Podcasts about aversive

International Women's Month 2025: Female dnb producers to watch: Shirley Temper, Anais, Aversive, Charla Green, plus faves from Yazzus, Kyrist, DRIIA, Lens, gyrofield, Mandidextrous, Unsub & n0isemakeR.Playlist: Tim Reaper - ScreenplaySchematic - OutsiderAversive - TemperanceAnaïs, Sweetie Irie, Naomie Cowan - Real HotLens, Pola & Bryson, goddard., Sarah Ikumu - Jungle Divagyrofield - MaybesAversive, featuring Miss Fudge - Silent GhostAnaïs, DRIIA - Round To Ya SpeakerCharla Green - Something Like LoveAzealia Banks, Shirley Temper - 212 (Shirley Temper Dark Jungle Remix)Shirley Temper - Aliyah's Interlude IT GIRL (Jungle Flip)Kyrist - NTYShirley Temper - Solo RavingShirley Temper - Miss Camraderie DubYazzus - Sweet Shop Jungle JamMandidextrous, T-Menace - Miracle (Mandidextrous x T-Menace D&B)Unsub & n0isemakeR - Silence of The Girls

Your words are your power. Do not take someone else's words to placate them. Choose your words carefully. Explain what you need to explain. And reserve the right to say… It depends. I need more information. Getting a group of people together is easy when you simplify complex topics. Who doesn't appreciate simplicity? Well. Me. As long as life remains complex, I will explain in as many words as I need to say what I want to say. Don't give your power away. Choose your words thoughtfully, and insist that others respect what you said as opposed to what they think they heard. or maybe what they wanted to hear. what words did you say? Pain, uncomfortable? Aversive? Management? A training tool? Be specific, and insist that others respect your words, or end the conversation.   Follow my training! Instagram The High Drive Dog More online training! Fenzi Dog Sports Academy

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This is part 3 of our conversation with Dr. Claire St Peter from the University of West Virginia and one of her graduate students, Abbie Cooper. Abbie has been comparing behaviors that were trained with either positive or negative reinforcement when they are placed under conditions of extinction. What happens to behavior when training goes sideways and the individual is no longer getting reinforced for actions that had been producing consistent, desired results? In Part 1 she described her study and the results she has been getting, In Part 2 we considered the emotional fallout that was observed and we connected it to real world experiences both in animal training and the classroom. In Part 3 Claire raises the question why do people adopt the teaching procedures that use negative reinforcement and punishment based approaches. Why are these approaches so prevalent, not just in animal training, but in the classroom as well? Why don't people gravitate towards using alternative reinforcement strategies that are based more in a positive reinforcement framing? This is the launching point for this week's conversation in which we explore connections. We consider how the results of Abbie's study relate to what people experience both with horses and in the classroom. What can be learned? What role does microshaping play in creating teaching strategies that do not rely on aversive control to get results?

Freshies from liquid dnb legends Furney, Big Bud & Asides, Adrienne Richards & Stunna, plus we lost a local legend in YYC artist & MC Alox this week. This show is for him, with tracks from Aversive & Alox all found on Aversive's bandcamp. RIPPlaylist: Tim Reaper - ScreenplayAversive - Soft DubRMS, Aaron Payne, Reflektor - Solid LinesRMS, Aaron Payne, Reflektor - No FutureRMS, Aaron Payne, Reflektor - Smooth ReactionBig Bud - Green It WasFurney - The Way To Get To YouA Sides - Delicate BeginningsAdrienne Richards, Stunna - Through My EyesAversive, featuring Alox - HuntedAversive, featuring Alox - Universal WarriorsAversive, featuring Alox - Believe In YouAversive, featuring Alox - Naturally

International Women's Month 2024: Selection of beats from some heavy hitters such as Kyrist, Euphonique, Iris, Azpect, Aversive, Unsub & n0izmakeR, Stay-C & more!Playlist: Tim Reaper - ScreenplayAversive - Soft DubPaige Julia - Live & DirectPod Imiya - DawnYorobi - WhereaboutsMissledz - Eff YouNetsky - Memory Lane (Flava D Remix)Nu:Logic - New Technique (Stay-C Remix)Fred V - Away (Kyrist Remix)Kyrist - ArroyoIris - Not Even A Big UpAzpect - SyndicateAversive - RevolutionMC Chickaboo, Euphonique, Natty Campbell - Bite Di DustUnsub & n0isemakeR - Barbie KillerPyxis, Easy, Sofi Mari - Planets

In this episode, Ed Frawley shares a question from the Ask Cindy database. Today's question is about a Chinese Tibetan Mastiff that has become seriously aggressive and the owner is asking about potentially removing the dog's teeth to mitigate damage from getting dog bit.| Links mentioned: The Power Of Training Dogs With Markers https://leerburg.com/219.htm | Reward Markers with Michael Ellis https://university.leerburg.com/Catalog/viewCourse/cid/173  | The Power Of Training Dogs With Your Food https://leerburg.com/221.htm | The Power of Playing Tug With Your Dog https://leerburg.com/221.htm 

Ed Frawley 09:12 no

Happy Halloween! Spooky season is upon us and we need your help to settle a dispute! While we both love fall, Ivy has a fondness for the creepy, crawly, scary aspects of the season but Autumn most definitely does not. Now we're not debating whether horror is good or bad entertainment, or even necessarily whether it's good or evil. No, we're at an impasse about whether or not it has any merit at all within society, culture, or the individual human psyche. So please, gather around the campfire with us while we dip our toes into the spooky realm to explore some classic urban legends and discuss whether these stories are worthy of passing along to scare yet another generation. We're even joined by a special guest storyteller who will delight and terrify us with his rendition of these classic creepy tales. How do you feel about urban legends or the genre of horror? Write in and give us your thoughts at differentfunctional@gmail.com or use the contact form on our website www.differentfunctional.com. Don't forget to check out our resources page for this episode on our website, as well. And if you'd like some extra spook, join us on Patreon at www.patreon.com/differentfunctional Thanks for listening!

155: aversiv heißt "nur" Widerwillen hervorrufend... was soll also die Aufregung. Als vor einigen Wochen bei Miriam von Katzen-Fieber Fiona einzog, erlebte Miriam mit ihr sehr ähnliches wie ich vor 7 Jahren als Esteban bei uns einzog. Sowohl Fiona als auch Esteban haben große Angst vor Wassersprühflaschen. Beide wurden mit dieser Methode "erzogen" und beide zeigen deutlich, dass dieses Vorgehen eben alles andere als harmlos ist, sie zeigen, dass es tiefe Spuren in der Katzenseele hinterläßt. Aber auch sehr eindrucksvoll zeigen uns beide Katzen, dass sie ausser dieser Angst genau NICHTS gelernt haben. Sie verknüpfen die Sprühflasche nicht mit einem bestimmten Verhalten und sehen sie ansonsten neutral. Für die beiden ist dieses eigentlich neutrale Objekt angsteinflößend. Was für ein "toller Erfolg" der Menschen.... Für mich sind aversive Methoden generell ein absolutes NOGO sie sind nicht fair sie sind nicht zielführend aber noch ein weiterer Aspekt kommt für mich dazu: der Einsatz und die Empfehlung aversiver Methoden sagt sehr viel über den Menschen, seine Persönlichkeit und seine innere Haltung den Tieren gegenüber. Bei Instagram erfährst du noch mehr über mich, meine Bande und meine Arbeit https://www.instagram.com/verstehedeinekatze.de/ Trag dich gleich in den Newsletter ein und bleibe stets auf dem Laufenden! Erhalte vor allen anderen Infos zu neuen spannenden Kursen und Aktionen https://verstehedeinekatze.de Werde Teil der Verstehe deine Katze Community auf Facebook der EINZIGEN Katzengruppe für artgerechte UND bedürfnisorientierte Katzenhaltung https://www.facebook.com/groups/288011259222427/ Meine Seite bei Facebook https://www.facebook.com/verstehedeinekatze

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.17.549364v1?rss=1 Authors: Dinckol, O., Zachry, J. E., Kutlu, M. G. Abstract: Empathy is the ability to adopt sensory and emotional states of others and is an evolutionarily conserved trait among mammals. In rodents, empathy manifests itself as social modulation of aversive stimuli such as acknowledging and acting on distress of conspecifics. The neuronal network underlying social transmission of information is known to overlap with the brain regions that mediate behavioral responses to aversive and rewarding stimuli. In this study, we recorded single cell activity patterns of nucleus accumbens (NAc) core neurons using in vivo optical imaging of calcium transients via miniature scopes. This cutting-edge imaging methodology not only allows us to record activity patterns of individual neurons but also lets us longitudinally follow these individual neurons across time and different behavioral states. Using this approach, we identified NAc core single cell ensembles that respond to experienced and/or observed aversive stimuli. Our results showed that experienced and observed aversive stimuli evoke NAc core ensemble activity that is largely positive, with a smaller subset of negative responses. The size of the NAc single cell ensemble response was greater for experienced aversive stimuli compared to observed aversive events. Our results also revealed a subpopulation within the NAc core single cell ensembles that show a bidirectional response to experienced aversive stimuli versus observed aversive stimuli (i.e., negative response to experienced and positive response to observed). These results suggest that the NAc plays a role in differentiating somatosensory experience from social observation of aversion at a single cell level. This has important implications for psychopathologies where social information processing is maladaptive, such as autism spectrum disorders. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.07.07.547979v1?rss=1 Authors: Dorofeikova, M., Stelly, C. E., Duong, A., Basavanhalli, S., Bean, E., Weissmuller, K., Sifnugel, N., Resendez, A., Corey, D. M., Tasker, J. G., Fadok, J. P. Abstract: To survive, animals must meet their biological needs while simultaneously avoiding danger. However, the neurobiological basis of appetitive and aversive survival behaviors has historically been studied using separate behavioral tasks. While recent studies in mice have quantified appetitive and aversive conditioned responses simultaneously (Heinz et al., 2017; Jikomes et al., 2016), these tasks required different behavioral responses to each stimulus. As many brain regions involved in survival behavior process stimuli of opposite valence, we developed a paradigm in which mice perform the same response (nosepoke) to distinct auditory cues to obtain a rewarding outcome (palatable food) or avoid an aversive outcome (mild footshoock). This design allows for both within- and between-subject comparisons as animals respond to appetitive and aversive cues. The central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) is implicated in the regulation of responses to stimuli of either valence. Considering its role in threat processing (Haubensak et al., 2010; Wilensky et al., 2006) and regulation of incentive salience (Warlow and Berridge, 2021), it is important to examine the contribution of the CeA to mechanisms potentially underlying comorbid dysregulation of avoidance and reward (Bolton et al., 2009; Sinha, 2008). Using this paradigm, we tested the role of two molecularly defined CeA subtypes previously linked to consummatory and defensive behaviors. Significant strain differences in the acquisition and performance of the task were observed. Bidirectional chemogenetic manipulation of CeA somatostatin (SOM) neurons altered motivation for reward and perseveration of reward-seeking responses on avoidance trials. Manipulation of corticotropin-releasing factor neurons (CRF) had no significant effect on food reward consumption, motivation, or task performance. This paradigm will facilitate investigations into the neuronal mechanisms controlling motivated behavior across valences. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.06.26.545795v1?rss=1 Authors: Abe, T., Yamazaki, D., Hiroi, M., Ueoka, Y., Maeyama, Y., Tabata, T. Abstract: In the olfactory aversive conditioning of Drosophila melanogaster, an odor, the conditioned stimulus (CS), is associated with electric shock, the unconditioned stimulus (US). The Rutabaga adenylyl cyclase in Kenyon cells (KCs) of the fly brain synthesizes cAMP, which is believed to serve as the coincidence detector synergistically stimulated by calcium/calmodulin evoked by the odor reception and GS released in response to the dopamine signaling elicited by electric shock. However, live imaging analyses revealed that olfactory stimulation itself elicited the activation of dopaminergic neurons and resulted in the elevation of cAMP levels in KCs that received dopamine, regardless of calcium signaling. This finding raises questions about the longstanding and fundamental comprehension of conditioning mechanisms, as the cAMP levels in CS+ KCs could not be distinguished from those in the rest of the KCs. Our data indicate that the cAMP level is an unlikely candidate for serving as a memory engram. Furthermore, our findings demonstrate that cAMP has an adverse impact on the release of acetylcholine from KCs. Accordingly, we postulate that, during conditioning, cAMP depresses KCs, thereby skewing the valence of the CS+ odor towards a more aversive state for the conditioned flies, ultimately culminating in the formation of aversive memories. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

If your dog finds it aversive when you withhold reinforcement in training as a natural part of the learning process, re-evaluate your training. The game of training itself, the puzzle, should keep the dog well vested, regardless of whether or not each moment in time is successful. It should not feel aversive to the dog whether a reward comes or otherwise.   Follow my training! The High Drive Dog More online training! Fenzi Dog Sports Academy

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.21.537763v1?rss=1 Authors: Deseyve, C., Domingues, A. V., Carvalho, T. T. A., Vieitas-Gaspar, N., Pinto, L., Sousa, N., Coimbra, B., Rodrigues, A. J., Soares-Cunha, C. Abstract: To survive, individuals must learn to associate cues in the environment with emotionally relevant outcomes. This association is partially mediated by the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a key brain region of the reward circuit that is mainly composed by GABAergic medium spiny neurons (MSNs), that express either dopamine receptor D1 or D2. Recent studies showed that both populations can drive reward and aversion, however, the activity of these neurons during appetitive and aversive Pavlovian conditioning remains to be determined. Here, we investigated the relevance of D1- and D2-neurons in Pavlovian associations, by measuring calcium transients with fiber photometry during appetitive and aversive Pavlovian tasks. Sucrose was used as a positive unconditioned stimulus (US) and foot shock was used as a negative US. We show that during appetitive Pavlovian conditioning, D1- and D2-neurons exhibit a general decrease in activity in response to CS and to US across learning, with dynamic, and partially overlapping, activity responses to CS and US. During the aversive Pavlovian conditioning, D1- and D2-neurons showed an increase in the activity in response to the CS and to the US (shock). Our data supports a synchronous role for D1- and D2-neurons in appetitive and aversion processing. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.04.06.535936v1?rss=1 Authors: Olszynski, K. H., Polowy, R., Wardak, A. D., Laska, I. A., Grymanowska, A. W., Pulawski, W., Gawrys, O., Kolinski, M., Filipkowski, R. K. Abstract: Rats are believed to communicate their emotional state by emitting two distinct types of ultrasonic vocalizations. The first is long "22-kHz" vocalizations ( greater than 300 ms, less than 32 kHz) with constant frequency, signaling aversive states and the second, is short "50-kHz" calls ( less than 100 ms, greater than 32 kHz), often frequency-modulated, in appetitive situations. Here we are first to describe a new-type of aversive vocalizations emitted at a higher pitch by Wistar and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) in an intensified aversive state, i.e. prolonged fear conditioning. These calls, which we named "44-kHz vocalizations", are long ( greater than 150 ms), generally at a constant frequency (usually within 35-50 kHz range) and have an overall spectrographic image similar to 22-kHz calls. Some 44-kHz vocalizations are comprised of both 22-kHz-like and 44-kHz-like elements. Furthermore, two separate clustering methods confirmed that these 44-kHz calls are distinct from other vocalizations. We also show that some of rats' responses to the playback of 44-kHz calls were more akin to that of aversive calls, e.g. heart rate changes, whereas other responses were at an intermediate level between aversive and appetitive calls. Our results suggest that rats have a wider vocal repertoire than previously believed, and current definitions of major call types may require reevaluation. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Music: We are one by Vexento SCIENCE AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR BY B.F.SKINNER NARRATED BY DEBBIE JACOBS WITH PERMISSION BY THE B.F. SKINNER FOUNDATION CHAPTER 24 PSYCHOTHERAPY CERTAIN BY-PRODUCTS OF CONTROL Escape Revolt Passive resistance EMOTIONAL BY-PRODUCTS OF CONTROL Fear Anxiety Anger or rage Depression SOME EFFECTS OF CONTROL UPON OPERANT BEHAVIOR Drug addiction as a form of escape Excessively vigorous behavior Excessively restrained behavior Defective stimulus control Defective self-knowledge Aversive self-stimulation PSYCHOTHERAPY AS A CONTROLLING AGENCY Diagnosis Therapy The nonpunishing audience PSYCHOTHERAPY VERSUS RELIGIOUS AND GOVERNMENTAL CONTROL TRADITIONAL INTERPRETATIONS OTHER THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUES EXPLAINING THE PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC AGENCY --- Support this podcast: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/debbie-jacobs/support

Do the general public, dog trainers, shelter executives and all other folks who are taught off reward only understand what trainers like myself actually do? How we train. Let's talk about it.

Title:  Does it Matter Whether Dog Training is Positive or Aversive?Source: Stanley Coren https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/canine-corner/202301/does-it-matter-whether-dog-training-is-positive-or-aversiveA Study from 2003Negative effects of positive reinforcementDate: 01/02/2023Summary: A study has been published to show that positive reinforcement training causes less stress to dogs. The author of this article used the opportunity to make ridiculous assertions to spin the study to a presupposed position. Situation: The article starts with the following key points. There is much controversy about the effectiveness of positive reward-based versus discipline-based dog training.Dogs whose training involved punishment and compulsion show more tension-related behaviors and higher levels of the stress hormone cortisol. When tested a month after force-based training, dogs still show a more negative, pessimistic emotional response toward learning new tasks.A 2020 study by a team from the University of Porto tried to provide additional data by looking at how training method affects the psychological welfare of dogs being taught basic obedience commands.The article claims, “Around the beginning of the 20th century, the first systematic dog training manuals were published. Some of the most influential were written by Konrad Most, who trained dogs for the Berlin police force and later for the German army.The article says, “many other aversive, force-based training methods are available—and unfortunately, the effects of these methods have not been well-studied.”By contrast, consider positive training, which involves rewarding a dog with a pleasant stimulus after it shows the desired behavior. Obviously, the most common form of reward involves food treats; however, positive dog trainers can also use verbal praise, petting the dog, or engage in a bit of play.In dog classes, the punishing or confrontational techniques typically used to control dogs can include sharp leash corrections meant to cause discomfort, slapping the dog, applying physical force to pressure a dog into a submissive position, shouting, threatening stares, use of water sprays, grabbing the dog by the scruff of the neck, or physically yanking at the dog to force it into the desired position.The author stated that “advocates” for “punishment based-training,” whoever they are and whatever that is, presume that canine misbehavior is rooted in the dog's attempt to express social dominance over its owner. “Advocates of such theories suggest that dog owners need to establish themselves as the "alpha" or "pack leader," using physical manipulations, threats, and intimidation in order to do so. The application of force is supposed to compel the dog to adopt a less challenging, more compliant, and subordinate attitude. Problem - The Study We finally get to the study. The Study looked at 92 pet dogs. There are seven different companion dog training programs in Porto, Portugal. The specific behaviors being trained were fairly standard, including teaching the dog to sit, lie down, stay, come when called, and heel or walk on a loose leash.The programs were divided into those that focused on mainly coercive interactions, those that used exclusively positive methods, or classes with a balanced mix of the two techniques.According to the article, It is important to note that this study focused on the welfare of the dogs, specifically their emotional responses, and whether these emotional effects extended beyond the actual training sessions—not on the effectiveness of the training per se.What is meant by the welfare of the dog? The dogs' emotions. not if the dog's behavior will cause them to lose their home or their lives. Action the animals received both a short-term and a long-term assessment. For the short-term assessment, videos were taken of three of their training sessions to look for stress-related behaviors in the dogs, such as cringing, yelping, lip licking, panting, and so forth.Saliva samples were taken to determine stress levels during training. Samples were taken from each dog separately while relaxing at home (to establish a baseline) and from each dog after training sessions.I would have liked to see samples taken before any training started. These measures allowed the investigators to look at the level of cortisol, a hormone in the blood. Most readers will find it unsurprising that the dogs in the aversive training classes showed more frequent stress-related behaviors, particularly panting, yawning, and lip licking. In addition, the dogs subjected to leash jerks, yelling, and other methods of force during their training had significantly increased cortisol levels compared to those with a more positive training experience.Most readers will find it is telling the reader what to think. How about the mixed training classes. Do they fall under “more positive training experiences?” 79 of them were brought back and trained for a new task.They were taught to associate the presence of a bowl on one side of a room with a sausage snack, while if the bowl was located on the other side of the room, it never contained the treat.The researchers varied the placement of the bowl to ambiguous locations to see how quickly the dogs would approach, looking for the treat.This test is believed to measure optimism or pessimism on the part of the dog since a higher speed in the running to the bowl is interpreted to mean that the dog is anticipating a reward, whereas a slower speed signifies that the dog is more doubtful and has a more negative attitude toward the situation.Did the dogs tell you what their movement meant to them? Is the slower movement possibly indicating impulse control, discernment, or thought?  Many people might find it surprising that a month after training classes, there were still effects associated with the training methods.I hope not. There should be effects month after or the training was not effective. If a dog could not control itself around sausage before training, could during training, but could not a few months after training, what is the purpose of training? It seems as though a negative emotional pallor has descended upon the dogs who received the aversive and force-based training compared to their compatriots who received positive training. Those aversively trained dogs simply are not expecting anything good to come due to their behaviors and choices.Seems to who? How does the author know what the dogs are expecting? I do not see the speed at which a dog approaches food to indicate their expectations. Result "Our study points out that the [psychological] welfare of companion dogs trained with aversive-based methods appears to be at risk."Commentary/pushbackWhat is discipline-based dog training?I think it is important to define “discipline.” Because sometimes people get lazy with their word selection. According to Merriam-webster dictionary. control gained by enforcing obedience or orderOrderly or prescribed conduct, or pattern of behaviorSELF-CONTROLPUNISHMENTtraining that corrects, molds, or perfects the mental faculties or moral character.a field of study,a rule or system of rules governing conduct or activityMaybe I am wrong, but I think the meaning of the word discipline aligns with any dog training style. In my experience, a small group of extremists in the dog training world has controversy in their own minds and circles. The “controversy” does not go beyond that small but loud minority. The tests did not take into account the natural disposition of the dog and its stress levels prior to the start of the dog's training.Notice that the author change the terms from “discipline-based training to force-based training. What is force-based training, and who is practicing that in 2023?I have trained dogs professionally for a while. I have heard Konrad Most before, but he does not greatly influence modern dog trainers. I have not met a dog trainer who talks about his training as an influence on their training. War dogs and police dogs have very stressful jobs. So do soldiers. We can expect some stress in training those dogs, and stress is not a negative. What does “well-studied” mean when referring to the use of aversives in dog/animal training? I know that there are studies that prove that aversives are effective in the training of animals, including human beings. Positive training? Positive training is a weird term. The Article refers to positive reinforcement training, but it calls it positive training. I have never seen anyone practice PR with our also practicing Negative punishment. Let's talk about that a bit. Key concepts of operant conditioningIn dog training classes, the punishing or confrontational techniques typically used to control dogs can include sharp leash corrections meant to cause discomfort, slapping the dog, applying physical force to pressure a dog into a submissive position, shouting, threatening stares, use of water sprays, grabbing the dog by the scruff of the neck, or physically yanking at the dog to force it into the desired position. I do not believe people are using punishment to teach dogs new commands. Punishment is always used to stop unwanted behavior. While reinforcement is always used to get a behavior to happen more frequently.Who thinks canine misbehavior is rooted in the dog's attempts to express social dominance? I think that most misbehavior is caused by basic misunderstands between the species. It is not personal. What does it mean to be an “alpha/pack leader?” How does one establish themselves as a leader in the family? Provide and Control resources.Control the timing of events. Control of the environment. The title of the article is, Does it Matter Whether Dog Training is Positive or Aversive? I don't think the article provides a satisfactory answer to the question. The author is concerned with the emotional well-being of the animal. Closing Where you can find us at https://www.facebook.com/peopleswolfpodhttps://www.instagram.com/thepeopleswolfpodcast/peopleswolfpod@gmail.comMusic Produced by: WaresdannyIG: @waresdanny, Website: https://waresdanny.bandzoogle.com/home

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.13.532469v1?rss=1 Authors: Zaki, Y., Pennington, Z. T., Morales-Rodriguez, D., Francisco, T. R., LaBanca, A. R., Dong, Z., Segura, S. C., Silva, A. J., Shuman, T., Fenton, A., Rajan, K., Cai, D. J. Abstract: Memories are encoded in neural ensembles during learning and stabilized by post-learning reactivation. Integrating recent experiences into existing memories ensures that memories contain the most recently available information, but how neural ensembles accomplish this critical process remains unknown. Here we show that in mice, a strong aversive experience drives the offline ensemble reactivation of not only the recent aversive memory but also a neutral memory formed two days prior, spreading the fear from the recent aversive memory to the previous neutral memory. We find that fear specifically spreads retrospectively, but not prospectively, to neutral memories across days. Consistent with prior studies, we find reactivation of the recent aversive memory ensemble during the offline period following learning. However, a strong aversive experience also increases co-reactivation of the aversive and neutral memory ensembles during the offline period. Finally, inhibiting hippocampal reactivation during this offline period abolishes the spread of fear from the aversive experience to the neutral memory. Taken together, these results demonstrate that strong aversive experience can drive retrospective memory integration through the offline co-reactivation of recent memory ensembles with memory ensembles formed days prior, providing a neural mechanism by which memories can be integrated across days. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.03.03.530871v1?rss=1 Authors: Winke, N., Herry, C., Jercog, D. Abstract: The value of rewards and punishments - namely, how good or bad they are perceived - guides approach or avoidance behaviors. Valence refers to the negative or positive "sign" of the state elicited by an event, whereas salience refers to the amount of attention an event attracts, disregarding its valence. While identifying these signals conveys critical information for understanding circuits involved in emotional processing, they are often confounded due to their underlying correlation. Moreover, whereas the study of the neural basis of value coding has been intensively investigated in the appetitive domain, the neural substrates for how aversive values are established for different threat intensities and guide defensive behavior have yet to be discovered. The dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) is a key region in the control of defensive actions, although how different aversive values are encoded at the neuronal level within this region and drive defensive behaviors remains unknown. Here, we developed an instrumental approach/avoidance task in mice that, by matching motivational salience levels elicited by cues predicting rewards or punishments, allows univocally disentangling the presence of either salience, valence, or value coding from brain signals. We performed freely moving large neuronal population calcium imaging in the dmPFC of mice performing our task, conducting appetitive/aversive outcome devaluation/revaluation behavioral tests. We found that, while a similar fraction of single neurons decoded valence and value information, and only a minor fraction decoded salience, value coding was observed at the neuronal population level. Moreover, different value representations of the same valence lay within similar subspaces of the neural state space while values of opposed valence were encoded in orthogonal subspaces, unveiling how the brain stores associative appetitive and aversive information in medial prefrontal networks. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.02.06.527338v1?rss=1 Authors: Belilos, A., Gray, C., Sanders, C., Richie, C. T., Sengupta, A., Hake, H. S., Francis, T. C. Abstract: Response to threatening environmental stimuli requires holistic detection and encoding of important environmental features that dictate threat. Animals need to recognize the likelihood that an environmental stimulus predicts threat and respond to these salient aversive stimuli appropriately. The nucleus accumbens is uniquely positioned to process this salient, aversive information and promote motivated output, through plasticity on the major projection neurons in the brain area. Here, we uncover a nucleus accumbens core local circuit whereby excitatory plasticity facilitates learning and recall of discrete aversive cues. We demonstrate that nucleus accumbens substance P release and long-term excitatory plasticity on dopamine 2 receptor expressing projection neurons is required for learning about aversion-associated cues. Additionally, we found learning and recall were dependent on different projection-neuron subtypes. Our work demonstrates a critical role for Nucleus Accumbens substance P in cue-dependent aversive learning. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Dr. Chris Pachel is a Board Certified Veterinary Behaviorist. In this episode dog owners and dog professionals will learn what the role of a Veterinary Behaviorist (VB) is, when and why to consider getting help from a VB. We also discusses the philosophy of LIMA (Least Intrusive Minimally Aversive) in training and behavior modification. Lastly, we have an interesting conversation about the considerations of using Aversive's in behavior modification.To learn more about Dr. Pachel and his work, seminars or to inquire about his services, visit his website by clicking here!To learn more about the hosts of the show, visit their website's below.Anthony De MarinisWebsite https://demarinisdogtraining.comVinny ViolaWebsite https://www.caninejester.com

World renown aggression specialist, Michael Shikashio joins The Canine Classroom to discuss the philosophy of LIMA (Least Intrusive Minimally Aversive) in dog training and behavior. This episode explains how professionals should consider using a LIMA approach towards their cases as well as some real life examples of what a LIMA approach might look like.To learn more about Michael Shikashio and helping dog's with aggression issues, visit his website by clicking here! To learn more about the hosts of the show, visit their website's below.Anthony De MarinisWebsite https://demarinisdogtraining.comVinny ViolaWebsite https://www.caninejester.comStefanie RainerWebsite http://www.stefanierainer.com

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2023.01.11.523491v1?rss=1 Authors: Chari, T., Hernandez, A., Portera-Cailliau, C. Abstract: Social touch, an important aspect of social interaction and communication, is essential to kinship across animal species. How animals experience and respond to social touch has not been thoroughly investigated, in part due to the lack of appropriate assays. Previous studies that examined social touch in freely moving rodents lacked the necessary temporal and spatial control over individual touch interactions. We designed a novel head-fixed assay for social touch in mice, in which the experimenter has complete control to elicit highly stereotyped bouts of social touch between two animals. The user determines the number, duration, context, and type of social touch interactions, while monitoring with high frame rate cameras an array of complex behavioral responses. We focused on social touch to the face because of their high translational relevance to humans. We validated this assay in two different models of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the Fmr1 knockout model of Fragile X Syndrome and maternal immune activation mice. We observed increased avoidance, hyperarousal, and more aversive facial expressions to social touch, but not to object touch, in both ASD models compared to controls. Because this new social touch assay for head-fixed mice can be used to record neural activity during repeated bouts of social touch it should be of interest to neuroscientists interested in uncovering the underlying circuits. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.12.14.519639v1?rss=1 Authors: Osakada, T., Yan, R., Jiang, Y., Wei, D., Tabuchi, R., Dai, B., Wang, X., Zhao, G., Wang, C. X., Tsien, R. W., Mar, A. C., Lin, D. Abstract: To survive and thrive in a complex social group, it is essential to not only know who to approach but more importantly who to avoid. After a single defeat, mice learn to stay away from the winning aggressor for weeks. Here, we identify oxytocin neurons in the retrochiasmatic supraoptic nucleus (SOROXT) and oxytocin receptor expressing cells in the anterior subdivision of ventromedial hypothalamus, ventrolateral part (aVMHvlOXTR) as a key circuit motif for defeat-induced social avoidance learning. After defeat, aVMHvlOXTR cells drastically increase their responses to aggressor cues. This response change is functionally important as optogenetic activation of aVMHvlOXTR cells elicits time-locked social avoidance towards a benign social target whereas inactivating the cells suppresses defeat-induced social avoidance. Furthermore, OXTR in the aVMHvl is itself essential for the behavior change. Knocking out OXTR in the aVMHvl or antagonizing the receptor during defeat, but not during post-defeat social interaction, impairs defeat-induced social avoidance. aVMHvlOXTR receives its private source of oxytocin from SOROXT cells, which are highly activated by the noxious somatosensory inputs associated with defeat. Oxytocin released from SOROXT depolarizes aVMHvlOXTR cells and facilitates their synaptic potentiation, and hence, increases aVMHvlOXTR cell responses to aggressor cues. Ablating SOROXT cells impairs defeat-induced social avoidance learning whereas activating the cells promotes social avoidance after a subthreshold defeat experience. Altogether, our study reveals an essential role of SOROXT-aVMHvlOXTR circuit in defeat-induced social learning and highlights the importance of brain oxytocin system in social plasticity. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Join me for the first half of my interview with trainer Victoria Baker as we dive into her specialty- reactivity!  Understand WHY your doodle is barking, hiding, lunging, and more on walks AND why the most popular advice DOESN'T work!Find full show notes at https://thedoodlepro.com/24Do you want help keeping track of all the sights, sounds, textures, places, and people that your doodle needs positive, ongoing, and quality exposures to? Don't try to keep track of it all in your mind by using my free Doodle Puppy Socialization Checklist! Download it for free now at https://thedoodlepro.com/socialization. Do you know your doodle's learning style? Take our free quiz to find out and make training together easier and more fun! Visit https://thedoodlepro.com/learning now!Visit instagram.com/thedoodlepro for behind-the-scenes peeks at the doodles Corinne works with daily!

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.11.17.516965v1?rss=1 Authors: Calvigioni, D., Fuzik, J., Le Merre, P., Slashcheva, M., Jung, F., Ortiz, C., Lentini, A., Csillag, V., Graziano, M., Nikolakopoulou, I., Weglage, M., Lazaridis, I., Kim, H., Lenzi, L., Park, H., Reinius, B., Carlen, M., Meletis, K. Abstract: Excitatory projections from the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) to the lateral habenula (LHb) drive aversive responses. We used Patch-seq guided multimodal classification to define the structural and functional heterogeneity of the LHA- LHb pathway. Our classification identified six glutamatergic neuron types with unique electrophysiological properties, molecular profiles, and projection patterns. We found that genetically-defined LHA-LHb neurons signal distinct aspects of emotional or naturalistic behaviors: Esr1+ LHA-LHb neurons induce aversion, whereas Npy+ LHA-LHb neurons control rearing behavior. Repeated optogenetic drive of Esr1+ LHA-LHb neurons induces a behaviorally persistent aversive state, and large-scale recordings showed a region-specific neural representation of the aversive state in the prelimbic region of the prefrontal cortex. We further found that exposure to unpredictable mild shocks induced a sex- specific sensitivity to develop a stress state in female mice, which was associated with a specific shift in the intrinsic properties of bursting-type Esr1+ LHA-LHb neurons. In summary, we describe the diversity of LHA-LHb neuron types, and provide evidence for the role of Esr1+ neurons in aversion and sexually dimorphic stress sensitivity. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2022.10.17.512510v1?rss=1 Authors: Boulanger-Bertolus, J., Courtiol, E., Buonviso, N., Mouly, A.-M. Abstract: Sniffing has proven to be a useful behavioral readout for assessing olfactory performance in adult rats. However, little is known about how sniffing response changes through ontogeny. This study thus aimed at characterizing respiratory response to an odor through development in rats using paradigms applicable to both young pups and adults. We first analyzed the sniffing response to the arrival of a novel neutral odor. Then the value of the odor was changed through either its repeated presentation, i.e. odor habituation, or its association with a foot-shock resulting in odor fear. In the habituation task, we found that at the three ages, the first presentation of the novel odor induced a clear sniffing response but the peak respiratory frequency was higher in adults than in juveniles and infants. When the odor was presented repeatedly, the sniffing response gradually faded. This habituation of the response took more trials as the animals age increases. In the fear conditioning task, the odor induced an increase in respiratory rate that persisted until the end of the session in adults and infants, while it faded rapidly in juveniles. When the odor was explicitly unpaired with the foot-shock, at the three ages the respiratory response to the odor lasted less over the session than in the paired condition. Finally, we observed that shock delivery induced a similar respiratory response at the three ages in paired and unpaired condition. Collectively these data show that sniffing response constitutes a faithful index to assess rats olfactory abilities through ontogeny. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info Podcast created by Paper Player, LLC

"Memories fade and I try to hold on, And I don't know where I belong....and I wish time never mattered" some new treats from Amy Dabbs, plus more vibes from Tim Reaper & Special Request, cancons from Aaron Payne, Hyperlinx, RMS, rOhmz, Marcus Visionary, Aversive + more!Playlist: Tim Reaper - ScreenplayAversive - Soft DubAmy Dabbs - Baddest GalAmy Dabbs - Don't GoSpecial Request , Tim Reaper - Pull Up (Tim Reaper Remix)Special Request , Tim Reaper - Spectral Frequency VIPMarcus Visionary - Nitty GrittyMarcus Visionary - AnytimeTweakz - Got Me (Original Mix)HYPERLINX, Portrait - Lightweight (Portrait Remix)Dava & Felov - BellamyAaron Payne, RMS - It's A PromiserOhmz - Corner Of My EyeSpecial Request - I Wish Time Didn't Matter

In this re-released episode first published  on 19th April, 2021 we consider aversive racism. Specifically, how the fear of being called racist, the fear of confronting racism and the avoidance of difficult race-related conversations by white managers, can lead to exclusionary interpersonal dynamics and cultures of marginalisation within institutions which can have significant adverse consequences on the welfare, morale and/or workplace experience of colour.Subscribe, rate and review on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, Google Podcasts, Amazon Music or wherever you get your podcasts.To send us your queries, questions and dilemmas please email atwork@racereflections.co.uk

This is a short chapter and well worth listening to even if you haven't made it through the preceding chapters. CONTROL OF VARIABLES TECHNIQUES OF CONTROL Manipulating stimuli Reinforcement as a technique of control Aversive stimulation Punishment Pointing up contingencies of reinforcement Deprivation and satiation Emotion The use of drugs OBJECTIONS TO PERSONAL CONTROL --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/debbie-jacobs/support

Friends and secrets go together like peanut butter and jelly. In this part one episode, Alysa talks about what secrets are, the types of secrets we experience, and how secrets can help and hurt our friendships. Share Your Friendship Stories with Alysa! Email Alysa = friendswithalysa@gmail.com Complete the Secrets Survey Here! https://forms.gle/AD6hLDNm7mcXrx2u9 Listen to & Follow Friends with Alysa = https://linktr.ee/friendswithalysa Art Work by Kate Cosgrove = http://k8cosgrove.blogspot.com Special Promo Art Work for this Episode by Kate Cosgrove Theme Music by Trevor Wilson Sources Afifi, T., Caughlin, J., & Afifi, W. (2007). The dark side (and light side) of avoidance and secrets. In B.H. Spitzberg and W.R. Cupach (Eds.), The dark side of interpersonal communication (pp. 61-92); 2nd edition). New York: Routledge. Miller, R. (1997). We always hurt the ones we love. In R.M. Kowalski (Ed.), Aversive interpersonal behaviors(pp. 11-29). New York: Springer Science + Business Media. Vangelisti, A.L. (1994). Family secrets: Forms, functions, and correlates. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 11(1), 113-135.

In this 222nd episode I welcome Drs. Catherine Chen and Jennifer Lucero to the show to discuss their NEJM article about aversive racism in academic medicine. We talk about what aversive racism is, what role it plays, and how we can try to work to counter its effects.Advertising Inquiries: https://redcircle.com/brandsPrivacy & Opt-Out: https://redcircle.com/privacy

Jennifer Lucero is an associate professor and the associate dean for admissions at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA. Stephen Morrissey, the interviewer, is the Executive Managing Editor of the Journal. C.L. Chen and Others. Calling Out Aversive Racism in Academic Medicine. N Engl J Med 2021;385:2499-2501.

This is possibly the most important topic in Dog Training today. Do Methods Matter? YES! We break down why using aversive techniques is damaging to your relationship with your dog and to their very welfare. I'm joined by Dr Karen London, who breaks it down for us! Karen B. London, PhD is a Certified Applied Animal Behaviorist, Certified Professional Dog Trainer, and an award-winning author of six books about canine training and behavior, including her most recent, Treat Everyone Like a Dog: How a Dog Trainer's World View Can Improve Your Life. She blogs for TheBark.com and TheWildest.com, writes the animal column (The London Zoo) for the Arizona Daily Sun, and is an Adjunct Professor in the Department of Biological Sciences at Northern Arizona University. Dr London has a new book: Treat Everyone Like a Dog Instagram: @Karen.London.Dog.Behavior Facebook: Karen London Some references we mentioned in the episode: Scientific Paper: Does Training Method Matter? Evidence for the negative impact of aversive-based methods on companion dog welfare AVSAB Position Statement on Humane Dog Training Shock Collars are banned in Denmark, Germany, Switzerland, Slovenia, Austria, Parts of Australia and Quebec, Canada. --- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app

Elena und ich, haben ein Thema aufgegriffen, dass uns beide sehr beschäftigt und das uns leider immer wieder in unserem Berufsalltag begegnet. Wir möchten mit dieser Folge über aversive Erziehungsmethoden aufklären und machen auch unseren Standpunkt dazu deutlich. Instagram Elena: catella Instagram der Hundeschule in der Elena arbeitet: freudeamhund

Why is it that so often we know what we SHOULD do but can't actually DO it?1. Values - is the goal truly one of your values?2. Do you value yourself enough? An example of this might be paying for therapy. When someone is feeling at their absolute worst, it's the time they most need someone to talk to and yet is the time they are least likely to want to invest in themselves.3. Have you identified how hard you're willing to work OR how long you're willing to wait to achieve the goal?4. How are you setting up your environment?5. How are you altering your MOs?6. Aversive settings? Change is HARD initially, you're disrupting status quo.7. If the ultimate goal is delayed, are you planning for shorter term reinforcement?8. Have you considered competing contingencies?9. Delayed reinforcers - what we know from the research10. Concept of ‘future self'11. What have you reinforced in the past - the idea that you stick to your goals or you give up on yourself?Connect with Us!If you have any questions, comments, concerns or topics that you would like us to cover, please reach out to us! FacebookBehave Yourself Podcast (private group)Instagram:instagram.com/emily.a.macraeinstagram.com/thebehaviourladyinstagram.com/behaveyourselfpodEmail:behaveyourselfpod@gmail.comDisclaimer: While we're both behaviour analysts and qualified in our respective fields, this podcast is for education and information sharing only and should not be taken as personal, medical or behavioral advice or services. 

055: aversive Trainingsmethoden mit aversiven Trainings oder Erziehungsmethoden sind alle Methoden gemeint, die darauf beruhen, die Katzen mittels eines unangenehmen Reizes von einem unerwünschten Verhalten abzuhalten. Beispiele hierfür sind:

David and Josh discuss techniques used by Gary Wilkes in his blog posts at clickandtreat.com discussing using punishment to stop unwanted behaviors.  Discuss further the use of corrections and why they are so important.

In this episode we have a frank discussion about "pressure", pain, and aversive control (the escape/avoidance paradigm) in dog training.Visit https://losthighwaykennels.com/category/podcast/lessons/ for detailed notes.  For more podcasts like this, please Subscribe! You can also check out our websites, Facebooks pages and Instagram accounts for more tips on how to train your companion gundog! For feedback or questions, please reach out to us at companiongundog@gmail.comhttps://LostHighwayKennels.comhttps://instagram.com/losthighwaygundogshttps://facebook.com/losthighwaykennelshttps://ShorthairsAndShotguns.com https://instagram.com/shorthairsandshotgunshttps://facebook.com/shorthairsandshotguns

If you have enjoyed this episode, kindly share this with your friends. For comments and suggestions, please write to psychchat@omnipsi.com or tweet to @psych_chat.If you are interested to know more about what OmniPsi Consulting offers, please click on the link www.omnipsi.com.If you are interested to help James in his validation study and you are based in Hong Kong, please contact James directly through the link below:https://www.linkedin.com/in/james-morley-kirk-b244443/References for the research cited or mentioned in the podcast are below Rosnow, R. L. (2001). Rumour and gossip in interpersonal interaction and beyond: A Social Exchange Perspective. In R. M. Kowalski (Ed.), Behaving badly: Aversive behaviours in interpersonal relationships (pp. 203–232). Washington, DC: APA. Rosnow, R. L., & Georgoudi, M. (1985). Killed by idol gossip: The psychology of small talk. In B. Rubin (Ed.), When information counts: Grading the media (pp. 59–73). Lexington, MA: Lexington Books Ben-Ze’ev, A. (1994). The vindication of gossip. In R. F. Goodman & A. Ben-Ze’ev (Eds.), Good gossip (pp. 11–24). Lawrence: University of Kansas Press. Kurland, N. B., & Pelled, L. H. (2000). Passing the word: Toward a model of gossip and power in the workplace. Academy of Management Review, 25, 428–438. Noon, M., and Delbridge, R. (1993). News from behind my hand: gossip in organizations. Organ. Stud. 14, 23–36. doi: 10.1177/017084069301400103 Dunbar, R. I., Marriott, A., and Duncan, N. D. (1997). Human conversational behavior. Hum. Nat. 8, 231–246. doi: 10.1007/BF02912493 Dunbar, R. I. (2004). Gossip in evolutionary perspective. Rev. Gen. Psychol. 8,100–110. doi: 10.1037/1089-2680.8.2.100 Foster, E. K. (2004). Research on gossip: taxonomy, methods, and future directions. Rev. Gen. Psychol. 8, 78–99. doi: 10.1037/1089-2680.8.2.78 Barkow, J. H. (1992). “Beneath new culture is old psychology: gossip and social stratification,” in The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture, eds J. H. Barkow, L. Cosmides, and J. Tooby, New York, NY: Oxford University Press), 627–637. Davis, H., and McLeod, S. L. (2003). Why humans value sensational news: an evolutionary perspective. Evol. Hum. Behav. 24, 208–216. doi: 10.1016/S1090- 5138(03)00012-6 Baumeister, R. F., Zhang, L. Q., and Vohs, K. D. (2004). Gossip as cultural learning. Rev. Gen. Psychol. 8, 111–121. doi: 10.1037/1089-2680.8.2.111 Duffy, M. K., Ganster, D. C., and Pagon, M. (2002). Social undermining in the workplace. Acad. Manag. J. 45, 331–351. Baumeister, R. F., and Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychol. Bull. 117, 497–529. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497 Ellwardt, L., Labianca, G. J., andWittek, R. (2012). Who are the objects of positive and negative gossip at work? A social network perspective on workplace gossip. Soc. Netw. 34, 193–205. doi: 10.1016/j.socnet.2011.11.003 Aquino, K., and Thau, S. (2009). Workplace victimization: aggression from the target's perspective. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 60, 717–741. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163703 Chandra, G., and Robinson, S. L. (2010). “They’re talking about me again: the impact of being the target of gossip on emotional distress and withdrawal,” in Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Boston, MA. Waddington, K., and Michelson, G. (2007). “Analyzing gossip to reveal and understand power relationships, political action and reaction to change inside organizations,” in Paper Presented at the 5th International Critical Management Studies Conference, Manchester. Bok, S. (1989). Secrets: On the Ethics of Concealment and Revelation. New York, NY: Vintage. Grosser, T. J., Lopez-Kidwell, V., Labianca, G., and Ellwardt, L. (2012). Hearing it through the grapevine: positive and negative workplace gossip. Organ. Dyn. 41, 52–61. doi: 10.1016/j.orgdyn.2011.12.007 Kniffin, K. M., and Wilson, D. S. (2010). Evolutionary perspectives on workplace gossip: why and how gossip can serve groups. Group Organ. Manag. 35,150–176. doi: 10.1177/1059601109360390 Salmansohn, K. (2016). Think happy: Instant peptalks to boost positivity. Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press. Danziger, E. (1988). Minimize office gossip. The Personnel Journal, 67, 31–35. Porterfield, E. (2008). Gossip can be toxic to the workplace – And your reputation. The Seattle Times. http://www.seattletimes.com/life/ lifestyle/gossip-can-be-toxic-to-the-workplace-8212-and-yourreputation/. Wu, L., Birtch, T. A., Chiang, F. F., & Zhang, H. (2018). Perceptions of negative workplace gossip: A self-consistency theory framework. Journal of Management, 44, 1873–1898. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316632057. Kuo, C., Chang, K., Quinton, S., Lu, C., & Lee, I. (2015). Gossip in the workplace and the implications for HR management: A study of gossip and its relationship to employee cynicism. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 26,2288–2307. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2014.985329. Foster, E. K. (2004). Research on gossip: Taxonomy, methods, and future directions. Review of General Psychology, 8, 78–99. https://doi.org/ 10.1037/1089-2680.8.2.78.

You have to take risks in life

In Episode 4 we consider aversive racism. Specifically, how the fear of being called racist, the fear of confronting racism and the avoidance of difficult race-related conversations by white managers, can lead to exclusionary interpersonal dynamics and cultures of marginalisation within institutions which can have significant adverse consequences on the welfare, morale and/or workplace experience of colour.Subscribe, rate and review on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, Google Podcasts, Amazon Music or wherever you get your podcasts.To send us your queries, questions and dilemmas please email atwork@racereflections.co.uk

Join us for a special interview with Ron Garrison. Ron will discuss how to use civil litigation against the use of restraint and seclusion.Beyond alternative dispute resolution and due process complaints, litigation proceedings against school district officials can become an injunctive alternative when harmful restrictive forms of restraint and seclusion are used against students. Employing the tool of civil litigation, injured parties use discovery and the rule of law to uncover harmful policies and practices that might not be possible through other means. However, litigation is often a lengthy, difficult and costly process. In this streaming event by an expert witness in school safety, learn how litigation can become a path to eradicate harmful aversive practices in your school.Ron Garrison, M.A., M.S., is a former public school teacher, school safety consultant and expert witness in civil litigation. As an expert witness, he has participated in eighty-five court proceedings; many involving special education students. Because Mr. Garrison is not an attorney, he cannot comment on individual cases but he can explain his courtroom experiences and assist participants with their understanding of civil litigation.During Ron’s diverse professional career, he taught public high school, was director of student services for a school district, trained teachers and school administrators in safety, classroom supervision, conflict resolution and violence prevention in thirty-eight states and Canada, worked with the United States Departments of Justice and Education as a school safety advisor, trained police and school security, consulted with jail and prison medical staff in seven states, testified as an expert witness in eighty-five litigation matters, introduced teachers and school administrators to resilient-based student interventions, created a law academy and advocated restorative justice programs.

Have you ever felt like you didn't want your kids to even touch you? Aversive to your own children? Ya, it happens. Join in as my client of 9 months, Kaylyn, bravely shares what it was like in the depths of postpartum depression, and how she used coaching to get out. She shares what it was like in the beginning, all the way to the celebrations and big changes. Listen now. Book a consult with Lizzie: https://lizzielangston.com/consult/

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.16.385930v1?rss=1 Authors: Mason, D., Zajitschek, S., Anwer, H., O'Dea, R., Hesselson, D., Nakagawa, S. Abstract: Aversive learning, avoiding certain situations based on negative experiences, can profoundly increase fitness in animal species. The extent to which this cognitive mechanism could evolve depends upon individual differences in aversive learning being stable through time, and heritable across generations, yet no published study has quantified the stability of individual differences in aversive learning using the repeatability statistic, R (also known as the intra-class correlation). We assessed the repeatability of aversive learning by conditioning approximately 100 zebrafish (Danio rerio) to avoid a colour cue associated with a mild electric shock. Across eight different colour conditions zebrafish did not show consistent individual differences in aversive learning (R = 0.04). Within conditions, when zebrafish were twice conditioned to the same colour, blue conditioning was more repeatable than green conditioning (R = 0.15 and R = 0.02). In contrast to the low repeatability estimates for aversive learning, zebrafish showed moderately consistent individual differences in colour preference during the baseline period (i.e. prior to aversive conditioning; R {approx} 0.45). Overall, aversive learning responses of zebrafish were weak and variable (difference in time spent near the aversive cue

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.14.382960v1?rss=1 Authors: Friedl, W. M., Keil, A. Abstract: Processing capabilities for many low-level visual features are experientially malleable, aiding sighted organisms in adapting to dynamic environments. Explicit instructions to attend a specific visual field location influence retinotopic visuocortical activity, amplifying responses to stimuli appearing at cued spatial positions. It remains undetermined, however, both how such prioritization affects surrounding non-prioritized locations, and if a given retinotopic spatial position can attain enhanced cortical representation through experience rather than instruction. This work examined visuocortical response changes as human observers learned, through differential classical conditioning, to associate specific on-screen locations with aversive outcomes. Using dense-array EEG and pupillometry, we tested the pre-registered hypotheses of either sharpening or generalization around an aversively associated location following a single conditioning session. Specifically, competing hypotheses tested if mean response changes would take the form of a gaussian (generalization) or difference-of-gaussian (sharpening) distribution over spatial positions, peaking at the viewing location paired with a noxious noise. Occipital 15 Hz steady-state visual evoked potential (ssVEP) responses were selectively heightened when viewing aversively paired locations and displayed a non-linear, difference-of-gaussian profile across neighboring locations, consistent with suppressive surround modulation of non-prioritized positions. Measures of alpha band (8 - 12.8 Hz) activity and pupil diameter also exhibited selectively heightened responses to noise-paired locations but did not evince any difference across the non-paired locations. These results indicate that visuocortical spatial representations are sharpened in response to location-specific aversive conditioning, while top-down influences indexed by alpha power reduction exhibit all-or-none modulation. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.04.324202v1?rss=1 Authors: do Carmo Silva, R. X., do Nascimento, B. G., da Silva Chaves, S. N., Herculano, A. M., Lima-Maximino, M., Maximino, C. Abstract: Serotonin (5-HT) receptors have been implicated in responses to aversive stimuli in mammals and fish, but its precise role is still unknown. Moreover, since at least seven families of 5-HT receptors exist in vertebrates, the role of specific receptors is still debated. Aversive stimuli can be classified as indicators of proximal, distal, or potential threat, initiating responses that are appropriate for each of these threat levels. Responses to potential threat usually involve cautious exploration and increased alertness, while responses to distal and proximal threat involve a fight-flight-freeze reaction. We exposed adult zebrafish to a conspecific alarm substance (CAS) and observed behavior during (distal threat) and after (proximal threat) exposure, and treated with the 5-HT2C receptor agonists MK-212 or WAY-161503 or with the antagonist RS-102221. The agonists blocked CAS-elicited defensive behavior (distal threat), but not post-exposure increases in defensive behavior (potential threat), suggesting a phasic inhibition of responses to distal threat. MK-212 did not block changes in behavior elicited by acute restraint stress, a model of proximal threat, suggesting that the phasic role of the 5-HT2C receptor is specific to distal threat. We also found that RS-10221, a 5-HT2C receptor antagonist, did not change behavior during exposure, but it produced a small effect on behavior after exposure to CAS, suggesting a tonic facilitation of responses to potential threat. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

In this dharma talk, Joseph Goldstein uses the teachings of the Satipatthāna Sutta to explore how we can deal with aversive states of mind such as hatred, anger, and ill-will.

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.22.307561v1?rss=1 Authors: Yau, J. O.-Y., Chaichim, C., Power, J., McNally, G. Abstract: Animals, including humans, use prediction error to guide learning about danger in the environment. The basolateral amygdala (BLA) is obligatory for this learning and BLA excitatory projection neurons are instructed by aversive prediction error to form fear associations. Complex networks of inhibitory interneurons, dominated by parvalbumin (PV) expressing GABAergic neurons, form the intrinsic microcircuitry of the BLA to control projection neuron activity. Whether BLA PV interneurons are also sensitive to prediction error and how they use this error to control fear learning remains unknown. We used PV cell-type specific recording and manipulation approaches in male transgenic PV-Cre rats to address these issues. We show that BLA PV neurons control fear learning about aversive events but not learning about their omission. Furthermore, during fear learning BLA PV neurons express the activity signatures of aversive prediction error: greater activity to unexpected than expected aversive events and greater activity to better rather than poorer predictors of these events. Crucially, we show that BLA PV neurons act to limit fear learning across these variations in prediction error. Together, this demonstrates that prediction error instructs and regulatesBLA fearassociation formation in a cell-type specific manner. Whereas BLA projection neurons use prediction error signals to form and store fear associations, BLA PV interneurons use prediction error signals to constrain fear association formation. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

We humans have long wondered if it is possible to learn while we sleep but, experimental findings on this have often been disappointing. You will now be happy to learn that the tide has turned in this respect, since we now have firm proof that it IS indeed possible to learn new information while you sleep. However - the information your brain can pick up in this manner might not exactly go as easy as you hope it would. In this episode, we interviewed Dr. Anat Arzi and Dr. Thomas Andrillon two of the first researchers to incontrovertibly demonstrate that the human brain can learn during sleep. They tell us about the similarities and the differences between their results and we speculate about the possible reasons behind the disparities. Produced by: Eniko SimoSee the web profiles of Anat and Thomas:Publications discussed in the program:o Humans can learn new information during sleep; Arzi, A. et. al. Nat. Neuroscie. 2012.o Olfactory aversive conditioning during sleep reduces cigarette-smoking behavior; Arzi A. et. al. Journal of Neuroscience 2014.o Formation and suppression of acoustic memories during human sleep. Andrillon, T. et. al. Nature Communications, 2017.o Sleepers Selectively Suppress Informative Inputs during Rapid Eye Movements. Andrillon, T. et. al. Current Biology, 2020.Glossary:Associative learning = a learning process in which a new response becomes associated with a particular stimulus.Perceptual learning = repeated exposure enhances the ability to discriminate between two (or more) otherwise confusable stimuli.Aversive learning = a form of conditioning where an aversion is created toward a targeted behaviour or item by pairing it with an unpleasant stimulus. Thalamic gate = the thalamus filters sensory information. All sensory inputs go through the thalamus except for olfaction (sense of smell). Peaks & Troughs = the highest and lowest points of oscillations. In this case, of the brain waves during Slow Wave Sleep. Tag = a marker that can be attached to some kind of information indicating that it has a special status (e.g. it may be more strongly replayed or consolidated)

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.17.296384v1?rss=1 Authors: Warwick, C. A., Cassidy, C., Hachisuka, J., Wright, M. C., Baumbauer, K. M., Adelman, P. C., Le, K. H., Smith, K. M., Ross, S. E., Koerber, H. R. Abstract: Most cutaneous C-fibers, including both peptidergic and non-peptidergic subtypes are presumed to be nociceptors and respond to noxious input in a graded manner. However, mechanically sensitive, non-peptidergic C-fibers also respond to mechanical input in the innocuous range, and so the degree to which they contribute to nociception remains unclear. To address this gap, we investigated the function of non-peptidergic afferents using the Mrgprd-Cre allele. In real time place aversion studies, we found that low frequency optogenetic activation of Mrgrpd-Cre lineage neurons was not aversive in naive mice, but became aversive after spared nerve injury (SNI). To address the underlying mechanisms of this allodynia, we recorded from lamina I spinoparabrachial (SPB) neurons using the semi-intact ex vivo preparation. Following SNI, innocuous brushing of the skin gave rise to abnormal activity in lamina I SPB neurons, consisting of an increase in the proportion of recorded neurons that responded with excitatory post synaptic potentials or action potentials. This increase was likely due, at least in part, to an increase in the proportion of lamina I (LI) SPB neurons that received input upon optogenetic activation of MrgprdCre lineage neurons. Intriguingly, in SPB neurons there was a significant increase in the EPSC latency from Mrgprd-Cre lineage input following SNI, consistent with the possibility that the greater activation post SNI could be due to the recruitment of a new polysynaptic circuit. Together, our findings suggest Mrgprd-Cre lineage neurons can provide mechanical input to the dorsal horn that is non-noxious before injury but becomes noxious afterwards due the engagement of a previously silent polysynaptic circuit in the dorsal horn. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.04.281022v1?rss=1 Authors: Bilz, F., Gilles, M.-M., Schatton, A., Pflueger, H.-J., Schubert, M. Abstract: Activation and modulation of sensory-guided behaviors by biogenic amines assure appropriate adaptations to changes in an insect's environment. Given its genetic tool kit Drosophila melanogaster represents an excellent model organism to study larger networks of neurons by optophysiological methods. Here, we studied stationary crawling movements of 3rd instar larvae and revealed how the octopaminergic VUM neuron system reacts during crawling behavior and tactile stimulations. We conducted calcium imaging experiments on dissections of the isolated nervous system (missing all sensory input) and found spontaneous rhythmic wave pattern of neuronal activity in VUM neuron clusters over the range of thoracic and abdominal neuromeres in the VNC. In contrast, in vivo preparations (semi-intact animals, receiving sensory input) did not reveal such spontaneous rhythmic pattern. However, tactile stimulations activated different clusters of the VUM neuron system simultaneously in these preparations. The activation intensity of VUM neurons in the VNC was correlated with the location and degree of body wall stimulation. While VUM neuron cluster near the respective location of body wall stimulation were less activated more distant cluster showed stronger activation. Repeated gentle touch stimulations led to decreased response intensities, repeated harsh stimulations resulted in increasing intensities over trials. Optophysiological signals correlated highly with crawling behavior in freely moving larvae stimulated similarly. We conclude that the octopaminergic system is strongly coupled to the neuronal pattern generator of crawling movements and that it is simultaneously activated by physical stimulation, rather intensity than sequential coded. We hope that our work raises the interest in whole biogenic network activity and shows that octopamine release does not only underlie "the more the better" principle but instead has a more complex function in control and modulation of insect's locomotion. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.07.21.213116v1?rss=1 Authors: Geary, C. G., Wilk, V. C., Barton, K. L., Jefferson, P. O., Binder, T., Bhutani, V., Baker, C., Fernando-Peiris, A. J., Mousley, A. L., Rozental, S. F. A., Thompson, H. M., Touchon, J. C., Esteban, D. J., Bergstrom, H. C. Abstract: Gut microbiota influence numerous aspects of host biology, including brain structure and function. Growing evidence implicates gut microbiota in aversive conditioning and anxiety-related behaviors, but research has focused almost exclusively on males. To investigate sex-specific effects of gut dysbiosis on aversive learning and memory, adult female and male C57BL/6N mice were orally administered a moderate dose of non-absorbable antimicrobial medications (ATMs; neomycin, bacitracin, pimaricin) or a control over 10 days. Changes in gut microbiome composition were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. Open field behavior, cued aversive learning, context recall, and cued recall were assessed. Following behavioral testing, the morphology of basolateral amygdala (BLA) principal neuron dendrites and spines was characterized. Results revealed that ATMs induced distinct but overlapping patterns of gut dysbiosis across sex, with stronger effects in females. There were also sex-specific effects on behavior and neuroanatomy. Treated males but not females exhibited altered locomotor and anxiety-like behavior in the novel open field test. Treated females but not males showed impairments in aversive memory acquisition and cued recall. Context recall remained intact in both sexes, as did dendritic structure of BLA principal neurons. However, ATMs exerted sex-specific effects on spine density. A second experiment was conducted to isolate gut perturbation to cued recall. Results revealed no effect of ATMs on recall of a previously consolidated fear memory, suggesting that gut dysbiosis preferentially impacts aversive learning. These data shed new light on how gut microbiota interact with sex to influence aversive conditioning, anxiety-like behavior, and BLA dendritic spine architecture. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.07.20.213033v1?rss=1 Authors: Hong, Z.-Z., Sun, L., Hou, W., Ma, Y., Liu, L., Zhao, X., Yan, F., Yin, X., Wang, C.-Z., Tang, Q. Abstract: Non-caloric artificial sweeteners are widely used in the modern human food and beverage industry to combat obesity and diabetes, increasing concerns about their long-term health impact. Here, we report that a sweet-tasting, naturally occurring, non-nutritional pentose, L-arabinose, is not a sweetener to caterpillars of the herbivorous insect species cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). We used behavioral, developmental, and enzymatic approaches to demonstrate that L-arabinose could inhibit the feeding, development, and activity of intestinal sucrase in H. armigera caterpillars. Further, the sensitivities of gustatory receptor neurons in peripheral taste sensilla to other substances, for example the sucrose, fructose and plant leaf saps, were also inhibited when mixed with L-arabinose, indicating the indirect detection of L-arabinose in peripheral coding is possible. In vitro, L-arabinose inhibits H. armigera intestinal sucrase in an uncompetitive manner. Altogether, these findings demonstrate that L-arabinsoe is a feeding inhibitor to caterpillars of H. armigera. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a sugar that tastes sweet to mammals but an inhibitor both to peripheral taste sensitivity and feeding behaviors. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

A few weeks ago, my two year-old daughter Hannah was being her normal feisty self, explaining to me exactly why she wanted something, and I looked at her and said, “You are so sassy!” She looked me right in the eye and said, “I’m not sassy; I’m strong!” Well, I guess I’ve done something right! It’s also clear I’ve passed along my strong, determined personality to my daughter. I appreciate determination; I think it’s a quality that will take you far. I’ve been called stubborn quite a few times, but being a determined person has helped me to stick with things when they got hard and accomplish many goals I’ve had for myself. Paul’s words in Romans 7 unsettle me: “For I do not do what I want, but I do the very thing I hate. I can will what is right, but I cannot do it. For I do not do the good I want, but the evil I do not want is what I do. When I want to do what is good, evil lies close at hand.” What do you mean you can’t do it, Paul? Where is your willpower? Where is your determination?! I grew up believing that if you knew the right thing, all you had to do was choose it. After receiving the knowledge of the Roman Road’s path to salvation, one is enlightened, and one should now be able to do what is good. All have sinned and fallen short of the glory of God; the wages of sin is death but the gift of God is eternal life. If we confess with our mouth and believe in our heart that Jesus has been raised from the dead, check. We are good. Change of mind equals change of heart. If you wanted to do the right thing, then all you had to do was make up your mind to do it! Apparently, I skipped over Romans 7. But if I had read it, I’m sure it wouldn’t have resonated with me; it would not have held up my simplistic understandings of what it means to be saved. I only began to resonate with Paul’s words after I became a parent! Now I understand! I have on several occasions quoted to my friends when confessing something about my parenting, “I do not do what I want but the very thing I hate!” I snap at my kids even after I’ve decided I will remain calm and ignore their undesirable behavior. I find myself talking negatively even after I’ve made up my mind that I will only frame things in a positive manner. Becoming a parent has laid me bare in so many ways; it has humbled me as I’ve realized that I can’t always do the right thing or always parent in the way that I think or know I should. There have been so many times when I was determined to handle a situation in a different way only to find that my sheer willpower wasn’t enough to change my behavior. I’ve learned that generational patterns don’t just vanish into thin air. I’ve learned that a lot of them time my actions are a response to my own deepest fears and worries. We are humans bound to our histories, our upbringings, our societies, our desires, and our fears. We are bound to these things in ways we don’t even fully understand. Last year, my husband and I decided to seek out some help with our parenting practices. We engaged in a type of therapy that was immersive, where a therapist watches you interact with your child and provides feedback. Like I said, parenting has come with so much humility! There’s nothing more intimidating! I’ll never forget the day that sweet woman whispered in my ear: “Lauren, where are you right now? I can see you. You are years down the road; you are in your head imagining your worst fears coming true. I need you to stay right here and only worry about being in the moment and how you are responding for the next five minutes.” While challenging my mindset, this therapist helped me to work on my behavior patterns, to be in the moment, and she measured my success by my behaviors. She didn’t care what I thought about parenting style or techniques; she focused on shifting my actions. Sometimes I wanted to declare, “Hey! I majored in religion and psychology in undergrad! I’m trained in pastoral counseling!” But even though I might know all the right answers, the truth is that with something as complex as the journey of parenting, I need practice! Being with this therapist helped me to understand that I get caught up in things that are larger than me, things that cannot be undone by sheer willpower. This process helped me to understand what Paula heard from her mentor that she told you about last week: “We may know something intellectually, but we have to practice it for it to become a part of who we are.” For me, it was becoming a parent that really complicated my sense of my own ability to choose the good. It might have been something else for you. Paul’s words in Romans 7 are brutally raw and honest and invite us to confess how evil has been close at hand for us. It’s something addicts know all too well. They have gained humility that can be learned from. The first two steps of any twelve-step program are: 1. Admit that you are powerless over sin and can’t help yourself. 2. Believe that a power greater than ourselves can restore us to sanity. Paul was certainly living testimony of someone who knew the good and who couldn’t just muster up the power to always choose it. Paul was zealous for the law of God, and yet, he ended up doing great evil by persecuting and murdering the followers of Jesus. He believed he was keeping the law, defending it, in fact. Paul confesses this contradiction in himself. This description is actually where Martin Luther’s phrase “at the same time righteous and sinner” comes from. Luther said that believers often find themselves pulled in two different directions. We arrogantly think that we have the power to always choose the good on our own. But if we could be freed from sin by just a little more willpower, all we would need is a really good life coach – not Jesus! Our beliefs about our ability to choose the good are formed around our ideas of sin. We often think that sin is simply failing to live up to some standard or missing the mark. We believe sin is an individual action that we can either choose or not choose. There are people who make good decisions and people who make bad decisions – good apples and bad apples, sheep and goats. But sin is so much more than this. Sin is wrecked relationship with our selves, with others, and with God. And in our text for today, Paul talks about sin as an “active, aggressive power that takes hold of God’s good gifts – even the law – and bends them toward death.”[i] He describes sin as something that dwells within us. He describes the sin that lives within fallen humanity. It recalls what God said to Cain when he said, “Sin is lurking in wait for you.” It infects us as individuals, but it also infects our society, our institutions, and our systems. Sin is the evil that is close at hand. It controls us in ways that we don’t often fully understand. It’s not just bad behavior. It’s something that resides in us and tries to kill us from the inside out. We are trapped in it. Paul’s word here feels depressing and fatalistic and might lead us to the conclusion that sin is all-encompassing and unavoidable and that we are all just doing the best we can so there is nothing we can do about it. But Paul doesn’t stop there! Paul is writing to those who are in Christ, who are living under a new rule and a new life. And while he confesses that we do not have the willpower or determination to rescue ourselves from sin, he says God does! He asks, “Who will rescue me from this body of death?” His answer is: Jesus Christ our Lord! Thanks be to God! We don’t have the power, but God has the power. Through the Spirit of God, we can resist doing the evil that lies close at hand. We who are baptized into Christ, buried with him, crucified with him, raised in him can allow him to dwell in us and release us of our captivity to sin. Through the power of the Spirit, we can go about the work of repenting of our sin and repairing what is broken. We can bridge the gaps and go about restoring right relationship to self, others, and God. Jim Wallis has said that racism is America’s original sin, and it is clear that we have work to do to repair this evil that is close at hand, a lot of work to restore relationships that have been ruptured because of white supremacy. Paul’s lesson on sin this morning has a lot to say to us about the sin of racism. As we set about the work of becoming not just “not racist” but anti-racist, it’s important that we make theological connections, that we see this work as spiritual work, that we understand that our salvation depends upon it. The sin of white supremacy literally kills black and brown children of God, and it destroys the image of God in all of us. And we have to reckon with the fact that ridding ourselves of this sin is not just about individual determination or willpower. It doesn’t matter our individual commitments to just choose the good or our individual feelings that we are “not racist” or our individual relationships with people whose skin color is different than ours. We are being short-sighted when we see racism as something that can be addressed purely as individual sin. We show that we aren’t seeing racism’s power as systemic sin when we say things like: “I don’t see color; I just see people.” “I don’t care the color of anyone’s skin. We are all the same.” “I only judge people by their actions.” “I didn’t mean any harm by what I said. My intentions are good.” “I think things will be okay when the next generation comes of age. Some people just have to die.” “I marched in the sixties; I thought we were beyond this already.” We also show that we don’t see the power of the sin of racism when we think it only resides in bad apples and not in us. We show that we don’t see racism’s power when we think we can get rid of it by only removing certain people from their positions of power and replacing them with other people who will make better choices but largely leaving our systems, our laws, and ourselves the same. Antiracist educator Robin DiAngelo says that we need to distinguish between prejudice and racism. She reminds us that prejudice is prejudgment about another person based on the groups to which they belong. She says, “All humans have prejudice; we cannot avoid it. People who claim not to be prejudiced are demonstrating a profound lack of self-awareness. [But] Unfortunately, the prevailing belief that prejudice is bad causes us to deny its unavoidable reality…We then feel the need to defend our character rather than explore the inevitable racial prejudices we have absorbed so that we might change them.”[ii] She goes on to say that, “When a racial group’s collective prejudice is backed by the power of legal authority and institutional control, it is transformed into racism, a far-reaching system that functions independently from the intentions or self-images of individual actors….Many whites see racism as a thing of the past…yet racial disparity between whites and people of color continues to exist in every institution across society, and in many cases is increasing rather than decreasing….Individual whites may be ‘against’ racism, but they still benefit from a system that privileges whites as a group.”[iii] DiAngelo cautions us, “White supremacy is something much more pervasive and subtle than the actions of explicit white nationalists.”[iv] She says that when we refuse to examine the racism that dwells within us because of our own shame around it, it leads to something insidious – aversive racism, which is racism that professes egalitarianism but avoids interaction with those of racial or ethnic groups to which one doesn’t belong. This behavior is implicit or unconscious. She says an example of this is “holding deep racial disdain that surfaces in daily discourse [maybe by flippant uses of stereotypes, for example] but not being able to admit it because the disdain conflicts with our self-image and professed beliefs. [And this] Aversive racism only protects racism, because we can’t challenge our racial filters if we can’t consider the possibility that we have them. [We operate] under the false assumption that we can’t simultaneously be good people and participate in racism.”[v] As Paul would say, I delight in the law of God ,but I am captive to the law of sin, wretched human that I am. Hear Paul’s words again. Hear them as prayer. Hear them as confession for our participation in the sin of racism, the evil that is close at hand. “For I do not do what I want, but I do the very thing I hate. I can will what is right, but I cannot do it. For I do not do the good I want, but the evil I do not want is what I do. When I want to do what is good, evil lies close at hand.” This morning, I invite you to confession. I invite you to honesty. I invite you to humility. I invite you to be reminded that that while you can’t save yourself by your own good intentions, Jesus can rescue you! While we collectively can’t save ourselves from the evil that is close to all of our hands, God can deliver us! The Spirit can work to excise the sin of racism from our world, from our very bodies. The Spirit can repair what is broken. The Spirit can restore broken relationships. We just have to come just as we are and surrender ourselves and allow the Spirit to dwell within us and break every barrier down. Thanks be to God! Amen.   [i] Feasting on the Word – Year A, Vol. 3, Bartlett and Taylor, Eds. Quote from Ted A. Smith. [ii] White Fragility: Why It’s So Hard for White People to Talk about Racism, 19-20. [iii] White Fragility, 20-24. [iv] Ibid, 33. [v] Ibid, 45, 47, & 49.

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.23.167494v1?rss=1 Authors: Tsang, A. H., Nuzacci, D., Darwish, T., Samudrala, H., Blouet, C. Abstract: The nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) is emerging as a major site of action for the appetite-suppressive effects of leading pharmacotherapies currently investigated for the treatment of obesity. However, our understanding of how NTS neurons regulate appetite remains incomplete. Here we used NTS nutrient sensing as an entry point to characterize stimulus-defined neuronal ensembles engaged by the NTS to produce physiological satiety. Using activity-dependent expression of genetically-encoded circuit analysis tools, we found that NTS detection of leucine engages NTS prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) neurons to inhibit AgRP neurons via a population of leptin-receptor-expressing neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus. This circuit is necessary for the anorectic response to NTS leucine, the appetite-suppressive effect of high protein diets, and the long-term control of energy balance. These results extends the integrative capability of AgRP neurons to include brainstem nutrient sensing inputs. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.23.156018v1?rss=1 Authors: Stujenske, J. M., O'Neill, P.-K., Nahmoud, I., Goldberg, S., Diaz, L., Labkovich, M., Hardin, W., Bolkan, S. S., Reardon, T. R., Spellman, T. J., Salzman, C. D., Gordon, J. A., Likhtik, E. Abstract: The amygdala and prelimbic cortex (PL) communicate during fear discrimination retrieval, but how they coordinate to discriminate a non-threatening stimulus is unknown. Here, we show that somatostatin interneurons (SOM) in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) activate specifically during learned non-threatening cues and block sensory-evoked phase resetting of theta-oscillations. SOM activation is PL-dependent, and prevents generalization. Thus, fear discrimination engages PL-dependent coordination of BLA responses to non-threatening stimuli. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

This week I was influenced by a few clients and participants from a webinar I spoke at where many individuals felt “broke” or “f*cked up” because they didn’t have sexual desire, or not as much as they used to due to an illness, stress, trauma – a multitude of reasons. These individuals feel ashamed, guilty, […] The post Aversive to Sex? Let’s Talk About Why & How to Reconnect appeared first on Dr. Catalina.

The post appeared first on Catalina Lawsin, PhD.

Link to bioRxiv paper: http://biorxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.11.088773v1?rss=1 Authors: Sabatini, P. V., Henriette Frikke-Schmidt, H., Arthurs, J., Gordian, D., Patel, A., Adams, J. M., Wang, J., Beck Jorgensen, S., Olson, D. P., Palmiter, R. D., Myers, M. G., Seeley, R. J. Abstract: To determine the function and mechanisms of action for hindbrain neurons that express GFRAL, the receptor for the anorexigenic peptide, GDF-15, we generated GfralCre and conditional GfralCreERT mice. While signals of infection or pathophysiologic states (rather than meal ingestion) stimulate GFRAL neurons, the artificial activation of GfralCre-expressing neurons inhibited feeding, decreased gastric emptying, and promoted a conditioned taste aversion (CTA). Additionally, activation of the smaller population of GFRAL neurons captured by the GfralCreERT allele decreased gastric emptying and produced a CTA without suppressing food intake, suggesting that GFRAL neurons primarily modulate gastric physiology and stimulate aversive responses. GFRAL neurons most strongly innervated the parabrachial nucleus (PBN), where they targeted CGRP-expressing (CGRPPBN) neurons. Silencing CGRPPBN neurons abrogated the aversive and anorexic effects of GDF-15. These findings suggest that GFRAL neurons link non-meal-associated, pathophysiologic signals to the aversive suppression of nutrient uptake and absorption. Copy rights belong to original authors. Visit the link for more info

Cancons from Pacific, RamJamSam & Nattikk & Metachemical, Openend, Aversive, NC17 & Anastasia. Also new Bcee & GLXY. YEEE!Playlist: Tim Reaper - ScreenplayOpenEnd - Untitled JungleSilkie - Jah Man (Yazzus Jungle Remix)Aversive - BullshitSaikon - Subway WritersConrad Subs - The RhythmDJ Marky , Dirtbag - Hard To FindGangstarr - Above The Clouds (Saxxon Instrumental Bootleg)Conrad Subs - Money, Gold, FireRamJamSam, Nattikk - Rollin' (Metachemical Remix)Need For Mirrors - LamboBCee - X-TypeAlcemist - GoneNC-17 - History of ViolencePacific - Check Me OutPacific - DustZero T - Move & FlowGLXY, featuring Anastasia - It's Not LoveGLXY, featuring DRS - She Sings For Me

Part 2: Adult Survivors of Aversive Childhood Experiences and Trauma --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/rebootyourrelationship/message

Part one of adult survivors of Aversive Childhood Experiences and Trauma. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/rebootyourrelationship/message

This episode Zach and Caleb discuss the ethics surrounding the use of punishment and implications for some often-used procedures (e.g., DRO or positive practice). They are joined by Dr. Joshua Jessel, Dr. Robert Ross, and Dr. Paulo Guilhardi.    2 Ethics CEs are available for this episode. You can purchase them at https://www.functionalrelationspodcast.com To further support us, check out our silly video at  https://www.patreon.com/functionalrelationspodcast   Things to check out from the episode:   BACB Professional and Ethical Compliance Codes-  4.08, 4.09 https://www.bacb.com/wp-content/uploads/BACB-Compliance-Code-english_190318.pdf   References:   Campbell, B. A., & Church, R. M. (1969). Punishment and aversive behavior. Appleton-Century-Crofts and Fleschner Publishing Company.   Catania, A. C. (2007). Learning (interim 4th ed.). Cornwall-on-Hudson, NY: Sloan.   Church, R. M. (1963). The varied effects of punishment on behavior. Psychological Review, 70, 369.   Greene, R. J., & Hoats, D. L. (1971). Aversive tickling: A simple conditioning technique. Behavior Therapy.   Honig, W. K. (1966). Operant behavior: Areas of research and application.   Jessel, J., & Ingvarsson, E. T. (2016). Recent advances in applied research on DRO procedures. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 49, 991-995.   Jessel, J., Ingvarsson, E. T., Metras, R., Kirk, H., & Whipple, R. (2018). Achieving socially significant reductions in problem behavior following the interview‐informed synthesized contingency analysis: A summary of 25 outpatient applications. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 51, 130-157.   Kazdin, A. E. (1997). Parent management training: Evidence, outcomes, and issues. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 1349-1356. Lerman, D. C., & Toole, L. M. (2011). Developing function-based punishment procedures for problem behavior. Handbook of Applied Behavior Analysis, 335-347.

What's good Hiphoppas! Here with another one! (DJ Khaled voice). This time we got Bvitae to sit with us and talk her killing the open mic at Groove Theory, what got her into Drum n Bass & the DnB Girls, The Neptune Project with Aversive, the Yung Papi collab on "High", putting out music in Calgary & of course we had to end off with the Frontseat Freestyle! Enjoy! Background Instrumentals: Beats by Con - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCIsCdBYkKiDGJxR8ZpeAYqw Stream "Aversive ft. Bvita - The Neptune Project": Tidal: https://listen.tidal.com/album/96613458 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/album/60BTMqzlDV0xwIM6EU95Wp Google Play: https://play.google.com/store/music/album/Aversive_The_Neptune_Project_feat_Bvitae_EP?id=Bdjqd5s5nfbsncaao6m7vqpzloi Apple Music: https://music.apple.com/us/album/the-neptune-project-feat-bvitae-ep/1438902937 Bvitae socials: IG: https://www.instagram.com/arbor_vitae/ FB: https://www.facebook.com/queenbvitae/ SC: https://soundcloud.com/bvitae Esteban Xound: www.Instagram.com/esteban_xound www.twitter.com/estebanxound HHX: www.hiphopxertified.com www.fanlink.to/HHX

Maneesh Singh Sethi is an Internet entrepreneur and bestselling author. He is also the editor-and-chief of Hack the System and the CEO of Pavlok. He has already authored 4 books and has worked in diverse fields like marketing, information technology, and psychology. In his blog, Hack the System, he provides consummate guides to hacking productivity, languages, habit, exercise, and business. The chairman and chief executive officer of Behavioral Technology Group, Inc. is also best known as the genius behind the behavior modification wristband Pavlok. Designed with habit research and the latest science, Pavlok is a behavioural training device that makes use of aversive conditioning. Aversive conditioning is primarily behavior training that uses negative association and stimuli in order to reaffirm a particular action as undesirable. Maneesh has been travelling the world since 2008 and has founded several companies. The Stanford University graduate has also lectured at conferences and universities around the world. Through his personal coaching and online marketing master class, he has successfully guided countless students to become expert lifestyle designers. Maneesh has been featured on Zenhabit, Four Hour Workweek Blog, I Will Teach You To Be Rich, and many others. His passions include film, writing, and music. The Episode This week’s episode talks about what Pavlok is and how it works, how negative reinforcement can be a good thing in the long term, and the power of making bets. Maneesh also shares how they used the negative plus positive reinforcement loop, the formula that creates consistent explosive growth in both yourself and your business, and what his ultimate life goal is. On creating successful habit change, Maneesh has this to say, “To make a habit change, there’s only one variable which matters and that’s consistency, it’s number of days in a row in which you do a behavior.”

In this episode of The Woof Meow Show from July 27th, 2019 Kate interviews Don, asking him about his article, What’s Shocking About Shock – What Science Tells Us About the Use of Shock in Dog Training, published in the July 2019 issue of BARKS from The Guild, the journal of the Pet Professional Guild (PPG). The use of electric shock for training, containing, and caring for dogs is extremely controversial. In this podcast we examine and discuss what peer-reviewed scientific studies report about the use of shock and answer four common questions; Does electric shock hurt?, Is electric shock more efficient for training dogs than reward-based training?, Is electric shock necessary for training behaviors like snake aversion?, and Does electric shock save dogs lives? Additionally, we review the formal positions taken on the use of shock by several organizations of pet care professionals from around the globe, and also examine the countries where the use of shock has already been banned. If you are using shock or contemplating using shock you will want to hear what science says by listening to this show/podcast; your dog's health and welfare may depend on you understanding this controversial tool and its harmful side effects. We also recommend you also read Don’s article and all of the scientific studies that he cites in the article, all of which you can link to at Don’s blog at http://bit.ly/ShockBARK-JUL2019. You can hear The Woof Meow Show on Z62 Retro Radio, AM620, and WKIT HD3 at 9 AM on Saturday. If you are not near a radio, listen on your computer at http://bit.ly/AM620-WZON or your smartphone or tablet with the free WZON 620 AM app. A podcast of the show is typically posted immediately after the show. You can download this show and others at http://woofmeowshow.libsyn.com/, at Don’s blog http://bit.ly/Words-Woofs-Meows and the Apple iTunes store.

Part 3 - Forgiveness: Releasing Ourselves and Others from Aversive Blame (2019-05-29) - Rumi invites us to find the barriers we’ve erected against love, and a universal one is blame. These three talks are an invitation to relax those barriers, and to open our hearts to our inner life and to all beings. Part 1 focuses on chronic self-judgment; Part 2 on the places of deep self-condemnation, and Part 3 on where we have locked into anger, blame or hatred of others. Each includes guided reflections that can support us in directly awakening beyond the confining thoughts and feelings of blame. Your support enables us to continue to offer these talks and meditations freely. If you value them, I hope you will consider offering a donation at this time at www.tarabrach.com/donation/. With gratitude and love, Tara

Forgiveness: Releasing Ourselves and Others from Aversive Blame – Part 2 (2019-05-01) - Rumi invites us to find the barriers we’ve erected against love, and a universal one is blame. These three talks are an invitation to relax those barriers, and to open our hearts to our inner life and to all beings. Part I focuses on chronic self-judgment; Part II on the places of deep self-condemnation, and Part III on where we have locked into anger, blame or hatred of others. Each includes guided reflections that can support us in directly awakening beyond the confining thoughts and feelings of blame. Your support enables us to continue to offer these talks and meditations freely. If you value them, I hope you will consider offering a donation at this time at www.tarabrach.com/donation/. With gratitude and love, Tara

Part 1 - Forgiveness: Releasing Ourselves and Others from Aversive Blame (2019-04-17) - Rumi invites us to find the barriers we’ve erected against love, and a universal one is blame. These three talks are an invitation to relax those barriers, and to open our hearts to our inner life and to all beings. Part I focuses on chronic self-judgment; Part II on the places of deep self-condemnation, and Part III on where we have locked into anger, blame or hatred of others. Each includes guided reflections that can support us in directly awakening beyond the confining thoughts and feelings of blame. Your support enables us to continue to offer these talks and meditations freely. If you value them, I hope you will consider offering a donation at this time at www.tarabrach.com/donation/. With gratitude and love, Tara

In this post, I’d like to tell you about the lie of positive reinforcement. That felt kind of silly and overdramatic to write, but it’s an important topic. Dog training, like any industry, gets very political. People have specific views and wish to teach those views or force them on others. one of these views is the idea of positive reinforcement. Back in 1994, I started working for a dog trainer. I was just a teenager myself. Up until that point, the overwhelming majority of dog training had been aversive-based, which means that it used a lot of corrections, a certain level of sternness, and certain techniques that not even the toughest dog trainers today would use. But in 1995, we were a few years into a new movement. It went by a lot of different named: Positive Reinforcement Training, R+, Anti-Aversive Training, and others. At the crux of all these philosophies is the idea that we don’t correct the dog. No spray bottles, no training collars. Some even advocate never telling a dog “no.” Unfortunately, this is all built on a lie. During the 1990s, dog trainers began to receive inspiration from whale and dolphin training in theme parks. They had been making cool strides in this industry. Of course, you can’t put a collar on a whale, so these trainers were coming up with some very ingenious ways of using positive reinforcement. Now, I’m a huge proponent of positive reinforcement. It must be an essential element in any training program. That’s non-negotiable. But these wildlife trainers turned dog trainers realized that they could accomplish a lot through positive reinforcement. Sure enough, they were right! this isn’t a revelation to anybody. We all know that we can pull out some hot dogs and teach our dogs to teach basically anything.

For all animals it is highly advantageous to associate an environmental sensory stimulus with a reinforcing experience. During associative learning, the neural representation of the sensory stimulus (conditioned stimulus; CS) converges in time and location with that of the reinforcer (unconditioned stimulus; US). The CS is then affiliated with a predictive value, altering the animal’s response towards it in following exposures. In my PhD thesis I made use of olfactory aversive conditioning in Drosophila to ask where these two different stimuli are represented and how they are processed in the nervous system to allow association. In the first part of my thesis, I investigated the presentation of the odor stimulus (CS) and its underlying neuronal pathway. CS-US association is possible even when the US is presented after the physical sensory stimulus is gone ('trace conditioning'). I compared such association of temporally non-overlapping stimuli to learning of overlapping stimuli ('delay conditioning'). I found that flies associate an odor trace with electric shock reinforcement even when they were separated with a 15 s gap. Memories after trace and delay conditioning have striking similarities: both reached the same asymptotic learning level, although at different rates, and both memories have similar decay kinetics and highly correlated generalization profiles across odors. Altogether, these results point at a common odor percept which is probably kept in the nervous system throughout and following odor presentation. In search of the physiological correlate of the odor trace, we used in vivo calcium imaging to characterize the odor-evoked activity of the olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) in the antennal lobe (in collaboration with Alja Luedke, Konstanz University). After the offset of odor presentation, ORNs showed odor-specific response patterns that lasted for a few seconds and were fundamentally different from the response patterns during odor stimulation. Weak correlation between the behavioral odor generalization profile in trace conditioning and the physiological odor similarity profiles in the antennal lobe suggest that the odor trace used for associative learning may be encoded downstream of the ORNs. In the second part of the thesis I investigated the presentation of different aversive stimuli (USs) and their underlying neuronal pathways. I established an odor-temperature conditioning assay, comparable to the commonly used odor-shock conditioning, and compared the neural pathways mediating both memory types. I described a specific sensory pathway for increased temperature as an aversive reinforcement: the thermal sensors AC neurons, expressing dTrpA1 receptors. Despite the separate sensory pathways for odor-temperature and odor-shock conditioning, both converge to one central pathway: the dopamine neurons, generally signaling reinforcement in the fly brain. Although a common population of dopamine neurons mediates both reinforcement types, the population mediating temperature reinforcement is smaller, and probably included within the population of dopamine neurons mediating shock reinforcement. I conclude that dopamine neurons integrate different noxious signals into a general aversive reinforcement pathway. Altogether, my results contribute to our understanding of aversive olfactory conditioning, demonstrating previously undescribed behavioral abilities of flies and their neuronal representations.

Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es zu untersuchen, auf welche Art und Weise das endogene Cannabinoidsystem die Extinktion konditionierter Furcht vermittelt. Dabei gliedert sich diese Arbeit in vier Teile. Der erste Teil beschäftigt sich mit der Modulation intrazellulärer Signalkaskaden durch den CB1 Cannabinoidrezeptor während der Extinktion konditionierter Furcht. Dafür wurden CB1 Cannabinoidrezeptor-knockout Mäuse einer Furchtkonditionierung und deren Extinktion unterzogen und danach der Phosphorylierungsstatus der Kinasen p42, p44 sowie der Proteinkinase B und das Expressionslevel der Phosphatase Calcineurin im basolateralen und zentralen Nucleus der Amygdala, im ventromedialen präfrontalen Cortex sowie im dorsalen und ventralen Hippocampus dieser Tiere gemessen. Die untersuchten Enzyme zeigten sich in diesen Hirnregionen, die in die Extinktion konditionierter Furcht involviert sind, im Vergleich zu Wildtyp-Mäusen unterschiedlich reguliert. Diese Studie legt den Schluss nahe, dass Endocannabinoide die Extinktion konditionierter Furcht über die Modulation intrazellulärer Signalkaskaden vermitteln, die in Abhängigkeit von der jeweiligen Hirnstruktur unterschiedlich einbezogen sind. Da bisherige Arbeiten zur allgemeinen Rolle von CB1 in verschiedenen Lernaufgaben kontroverse Ergebnisse lieferten und allein die Einbeziehung des Endocannabinoidsystems in die Extinktion konditionierter Furcht übereinstimmend gezeigt wurde, wird im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit untersucht, inwieweit sich die Furchtkonditionierung von anderen Lernparadigmen unterscheidet. In diesem Zusammenhang wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit erstmalig nachgewiesen, dass die bei der Furchtkonditionierung auftretende unabdingbare, stark aversive Situation neben der klassischen Konditionierung auch eine Stress-Sensitivierung hervorrufen kann. Hierfür wurde gezeigt, dass bereits die Applikation eines milden elektrischen Fußschocks per se ausreicht, um eine unspezifische Erhöhung der Reaktivität des Tieres zu erzielen. Auf der Verhaltensebene zeigten schocksensitivierte Tiere beispielsweise eine Furchtreaktion auf Töne, wie sie ebenfalls für die Furchtkonditionierung verwendet wurden, aber auch ein verstärktes angstähnliches Verhalten im Hell-Dunkel-Meidetest. In einer Reihe von Experimenten wurde demonstriert, dass sich diese Erhöhung der Furchtantworten nach Applikation eines Fußschocks nicht auf eine Kontextgeneralisierung, d.h. auf kontextuelles assoziatives Lernen, zurückführen lässt. So zeigten auch Mäuse, die eine Furchtkonditionierung erfahren hatten, neben der Furchtreaktion auf den konditionierten Tonreiz ein verstärktes angstähnliches Verhalten im Hell-Dunkel-Meidetest, was unterstreicht, dass während einer Furchtkonditionierung nicht nur assoziative, sondern auch nicht-assoziative Lernvorgänge, wie die Sensitivierung, induziert werden. Ähnliches gilt für die Extinktion der Furchtkonditionierung, die in derzeitigen Modellen als neue inhibitorische Assoziation zwischen konditioniertem Stimulus und dem Ausbleiben des vorhergesagten ‚Bestrafungsreizes’ beschrieben wird. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde dargelegt, dass nicht-assoziative Habituationsprozesse, die bei wiederholter Präsentation des konditionierten Stimulus auftreten, ebenfalls zur Extinktion konditionierter Furcht beitragen. Dieses erstmalig gezeigte Zusammenspiel assoziativer und nicht-assoziativer Prozesse bei der Akquisition und Extinktion konditionierter Furcht wurde in der ‚Zwei-Komponenten-Theorie’ zum Gedächtnis konditionierter Furcht zusammengefasst. Da vorhergehende Studien die Involvierung des Endocannabinoidsystems in die Extinktion konditionierter Furcht belegten, wurde im dritten Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit untersucht, ob Endocannabinoide assoziatives Extinktionslernen oder Habituationsprozesse modulieren. In einer Reihe von Experimenten wurde gezeigt, dass der CB1 Cannabinoidrezeptor assoziatives Sicherheitslernen nicht beeinflusst – für Habituationsprozesse jedoch erforderlich ist. In einigen Experimenten konnte kein Einfluss des CB1 Cannabinoidrezeptors auf die Kurzzeitanpassung festgestellt werden, dennoch vermittelte der CB1 Cannabinoidrezeptor generell, d.h. auch in diesen Fällen, Langzeithabituation an aversive Situationen. Dies deutete darauf hin, dass das Endocannabinoidsystem Kurzzeitanpassung und Langzeithabituation über verschiedene Mechanismen vermittelt. Zusammenfassend wurde im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit das endogene Cannabinoidsystem als erstes molekulares Korrelat der Habituationskomponente der Furchtextinktion identifiziert. Um die unterschiedliche Einbeziehung des Endocannabinoidsystems in die Kurzzeitanpassung an aversive Situationen besser zu verstehen, wurde im letzten Teil der Arbeit die Aversivität der Testsituation, d.h. die Intensität der Fußschocks während der Sensitivierung, systematisch verändert und danach die akute Furchtreaktion auf einen Ton gemessen. Nach geringen und starken Fußschocks waren Endocannabinoide nicht an der Kurzzeitanpassung beteiligt, lediglich die Applikation eines Fußschocks mittlerer Intensität führte dazu, dass Endocannabinoide ihre Furcht reduzierende Wirkung während der darauf folgenden Tonpräsentation entfalten konnten. Um zu erforschen, ob in stark aversiven Situationen der CB1 Cannabinoidrezeptor durch effiziente Endocannabinoid-Wiederaufnahme- und Abbauprozesse nicht genügend stimuliert wird, um Furchtreaktionen zu reduzieren, wurden Endocannabinoid-Wiederaufnahme- und Abbauhemmer appliziert. Dies führte zu einer verbesserten Anpassung an stark aversive Situationen, die sich in einer verringerten Furchtreaktion zeigte und somit eine therapeutische Ansatzmöglichkeit für Angsterkrankungen bilden könnte. Die hier neu gewonnen Erkenntnisse, namentlich dass eine bestimmte Aversivität erreicht werden muss, um das Endocannabinoidsystem zu aktivieren und dass bei sehr starker Aversivität die Furcht reduzierende Wirkung der Endocannabinoide durch effiziente Wiederaufnahme- und Abbauprozesse limitiert wird, wurde in der ‚Hypothese vom kritischen Bereich der Endocannabinoidwirkung’ zusammengefasst. Auf diese Weise gewährleistet das Endocannabinoidsystem eine adäquate Anpassung an aversive Situationen, indem Furchtreaktionen in Situationen mittlerer Aversivität gedämpft werden, starke Aversivität jedoch eine starke Reaktion auslöst, um bei relevanten Stimuli und Ereignissen die Bildung eines Furchtgedächtnisses zu ermöglichen. Zusammenfassend wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit erstmalig nachgewiesen, dass sowohl bei der Akquisition als auch bei der Extinktion konditionierter Furcht Sensitivierung bzw. Habituation als nicht-assoziative Prozesse mitwirken. Dabei zeigte sich, dass das Endocannabinoidsystem die Extinktion konditionierter Furcht vermittelt, indem es Langzeithabituation ermöglicht und in einigen Fällen auch in die Kurzzeitanpassung involviert ist. Eine solche Einbeziehung des Endocannabinoidsystems in die akute Anpassung an aversive Situationen erwies sich als von der Aversivität der Situation abhängiger Prozess. Der CB1 Cannabinoidrezeptor wurde somit als erstes molekulares Korrelat der Habituationskomponente der Extinktion konditionierter Furcht identifiziert.

Why do so many of us procrastinate on our taxes? Isn't the saner question, who doesn't? Who likes doing taxes? In fact, that's part of the answer to why we put it off - it's aversive! But, what does aversive mean? We explore a little bit of this based on research about personal projects and task aversiveness. Although we focus on tax preparation, this research speaks to any task we find aversive and what this means to procrastination.

Hineline, Philip - From Basics to Contemporary Paradigms: Aversive Events and Behavior - Aversive events participate in two major categories of behavioral process: Punishment and Negative Reinforcement. Azrin & Holz's (1966) classic analysis continues to provide the basic framework for our understanding the former, which will be addressed only briefly in relation to an issue of ethics and of the reputed side effects of punishment. Intrusions from ordinary language, which conflate "vengeance" with the behavioral meaning of punishment as concerning response decrement, have complicated the study of punishment and contributed to the difficulty of discerning appropriate from inappropriate practice where punishment is involved. Negative reinforcement has often been addressed through the lens of avoidance theories whose exclusively molecular analyses have masked several of the relationships that are involved. Viewing aversive events as comprising a continuum of frequency enables one type of analysis; focusing upon short- term postponement, irrespective of frequency, enables another. Ironically, the role of warning stimuli is best illustrated by superimposing them on Sidman's classic shock-Postponement procedure, whose initial contribution was to show that such stimuli are not necessary for the maintenance of behavior. Superimposed stimuli play an especially important role, however, in enabling the simultaneous operation of negative reinforcement on different but overlapping time scales.