Podcasts about Langerhans

Tamara es una mujer que se caracteriza por su resiliencia y por el gran amor que le tiene a su familia. Como madre de Bernardo y Emilia nos da grandes lecciones de entrega y compromiso. Uno de los retos más importantes de su vida llegó con el nacimiento de su hijo Bernardo en 2019. Desde muy pequeño, fue diagnosticado con Histiocitosis de Células de Langerhans, una enfermedad rara y compleja que requiere atención médica intensiva llevándolo a enfrentar más de 36 ciclos de quimioterapia, cirugías y hospitalizaciones prolongadas. Mientras acompañaba a Bernardo en cada paso de su tratamiento, Tamara buscó formas de que él siguiera desarrollándose como un niño pleno, apoyándolo académica y socialmente, incluso en los momentos más difíciles. Ella ha aprendido a equilibrar la dualidad de ser una madre fuerte y protectora con la vulnerabilidad que implica enfrentar la incertidumbre de la vida médica de su hijo. Su testimonio irradia luz, enseñándonos que el amor, la disciplina y la fe pueden sostenernos incluso en las tormentas más fuertes. Una historia de resiliencia, valentía, gratitud y esperanza. Facebook: Efecto Inspiración Instagram: @efectoinspiracion

Wir sprechen mit Felix Klopotek zu Thema Marxismus der Zwangsarbeiter. Leben und Werk von Heinz Langerhans Felix hat dazu ein tolles Buch ("Die totalitäre Erfahrung") geschrieben: https://unrast-verlag.de/produkt/heinz-langerhans-die-totalitaere-erfahrung/ Die im Video erwähnte Broschüre zum "Problem der Geschichte" der "Helle Panke" ist leider noch nicht fertig, wird aber demnächst zeitnah erscheinen. Mehr von Felix: Buch zum "Rätekommunismus": https://schmetterling-verlag.de/page-5_isbn-3-89657-674-7.htm Herausgeber des Buches von Christian Riechers über die "Die Niederlage in der Niederlage Texte zu Arbeiterbewegung, Klassenkampf, Faschismus" https://unrast-verlag.de/produkt/die-niederlage-in-der-niederlage/ Wir sind 99 ZU EINS! Ein Podcast mit Kommentaren zu aktuellen Geschehnissen, sowie Analysen und Interviews zu den wichtigsten politischen Aufgaben unserer Zeit.#leftisbest #linksbringts #machsmitlinks Wir brauchen eure Hilfe! So könnt ihr uns unterstützen: 1. Bitte abonniert unseren Kanal und liked unsere Videos. 2. Teil unseren content auf social media und folgt uns auch auf Twitter, Instagram und FB 3. Wenn ihr Zugang zu unserer Discord-Community, sowie exklusive After-Show Episoden und Einladungen in unsere Livestreams bekommen wollt, dann unterstützt uns doch bitte auf Patreon: www.patreon.com/99zueins 4. Wir empfangen auch Spenden unter: https://www.paypal.com/donate/?hostedbuttonid=NSABEZ5567QZE

This episode is proudly sponsored by VIVOBAREFOOT. Reconnect with Earth by wearing REAL shoes. Use code PJL20 for 20% off your first order. You're welcome! The Scientific TRUTH About Cannabis Join us for Part 2 of our incredible conversation with Deryn Blackwell, famously known as "The Boy in 7 Billion." In this episode, we explore the fascinating history and science of cannabis, and how it played a crucial role in Deryn's battle with cancer. Diagnosed with leukaemia at age 10 and later with the rare Langerhans cell sarcoma, Deryn's story is a powerful testament to the potential of medicinal cannabis in challenging the norms of a profit-driven medical system. Highlights from the Episode: History of Cannabis: Explore the rich and complex history of cannabis, from its ancient medicinal uses to its current status in modern medicine. The Science of Cannabis: Discover the roles of terpenes, flavonoids, and esters in selecting the right cannabis strain for therapeutic use. Deryn Blackwell's Journey: Learn how cannabis played a pivotal role in saving Deryn's life and his journey from near-death to healing. Challenges in Cannabis Research: Uncover how patenting is used to limit research into the healing powers of cannabis, and the impact this has on scientific discovery. Understanding Cannabis Use: Discuss why some people develop dependencies on cannabis and the difference between medical and recreational use. This episode builds on Part 1, where Deryn shares his miraculous recovery from stage 4 cancer and how cannabis was instrumental in his healing process. This episode is packed with insights and information you won't want to miss! Connect with Deryn: Instagram: @rare_kid_here https://www.instagram.com/rare_kid_here?igshid=d3d3eWxtZnVlbjZ1 Further Reading: Buy Callie Blackwell's book "The Boy in 7 Billion" https://amzn.eu/d/01XeJ817 Join the Philly J Lay Community: Instagram: @phillyjlay https://www.instagram.com/phillyjlay Facebook: @phillyjlay https://www.facebook.com/phillyjlay Telegram: @phillyjlay https://t.me/phillyjlay Twitter/X: @phillyjlay https://twitter.com/phillyjlay TikTok: @phillyjlay1 https://www.tiktok.com/@phillyjlay1 Rumble: @phillyjlay https://rumble.com/user/phillyjlay YouTube: @phillyjlay https://www.youtube.com/@phillyjlay Catch up on all previous episodes of The Wellness Way with Philly J Lay on your favorite podcast platform. Explore Philly's Works: The Natural Wellness Journal Barbara O'Neill's Official Books: Sustain Me & Self-heal by Design The Wellness Way: A Beginners' Guide to Your Natural Health Systems - Interactive E-book The Wellness Way FASTERCLASS: 34-Part Video Series on Health The Wellness Awakening: Meditation Album from Past Lives to Passing Philly's Kitchen: 8-Part Video Series From the Heart of the Home DISCLAIMER: THIS INFORMATION IS NO SUBSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL ADVICE, JUST ANOTHER PERSPECTIVE TO HELP SUPPORT YOUR HEALTH. Please always consult your health provider for any conditions that concern you.

This episode is proudly sponsored by VIVOBAREFOOT. Reconnect with Earth by wearing REAL shoes. Use code PJL20 for 20% off your first order. You're welcome! The Scientific TRUTH About Cannabis Join us for Part 2 of our incredible conversation with Deryn Blackwell, famously known as "The Boy in 7 Billion." In this episode, we explore the fascinating history and science of cannabis, and how it played a crucial role in Deryn's battle with cancer. Diagnosed with leukaemia at age 10 and later with the rare Langerhans cell sarcoma, Deryn's story is a powerful testament to the potential of medicinal cannabis in challenging the norms of a profit-driven medical system. Highlights from the Episode: History of Cannabis: Explore the rich and complex history of cannabis, from its ancient medicinal uses to its current status in modern medicine. The Science of Cannabis: Discover the roles of terpenes, flavonoids, and esters in selecting the right cannabis strain for therapeutic use. Deryn Blackwell's Journey: Learn how cannabis played a pivotal role in saving Deryn's life and his journey from near-death to healing. Challenges in Cannabis Research: Uncover how patenting is used to limit research into the healing powers of cannabis, and the impact this has on scientific discovery. Understanding Cannabis Use: Discuss why some people develop dependencies on cannabis and the difference between medical and recreational use. This episode builds on Part 1, where Deryn shares his miraculous recovery from stage 4 cancer and how cannabis was instrumental in his healing process. This episode is packed with insights and information you won't want to miss! Connect with Deryn: Instagram: @rare_kid_here https://www.instagram.com/rare_kid_here?igshid=d3d3eWxtZnVlbjZ1 Further Reading: Buy Callie Blackwell's book "The Boy in 7 Billion" https://amzn.eu/d/01XeJ817 Join the Philly J Lay Community: Instagram: @phillyjlay https://www.instagram.com/phillyjlay Facebook: @phillyjlay https://www.facebook.com/phillyjlay Telegram: @phillyjlay https://t.me/phillyjlay Twitter/X: @phillyjlay https://twitter.com/phillyjlay TikTok: @phillyjlay1 https://www.tiktok.com/@phillyjlay1 Rumble: @phillyjlay https://rumble.com/user/phillyjlay YouTube: @phillyjlay https://www.youtube.com/@phillyjlay Catch up on all previous episodes of The Wellness Way with Philly J Lay on your favorite podcast platform. Explore Philly's Works: The Natural Wellness Journal Barbara O'Neill's Official Books: Sustain Me & Self-heal by Design The Wellness Way: A Beginners' Guide to Your Natural Health Systems - Interactive E-book The Wellness Way FASTERCLASS: 34-Part Video Series on Health The Wellness Awakening: Meditation Album from Past Lives to Passing Philly's Kitchen: 8-Part Video Series From the Heart of the Home DISCLAIMER: THIS INFORMATION IS NO SUBSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL ADVICE, JUST ANOTHER PERSPECTIVE TO HELP SUPPORT YOUR HEALTH. Please always consult your health provider for any conditions that concern you.

VIVOBAREFOOT are the proud sponsors of today's episode. To reconnect with Earth by wearing REAL shoes, it's PJL20 for 20% off your first order. You're welcome! Deryn Blackwell: The Boy in 7 Billion. Did Cannabis Save His Life? Part 1 Join us in this week's episode featuring the incredible Deryn Blackwell, otherwise known as The “Boy in 7 Billion”, who was diagnosed with leukaemia in 2010 at just 10 years old and was later diagnosed with Langerhans cell sarcoma in 2012. This rare cancer only affects one in 7bn people, and Deryn was the only person in the world to have been diagnosed with this form of cancer after having initially had leukaemia. We had his mother, Callie Blackwell on the show in 2023 to bare all on what it was like navigating the reality of her son dying before her eyes and the strength and courage it took to take matters into her own hands using medicinal cannabis, but today we get to hear it directly from the boy who experienced it all. Deryn's incredible story is a testament to the strength it takes to stand up to a medical system that chooses to profit from sickness and an example of the miraculous healing that can take place when we work with Mother Earth. Highlights from the episode: His traumatic early childhood and growing up feeling different from his peers Finding out he had Leukemia and the memory of seeing a dying baby fighting cancer, which completely changed his perspective The traumatic treatment process His next diagnosis with Langerhans cell sarcoma Developing an addiction to cyclizine which was given to him during the course of his treatment and end-of-life care His experience with cannabis that miraculously eradicated his addiction There was so much to unpack from Deryn's story that we decided to have him back on the show for Part 2 to discuss his experience with medicinal cannabis in more depth, so keep an eye out for next week! This episode is NOT one to miss! To connect with the Deryn: Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/rare_kid_here?igsh=d3d3eWxtZnVlbjZ1 Buy Callie Blackwell's book ‘The Boy in 7 Billion': https://amzn.eu/d/01XeJ817 Join the Philly J Lay newsletter to be part of the community: Instagram: @phillyjlay Facebook: @phillyjlay Telegram: @phillyjlay Twitter/X: @phillyjlay TikTok: @phillyjlay1 Rumble: @phillyjlay YouTube: @phillyjlay Catch up on all previous episodes on all platforms by searching The Wellness Way with Philly J Lay. Buy Philly's works on phillyjlay.com The Natural Wellness Journal Barbara O'Neill's OFFICIAL books: SUSTAIN ME & Self-heal by Design The Wellness Way: A Beginners' Guide to Your Natural Health Systems: Interactive E-book The Wellness Way FASTERCLASS: 34-Part Video Series on Health The Wellness Awakening: Meditation Album from Past Lives to Passing Philly's Kitchen: 8-Part Video Series From the Heart of the Home DISCLAIMER: THIS INFORMATION IS NO SUBSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL ADVICE, JUST ANOTHER PERSPECTIVE TO HELP SUPPORT YOUR HEALTH. Please always consult your health provider for any conditions that concern you.

VIVOBAREFOOT are the proud sponsors of today's episode. To reconnect with Earth by wearing REAL shoes, it's PJL20 for 20% off your first order. You're welcome! Deryn Blackwell: The Boy in 7 Billion. Did Cannabis Save His Life? Part 1 Join us in this week's episode featuring the incredible Deryn Blackwell, otherwise known as The “Boy in 7 Billion”, who was diagnosed with leukaemia in 2010 at just 10 years old and was later diagnosed with Langerhans cell sarcoma in 2012. This rare cancer only affects one in 7bn people, and Deryn was the only person in the world to have been diagnosed with this form of cancer after having initially had leukaemia. We had his mother, Callie Blackwell on the show in 2023 to bare all on what it was like navigating the reality of her son dying before her eyes and the strength and courage it took to take matters into her own hands using medicinal cannabis, but today we get to hear it directly from the boy who experienced it all. Deryn's incredible story is a testament to the strength it takes to stand up to a medical system that chooses to profit from sickness and an example of the miraculous healing that can take place when we work with Mother Earth. Highlights from the episode: His traumatic early childhood and growing up feeling different from his peers Finding out he had Leukemia and the memory of seeing a dying baby fighting cancer, which completely changed his perspective The traumatic treatment process His next diagnosis with Langerhans cell sarcoma Developing an addiction to cyclizine which was given to him during the course of his treatment and end-of-life care His experience with cannabis that miraculously eradicated his addiction There was so much to unpack from Deryn's story that we decided to have him back on the show for Part 2 to discuss his experience with medicinal cannabis in more depth, so keep an eye out for next week! This episode is NOT one to miss! To connect with the Deryn: Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/rare_kid_here?igsh=d3d3eWxtZnVlbjZ1 Buy Callie Blackwell's book ‘The Boy in 7 Billion': https://amzn.eu/d/01XeJ817 Join the Philly J Lay newsletter to be part of the community: Instagram: @phillyjlay Facebook: @phillyjlay Telegram: @phillyjlay Twitter/X: @phillyjlay TikTok: @phillyjlay1 Rumble: @phillyjlay YouTube: @phillyjlay Catch up on all previous episodes on all platforms by searching The Wellness Way with Philly J Lay. Buy Philly's works on phillyjlay.com The Natural Wellness Journal Barbara O'Neill's OFFICIAL books: SUSTAIN ME & Self-heal by Design The Wellness Way: A Beginners' Guide to Your Natural Health Systems: Interactive E-book The Wellness Way FASTERCLASS: 34-Part Video Series on Health The Wellness Awakening: Meditation Album from Past Lives to Passing Philly's Kitchen: 8-Part Video Series From the Heart of the Home DISCLAIMER: THIS INFORMATION IS NO SUBSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL ADVICE, JUST ANOTHER PERSPECTIVE TO HELP SUPPORT YOUR HEALTH. Please always consult your health provider for any conditions that concern you.

Follow along with our Nailed it Board/OITE Podcast Companion book. Get your copy by clicking here >> https://a.co/d/cr4i8nD  Enjoy another episode from our board review series featuring Dr. Cole and Dr. Woolwine.   This episode is sponsored by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons: Filled with content that has been vetted by some of the top names in orthopaedics, the AAOS Resident Orthopaedic Core Knowledge (ROCK) program sets the standard for orthopaedic education. Whether ROCK is incorporated into your residency curriculum, or you use it independently as a study tool, the educational content on ROCK is always free to residents. You'll gain the insights and confidence needed to ensure a successful future as a board-certified surgeon who delivers the best patient care. Log on at https://rock.aaos.org/. 

Blood glucose is proof that you can have too much of a good thing. While glucose serves a critical role as fuel for many of our bodily functions, it must remain in a very tightly controlled range. If the level goes too low, you can fall into a coma. If glucose is too high, damage to tissues throughout the body can occur. When blood glucose is consistently too high and the mechanisms that return it to the normal range fail, this is called diabetes mellitus. Nearly 10% of the US population has a form of diabetes, so it is critical that physicians understand the disease and be prepared to care for patients with the diagnosis. Diabetes mellitus is a condition characterized by a lack of insulin-mediated blood glucose control. Insulin is a hormone released by the pancreatic β cells in the islets of Langerhans, which make up the endocrine portion of the pancreas. After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to: Define type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Compare and contrast the pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Compare and contrast the clinical presentation of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Compare and contrast diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome as complications of diabetes mellitus. Describe laboratory tests that help distinguish between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Compare and contrast management principles for type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. You can also check out the original brick on Diabetes Mellitus: Foundations and Frameworks from our Endocrine collection, which is available for free. Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks.  After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology. *** If you enjoyed this episode, we'd love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts.  It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world. Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/

Welcome to the Instant Trivia podcast episode 1138, where we ask the best trivia on the Internet. Round 1. Category: Did I Hear That Right? 1: "Saturday Night Live" editorialist Emily Litella wasn't sure why all the fuss about these "on television". Violins. 2: A coming-of-age novel by Bruce Ducker is titled "Lead Us Not Into" this NYC train depot. Penn Station. 3: (Hi, I'm Tony Danza) On "Friends", Lisa Kudrow was convinced that this man's song "Tiny Dancer" was really "Tony Danza". Elton John. 4: George W. Bush once referred to these 2 trade obstacles as "terriers and bariffs". Tariffs and barriers. 5: In a 2000 film, the idiomatically challenged "Trixie" speaks of "drinking yourself into" this South American country. Bolivia (instead of "oblivion"). Round 2. Category: You'Re Going In. With In in quotation marks 1: It's a polypeptide hormone produced by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans. insulin. 2: Any of the 4 anterior teeth in the jaw used for cutting. incisors. 3: It's found after "Disco" in a Top 40 song and "Dante's" in story. inferno. 4: It's a 10-letter verb meaning to introduce into public use by some formal ceremony. inaugurate. 5: From the Latin for "deceitful", it means "stealthily treacherous". insidious. Round 3. Category: As You Like It. With As in quotation marks 1: A fibrous mineral formerly used to make fireproof articles. asbestos. 2: A paroxysmal, often allergic disorder of respiration characterized by bronchospasm and wheezing. asthma. 3: A village in Berkshire, England or a scarf with broad ends. an ascot. 4: In TV, this ratio of the width of an image to its height can be 4 to 3. an aspect ratio. 5: A secluded building, often the residence of a guru, used for the instruction of Hinduism. an ashram. Round 4. Category: Music Industry Terms 1: This is taking a snippet of one song and using it in another; "Funky Drummer" by James Brown is often used. a sample. 2: Incorporating part of an old song into a new song, or trying a free piece of cheese at the deli. sampling. 3: In digital music sales, this method used to be about 20% of purchases and downloads were 70%; now it's flipped. streaming. 4: A hit song from one genre of music that also achieves commercial success in another genre. a crossover. 5: Non-reserved general admission seating at a performance venue; it sounds like a celebration. festival seating. Round 5. Category: Completes The Movie Title 1: "Down and Out...". ...In Beverly Hills. 2: "Dog Day...". ...Afternoon. 3: "Kind Hearts and...". ...Coronets. 4: "Jim Thorpe...". ...All-American. 5: "Heaven Knows...". ...Mr. Allison. Thanks for listening! Come back tomorrow for more exciting trivia!Special thanks to https://blog.feedspot.com/trivia_podcasts/ AI Voices used

Learn about the complexities of skin immunology with Dr. George Stingl, a leading expert in the field. Dr. Stingl unravels the roles of the skin's immune system, the evolution of our understanding of Langerhans cells, and the pressing need for specificity in dermatological treatments. With a look into the future, Dr. Stingl calls for a new generation of dermatologists to advance the specialty with targeted therapies and comprehensive care. Dr. George Stingl is the chairman of the division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Disease and the Department of Dermatology at the Medical University of Vienna in Austria. To learn more about skin immunology: https://www.hannahkopelman.com/blog/skin-immunology/ Connect with me across Social: Twitter: https://twitter.com/drhankopelman Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/doctor.han/ TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@drhankopelman Blog: https://www.hannahkopelman.com/blog/ The content of this podcast is for entertainment and educational purposes only. This content is not meant to be a substitute for medical advice or treatment for any medical condition. --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/hannah-kopelman/message

This episode dives deep into palmitoyl-pentapeptide-4 known as matrixyl. We go through skin anatomy and explore the various cells that create vital skin proteins like keratin, collagen, and elastin. Furthermore, we explore hyaluronic acid, what it does on the cellular level, how it's produced and by which cells, and how matrixyl stimulates its production. We finish the conversation with a compare and contrast session that details some of the hallmarks of skin aging along with the peptides that might be useful and why. Topics: 1. Introduction - Review of GHK-Cu peptides from previous episode (42) - Overview of matrixyl as a skin-supporting peptide - General use cases of each peptide for skin health and appearance 2. Comparing GHK-Cu and Matrixyl - GHK-Cu: - Suited for mature skin or skin in need of repair - Useful for both aging and inflammatory skin concerns - Matrixyl: - Targeted for fine lines and wrinkles - Differences in how they function within the body and their respective results 3. The Epidermis - Stratum Corneum: Outermost layer; dead, flattened keratinocytes filled with keratin; lipid matrix for hydration - Stratum Lucidum: Found in thicker skin regions; additional keratinocytes for protection - Stratum Granulosum: Active keratin production and accumulation in keratinocytes - Stratum Spinosum: Younger keratinocytes; Langerhans cells for immunity - Stratum Basale: Basal keratinocytes reproduction; melanocytes for melanin and Merkel cells for touch sensation 4. The Dermis - Papillary Dermis: Thin collagen and elastin fibers; blood and lymphatic vessels; Langerhans cells' immune defense pathway - Reticular Dermis: Denser collagen and elastin due to higher fibroblast concentration; sebaceous and sweat glands, hair follicles, mast cells 5. Matrixyl's Role in the Skin - Definition and breakdown of matrixyl as a palmitoyl pentapeptide-4 - Mechanism of action: How matrixyl functions in the skin - Penetration through the lipid matrix - Activation of fibroblasts to produce collagen and elastin - Stimulation of hyaluronic acid (HA) production 6. Aging and Skin - Impact of decreasing collagen and HA as one ages - Differences between the effects of reduced collagen and HA on the skin 7. Study on Matrixyl's Efficacy - Study overview: Double blind study on matrixyl's effects on periocular wrinkles - Results: Quantitative decreases in wrinkle depth, thickness, and rigidity over 28 days Thanks so much for tuning in! Order Chloe's Book "⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠75 Gut-Healing Strategies & Biohacks⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠" TODAY! If you liked this episode, please leave a rating and review or share it to your stories over on Instagram. If you tag @synthesisofwellness, Chloe would love to personally thank you for listening! Follow Chloe on Instagram ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠@synthesisofwellness⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ Follow Chloe on TikTok @chloe_c_porter Visit ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠synthesisofwellness.com⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ to purchase products, subscribe to our mailing list, and more! Or visit ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠linktr.ee/synthesisofwellness⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ to see all of Chloe's links, schedule a BioPhotonic Scanner consult with Chloe, or support the show! Thanks again for tuning in! --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/chloe-porter6/support

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.28.550974v1?rss=1 Authors: Peterman, E., Quitevis, E. J. A., Goo, C. E. A., Rasmussen, J. P. Abstract: Skin is often the first physical barrier to encounter invading pathogens and physical damage. Damage to the skin must be resolved quickly and efficiently to maintain organ homeostasis. Epidermal-resident immune cells known as Langerhans cells use dendritic protrusions to dynamically surveil the skin microenvironment, which contains epithelial keratinocytes and somatosensory peripheral axons. The mechanisms governing Langerhans cell dendrite dynamics and responses to tissue damage are not well understood. Using skin explants from adult zebrafish, we show that Langerhans cells maintain normal surveillance activity following axonal degeneration and use their dynamic dendrites to engulf small axonal debris. By contrast, a ramified-to-rounded shape transition accommodates the engulfment of larger keratinocyte debris. We find that Langerhans cell dendrites are richly populated with actin and sensitive to a broad spectrum actin inhibitor. We further show that Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibition leads to elongated dendrites, perturbed clearance of large debris, and reduced Langerhans cell migration to tissue-scale wounds. Altogether, our work describes the unique dynamics of Langerhans cells and involvement of the ROCK pathway in immune cell responses to damage of varying magnitude. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

In this episode, we review the high-yield topic of ⁠⁠⁠⁠Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis⁠ from the Pediatrics section. Follow ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Medbullets⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ on social media: Facebook: www.facebook.com/medbullets Instagram: www.instagram.com/medbulletsofficial Twitter: www.twitter.com/medbullets

O número de casos de diabetes deverá explodir nas próximas décadas. A estimativa hoje é de que cerca de 537 milhões de adultos entre 20 e 79 anos convivam com a doença – cerca de 10,6% da população mundial. Até 2045, mais de 780 milhões de pessoas serão diagnosticadas com a doença, segundo dados da Federação Internacional do Diabetes. O Brasil é o quinto país em incidência, com cerca 16,8 milhões de adultos doentes. Taíssa Stivanin, da RFIExistem mais de 12 tipos de diabetes, explicou à RFI o endocrinologista Levimar Araújo, presidente da Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes. Os mais comuns são o tipo 2 e 1, conhecido por se manifestar na infância. Mas ele lembra que hoje muitos adultos desenvolvem a doença em idade mais avançada. “O tipo 1 é uma doença autoimune, que destrói as células beta", explica.De acordo com o endocrinologista, alguns vírus, como o da rubéola, ou o da Covid-19, podem desencadear o processo. As células beta estão situadas nas ilhotas de Langerhans, no pâncreas, e secretam e sintetizam a insulina, que atua no controle da glicose, um carboidrato simples que fornece energia para o corpo.O diabetes do tipo 2 é responsável pela explosão do número de casos da doença. Seu aparecimento é influenciado por fatores ambientais. Por isso ele pode ser evitado, mesmo que haja predisposição genética, diz o especialista.“Às vezes o diabetes é herdado do pai, da mãe, da avó, e pode pular uma geração. Ele está relacionado ao sedentarismo e à obesidade: o paciente tem insulina, mas essa insulina não interage direito com os receptores, justamente por causa da obesidade. Por isso, temos visto o início do diabetes 2 em adolescentes, o que é muito preocupante.”O endocrinologista lembra que o diabetes gestacional, que aparece durante a gravidez, mas geralmente desaparece após o parto, é também um fator de risco. Cerca de 20% das mulheres diagnosticadas continuarão a ser diabéticas. "Gravidade da doença depende do seu controle"O diabetes é grave desde que não seja controlado, O problema, diz o endocrinologista, é não saber que está desenvolvendo a doença. “Cerca de 46% das pessoas com diabetes 2 não sabem que têm esse diagnóstico e essa é nossa preocupação. [É preciso] fazer esse diagnóstico o quanto antes para evitar as complicações”.Um exame que muitas vezes não faz parte da rotina clínica, lembra, é a glicemia pós-prandial. Ele consiste em ingerir um líquido com uma grande quantidade de glicose e medir, em seguida, as taxas de açúcar no sangue em jejum e uma e duas horas após as refeições.O objetivo é detectar hiperglicemias, o aumento da taxa de glicose no sangue, depois de comer. Esta é a primeira alteração que indica que o pâncreas está tendo dificuldades para produzir insulina.“O exame indica se o paciente é pré-diabético, o que já pode gerar complicações, como as cardiovasculares. Se for o caso, o médico pode indicar uma dieta adequada e o aumento da atividade física. Se necessário, até usar medicamento para não deixar que esse paciente se torne diabético”, explica.Atualmente, o exame mais pedido nos controles é o da glicose em jejum, mas ele não basta para o diagnóstico. “A pessoa pode ficar entre 6 e 8 anos com diabetes e a glicose de jejum estar normal. Não podemos nos basear apenas neste exame. Precisamos medir também a glicose pós-prandial e a hemoglobina glicada. Neste exame, se a taxa estiver acima de 6,5%, já temos um diagnóstico de diabete, mesmo se a glicose em jejum estiver normal”, diz. O especialista também alerta que, em cidades brasileiras com menos infraestrutura, a medida da hemoglobina glicada nem sempre é confiável. Neste caso, o exame pós-prandial pode confirmar a condição. Não há uma idade específica para se iniciar os exames, frisa: é preciso ficar atento aos sinais e sintomas, como muita sede, aumento do volume de urina e emagrecimento. “Existe também um sinal que aparece no pescoço e debaixo do braço, de resistência à insulina, chamado Acantose Nigricans. Se ele for detectado, podemos escanear esses pacientes independentemente da idade”, explica. Pessoas que têm colesterol alto, são obesas e têm hipertensão devem ser mais vigilantes. Mulheres que tiveram filhos que pesavam com mais de quatro quilos no nascimento também fazem parte do grupo de risco e devem realizar exames complementares.Covid-19 gerou aumento de casosO endocrinologista brasileiro alerta que as projeções sobre o aumento de casos de diabetes no país são “assustadoras”, e é preciso agir rapidamente. “O Brasil, em 2045, deve ocupar a quarta colocação em números de casos de diabetes, o que não é mérito nenhum. Isso é fruto dos hábitos que têm mudado”, diz. A pandemia e o lockdown, alerta, geraram mudança na alimentação e aumentaram o sedentarismo da população. “Neste período, tivemos um crescimento dos pacientes diabéticos”, frisa.O presidente da Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes também destaca o aumento de casos de diabetes do tipo 1 em crianças contaminadas pela Covid-19. Segundo ele, diferentes estudos indicaram que o vírus influencia diretamente as células beta.“Percebemos esse aumento também no Brasil. No ano passado, algumas análises mostraram o crescimento de 33% de casos de diabetes tipo 1 após a epidemia. Em uma semana, em meu consultório, atendi quatro crianças de 4 anos que, logo após pegarem a Covid-19, que foi leve, desenvolveram diabetes." As infecções virais, lembra, sempre podem ser um gatilho para que a doença se manifeste, caso haja predisposição. Mas ele ressalta também que os tratamentos e o monitoramento do diabetes, que depende do ajuste da dose de insulina no corpo, estão cada vez mais eficazes.“Em relação ao tipo 1, hoje temos bombas de infusão de insulina cada vez mais automatizadas e inteligentes, que diminuem as crises de hipoglicemias e as hiperglicemias, quando a criança ou adolescente se esqueceu de aplicar a insulina, por exemplo”, explica.Emoção altera a glicoseVários medicamentos novos também foram lançados para tratar o diabetes tipo 2 e estão disponíveis no SUS para pacientes a partir de 65 anos. Além de controlar a insulina, eles também preservam o rim, diminuem o risco de infarto, a pressão e o peso.  Outras drogas novas inibem a produção de insulina após as refeições. Alguns remédios, apresentados recentemente no Congresso Mundial do Diabetes, devem chegar em breve ao Brasil, conta.Lutar contra o stress é outro fator importante. “Tratamos de pessoas que têm alteração de glicose. Ter tempo com a família, de atividade física, e para relaxar, é muito importante no controle do diabetes. A emoção altera a glicose.”

Tumoren im Thorax Teil 5 - Langerhans-Zell-Histiozytose   Kontakt: pathopodcasts@gmail.com

Notes from the Field: First Reported US Cases of Tinea Caused by Trichophyton indotineae—New York City, December 2021–March 2023. Caplan AS, et al Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2023 May 5;72(19):536.Onycholysis and purpuric nail striae in a child. Yang L, Wang T, Liu Y. Pediatric Dermatology. 2023 Apr 18. Nail involvement in Langerhans cell histiocytosis and its association with multisystem presentation and lung involvement. Bonometti A, Passoni E, Finotto S, Berti E. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology. 2021 Oct 23;87(6):850-4.

Both Deanna Fournier and Ana Valdez suffered from the blood cancer Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis but at very different stages in their lives. Deanna , now the Director of the Histiocytosis Association, was diagnosed when she was 6 years old and Ana was diagnosed 3 years after her symptoms began to appear during the final trimester of her pregnancy. Both Deanna and Ana will talk about their involvement as they help other people who have been diagnosed with a form of cancer that is not as well known as many other forms of this disease. 

Kirby from Disaster Tourism joins us today to talk about Adrift off the Islets of Langerhans https://spacepenguin.ink Check out more from disaster tourism https://disastertourism.games/ From our Sponsor Spicy Tuna: https://constant-downpour.backerkit.com/hosted_preorders --- Send in a voice message: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/wobbliesandwizards/message Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/wobbliesandwizards/support

Quizmasters Lee and Marc meet for a trivia quiz with topics including Sports, Video Games, Hollywood, Geography, History, Anatomy, Literature, Music and more! Round One SOCCER - In soccer, how many yellow cards result in a red card? VIDEO GAMES - Originally released by Nintendo, what was the top-selling non-Atari game released for the Atari 2600? HOLLYWOOD - What actor (also the father to four sons named Peter, Eric, Michael and Joel, who also work in the TV and film industry as actors and producers) was born Isur Danilovic? U.S. GEOGRAPHY - Yellowstone National Park is located primarily in which U.S. State? ANATOMY - In which large gland of the human body would you find the Islets of Langerhans? HOUSEPLANTS - A popular type of indoor plant is Chlorophytum comosum, which gets its common name from what kind of creature? Round Two JAMES BOND - What James Bond film stars Pierce Brosnan, Michelle Yeoh and Teri Hatcher, features a theme song by Sheryl Crow, and was the first in the series to be released after the death of long-time franchise producer Albert R. Broccoli? PSYCHOLOGY - Ergophobia is the irrational fear of what? FAST FOOD - Which international fast food chain opened its first location in Lexington, KY in 1969 and takes its name from a main character of a novel first published in the early 1880's? LANDMARKS - What landmark is nicknamed Le Dame de Ferr (which translates to "Iron Lady")? AFRICAN HISTORY - What capital city of Somalia controlled the East African gold trade for several centuries and was also the birthplace of supermodel Iman? LITERATURE - Which book, often read in high school, begins "When he was nearly 13, my brother Jem got his arm badly broken at the elbow"? Rate My Question FLAGS - What island nation, which gained independence from the U.K. in 1962, is the only country to not feature any of the colors red, white, or blue on its flag? Final Questions THE BEATLES - What Beatles song released in 1967 features backing vocals from such notable musicians as Mick Jagger, Keith Richards, Marianne Faithfull, Keith Moon, Eric Clapton, Graham Nash and others? ANATOMY - Located on the head, what part of the body's name is sometimes used by those in the medical field as a backronym to help remember that part's five primary components? Upcoming LIVE Know Nonsense Trivia Challenges March 22nd, 2023 - Know Nonsense Challenge - Point Ybel Brewing Co. - 7:30 pm EST March 23rd, 2023 - Know Nonsense Trivia Challenge - Ollie's Pub Records and Beer - 7:30 pm EST March 25th, 2023 - FRIENDS TRIVIA - Know Nonsense Challenge - Point Ybel Brewing Co. - 7:30 pm EST You can find out more information about that and all of our live events online at KnowNonsenseTrivia.com All of the Know Nonsense events are free to play and you can win prizes after every round.

Wer unsere Arbeit mit einer Spende unterstützen will, kann dies per PayPal tun: paypal.me/hellepanke Likes, Abos und ein Besuch auf www.helle-panke.de helfen uns ebenso. Vielen Dank! Mitschnitt vom 21. Oktober 2022 Referent: Felix Klopotek (Köln, Autor und Journalist, u.a. bei konkret), hat zuletzt die Biographie über Heinz Langerhans geschrieben sowie eine Einführung in den Rätekommunismus in der Reihe Theorie.org. Linke fassen den Begriff "Totalitarismus" nur mit spitzen Fingern an. Der Verdacht liegt nahe, dass er bloß dazu dient, die Unterschiede zwischen faschistischer und stalinistischer Gewaltherrschaft zum Verschwinden zu bringen. In der Folge werden alle kommunistischen Umtriebe in die Nähe des Faschismus gerückt und delegitimiert. Heinz Langerhans (1904–1976) fragt gleichsam umgekehrt: was wäre, wenn die krisenhafte Entwicklung der Produktivkräfte immer umfangreichere Staatsinterventionen verlangt und immer größere Teile der Gesellschaft einspannt, mit der Konsequenz, dass die Organisationen der Arbeiterklasse selbst Teil dieser Kapitalisierungsmaschine werden, und damit Teil eines monströsen Machtblocks gegen jede proletarische Selbstbefreiung? Dann wäre "Totalitarismus" kein Kampfbegriff, sondern beschriebe einen dominanten historischen, politischen und ökonomischen Trend. Langerhans, geboren in Köpenick, als junger Mann hoher kommunistischer (Jugend-)Funktionär, dann in der Schule des KP-Dissidenten Karl Korsch und Mitarbeiter am Institut für Sozialforschung, stieß auf diesen Gedanken im Nazi-Knast. Ab Februar 1933 hatte er in Charlottenburg eine von SPD und KPD unabhängige Widerstandsgruppe aufgebaut, die im November 1933 von der Gestapo zerschlagen wurde. Langerhans kritzelte seine Thesen zu Weltkrise und Weltkrieg auf Zigarettenpapier und überredete einen "unpolitischen" Häftling, sie bei seiner Freilassung nach draußen zu schmuggeln. Diese Gefängnisthesen waren der Auftakt zu einem so einzigartigen wie einsamen Werk. In dessen Mittelpunkt steht die Verpuppung des Kapitalismus zu einem terroristisch-totalitären System, in dem Faschismus und Stalinismus konvergieren. Langerhans' Anstrengungen gipfelten in einem umfassenden Entwurf, den er, da war er schon im New Yorker Exil, "How to overcome Totalitarianism" nannte. Im Kontext dieser Zeit steht sein Entwurf tatsächlich singulär da: Weil er streng aus Sicht der Systemopfer, der Zwangsarbeiter und Versklavten, der Gefolterten und Geflüchteten geschrieben ist. Zu der Tragik seines Lebens gehört, dass er diese Schriften nie veröffentlichen konnte und sich in die Intrigen der Exil-Politik verstrickte. In der Nachkriegszeit musste Langerhans darum kämpfen, sich überhaupt an einer Universität zu etablieren, was ihm erst 1966 in Gießen gelang. Sein Nachlass galt über Jahrzehnte als verschollen. Schließlich wurde er doch entdeckt, und eine Rekonstruktion von Werk und Leben war möglich. Langerhans prophezeite 1941, dass mit der Niederlage Hitlers die terroristische Phase der planetarischen Politik nicht aufhören würde; er bekräftigte diese These in seinen Vorlesungen zur Dekolonisierung, die er in den 1960ern hielt. Heute scheinen sich seine Überlegungen abermals zu bestätigen: Die Weltkriegsgefahr ist so aktuell, wie das Fortbestehen von Sklaverei und Zwangsarbeitsverhältnissen auch im modernsten Kapitalismus notorisch ist. Zeit für Linke also, sich dem Begriff des Totalitarismus doch positiv zuzuwenden? Zumindest das Provokationspotential der Langerhans'schen Thesen dürfte unvermindert hoch sein

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Sladkorna bolezen: Celice trebušne slinavke komunicirajo s pomočjo kalcija Za koga bo novica najboljša? »V prvi vrsti za bolnike s sladkorno boleznijo!« je kot iz topa odgovoril vodja Inštituta za fiziologijo Medicinske fakultete v Mariboru prof. dr. Andraž Stožer. V decembrski številki ameriške medicinske revije Diabetes, ki je vodilna revija na področju raziskav o sladkorni bolezni na svetu, so namreč objavili članek, pri katerem je kot prvi avtor naveden sodelavec omenjenega inštituta prof. dr. Marko Gosak, kot zadnji pa prav Andraž Stožer. V članku sta v sodelovanju s kolegi iz tujine predstavila, kako delujejo beta celice trebušne slinavke. Izsledki bodo omogočili boljše poznavanje sladkorne bolezni in njeno učinkovitejše zdravljenje. Še več: prav ilustracija tega članka se je znašla celo na naslovnici revije. O izjemnem dosežku v oddaji Ultrazvok, ki jo je pripravil Iztok Konc. Originalen članek Foto, originalni opis: Human pancreatic islets of Langerhans during calcium imaging to study cell-to-cell connections. Overlaid is network analysis describing the relationship between different cells, which is disrupted in diabetes. Image courtesy of Marko Gosak and Andraž Stožer, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia. Their article, “Ca2+ Oscillations, Waves, and Networks in Islets From Human Donors With and Without Type 2 Diabetes,” appears in this issue of Diabetes (p. 2584).

In this episode, we review the high-yield topic of Langerhans Cell Histiocytoses from the Oncology section. Follow Medbullets on social media: Facebook: www.facebook.com/medbullets Instagram: www.instagram.com/medbulletsofficial Twitter: www.twitter.com/medbullets --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/medbulletsstep1/message

3:00 News5:04 Omnio14:01 Adocia24:28 Tridek-One29:49 Phenomix Sciences47:27 JLLThis week, we have four guests: Olivier Soula, deputy-CEO and director of R&D at Adocia; Ulrika Norin, CEO of Omnio; Mark Bagnall, CEO of Phenomix Sciences; and Laurence de Schoulepnikoff, CEO of Tridek-One.We also have our weekly chat with global commercial real estate services company JLL, with Travis McCready. This week's podcast is sponsored by Labforward.Adocia takes steps with implants to treat type 1 diabetesFrench biopharma company Adocia has established a first proof of concept for its AdoShell Islets implant by achieving glycemic control without insulin injections in immunocompetent diabetic rats during the 132-day study.AdoShell Islets is an immuno-protective synthetic biomaterial containing islets of Langerhans. After implantation in diabetic animals, the islets encapsulated in AdoShell secrete insulin in response to blood glucose levels. The physical barrier formed by the AdoShell biomaterial allows the implanted cells to be invisible to the host's immune system while allowing the necessary physiological exchanges to occur for the survival and function of the islets.Phenomix Sciences' precision obesity biobanking registry and outcomes studyPhenomix Sciences, a precision obesity biotechnology company,has launched a biobanking registry and outcomes study. The registry will evaluate variability in obesity treatment response by collecting patients' DNA, metabolomics, hormones, and behavioral assessments, in relation to treatment outcomes. The data collected will supplement the 20 billion data points in the Phenomix Sciences Obesity Platform. Mayo Clinic is the first to enroll in the registry and is expected to contribute outcomes from 2,000 patients undergoing obesity treatment.  Outcomes data from biobanks across the registry will supplement Phenomix's database of biological and clinical data matched to the four obesity phenotypes.  Insights from the database are being used to develop the company's first therapy selection test, the first of its kind in the obesity space.Tridek-One closes €16M funding round Tridek-One SAS, a French biotech startup specialized in the research and development of CD31 agonists to restore immune balance, recently closed a €16 million ($16.1 million) new financing round.The funds will primarily be used to identify development candidates against auto-immunediseases, to conduct IND-enabling studies and to further build the organization. The company previously raised €3 million in a first round in 2019.Omnio receives funding for plasminogen to treat chronic woundsSwedish company Omnio AB has shown plasminogen is a pro-inflammatory regulator of inflammation that can be used to treat chronic wounds with dysfunctional inflammation.The Umeå-based company, a spin off from Umeå University, said the drug could mean a global treatment revolution for wounds that never heal. The most problematic are diabetic ulcers, venous ulcers, and pressure ulcers. Omnio recently received a capital injection of €1.5 million from its shareholders. 

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.09.07.506981v1?rss=1 Authors: Parks, S. Z., Rutter, G. A., Leclerc, I. Abstract: Background: Soluble Resistance Related Calcium Binding Protein (sorcin) is a calcium (Ca2+) binding protein which has been shown to play a role in maintaining intracellular endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ stores and lowering ER stress. Recently, our lab has demonstrated that sorcin expression was downregulated in the islets of Langerhans of mice fed a high-fat diet or in human islets incubated with the saturated fatty acid palmitate. We also showed that overexpression of sorcin under control of the rat insulin promoter (RIP7) in C57BL/6J mice, or whole body sorcin deletion in 129S1/SvImJ mice, improves or impairs insulin secretion and pancreatic {beta}-cell function respectively. The mechanisms behind this beneficial role of sorcin in the pancreatic {beta}-cell might depend on protection against lipotoxic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress through improved ER Ca2+ dynamics and activation of the Activating Transcription Factor 6 (ATF6) branch of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Whether sorcin is also implicated in hypothalamic ER stress during the progression of obesity is unknown. This could potentially contribute to the diminished satiety typically observed in overweight individuals. Aim: To investigate a potential role of sorcin in hypothalamic ER stress, leptin resistance, hyperphagia and obesity. Methods: Whole-body sorcin null mice, backcrossed onto the C57BL/6J genetic background, were used. Body weight, food intake and EchoMRI body composition were measured in vivo whereas qRT-PCR analysis of sorcin and ER stress markers expression were performed on the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Leptin signalling through STAT3 phosphorylation was measured by Western blots on sorcin-null HEK293 cells, engineered by CRISPR/Cas9, and transfected with leptin receptor (LepRb). Results: Sorcin expression was not influenced in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus by diet-induced obesity. Whole-body sorcin ablation did not cause ARC ER stress nor changes in body weight, body composition or food intake in C57BL/6 male mice exposed to a high-fat, high-sugar diet. STAT3 phosphorylation (Y705) in response to leptin was not impaired in sorcin-null HEK293 cells. Conclusion: In our model, whole body sorcin ablation did not increase hypothalamic ER stress nor influenced food intake or body weight. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by PaperPlayer

Summary   Hello and welcome to episode #17! This is Ralph Sanchez and today I'll be expanding on the first episode's overview with regard to beta-amyloid and tau protein clearance and detoxification. If you did not catch that episode (#16), I provided an in-depth overview on the role of the blood brain barrier (BBB) and the glymphatic system in clearing and transporting toxic beta-amyloid and tau protein from the brain. In today's episode, I'll review the emerging science and research with regard to the brain-liver axis in beta-amyloid clearance and metabolism, and how the gut fits into that, and a little on tau protein too. Now, the peripheral metabolism of beta-amyloid in the body is a very complex overview, however, I will cover two important organs that are associated with the origin and degradation of beta-amyloid in the body—the gut and liver. And, I will provide key features about that to illustrate what I term—the gut-brain-liver axis in late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). First, there are three points I will make here with regard to the gut-brain axis, and its potential role for a healthy brain, or for neurological disease such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. First, the gut is potentially a powerful vector for proinflammatory cascades that induce neuroinflammation responses.   Secondly, alteration of the gut barrier integrity leads to similar loss of the blood brain barrier integrity,   And lastly, the generation of beta-amyloid proteins produced by bacteria in the gut. Yes, certain gut bacteria have been identified as specific beta-amyloid peptide producers linked to a beta-amyloid burden in the brain. Now note the latter point I just made about gut-derived beta-amyloid-like peptides (proteins) generated by gut microbiota which I will elaborate on more here soon. Nevertheless, the role gut-derived beta-amyloid-like proteins has in recent years been identified as drivers of neuroinflammation, AND amyloid and tau protein aggregation and deposition in the brain. Of course, pro-inflammatory pathways are driven by a host of physiological and pathological mediators that includes the gut, and numerous chronic diseases such heart disease and diabetes (cardiometabolic disease) which is well-described in the research literature.   Gut-Brain Axis in Neuroinflammation   The role of the gut-brain axis is a significant factor in the risk for numerous health disorders throughout life, and it can have substantial implications on your body-brain health as you age. Numerous studies that have examined the role of gut health disorders such as small intestine bacterial overgrowth or dybiosis to the detriment of brain health and the risk for cognitive decline and dementia have been accruing now for many years. BTW, for those of you who have not run into the reference to gut dysbiosis, it simply refers to the altered gut ecosystem that is reflected by unhealthy imbalances of the gut microbiota. And, as before, one significant driver of gut inflammation is the disordered ecological balance of the gut microbiota (dysbiosis). Additionally, bacterial overgrowth patterns of dysbiotic bacteria are highly associated with elevations of a potent gut-brain toxin— lipopolysaccharides. Lipopolysaccharides are bacterial surface molecules that are a major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Lipopolysaccharides are normally shed by gut bacteria, but in the case of microbiome imbalances associated with bacterial overgrowth patterns (dysbiosis), a proliferation of dysbyotic bacteria—the bad guys, too much pro-inflammatory lipopolysaccharide matter is shed into the gut and peripheral circulation which can lead to powerful systemic toxic and inflammation reactions. With regard to the central nervous system and individuals at risk for dementia and Alzheimer's disease, dysbiosis and the excessive generation of pro-inflammatory lipopolysaccharides alter the integrity of the BBB, and can induce beta-amyloid and tau protein aggregation and accumulation in the brain—plaques and tangles. Both gut bacteria and lipopolysaccharides can migrate into the brain and upregulate neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative mechanisms there that include damage to the myelin. Apart from the pro-inflammatory cascades associated with dysbiosis and intestinal permeability or leaky gut, the gut microbiota are producers of amyloid proteins that contribute to the progression of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD).   Gut-Derived Amyloid Protein   Now that you hopefully have an understanding of dysbiosis and the overgrowth patterns of potentially toxic bacteria in the gut-brain axis, there is an additional risk for neurotoxicity that dysbiotic bacteria generate. They are also a source of beta-amyloid like proteins as I mentioned a little earlier here. Yes, species of gut bacteria are known sources of amyloid-like proteins (similar but not duplicate structure), and these gut-derived amyloid proteins also are known to cross a leaky gut barrier and a leaky BBB. Plus, gut-derived amyloid-like proteins can function through a phenomenon known as “molecular mimicry”, as prion proteins (infectious pathogens made of protein) that cross-seed and stimulate aggregation of beta-amyloid in the brain. BTW, if the term molecular mimicry is new to you, it describes the molecular likeness or similarity of a foreign antigen or protein to self-proteins that can elicit immunological reactions as evident in several autoimmune disorders. Examples of amyloid secreting gut microbiota are E.coli and Clostridium that are singled out in a few recent studies. However, there are many species of E.coli and Clostridium that are not toxic. In fact, they are beneficial bacteria of the gut terrain too . Dysbiosis, Metabolic Disease and the BBB   Now, one more important point with regard to dysbiosis, gut-derive beta-amyloid proteins, the BBB and metabolic health. Over the years, microbiome studies have become an intense and significant component of the gut-brain axis and its role in Alzheimer's and dementia. And, what these studies do ultimately signify as a body of evidence is that imbalances in ratios of the major phyla of bacteria in the gut—Firmicutes and Bacteriodetes—and dysbiosis are associated with a greater risk for cognitive impairment and dementia. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio is significantly higher in obesity and T2D and thus serves as a valuable biomarker for metabolic diseases, which underscores the importance of dysbiosis and gut microbiome assessments and a personalized evaluation of those results for individuals at risk or for those already diagnosed with metabolic disease and cognitive impairment. Of course, I elaborate on the role of obesity, T2D, metabolic syndrome, hypertension and cardiovascular disease in my book—The Diabetic Brain in Alzheimer's Disease. One critical aspect of metabolic disease that I cover in my book is the deleterious consequences of glycation in the body that leads to the metabolism of advanced glycation-end products (AGEs) that results from persistent elevations of blood glucose or hyperglycemia. Glycation is the process—a chemical reaction—that occurs when certain types of sugars such as glucose or fructose attach to proteins, fats (lipids), and DNA. Glycation that is not inhibited by a healthy diet and lifestyle causes severe damage to protein and fat structures in our body and brain, and to the DNA structure. Unrestrained and prolonged glycation reactions are associated with aging, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular and renal disease, and many other disorders. Additionally, an unrestrained glycation process leads to the upregulation of AGEs and the progression of the same diseases. Advanced glycation-end products or AGEs bind to the receptor for AGEs or RAGE, which is acts at the BBB as a conduit for beta-amyloid entry or reentry into the brain. Plus, AGE-RAGE interactions amplify pro-inflammatory pathways and oxidative stress cascades in the brain that is a significant factor in the risk for Alzheimer's disease and its progression in aging. So, to summarize what I've covered so far, there is an intersection between gut dysbiosis, inflammation pathways and the microbiota, and with metabolic disease such as type 2 diabetes, that damages the BBB and facilitates beta-amyloid entry into the brain. Last week I briefly covered the role of diabetes in disruption of the BBB and the inhibition of beta-amyloid clearance out of the brain, and now you have a more robust review of the gut-brain axis and the metabolic factors that damages the efflux mechanism of beta-amyloid clearance from the brain and which also facilitates the influx of beta-amyloid into the brain. And, I must add one more feature of the shared pathophysiology between type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease—amyloid deposition. Amyloid deposition is also a pathogenic feature of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Amyloid deposition in T2D transpires in the Islet of Langerhans beta cells of the pancreas—the insulin producing cells. I share that pancreatic amyloid protein deposition aspect of diabetes to point out that there are several tissues in the body that harbor the amyloid precursor protein (APP) which generates amyloid proteins associated with amyloid lesions. And, these peripheral amyloid proteins are often associated with the increased risk and in the progression of Alzheimer's disease. There is more to this pancreas-diabetes-Alzheimer's link that will be the subject of another podcast here in the future. And in episode #8 (The Role of Cardiometabolic Disease and Insulin Resistance in Vascular Dementia, Type 3 Diabetes and Alzheimer's disease) I provide a synopsis of my book in which I provide the links between obesity, cardiometabolic disease, insulin resistance, and its role in T3D—a type of insulin resistance pattern in the brain associated with AD Now onto the liver as it also plays major role in the metabolism and detoxification of beta-amyloid in the periphery, and how that influences the risk for Alzheimer's.   Liver Metabolism and Clearance of  Beta-amyloid Protein   Now last week, I promised to review the all-important aspect of beta-amyloid detoxification in the body by the liver. And, I ‘ll start by making two crucial points about the liver-brain axis in Alzheimer's disease. The liver is both a source of circulating beta-amyloid that can cross the blood brain barrier (BBB), and it is the PRIMARY site of beta-amyloid disposal or detoxification once it is cleared out of the brain. Please refer to the previous episode here for an overview on clearance mechanisms of beta-amyloid across the blood brain barrier. Now, here is an excerpt from a very recent study (02/2020) on the role of the liver in the metabolism beta-amyloid: "the liver is the origin of brain beta-amyloid deposits and that it is involved in peripheral clearance of circulating beta-amyloid in the blood. Hence the liver could be targeted to decrease beta-amyloid production or increase peripheral clearance." The title of that study—"Is Alzheimer's Disease a Liver Disease of the Brain?"—was published in 2020. However, that 2020 study was actually preceded by studies in 2011 and earlier, that the described a “blood to brain” pathway of amyloid protein derived from their processing in the liver that crossed the BBB. Now, if you were able to listen in to the previous episode on role of the BBB and glymphatic system in brain detoxification of beta-amyloid and tau protein, the clearance of beta-amyloid from the brain and across a healthy blood brain barrier is essential in the detoxification of beta-amyloid in the liver. But once it is transported into the blood, what happens next? Well, therein lies to rest of the story and one whereby the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP1) plays a major role again. Yes, the role of LRP1 and LRP2 at the BBB in the brain clearance of beta-amyloid was an important mechanism in that process that I covered in Part 1 of this three-part “brain detoxification” series. Now, the type of LRP1 in peripheral circulation is another form of LRP1 referred to as soluble LRP1 (sLRP1), which I will herein after reference as sLRP. sLRP is a major plasma transport protein of beta-amyloid once it is cleared from the brain, and it is theorized that sLRP binds to 70–90% of the beta-amyloid that circulates in peripheral blood. This peripheral pool or “sink”—as it is often referred to in the research—of beta-amyloid is now considered to be a critical component of a “peripheral sink hypothesis” in which the increase in the peripheral clearance of beta-amyloid could reduce the brain burden of beta-amyloid protein. Indeed, while the clearance and removal of beta-amyloid from the brain is an essential first step in its detoxification in the body, the next crucial step is its clearance from the body and sLRP is pivotal in that regard. Next step? Once it is transported to the liver, the liver LRP1 receptor takes up beta-amyloid to liver cells (hepatocytes) where it is degraded and/or excreted through the biliary system (bile). Without going into the details, the kidneys also clear circulating beta-amyloid in the urine. And lastly, in last week's episode I also described the clearance pathway for tau protein. There is evidence in a mouse model that the peripheral tau protein pool is cleared by the liver and kidney too. Tau protein may also be cleared through immune system cells such as macrophages that ingest (phagocytize) and break it down (catabolize). And that brings to the end here today. This podcast episode— Brain Detoxification—Part 2—The Gut-liver-Brain Axis—has the rest of the details not included in this summary. Please listen in if you want the rest of the story! Thank you for reading or listening in!   Ralph Sanchez, MTCM, CNS, D.Hom BrainDefend® https://www.TheAlzheimersSolution.com   https://www.facebook.com/TheAlzheimersSolution/ https://www.linkedin.com/in/ralph-sanchez/ https://www.instagram.com/alzheimers_solution/ https://twitter.com/RalphSanchez  

Vortrag von Felix Klopotek u. Gruppe Polaris Die materialistische Kritik muss sich selbst materialistisch legitimieren: Was sie erklärt – und wie sie es erklärt –, muss auch auf sie zutreffen; die materialistische Kritik ist somit Gegenstand ihrer selbst.Das ist eine Aussage hart an der Banalität. Dennoch besteht in der Aufstellung und Durchführung dieses Prinzips die […]

When a rare, cancer-like condition gripped young James Hall's life the strength of the entire community needed to prevail. Ashley's family would lean on that strength and solidarity during this extremely difficult time over the next year. Through Ashley's past relationship and the support of their entire family, they will overcome the difficult road ahead. Hear how, in the short span of the last year, this family dealt with a Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) diagnosis in their toddler son, the birth of another baby boy, and an extended stay in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) with the new baby; moreover, hear how they have dealt with their eldest son's recent alopecia diagnosis. It seems like a lot for anyone, but find out how this family keeps the hope alive and how they continue to move forward. This episode is packed with human resolve, which will prepare you to conquer any day! Connect with Nate here: www.theworldwithnate.com

When a rare, cancer-like condition gripped young James Hall's life the strength of the entire community needed to prevail. Ashley's family would lean on that strength and solidarity during this extremely difficult time over the next year. Through Ashley's past relationship and the support of their entire family, they will overcome the difficult road ahead. Hear how, in the short span of the last year, this family dealt with a Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) diagnosis in their toddler son, the birth of another baby boy, and an extended stay in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) with the new baby; moreover, hear how they have dealt with their eldest son's recent alopecia diagnosis. It seems like a lot for anyone, but find out how this family keeps the hope alive and how they continue to move forward. This episode is packed with human resolve, which will prepare you to conquer any day! Connect with Nate here: www.theworldwithnate.com

ll iabetes mellitus is the third leading cause lJ of death (after heart disease and cancer) in many developed countries. lt affects about 2 to 3% of the general population. The complications of diabetes affect the eye, kidney and nervous system. Diabetes is a major cause of blindness, renal failure, amputation, heart attacks and stroke. (The term diabetes, whenever used, refers to diabetes mellitus. lt should, however, be noted that diabetes insipidus is another disorder characterized by large volumes of urine excretion due to antidiuretic hormone deficiency). Diabetes mellitus is a clinical condition characterized by increased blood glucose level (hyperglycemia) due to insufficient or inefficient (incompetent) insulin. ln other words, insulin is either not produced in sufficient quantity or inefficient in its action on the target tissues. As a consequence, the blood glucose level is elevated which spills over into urine in diabetes mellitus (Creek : diabetes-a siphon or running through; mellitus-sweet). An important feature of diabetes is that the body cells are starved of glucose despite its very high concentration around i.e. scarcity in plenty. For a comprehensive understanding of diabetes, the relevant hormones, namely insulin and glucagon, homeostasis of blood glucose, besides the biochemical aspects of diabetes, are discussed in this chaoter. lnsufin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the B-cells of islets of Langerhans of pancreas. lt has profound influence on the metabolism of carbohydrate, fat and protein. Insulin is considered as anabolic hormone, as it promotes the synthesis of glycogen, triacylglycerols and proteins. This hormone has been implicated in the development of diabetes mellitus. Insulin occupies a special place in the history of biochemistry as well as medicine. Insulin was the first hormone to be isolated, purified and synthesized.Clucagon, secreted by a-cells of the pancreas, opposes the actions of insulin. lt is a polypeptide hormone composed of 29 amino acids (mol. wt. 3,500) in a single chain. Clucagon is actually synthesized as proglucagon (mol. wt. 9,000) which on sequential degradation releases active glucagon. Unlike insulin, the amino acid sequence of glucagon is the same in all mammalian species (so far studied). Clucagon has a short half-life in plasma i.e. about 5 minutes. f, ++qu[et i tr ! af q! Nle;t g€'re li€rcrr!.f idi*l The secretion of glucagon is stimulated by Iow blood glucose concentration, amino acids derived from dietary protein and low levels of epinephrine. Increased blood glucose level markedly inhibits glucagon secretion. ftiletahe;iit: ei'fe:lts oi qgir.l*;: r';nn Clucagon influences carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolisms. In general, the effects of this hormone oppose that of insulin. 1. Effects on carbohydrate metabolism : Glucagon is the most potent hormone that enhances the blood glucose level (hyperglycemic). Primarily, glucagon acts on liver to cause increased synthesis of glucose (gluconeogenesis) and enhanced degradation of glycogen (glycogenolysis). The actions of glucagon are mediated through cyclic AMP (Chapter t3). 2. Effects on lipid metabolism : Clucagon promotes fatty acid oxidation resulting in energy production and ketone body synthesis (ketogenesis). 3. Effects on protein metabolism : Glucagon increases the amino acid uptake by liver which, in turn, promotes gluconeogenesis. Thus, glucagon lowers plasma amino acids. Meehanisrn of ;.icti*"rri #[ g{e.E$fil{g}f, Clucagon binds to the specific receptors on the plasma membrane and acts through the mediation of cyclic AMP, the second messenger. The details are given elsewhere Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic dr'sease, more appropriately adisorder of fuel metabolism. lt is mainly characterized by hyperglycemia that leads to several long term complications. Diabetes mellitus is broadly divided into 2 groups, IDDM & NIDDM.

This episode is also available as a blog post: https://mdforlives.blog/2022/01/20/langerhans-cell-histiocytosis-behind-the-mystery/ --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/mdforlives/message

This podcast describes the signals for insulin secretion by the pancreas and the molecular mechanism behind its secretion by the islets of Langerhans beta cells. This biochemistry content may be useful to premedical and medical students. Similar content is available at: MEDBIOCHEM.ORG --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/a-j-ghalayini/message

Eelco de Koning (hoogleraar diabetologie aan het LUMC) legt in een open gesprek heel duidelijk uit wat er allemaal komt kijken bij een transplantatie van de eilandjes van Langerhans. Een optie van behandeling voor mensen met type 1 diabetes die het echt "niet redden" zonder zo'n transplantatie. De voor- en nadelen komen uitgebreid aan de orde in dit gesprek. Maar ook zijn liefde voor het vak en zijn betrokkenheid in veel diabetes research onderzoeken.

Thayer was diagnosed with a rare form of cancer called Langerhans cell histiocytosis, a cancer of the jaw and ribs. He was diagnosed in May 2019 Thayer had an odd-looking spot in his mouth that Thayer's dad, a dentist noticed. They had followed it for months. After seeing a pediatric dentist and oral surgeon, Thayer had a mass and a few teeth removed from his lower jaw and they were shocked when the biopsy results came back, revealing it was cancer. The day after receiving his diagnosis the family met with the team at the Jimmy Fund Clinic and after more testing, they discovered the mass on his ribs. From there, his treatment started very quickly and included 21 rounds of chemotherapy and over 350 doses of steroids.  He ended his treatment in May 2020 and his cancer remains inactive. unity for Thayer to grow up. Thayer had a lemonade stand in their neighborhood as a fundraiser for their Jimmy Fund Walk team. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

In der aktuellen Folge des FlexTalks begeben sich Frank und Moritz auf eine Reise zu den endokrinen Inseln des Pankreas sowie der verschiedenen morphologischen und funktionellen Anteile des Drüsenorgans. Übrigens: Schickt uns eure Fragen und euer Feedback zum Podcast gerne an: podcast@doccheck.com

In today's episode, we circumnavigate the Islets of Langerhans to the Foramen of Magendie. We encounter the gluttonous inducing Ghrelin and search for the cryptic splenunculus. No, this is not a fantasy novel. We are instead talking about the wonderful world of anatomical terminology. So fasten your gubernacula and let's discuss our favourite anatomical terms. 

Type 1 diabetes mellitus, previously known as juvenile diabetes, is one of the most common chronic diseases in childhood. The pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes begins with autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing β cells in the islets of Langerhans, thus leading to insulin deficiency. A crucial role of insulin is to increase glucose uptake into tissues. When insulin is deficient or absent, high blood sugar levels in the body (hyperglycemia) can occur. These have long-term adverse effects. But other metabolic disorders occur as well, including hyperlipidemia and ketonemia (formation of acidic ketone bodies). After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to: Define type 1 diabetes mellitus and describe its epidemiology. Describe the underlying pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Describe how type 1 diabetes mellitus presents clinically, and outline common acute and chronic complications. Outline the laboratory testing that confirms the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Briefly describe the management of type 1 diabetes mellitus. You can also check out the original brick from our Endocrine collection, which is available for free. Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks.  After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology. *** If you enjoyed this episode, we'd love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts.  It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world. Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/ from our Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue collection, which is available for free. Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks.  After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology.

Huisarts Bas Houweling is voorzitter van Langerhans, een onafhankelijke scholingsorganisatie van professionals, voor professionals. Zij organiseren scholingen en congressen met als centrale thema diabetes. Leefstijl is een belangrijk onderwerp voor alle mensen met diabetes die deze zorgverleners zien. Bas en Bas hebben het in hun gesprek met name over de rol van bewegen voor mensen met diabetes.

This episode marks an important milestone. It has been exactly a year since we started recording remotely for a few weeks, to flatten the curve! This in turn means that exactly enough time has elapsed to allow the return of special guest, Ricky McCormack! Neil Fitzpatrick is now but a distant, Danish memory. Thanks to Sentinel Audio for giving us a home.

Blood glucose is proof that you can have too much of a good thing. While glucose serves a critical role as fuel for many of our bodily functions, it must remain in a very tightly controlled range. If the level goes too low, you can fall into a coma. If glucose is too high, damage to tissues throughout the body can occur. When blood glucose is consistently too high and the mechanisms that return it to the normal range fail, this is called diabetes mellitus. Nearly 10% of the US population has a form of diabetes, so it is critical that physicians understand the disease and be prepared to care for patients with the diagnosis. Diabetes mellitus is a condition characterized by a lack of insulin-mediated blood glucose control. Insulin is a hormone released by the pancreatic β cells in the islets of Langerhans, which make up the endocrine portion of the pancreas. After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to: Define type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Compare and contrast the pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Compare and contrast the clinical presentation of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Compare and contrast diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome as complications of diabetes mellitus. Describe laboratory tests that help distinguish between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Compare and contrast management principles for type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. You can also check out the original brick on Diabetes Mellitus: Foundations and Frameworks from our Endocrine collection, which is available for free. Learn more about Rx Bricks by signing up for a free USMLE-Rx account: www.usmle-rx.com You will get 5 days of full access to our Rx360+ program, including nearly 800 Rx Bricks.  After the 5-day period, you will still be able to access over 150 free bricks, including the entire collections for General Microbiology and Cellular and Molecular Biology. *** If you enjoyed this episode, we'd love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts.  It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world. Follow USMLE-Rx at: Facebook: www.facebook.com/usmlerx Blog: www.firstaidteam.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/firstaidteam Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/firstaidteam/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/USMLERX Learn how you can access over 150 of our bricks for FREE: https://usmlerx.wpengine.com/free-bricks/

Conversando com Victor Luiz, do podcast "Victor com café" e "Não fui eu"

This episode covers langerhans cell histiocytosis!

This podcast offers a close up of the beginnings of type 1 diabetes and how one researcher is identifying pathways toward prevention. Type 1 diabetes, also known as insulin-dependent or juvenile onset diabetes, is not associated with causes like obesity as is type 2; rather, it's considered an autoimmune disease. Listen and learn What research tells us about type 1 diabetes pathogenesis, which centers on an immune-generated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells (β-cells) in the pancreas, How the trigger for the immune system attack is unknown and what Dr. Gerling's research has identified thus far, and How his lab's findings may lead to preventative therapies, whether through specific vaccines or methods for reducing cell stress to inhibit disease progression. Ivan C. Gerling is a professor of medicine in endocrinology at The University of Tennessee Health Science Center. He explains that scientists have little understanding for why the immune system attacks the pancreas's beta cells, and thereby insulin production, which is the cause of type 1 diabetes. Because there's no safe way to biopsy a pancreas for living-tissue studies, it's been very difficult to get a close look at the mechanisms causing autoimmune diabetes symptoms. Furthermore, because there's no way for beta cell regeneration to naturally occur, preventing their destruction is key to preventing type 1 diabetes. However, a new organ-donation program has made a difference in allowing scientist like Dr. Gerling to study the pancreas tissue of type 1 diabetics.  His lab is researching whether certain viruses stress beta cells' function and trigger their eventual destruction. By comparing the beta cells and islets of Langerhans in type 1 diabetics with those who didn't suffer from the disease, they are finding some answers. Though they still have more work to do, they have found indications of stress and footprints of viral infections in the type 1 tissues. He adds that they're identifying the stress pathways that seem to be activated when these beta cells start going downhill. This will help them identify drugs to help the stressed cells, and, if it turns that the first causes are the viral infections, they hope to identify these viruses specifically and create vaccines for them. Listen in to learn more about these steps forward in medical research. Available on Apple Podcasts: apple.co/2Os0myK

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.28.358457v1?rss=1 Authors: Dwulet, J. M., Briggs, J. K., Benninger, R. K. Abstract: The islets of Langerhans exist as a multicellular network that is important for the regulation of blood glucose levels. The majority of cells in the islet are insulin-producing {beta}-cells, which are excitable cells that are electrically coupled via gap junction channels. {beta}-cells have long been known to display heterogeneous functionality. However, due to gap junction electrical coupling, {beta}-cells show coordinated [Ca2+] oscillations when stimulated with glucose, and global quiescence when unstimulated. Small subpopulations of highly functional {beta}-cells have been suggested to control the dynamics of [Ca2+] and insulin release across the islet. In this study, we investigated the theoretical basis of whether small subpopulations of {beta}-cells can disproportionality control islet [Ca2+] dynamics. Using a multicellular model of the islet, we generated continuous or bimodal distributions of {beta}-cell heterogeneity and examined how islet [Ca2+] dynamics depended on the presence of cells with increased excitability or increased oscillation frequency. We found that the islet was susceptible to marked suppression of [Ca2+] when a ~10% population of cells with high metabolic activity was hyperpolarized; where hyperpolarizing cells with normal metabolic activity had little effect. However, when these highly metabolic cells were removed from the islet model, near normal [Ca2+] remained. Similarly, when ~10% of cells with either the highest frequency or earliest elevations in [Ca2+] were removed from the islet, the [Ca2+] oscillation frequency remained largely unchanged. Overall these results indicate that small populations of {beta}-cells with either increased excitability or increased frequency, or signatures of [Ca2+] dynamics that suggest such properties, are unable to disproportionately control islet-wide [Ca2+] via gap junction coupling. As such, we need to reconsider the physiological basis for such small {beta}-cell populations or the mechanism by which they may be acting to control normal islet function. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Op dinsdag 27 oktober 2020 vindt het Langerhans congres plaats. Ongeveer 2000 diabetes zorgverleners uit de eerstelijn komen bij elkaar om de laatste inzichten met elkaar te delen. Bas van de Goor en internist Sarah Siegelaar verzorgen samen een bijdrage die over sport en bewegen gaat. Deze podcast is een aanvulling op dat onderwerp en prima te beluisteren als je gedurende de pauze een wandeling maakt. 

In this episode, Edward Phelps joins Monica Westley to discuss the ongoing research in his laboratory at the University of Florida. Dr. Phelps’s research focuses on biomaterials engineering as a strategy for regenerative therapies with emphasis in the area of type 1 diabetes. The primary focus of the lab is the pancreatic islets of Langerhans and their diseases with an emphasis on beta cell dysfunction and autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes.To learn more about research at Phelps Laboratory click on the link below.Phelps Laboratory 

Diabetes affects over 2 million people in Canada, but what is diabetes and how can we treat it? In this episode of Nerdin’ About we speak with Dr. Krishana Sankar about her PhD research where she combined biology and engineering to explore improving treatments for diabetes. We give some love to the often forgotten and under-appreciated islets of Langerhans, learning about their role in diabetes, and how "going with flow” can help in our efforts to improve islet transplantation. In addition to studying diabetes, Dr. Sankar founded the #150minutes campaign to increase awareness of diabetes and encourage 150 minutes of exercise each week. Dr. Sankar is also the founder of GradWriteSlack, an online community supporting graduate students in their writing. A transcript of the episode can be found here: https://bit.ly/3ggaOFW

.tatsu-gg2bdtrlv7cvjryx.tatsu-text-block-wrap .tatsu-text-inner{width: 100%;text-align: left;} .tatsu-row > .tatsu-gg2bdtrlrlufjey.tatsu-column{width: 100%;}.tatsu-gg2bdtrlrlufjey.tatsu-column > .tatsu-column-inner > .tatsu-column-overlay{mix-blend-mode: normal;}.tatsu-gg2bdtrlrlufjey > .tatsu-column-inner > .tatsu-top-divider{z-index: 9999;}.tatsu-gg2bdtrlrlufjey > .tatsu-column-inner > .tatsu-bottom-divider{z-index: 9999;}.tatsu-gg2bdtrlrlufjey > .tatsu-column-inner > .tatsu-left-divider{z-index: 9999;}.tatsu-gg2bdtrlrlufjey > .tatsu-column-inner > .tatsu-right-divider{z-index: 9999;}.tatsu-gg2bdtrli09z4a27 .tatsu-section-pad{padding: 15px 0px 15px 0px;}.tatsu-gg2bdtrli09z4a27 > .tatsu-bottom-divider{z-index: 9999;}.tatsu-gg2bdtrli09z4a27 > .tatsu-top-divider{z-index: 9999;}.tatsu-gg2bdtrli09z4a27 .tatsu-section-overlay{mix-blend-mode: normal;}.tatsu-gfo970uq7xbqrgha.tatsu-text-block-wrap .tatsu-text-inner{width: 100%;text-align: left;} Aflevering 29 van de Praattafel Podcast is er weer een met WOW effect! Wetenschap Op Woensdag. We starten met een interview met Jan Eysermans, wetenschapper op nucleair vlak, verbonden aan de Belgische onderzoeksreactor in Mol. We leren iets over bv. Tokamaks, Higgs deeltjes, energie. Hier wat links naar zijn projecten: http://cms.web.cern.ch/ (CMS experiment op CERN waar hij op gewerkt heeft) https://www.sckcen.be/en --> atoomcentrum in Mol https://myrrha.be/ - nieuwe reactor in Mol Dan... Orgaan vd week: De ALVLEESKLIER. Zorgt voor maagsappen en speelt een rol bij diabetes. Verguisde wetenschappers:  Stanley B. Prusiner, 10 jaar lang door iedereen voor gek verklaard Een ziekteverwekker zonder erfelijk materiaal, onmogelijk! Maar toch nog goed gekomen. En wat heeft hij te maken met schurende schapen en de laatste kannibalen op aarde? IG NOBEL van de WEEK! Blaster car! Hoe je iemand die naast je auto staat kan aanbranden. No fun. Zie verder alle links hieronder....tatsu-nTTD5ZjPm.tatsu-text-block-wrap .tatsu-text-inner{width: 90%;text-align: left;font-weight : 400;font-size : 16px;line-height : -8px;letter-spacing : -1px;} "Tokamak - Wikipedia." https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokamak. "Eilandjes van Langerhans - Wikipedia." https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilandjes_van_Langerhans.  "Stanley B. Prusiner, MD | Institute for Neurodegenerative ...." https://ind.ucsf.edu/ind/aboutus/faculty/prusiners "Stanley B. Prusiner - Biographical - NobelPrize.org." https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1997/prusiner/biographical/ "Handboek Schapenhouderij: Dijkbeheer - WUR E-depot." http://edepot.wur.nl/15618. "Schurft - Platform KSG.", https://www.platform-ksg.nl/schapenpedia/index.php/dierziekten-abc/10-dierziekte "Scrapie - Wikipedia." https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrapie. "List of Ig Nobel Prize winners - Wikipedia." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ig_Nobel_Prize_winners Coronavirus (COVID-19) events as they happen. .tatsu-uGUVXBvRe.tatsu-text-block-wrap .tatsu-text-inner{width: 100%;text-align: left;}.tatsu-row > .tatsu-gfo970uq5zgj1jne.tatsu-column{width: 100%;}.tatsu-gfo970uq5zgj1jne.tatsu-column > .tatsu-column-inner > .tatsu-column-overlay{mix-blend-mode: normal;}.tatsu-gfo970uq5zgj1jne > .tatsu-column-inner > .tatsu-top-divider{z-index: 9999;}.tatsu-gfo970uq5zgj1jne > .tatsu-column-inner > .tatsu-bottom-divider{z-index: 9999;}.tatsu-gfo970uq5zgj1jne > .tatsu-column-inner > .tatsu-left-divider{z-index: 9999;}.tatsu-gfo970uq5zgj1jne > .tatsu-column-inner > .tatsu-right-divider{z-index: 9999;}.tatsu-gfo970uq17dfdt04 .tatsu-section-pad{padding: 15px 0px 15px 0px;}.tatsu-gfo970uq17dfdt04 > .tatsu-bottom-divider{z-index: 9999;}.tatsu-gfo970uq17dfdt04 > .tatsu-top-divider{z-index: 9999;}.tatsu-gfo970uq17dfdt04 .tatsu-section-overlay{mix-blend-mode: normal;}.tatsu-gfvxy0v81u5vhovu.tatsu-text-block-wrap .tatsu-text-inner{width: 100%;text-align: left;} .tatsu-row > .tatsu-gfvxy0v80b6rfnjt.tatsu-column{width: 100%;}.tatsu-gfvxy0v80b6rfnjt.tatsu-column > .tatsu-column-inner > .

Here links to more podcasts by Black creators: SCIENCE BE the Code - Black Enterprise's tech editor (Sequoia Blodgett) spotlights Black folks in the tech industry Therapy for Black Girls - a licensed psychologist (Dr. Joy Harden Bradford) talks about mental health Why Aren't You A Doctor Yet? - combination of scientists and journalists (Hana, Suhail, Oz, and Alex) talk about science and tech news Dope Labs - a scientist and an engineer (Zakiya and Titi) talk about science + pop-culture GENERAL Still Processing - 2 NYT Culture reporters (Wesley Morris and Jenna Wortham) talking about media, history, art, the internet, etc Code Switch - NPR journalists tackle conversations about race The Stoop - 2 journalists (Leila Day and Hana Baba) talk about the Black diaspora and Blackness  Black lives matter. If you want to learn more about any of our main topics, check out these links:   [Truth or Fail]   Hot Dog Allergy  https://spoonuniversity.com/lifestyle/hot-dog-allergie https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1994783/   Cat-Pork https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3594363/   Parent Spit https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2013/05/06/180817114/parents-saliva-on-pacifiers-could-ward-off-babys-allergies   [Fact Off]   Thunderstorm asthma https://academic.oup.com/qjmed/article/106/3/207/1565254 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/cea.12709 https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/thunderstorm-asthma-the-night-a-deadly-storm-took-melbournes-breath-away-20170308-gut8ur.html https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/nov/27/thunderstorm-asthma-oure-talking-an-event-equivalent-to-a-terrorist-attack   Langerhans cells https://www.popsci.com/allergy-immunotherapy-toothpaste/ https://allovate.com/how-allerdent-works/   [Ask the Science Couch]   Allergies & public horticulture https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/seasonal-allergies-blame-male-trees https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016920461100137X https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2015-08/asoa-hpc082615.php   [Butt One More Thing]   Milk allergy fecal transplant https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-018-0324-z

Phototherapy is a viable option for many patients with psoriasis. Dr. George Han speaks with Dr. Jashin Wu about the recent national guidelines from the American Academy of Dermatology and the National Psoriasis Foundation on phototherapy, particularly narrowband UVB. They discuss treatment advantages, potential side effects, combination regimens, and patient reimbursement for at-home phototherapy. “Phototherapy serves as a reasonable and effective treatment option for [psoriasis] patients requiring more than topical treatments but also wishing to avoid systemic medications or if they are simply seeking an adjuvant to a failing regimen,” advises Dr. Wu. * * *   We also bring you the latest in dermatology news and research: 1. How the mutant selection window could reshape antibiotic use Dr. Hilary Baldwin describes a concept in the infectious disease literature that could help dermatologists strike a careful balance between treatment and resistance. 2. What oral therapies work best for hyperhidrosis Dr. Jashin Wu examines the nondevice options for treating patients with the condition. * * *   Things you will learn in this episode: Narrowband UVB is the primary type of phototherapy used in dermatology. It acts by three major pathways: alteration of the cytokine profile, apoptosis (programmed cell death), and UV-induced immunosuppression of epidermal Langerhans cells. Phototherapy offers advantages for a wide range of patients. “If a patient has failed topical treatment but they may not be interested in systemic therapy -- they don’t want a biologic or they don’t want an oral therapy --phototherapy still is a good option for these patients. In particular, I like it for patients with moderate disease ... between 3% and 10% body surface area,” Dr. Wu explains. Phototherapy also is a good option for pregnant women who may be concerned about potential fetal side effects associated with most systemic agents. Acitretin (Soriatane) is one of the most common agents used in combination with phototherapy: “In theory, phototherapy could increase the risk of skin cancer, especially if [the patient has] several hundreds of episodes of phototherapy,” Dr. Wu notes. “Acitretin in theory may improve the risk of skin cancer, so actually this has a protective effect and also may reduce the number and length of phototherapy [treatment sessions] that [are] needed.” It is recommended that patients undergoing phototherapy use genital shielding to reduce the risk of skin cancers in the genital area and wear goggles to reduce the risk of cataracts. Skin cancer risk in patients treated with both narrowband and broadband UVB has been correlated with the number of treatments received, but the risk has not shown to be significantly greater than in the general population. “If [the patient has] had a prior history of skin cancers, I probably wouldn’t be choosing phototherapy as one of my first-line agents,” Dr. Wu says. Home phototherapy is a good option for patients who are not able to come to the office for treatment two or three times per week. “Sometimes the insurance carriers would actually prefer this,” Dr. Wu explains. Some patients may request to stop treatment temporarily during warmer months when they are more likely to get exposure to natural sunlight. When resuming phototherapy, these patients will need to repeat the induction phase before returning to a maintenance regimen. Hosts: Nick Andrews; George Han, MD, PhD (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York) Guests: Hilary E. Baldwin, MD (State University of New York, Brooklyn); Jashin J. Wu, MD (Dermatology Research and Education Foundation, Irvine, California) Show notes by: Alicia Sonners, Melissa Sears, Elizabeth Mechcatie You can find more of our podcasts at http://www.mdedge.com/podcasts      Email the show: podcasts@mdedge.com Interact with us on Twitter: @MDedgeDerm

HEEFT U MEEGELUISTERD?

Chapter 1

The early childhood years are supposed to be care-free - at least for the kids, maybe not so much for the parents. But not all children get to enjoy that privilege unfortunately. And we want to talk about one girl - her name is Josephine and she's two. This past January, she was diagnosed with a type of cancer called Langerhans cell histiocytosis. She's being cared for by the team here at BC Children's Hospital, and Josephine's mother, Michelle Kooy, joins me now. Guest: Michelle Kooy Mother of Josephine, diagnosed with LCH (Langerhans cell histiocytosis)

Today's minisode features Katherine discussing the hormones that are produced by the pancreas. We talk about the islets of Langerhans, what they are and what hormones they produce, as well as the basics behind diabetes. Tune in where ever you listen to podcasts to learn more about the pancreas, what cells produce what hormones, and basics about the different types of diabetes! Connect with us!Website: endocrinepod.com Twitter: twitter.com/endocrinepod Instagram: instagram.com/endocrinepod Facebook: facebook.com/endocrinepod Don't forget to support us on Patreon at patreon.com/endocrinepod. For as little as $1 a month, you can know about upcoming interviews and episodes, as well as ask guests questions about their work!

Host Kevin Patton focuses on the use of eponyms (terms named for a person) in modern anatomy and physiology teaching. What are the pros and cons...and controversies? Find out in this episode! 00:43 | What is an Eponym? 06:16 | Sponsored by HAPS 06:57 | Modern Use of Eponyms 16:26 | Sponsored by AAA 17:16 | Another Problem with Eponyms 22:01 |  Sponsored by HAPI Online Graduate Program 22:34 | How to Deal with Eponyms in Our A&P Course If you cannot see or activate the audio player click here. Questions & Feedback: 1-833-LION-DEN (1-833-546-6336) Follow The A&P Professor on Twitter, Facebook, Blogger, Nuzzel, Tumblr, or Instagram!   The least questioned assumptions are often the most questionable. (Pierre Paul Broca)   1 | What is an Eponym? 5.5 minutes An eponym is a term named after a person. A toponym is named for a place. What is an Eponym (Kevin's blog post, includes links to other resources) my-ap.us/2uaLU3V Who Named It? (website listing eponym sources) www.whonamedit.com/ Paul Langerhans (brief bio) my-ap.us/2CDJtMl Friederich Gustave Jakob Henle (wiki article) my-ap.us/2CuU3Ft The Duffy blood group (book chaper) my-ap.us/2CzAnjP Legionnaires Disease (CDC resource) my-ap.us/2CzqbHO     2 | Sponsored by HAPS 0.5 minute The Human Anatomy & Physiology Society (HAPS) is a sponsor of this podcast. Did you know there's a one-day regional HAPS conference in March? Check it out. You can help appreciate their support by clicking the link below and checking out the many resources and benefits found there. Anatomy & Physiology Society  theAPprofessor.org/haps     3 | Modern Use of Eponyms 9.5 minutes Eponyms are going out of fashion. For some very good reasons. When we do use them, there are some common practices that A&P teachers should pay attention to. This segment features Seven Fashion Tips for Stylish Use of Eponyms Avoid eponyms Be bilingual If you have to use an eponym, do Fashionable non-possessive forms Back-door eponym styles (non-capitalized adjectives) Fashion rules are not really rules OK, sometimes fashion rules really are rules Modern Use of Eponyms (Kevin's blog post, includes those 7 fashion tips and links to other resources!) my-ap.us/2ubbqWI What's Up with Eponyms in A&P? Part 1 (Kevin's blog post) my-ap.us/2UNrCcS International Lists: A Practical Approach for Your A&P Course (resource in The A&P Professor website with links to the international lists of anatomical terminology) my-ap.us/2uw6jBu Patton Glacier (yep, it's a real thing) my-ap.us/2UR9mzih     4 | Sponsored by AAA 1 minute The searchable transcript for this episode, as well as the captioned audiogram of this episode, are sponsored by The American Association of Anatomists (AAA) at anatomy.org. Their big meeting is in April at the Experimental Biology (EB) meeting in Orlando FL. Check it out! Searchable transcript Captioned audiogram      5 | Another Problem with Eponyms 4.5 minutes There are some historical and social controversies surrounding many eponyms. This begs the question: why should we continue to use them? What's Up with Eponyms in A&P? Part 2 (Kevin's blog post) my-ap.us/2UTD06W Asperger's Children: The Origins of Autism in Nazi Vienna (book) amzn.to/2JAmjMS The Nazi Anatomists – A Conversation with Aaron Fried | Episode 30 (addresses some of the ethical issues surrounding Nazi connections) Did A Soviet Psychiatrist Discover Autism In 1925? (article about Grunya Efimovna) my-ap.us/2CuWVSL What's in a name? Gender and the eponym (journal article) my-ap.us/2CC4I0X The case for renaming women's body parts (article in the popular press) my-ap.us/2CL6xcj The Anatomy Education Podcast #42: Dr. Leah Kaminsky (conversation with the author of the article) my-ap.us/2CAkTMa     6 | Sponsored by HAPI Online Graduate Program 0.5 minutes The Master of Science in Human Anatomy & Physiology Instruction—the MS-HAPI—is graduate program for A&P teachers. A combination of science courses (enough to qualify you to teach at the college level) and courses in instructional practice, this program helps you power up  your teaching. Kevin Patton is a faculty member in this program. Check it out! nycc.edu/hapi     7 | How to Deal with Eponyms in Our A&P Course 3.5 minutes Eponyms may be best left behind, but sometimes we can't avoid them. How do we emphasize the pitfalls of eponym use with students who will certainly face the lingering use of them in professional settings? Perhaps the best approach is bilingualism (descriptive terms AND eponyms).     If the hyperlinks here are not active, go to TAPPradio.org to find the episode page. More details at the episode page. Transcript available at the script page. Listen to any episode on your Alexa device. Need help accessing resources locked behind a paywall? Check out this advice from Episode 32 to get what you need! https://youtu.be/JU_l76JGwVw?t=440   Sponsors   Transcript and captions for this episode are supported by the  American Association of Anatomists. anatomy.org     The Human Anatomy & Physiology Society  also provides marketing support for this podcast.  theAPprofessor.org/haps     Distribution of this episode is supported by  NYCC's online graduate program in  Human Anatomy & Physiology Instruction (HAPI)  nycc.edu/hapi   Amazon and TextExpander referrals help defray podcasting expenses.  (Clicking on sponsor links  helps let them know you appreciate their support of this podcast!)   Follow The A&P Professor on  Twitter, Facebook, Blogger, Nuzzel, Tumblr, or Instagram!      

InsideTheBoards Audio Blog (powered by MedSchoolTutors)  Another feature in our Audio Blog series where we take posts from The MedSchoolTutors Blog (the very best blog for medical school) and record them for on-the-go learning. We're focusing on articles that cover question breakdowns, examination and study advice, and those related to mental wellbeing and wellness during medical school.  Today's episode features three articles:  Well-Being and Academic Skills in Medical School: Building Resilience Part 1 and Part 2   USMLE Question Breakdown Pathophysiology of Pharmacologic Side Effects    Question Excerpt:  A 47 year old male with a past medical history of hypertension and obesity presents to his primary care physician for routine physical examination and yearly laboratory studies. His labs are remarkable for total cholesterol 190, LDL 75, and HDL 25...His physician starts him on a second medication at this time and his symptoms improve. ...  This second medication works by what mechanism of action? A: Dermal activation of Langerhans cells leading to increased prostaglandin release B: Inhibition of cytochrome P450 C: Decreased breakdown of nitrous oxide D: Inhibition of COX-2 E: Increased breakdown of dopamine Read the full vignette and post here. InsideTheBoards Study Smarter Podcast Check out the ITB Study Smarter Series Podcast channel. Go to bit.ly/ITBpodcasts or just click here to listen on iTunes.  ITB Audio Qbank and iOS Beta App The Audio Qbank by InsideTheBoards mobile app has both free and premium features and is available on both Android and iOS.  To get started, first, create a Boardsinsider Account on our website insidetheboards.com Free Features  All of our podcasts in one place organized into playlists for easy studying (also with less ads and exclusive content)  Mindfulness meditations designed specifically for medical students  A monthly offering of high yield content (questions dissections, audio qbank samples) available only on our mobile app.  Premium Features Subscribe to an ITB premium account and get additional features  Access to 500+ audio optimized board style practice questions in our Audio Qbank. The Step 1 version is powered by Exam Circle and the Step 2 Version is powered by OnlineMedEd. New questions added each month.  High Yield Pharmacology (powered by Lecturio) with 100 of the top pharm questions you need to know for both Step 1 and Step 2  Audio Flashcards (coming soon)  Our audio qbank is THE PERFECT companion for studying for the boards on the go. And we're adding content and improving it all the time.   Learn more about the Audio Qbank by InsideTheBoards mobile app here Legal Stuff InsideTheBoards is not affiliated with the NBME, USMLE, COMLEX, NBOME or any professional licensing body. InsideTheBoards fully adheres to the policies on irregular conduct outlined by the aforementioned credentialing bodies.  Music: "So Into You" by Niights. Courtesy of Sun Pedal Recordings. Listen to the full track on Spotify.  Thanks to MedSchoolTutors for providing the content for this show.

This is our first episode of our Wonder Women in STEM- Mini-Series. In this series, we are interviewing speakers from our upcoming virtual conference, that will be taking place on Oct 20th & 21st. Sign up NOW for this FREE event here.  Our guest today was always a curious kid. She is a currently pursuing PhD from the University of Toronto and her research focusses on using a bioengineering technique to improve the way islets of Langerhans survive after being removed from a donor, which is a form of diabetes treatment. Along with all this great research work, Krishana is a very engaged science communicator and advocate for getting more women in STEM fields. Let's talk to Krishana to learn more about her STEM Story. Links: www.twitter.com/KrishanaSankar www.instagram.com/beyond.the.ivory.tower www.facebook.com/Krishana.Sankar Sign up for our FREE Virtual Conference: http://eepurl.com/dDTVrT    

06 November 2012: Join presenter Dr. Robert Dellavalle as he speaks with Dr. Patrick Brunner from the Medical University of Vienna, Austria, about the changing views of the role of Langerhans cells. The skin harbors several types of dendritic antigen-presenting cells including Langerhans cells (LC), and genetically-driven removal of the LC population results in increased T-cell immunity against haptens and infectious agents.

Doctor, Doctor – Show Notes – 2018-01-26 NaPro Technology In this episode: Medical News (00:50) – “Ten Reasons Why I Hate Birth Control: A Womanifesto” an article by Nicole Stacy for Catholic Vote (https://www.catholicvote.org/ten-reasons-why-i-hate-birth-control-a-womanifesto/) Preventative Medicine Tip (10:25) – Colonoscopy Screenings (United States Preventative Screening Task Force https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/) Guest Interview (14:30) – OB/GYN and NaPro Technology specialist Dr. Christopher Stroud discusses NaPro Technology and how it guides medical and surgical treatments that can help solve many fertility issues Medical Trivia (Answer at 40:00) – “If you were sailing amidst small islands known as ‘the islets of Langerhans,’ where would you be? And what is the most valuable export of the islets?” Book Recommendation (42:15) – Humanae Vitae (Full text here: http://w2.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_25071968_humanae-vitae.html) Listener Question (46:25) – Dr. McGovern answers “Have you ever had to compromise your Catholic faith in your role as a physician?” ------ Live: www.redeemerradio.com Follow us on Facebook: @DoctorDoctorShow Submit your question(s): Text (Holy Cross College text line) - 260-436-9598 Online - www.RedeemerRadio.com/Doctor E-mail - Doctor@RedeemerRadio.com Subscribe to the Podcast: iTunes | Google Play | SoundCloud | RSS

Episode 21 Produced by Karen Kaz Lucas Host: Kaz Guest host Mathew Nakitare Kaz and Mathew delve into the controversies surrounding male circumcision in kenya. All the details are available in the many links below. Don't forget to download the episodes and subscribe to us on iTunes. KENYA: Knife-rapists go door-to-door http://circumstitionsnews.blogspot.com/2017/01/kenya-knife-rapists-go-door-to-door.html Does Circumcision Reduce Penis Sensitivity? The Answer Is Not Clear Cut http://www.huffingtonpost.com/brian-earp/does-circumcision-reduce-_b_9743242.html Anxiety in Eldoret after NGO ‘forcibly' circumcises 30 boys http://www.nation.co.ke/counties/eldoret/Uasin-Gishu-NGO-30-boys-cut/-/1954186/2694018/-/4fqerr/-/index.html Targeted for forced circumcision, men of Kenya's minority tribes flee the knife http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/targeted-for-forced-circumcision-men-of-kenyas-minority-tribes-flee-the-knife/article19987346/ Police deployed to Moi's Bridge to protect Luos, Tesos from forced circumcision http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2014/08/13/police-deployed-to-mois-bridge-to-protect-luos-tesos-from-forced_c986746 Bungoma father of two finally circumcised after evading knife for 12 years http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2016/08/18/bungoma-father-of-two-finally-circumcised-after-evading-knife-for-12_c1405911 Bukusu and Tachoni boys face the cut http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2016/08/02/bukusu-and-tachoni-boys-face-the-cut_c1395682 Museveni tells off Bukusu, Bagisu over archaic circumcision ritual, says it promotes prostitution http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2014/08/20/museveni-tells-off-bukusu-bagisu-over-archaic-circumcision-ritual-says_c991007 HIV-1 border patrols: Langerhans cells control antiviral responses and viral transmission http://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/10.2217/fvl.15.79 Caveolin-1 mediated uptake via langerin restricts HIV-1 infection in human Langerhans cells https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4301922/ Voices from the African Circumcision Campaign http://www.vmmcproject.org/about-us/mission/ Cultural Bias in the AAP's 2012 Technical Report and Policy Statement on Male Circumcision http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2013/03/12/peds.2012-2896 RestoringForeskin.org http://www.restoringforeskin.org The Real Reason You're Circumcised - Adam Ruins Everything https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gCSWbTv3hng

Paul Johnson (Professor of Paediatric Surgery) gives a talk on a new treatement for Type 1 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is an auto-immune disease where the patient’s body has attacked its own insulin-producing cells. It largely starts in childhood and is treated with insulin injections. An alternative approach is transplant – either of the whole pancreas, a major operation, or the much less invasive transplantation of islet cells (the islets of Langerhans). This talk discusses the development of this treatment and its future potential.

Hør denne podcast med Katrine og Kim og bliv introduceret til de hvide blodlegemer. Lidt en tilsnigelse, for der snakkes også om celletyper, der findes ude i vævet. Hør om Kupffer og Langerhans celler, hør om Natural Killer Cells og Clint Eastwood.

Applied Molecular Imaging of Dopaminergic Circuitry in the Islets of Langerhans f/ Paul Emerson Harris, Ph.D.

The Season of the Witch is over, and your High Priest and Priestess of Satanic Schlock Cinema are back with a demonic vengeance! This time out, they take on the 1975 movie, RACE WITH THE DEVIL! It’s a manly film, filled with men doing manly things in a manly way! Oh, and there are crazy cultists a-plenty. Also: is Monster Energy Drink really an instrument of the Devil? Cootie and X investigate! Throw in Ask the Goat, Drinking with the Devil and America’s favorite game of skill and chance, Three Questions, and you’ve got an audio program! Listen to it with your ears and feel it in your Islets of Langerhans!

New York, NY -- In the most recent episode of This Week in Pediatric Oncology (TWiPO), the first podcast focusing on pediatric cancer research, co-hosts Dr. Edwin Horwitz (Nationwide Children’s Hospital), Dr. Nilay Shah (Nationwide Children’s Hospital),  Dr. Robyn Dennis (Nationwide Children's Hospital), interview Dr.  Carl E. Allen, (Texas Children’s Cancer and Hematology Centers) about his research in a rare pediatric blood disorder known as Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH).Dr. Allen is Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology - Baylor College of Medicine, and the Co-Director of the Histiocytosis and Lymphoma Programs at Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers.  His primary research is focused on the clinical and biologic aspects of LCH.  Along with Dr. Kenneth McClain, Dr. Carl Allen has developed the largest Histiocytosis Center in the world.  Dr. Allen has developed gene expression and proteomic strategies to analyze the identity and function of the cells that cause LCH.  The ultimate goal of these experiments is to identify genes, proteins, and pathways that may be used to diagnose and cure patients with LCH.  These experiments may also provide insight into dendritic cell biology and tumor immunology.In this 20-minute episode, Dr. Allen gives an overview of LCH, as well as treatment and the future of LCH research. 

La diabetes mellitus (DM) es un conjunto de trastornos metabólicos, que comparten la característica común de presentar concentraciones elevadas de glucosa en la sangre (hiperglicemia) de manera persistente o crónica. La American Diabetes Association, clasifica la diabetes mellitus en tipos: la diabetes mellitus tipo 1, en la que existe una destrucción total de las células ?, lo que conlleva una deficiencia absoluta de insulina; la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 o no insulinodependiente, generada como consecuencia de un defecto progresivo en la secreción de insulina, así como el antecedente de resistencia periférica a la misma; la diabetes gestacional, la cual es diagnosticada durante el embarazo; y otros tipos de diabetes ocasionados por causas diferentes. La causan varios trastornos, siendo el principal la baja producción de la hormona insulina, secretada por las células ? de los Islotes de Langerhans del páncreas endocrino, o por su inadecuado uso por parte del cuerpo, que repercutirá en el metabolismo de los hidratos de carbono, lípidos y proteínas. La diabetes mellitus y su comorbilidad constituyen una importante causa de preocupación en salud pública.

Type 1 diabetes is a chronic progressive autoimmune disorder with complex, polygenic susceptibility. Environmental factors which are poorly defined also contribute to the pathogenesis. This disease is characterized by lymphocyte infiltration into the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, leading to inflammation and selective destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells resulting in hyperglycemia.

La diabetes es una enfermedad metabólica cuya prevalencia está aumentando. En 2010 había unos 285 millones de diabéticos en el mundo; para 2030 se teme que dicho número sea casi el doble. La diabetes se caracteriza por una elevada concentración de glucosa en la sangre, causada bien por la deficiente producción de insulina por el páncreas. Algunos pacientes diabéticos no pueden controlar adecuadamente sus niveles de glucosa con inyecciones de insulina, alimentación y ejercicio adecuados, etc. Estos pacientes son candidatos a otro tipo de terapia: el trasplante de islotes de Langerhans. Esta terapia plantea problemas que ahora científicos alemanes y estadounidenses proponen paliar utilizando una solución inteligente. Jorge Laborda la explica.

Das Immunsystem ist das Schutzschild des Körpers. Bestimmte Zellen entscheiden, welche Mikroben "gut" und welche "schlecht" sind: Die Langerhans-Zellen. Diese wurden jetzt erstmals genauer untersucht.

Genetic disorders. Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Leukemia. Acidity. Maintaining a correct pH level. Vaginal pH. Blood pH. Urinary pH. Kidney infections. Iron deficiency. B-12 deficiency. Antacids. Weakening stomach acid. Green coffee beans. Antioxidants. Tuberculosis. Kidney pulses. Maintaining the kidney system. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Western Perspective, Integrative and Functional Medicine. Live streaming. The Balancing Point health [...]Read More »

Dendritic cells (DCs) play a key role in the initiation of adaptive immune responses and the maintenance of self-tolerance. Due to their therapeutic potential, understanding the mechanisms that guide DC differentiation and effector functions is important. DC differentiation and activation depends on transcription factor control of stage-specific gene expression. The recent identification of posttranscriptional control of gene expression by microRNAs (miRNAs) has added another layer of gene regulation that might be important in DC biology. We analyzed the miRNA expression profiles of different DC subsets and identified several miRNAs differentially expressed between plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) and conventional DCs (cDCs). In terms of miRNA expression, pDCs were more closely related to CD4+ T cells than to cDCs. We also observed that pDCs and cDCs preferentially expressed miRNAs associated with lymphoid or myeloid lineage differentiation, respectively. By knocking down miR-221 or miR-222 during in vitro DC differentiation, we obtained a higher pDC frequency. While p27kip1 and c-kit are confirmed miR-221/222 targets, we additionally identified the pDC cell fate regulator E2-2 as a potential miR-221/222 target. Thus, our analysis points to a role for miRNAs in directing and stabilizing pDC and cDC cell fate decisions. To assess the general influence of miRNAs on DCs, we generated mice with a DC-specific conditional knockout of the key miRNA-producing enzyme Dicer. Dicer-deficient mice dis- played no alterations in short-lived spleen and lymph node DCs. However, long-lived epidermal DCs, known as Langerhans cells (LCs), showed increased turnover and apoptosis rates, leading to their progressive loss. Upon stimulation, Dicer-deficient LCs were able to properly upregulate the surface molecules MHC class I and CCR7, but not MHC class II, CD40 and CD86. In consequence, they were incapable of stimulating CD4+ T cell proliferation. The work presented in this thesis indicates a role for miRNAs in DC regulation not covered by transcription factors. Having demonstrated a role for miRNAs in DC lineage fate decisions, as well as in LC homeostasis, maturation and function, we conclude that miRNAs regulate various aspects of DC biology and thereby contribute to the control of adaptive immune responses.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are bone marrow-derived professional antigen-presenting cells that act as master regulators of acquired and innate immune responses. Here, we review the available information on their role in human renal inflammation. In the 1980s and early 1990s, major histocompatibility complex class II antigen-(HLA-DR) positive DCs were first described in normal human kidneys and in the interstitium of kidneys from patients with glomerulonephritis. Several DC subtypes were subsequently distinguished based on their expression of CD1c/BDCA-1, CD141/BDCA-3 and CD209/DC-SIGN (in combination with HLA-DR). These cells were almost exclusively found in the tubulointerstitium, with increased numbers seen during glomerulonephritis. It appears that the human renal tubulointerstitium harbors different DC types which allow the collection of both exogenous as well as endogenous antigens. Plasmacytoid DCs have a plasma cell-like morphology and were commonly found within nodular tubulointerstitial infiltrates. Follicular DCs are rarely seen, but show a predominant localization in organized infiltrates. CD207/langerin is a marker for Langerhans cells. Langerin-positive cells have been found in association with the collecting ducts and urothelium. A functional characterization of these subtypes has been hampered by the difficulty of obtaining samples for analysis. However, these studies are clearly required to define the role of DCs and DC subsets in the pathophysiology of renal disease. Copyright (C) 2011 S. Karger AG, Basel

Background: Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury plays a pivotal role in the development of graft pancreatitis, with ischemia time representing one of its crucial factors. However, it is unclear, whether exocrine and endocrine tissue experience similar inflammatory responses during pancreas transplantation (PTx). This study evaluated inflammatory susceptibilities of islets of Langerhans (ILH) and exocrine tissue after different preservation periods during early reperfusion. Methods: PTx was performed in rats following 2 h (2h-I) or 18 h (18h-I) preservation. Leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions (LEI) were analyzed in venules of acinar tissue and ILH in vivo over 2 h reperfusion. Nontransplanted animals served as controls. Tissue samples were analyzed by histomorphometry. Results: In exocrine venules leukocyte rolling predominated in the 2h-I group. In the 18h-I group, additionally, high numbers of adherent leukocytes were found. Histology revealed significant edema formation and leukocyte extravasation in the 18h-I group. Notably, LEI in postcapillary venules of ILH were significantly lower. Leukocyte rolling was only moderately enhanced and few leukocytes were found adherent. Histology revealed minor leukocyte extravasation. Conclusion: Ischemia time contributes decisively to the extent of the I/R-injury in PTx. However, ILH have a significantly lower susceptibility towards I/R, even when inflammatory reactions in adjacent exocrine tissue are evident. Copyright (C) 2010 S. Karger AG, Basel

Verschiedene Studien deuten auf eine Beteiligung des Vitamin-D-Hormonsystems in der Entwicklung von Diabetes mellitus hin. Aufgrund eines Defekts in der 1,25(OH)2-Vitamin-D-Synthese stellt das PVDR 1-Schwein ein sehr gutes Modell zur Erforschung der Wirkung von 1,25(OH)2-Vitamin D auf das endokrine Pankreas dar. Die Evaluierung des direkten Einflusses von Vitamin D auf die Langerhans Inseln in vivo erfordert, dass in den Versuchstieren Vitamin D-unabhängige normocalcämische Bedingungen herrschen, da Hypocalcämie per se eine verminderte Funktion des endokrinen Pankreas mit sich bringt. Der Hauptteil dieser Arbeit bestand in den Bestrebungen, diese normocalcämischen Bedingungen dietätisch mit Lactose, Lactulose, Maltitol, Xylitol und Difruktosedianhydrid III (DFA III) zu erzeugen. Vor der Testung der Substanzen auf deren Vermögen den ionisierten Calciumspiegel im Blut zu erhöhen, wurden Toleranztests durchgeführt, um einen negativen Effekt auf die Gesundheit der Versuchsschweine auszuschließen. Die Wirkungstests mit adulten Schweinen ergaben, dass Normocalcämie durch die Zufütterung von Lactose (35%), Lactulose (20%), Maltitol (30%), Xylitol (30%) oder DFA III (6%) in der ursprünglichen Substanz beim PVDR 1-Schwein nicht erreicht werden kann. Dennoch konnten wir zeigen, dass vor allem Xylitol und in abgeschwächter Form auch Lactulose eine tendenzielle Steigerung des ionisierten Calciumgehaltes im Vollblut von homozygoten Schweinen bewirkt. Nachdem in adulten Schweinen keine Normocalcämie mittels unterschiedlich angereichertem Futter erreicht werden konnte, sollte im zweiten Teil der Arbeit überprüft werden, ob mit Hilfe von supplementierten Milchaustauscherfutter (MAT) eine Normalisierung des Calciumhaushaltes bei PVDR 1-Ferkeln möglich ist. Bei heterozygoten Ferkeln hatte DFA III tendenziell einen positiven Effekt auf die Calcium-Konzentration im Blut. Bei homozygoten Ferkeln zeigte sich jedoch kein Effekt auf die Calcium-Konzentration im Blut. Deutliche Unterschiede in den Überlebensraten der Versuchsgruppen, nämlich 80% in der DFA III- und 25% in der Kontrollgruppe, lassen darauf schließen, dass DFA III eine günstige Wirkung auf die Entwicklung der Rachitis bei PVDR 1-Ferkeln hat. Zusätzliche in vitro-Untersuchungen mit Langerhans-Inseln von Wildtyp- und PVDR 1-Ferkeln, durchgeführt um die Wirkung von 1,25(OH)2-Vitamin D auf die Insulinsekretion zu überprüfen, ergaben, dass Vitamin D-stimulierte Wildtyp-Inseln höhere Insulinsekretionen aufwiesen. Die Insulinsekretionen der Pankreas-Inseln von PVDR 1-Tieren, die signifikant niedriger waren als die der Wildtyp-Ferkel, konnten jedoch durch 1,25(OH)2-Vitamin D nicht gesteigert werden. Aufbauend auf diese Studie könnten Folgeversuche mit anderen Substanzen und höheren Tierzahlen diesem Tiermodell eine höhere Aussagekraft verleihen.

Histo-morphological analyses after xenogeneic Transplantation mikroencap-sulated Islets of Langerhans in the Model „Pig-in-Rat“ Summary The aim of this study was the detailed histological and immunohistochemical analyzation of microencapsulated xenogeneic islet grafts in previously streptozotozin (STZ)-diabetic Wistar WU rats. Microencapsulated porcine islets of Langerhans (mpLI) were transplanted intraperitoneal and under the left renal capsule of these rats without any medical immune suppression. New insights were to be gained into the cell-mediated reactions of the recipi-ent to the microencapsulated foreign cells and into the fibrosis of the grafts and their ne-ovascularization with the goal of establishing an effective therapy for type I diabetes with this form of xenogeneic islet cell transplantation (xITX). Complex immunohistochemical assays were established to accomplish this goal. When no species-specific antibodies or antisera were available, the cross reaction of human-specific reagents was used. This work analyses in retrospect the data of 18 animals following the implantation of empty micro-capsules and 65 animals that underwent xenotransplantation. The following questions were examined: 1. How long will non-encapsulated and alginate-encapsulated porcine islets of Langerhans function in STZ-diabetic Wistar WU rats? 2. How is the biocompatibility of empty alginate microcapsules in vivo in different transplantation sites and with different exposure times? 3. How do alginate-microencapsulated porcine islets of Langerhans behave in differ-ent transplantation sites and with different exposure times? Special attention was given to the vitality of the islet cells, the fibrosis and neovasculariza-tion of the microcapsules, and the inner cell infiltrates. The most important results were: 1. As expected, 20 of the 64 transplanted rats lost their non-encapsulated grafts by day +5. The 44 microencapsulated grafts evolved into two groups; those with short-term function (n=30; up to day +40) and those with long-term function (n=14; up to day +502). Criteria for the graft function were normoglycemia (daily testing of the blood glucose levels) and body weight. 2. Empty alginate microcapsules showed an excellent biocompatibility up to 200 days after implantation; they kept their original form and size; few inflammatory cells developed (no more than in a normal wound healing process); no neovasculariza-tion or fibrosis was evident on the empty capsules. 3. The microencapsulated islets of Langerhans were found, without exception, in both transplantation sites: “new islet organs” developed in the peritoneum, mainly in the spleen, liver, pancreas, small intestine, and omentum. Some of the capsule aggre-gates that evolved were embedded in the “guest organ”. Each microcapsule was surrounded with a dense net of capillaries (recipient vessels). Despite the normo-glycemia, only a few insulin-positive cells were present on the microcapsules. Every capsule maintained its original round, firm form and size. No broken, crushed or damaged microcapsules were observed. Partial islet cell regeneration was shown in 30% of the recipient-specific pancreata. This was more distinctive in the rats with long-term function than in those with short-term function of the graft. mpLI showed different degrees of fibrosis depending on the transplantation site and the function. The fibrosis was much stronger in the rats with short-term function of the graft; we attribute this to the lower vitality and purity of the graft. Fibroblasts encased the mpLI, but didn’t infiltrate the alginate. Fibrotic and non-fibrotic mpLI were repeatedly observed alongside each other even after long exposure in vivo. The reasons for this are unknown. The strong neovascularization of each and every mpLI was surprising; this was never observed in the empty microcapsules. The capillaries lay solely in the inner capsule on the periphery of the fibrotic ring. They did not infiltrate the ring or grow into the microcapsules. Therefore, we conclude that the mpLI stimulate the regeneration of the vessels and support the nutrition of the graft. Even after 502 days the immunohistochemical tests of the mpLI showed several insulin-positive beta cells, mainly single cells and smaller cell aggregates, few larger, intact cells. The immunohistochemical tests of the mpLI inner capsule showed cell infiltrates which were not seen in empty capsules and which were ob-viously activated by the microencapsulated cells: Infiltrates from CD4*, CD8+, ED1+, and HIS48+ cells were found more often in grafts with short-term function than in those with long-term function. Both graft types contained weak NK+ cell infiltrates but no TNF+ cells were observed. The cell infiltrates were more dis-tinctive in the grafts under the kidney capsules than in the grafts in the peritoneum. In our experimental STZ-diabetic rat model we were able to show that mpLI induce long-term normoglycemia, even without immunosuppression. Despite the effective prevention of acute rejection (by the alginate microcapsule), a slight specific and non-specific immune response to the foreign cells develops which must be further investi-gated. The quality and function of the porcine islets of Langerhans continues to im-prove so that we expect a much higher percentage of normoglycemic rats with long-term graft function in this model. All in all, the xITX appears to be a very promising method to replace the absent endocrine function of the pancreas on a long-term basis.

Thu, 24 Feb 2005 12:00:00 +0100 https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/3253/ https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/3253/1/Decard_Sandra.pdf Decard, Sa

Topical tacrolimus (FK506) leads to profound phenotypic and functional alterations of epidermal antigen-presenting dendritic cells in atopic dermatitis. BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease in which antigen-presenting epidermal dendritic cells (DCs), ie, Langerhans cells and the so-called inflammatory dendritic epidermal cells (IDECs) expressing the high-affinity receptor for IgE (FcepsilonRI) may play a significant pathophysiologic role. Therapeutic efficacy of the immunosuppressive macrolide tacrolimus (FK506) in AD has been demonstrated in clinical trials, but little is known of its mode of action. OBJECTIVE: The present study focused on the effects of topical tacrolimus treatment on epidermal CD1a+/FcepsilonRI+ DC populations in lesional AD. METHODS: Immunohistological analysis, epidermal DC phenotyping, and functional studies were performed on skin biopsy specimens from treated and untreated lesional skin of 10 patients with AD participating in a clinical trial with tacrolimus. RESULTS: Untreated lesional skin was characterized by a high proportion of CD1a+ cells, which was largely due to a high proportion of IDECs strongly expressing FcepsilonRI. Epidermal DCs isolated from untreated lesional skin exhibited high stimulatory activity toward autologous T cells, which was strongly reduced while clinical improvement was seen during application of tacrolimus. Concomitantly, a decreased FcepsilonRI expression was observed in both Langerhans cells and IDECs. Finally, topical tacrolimus led to a progressive decrease in the IDEC population within the pool of CD1a+ epidermal DCs and also to a decrease in their CD36 expression, which is indicative of lower local inflammation. CONCLUSION: Epidermal CD1a+ DCs may represent a target for topical tacrolimus in the treatment of AD.

Vor einigen Jahren wurde in der entzündlichen Haut neben den Langerhans-Zellen die Existenz einer weiteren Art dendritischer Zellen, der sogenannten Inflammatorischen Dendritischen Epidermalen Zellen (IDEC) herausgearbeitet. Über Herkunft, Verwandtschaft zu anderen Zellarten und Funktion der IDEC ist bislang wenig bekannt. Um die Abstammung der IDEC zu erforschen und ihre Rolle in der entzündlichen Haut neben jener der Langerhans-Zellen besser zu verstehen, sollte der Mannoserezeptor auf diesen beiden dendritischen Zellen in der Haut gesucht und die ihnen zur Verfügung stehenden Endozytose-Mechanismen ermittelt werden. In gesonderten Experimenten sollte die Phagozytosefähigkeit der Langerhans-Zellen und der IDEC geprüft werden. Als Kontrollzellen dienten Monozyten und MoDC´s, von welchen bereits Daten bekannt sind. Es wurden APAAP-Färbungen an histologischen Schnitten gesunder und entzündlicher Haut unter Verwendung des spezifischen Antikörpers D547 zur Identifizierung des Mannoserezeptors auf den Langerhans-Zellen und den IDEC vorgenommen. In der durchflußzytometrischen Immunphänotypisierung wurden die jeweiligen Zellen mit dem rezeptorspezifischen Antikörper D547 gefärbt. In durchflußzytometrischen Versuchen wurde die Pinozytose mittels Lucifer Yellow nachgewiesen. Zur Untersuchung der Rezeptor-vermittelten Endozytose wurden die Zellen mit Dextran-FITC inkubiert. Durch Hemmung der Rezeptor-vermittelten Endozytose mittels Mannan wurde die Rezeptor-vermittelte Endozytose von der Pinozytose abgegrenzt. Die Phagozytose der Zellen wurde unter Verwendung von opsonisierten E.coli untersucht. Durch die immunhistologische Färbung und die Phänotypisierung jeweils mit dem Antikörper D547 konnte gezeigt werden, daß sich der Mannoserezeptor nicht auf den Langerhans-Zellen der normalen und der entzündlichen Haut befindet und nur auf den IDEC nachgewiesen werden kann. Er war in der Phänotypisierung der Monozyten nicht, auf den MoDC´s dagegen deutlich zur Darstellung zu bringen. Die Pinozytose konnte bei allen Zelltypen dargestellt werden. Weiterhin konnte unter Verwendung von Dextran-FITC und Hemmung des Mannoserezeptors durch Mannan gezeigt werden, daß Monozyten keine, MoDC´s dagegen eine deutliche Rezeptorvermittelte Endozytose aufweisen. Langerhans-Zellen besitzen die Fähigkeit zur Rezeptor-vermittelten Endozytose nicht, MoDC´s hingegen nehmen mannosylierte Antigene rezeptorgebunden in sich auf. Die Ergebnisse ergeben mit denjenigen der Phänotypisierung ein Konzept, welches sagt, daß Langerhans-Zellen keinen Mannoserezeptor tragen, IDEC jedoch ebenso wie die MoDC´s den Rezeptor auf ihrer Zelloberfläche exprimieren und ihn zur Endozytose benutzen. Ferner konnte gezeigt werden, daß Blutmonozyten opsonisierte E.coli phagozytieren. MoDC´s nahmen keine E.coli in sich auf. Ebenso konnte gezeigt werden, daß Langerhans-Zellen aus normaler und entzündlicher Haut keine Phagozytose-Aktivität entfalten. Auch IDEC phagozytierten E.coli nicht. Langerhans-Zellen und IDEC konnten weiter voneinander abgegrenzt werden. Die Expression des Mannoserezeptors auf den IDEC und ihre Präsenz ausschließlich in entzündlichen Hautläsionen läßt vermuten, daß sie den in der Antigenpräsentation äußerst effizienten unreifen dendritischen Zellen zuzuordnen sind und ihnen eine Rolle in der Genese des atopischen Ekzems und in der Abwehr pathogener Organismen von entzündeter Haut zukommt. Die Ähnlichkeit der IDEC mit den MoDC´s nicht nur in der Rezeptor-vermittelten Endozytose legt die Abstammung dieser Zellen von Blutmonozyten und die Verwandtschaft mit MoDC´s und nicht mit den Langerhans-Zellen nahe. Die Expression des Mannoserezeptors und die Phagozytose-Fähigkeit der Zellen erwiesen sich als voneinander unabhängig. Dies erscheint wesentlich, da eine Funktion des Mannoserezeptors bei der Phagozytose bekannt ist.

Thu, 1 Jan 1976 12:00:00 +0100 https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/7133/1/7133.pdf Gratzl, Manfred; Dahl, G. dd