem Aranha com o Tobey Maguire? A resposta é subjetiva. Mas não tão subjetiva como as definições de interações intermoleculares que o Natan trouxe.  O que interações intermoleculares têm a ver com festas? Descubra. Lembre-se de nos seguir no twitter e instagram, @linumpaper e, qualquer BO chama o Guilherme no seu instagram  @guinunez_ Abraçoooooooooo! Referências  [1] Harrison, T. J., & Dake, G. R. An Expeditious, High-Yielding Construction of the Food Aroma Compounds 6-Acetyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridine and 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline. The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 70(26), 10872–10874. , 2005. doi:10.1021/jo051940a; [2] Newton, A. E., Fairbanks, A. J., Golding, M., Andrewes, P., & Gerrard, J. A. The role of the Maillard reaction in the formation of flavour compounds in dairy products – not only a deleterious reaction but also a rich source of flavour compounds. Food & Function, 3(12), 1231, (2012). doi:10.1039/c2fo30089c; [3] Tamanna, N., & Mahmood, N. Food Processing and Maillard Reaction Products: Effect on Human Health and Nutrition. International Journal of Food Science, 2015, 1–6. doi:10.1155/2015/526762; [4] Jaroque GN, Sartorelli P, Caseli L. Interfacial vibrational spectroscopy and Brewster angle microscopy distinguishing the interaction of terpineol in cell membrane models at the air-water interface. Biophys Chem. 2019 Mar;246:1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.bpc.2018.12.003. Epub 2018 Dec 20. PMID: 30594881; [5] Jaroque, G. N., Sartorelli, P., & Caseli, L. (2020). The effect of the monocyclic monoterpene tertiary alcohol γ-terpineol on biointerfaces containing cholesterol. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, 230, 104915. doi:10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2020.104915  [6] Dynarowicz-Łątka, P., Dhanabalan, A., & Oliveira, O. N. (2001). Modern physicochemical research on Langmuir monolayers. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 91(2), 221–293. doi:10.1016/s0001-8686(99)00034-2  [7] Ariga, K. Don't Forget Langmuir–Blodgett Films 2020: Interfacial Nanoarchitectonics with Molecules, Materials, and Living Objects. Langmuir 2020 36 (26), 7158-7180. DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01044

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.23.310425v1?rss=1 Authors: Auerswald, J., Ebenhan, J., Schwieger, C., Scrima, A., Meister, A., Bacia, K. Abstract: The insertion of protein domains into membranes is an important step in many membrane remodeling processes, for example in vesicular transport. The membrane area taken up by the protein insertion influences the protein binding affinity as well as the mechanical stress induced in the membrane and thereby its curvature. Total area changes in lipid monolayers can be measured on a Langmuir film balance. Finding the area per inserted protein however proves challenging for two reasons: The number of inserted proteins must be determined without disturbing the binding equilibrium and the change in the film area can be very small. Here we address both issues using Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS): Firstly, by labeling a fraction of the protein molecules fluorescently and performing FCS experiments directly on the monolayer, the number of inserted proteins is determined in situ without having to rely on invasive techniques, such as collecting the monolayer by aspiration. Secondly, by using another FCS color channel and adding a small fraction of fluorescent lipids, the reduction in fluorescent lipid density accompanying protein insertion can be monitored to determine the total area increase. Here, we use this method to determine the insertion area per molecule of Sar1, a protein of the COPII complex, which is involved in transport vesicle formation, in a lipid monolayer. Sar1 has an N-terminal amphipathic helix, which is responsible for membrane binding and curvature generation. An insertion area of (3.4 {+/-} 0.8) nm2 was obtained for Sar1 in monolayers from a lipid mixture typically used in reconstitution, in good agreement with the expected insertion area of the Sar1 amphipathic helix. By using the two-color approach, determining insertion areas relies only on local fluorescence measurements. No macroscopic area measurements are needed, giving the method the potential to be applied also to laterally heterogeneous monolayers and bilayers. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

If I were to name a beauty maven in Toronto, or even Canada, it would be Susanne Langmuir. She started as an Avon rep and later became a beauty entrepreneur, founding a fragrance company called Susanne Lang, then BITE, a lipstick company and one of the first clean color cosmetics brands, and recently launched her newest venture in skincare, called an-Hydra. As she walks me through her story, her passion for formulation is evidently at the foundation of her entire career. We chatted about how our approach to beauty has developed since her time at Avon, and also get into the challenges she faced when starting her third entrepreneurial venture, creating a skincare product that is sustainably made and entirely free of water, an-Hydra. Listen until the end to hear the advice she would give to anyone looking to enter the beauty industry. Find aN-Hydra on IG @anhydraskincare.

Today we’re speaking to Bite Beauty founder and serial entrepreneur Susanne Langmuir. As a product development guru, Langmuir succeeded where others couldn’t, creating bright, poppy shades that could measure up to the M.A.C’s and the NARS’ of the world, in earth-friendly formulas – and don’t forget the brand’s best-selling Agave Lip Mask that beauty editors stocked up on by the tube.  In this episode, we’ll update you on how Bite Beauty’s parent company, Sephora-backed Kendo Beauty, is ushering in a new, all-vegan era following Susanne’s departure from the company over two years ago. Then, Susanne fills us in on her next, forward-thinking act: waterless beauty. You’ll meet the debut product, aN-hydra The Powder of Youth No. 1, a water-activated microbiome cleansing powder that harnesses rice powder and pomegranate enzymes to slough away dead skin cells without stripping away “good” bacteria. (Plus, we weigh in with our personal review!) Find out what Susanne envisions a waterless beauty routine could look like in the not too distant future, and why ‘waterless’ is so key to shrinking our vanity footprint. But first, we’ll take you way back to before Bite Beauty even existed, to some of the inspiring entrepreneur’s first steps – and missteps –  into the wide world of beauty. Thanks to this week’s show partners – support us by supporting them!    Sephora  Did you know stress affects your skin? It can cause dryness, signs of aging, and redness. The good news? Sephora’s got solutions! Quench dryness with top skincare picks from Drunk Elephant, Tatcha, and Barbara Sturm. Target signs of aging with Fresh and Dr. Dennis Gross. Calm redness with Laneige. Get the skin-saving lineup, only at Sephora – online and in-store now.    *Disclaimer: Unless otherwise stated, all products reviewed are gratis media samples submitted for editorial consideration.*   Hosts: Carlene Higgins and Jill Dunn Theme song, used with permission: Cherry Bomb by Saya
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Episode 46  ~  December 28, 2016 Podcast Info / Topics Protecting our waterways (BWCAW) Langmuir Spirals

Episode 46  ~  December 28, 2016 Podcast Info / Topics Protecting our waterways (BWCAW) Langmuir Spirals

The Plasma Facing Components (PFC) will play a crucial role in future deuterium-tritium magnetically confined fusion power plants, since they will be subject to high energy and particle loads, but at the same time have to ensure long lifetimes and a low tritium retention. These requirements will most probably necessitate the use of high-Z materials such as tungsten for the wall materials, since their erosion properties are very benign and, unlike carbon, capture only little tritium. The drawback with high-Z materials is, that they emit strong line radiation in the core plasma, which acts as a powerful energy loss mechanism. Thus, the concentration of these high-Z materials has to be controlled and kept at low levels in order to achieve a burning plasma. Understanding the transport processes in the plasma edge is essential for applying the proper impurity control mechanisms. This control can be exerted either by enhancing the outflux, e.g. by Edge Localized Modes (ELM), since they are known to expell impurities from the main plasma, or by reducing the influx, e.g. minimizing the tungsten erosion or increasing the shielding effect of the Scrape Off Layer (SOL). ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) has been successfully operating with a full tungsten wall for several years now and offers the possibility to investigate these edge transport processes for tungsten. This study focused on the disentanglement of the frequency of type-I ELMs and the main chamber gas injection rate, two parameters which are usually linked in H-mode discharges. Such a separation allowed for the first time the direct assessment of the impact of each parameter on the tungsten concentration. The control of the ELM frequency was performed by adjusting the shape of the plasma, i.e. the upper triangularity. The radial tungsten transport was investigated by implementing a modulated tungsten source. To create this modulated source, the linear dependence of the tungsten erosion rate at the Ion Cyclotron Resonance Heating (ICRH) limiters on the injected ICRH power was used. The phase and amplitude of the inwardly propagating tungsten signal was then observed at the erosion site and at three radial positions in the main plasma, from which two were identified in the course of this work by a thorough investigation of the tungsten radiation features in the Vacuum Ultra-Violet (VUV) spectral range . The newly found observation sites are located right in the steep gradient region, close to the Edge Transport Barrier (ETB) and slightly further inside at the pedestal top of AUG H-mode discharges. Futhermore, the parallel flows in the SOL have been monitored by spectroscopical means and Langmuir probes. The experimental results were quite unexpected, since the ELM frequency had no influence on the tungsten concentration, and the sole actuator on this quantity was the gas injection rate. The evaluation of the modulated tungsten signal revealed that neither gas puffing nor plasma shape had an measureable influence on the radial tungsten transport processes. In addition, the tungsten erosion sources were only partially responsible for the observed tungsten behavior. These observations inspired a simple model, which balanced the tungsten outflux with the tungsten influx. In this model the impurity exauhst by ELMs is not diffusive, but turbulent and linked to the ELM size. The model predicted a linear dependence between the tungsten concentration and the parallel velocity in the SOL. This linear dependence was confirmed by the spectroscopical evaluation of the SOL parallel flows.

In this episode, we discuss the contributions of Gilbert Newton Lewis, Irvine Langmuir and Arnold Sommerfeld and push the Bohr Model of the Atom to the breaking point.

Low-dimensional assemblies, where order and organization follow supramolecular principles, have assumed remarkable importance due to their outstanding physical and/or chemical properties. An easy method to produce tailored functional materials combines self-assembly and Langmuir-Blodgett assembly. In this talk Petra Rudolf illustrates how this new approach allows the deposition of graphene on a variety of substrates.

Belcher, S (University of Reading) Thursday 16 September 2010, 14:00-15:00

In the present work three topics are outlined which are connected via biomineralisation. The investigation of the mechanical response of brachiopod shell material, the macroscopic calcite crystal growth, and the microscopic calcite crystal growth are discussed. Brachiopod shells have been investigated with nanoindentation and scanning electron microscopy to determine the material properties and the effects of the microstructure on the material properties. Brachiopod shells are highly optimised fibre composite materials. The material properties are adapted to the local material demands. The calcitic brachiopod emph{Megerlia truncata} exhibits a hard primary layer and a softer secondary layer with a tendency to higher hardness at the inner shell margin. At the hinge region the hardness is considerably higher and reflects the possibly high abrasive wear. The phosphatic brachiopod shells of emph{Lingula anatina} and emph{Discradisca stella} have laminated architecture with alternating hard and soft layers. They are harder in the center and have softer, more flexible regions at the margins. The macroscopic crystal growth of calcite was performed in gels. The obtained crystals were investigated with scanning electron microscopy. With inert pore solutions the $left{104right}$ rhombohedron is the dominating habit. Succinic acid and aspartic acid inhibit the acute steps of the calcite $left{104right}$ surface. In combination with $Mg^{2+}$ and $Sr^{2+}$ one side divergant forms are obtained. Pore solutions containing silicic acids produce catastrophic nucleation. Crystal aggregates from calcite, aragonite, and vaterite develop. The aggregates have morphological similarities with calcites from travertines. $Mg^{2+}$ and $Sr^{2+}$ counteract the effect of silicic acids. The microscopic crystal growth of the calcite $left{104right}$ surface was investigated with the atomic force microscope in the presence of silicic acids. The two dimensional nucleation is enhanced. The form of the hillocks change from the additive free rhomb to lenses with increasing silicic acids concentrations. The step velocities increase from 0 ppm to 20 ppm silicic acids and decrease after 20 ppm. Therefore silicic acids possess a promoter and a inhibitor effect on calcite crystal growth. The inhibitory effect can be fitted by a Langmuir isotherm. Both effects can be fitted together with a polynom of rank three. For supersaturation $beta = 30$ the step velocities are constant. This means that the process follows the step pinning model.

We consider the influence of disorder on the nonequilibrium steady state of a minimal model for intracellular transport. In this model particles move unidirectionally according to the totally asymmetric exclusion process (TASEP) and are coupled to a bulk reservoir by Langmuir kinetics. Our discussion focuses on localized point defects acting as a bottleneck for the particle transport. Combining analytic methods and numerical simulations, we identify a rich phase behavior as a function of the defect strength. Our analytical approach relies on an effective mean-field theory obtained by splitting the lattice into two subsystems, which are effectively connected exploiting the local current conservation. Introducing the key concept of a carrying capacity, the maximal current that can flow through the bulk of the system (including the defect), we discriminate between the cases where the defect is irrelevant and those where it acts as a bottleneck and induces various novel phases (called bottleneck phases). Contrary to the simple TASEP in the presence of inhomogeneities, many scenarios emerge and translate into rich underlying phase diagrams, the topological properties of which are discussed.

Intracellular transport phenomena, such as kinesins and myosins moving along cytoskeletal filaments or ribosomes along messenger RNA, can be modeled by one-dimensional driven lattice gases. Among these, the Totally Asymmetric Simple Exclusion Process (TASEP), has been extensively used. It describes a system of particles hopping in a preferred direction with hard core interaction. The goal of this thesis is to explore the relevance of some features that are missed by this simple model, such as the exchange of particles between molecular track and the cytoplasm, the extended molecular structure of each motor, and the interaction of motors with imperfections on the track acting as road blocks for intracellular traffic. Recent studies have taken into account particle exchange between the track and bulk solution (Langmuir kinetics). It was found that this violation of current conservation along the track leads to phase coexistence regions in the phase diagram not present in the TASEP. We have extended these studies in two ways. First, motivated by the fact that many molecular motors are dimers, we study how the stationary properties of the system (density profile and phase behavior) change upon replacing monomers with extended particles. Analytical refined and generalized mean field theory, supported by numerical Monte Carlo simulations, give a detailed description of the phase diagram. Our study proves that the extension gives quantitative but not qualitative changes in the phase diagram, showing that the picture obtained in the case of monomers is robust upon considering extended particles. Second, motivated by the presence of structural imperfections of the track that act as road blocks, we study the influence of an isolated defect characterized by a reduced hopping rate on the non-equilibrium steady state. We explore the phase behavior in the full parameter range and find that the phase diagram changes qualitatively as compared to the case without defects, showing new phase coexistence regions. In particular above a certain threshold strength of the defect, its presence induces a macroscopic change in the density profile. The regions where the defect is relevant (called bottleneck phases) are identified and studied. In the second part of the thesis we investigate the dynamical features of these models. First we concentrate on the dynamics of the simple TASEP, for which a complete analysis was missing. We use a technique borrowed from solid state physics, the Boltzmann-Langevin method, to give a full description of the correlation function in the whole parameter space. Finally we study the dynamics of a tracer particle in a TASEP with on-off kinetics. We observe that it is possible to reconstruct the density profile from the velocity of the tracer particle and we propose to perform single molecule experiments with fluorescently labelled molecular motors to explore the density profile and ultimately test the phase behavior predicted in this thesis.

The aim of this study is to obtain a better understanding of the hydrological and geochemical contexts of the heavy metal transport in watersaturated porous aquifer sediments, where both copper (Cu) and antimony (Sb) are the main focus. The background of investigation is based on questions within the scope of the redevelopement of past industrial waste deposits areas and groundwater protection. The functional and experimental part of this study was initially comprised of planning, conception and set-up of a column arrangement which served as a model of the sediment-/groundwater system as well as the development of appropriate preparation and sampling techniques. The experimental set-up run was suitable for simulation of groundwater flow with velocities between centimetre and metre per day. In order to differentiate results concerning the migration behaviour of the heavy metals copper and antimony, laboratory experiments were conduced in three water aquifer systems Quaternary Gravel, Tertiary Sand and Dogger-Sand of southern Germany. Between the systems carbonate, clay, or iron contents vary. Quartz-Sand was served as the reference material. Copper was injected as the cationic form of copper nitrate (Cu(NO3)2) and antimony as anionic potassium antimonat (K[Sb(OH)6]). The investigations included short-term (Dirac-impulse) and long-term (Pulse-injection) experiments. A calcareous water served as an eluent for sediments with high buffer capacity and a rainwater-mimic modelwater as an eluent for the sediment with lower buffer capacity. Determination of distribution coefficients (batch-experiments) and thermodynamic modelling of solubility in different experimental waters led to maximum values in the calcareous water for copper as well as antimony, where the solubility of copper was 30 % lower than for antimony. Due to the additional complexes found in the DOC-water of the Dachauer Moos copper has a significantly higher mobility. The effect is even more significant by applying EDTA-water. Mass balance of the column experiments show that copper is fundamentally less mobile (recovery 0-18 %) in contrast to antimony (recovery 85-99 %). Differences in the sorption behaviour were reflected in the retardation values, which subsequently distinguished almost three orders for both elements. Cumulatively, these results show that the sorption capacities for copper can not be achieved even after a total input of 201 mg Cu (Quaternary Gravel) by injection pulses over two years. However, sorption capacities can be attained with antimony after only 10.4 days (Tertiary Sand), after 11.4 days (Dogger-Sand) and after 1.5 years (Quaternary Gravel), respectively. Qualitatively, the results of copper can be described with a fast irreversible sorption kinetic, and antimony with a slow reversible one. Three mathematical models were applied to simulate the experimental data set. The observed Sb-breakthrough curves modelled quite well with the one-dimensional linear reaction model of CAMERON & KLUTE (1977) and the determination of corresponding dynamic reaction parameters. However, a satisfying fit could not be found for copper with this model in a buffered system for the two following reasons: 1.) The precipitation processes and 2.) the complex surface-active processes which were assumed next to the predominant sorption reactions. Therefore non-linear model approaches were employed for the fit. Initially, the observed Sb-curves were fitted using two-site Langmuir-isotherm first order kinetics, allowing for quantification of sorption capacities, -affinities and –rates. Applying three-site Langmuir-isotherm first order kinetics also includes precipitation processes. With all models, a satisfying fit of the desorption processes in the declining curve part emerged. However the sorption processes could still not be satisfactorily described. Experiments investigating the influence of both complexing agents, DOC and EDTA, on the migration behaviour of copper showed more or less a stoichiometric complexation of the heavy metal copper. With the stronger complexing agent EDTA at least twice as high remobilisation as with DOC could be achieved. The strongest EDTA-mediated remobilisation could be observed in the unbuffered sediments (49-50%), significantly lower values were attained in the buffered sediments with 17-26 %. Of the injected copper mass in unbuffered sediment 82 % could be recovered from Dogger-Sand, and 83 % from Quartz-Sand. A maximum of 55 % could be recovered from the buffered sediments. In order to support mobility data of copper and antimony sequential extractions of column beds were performed after the column experiments. As an essential result, it emerged that copper is accumulated increasingly in areas near the surface, while antimony is distributed in the whole profile. Therefore, copper in contrast to antimony is stable bound at neutral pH and is not transferred. As a consequence, a different behaviour of availability of both elements can be observed. The results of the column experiments indicate that copper is preferentially occluded at organic matter binding fractions as well as in the immobile aqua regia fraction. Antimony is mainly bound in the mobile and easy exchangeable fraction and in both the iron and manganese fraction. As this result allows immediate conclusions on the availability and transfer potential of heavy metals, it also permits estimations of the ecotoxicological efficacy of copper and antimony and the assessment of the endangering risk potential of the contaminated sediments.